Electric Circuit Theory Lab - PCEE391

TECHNO INTERNATIONAL NEW TOWN
Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata - 700156

CIRCUIT THEORY LABORATORY MANUAL
TITLE : Determination of Admittance (Y) parameters of Two Port Network
OBJECTIVE: To determine the short circuit admittance parameters of a two port network.
THEORY: In a two port network, the network is assumed to be a rectangular box and the
direction of input port and output port currents and voltages have been shown in the figure
below.
[ ]
⌈ I 1 ⌉ = Y 11 Y 12 ⌈ V 1 ⌉
I 2 Y 21 Y 22 V 2
OR
I1=Y11V1 + Y12V2
I2=Y21V1 + Y22V2
Y-parameters are obtained by making either input terminal or output terminal open circuited
When V2 = 0 i.e. with Output Port closed
I1
Y11= is known as Input Admittance or Driving Point Admittance of input port
V1
I2
Y21= is known as Short circuit transfer Admittance
V1
When V1 = 0 i.e. with Input Port closed
I1
Y12 = is known as Short circuit transfer Admittance
V2
I2
Y22 = is known as Input Admittance or Driving Point Admittance of input port
V2
Observation Table:
Input Output Input Output

I/P Port O/P Port
Observation voltage V1 Voltage V2 current I1 Current I2
Status status
(Volts) (Volts) (Amp) (Amp)
Closed Open
1
Open Closed
Closed Open
2
Open Closed
Closed Open
3
Open Closed
RESULTS:
Observation Y11 Y21 Y12 Y22 Remarks
CONCLUSION :
TITLE: Determination of Impedance (Z) parameters of Two Port Network
OBJECTIVE: To determine the open circuit impedance parameters of a two port network.
THEORY: In a two port network, the network is assumed to be a rectangular box and the
direction of input port and output port currents and voltages have been shown in the figure
below.
[ ]
⌈ V 1 ⌉ = Z 11 Z 12 ⌈ I 1 ⌉
V 2 Z 21 Z 22 I 2
OR
V1=Z11I1 + Z12I2
V2=Z21I1 + Z22I2
Z-parameters are obtained by making either input terminal or output terminal open circuited
When I2 = 0 i.e with Output Port Open
V1
Z11= is known as Open Circuit Input Impedance or Driving Point Impedance of input port
I1
V2
Z21= is known as Open circuit transfer Impedance.
I1
When I1 = 0 i.e. with Input Port Open
V1
Z12 = is known as Open circuit transfer Impedance.
I2
V2
Z22 = is known as Open circuit output impedance or Driving point impedance of output port
I2
Observation Table:
Input Output Input Output

I/P Port O/P Port
Observation voltage V1 Voltage V2 current I1 Current I2
Status status
(Volts) (Volts) (Amp) (Amp)
Closed Open
1
Open Closed
Closed Open
2
Open Closed
Closed Open
3
Open Closed
RESULTS:
Observation Z11 Z21 Z12 Z22 Remarks
CONCLUSION :
TITLE: Transient Response of a RL Circuit
OBJECTIVE:
 To study the transient response of a Series RL circuit.

 To study the transient decay of an initial charged Series RL circuit a resistor.
 To understand the time constant in an RL circuit and how it can be changed. To find
the transient behaviour of a RC circuit
THEORY:
The resistor abides by the ohm’s law,

V
i=
R
The current response in resistor is instantaneous, and doesn’t show any transient response.
Inductance is determined by how much magnetic flux φ through the circuit is created by a given

current

Or can be expressed as an instantaneous value

1
 i = L ∫ Vdt
Therefore, the voltage across the inductor cannot change instantaneously, thus a transient period
occours.Thus, solving a series RL circuit involves solution of first order differential equation. The
step response in the circuit can be analyzed in two ways:
1. Classical method
It involves solving a first or second order homogeneous equation into a
complementary function and particular function.
2. Laplace transforms method

It involves replacing all circuit elements to its equivalent s-domain, solving the
algebraic equation, and then converting it into its time domain by inverse Laplace method.
Advantage of Laplace transforms method over Classical method
 It is convenient in solving transient response in RC circuit by incorporating the initial

conditions in the circuit.
 It is useful for circuits consisting of multiple nodes and meshes, for simultaneous ODEs are
reduced to simultaneous algebraic equations.
 It can correctly predict the impulsive response which is more difficult in time domain.
The LR Series Circuit

