calculations FOCUS POINTS 4 How can I calculate the mass of products in ar * Whats relative atomic mass? % How is a mole and the Avogadro constant use How can I determine the f eee keen) hen told the qu ECON ee Rng ae au aac mura able to get it right every time? Pea eects Seen eMC ase e rts ene ent Peel) Cay Ser ER CM ex keke cau 4.1 Relative atomic mass There are at present 118 different elements known. The atoms of these elements differ in mass because of the different numbers of protons, neutrons and electrons they contain. The actual mass of one atom is very small. For example, the mass of a single atom of sulfur is around: 0.000 000 000 000 000 000 000 053 169 Such small quantities are not easy to work with and, as you saw in Chapter 3, a scale called the ass, A,, scale is used. In this scale, an atom of carbon is given a relative atomic mass, A,, of 12.00. All other atoms of the other elements are given a relative atomic mass compared to that of carbon. {an Mg atom is twice {An H atom is the mass of a C atom the mass of a C atom femasofaceon aa ' C ig 5 32 40 A Figure 4.1 The relative atomic masses of the elements H. C, Mg, Sand Ca Stoichiometry eaction? fut in balancing © formula of a compound? calculate the m: Oa ec ier ca A unc Beet eeu Biren ed and formed during re SU eM Or CCA ue ea Pee AT Can eee Crea kor end of this chapter we hope that you will be confident in u _ chemical atcutations? Mclean orme f A) Me ur pe of calculations your Perea er ease) es of products Tk Pern uCy eae La Peau eo are er eee Peete) is the average mass of the jared to 1/12th of the mass of isotopes of an element comp; an atom of !2C. Reacting masses Chemists often need to be able to show the relative masses of the atoms involved in a chemical process. Pec What mass of carbon dioxide would be produced it 6g of carbon was completely burned in oxygen gas? C+0,— C0, Instead of usin relative atom the actual masses of atoms, we use the mass to help us answer this type of question In this example we can work out the i nass, M,, of molecules such c in mass, M, of molecules suchas O, and CO, using the elatit atomic masses ofthe atoms they are mae fram. The ela the substance. The matecular formula of oxygen is Og and i shows that one molecule a oxygen contains two fen Some an has a relative atomic mass of 16. lecular mass of 2 16 = 92aaa la aa4 STOICHIOMETRY ~ CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS mole of carbon a Amole of magnesium bo mole ol c4 A Figure 4.2 4 Worked example Calculate the number of atoms of carbon in. ‘Atoms of carbon in 0.5 moles = 6.02 x 10: atoms a 0.5moles b 0.1 moles. Ina similar way: Molarimaes of carbon contains 6.02% 10 atoms of carbon Atoms of carbon in 0.1 moles = 6.02 = 107" 0.1 = 6.02 atoms 50.0.5 moles would contain half of this amount. Worked example What mass of hydrogen gas would be produced if 46 g of sodium was reacted with water? Now write these masses under the balanced chemic equation taking into account the numbers used to balar th n First write down the balanced chemical equation: pears! 2Na + 2 > 2Na0H H 2Na +2H,O — 2NaOH + Hy a Next find the relative atomic mass of sodium [from the redeaniay haa raed 3. 240-8 Periodic Table (p. 135)) and work out the relative formula These relative masses can now be converted into actu masses of water, sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas.The or reacting masses by putting in mass units, for exa term relative formula mass is used when the compoundis grams Tonic, in this case sodium hydroxide. It is used and calculated n H @ same way as we have used relative molecular mass for ae BueObsi=?{x1 2N20H HB Bylionded compounds, suchaswater and hydrogen. 9 25245 2x18=36 240-80 2 4bg 36g > 189 2 So the answer to the question of what mass would be produced if 46 g of sodium was reacted water is 2g.4.3 Moles and compounds 2 Worked example Caleulate the mass of a2 moles of iron and b 0.25 mole ofiron. (4, Fe = 56) 3 mass of 2 moles of iron = number of moles x relative atomic mass (4,) =2x56 21129 b mass of 0.25 mole of iron = number of moles relative atomic mass (A,) 20,2556 1h Sy If we know the mass of the element, then it is possible to calculate the number of moles of that element using: number of moles = 28S of the element Me eR cs RRM aliives of motes of aluminium presentin 2 108g and b 13.5 9 of the element. (4,: Al= 27) 3 number of moles of aluminium s of aluminium A. Figure 4.3 1 mole of water {H,0) [left] and 1 mole of ethanol (C,H,OH] (right) in separate measuring * molar mass of aluminium oylinders 108 For example, consider the molar mass of water BY (H,0) molecules (A,: H = 1; 0 = 16). =‘ moles From the formula of water, H,0, you will see es 1 oteinium that 1 mole of water molecules contains 2 moles of Se AT hydrogen (H) atoms and 1 mole of oxygen (0) atoms. eos The molar mass of water molecules is therefore: a (2x 1) + (1x 16)=18g 5 mole The molar mass of a compound is called its molar — mass: it has units of g/mol. If you write the molar mass of a compound without any units then it is 4.3 Moles