ike a oe | PB, < $0.2 chy fer $ /-2F bbe Pe fo}.2 fee | Fab le mt. / 77.9.6 STRUCTURAL w4,. DESIGN FF 2 CENTER for the DESIGNED ENVIRONMENT PROFESSIONS Ou 2iF House of Architects 1 2 Matulungin St., Barangay Central Diliman, Quezon City a Telefax 436-1549 / e-mail cdep_qc@yahoo.com FEBRUARY — JUNE 2005‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN ents compise 4 teeters plate Principles of Static Equilibrium ‘A. DEFINITION OF TERMS © Static Equilibrium = a body acted upon by a balanced force system is in equilibrium — resultant is equal to zero action and reaction forces between two particles are always equal and oppositely directed © Force is the action of one body upon another = due to direct contact, = due to magnetic or gravitational attraction ~ Generated by moving bodies inertiaforce -p Fema oo .c2/ + Yona © Important characteristic of a force free 5 = megniude ao ~ position or the point of application = direction © Resultant : is a single force, a couple, of a force and a couple which acting alone will produce the same effect as the force system Illustration oe Force Force/Couple © Principle of Trans: slates thal the external effect of a force on a body acted upon is independent of the point of application of the force but the same for all points along its line of action. B. FORCE SYSTEM is an arrangement of any two or more forces that act on a body or on a group of related bodies, Concurrent Copianar 2 Parallel Non-concurrent, Nonparallel Force System | Concurrent Spatial Parallel Non-concurrent, Nonparalle! February-June 2005 =P Wea‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN Equation Sonn pass 7 EF =0 cl nw nement > EM =0 Illustration COPLANAR FORCE SYSTEM Concurrent Parallel Non-Parallel ao obaf aconmen pf A = a ty x Non-eoneurent he et ii a lilustration * SPATIAL FORCE SYSTEM Non-coneurrent, Concurrent Parallel Non-Parallel C. FREE BODY DIAGRAM (FBD) a sketch of a body showing the forces exerted by other bodies on the one being considered Mlustration 8 Ron Ww a Rev Rey = Rew Ran Rev Rav Force System FBD of Bar AB FBD of Point B February-June 2005, =P W-2Force X pemprDiclay Bic force > ton MoPx ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 1 The table lamp consists of two uniform arms, each weighing 6N and a bulb fixture weighing 8N. If 6 = 70°, calculate the couple M, that must be supplied by the friction in joint A to maintain equilibrium. Solution Taking moments about point A EM=0 d 0 = Mg + 8(%1) = 8x2) - 8(Xs) But.Xo = 400-cos70 = 136.8 X= 200-0870 = 68.4 X2=200-% = 63.2 X= 500- x) = 363.2 Therefore, Ma = -6(68.4) + 6(63.2) + 8 (363.2) Ma = 2874.4Nmm / aenfm mil’neter) EXAMPLE 2 ‘A car weighing 14 KN with boom on the rear axle was designed to carry the 35 KN load, If the boom is 2 meters long and the center of gravity of the car is 2.4 meter from the rear axle, determine the smallest angle 8 at which the boom may be safely positioned. Solution llustration Taking moments about point 4 EM,= 0 = 14(25) -35(x) Pal Butx = 2.0080 Therefore, {ve 5)= 35(2c000)}/35 cos® = 0.50 @ = cos" (0.50) 0° February-June 2006 =? w-3Ay ied stress > “Erluaw potin vesilet seers (off) STRUCTURAL DESIGN A. AXIAL DEFORMATION Load is acting parallel to member axis. Stress is uniform for homogenous sections, Due to tension - tends to elongate the body Due to compression - tends to shorten the body llustration Where: cis the stress (MPa) P is the force (KN) Ais the areqm?) wD? ="4_ forcircle Dis the diameter (m) Lis the length (m) 8 is the deformation (m) P From oakes Law From Stress-Strain Curve .s UsingRaP f= =< a ‘Simplify o s8E a 6 .% Substitute 2 - ££ t da 2 wands to, 2 A PL ae lif 5 AE ES strain, e = aL Simplify o) If Defi nafi Where eA Eis the modulus of elasticity (MPa) « is the unit deformation per unit length EXAMPLE 3 Illustration The rigid bar supported by a pin at A anda steel cable at B, is to be designed to carry the concentrated load of 50 KN at C. Calculate the safe diameter of the cable if the allowable stress is 120 MPa. Using the computed area, calculate the elongation of the cable. February-June 2005 Wea SOKNSTRUCTURAL DESIGN Solution ‘Taking moments about point A au=0) 0 = 50(5)-P(4) P= 6250KN Solving the area required = Where P = 62.50 os 120 MPa B. BENDING Stress due to a bending moment about the perpendicular axis of the member. Illustration Section. Flexural Stress Bae ic ic C.SHEAR —> shar expacif— xD’ A=520.83mm? = — D=25.78 mm P __62.50x1000 120 2 4 Solving the maximum elongation = —62500-2000 520.83-200000 ‘Taking moments about the neutral axis 264 F 2c Fe + FG But F is the resultant of the flexural stress 1 1 Be sth F=pfbe also, o=5! ‘Substituting | a nenent of inertin Stress due to a load acting perpendicular to member axis, A. Shear stress perpendicular to member a: Illustration February-June 2005STRUCTURAL DESIGN Section a-a b v ¥ Where: A vis the shear stress, MPa Vis the shear force, N Ais the cross sectional area, mm? B. Shear stress parallel to member axis lilustration EF= 0+) 0 =P, -P, -rbx Let, (Py-P2) =P, tbX =P, = %oob Tb | bb Innepiet EXAMPLE 4 Sat tis lilustration Bean Calculate the dimension of the timber beam shown. Use w=5KNim f, = 16.40 MPa f= 3.80MPa cc fy = 1.80 MPa Neglect the beam weight. c February-vune 2005 (=p v-6STRUCTURAL DESIGN Shear stress 1 to grain, f,, 23.80 MPa Solution 380, Vv “oh Solve the maximum moment (at the support) seo, a = 5(2| (2) Ee m= 5(2)(1) +2@) > "(o) (2b) Sane b> 3970mm <1086 SN Shear stress // to grain, fy) 2 1.80 MPa Solve the maximum shear (at the support) vo 8 v=5(2) +2 tb : V=12 KN Q= (bb) Sp = Jp ie eet Flexural stress, f, > 16.40 MPa jp Oe = 7 pt 16.40 , Me 3) Ips eu 1.80 = (12x10) 5b’ 16.40 __(14x10%) b Boe b) “(any By 2BY b= 70.70mm < 108.6 4 b= 1086mm Therefore b > 108.6 mm D. TORSION Stress due to moment about the member axis, Mustrati Se Solution aT= dP oA Sex ¢ R dA= rd -dr [Emax T= + (r-d0.dr) |r R Sra =— [Pdr jae LE February-June 2005 Govese nk Vation ae EeSTRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 5 The shaft with effective length of 4 meters is to be designed to carry a 60 KNm torque. If the allowable torsional stress is 120 MPa, calculate the required diameter of the shaft. Using the calculated diameter, what is the angle of twist if E = 200 GPa and y= 0.25. Illustration . 