Derivation of the DC transient response in R-L series circuit:-
a )Classical Method:-
Let us consider an R-L series circuit where,
Resistance of the resistor=R;
Inductance of the Inductor=L;
Current flowing through the circuit=i;
Applied voltage=V;
Applying KVL equation in the circuit we get,

di
R+ L =V
dt
di R V
⇒ + i=
dt L L
[dividing both sides by L]
R V d
⇒ pi+ i= [ = p , say ]
L L dt
R V
⇒( p+ )i=
L L
This is a non-homogeneous differential equation. An equation like this has two solutions i.e.
complimentary solution(ic) and particular solution (ip). The original solution is expressed by the
summation of these two solutions i.e.i=ic+ip
R
− t
ic = C1 e
L
In this equation,
R
t V
R
− t ∫e L
dt
And, ip = e L
L
R R
− t
L V L L
t
e ∗ ∗ ∗e
⇒ p= i L R
V
⇒ ip= R
So,
R
i= − t
L V
C1 e +
At time t=0, R
The initial circuit will be considered as a resistive circuit. The inductor will act as a short
V
circuited point. Hence, the only current that will flow through the circuit = R .
So, at t=0,
R
− ∗0
L V
0=C1 e +
R
V
C1 =−
So R
R
That means, V − t
i= [ 1−e L ]
R
Voltage drop across resistor, VR=i*R

R
V − t
R∗ [1−e L ]
R= R
V
R
− t
L
VR= V [1−e ]
di
L
, VL= dt
Voltage drop across inductor
R
V R − T
L ( ∗e L )
L= R L
V
R
− t
L
So, VL= Ve
So It is evident that, VR+VL =V
b)Laplace Transformation Method:-
Applying KVL in the R-L series circuit, we get,

di(t )
Ri(t )+ L =V
dt
Here we considered current as a function of time, but the voltage is not a function of time.
Taking Laplace transformation on both side of equation (1) we get,
di(t )
L{Ri( t )+ L }=L{V }
dt
V
⇒ RI (s )+L(sI ( s )−I (0))=
S
df (t )
L{ }=sF (s )−F (0 )
dt
As, we know,
At the initial condition, no charging or discharging occurs. So, I( 0)=0

The equation is now,
V
RI ( s)+ LsI( s )=
S
(V / S )
⇒ I ( s )=
( R +sL )
V 1
⇒ I (s )=
R
sL
)s(1+
R
1 A B
= +
sL s sL
s(1+ ) (1+ )
Now let, R R
L
−
Solving, we get a=1, b= R
V 1 ( L/R )
I( s)= ( −
R s sL
(1+ )
So, the equation becomes, R
V ! 1
⇒ I (s )= ( − )
R s L
(s+ )
R
Taking inverse Laplace on both sides we get,
V 1 1
L−1 {I (s)}=L−1 { ( − )}
R s L
s+
R
L
V − t
⇒i(t )= (1−e R )
R
This is the amount of current passing through the circuit determined through Laplace transformation
method. The voltage drops should be determined by the previous method i.e. the classical one.
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP SPECIFICATIONS:

Sl No. Description Quantity Specification
1 Source
R1
2 Resistance R2
R3
3 Inductance L1
L2
L3
PROCEDURE:
Observation Table:
Vr (R= ) VL (L= )
Sl No. Time Interval
Charge Discharge Charge Discharge
CONCLUSION:
TRANSIENT RESPONSE IN R-C SERIES CIRCUIT HAVING DC VOLTAGE SUPPLY
TITLE: Transient Response of a RC Circuit
OBJECTIVE:
To study the transient response of a Series RC circuit.

To study the transient decay of an initial charged Series RL circuit a resistor.
To understand the time constant in an RC circuit and how it can be changed. To find
the transient behaviour of a RC circuit
THEORY:
The resistor abides by the ohm’s law,
V
i=
R
The current response in resistor is instantaneous, and doesn’t show any transient response.
A capacitor has the ability to store an electrical charge and energy.
The voltage across the capacitor for steady state values is given by,
Q
V=
C
Or can be expressed as an instantaneous value,
dQ
dv =
C
Therefore, the transient response in capacitor is such; it resists the instantaneous change in voltage
across it,
dv
i=C
dt
Thus, solving a series RC circuit involves solution of first order differential equation. The step
response in the circuit can be analyzed in two ways:
2. Classical method: It involves solving a first or second order homogeneous equation

