C O N V E R S I O N F A C T O R S :

>> PRESSURE MEASUREMENT:

“Pressure is a thermodynamic variable that is given-off by solids (more known as stress) from the formula P = F / A; that is
caused by liquids (liquid pressure) from the formula, P = δ Ht; and also caused by the presence of gases (gas pressure) from
the formula, P = (m R T) / V….”

Basis: Standard Reference for atmospheric/ barometric pressure at sea level):

101.325 kPaa = 14.696 psia = 1.0332 kgf/ cm2 abs = 760 mm Hg abs
= 33.934 ft H2O abs = 760 torrs abs = 29.92 in Hg abs
= 1 atmosphere (atm)

Note: If used as a means of conversion, the subscripts “a” and “abs” may eventually be disregarded. These
are used to indicate the absolute pressure (Pabs = Patm + Pgage) given-off by atmospheric/ ambient air
at sea level without any other pressure cited/ considered (Pgage)…
FYI: “It is also important to note that, atmospheric/ ambient/ air pressure varies with the given elevation. It
is highest at sea level since most of the air (dense air) could be found at this location and lessens as the
elevation decreases as the presence of air (reason for atmospheric pressure) becomes scarce…”
Also:
1 bar = 105 Pa = 100 kPa = 0.1 MPa = 0.9869 atm
1 torr = 1 mm Hg = 133.322 Pa

Note: Using P = F / A, units that will result are in Pa, psi, psf, kgf/ mm2
Using P = δ Ht, units that will result are in ft H2O, mmHg or depending upon the type of
liquid used…
Using P = (m R T ) / V, units that will result are in Pa, psi, psf, kgf/ mm2

psi -- lbsf / in2 psf -- lbsf / ft2

Ksi -- kilo lbsf / in2 Pa -- N / m2
MPa -- N / mm2 GPa -- kN / mm2

FYI: The subscript “f” stands for force since a unit of lbs and kg can be used to indicate either units of
“force/weight” and “mass”. Also with newton “N” being an automatic unit of force/ weight, the
subscript “f” is no longer used.

>> LINEAR MEASUREMENT:

1 statute mile = 5280 feet 1 foot = 12 inches

= 1760 yards 1 inch = 25.4 mm
1 nautical mile = 6080 feet = 2.54 cm
1 league = 3 nautical miles 1 rod = 5.5 yards
= 18240 feet = 16.5 feet
1 yard = 3 feet 1 furlong = 40 rods
= 0.9144 m = 220 yards
1 meter = 1000 mm 1 cable length = 720 feet
= 100 cm 1 fathom = 6 feet
= 3.28 feet 1 span = 9 inches
= 39.34 inches 1 vara = 33.33 inches
= 1.093 yards 1 mil = 0.001 inch
1 kilometer = 1000 m
Note: The following abbreviations are used: “mi” for mile; “km” for kilometer; “yd” for yard; “ft” or
apostrophe sign for feet; “in” or double apostrophe sign for inches;

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>> AREA MEASUREMENT:

1 hectare = 10, 000 m2 1 acre = 4046.8 m2

= 11, 960 yd2 = 43,560 ft2
Note: For other conversion units, refer to linear measurement values while squaring their values….
The following abbreviations are used: “ha” for hectare; “ac” for acre…

>> VOLUME MEASUREMENT:

1 US gallon = 3.7854 liters

Note: With the US gallon being most commonly used, the term/ unit
= 231 in3
= 4 quarts gallon therefore is equal to the US value and not the British
1 British gallon = 277.42 in3 value….
1 quart = 2 pints
1 m3 = 1000 liters The following abbreviations are used: “gal” for gallon; “li” for
1 ft3 = 7.481 gallons liter; “qt” for quarts; “pt” for pints
1 ganta = 3 liters
= 8 chupas
1 cavan = 25 gantas

>> MASS OR WEIGHT MEASUREMENT:

1 ton = 2,000 pounds Note: Mass and weight are two differing variables, Mass does not
1 long ton = 2,240 pounds consider the effects of gravity which cannot be said to that of the
1 metric ton = 1,000 kilograms weight…
= 2,205 pounds
Tons, pounds, ounces and kilograms could be used to indicate
1 pound = 16 ounces
either units of mass or weight, thus the conversions provided are
1 kips = 1,000 pounds
applicable to both mass and weight values…
1 kilogram = 2.205 pounds
The following abbreviations are used: “MT” for metric ton; “lb”
for pounds; “kg” for kilogram; “oz” for ounces

Note: The following conversion is used for weight with “N” being used
1 kgf = 2.205 lbsf to abbreviate the newton unit….
= 9.806 Newton
FYI: Newton --- (kgm – m) / s2
Dynes --- (gramm – cm) / s2

>> WORK OR ENERGY MEASUREMENT:

“Work and Energy are two variables that are almost the same, as in order to perform work energy is dissipated/ necessary
(Work or Energy = weight x distance or displacement)….”