4.0m 200000 2(1 + 0.25) = 80000 MPa E. BEARING Solution Solve the radius due torsion AR < 120MPa J T= 60x10° Nmm 1 J=ieR Stress due to direct contact between two bodies. Illustration v2 t 12 T Section a-a February-June 2005 ‘Substitute SHOR <120 —nRt 2 R268.30mm Solve the angle of twist (60x10) (4000) 2 (20000) 2 ‘x (68.30)* 9 = 0.08 radian 5 el a where ox is the tensile stress, MPa ys the bearing stress, MPa Ais the area, mm? tis the thickness of plate, mm bis the width of the plate, mm dis the diameter, mm W-8STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 6 In the figure, three steel plates with allowable tension stress of 140 MPa and allowable bearing stress of 120 MPa were joined together using 16mm $ rivet with allowable shearing stress of 80 MPa. If the plates are of the same width, b = 50 mm, thickness of plate 1, t;= 4 mm, thickness of plate 2, t= 6 mm, calculate the permissible axial load T. llustration CE es — = ; TI2 t toy Tt jp T BD 4 "ft Solution Due to tensile stress, o, < 140 MPa Considering plate 1 — t; = 4 mm, axial force = T/2 T2 iS t(o-d) 1402 14 _ 4 (50- 16) T < 38080 N Considering plate 2 > t, = 6 mm, axial force = T . = 140 eel A tb-d) 1402 ———._ +. © (60-16) 7 <28560N February-June 2005 Due to bearing stress, «, < 120 MPa Considering plate 1 > t, = 4 mm, axial force = T/2 10272, 12 A t(d) 12 1202 a(t) TS 15360N Considering plate 2 > t, = 6 mm, axial force = T ee eee aor tC) Bast ee T<11520N Due to shear stress, o, < 120 MPa Considering plate 1 > axial force = T/2, 1-shear plane T<32170N Considering plate 2 ~> axial force = T, 2-shear plane T soz D =—1_ A (2i(ay 802 —1_— 467 [Therefore, T < 11520 N T<32170NSTRUCTURAL DESIGN A. TRUSS is an articulated structure composed of links or bars assumed to be connected by frictionless pins at the joints and arranged so that an area enclosed within the boundaries of the structure is subdivided by the bars into geometric figures which are usually triangles. ‘Types of Truss For Roofs For Bridges Pratt Truss Through Pratt Truss Howe Truss Through Howe Truss Fink Truss Deck Warren Truss Modified Fink Truss ‘Through Warren Subdivided Bowstring Truss ee Lattice/Parker/Baltimore Crescent Truss aA SZ Through Warren February-June 2005 «AA Pratt Truss we Modified Fink Truss Crescent Truss Se AINZNZINIATS Parker Truss: Baltimore Truss AKKE DA K- Truss Through Pratt Truss Vana Deck Warren Truss ep “eSTRUCTURAL DESIGN > — Methods of Analyzing Truss Structures ‘A. Method of Joints Joints are in equilibrium > Axial forces of members enclosing a triangle forms a force polygon > Analysis must start at a joint with known extemal forces and must have two members connecting that joint B. Method of Sections » — Cuta section across truss length passing members with unknown forces that is not more than 3 to provide non-concurrent force system. Analyze the FBD of the section with less number of forces or the convenient one. Assume any direction of the member force and choose an arbitrary point to solve for one unknown using the equilibrium equation ZM = 0. The positive calculated value indicates that the assumed direction is correct. On the other hand, the negative value indicates that the assumed direction is wrong but the magnitude is correct EXAMPLE 7 In the figure shown, calculate a) the member forces using method of joints b) the member forces using method of sections, Figure Solution ‘Solve the support reactions EM;=0+ > O= Ryy (7) - 10(5.5) -10(1.8) -2(10)(3.5) Ruy = 14.47 KN BFy=0+ f O= Re + Ry - 10 -10 - 2(10) Rs= 14.47 KN EFy=0+ O=Rw - $(10) Rin = 4.47 KN February-June 2005 (= 2) Using Method of Joints > ef pres Consider joint 1 zRy=0+ T O= Rw> $F Fiz = 18.09 KN (C) BFy=O+ O= 4.47 + Fi Fy = 6.38 KN (T) sFre Consider joint 8 EFy=0+ T O= Fan Frg=0 EFy=O+ — O= Fre - Fre Fra = 6.38 KN (T) Consider joint 2 EFy=0+ f O= SF yp - 10 - Foe - BF a7 32 KN (T) Far BFy=O+ —> 3 = §Fa- Fos + Far Fag = 15.32 KN (C) wentSTRUCTURAL DESIGN Considerjoint3 Consider joint 7 Consider joint 6 BFy=0+ f EFy=0+ f EFy=0+ O= Fa O= 2 Fay + Far - Fay - 2(10) O= Fae Fs7=0 Faz = 6.33 KN (T) Feg= 0 BFy=0+ — BF y=0+ > BFy=0+ > OF Fay - Fa O= Fer + Far ~ BFor- Fre - £(10) | O= Fao ~ Fer Faq = 15.32 KN (C) Fey = 10.85 KN (T) Fos = 10.85 KN (T) Consider joint 4 To check, isolate joint 5 BF,=0+ O= Fu - Far Fes Fg = 18.07 KN (C) b) Using Method of Sections 7 sua Hl a memanty 40Kn 40Kn 20m R= 4.47 KN Ryy= 14.47 Solve Fy2 3Mg=0+ 9 O= Ry(4.5) - $F iz (2) F,2 = 18.09 KN (C) Solve Fay EM,=0+ 9 0 = 10(1.5) - Frs(2) + 2 F27(3.5) Foy = 6.32 KN (T) Solve Fis Solve Fay EM, =0+ 9 IM,=0+ 9 O= Riy(1.5) - Riw(2) - Fre(2) 0 = Fa4(2) + 10(2) - Rs(3.5) Fya = 6.38 KN (T) Faq= 15.32 KN (C) Solve Frs Solve Fer 2M =0+ 9 EM,=0+ O= Ryy(1.5) ~ Ryn(2) - Fxa(2) O= For(2) - Re (1.5) Fre = 6.39 KN (T) Fer = 10.85 KN (T) Solve Fis IM, =0+ O= Rw(S.5) - 10(2) - Fzs(2) O= Fe (2) - Rel1.5) - BF Fy = 15.32 KN (C) = Fay = 6.32 KN (T) February-June 2005 V-12{=me Gs Bea ri | > Se a STRUCTURAL DESIGN oo ea B. BEAMS AND GIRDERS Beams and girders are usually a horizontal or nearly horizontal element carrying a stress primarily due to shear and flexure. It usually carry a load directly from the floor. Determinate Structure is a structure in which the reaction components and internal stresses can be completely determined using the equations of static equilibrium, Static Equations 2F,=0 EM=0 Indeterminate Structure is a stable structure in which the reaction components and internal stress cannot be solved completely using the equations of static equilibrium Degree of indeterminacy refers to the number of unknowns over and above the equations of static equilibrium, ee aad . C. DEFLECTION ! Derived deflectién formula due to flexure of v w “7 P 8-38 Econ = MO ES L L T+ Teffectec . ; Fras, te Verne w fu) yt Allowable deflections X__4U/240 for members supporting or attached to non-structural elements not likely Tep alae (' & - rufeego be damaged by large deflection 7" L360 for members not supporting or attached to non-structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections (immediate deflection due to live load only) 180 for members carrying flat roofs not supporting or attached to non- structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections + 480 for members roof or floor construction supporting or attached to non- structural elements likely to be damaged by large deflections Ym opan —> Sparel, eo) ja al Ye My, = ONG )T eee ade February-June 2005 =P Cc v.13 NOPSTRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 8 Draw the shear and moment diagram of the beam loaded as shown below. Figure P=15KN Rs= Ww=40KNim] [w= 10 KNim Ty , JT a