Fuel Processing Technology 116 (2013) 217–221

Contents lists available at SciVerse ScienceDirect

Fuel Processing Technology

journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/fuproc

Catalytic conversion of C4 fraction for the production of light olefins

and aromatics
Xianghai Meng, Zhixi Wang, Rui Zhang, Chunming Xu, Zhichang Liu ⁎, Yadong Wang, Qiang Guo
State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum, Beijing 102249, China

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: The catalytic conversion of the C4 fraction from a fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) unit over a commercial FCC equi-
Received 11 March 2013 librium catalyst was investigated using a confined fluidized bed reactor system. Butenes were easier to convert
Received in revised form 10 June 2013 than butanes, and 1-butene was the easiest to convert among the butene isomers. The ethene and propene yields
Accepted 11 June 2013
increased with increased reaction temperature and decreased with increased weight hourly space velocity
Available online xxxx
(WHSV). The formation of propene involved two successive steps: butene dimerization and large hydrocarbon
Keywords:
cracking. Aromatics were formed by the aromatization of the intermediate large olefins. A mechanism parameter
Catalytic conversion RCA was proposed to describe the relative function of the cracking reaction to the aromatization reaction. RCA
Butene increased with increased reaction temperature and decreased with increased WHSV. The cracking reaction
Butane predominates on the aromatization reaction at high reaction temperatures.
Cracking © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
Propene
Aromatics

1. Introduction than butane [6,7]. Catalysts play an important role in converting C4

Light olefins (ethene and propene) and light aromatics (benzene,
toluene, and xylene) are basic materials in the petrochemical industry.
Light olefins are traditionally produced by the steam cracking/pyrolysis
of ethane, propane, butane, naphtha, light diesel, or heavier hydrocar-
bons [1,2]. However, the steam pyrolysis process requires high reaction
temperatures and consumes large amounts of energy. Light aromatics
are traditionally produced by the catalytic reforming of naphtha. How-
ever, naphtha is in short supply in some regions, such as China, Korea,
and Japan.
Fluid catalytic cracking (FCC) is another important process for
propene production. The introduction of co-catalysts such as conven-
tional ZSM-5, mesoporous ZSM-5, TNU-9, and SSZ-33 zeolite to a com-
mercial equilibrium FCC catalyst can enhance the propene yield [3,4].
High yields of ethene and propene (>60 wt.%) have been achieved
when C4+ olefins were cracked over hybrid catalysts at 610 °C to
640 °C [5].
The C4 fraction is an important fraction of FCC. C4 hydrocarbons
can potentially be used for producing light olefins and light aromatics.
The catalytic conversion of C4 hydrocarbons offers an alternative to
steam cracking to produce light olefins and aromatics.
The conversion of C4 hydrocarbons to light olefins is attracting
considerable research interest. Butene is relatively easier to convert
⁎ Corresponding author at: State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University
of Petroleum, Changping District, Beijing 102249, China. Tel.: +86 10 8973 1252 (office);
fax: +86 10 6972 4721.
E-mail address: lzch@cup.edu.cn (Z. Liu).
fractions to propene. The porous structure and acidity of zeolites are
key to their catalytic performance during the butene cracking process.
Small pores and high Si/Al ratio of zeolites benefit the production of
propene and ethene [8]. HZSM-48 zeolites, particularly those with low
Si/Al ratios, exhibit better selectivity for propene than HZSM-5 zeolites
[9]. P-modified HZSM-5 zeolites exhibit high propene selectivity and
excellent anti-coking ability in the catalytic conversion of butene [10].
Yang et al. reported the catalytic cracking of 1-butene over HMCM-49
zeolite. At a reaction temperature of 580 °C and a weight hourly space
velocity (WHSV) of 9.4 h−1, 1-butene conversion reached 90.82%, and
the total selectivity of propene plus ethene reached 51.38% [11].
For the catalytic cracking of n-butane, the yields of ethene and
propene over alkaline-earth-modified HZSM-5 were higher than those
over non-modified HZSM-5 [12]. ZSM-23 zeolite is an efficient and
stable catalyst for the catalytic cracking of butanes, resulting in ethene
and propene yields exceeding 50 wt.%, and about 90% conversion at a
reaction temperature of 600 °C [13]. P-modified HZSM-5 zeolite also
shows positive catalytic performance in the cracking of butanes, with
propene and ethene yields reaching 25.6 wt.% and 33.9 wt.%, respectively,
at a reaction temperature of 650 °C [14].
The aromatization of butane and butene is also a research hotspot.
n-Butane is generally cracked over HZSM-5, whereas aromatic produc-
tion is significantly enhanced when Mo2C is loaded onto HZSM-5 [15].
The introduction of Mo2C into ZSM-5 remarkably enhances the aromati-
zation of n-butane, and the selectivity of the aromatics reaches 34.5% at a
conversion rate of 68.9% [16]. Mo2C/ZSM-5 is also an efficient catalyst
for the aromatization of 1-butene, and the yield of aromatics reaches
40.6 wt.% at a conversion rate of 98.0% [17]. Methane, ethane, ethene,