into a complementary function and particular function.
3. Laplace transforms method: It involves replacing all circuit elements to its

equivalent s-domain, solving the algebraic equation, and then converting it into its time
domain by inverse Laplace method.
Advantage of Laplace transforms method over Classical method
 It is convenient in solving transient response in RC circuit by incorporating the initial

conditions in the circuit.
 It is useful for circuits consisting of multiple nodes and meshes, for simultaneous ODEs are
reduced to simultaneous algebraic equations.
 It can correctly predict the impulsive response which is more difficult in time domain.

1) 1DC analysis of RC series circuit using Classical method
K R
i C
V
+
Series R-C Circuit

A DC voltage V is applied in a-RC series circuit at time t=0, and a current i flows through the circuit.
By applying KVL, we get,
1
Ri+
C
∫ idt =V
Differentiating both sides with respect to t, we get,
di i
R + =0
dx C
1
( p+ )i=0
RC
The equation is a homogeneous differential equation. So,
i=i c=Ke−t /RC
Assuming no initial current, at t=0,
V
i=
R
V
Hence, K=
R
−t / RC
V
So, i= e
R
Thus, charging current is a decaying function. As the capacitor get charged, current dies out.
i=V/R
Current in RC charging circuit

The voltage drop across resistor and capacitor is,
VR¿ iR=V e−t / RC
1
VC¿
C
∫ idt
1 V −t / RC
C∫ R
¿ e
¿ V ( 1−e−t / RC )
Thus, VR is decaying and VC is exponentially rising function.
V
VC
VR
VR and VC in RC charging circuit

Time constant is the time when the capacitor attains a steady state voltage, Which is obtained by
putting t=RC,
VC ¿ V (1−e−1)
¿ V (1=0.368)
¿ 0.632 V
Discharging occurs when the supply voltage is disconnected.
RC series discharging circuit

Applying KVL, we get,
1
C∫
Ri+ idt=0
di i
Differentiating both sides, we get, R + =0
dt C
( p+ C1 )i=0
The equation is a homogeneous differential equation, so,
−t /RC
i=i c=Ke
However, at t=0+, the voltage across capacitor starts discharging current which flows in opposite
−V
direction. So, i=
R
−V
Hence, K=
R
−t / RC
V
So, i=− e
R
Thus discharging function exponentially rises. As capacitor gets discharged, current increases.
Current in RC discharging circuit

The voltage drop across resistor and capacitor is,
VR¿ iR=−V e−t / RC
1
VC¿
C
∫ idt
−t / RC
¿V e
i.e, VR+VC=0
Time constant is given by putting t=RC,
VC¿ V e−1
¿ 0.369 V
VR and VC in RC discharging
circuit
2) DC analysis of RC series circuit using Laplace Transforms
Considering current i(t) as a function of time, the KVL equation can be written as,
1
Ri ( t )+
C
∫ i ( t ) dt =Vu ( t )
Laplace equation is then, RI ( s ) + (

1 I ( s ) i ( 0) V
C s
+
s
= )
s
Where, i(0) indicated initiat current in the circuit. Since we assume the capacitance was uncharged,
so, there must be no initial current, i.e. , i(0)=0; (