Bc 5m 2m | 4m Ra Re " ia Re (L\ thet inflection (pep nmert) February-June 2005 = Solution Solve the reactions and plot the V-D diagram For Ra, Mz = 0+) O= Ra (5) - 10(5)(2.5) Ra = 25 KN For Rs, BFy=0+f O= Ra + Re ~ 10(5) Re =25 KN For Re, [Mp = 0 +) O= Re(4) - 15(2) - 10(6)(3) - 25(6) Re = 90 KN For Ro, 2Fy=0+ f O= Re + Rp ~ 10(6) “25 - 15 Ro = 10KN Plot the shear diagram Va= Ra Va = +25 KN Ve= Va - 10(5) Vo. = Ve - 10(2) Ver™ Vo + Re Ver= Veg - 10(2) Ve, =+25KN Ver= Vn - 15 Veg= +10 KN Vo= Vee - 10(2) Vo=+10KN Plot the moment diagram Ma=0 Pinned support Me = Mg +3(25)(2.5) Me = #31.25 Mg = Me + 96:25) (2.5) Mz Mc = Mg + $(@25 - 45)(2) Mc = -70 Mp = Mc + 4425 + 45)(2) Me Mo =Mr +#410)(1) Mg = +5. Mp=Mg +39610) (1) My v.14‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN D. FRAMES > Rigid or Semi Rigid Frame Frame with Shear Truss > Frame with Shear Wall > Frame with Shear Truss/Outrigger > Frame with Shear Wall/Outrigger » Exterior Diagonalized Tube lustration Rasen Framewih Frame wth Framevath Shear Frame wih Sear 2H RéjdFrame —ShearTwess Shear Wal TrusourggerWatlourgger O#BRIEH D. FRAMES USING PORTAL METHOD Assumptions: * Inflection points are at midspan of all members > Shear of interior columns is twice the shear of exterior columns > Summation of horizontal shear on columns at certain level is equal to the sum of all horizontal forces above that level Mustration —. Frock ake ht OO February-June 2005 =P wetsSTRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 9 Calculate the shear and moment of the frame shown. Isolate Joint J rMj=0+) 7” 0 = 2Vqo(1.5) ~ Vu (4) = Vix) Vx = 3.75 KN 8m 8m. 8m. i SF=0+ ae Solution O= Ay = 2(Veo) - Aux Solve Vap Ax = 30 KN SF=0+— = 60 - 6 (Veo) zieceall eas O= Vx> Vu > Ae Ag=0 Isolate Joint | pa Isolate Joint K 60 KN ema Ay ren aee2V an! Ano DM =0+ D) ae O= 2Vpo(1.6) ~ Vic) ~ Vou) Vi = 3.75 KN Fie pO ee ZF =O+ amp Paco aNoo gat) O= Ax > 2(Vac) ~ Ae OO Eny Ag =10KN _SF=0+8 EF=0+f O= Vy > Ae O= Va Vix Axe Ae = 3.75 KN Axe = 0 February-June 2005 v-16 (Assunj ims 1)STRUCTURAL DESIGN Isolate Joint L SF=O+ O= Vpo + 40 - Agr - Ven Aer = 33.33 KN BF=0+f + fey, O= Ag+ Ver ~ Ro Aun Aca = 15.83 KN IM=0+)> = Vpo(1.8) - Vas (4) Isolate Joint F View = 3.75 KN IF=0+ = ie O= Au - Veo Ace An = 10 KN coud as IF=0+9 eR O= Aw > Ve 3 Aw= 3.75 KN IMp=0+ ) = QVpo(1.5) + 2V2no(2) - Ver(4) - Veo(4) SNES Vro = 12.08 KN =F=O+ = IF=0+ am 0 = 60+ 40- 6(Vano) ee 7 = Aer + 2Ve0 Vono = 16.87 KN peas Isolate Joint E 2F=0+f Veo, O= Aue + Veo ~ Arp - Ver Ars =OKN 15m 40 Isolate Joint G IMz=0+ 2. 0 = Vao(1.5) + Vono(2) - Ver(4) Ver = 12.08 KN February-vune 2005, wea‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN EF =O+ oe Tae Ot 9) = Agu Van - Vano O= 2Veol1.6) +2Vavo(2) -Vro(4) -Vowl4) —ag.g7- 49.67 Vou = 12.08 KN sF=0+t IF=O+ me DeeaeGae ey = 15.83 KN 0 = Apo + 2Vgo ~ Aon = 2Ven0 “ Aah cB SYRN Solve the moments BLOS My=My= Vy (4) = 15KNm noe i - Mac=Mia= Vac (4) = 18 KN O= Axe + Vox - Acc - Veo en watencn ec = 0 KN Isolate Joint H : Me.=Me\= Veo (1.5) = 15 KNm Myc = Mpy= Veo (1.5) = 30 KNm Myo = My 2Vpo (1.5) = 30 KNm Mur = Mia =) Vap (1.5) = 15 KNm Mer = Mre = Ver (4) = 48.3 KNm Mro = Mor = Vro (4).= 48.3 KNm Mou = Mio = Vou(4)= 48.3 KNm Mex = Mar = Vano (2)= 33.3 KNm Mes = Ma = 2Vayo (2)= 66.7 KNM Mcc= Mog = 2Vano (2)= 68.7 KNm Myo = Mou = Vano (2) = 33.3 KNm EM, =0+) O= Varo (1.5) + Vano(2) - Von(4) 12.08 = 12.08 KN Wv-18PoDuLe TD STRUCTURAL DESIGN Design of Steel Members A.BEAMS — —9 ( chee , moment) i e Types of Beams According to its Function ~ es pea "> Putlin - carries the roof load between trusses or rafters ——— > Rafter - usually a sloping beam carrying the reaction of purlins + Lintel - carries the masonry across the opening made by a door or window > Joist - a closely spaced beams supporting the floor of a building (t } > Stringer - similar to a joist, it carries the flooring of a bridge ( + Re Girder - large-sized beams usually carrying the floor beams > Spandrel - spans between columns and support the floors and curtain walls > Grade beam - lowermost spandrel of a building that has no basement. > Shaft - circular beam that transmits power to the machinery. Also carries torsion in addition to shear and flexure. dnt) a (ist mets eae) luce of Stee! Sections 7 fics CL teripg hd are classified as ie non. Bmpack ‘and dae toa (HP ofc 6 > 2) Sections (] | a 3 eth Allowable flexural stress "Le ‘Compact sections Re lled: le Non-Compact sections Fy, = 0.60F, i (clipenur acieaptn)e—— Slender sections Fy <0.60Fy a wuld f Allowable shear stress F, = 0.40F, EXAMPLE 1 Figure 45 KN A continuos beam is loaded as shown a below. Assuming that the section is " St . compact, investigate the adequacy of the beam if F, = 248 MPa. Section February-June 2005 = w-19STRUCTURAL DESIGN Solution Solve the reactions For Ra, 2Mc 0+ O= Ra (5) - 8(5)(2.5) - 45(2) R,a=38KN For Ro, 2FyFo+ Ra + Re -8 (5) - 45 7 KN Re Plot the shear diagram Va= Ra Va= +38 KN Va. = Va - 8(5) Vey = +14 KN Ver = Ve. - 45 Veg =-31 KN Vo = Veq- 8(2) Vo =-47 KN Plot the moment diagram Ma=0 Pinned support Mg = Ma + 1/2(Va+ Ve) (3) Ma = 78 Mc = Mg + 1/2 (Vag + Vc) (2) Mc = 0 Maximum values Vmax = Vo = 47 KN Mmnax = Mg = 78 KNM Solving the moment capacity M= (163.68 MPa) (493840 mm?) M = 60.83x10° Nmm. M=60.83KNm > 78KNm Therefore, OK! February-vune 2005 secfite nal. Calculate section capacity From flexure formula, f = M/S M= fyS For compact sections f= 0.68F, = 0.66(248) 163.68 MPa Syn) S = section modulus =llc = distance from NA to extreme fiber in tension/compression Solving | and ¢ |= 74,076X108 mm* c= 300/2 = 150 mm 74.076X108 150 s = 493840 mm? Check shear capacity 40(248) = 99.20 MPa Vag = fV.A yy = (89.20 MPa) (300x6) Veap = 178560 N Veap = 178.56 KN > 47 KN Therefore, OK! es vaSTRUCTURAL DESIGN 8. COLUMNS Prevailing design load is axial and failure may be initiated by ‘overstressing of the material =>buckling about the weak axis For this reason, the equation that determine the allowable stress of the columns is express in terms of the length and radius of gyration. For intermediate Column Where F, = allowable axial stress L = height of column eight of col I Li? K = effective length factor, = radius of gyration “fi moment of inertia : ‘A= cross sectional area j ' IL 1 i ' 1 1 IL \ K=10 k=07 4 Both ends hinged © One endfixed, Both ends fixed One end fixed, other end pinned other end free EXAMPLE 2 Calculate the axial capacity of the column shown if station a)L=3m b)L=6m Use Fy = 248 MPa, moment if inertia | = 1.20x108 mm*, and L cross-sectional area A = 1550 mm. February-June 2005 ep v-21STRUCTURAL DESIGN Solve the axial capacity, P Solution Solve the radius of gyration, P=F,A r=} = 109.23 MPa (1550 mm?) 120x108 P= 169310 N r= 2OxIoe 1550 passa b) IfL=6.0 m, solve KLir Sore Se KL _ 0.70(6000) c= PEE 27.82 VF = 150,95> C.