and compounds the relative molecular mass (H,). So the relative ee it molecular mass of water is 18. The idea of the mole can also be used with NonDEttess eeanear inetd Gopounds (Figure 4.3). understand more about moles and compounds.What is a the molar mass and b the relative molecular mass, M,, of ethanol, C,H 3 t mate of MgO contains 1 mate of magnesium and 1 mole of oxygen atoms, Therefore mrolar mass af MgO = 24) 1 16) = 40 g/moi number of motes of MgO in 80 ¢ r mass ofMg0__ 60 * molar mass of MgO ~ 40 = 2moles number of motes of Mg0 in 10.9 massofMg0__ 10 * jrolar mass of MgO ” 40 = 0.25 mote Moles and gases Many substances exist as gases. If we want t the number of moles of a gas, we can do this b measuring the volume rather than the mas: Chemists have shown by experiment that 1 mol» of any gas occupies a volume of approximately 24 dm? (24 litres) at room temperature and pressur (rt.p.). This quantity is also known as the molar gas volume, V,. Therefore, it is relatively easy to convert into volumes using the following relationship: number of moles _ volume of the gas (in din'at 1») ofa gi or Calculate the number of moles of ammonia gas, N volume of 72 dm® of the gas measured at r-t.p. umber of moles _ volume of ammonia in dm ‘of ammonia 24 dm? 2 BeaUEC erly and solutions n need to know the concentration of 1. Sometimes concentration is measured r cubic decimetre (g/dm*), but more nntration is measured in moles per cubic tre (mol/dm?). Worked example When 1 mole of a substance ie ee and the solution is made up to 1 dm? foe re 1 molar (1 mol/dm’) solution is produced. do not always need to make up such large volumes of solution. re cet Csae im oxide, CaO) is used in th lime mortar: a mixture of lime, sand, ager, Itisused 98 a binding material when bananas einen Lipelemanutacurcs ere er Sting wh Ealiyhening instore eae ares n rope gure 'e manufacture of | Figure 4.5 & rotary kiln fr burning calcining) limestone into lime, located in Moha, Belgium The equation for the process is: = Ca06) T mole 40+16 =569 CO,(2) 1 mole 12+ (2x 16) =4hg $404 12+ (3 16) = 1009 the amount of lime produced when 10 tonnes one are heated (Figure 4.6). [A,: C= 12; 0= 16; involve gases. The volume This 4,5 Moles and chemical equations From this relationship between grams and tonnes we can replace the masses in grams by masses in tonnes: CaCO) > C206) + = COLB) 100% 56 ait 10t 56t Aut 10 tonnes of limestone tonnes of lime ‘A Figure 4.6 How much lime is produced? The equation now shows that 100 t of limestone will produce 56 tof lime. Therefore, 10t of limestone will produce 5.6 t of time. of gaseous reactants and products needed using Avogadro's Law and the idea of moles.GSTOICHIOMETRY ~ CHEMICAL CALCULATIONS ‘dm? of hydrogen |e burned in oxygen: When 960 required and fas as a fuel, When hydrogen s iy ges apour. Calculate the volumes 3 480.07, oa) H,Olg), produced if 960 dm? of b 960 dm? of H,} d in oxygen. (A,:H = 1,0= 16) ime of 24 dm. ‘Some rockets use hydroge! urns in oxygen it forms wal ofa 0,{g] used and b water, hydrogen gas, H,{gl, was burne ‘Assume 1 mole of any gas occupies a volul 2H,(g) + 0,(g) — 2H,0(e) 2 moles 1 mole 2moles 2x 2b 1x26 2x26 =48dmi = 24dm9 = 48dm* Therefore (x2) 96 dm? 48 dm? 964m? (x10) 960 dm? 480.dm? 960 dm? Solutions Chemists usually carry out reactions using solutions. ifthey Mgts) + H,SO,(@q) > MgSO,(aq) + H,(g) know the concentration of the solution{s} they are using, Gets 1 mole 1 mole 1mole they can find out the quantities reacting Gaaralee: A025 mol 0.25 mol 0.25 mot Calculate the volume of 1 mol/dm? solution of H,S0, required to react completely with 6 g of magnesium. [A,: Mg = 241. So 0.25 mol of H,S0,{aq) is required. Using volume of H,S0,laq] (dm*} moles of H,S0, 50, (moar) 7 number of moles of magnesium = mass of magnesium ___ 6 *molarmassofmagnesium 24 =0.25 = 0.25 dm? or 250 cm? | * Zoncentration of 40 cm? of 0.2 mol/dm? solution of hydrochloric acid just concentration of NaOH (mol/dm3) neutralised 20 cm’ of sodium hydroxide solution in a titration [Chapter 8, p. 128). = Dumber of moles of NaOH _ 0.008 What is the concentration of sodium hydroxide solution in cperaaseN ald enya aoe 4g/dm! used in this neutralisation reaction? Talia Seanad 0.02) number of moles of HCl used = concentration (mol/dm*] x volume [dm?) = 0.2 x 0.04 =< O.movamn’ Now we have the concentration in mol/dm®, we can easily = 0,008 convert this in g/dm? HClfq) + NaOH(aq) > NaCl(aq) + 1,00) g/dm? using the relationship below: ils que Fate are Concentration of a = concentration in x molar mass of 0.008 mol 0,008 mot 0.008 mol 0.008 mol solution in g/dm* mol/dm* the substance So the concentration of the NaQH in g/dm?= 0.4 «(23+ 16+ 1) You will see that 0.008 mole of NaOH was present. The concentration of the NaQH(aq) is given by 16g/dm®cccoxygen.4.5 Moles and chemical equations hecklist v Carry out calculations to find masses, moles, volumes and concentrations in reactions using solids gases and solutions. v Calculate percentage yield and purity. v Calculate the percentage composition of a ‘compound.