I ( s) R +
1
Cs)=
V
s
V
I ( s) =
(
R s+
1
RC )
V −t /RC
Taking inverse Laplace, we get, i ( t )= e
R
EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP SPECIFICATIONS
Sl No. Description Quantity Specification
1 Source
R1
2 Resistance R2
R3
C1
3 Capacitance C2
C3
OBSERVATION TABLE
Vr (R= ) Vc (C= )
CONCLUSION
Thus, as the voltage across the capacitor reaches a steady value, the current through it approaches
zero. In other words, a capacitor eventually acts like an open circuit in a DC circuit.
Also, with respect to ease on solving the equation, the Laplace transform method proved to be a
much easier way than the classical method of solution.
TITLE: Frequency Response of Passive Low Pass Filter
OBJECTIVE: To observe the response of a passive Low Pass Filter at variable frequency.
THEORY: In the circuit shown below, with the increase in frequency of the signal at the input
side, the shunt capacitive reactance decreases. This allows more current to return back to the
source through the low impedance path. At a higher frequency the entire input current returns
to the source through the shunt branch which becomes partially a short circuit link at this
frequency.Thus it is evident that a low pass filter allows passage of signal through it till the
signal frequency is at a low magnitude.
Let us analyze the circuit in s-domain
1/CS
Vout( s) 1
=
Vin( s) LS+ CS ¿
¿
1/ LC
=S+ 1
LC ¿
¿
1 /LC
For sinusoidal input H(jѠ) = jѠ+ 1
LC ¿
¿
1/ LC
| H(jѠ) | = ( jѠ+ 1 )
LC ¿
¿
At the cut-off frequency Ѡc, | H(jѠ) |= 1/√ 2
1/ LC
1
i.e. ( jѠ+ ) 1
LC = √ 2 ¿
¿
1
i.e. ѠC =
2 πLC
OBSERVATION TABLE
Sl No. Input Frequency Input Voltage (Vin) Output Voltage (Vout) Gain
GRAPH OBTAINED
Expected Output Plot
CONCLUSION:
TITLE: Frequency Response of Passive High Pass Filter
OBJECTIVE: To observe the response of a passive High Pass Filter at variable frequency.
THEORY: In the circuit below, with the change of frequency capacitive reactance in the series
arm decreases while the inductive reactance in the shunt arm increases. Thus the section allows
the passage of higher order frequencies blocking the lower order frequencies. At lower
frequencies, the series capacitor behaves as if a very high reactance while the shunt path offers
low reactance
C +
Vi R V
O
_
OBSERVATION TABLE
GRAPH OBTAINED
CONCLUSION:
TITLE: Frequency Response of Active Low Pass Filter
OBJECTIVE: To observe the response of an Active Low Pass Filter at variable frequency.
THEORY:Active filters use amplifying elements, especially op amps, with resistors and
capacitors in their feedback loops, to synthesize the desired filter characteristics. Active
filters can have high input impedance, low output impedance, and virtually any arbitrary
gain. They are also usually easier to design than passive filters. Possibly their most
important attribute is that they lack inductors, thereby reducing the problems associated
with those components. Still, the problems of accuracy and value spacing also affect
capacitors, although to a lesser degree. Performance at high frequencies is limited by the
gain-bandwidth product of the amplifying elements, but within the amplifier's operating
frequency range, the op amp-based active filter can achieve very good accuracy, provided
that low-tolerance resistors and capacitors are used. Active filters will generate noise due
to theamplifying circuitry, but this can be minimized by the use of low-noise amplifiers and
careful circuit design. There are some specific advantages of active filters over passive filter
• no inductors
• made up of op-amps, resistors and capacitors
• provides virtually any arbitrary gain
• generally easier to design
• high input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving source
• low output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by the load
• at high frequencies is limited by the gain-bandwidth of the op-amps
• easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the desired response
The working principle is same as in passive filters, however the only difference is uses an op-
amp for amplification and gain control
Active Low Pass Filter
OBSERVATION TABLE
GRAPH OBTAINED
CONCLUSION:
TITLE: Frequency Response of Active High Pass Filter

OBJECTIVE: To observe the response of an Active High Pass Filter at variable frequency.
THEORY::Active filters use amplifying elements, especially op amps, with resistors and
capacitors in their feedback loops, to synthesize the desired filter characteristics. Active
filters can have high input impedance, low output impedance, and virtually any arbitrary
gain. They are also usually easier to design than passive filters. Possibly their most
important attribute is that they lack inductors, thereby reducing the problems associated
with those components. Still, the problems of accuracy and value spacing also affect
capacitors, although to a lesser degree. Performance at high frequencies is limited by the
gain-bandwidth product of the amplifying elements, but within the amplifier's operating
frequency range, the op amp-based active filter can achieve very good accuracy, provided
that low-tolerance resistors and capacitors are used. Active filters will generate noise due
to the amplifying circuitry, but this can be minimized by the use of low-noise amplifiers and
careful circuit design. There are some specific advantages of active filters over passive filter
• no inductors
• made up of op-amps, resistors and capacitors
• provides virtually any arbitrary gain
• generally easier to design
• high input impedance prevents excessive loading of the driving source
• low output impedance prevents the filter from being affected by the load
• at high frequencies is limited by the gain-bandwidth of the op-amps
• easy to adjust over a wide frequency range without altering the desired response
The working principle is same as in passive filters, however the only difference is uses an op-
amp for amplification and gain control
Active High Pass Filter