= 126.17 C,= [2a 20000 =. Long Column C.= 126.17 Solve the allowable axial stress, F, a) IFL=3.0 m, solve KUr Faee ene 231 KcP KL _ 0.70(3000) E sae oe = 12(x?) (200000) = 75.47 Classification of weld Vertical, horizontal, flat, and overhead > Types of weld Bead, groove, fillet, plug and slot Illustration Horizontal Butt Flat Butt ‘Slot Weld Plug Weld Vertical Fillet Flat Edge Bead Flat Fillet = Horizontal Fillet — Overhead Fill Types of groove weld (used fortee and butt joints) — Overhead Butt Square Butt Joint ‘Square Tee Joint Single-Vee Butt Joint Single-Bevel Tee Joint Double-Vee Butt Joint Double-Bevel Tee Joint f Single-U Butt Joint Single-J Tee Joint Double-U Butt Joint Double-J Tee Joint : February-June 2005, W-23STRUCTURAL DESIGN Types of fillet (used for lap joint splices) Convex Fillet Weld Concave Fillet Weld Fillet weld Fillet weld Size of weld [see eee & Ros 5 * fax 34 pO > fos FY) x sine of s 3 & He we] c G1 TOL x sire ‘Standard Symbol of Weld TYPE OF WELD (lee e el all Groove Weld Plug/ all | Flush Bead | Filet | a laround square| V |Bevel] U | J AIN Tivivivip 7 ejol— Standard Location of Weld Information Contour symbol Root opening Ve Groove angle Lenath of weld Specification > reference Weld symbol Both-sides Arrow-Side weld Other-Side weld Compound welds February-June 2005 =P V-24STRUCTURAL DESIGN Method of showing groove location when welds are not shown Arrow side Other side Arrow side Arow side . Other side | | “-R< Joint Joint oer ede) t Tee Joint Eds Joint Comer Joint Arrow side Arrow side Otherside > Joint "A” ‘Arrow side Joint a Joint “A” Joint sent me >A Joint B Other side Omepside Arrow side LJ other side Joint “B” Joint "B’ Lap Joint Double Tee Joint Butt Joint Method of showing roove location when welds are not shown Arrow does not show * Improper which member is to grooved Proper amma {} Significance Proper Significance re one. straper —Zccmenf A. DEFINITION OF TERMS rofes eae 17? Concrete is a mixture of sand and gravel held together in a rock like mass densi | | with a paste of cement and water. Reinforced Concrete is a combination of concrete and steel wherein the steel reinforcement provides the tensile strength lacking in the concrete. Working Stress Design Applied Load < 4 x Section Capacity is less than 1 Hrenght | Ultimate Strength Design x Applied Load < Section Capacity is greater than 1 February-June 2005, ep Iv. 25WE 7 nifin Udy Code Meo Mle. BE STRUCTURAL DESIGN 2D — 162 fed wind! load) B. WORKING STRESS DESIGN Working Stress Design Applied Load < § x Section Capacity — gis less than 1 Allowable stresses De 2M Flexural Members . ie forconcrete f,= 0.45". i - | forsteel f, = 138 MPa for Grades 276 & 345 abe F Tiahemed, 4 Q a cut ie f, = 165 MPa for Grades 414 & Higher de 4b ghia Compression/Compression with bending 4 it for concrete f, = 0.34f,. Jud for steel f= 0.40f, ae NOTE: This.values were taken based on 40 percent of strength using ultimate strength design grke Be eA ea Where grt 230 fis the compressive strength of concrete f, is the yield strength of steel E, = 200,000 MPa is the modulus of elasticity of steel E, = 4700, is the modulus of elasticity of concrete (somal wh. cone.) BEAMS A. Transformed Section Method/Flexure Formula Method {, is allowable stress of concrete f.< 0.45, f, is allowable stress of steel f M(d-y) fsallowable M, is moment for concrete Deepal M, is moment for steel Where yiis the distance of extreme 1is the moment of inertia fiber in compression from NA nis the modular ratio= E/E, (d- y)is the location steel from NA February-June 2005 ep Wv-28STRUCTURAL DESIGN B. Derivation of Design Formula h ld el Solve y using R & P Where 3 =f f, is allowable stress of steel Ot ta f, is allowable stress of concrete fod Mis internal moment capacity Seg fn nis the modular ratio = E/E, MeCiaeey) yis the distance of extreme M=T (d~4y) : fiber in compression from NA COLUMNS Three categories of columns: fo e 1. Pedestal or Short Compression Blocks - height is less thon) snag net provi Qe vert. three times the least dimension 2. Long or Slender Column - strength of the column is ‘significantly reduced due to slenderness “9. S 3. Short Column - failure is initiated by material failure —5 vhawe 2 peo i Types of Columns 1.Tied 2. Spiral 3. Composite Illustration Tied Column — Spiral Column ‘Composite Columns Code Requirements |. Steel ratio p = A,/A, may not be less than 1 percent and greater than 8 percent dalle of ber Minimum number of bar is 4 for rectangular, 6 for circular 8 for tianguler. Clear max, 4 distance of longitudinal bar should not be less 1.55, or 40 mm. Minimum dimension may be at least 200 mm to provide enough concrete cover of bars &, y nt ath longitudinal bar larger than 32mm9. Ties shall be spaced not more than 16 times the diameter of longitudinal bar, 48 times the diameter of ties, orthe least lateral dimension of the Goluran Corner and alternate longitudinal bar must have lateral support provided by the corer Of the tie and no bars shall be located more than 750 mm on either side from such laterally supported bar. 6. Clear spacing of spirals may not be less than 25mm or greater than 75 mm February-June 2005 i 2 3. ~ 4. Tie shall be 4Omms for longitudinal bar 32mm and smaller, and 12mmd for 6 6 1 strKagrahe W-27STRUCTURAL DESIGN Formula for axially loaded column eee ee Fortied column y=0.40)_ > vsah / cs Paap = 804.85") “A +H Ad te z For spiral column ( = 0.40) 3 Peap = 0.85$10.85F (Ay A.) + fA & i Where = EF 3strain Prop is the axial capacity at service load iE fis the compressive strength of concrete f, is the yield strenath of steel ‘Ac is the gross area of column ‘A, is the total area of reinforcing bar 4s the factor to get the equivalent service load EXAMPLE 3 Calculate the safe live load and dead load of the beam shown. Use f', = 25 MPa and f, = 124 MPa, Assume live load is 50 % of the dead load. Figure Solution Wror = Wor * Wu ie Allowable stress 5 = ss $0.45", 6m f,<124MPa Re Actual stress Me Section f= =F Allowable stress 500mm Mis the moment | Cis the distance from NA to | the point in question lis the crack moment of inertia y Ce: 500mm ey o-¥ ona