0378-3820/$ – see front matter © 2013 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.
http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.fuproc.2013.06.002
218 X. Meng et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 116 (2013) 217–221

propene, and hydrogen are the primary products, and aromatics are Table 2
formed during a secondary process, namely, the oligomerization and Properties of the commercial FCC equilibrium catalyst.

aromatization of butenes [17]. Item Value

The C4 fractions are traditionally used as liquefied petroleum gas
Micro-activity index 60
(LPG). The market demand for LPG becomes weak as natural gas plays Pore volume (cm3·g−1) 0.22
more and more important role in the domestic fuel. Therefore, efficiently Surface area (m2·g−1) 88
converting the C4 fraction has become an urgent problem. Lu et al. Packing density (g·cm−3) 0.91
Coke content (wt.%) 0.04
proposed a method of converting n-butene into propene, i-butene,
Particle size distribution (wt.%)
i-butane, and gasoline on spent FCC catalyst in the stripper part. As 0–20 μm 0.8
shown in simulation tests, high temperature and low WHSV favor the 20–40 μm 16.2
formation of propene, i-butene, and i-butane, and the propene yield 40–80 μm 54.6
reaches 10.22 wt.% at a reaction temperature of 500 °C and a WHSV of 80–105 μm 15.8
>105 μm 12.6
1.44 h−1 [18]. Another possible method of efficient conversion of C4
fraction is to recirculate the C4 fraction to the FCC riser, where catalytic
conversion reactions occur. This process has the advantages of low
cost, easy operation, and high propene production. was used to measure the mass of the C4 fraction fed into the reactor.
This study investigated the catalytic conversion of the C4 fraction The C4 feed was then pumped and mixed with the steam. The mixture
from an FCC unit, as well as the influence of reaction temperature was heated to approximately 350 °C in a preheater and then fed into
and WHSV on conversion and product yield. The main reactions and the reactor. The reactions occurred as the feed made contact with the flu-
reaction pathways of C4 fraction catalytic conversion were discussed idized catalyst. After reaction, the oil gas was cooled and separated into
based on the above factors. gas and liquid samples. The spent catalyst was drawn out of the reactor
using a vacuum pump.
The experiments were conducted at various reaction tempera-
2. Experimental
tures between 400 and 700 °C, various WHSVs from 1 h−1 to 9 h−1,
and a steam flow rate of about 10 wt.% of the C4 fraction.
2.1. Feedstock and catalyst

The C4 fraction collected from the FCC unit of a petrochemical com-

pany was used as the feed. The components of the C4 fraction are listed
in Table 1. The contents of butenes (1-butene, 2-butene, and i-butene)
and butanes (n-butane and i-butane) were 53.62 wt.% and 45.10 wt.%,
respectively. A commercial FCC equilibrium catalyst was used. The
physical properties and particle size distribution of the catalyst are
listed in Table 2.
2.2. Apparatus
The experiment was conducted in a fluidized bed reactor with a fil-
ter on the bed top to prevent the catalyst from escaping. A diagram of
the apparatus is shown in Fig. 1. The apparatus consists of five sections:
oil and steam input mechanisms, a reaction zone, a temperature control
system, and a product separation and collection system.
The experiments were conducted in batch mode. For each experi-
ment, 60 g of catalyst was loaded into the reactor with an effective vol-
ume of approximately 580 mL. Distilled water was then pumped into
the steam furnace to form the steam used to fluidize the catalyst in the
reactor. High-pressure nitrogen was injected into the C4 feed tank and
C4 buffer tank to keep the feedstock in a liquid state. A specific amount
of C4 feed was transferred from the C4 feed tank to the C4 buffer tank
by a pressure difference. An electronic balance under the C4 buffer tank
Table 1
Components in the C4 feed (wt.%).
2.3. Analytical methods
A refinery gas analyzer (an Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph with
a hydrogen flame ionization detector and a thermal conductivity
detector) was used to measure the volume percentage of the compo-
nents in the gas sample. The equation of state for an ideal gas was
used to convert the data into mass percentages. A gasoline component
analyzer (another Agilent 6890 gas chromatograph) was used to deter-
mine the weight percentages of the components in the liquid sample.
The coke content of the spent catalyst was measured using a self-
made coke analyzer, which included a combustion chamber, a thermal
conductivity detector, and a signal transfer system. Coke was burned in
an oxygen atmosphere inside a combustion chamber to form carbon
dioxide, which was detected using a thermal conductivity detector. Soft-
ware was used to calculate the coke content on the spent catalyst sample
by comparing the peak area of carbon dioxide inside the combustion
chamber and the mass of the spent catalyst sample with those of a cata-
lyst sample with known coke content.
4 10
N2
8 19
15
9
7

