Chapter 9

Cellular Respiration and Fermentation:

Introduction & Glycolysis
 Chapter Overview
Glycolysis
Citric Acid Cycle
Oxidative Phosphorylation
Fermentation
Anaerobic Respiration
 INTRODUCTION
GLUCOSE
Glucose is a molecule that all organisms
have evolved to preferentially use to
release energy from it in order to
regenerate ATP.
There’s A LOT of potential energy because
of the bonds between C-H and C-C
C6H12O6 + O2  CO2 + H2O + Energy
 INTRODUCTION
Example:

Cellular Respiration is a Reduction Oxidation Reaction (aka

Redox)
Reduction = gains an electron Oxidation = loses an electron

Wants to GAIN an Wants to LOSE an electron

electron
e
e e e
e e e
e e e e
e e C e e e e N e e
l a
e
e e e e e
e e
e
 INTRODUCTION
Example:
 INTRODUCTION
Easy way to remember Oxidation and Reduction
O.I.L. R.I.G.
Oxidation Reductio
Is n
Losing Is
Gaining
 INTRODUCTION
ATP Synthesis

Think of ATP as rechargeable batteries:

- All of the pieces are still there, but you need
to put it back together (recharge the energy)
Stages of Cellular Respiration
 Stages of Cellular Respiration
Cellular Respiration begins in the CYTOPLASM of the cell.
It starts with Glycolysis
Glycolysis means to break down a carbohydrate (usually, Glucose) and will create ATP
on its own.
Glucose will be broken down into TWO pieces (called Pyruvates)
Pyruvate will still have A LOT of potential energy, but Glycolysis runs out of
enzymes to use that can extract that energy, so those Pyruvates will be passed
along to the Citric Acid Cycle.
Citric Acid Cycle – continues the work of Glycolysis
This also produces ATP on its own, but will also harvest electrons from the
Pyruvates, which are then sent over to Oxidative Phosphorylation
Oxidative Phosphorylation – this is where the MOST ATP is produced.
For every 1 Glucose molecule that is catabolized through this process  90% of the
ATP produced will come from Oxidative Phosphorylation. The remaining 10% is
spilt between Citric Acid Cycle and Glycolysis.
 Glycolysis

Let’s start with an

in depth look at
Glycolysis
 Glycolysis
Glycolysis occurs in 2 phases: Investment Phase & Payoff Phase
Below is the Investment Phase – called this because it USES ATP
and prepares the molecule to harvest electrons to produce ATP.
 Glycolysis: Investment Phase
It starts with breaking down Glucose. Because breaking down a
molecule requires some energy, you can see ATP is converted
to ADP (ATP lost a Phosphate) thanks to an enzyme (green
dot #1).
 Glycolysis: Investment Phase
Next, the second enzyme (green dot #2) changes the isomeric
configuration (shape of the molecule – loses a C).
 Glycolysis: Investment Phase
Then, the third enzyme (green dot #3) requires energy (so ATP
is converted to ADP) and a Phosphate is added to the molecule.
 Glycolysis: Investment Phase
Finally, the fourth and fifth enzymes (green dots #4 & #5) break
the molecule into two separate pieces. This then moves to the
Payoff Phase.
 Glycolysis: Payoff Phase
This phase treats both pieces of the product produced by the
Investment Phase the same (therefore two identical steps shown
below)

We will view just 1 portion for clarity

 Glycolysis: Payoff Phase
This reaction occurs which allows NADH to
become an “electron carrier”. Because
electrons are extremely reactive, if we need to
bring electrons to the inner membrane of the
mitochondria, we can’t allow them to go on
their own. Therefore, we oxidze Glucose, and
attach electrons onto the molecule NAD+
 Glycolysis: Payoff Phase

Overall, the Payoff Phase will produce

4 total ATP (2 from each half). ADP  ATP
The #7 enzyme synthesizes ATP, and
this ATP moves to Substrate Level
Because we used 2 ATP in Phosphorylation (SLP).
the Investment Phase,
our Total net gain = 2
ATP
 Glycolysis: Payoff Phase
At the end of Glycolysis, we have created 2 Pyruvates
(shown below). These Pyruvates still have LOTS of potential
energy (several equally shared electrons between C-H and
C-C), but, we have ran out of enzymes to pull more energy
out, so these molecules will move to the Citric Acid Cycle.
STUDY!
Using the diagram below, answer the following questions on the next slides…
1. What is the name of this metabolic pathway?
2. Where in the cell does it occur?
3. Is this an aerobic or anaerobic process?
4. Identify where energy is used.
5. Identify where electrons are harvested.
6. Where do Electrons that are harvested go?
7. Identify Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP).
8. Identify the Investment and Payoff Phase?
9. Identify the end products of Glycolysis and describe where they go.
ANSWERS!!
1. What is the name of this metabolic pathway?
2. Where in the cell does it occur?
3. Answer: Glycolysis
Is this an aerobic or anaerobic process?

Answer: Cytoplasm

Answer: Anaerobic (it does not require oxygen)

4. Identify where energy is used.
5. Identify where electrons are harvested and describe where they go
6. Where do Electrons that are harvested go?
7. Identify Substrate Level Phosphorylation (SLP).
Answer: They go to the Mitochondria
for Oxidation Phosphorylation.
8. Identify the Investment and Payoff Phase?
9. Identify the end products of Glycolysis and where they go

Investment Payoff

Answer: 3 products – (1) 2 Pyruvates [to the Citric Acid

Cycle], (2) ATP [to the SLP], and (3) electrons harvested [to
the mitochondria and oxidation phosphorylation]