araashendy rection 300mm, 200000 At the level of steel, ¢, = & a7oov25 = 85° fe fe caine cores Since, feeemiiae . C= 1/2(b)(y}fe) EE fen 7 ae T= (Asdf) Spor zu & = omen — is the modular ratio. T= (AD Therefore, the equivalent area of steel in concrete is nA February-June 2005 ep Wv-28Solve d d= 500 - 40 - 10 - 1/2(28) d= 436 mm Solve for y, (location of NA) nA, = (8.50) ["(28)* a fo nA, = 20935.57 mm? Take summation of moment of areas about the NA, EM =0 S00(yX1/2y)F MA, (d- y) 450(y2) = 20935.57 (436- y) y? = 139.57 (436- y) y? #139.57y -9127908.52 =0 y= 186.58 d-y = 249.42 mm 7 Solve the moment of inertia, | I= Elva + EAYE #2(800}(y)? + (300)(y) (1/2y)? +A, (d-y? = 74(300)(186.58)? + (300)(186.58) [1/2(186.58)]* + (20935.57) (249.42)? I= 1951.93x108 mm# Solve the moment capacity For concrete cs £ <0.45f, = 11.25 o=y= 186.58 +M, (186.58) 1951.93x10° le < 117.69x108 Nmm 11.252 February-~June 2005 eb LIpeo tee ae za STRUCTURAL DESIGN Solve the moment capacity For steel 14.592 Me (249.42) 1951.93x10° M,<114.17x108Nmm 118 (Wror) (6? Wror = 25.37 KN/m But Wror = Wo + Wi 25.37 = Wo. + 0.5Wo. Wo. = 16.91 KN/m Wa = 8.48 KN/m Iv-29STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 4 Design the section and number of 20mm} bar of a beam carrying 80 KNm moment. Use f', = 25 MPa, f, = 124 MPa, and effective depth equal to twice of width. Figure Iy,_ti3y y J AC = t2fyb fe < ‘| d— 1/3) ld-y josey fA, lea Solution Allowable stress fe #0.45f, 50.45(25) 2 =11.25MPa f= 124MPa Es _ 200000 _ “EL > a7oovs 85 Solve for y using R & P sveeats dq + fn y = 1125 @) 7725 + 124185 0.4354(¢) Solve for d using moment equation Solve for area of steel A, C=T 1W2fyb = Adke b=212.18mm y= 0.4354d = 184.77 mm Substitute 1/2(11.25)'184.77) (212.18) = A, (124) A, = 1778.43 mm? Solve the number of bars using 20mm@ A #ofbars= 7. TEGO 57 say 6 pes Ms C(d-13y) M# 4/2fyb(d - 1/3y) BOx10° = 1/2(11.25)(0.4354d) (1/2d)[a ~ 1/3(0.4354d)] 80x10 5 1/2(11.25) (0.4354) (1/2) [1 — 1/9(0.4354)] (8) d=424.36 mm February-vune 2005 b=212.18 mm cr meSTRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 5 Design a square column using 20mm® reinforcing bar if Po. = 240 KN and Py, = 180 KN. Use f, = 25 MPa, f, = 276 MPa, p = 3%, and 10 mm diameter ties. Figure Solve number of bars, Ay = 225x225 ProrS 0.80$[0.85F (A, - A) + fAc] a 420x10° <_(0.8) (0.4) [(0.85) (25) (225? - A.) + (276) A.) ell 420x109 < (0.2) [21.25 (225? - A.) +276 Ad 420x103 < 6.80 (228? -A,) + 88.32 A, Po. = 240 KN 420x10? < 6.80 (2252) - 6.8A, + 88.32 A, Pu = 180 KN Ag = 929.22 mm? #ofbars= As = 020.22 co 4nd? 1/4n(20)2 re #ofbars=2.96 say4pcs Solve spacing of ties $= 16xdiameter of longitudinal bar = 16(20) Solution Solve the total load Pror Pror= Po. + Pu 240 + 180 8 least dimension Pror = 420 KN 25mm governs Pn eieernie Therefore s = 225 mm on center Prot Ss Peap Check clear spacing of longitudinal bar Pros 0.804[0.85F.(A,- A.) * fs] 420x10° = (0.8)(0.4) [(0.85) (25) (h? - 0.03h*) + (276) (0.03h%)] 420x108 < (0.32) [(21.25) (0.97) + 8.28]? h=213.14 say 225mm = 225 - 40(2) -10(2) - 20(2) Clear spacing = h - clear cover(2) - tie diameter(2) = bar diameter(2) A =85mm > 1.5b,= 40 > 40mm < 150 mm Therefore OK! February-June 2005 =P Vet‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN C. ULTIMATE STRENGTH DESIGN Ultimate Strength Design 4 x Applied Load < Section Capacity is greater than 1 Load Factors =1.4D+4.7L O75[1.4D + 1.7L + 1.70] 0.90 + 1.30 TAD+1SL+11E —y peOr HIE + fee 0.9D +11 Ly fre jo 14D * 4.7L + 1.7H 0.90 + 1.7H (if livefdead load reduces the effect of H) O.75[1.4D + 1.47 + 1.7L] =14[D+T] ececcccec Material Strength f= strength of concrete at strain of 0.003 f, = is the yield strength of steel BEAMS Flexure Formula is ay fs Solve the intemal moment capacity,M = M= Agfa el ants] —pumined efrength EMc=0+) EM,=0+) Asfy oF Mise af lp esr) | M=T(d- 1/22) M=C(d—1/2a) 2Fy=0+ Where Cl; M, = is the ultimate moment capacity O.85fab = A.f, is the area reinforcing bar Pea is the yield strength O.85p is the compressive strength of concrete is the effective depth M=A¥S{d - 1/2a) is the width of the beam To ensure yielding = is the reduction facto equal to 0.90 Pact bd S Pmax Where per Pact = is the actual steel ratio Pox = 0 7540 esp, te{-s00_} py = 0.85 -0.05(fe-90) — fis in MPa : tity <0.85 14 tte 2065 Pin en > Denes February-June 2005, =p Wve 32STRUCTURAL DESIGN COLUMNS Formula for axially loaded column, Defies fete For tied columr cf Pur = 0.80$[0.B5F.(Ay - As) + f,As] For spiral column ( = 0.75) Pur = 0.854{0.85F (A - A.) + FAL ree S$ “ ) + fA) Py, is the axial capacity at service load fcis the compressive strength of concrete f,is the yield strength of steel A, is the gross cross sectional area of column ‘Ac s the total area of reinforcing bar 4$)is the factor to get the equivalent service load EXAMPLE 5 Calculate the number of 20 mmé reinforcing bar needed for the beam loaded as shown below. Use f, = 25 MPa, f, = 414 MPa, and effective depth d = 350mm. Figure e Section _ 282 : 150.25x108 _ oy 9 - 414 (As) Wy = 26 KNim | os (0.90) (414) * 4.7(25) 250 403247 = (350) A, ~ 0.0390 (A,)? 5m Ry ‘ Solution (As)? - (350)| Calculate the ultimate load a Py= 1.4Po +4.7 Py, 1.420) + 1.7(16) poise P, = 55.20 KN 2a =+ 7616.89 W,=26 KNim 350 + [350° - 4(0.039) 403247 A, =+ 1357.44 Calculate the maximum moment 2 (0.039) Due to uniform load Solving for the number of bars Muy = 1/8W, L? nz & . 1387.44 _ 1957.44 = 1/8(26) (5)? = 81.25 KNm Ay ae 3 (207 Due to‘concentrated load n=43 Say5-20mmo Mup= 14P, L Check ductility limit = 1/4(55,2) (5) = 68.0 KNm A, 5(314) Total ultimate load Pea= bd = 20 G50) M.= 81.25 + 690 = M, = 150.25 KNm Peo = 0.0179 a max = 0. 75/0.85 fs [00 } Solve A, es 6 4, (+ 600) Me wreforne rons 075{085 028 25 (600) } 414 (414 +600) February-June 2008 Pp Wve 93STRUCTURAL DESIGN EXAMPLE 6 Design a square column using 20mm reinforcing bar if Po, = 240 KN and Pi, 180 KN. Use f, = 25 MPa, f, = 276 MPa, p = 3%, and 10 mm diameter ties. Figure Po. = 240 KN Pu. = 180 KN bet | Solution Solve telukmnatel load Ea) 642x102 < (0.56) [21.25 (200? - A,) +276 A) Pur= Po + Pu = 1.4(240) + 1.7(180) 642 KN 642x10? < 11.9 (200%) - 11.94, + 164.56 A, 642x10 < 11.9 (200? -A,) + 154.56 A, From axial load formula eaiedenre Pus — 0,804[0.85F (Ag - Ax) + fyAd] 642x10° = (0.8)(0.7)1(0.85) (25) ("*- 0.03n) FODAIS=AL TE FIORE Ooe + (276) (0.03h2)) # of bars = 3.7 say 4 pcs. 642x103 < (0.56) [(21.25) (0.97) + 8.28] h? h=199.20 say 200mm Solve number of bars, A, = 200x200 Pur = 0.804{0.85F.