Component Content 6 11 = =
3 2
Propane 0.35 12
Propene 0.39 16
i-Butane 35.84 2 13 = =
n-Butane 9.26
2 5
2-Butene 22.28 14
1-Butene 12.86
1 17 18
i-Butene 18.48
C5+ 0.54
Fig. 1. Experimental setup (1 — water tank, 2 — filter, 3 — water pump, 4 — steam furnace, 5
Total 100
— C4 feed tank, 6 — electronic balance, 7 — C4 buffer tank, 8 — constant-pressure nitrogen, 9
Butanes 45.10
— C4 feed pump, 10 — counterbalance valve, 11 — preheater, 12 — thermocouple, 13
Butenes 53.62
— reactor, 14 — heater, 15 — entrance and exit of catalyst, 16 — condenser, 17 — liquid
C4 hydrocarbons 98.72
product sampler, 18 — wet gas flow meter, and 19 — gas sample bag).
 X. Meng et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 116 (2013) 217–221 219

80 25

Yields of olefins and aromatics (wt%)

i-butane n-butane WHSV: 3 h-1
Conversion of C4 components (%)

2-butene 1-butene ethene

60 i-butene C4 20
propene
aromatics
40 15

20 10

0 5

-20 0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Reaction temperature (oC) Reaction temperature (oC)

Fig. 2. Conversion of C4 components as a function of reaction temperature at a WHSV
of 3 h−1.
3. Reaction performance of the catalytic conversion of the
C4 fraction
3.1. Effects of reaction temperature
The effects of reaction temperature on the conversion and product
yield were investigated by fixing the WHSV at 3 h−1. Fig. 2 shows the
conversion of C4 components as a function of reaction temperature. The
conversion of the C4 components slightly increased with increased reac-
tion temperature from 400 °C to 600 °C, and it remarkably increased
with increased reaction temperature from 600 °C to 700 °C. Below
600 °C, 1-butene had the highest conversion among the butene isomers,
showing that 1-butene was easier to convert than i-butene and 2-butene.
Butane conversion below 550 °C was negative, indicating that butane
was formed under the experimental conditions. Butane may be formed
in two ways, i.e., through the hydrogen transfer of butenes or the cracking
of paraffins in liquid components.
The product yields are listed in Table 3. By increasing the reaction
temperature from 400 °C to 700 °C, the yields of dry gas, C3
(propene and propane), and coke increased, whereas those of the
liquid (hydrocarbons with carbon number higher than four) de-
creased. The butenes underwent dimerization and formed liquid
components on the FCC equilibrium catalyst. The so-formed liquid
components further underwent cracking, cyclization, hydrogen
transfer, aromatization, and condensation reactions [6]. The cracking
reaction is endothermic, whereas cyclization, hydrogen transfer, and
aromatization are exothermic. Thus, high reaction temperatures
enhance the cracking reactions of the formed liquid components.
Accordingly, the yield of liquid decreased with increased reaction
temperature, whereas the dry gas and C3 yields increased. High reaction
temperature also accelerates the rate of condensation reactions by
which coke is generated. Thus, the coke yield increased with increased
reaction temperature.
Light olefins and aromatics are the desired products in the catalytic
conversion of the C4 fraction. Fig. 3 shows the yields of ethene, propene
Fig. 3. Yields of ethene, propene and aromatics as a function of reaction temperature.
and aromatics as a function of reaction temperature. The yields of
ethene and propene slightly increased below 600 °C, and then signifi-
cantly increased above 600 °C. The yield of the aromatics slightly in-
creased with increased reaction temperature from 400 °C to 550 °C,
and then varied slightly with increased reaction temperature from
550 °C to 700 °C.
3.2. Effects of WHSV
The effects of WHSV on the conversion and product yields were in-
vestigated by fixing the reaction temperature at 700 °C. Table 4 lists the
product yields as a function of WHSV. With increased WHSV from
1 h− 1 to 9 h− 1, the yields of dry gas, C3, liquid, and coke decreased.
A low WHSV results in a long reaction time, which leads to a high
conversion of the C4 feed. Hence, low WHSV favors the conversion
of the C4 fraction. Fig. 4 shows the yields of ethene, propene and aro-
matics as a function of WHSV. The yields of ethene and propene de-
creased with increased WHSV, showing that low WHSV favors the
production of ethene and propene. The aromatic yield was nearly con-
stant with increased WHSV at a reaction temperature of 700 °C.
4. Reaction pathways of the catalytic conversion of the C4 fraction
Reactions such as dimerization, hydrogen transfer, isomerization,
cyclization, aromatization, cracking, and condensation occur during
the catalytic conversion of the C4 fraction. Fig. 2 shows that the conver-
sion of butanes was almost zero or negative at low reaction tempera-
tures (b 600 °C), indicating that butanes were produced under the
experimental conditions. The cracking reaction of butanes occurred at
high reaction temperatures (>600 °C).
Butenes are the predominant reactants during catalytic conversion.
Fig. 5 illustrates the reaction network of the C4 fraction catalytic conver-
sion. Butenes can be converted into butanes through hydrogen transfer,
into octenes through dimerization, or into other large olefins through
polymerization with propene or ethene. Octenes can undergo further
isomerization to produce multi-branched octenes, hydrogen transfer

