Key to Targeted Group 1: Acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitors Group 2: GABA-gated chloride Group 21: M itochondrial com plex I electron

Group 2: GABA-gated chloride Group 21: M itochondrial com plex I electron transport inhibitors Group 22: Voltage-dependent
Physiology (Only representatives actives of the groups are shown) channel antagonists sodium channel blockers
22A
1A 2A Cyclodiene Organochlorines Indoxacarb
Nerve & Oxadiazines
Muscle Carbamates
Rotenone
O Fenazaquin Pyrimidifen
O O

Growth & Carbofuran

N S
N
Methomyl
21B
Development Pyridaben
Chlordane Endosulfan Tolfenpyrad Rotenone
Respiration Carbosulfan 22B
2B Phenylpyrazoles (Fiproles) 21A METI acaricides and
Insecticide Resistance Action Committee
O S
Semicarbazones Metaflumizone
P Fenpyroximate Tebufenpyrad insecticides
O S

Midgut S

Mode of Action Classification

Acephate Phorate
1B Group 23: Inhibitors of acetyl CoA carboxylase Group 24: M itochondrial
Unknown or Fipronil
Non-specific Organophosphates Ethiprole com plex IV electron transport
Chlorpyrifos AlP
inhibitors
Aluminium
Group 9: Chordotonal Group 10: M ite growth inhibitors phosphide PH3 CN-
Group 3: Sodium channel m odulators (Only representative actives of group 3A are shown) organ TRPV channel m odulators affecting CHS1 Spiromesifen Spirotetramat
Phosphine Cyanide
Ca3P2 Zn3P2 salts

Etoxazole Spirodiclofen Spiropidion Zinc

Calcium
Pymetrozine 24A
Diflovidazin phosphide phosphide 24B Cyanides
9B Pyridine 10B 23 Tetronic & Tetramic acid derivatives Phosphides
Bifenthrin Esfenvalerate Permethrin Afidopyropen Etoxazole
azomethine Pyrifluquinazon
10A
DDT
derivatives Clofentezine Hexythiazox
lambda-
9D Pyropenes Clofentezine,
Deltamethrin Diflovidazin,Hexythiazox Group 25: M itochondrial com plex II electron Group 28: Ryanodine 29: Chordotonal
cyhalothrin
3A transport inhibitors receptor m odulators
Methoxychlor organ
Pyrethroids N
alpha- Pyrethrins
CN N
m odulators –
cypermethrin Etofenprox Tefluthrin 3B DDT, Group 11: M icrobial disruptors of insect m idgut m em branes 25A beta-Ketonitrile Chlorantraniliprole R=Cl
derivatives undefined target
Methoxychlor O O Cyantraniliprole R=CN
Includes transgenic crops expressing Bacillus thuringiensis site
Bacillus thuringiensis and the
toxins (however, specific guidance for resistance management insecticidal proteins produced Bacillus sphaericus Cyenopyrafen O O
of transgenic crops is not based on rotation of modes of action) B.t. israelensis, B.t. aitzawai, I HN
S
Cyclaniliprole
Group 4: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) com petitive m odulators B.t. kurstaki, B.t. tenebrionis F 3C O
Flubendiamide
O O
Rotation between certain specific B.t. microbial products NC
HN
may provide resistance management benefits for some O
CF3

pests. Consult product-specific recommendations. 11A Bacillus thuringiensis 11B Bacillus sphaericus O
F
CF3 Flonicamid
O
Pyflubumide
Cyflumetofen
Dinotefuran 25B Carboxanilides 28 Diamides 29 Flonicamid
Tetraniliprole
Nicotine Sulfoxaflor
O
Group 12: Inhibitors of m itochondrial ATP synthase
N CF3