(Ay - As) + fA] 642x10* < (0.8) (0.7) [(0.85) (25) (200? -A,) + (276) A.) Building Frame Systems ‘A. CODE DESIGN CRITERIA > Procedure and Limitations for the Design of Structures © Zoning - Indicate the effective peak ground acceleration 0.40g for Zone 4 0.209 for Zone 2 © Site Characteristic A factor greater than or equal to 1.0 introduce to the base ‘shear formula to account for the variability of soil conditions. = Occupancy A factor greater than or equal to 1.0 introduce to the base shear formula to account for the importance of the structure > Configuration implies the type of plan and vertical irregularity © Structural System and Height Implies the response of the building under lateral load February-June 2005 IV. 34STRUCTURAL DESIGN 7 Two Major Parameters in the Selection of Design Criteria © Occupancy © Structural Configuration > Four Categories of Occupancy © Essential Facilities © Occupancies having surgery and emergency treatment areas B Fire and police stations ® Garages and shelters for emergency vehicles and emergency aircraft ® Structures and shelters in emergency preparedness centers ® Aviation control towers ® Structures and equipment in communication centers and other facilities required for emergency response ® Standby power-generating equipment for Category 1 facilities ® Tanks and other structures containing housing or supporting water or fire-suppression material or equipment required for the protection of category |, Il or Il structures, © Hazardous Facilities ® Occupancies and structures therein housing or supporting toxic or explosive chemicals or substances ® Non-building structures housing, supporting or containing quantities of toxic or explosive substances. © Special Facilities ® Buildings with an assembly room with an occupant capacity >1000 ® Educational buildings with a capacity of 300 or more students ® Buildings used for college or adult education with a capacity > 500 ® Institutional buildings with 50 or more incapacitated patients, but not included in Category | ® Mental hospitals, sanitariums, jails, prison and other buildings where personal liberties of inmates are similarly restrained © Alll structures with an occupancy 5,000 or more persons B® Structures and equipment in power-generating stations and other public utility facilities not included in Category | or Category Il above, and required for continued operation © Standard Facilities All structures housing occupancies or having functioned not listed in Category |, Ilor Ill above and Category V below. © Miscellaneous Facilities Private garages, carports, sheds, agricultural buildings, and fences over 1.8 meters high. February-June 2008 (eeP Wv- 95STRUCTURAL DESIGN Building Frame Systems B. BASIC STRUCTURAL SYSTEM 1. Bearing Wall System a structural system without a complete vertical load-carrying space frame. Bearing walls or bracing systems provide support for all or most gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or brace frame illustration 2. Building Frame System Besciipion of Lateral Fores Haight Resisting System it a 4, Ligheframed wats with shear panels ‘Wood eructual Panoie A other igh-tramed walls 2 2 Shear wall Concrete — - 50 Masonry — —— 50 2, Light stee-ramed bearing walls tension bracing ~ 20, 4, Braced frames where bracing caries gravity load a structural system with an essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided by shear walls or brace frames, Illustration February-June 2005, Resisting System, 1, Steel eccentrically braced frame 2. Light-tramed walls wth shear panels Wood structural Panels Allotherighttramed was —- 3. Shoar wall Concrete — Masonry 4 Ordinary braced tame I-36 es)STRUCTURAL DESIGN 3. Moment-Resisting Frame System a structural system with essentially complete space frame providing support for gravity loads. Resistance to lateral load is provided primarily by flexural action of members. Illustration 4. Dual System Height Lirit (24) 1. Special mamentesiting frame Stee! Coners NL NL 2 Mesonry moment-essting walls frame ————~- 50. 3. Concrete intermeciate momentressting frame — “* 4 Ordinary moment-esistng frame Steel —- 50 Coner ™ 5, Special truss moment frames of steel —~ 75, is a combination of moment-resisting frames & shear walls or braced frames. Moment-resisting frame shall be designed to resist 25 % of the base shear & 75 % for the shear walls/braced frame. illustration February-June 2005, Description of Lateral Force Resisting System 1. Shear wal Concrete wth SMRF —— NL Concrete wth steel ORF or concrete MRF Masonry with SMRF or steel OMRF rey with conerete IMF Masoney with masonry MMRWE ——- 2 Stool eccentcaly braced frame With stee! SMRF Wn stee! OMRF 3. Ordinary breced frame Steel wit steel MRE — Steel wh steel OMRF Concrete wi concrete SMRF oF concrel 4. Special concentrically braced frame ‘Stool wh steel SURF — Steal with stgel OMRF Es! W-37STRUCTURAL DESIGN 5. Cantilevered Column Building System a structural system relying on cantilevered column elements for lateral resistance. Illustration Description of Lateral Force Haight Resisting System Limit (4) Cantlevered column elements. 6. Shear Wall-Frame Interactive System a combination of shear walls and frames designed to resist lateral forces in Proportion to their relative rigidities, considering interaction between shear walls and frames on all levels. Illustration ‘Description of Lateral Force Helght Resisting System Limit (24) Coe ee) February-~June 2005 =P Iv-38‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN C. VERTICAL STRUCTURAL IRREGULATITIES shfress > able of 6 atonal 7 1. Stiffness Irreqularity / Soft Story is one in which the lateral stiffness is less than 70 percent of that in the story above or less than 80 percent of the average stiffness of the three stories above, illustration pBraced frame Shear wall Stiff column [Sort Sort ISoft| ston ston) stor “Soft Story" stiffness < 70% of story stiffness above “Soft Story” stiffness < 80% of average stiffness 3 stories above . Note: Need not be considered if the story drift under the lateral force is less than 1.3 times the story drift above 2. Weight (mass) Irregularity mass irregularity shall be considered to exist where the effective mass of any story is more than 150 percent of the effective mass of an adjacent story. A roof that is lighter than the floor below need not be considered. lllustration HEAVY MASS. HEAVY MASS: Heavy MASS. | | D7TITTTIITITTTT® —— mrrrrereinerrion — Prtmrpraepeie ~ Story mass > 150% of the mass of adjacent story Note: Need not be considered if the story drift under the lateral force is less than 1.3 times the story drift above February-vune 2005 (P v.39STRUCTURAL DESIGN 3. Vertical Geometric Imegularity vertical geometric irregularity shall be considered to exist where the horizontal dimension of the lateral-force-resisting system in any story is more than 130 percent of that in an adjacent story. One-story penthouses need not be considered. Illustration Se ‘Story dimension > 130% of the dimension of adjacent story 4, In-Plane Discontinuity in Vertical Lateral-Force-Resisting Element an in-plane offset of the lateral-load-resisting elements greater than the length of those elements. * illustration T ‘shear wall Pe el Shear wall Brace aa OTTTTTIITTIEM RTT IPTD AIR Ferre OTT 5. Discontinuity in Capacity / Weak Story a weak story is one in which the story strength is less than 80 percent of that in the story above, The story strength is the total strength of all seismic- resisting elements sharing the story for the direction under consideration, Illustration a Braced frame pment sion weak weak story soy) TIT IIIIIE OOOTLELE Story strength < 80% of the story strength above February-June 2005 ep Wve 40STRUCTURAL DESIGN D. PLAN STRUCTURAL IRREGULARITIES, 1. Torsional Inegularity (to be considered if diaphragm is not flexible! torsional irregularly shail be considered to exist when the maximum story drift, computed including accidental torsion, at one end of the structure transverse to an axis is more than 1.2 times the average of the story drifts of the two ends of the structure. Illustration 82> 1.20(6; + 6,)/2 2. Re-Entrant Comers plan configurations of a structure and its lateral-force-resisting system contain re-entrant comers, where Both projections of the structure beyond a re-entrant comer are greater than 15 percent of the pian dimension of the structure in the given direction. illustration Post 20.158 ort Reentrart comer L a 3. Diaphragm Discontinuity diaphragm with abrupt discontinuities or variations in stiffness, including those having cutout or open areas greater than 50 percent of the gross enclosed area of the diaphragm, or changes in effective diaphragm stifiness or more than 50 percent from one story to the next. Illustration Diaphragm dscontinuty February-June 2005 v-at‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN 4. Qut-of-Plane Offsets discontinuities in a lateral force path, such as out-of-plane offsets of the perce cel rs Lateratload-esistng lilustration 5. Nonparallel System element Laleraboad-resisting element the vertical lateral-load-resisting elements are not parallel to or symmetric about the major orthogonal axes of the lateral-force systems. Laterabioad-reststing Illustration ‘element ES Lateralioad-rescing element NSCP Provisions for RC Members A. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY The NSCP C101-01 Section 421 contains special requirement for the design of RC members that are part of the lateral resisting frame subjected to earthquake motions, These requirements were established based on the profound engineering experiences and experiments to ensure good performance of the structure during earthquakes. It provides requirements to mitigate earthquake stresses by increasing the ductility Of the structure through the confinement of concrete with reinforcing steel where plastic hinging may occur. Reinforced conerete structures in high seismic risk must have: * Strength, Ductility, Toughness The performance criteria of RC members resisting earthquake: + Serviceability Limit State - material remains in the elastic range and no damage is expected. ® Minor - Magnitude 1 - 4 < 10 yrs * Control Limit - some yielding may occur and may have minor structural damage. ® Moderate - Mag. 4 - 6-10-20 years + Survival Limit State - inelastic behavior and may have major structural damage ® Major - Magnitude 7 and up - 100-500 years F ebruary-June 2005 cep eaeSTRUCTURAL DESIGN A. DESIGN PHILOSOPHY + SCOPE Section 421 contains special requirements for design and construction of RC members of a structure for which the design forces, related to earthquake motions, have been determined based on energy dissipation in the nonlinear range of response. Force-Displacement Relationship Elastic vs Inelastic Response Elastic Actual Failure Sway Deformation Deformation, A B. MATERIAL SPECIFICATION > LIMITATIONS ON MATERIAL STRENGTH * Concrete compressive strength F.221MPa f. > 17 MPa may be use for footings + Steel reinforcement ASTM A706M - Lowealloy steel deformed bars (Grade 60) = welding and bending is important ® ASTM A615M Grade 275 and Grade 420 are allowed if = ff, 2 1.25 — Actual f, < (specified f, + 120 MPa) - retests shall 2 not exceed 20 MPa February-une 2005 =P Wo 43STRUCTURAL DESIGN C. FLEXURAL MEMBERS > SCOPE Side Elevation The following requirements en ‘shall apply to members that: © Frame members resisting earthquake induced forces dH © Factored axial load proportioned to resist A fiexure, P, <0.1f A, L > — LIMITS ON SECTION Creesection AND OR DIMENSION * Clear span, L> 4d A © (by /H)20.3 i =e +b, 2 250mm H | © b, LONGITUDINAL REINFORCEMENT ‘+ A,> required in the analysis © ALS Asma = (MF /4f)b,d or © ALS Admin = (1.4f,)b,d + A,= equivalent of two bars (continuos) © A,<0.025b,d Note: Asn Med not be satisfied if A, supplied is 1/3 greater than A, required. * Positive moment strength at joint face shall not be less than one half of the negative moment strength provided at that face of the joint. Neither the negative nor the positive moment strength at any section along member length shall be less than one fourth the maximum moment strength provided at face of either joint Febrary~dne 2005 clap vouSTRUCTURAL DESIGN A, required in the analysis 1 > equivalent of 2 bars > (1.4if,)b,d Led > (Fr y4f,)b,d 212d, = 0.025b,d ie Atleast A,/3 Point of inflection required in the analysis > equivalent of 2 bars 2 (1.41,)b,d = (WF /4f,)b,d DAW? L(To beam centerline) > LAP SPLICES REQUIREMENT «No splices are allowed within joints. + No splices are allowed within 2h from face of joint. : + No splices are allowed within 2h from points of flexural yielding * Lap length must be provided with a hoops/spiral with S,,,= d/4 or 100 mm. + TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT ‘+ Hoops shall be provided within ® 2h from face of the support | © 2h from both sides of