Table 3 Table 4
Product yield as a function of reaction temperature at a WHSV of 3 h−1 (wt.%). Product yield as a function of WHSV at a reaction temperature of 700 °C (wt.%).

Reaction temperature (°C) 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 WHSV (h−1) 1 3 5 7 9

Dry gas 0.03 0.21 0.45 0.63 1.29 4.62 12.58 Dry gas 14.05 12.58 11.62 11.34 10.97
C3 2.80 3.81 4.64 6.12 8.22 15.86 26.64 C3 28.39 26.64 26.07 25.38 24.84
C4 84.01 83.76 82.81 81.91 79.70 68.47 48.66 C4 45.10 48.66 50.16 51.24 52.06
Liquid 12.47 11.37 10.98 10.06 9.43 9.16 8.84 Liquid 8.85 8.84 9.06 9.24 9.45
Coke 0.69 0.85 1.12 1.28 1.36 1.89 3.28 Coke 3.61 3.28 3.09 2.80 2.68
220 X. Meng et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 116 (2013) 217–221

25 0.5
Yields of olefins and aromatics (wt%)

Yield ratio of dry gas to C3

20 0.4
WHSV: 3 h-1
700 oC
15 ethene 0.3
propene
aromatics
10 0.2

5 0.1

0 0.0
0 2 4 6 8 10 400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Weight hourly space velocity (h-1) Reaction temperature (oC)

Fig. 4. Yields of ethene, propene and aromatics as a function of WHSV. Fig. 6. Yield ratio of dry gas to C3 as a function of reaction temperature.