Acetamiprid 4B Nicotine 4C Sulfoximines N O

Nitenpyram S O
O O Group 30: GABA-gated chloride channel allosteric m odulators Group 31: Baculoviruses
Cl N S
N N Sn
Sn O
Sn
O O S Cl
H H
O
N
Flupyrimin N
Cl Cl Cl
N
Imidacloprid Thiamethoxam Diafenthiuron Fenbutatin Anticarsia
4F Pyridylidenes Azocyclotin oxide Tetradifon
Cydia pomonella GV gemmatalis MNPV
Propargite
12A Sn
Thaumatotibia Helicoverpa
4A Flupyradifurone Triflumezopyrim Diafenthiuron
OH
12B 12C Propargite armigera NPV
Clothianidin Thiacloprid Cyhexatin
12D Tetradifon Broflanilide Fluxametamide Isocycloseram leucotreta GV
Neonicotinoids Organotin miticides
4D Butenolides 4E Mesoionics
30 Meta-diamides & Isoxazolines 31 Granuloviruses & Nucleopolyhedroviruses
Group 13: Uncouplers of oxidative phos- Group 14: Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR)
phorylation via disruption of proton gradient channel blockers Group 33: Calcium - activated Group 34: M itochondrial com plex
Group 5: Nicotinic acetylcholine Group 6: Glutam ate-gated chloride channel (GluCl) Group 32: Nicotinic acetylcholine
receptor (nAChR) allosteric m odulators Br
CN O S receptor (nAChR) allosteric potassium channel (KCa2) III electron transport inhibitors –
Spinetoram Abamectin R1 = major component R2 = Ethyl S
major component R = H, 5,6 single allosteric m odulators O
minor component R2 = Methyl
F3C
O
S
S S m odulators site II m odulators Qi site
minor component R = CH3, 5,6 double
HO N N
site I OH N
S
S
O NH2 SO 3Na
O

O O O Cl
O O S O O
O2N S
Sulfluramid
13 GS-omega/kappa
O
Spinosad
H

H
O
Lepimectin
O
Chlorfenapyr Bensultap Thiocyclam
major component R = H O R S NH 2 S F3C
Emamectin N
HXTX-Hv1a
Pyrroles,
H O N
minor component R = CH3 N N SO3Na
benzoate R1 =
N
O

H Cl peptide
Dinitrophenols,
O O
H
O
O O O O

O R
OH H
Milbemectin
NO2
14 Nereistoxin Acynonapyr Flometoquin
O
H

Cartap Thiosultap-
O O
O Sulfluramid DNOC analogues sodium
OH H
H hydrochloride
5 Spinosyns
OH

32 GS-omega/kappa HXTX-Hv1a peptide 33 Acynonapyr 34 Flometoquin

6 Avermectins & Milbemycins O
H major component R = Ethyl
OH
minor component R = Methyl

Group 15: Inhibitors of chitin Group 16: Inhibitors of chitin Group 18: Ecdysone receptor
Group 7: Juvenile horm one biosynthesis affecting CHS1 biosynthesis, type 1 agonists Unknown or uncertain mode of action
UNB UNF
Hydroprene R1 = ethyl, R2 = H m im ics (Only representative
Methoprene R1 = isopropyl, R2 – OCH3 UN Bacterial agents Fungal agents
actives of group are
7A Juvenile shown) Com pounds (non-Bt)
hormone O

analogues 7B 7C O N O

Kinoprene R1 = propargyl, R2 = H Fenoxycarb Pyriproxyfen Cl

Fenoxycarb Pyriproxyfen Diflubenzuron Chromafenozide O
Burkholderia spp,
Beauveria bassiana strains
Buprofezin Metarhizium anisopliae strain F52,
16 Buprofezin Bromopropylate
O
Wolbachia pipientis (Zap) Paecilomyces fumosoroseus
Azadirachtin Benzoximate Apopka strain 97
Flufenoxuron
Group 8: M iscellaneous non-specific (m ulti-site)
Group 17: Moulting disruptors,
inhibitors Dipteran N Cl Cl
S