sections where flexure yielding are likely to occur. ® First hoop shall be located not more than 50 mm from the face of the supporting element. ‘* Maximum hoop spacing should be the lesser of, ws 8d, (longitudinal bars) 24d, (hoops) + 300mm Notes: Corner and alternate longitudinal bars shall bo provided with lateral support by @ tie with included angle not more than 138 degrees. Longitudinal bars shall bo no farther than 150 mm from such laterally supported bars. + «Where hoops are not required, stirrups with seismic hook at both ends shall bo spaced at a distance not more than d/2 throughout the length of the member. Fbruary-June 2005 = verSTRUCTURAL DESIGN 50mm | < dla | | $84, (longitudinal bars) | | <24d, (oops) $300 mm, i + SHEAR STRENGTH REINFORCEMENT + The design shear forces V, shall be determined from consideration of the static forces on the portion of the member between faces of the joint. it shall be assumed that momefits of opposite sign corresponding to probable flexural strength M,, act at the joint faces and that the member is loaded with the tributary gravity load along its span. ‘+ Transverse reinforcement over the confined region shall be proportioned to resist shear assuming V, = 0 when both of the following conditions occur: (Mya t MygiiL 2, and P,<0.05f,A, Mw (Mpa + Mygg)/L. - 0.75(1.4DL + 4.7LL)U2 (Mya * Mygg)/L + 0.75(1.4DL + 1.7LL)LI2 February-June 2005 ee Iv. 48win 7320 4m €-]- mn bea STRUCTURAL DESIGN 3 wn 9 2D pom arte “3 D. BEAM-COLUMN <4 > wal) > SCOPE The following requirements shall apply to members that: + resist earthquake induced forces, and + have a factored axial forces exceeding 0.1A,f, werlable col. * LIMITATION ON_ SECTION DIMENSIONS ratio * Least cross-sectional dimension > 300mm + Least dimension /.. dimension > 0.4 As= 5] + Limitation on longitudinal reinforcement 0.01 < p, < 0.06 7 oe ca 7 .0e ‘ H>B>300mm B, H 20.40 abel > MINIMUM FLEXURAL STRENGTH + The flexural strenath of the columns shall satisfy: 2M, 2 1.25M, Where: 2M, = Sum of column moments at the center of the joint. 2M, = sum of girder moments at the center of the joint. GY vcr Mow $Myoe Ae PR February-dune 2005, =P IvarSTRUCTURAL DESIGN > — RESTRICTION ON LAP SPLICES + Splices are permitted only within the middle half of the column height, + Splice must be designed as tension lap splice, and + Hoop spacing must be the lesser of, + Ha + 6d, (longitudinal bar) + s=100+G50-HYS, — 100mm Clear height /6 2 450 mm + For spiral reinforcement (volumetric ratio) Ys = P2045 (AYA, Pf, esa =oaryy whichever is larger Where olume of spiraivolume of confined core rea of the core out-to-out from transverse bars + Rectangular hoop Ay = 0.3(Sh LA AJAy - 1) Ag = 0.098hP/, whichever is larger Note: For adequate core strength this equations need not be satisfied. + Hoop spacing shall be the lesser of BD H4 ® 64, (longitudinal bar) > (00 + (350-HY/3, 100mmss< 150mm. + Crossties or legs of hoops shall not be spaced farther than 350 mm on center in the direction perpendicular to axis of longitudinal bar. February-June 2005, ee Wve 48‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN + SHEAR REQUIREMENTS ‘+ The design shear, V,, shall be determined from the maximum probable moment strength, IM,, as for beams. The shear need not exceed the value determined from joints strengths based on the probable moment strength of the transverse members framing into the joint. + V, shall be taken as the larger of the above analysis or as determined by analysis of the structure. For confined region, transverse reinforcement shall be proportioned assuming V, = 0.0 if (Mya * Mpg) (L= V2V, and P, <0.05PA, — J j= — j= y [a | i= a J dT, smn | Sade sf] oe25mm 250 + [sacl] 221.33 tmes _| sshve [oof max aggregate sze $100 mm — ve = fo | Salice uae po} | atowea aes ba Cl C ean x2 .45(Cu (Adan 1) pr2O.t2(0a) February-June 2005 = v.49‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN E. BEAM-COLUMN JOINTS > GENERAL * Forces in longitudinal beam reinforcement at the joint face shall be determined by assuming that the stress in the flexural tensile reinforcement is 1.25, * For longitudinal beam reinforcement extended to the beam-column joint, column dimension parallel to the reinforcement shall be > 20d,, * Longitudinal reinforcement of beam terminated in the column shall be extended to the far face of the confined core and anchored in tension according to Section 421.6.4 and in compression according to Section > TRANSVERSE REINFORCEMENT + Transverse hoop reinforcement shall be provided in a joint except those joints confined by structural members framing in to that joint on all four sides and where its members width is at least (3/4) of the column width * For ajoint confined by beams, provide confinement reinforcement of at least (1/2) that required by Sections 421.5.4.1. The maximum spacing = (1/4) minimum column dimension or 150 mm. + Fora joint not confined by beams, confinement reinforcement in the column ends shall be provided. Within the joint confinement, reinforcement required by Section 421.5.4 shall be provided for longitudinal beam reinforcement outside the column core, > SHEAR STRENGTH OF JOINT ‘+ Strength Requirement: V,>Vy + Strength reduction factor, § = 0.85 + Nominal Shear Strength: V,, Condition’ Vy ® 4 faces confined by members 17f, ® 3 or2 opposite faces confined by members 128A, ® Other cases 1.0F A, Where: AzEffective cross-sectional area within a _ joint in the plane parallel to the plane of reinforcement generating shear. verall depth of column in the direction of shear effective joint width [bw + Hor 2(smaller distance from beam centerline to column side] February-June 2005 =? Wv-60hee bars 169 Gloom ft th 16-9 ata pe ‘STRUCTURAL DESIGN 4 gp "hy Ly ossd ose hg oy == Ww Directon of frees ‘Generating sheer F. DETAIL OF BARS Standard Hooks for Primary Reinforcement 1 90-degree bend plus 12b, extension at free end of the bar 1 180-degree bend plus 4b, extension, but not less than 6mm Minimum Finished Bend Diameter are as follows: 6b, for bar 25mm} and smaller 8b, for bar 28mm through 36mm Standard Hooks for Stirrups and Ties »90-degree bend plus 6b, extension at free end of the bar for 16mmé and smaller »90-degree bend plus 12b, extension at free end of the bar for 20 and 25mm + 135-degree bend plus 6b, extension at free end of the bar for 25mm 4 and smaller Minimum Finished Bend Diameter are as follows: 4b, for bar 16mm and smalier 6b, for bar 20mm9 and 25mm February-June 2005 = W-s1