OBSERVATION TABLE
GRAPH OBTAINED
CONCLUSION:
TITLE: Frequency Response of Active Band Pass and Band Stop Filter
OBJECTIVE: To observe the response of an Active Band Pass and Band Stop Filter at variable frequency.
THEORY:
Band Pass Filters:
pass only the frequencies that fall between its values of the lower and upper cutoff frequencies.
Active Band Pass Filter
Band Stop Filters:
eliminate all signals within the stop band while passing all frequencies outside this band.
Active Band Stop Filter
OBSERVATION TABLE (Band Pass Filters)
OBSERVATION TABLE (Band Stop Filters)
GRAPH OBTAINED:
CONCLUSION:
TITLE: Transient Response of Series RLC Circuit

OBJECTIVE: To study the transient response of series RLC circuit using Hardware set-up
THEORY:
The Particular Solution is

Observation Table:
Vr (R= ) VL (L= )
Conclusion:
TITLE: Transient Response of Parallel RLC Circuit
OBJECTIVE: To study the transient response of parallel RLC circuit using Hardware set-up
Theory:
Observation Table:
Vr (R= ) VL (L= )
Conclusion:

Electric Circuit Theory Lab - PCEE391

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TECHNO INTERNATIONAL NEW TOWN

Rajarhat, New Town, Kolkata - 700156

TITLE : Determination of Admittance (Y) parameters of Two Port Network

When V2 = 0 i.e. with Output Port closed

When V1 = 0 i.e. with Input Port closed

Input Output Input Output

Observation Y11 Y21 Y12 Y22 Remarks

TITLE: Determination of Impedance (Z) parameters of Two Port Network

When I2 = 0 i.e with Output Port Open

When I1 = 0 i.e. with Input Port Open

Input Output Input Output

Observation Z11 Z21 Z12 Z22 Remarks

TITLE: Transient Response of a RL Circuit

 To study the transient response of a Series RL circuit.

The resistor abides by the ohm’s law,

Inductance is determined by how much magnetic flux φ through the circuit is created by a given

2. Laplace transforms method

Advantage of Laplace transforms method over Classical method

 It is convenient in solving transient response in RC circuit by incorporating the initial

The LR Series Circuit

Applying KVL equation in the circuit we get,

Voltage drop across resistor, VR=i*R

So It is evident that, VR+VL =V

b)Laplace Transformation Method:-

Applying KVL in the R-L series circuit, we get,

At the initial condition, no charging or discharging occurs. So, I( 0)=0

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP SPECIFICATIONS:

TRANSIENT RESPONSE IN R-C SERIES CIRCUIT HAVING DC VOLTAGE SUPPLY

TITLE: Transient Response of a RC Circuit

To study the transient response of a Series RC circuit.

The resistor abides by the ohm’s law,

A capacitor has the ability to store an electrical charge and energy.

Or can be expressed as an instantaneous value,

2. Classical method: It involves solving a first or second order homogeneous equation

3. Laplace transforms method: It involves replacing all circuit elements to its

 It is convenient in solving transient response in RC circuit by incorporating the initial

Series R-C Circuit

By applying KVL, we get,

The equation is a homogeneous differential equation. So,

i=i c=Ke−t /RC

Assuming no initial current, at t=0,

Current in RC charging circuit

VR¿ iR=V e−t / RC

Thus, VR is decaying and VC is exponentially rising function.

VR and VC in RC charging circuit

Discharging occurs when the supply voltage is disconnected.

RC series discharging circuit

Current in RC discharging circuit

The voltage drop across resistor and capacitor is,

VR¿ iR=−V e−t / RC

Time constant is given by putting t=RC,

Laplace equation is then, RI ( s ) + (

so, there must be no initial current, i.e. , i(0)=0; (

EXPERIMENTAL SET-UP SPECIFICATIONS

Sl No. Description Quantity Specification

TITLE: Frequency Response of Passive Low Pass Filter

Let us analyze the circuit in s-domain

At the cut-off frequency Ѡc, | H(jѠ) |= 1/√ 2

Expected Output Plot

TITLE: Frequency Response of Passive High Pass Filter

TITLE: Frequency Response of Active Low Pass Filter

• made up of op-amps, resistors and capacitors

• provides virtually any arbitrary gain