to produce octanes, aromatization to produce aromatics, cyclization to
produce naphthenes, cracking to produce propene or butenes, or poly-
merization with olefins to produce larger olefins. Octanes can undergo
cracking to produce light olefins and light alkanes. Aromatics can
undergo condensation to produce polycyclic aromatics. Intermediate
large olefins can undergo aromatization to produce aromatics, and po-
lymerization to produce polymers. Polymers and polycyclic aromatics
are finally converted into coke.
The above analysis shows that the formation of propene involves
two successive steps: the dimerization of butenes and the cracking of
large hydrocarbons [6]. The formed olefins can polymerize with butene
to produce other larger olefins that can undergo all of the aforemen-
tioned reactions, resulting in a wide variety of end products.
Both catalytic and thermal functions play roles in the catalytic
conversion of the C4 fraction. Dry gas is generally formed through
thermal cracking. C3 is generally formed through catalytic cracking
at low temperatures, while it is formed through both catalytic crack-
ing and thermal cracking at high temperatures [19,20]. The yield ratio
of dry gas to C3 was proposed to describe the relative function of
thermal cracking to catalytic cracking. Fig. 6 shows the yield ratio of
dry gas to C3 as a function of reaction temperature. The yield ratio
of dry gas to C3 is below 0.11 when the reaction temperature is
below 550 °C. This result shows that catalytic cracking plays an im-
portant role at low reaction temperatures (b550 °C). The yield ratio
of dry gas to C3 increases from 0.16 at 600 °C to 0.47 at 700 °C,
indicating that both catalytic and thermal cracking play important
roles at high reaction temperatures (> 600 °C).
C2=, C3=
3 3
1 2
C4o C4=
Cracking and aromatization reactions simultaneously occur during
the catalytic conversion of the C4 fraction. Light products (dry gas and
C3) are formed by cracking reactions, and aromatics are formed by
aromatization reactions. A yield ratio of dry gas plus C3 to aromatics
[RCA, shown in Eq. (1)] was proposed to describe the relative function
of the cracking reaction to the aromatization reaction.
ydry gas þ yC3
RCA ¼ : ð1Þ
yaromatics
A large RCA indicates that the cracking reaction is important in the
catalytic conversion of the C4 fraction, whereas a small RCA indicates
that the aromatization reaction is significant. Fig. 7 shows RCA as a
function of reaction temperature at a WHSV of 3 h−1. With increased
reaction temperature from 400 °C to 600 °C, RCA gradually increased
from 0.73 to 1.33, indicating the importance of both cracking and aro-
matization reactions. RCA reached 2.77 at 650 °C and 5.23 at 700 °C,
indicating that cracking predominates on aromatization at high reac-
tion temperatures. Fig. 7 also shows RCA as a function of WHSV at a re-
action temperature of 700 °C. RCA decreased with increased WHSV,
indicating that low WHSV favors cracking. RCA at a WHSV of 1 h−1
was about 0.16 times higher than that at a WHSV of 9 h−1, indicating
that low WHSV strengthens the cracking function.
Weight hourly space velocity (h-1)
1 3 5 7 9
6
3
C8o C2=, C3=, C4=, C5=, C6=...
5
3 3 700 oC
1
4
2
C8= C12=
RCA