1 British Thermal Unit = 778.16 ft – lbsf
1 kilo Calorie = 4.187 kilo joule
= 428.1 kgf-m
1 erg = 1 dyne – cm
= 10 -7 joule
Note: The following abbreviations are used: “BTU” for
british thermal unit; “kCal” for kilo calorie; “kJ”
for kilo joule.
A joule has an identity of newton-meter (N-m);
and kilo Newton-meter (kN-m) for kilo joule…

>> POWER MEASUREMENT:

“Power differs from work or energy, as it considers the time to accomplish such work or time to consume such
energy (Power = work / time)….”
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 1 horsepower = 746 watts
Note: The following abbreviations are used: “hp”
= 550 ft-lbf / sec
for horsepower; “W” for watts; “MHp” for
= 33,000 ft-lbf / min metric horsepower…
= 2,545 Btu / hr
A watt has an identity of N-m / s read as
= 1.014 metric horsepower
newton meter per seconds…
1 kW = 1,000 watts
= 1.034 horsepower
= 3,413 Btu / hr
1 metric horsepower = 0.736 hp
1 boiler horsepower = 33,480 Btu / hr
= 35, 322 kJ / hr

>> ANGLE MEASUREMENT:

360 degrees = 2 π radians = 6,400 mils

= 400 grads = 1 revolution

>> FLUID CONVERSIONS:

1 poise = 1 dyne-sec / cm2 1 stoke = 1 cm2 / sec

= 0.1 Pa-s 1 lbsf-s / ft2 = 478.7 poises

1 ft2 / s = 929 cm2 / s Note: An abbreviation of “gpm” is used for gallons per
1 ft3 / s = 448.8 gallons per minute minute…
1 m3 / s = 1,000 li /s The lower most conversions could also be obtained
= 35.31 ft3 / s provided that one is able to memorize conversions
for linear and volume measurements or you could
memorize these further conversions cited….

>> FUNDAMENTAL CONSTANTS:

Acceleration of free-fall (gravity, g) -- 9.806 m / s2

-- 32.174 ft / s2
Avogadro constant (L,NA) -- 6.02252 x10 23 mol -1
Boltzmann constant ( k = R / NA) -- 1.380622 x10-23 J / K
Electric constant (ξo) -- 8.854 x10-12 F / m
Electronic charge (e) -- 1.602192 x10 -19 C
Electronic Rest Mass (me) -- 9.109558 x10 -31 kg
Faraday constant (F) -- 9.648670 x10 4 C/ mol
Universal Gas constant (Ř) -- 8.31434 J / kgmol – 0K
Gravitational constant (G) -- 6.664 x10 -11 n-m2 / kg2
Loschimdt’s constant (NL) -- 2.68719 x10 25 m -3
Magnetic constant (µ0) -- 4π x10 -7 H / m
Neutron rest mass (mn) -- 1.67492 x10 -27 kg
Planck constant (h) -- 6.626196 x10 -34 Js
Proton rest mass (mp) -- 1.672614 x10 -27 kg
Speed of light (c) -- 2.99792458 x10 8 m / s
Stefan-boltzmann constant (σ) -- 5.6697 x10 -8 m-2K-4

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>> PROPERTIES OF AIR:

Cp = 0.24 btu / lbm - 0R Cv = 0.171 btu / lbm - 0R

= 0.24 kCal / kgm - 0K = 0.171 kCal / kgm - 0K
= 1.0 kJ / kgm - 0K = 0.716 kJ / kgm - 0K
R = 53.3 ft - lbf / lbm - 0R
= 0.287 kJ / kgm – 0K Note: cp -- sp. heat at constant pressure
cv -- sp. heat at constant volume
k = 1.4 R -- gas constant
k -- sp. heat ratio (cp/ cv)

>> PROPERTIES OF WATER:

Mass density of water at STP (standard temperature of 40C and standard pressure of 1 atm):
ρw = 1000 kgm / m3 = 62.427 lbm / ft3 = 1 gramm / cm3

Weight density or Unit weight or specific weight of water at STP (standard temperature of 40C and standard
pressure of 1 atm):
γw = 1000 kgf / m3 = 62.427 lbf / ft3 = 1 gramf / cm3
= 9.806 kN / m3

Cp = 1.0 btu / lbm - 0R = 4.187 kJ / kgm – 0K

Latent Heat of Fusion = 335 kJ / kgm = 144 btu / lbm

Latent Heat of Vaporization = 2,257 kJ / kgm = 970.3 btu / lbm
Specific (sensible) heat of Ice = 2.093 kJ / kgm – 0K = 0.5 btu / lbm – 0R
Latent Heat of water vapor in air & = 2,442 kJ / kgm = 1,050 btu / lbm
flue gases (average)

>> PREFIXES AND MULTIPLES:

Multiple Prefix Abbreviation Multiple Prefix Abbreviation

10 24 Yotta Y 10 -24 Yocto y

10 21 Zetta Z 10 -21 Zepto z
10 18 Exa E 10 -18 Atto a
10 15 Peta P 10 -15 Femto f
10 12 Tera T 10 -12 Pico p
10 9 Giga G 10 -9 Nano n
10 6 Mega M 10 -6 Micro µ
10 3 Kilo K 10 -3 Milli m
10 2 Hecto H 10 -2 Centi c
10 1 Deka Da 10 -1 Deci d