Lufenuron Halofenozide O
OH Chenopodium ambrosioides
N S near ambrosioides
CCl3 extract Diatomaceous earth
Methyl
Na2B4O7·10H2O
8A Alkyl Dazomet Chinomethionat Dicofol Fatty acid monoesters with Mineral oil
bromide Cryolite Methoxyfenozide glycerol or propanediol
halides Novaluron
Borax Tartar emetic Neem oil
8E
8D Borates Cyromazine Mancozeb UNE UNM
Tartar emetic Teflubenzuron Tebufenozide
Cl
O O S
15 Benzoylureas 17 Cyromazine 18 Diacylhydrazines Cl
N Botanical essence Non-specific
CaSX
Cl O Cl CF3

8F Methyl isothiocyanate including synthetic, extracts m echanical and physical

8B Sulfuryl 8C Metam (Lime sulfur)
Chloropicrin Chloropicrin fluoride Fluorides generators Pyridalyl Sulfurs and unrefined oils disruptors
Group 19: Octopam ine Group 20: M itochondrial com plex III electron transport inhibitors – Qo site
receptor agonists O
Hydramethylnon O
Use of Groups: Use of Sub-Groups: F 3C
HN
O O
CF3 O
HN NH Poster Notes:
• Alternations, sequences or rotations of compounds between • Sub-groups represent distinct structural classes which are • Sub-group 3B: DDT is no longer used in agriculture and therefore this is only applicable for the control
O
N
N O O
N N
H O

MoA groups reduce selection for target site resistance.
• Applications are arranged into MoA spray windows defined
by crop growth stage and pest biology. Several sprays of a
compound may be possible within each spray window, but
successive generations of a pest should not be treated with
compounds from the same MoA group. Local expert advice
on spray windows and timings should always be followed.
• Groups in the classification whose members do not act at a
common target site are exempt from the proscription against
rotation within the group (Group 8, 13 and all UN groups: UN,
UNB, UNE, UNF, UNM, UNP & UNV).
believed to have the same mode of action. O
O N O
of insect vectors of human disease, such as mosquitoes, because of a lack of alternatives.
• Sub-groups provide differentiation between compounds that may 19 Acequinocyl Fluacrypyrim Bifenazate • Sub-group10A: Hexythiazox is grouped with Clofentezine because they exhibit cross-resistance even
bind at the same target site but are structurally different enough Amitraz
CF 3
though they are structurally distinct. Diflovidazin has been added to this group because it is a close
Amitraz
that risk of metabolic cross-resistance is lower than for close 20A Hydramethylnon 20B Acequinocyl 20C Fluacrypyrim analogue of Clofentezine and is expected to have the same mode of action.
20D Bifenazate
chemical analogs. • Group 20: While there is strong evidence that Bifenazate acts on the Qo site of Mitochondrial Complex
• Cross-resistance potential between sub-groups is higher than III and some Bifenazate resistance mutations confer cross-resistance to Acequinocyl, the sites of action
between groups, so rotation between sub-groups should be Disclaimer: While CropLife International and IRAC make every effort to present accurate and reliable information, they do not of Fluacrypyrim and Hydramethylnon have not been determined.
considered only when there are no alternatives, and only if cross- guarantee the accuracy, completeness, efficacy, timeliness, or correct sequencing of such information. Inclusion of active ingredients • Groups 26 and 27 are unassigned.
resistance does not exist, following consultation with local expert on the IRAC Code Lists is based on scientific evaluation of their modes of action; it does not provide any kind of testimonial for the use • In some cases, only representative actives are shown.
advice. These exceptions are not sustainable, and alternative of a product or a judgment on efficacy. CropLife International and IRAC are not responsible for, and expressly disclaim all liability for, • Please visit www.irac-online.org for the complete IRAC classification.
options should be sought. damages of any kind arising out of use, reference to, or reliance on information provided. Listing of chemical classes or modes of
action must not be interpreted as approval for use of a compound in a given country. Prior to implementation, each user must
Internal
determine the current registration status in the country of use and strictly adhere to the uses and instructions approved in that country. IRAC document protected by © Copyright Poster Edition 8, November 2021. Based on the MoA Classification Version 10