2 2 3

5 oligomers 2
WHSV: 3 h-1
4 4 6 4
1
6 coke
1
naphthenes aromatics 0
400 450 500 550 600 650 700
Fig. 5. Reaction network of C4 fraction catalytic conversion (1 — hydrogen transfer re- Reaction temperature (oC)
action, 2 — polymerization reaction, 3 — cracking reaction, 4 — aromatization reaction,
5 — cyclization reaction, 6 — condensation reaction). Fig. 7. RCA as a function of reaction temperature and WHSV.
 X. Meng et al. / Fuel Processing Technology 116 (2013) 217–221
5. Conclusions
Butenes were easier to convert than butanes on commercial FCC
equilibrium catalysts. High reaction temperature and low WHSV favored
the production of ethene, propene, and aromatics. Butenes initially
underwent dimerization into large olefins, which then underwent crack-
ing to produce propene and aromatization to produce aromatics. A yield
ratio of dry gas to C3 was proposed to describe the relative function of
thermal cracking to catalytic cracking. This ratio increased with in-
creased reaction temperature, and the importance of thermal cracking
increased at high temperatures. A yield ratio of dry gas plus C3 to aro-
matics (RCA) was proposed to describe the relative function of cracking
reaction to aromatization reaction. RCA increased with increased reaction
temperature and decreased with increased WHSV. High reaction tem-
perature and low WHSV favor cracking reaction.
Acknowledgment
Financial support was provided by the National Basic Research
Program of China (973 Program, No. 2012CB215001), the Program for
New Century Excellent Talents in University of China (NCET-12-0970),
and the Science Foundation of China University of Petroleum, Beijing
(Nos. KYJJ2012-03-23 and KYJJ2012-03-25).
References
[1] B.Z. Qian, World ethylene industry and its advance, Petrochemical Technology &
Application 21 (2003) 37–45.
[2] X.H. Meng, J.S. Gao, L. Li, C.M. Xu, Advances in catalytic pyrolysis of hydrocarbons,
Petroleum Science and Technology 22 (2004) 1327–1341.
[3] M.A.B. Siddiqui, A.M. Aitani, M.R. Saeed, N. Al-Yassir, S. Al-Khattaf, Enhancing propyl-
ene production from catalytic cracking of Arabian light VGO over novel zeolites as
FCC catalyst additives, Fuel 90 (2011) 459–466.
[4] M.A.B. Siddiqui, A.M. Aitani, M.R. Saeed, S. Al-Khattaf, Enhancing the production
of light olefins by catalytic cracking of FCC naphtha over mesoporous ZSM-5
catalyst, Topics in Catalysis 53 (2010) 1387–1393.
221
[5] R. Le Van Mao, A. Muntasar, H.T. Yan, Q. Zhao, Catalytic cracking of heavy olefins
into propylene, ethylene and other light olefins, Catalysis Letters 130 (2009)
86–92.
[6] L. Li, J.S. Gao, C.M. Xu, X.H. Meng, Reaction behaviors and mechanisms of catalytic
pyrolysis of C4 hydrocarbons, Chemical Engineering Journal 116 (2006) 155–161.
[7] X.H. Meng, C.M. Xu, J.S. Gao, Secondary cracking of C4 hydrocarbons from heavy
oil catalytic pyrolysis, Canadian Journal of Chemical Engineering 84 (2006)
322–327.
[8] X.X. Zhu, S.L. Liu, Y.Q. Song, L.Y. Xu, Catalytic cracking of C4 alkenes to propene and
ethene: influences of zeolites pore structures and Si/Al2 ratios, Applied Catalysis A:
General 288 (2005) 134–142.
[9] G.L. Zhao, J.W. Teng, Y.H. Zhang, Z.K. Xie, Y.H. Yue, Q.L. Chen, Y. Tang, Synthesis of
ZSM-48 zeolites and their catalytic performance in C4-olefin cracking reactions,
Applied Catalysis A: General 299 (2006) 167–174.
[10] G.L. Zhao, J.W. Teng, Z.K. Xie, W.Q. Jin, W.M. Yang, Q.L. Chen, Y. Tang, Effect of phos-
phorus on HZSM-5 catalyst for C4-olefin cracking reactions to produce propylene,
Journal of Catalysis 248 (2007) 29–37.
[11] X.C. Yang, Y.C. Shang, P.P. Yang, Catalytic cracking of 1-butene to propene and
ethene on HMCM-49 zeolite, Reaction Kinetics, Mechanisms and Catalysis 100
(2010) 399–405.
[12] K. Wakui, K. Satoh, G. Sawada, K. Shiozawa, K. Matano, K. Suzuki, T. Hayakawa, Y.
Yoshimura, K. Murata, F. Mizukami, Cracking of n-butane over alkaline earth-
containing HZSM-5 catalysts, Catalysis Letters 84 (2002) 259–264.
[13] D. Ji, B. Wang, G. Qian, Q. Gao, G.M. Lu, L. Yan, J.S. Suo, A highly efficient catalytic
C4 alkane cracking over zeolite ZSM-23, Catalysis Communications 6 (2005)
297–300.
[14] G.Y. Jiang, L. Zhang, Z. Zhao, X.Y. Zhou, A.J. Duan, C.M. Xu, J.S. Gao, Highly effective
P-modified HZSM-5 catalyst for the cracking of C4 alkanes to produce light olefins,
Applied Catalysis A: General 340 (2008) 176–182.
[15] S. Yuan, S. Hamid, Y. Li, P. Ying, Q. Xin, E.G. Derouane, C. Li, Preparation of Mo2-
C/HZSM-5 and its catalytic performance for the conversion of n-butane into
aromatics, Journal of Molecular Catalysis A: Chemical 184 (2002) 257–266.
[16] F. Solymosi, R. Nemeth, A. Szechenyi, Aromatization of n-butane over supported
Mo2C catalysts, Catalysis Letters 82 (2002) 213–216.
[17] F. Solymosi, A. Szechenyi, Aromatization of n-butane and 1-butene over supported
Mo2C catalyst, Journal of Catalysis 223 (2004) 221–231.
[18] Y. Lu, M.Y. He, X.T. Shu, B.N. Zong, Exploratory study on upgrading 1-butene using
spent FCC catalyst/additive under simulated conditions of FCCU's stripper,
Applied Catalysis A: General 255 (2003) 345–347.
[19] X.H. Meng, C.M. Xu, J.S. Gao, L. Li, Studies on catalytic pyrolysis of heavy oils: reaction
behaviors and mechanistic pathways, Applied Catalysis A: General 294 (2005)
168–176.
[20] X.H. Meng, C.M. Xu, J.S. Gao, L. Li, Z.C. Liu, Catalytic and thermal pyrolysis of
atmospheric residue, Energy & Fuels 23 (2009) 65–69.