CHAPTER- 1

INTRODUCTION

The present time is sometimes referred to as plastic age on the use of plastic products are in wide range
of areas . Plastic products are now being used in every spectrum of human life. The plastic products have out
placed all other products, which were used in household, hospitals, agriculture , industry served the needs of
common man at lowest cost with innumerable products to meet needs of daily life and convenience. A wide
use of plastic products produced by the industry has touched the life every person in some way or the other .
John Wesley invented synthesized plastic in 1860 . Introduction of plastic which can be made as hard
as iron and steel and aluminium as well as competing with them in household and industrial applications. The
growth of plastic consumption can be attributed to wide application and material substitution in the fields of
construction appliances , automotive parts, medical and packaging sector. Plastic are now accepted as
important raw material supplementing metals, wood. Glass and rubber as well as competing with them for
certain industrial applications. There are no material at present available to science and industry, which can
hoist of a variability even approaching that of modern plastics. Some of these are more transparent than glass
and weigh less than half its weight other have a specific strength greater than steel while some possess
electrical insulation properties.
The most important application of plastic for building purpose is in the from of new synthetic cements.
Reinforced resins bound plywood is now widely used for parafabricating houses. Numerous leather products
have their finishing with plastic coating . The use of plastic as material to replace leather in making of
footwear indicates one of the new developments in plastic industry. Very large quantities of plastic
particularly celluloid, urea formaldehyde and phenolic resin as well as well as casein are used for the
fabrication of a wide range of toilet wares and fancy goods . plastic is material consisting of any of a wide
range of synthetic or semi-synthetic that are malleable .

Plastic inspire innovations that help make life better, healthier and safer every day. Plastics are used to
make bicycle helmets, child safety seats and airbags in automobiles. They’re in the cell phones, televisions,
computers and other electronic equipment that makes modern life possible. They’re in the roofs, walls,
flooring and insulation that make homes and buildings energy efficient. And plastics in packaging help keep
foods safe and fresh.

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 Some plastics occur in nature, like tree rubber. There are “organic” plastics, which contain carbon, and
inorganic plastics, which don’t. Some plastics are hard and shatter-resistant, others are soft and flexible.
Plastics make possible many things people don’t recognize as plastic at all – like paints, protective coatings
and linings, adhesives and glues, and sealants and insulation. Some plastics have additives that make them
bacteria- or fire-resistant; or give them a rainbow of colours; or make them flexible; or fill them with bubbles
to make them better insulators; or even add fibbers to make high-tech composites. There are tens of thousands
– or more – of different kinds of plastics and formulations.

REVIEW AND LITERATURE

Apurva Chavan(2017) in his article in Hindu newspaper using plastic waste will help reduction in
bitumen which increase 10% strength and performance of road .
Charles Moore American writer and sociologist in his book plastic ocean (2000) oil and natural gas are the
major raw material used to manufacture plastic.
Miranda Paul economist in his book one plastic bag Even though the basic make up of many plastic is
carbon and hydrogen, other elements such as chlorine , fluorine and nitrogen are also found in molecular mark
up of many plastic .
Raghuram Rajan Indian economist (2015) The capital investment and employment in The plastic
industrial sector of India had significant growth after 2005.
Visual swamp (2012) The addition of plastic increases the hardness of bitumen.
Nirmala Sitharaman finance minister of India (2019) plastic need to be avoid from Indian market within
2022 and also need to use ecofriendly alternative of plastic.
Narendra Modi prime Minister of India (2019) India would phase out single-use plastics by 2022 . we need to
reuse or recycled the plastic and avoid production of new.
T.M Thomas Isacc finance minister of Kerala and economist (2020) Public works
department(PWD) would initiate steps to use plastic for laying roads.
Pinarayi vijayan Chief Minister of Kerala (2020) Local bodies should encourage complete waste
management. People's participation should be ensured in cleansing of water bodies under Haritha Keralam

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mission. Various departments should take the activities of Haritha Keralam mission seriously. Department
secretaries and ministers should review its activities.
Manmohan Singh thirteenth prime Minister of India and economist (2019) Their is no option for
plastic. Banning plastic will create unemployment in country. Nearly 5 crore people will became unemployed
by banning plastic. It will also damage the environment because using paper will lead to cutting of trees
which will harm environment. Instead of banning create a recycling mechanism.

STATEMENT OF THE PROBLEM

Kerala government decided to banned single use plastic products from January one 2020. The
decision in this regard was taken at a cabinet meeting charred by chief minister of Kerala Pinarayi vijayan.
After considering environment the government decided to ban single use plastic products in the state from
January one 2020. Plastic carry bags, plastic sheets , cooling films, plastic plates , plastic cups, fancy items
and other have been banned. To analyse socio-economic condition towards ban plastic in Kerala and also
find the ecofriendly alternative of plastic

NEED AND SIGNIFICANCE OF THE STUDY

Kerala government banned single use plastic from January one 2020. After considering
environment and health issues related to mounting plastic waste , the government decided to ban
single use plastic in the state . Plastic carry bags, sheets ,cooling films, plastic plates, cups, fancy
item and other have been banned
SCOPE OF STUDY
Scope of the study is to prepare a comprehensive project on the basic of ban single used plastic
products from January one 2020 plastic carry bags, plastic sheets, cooling films ,plastic plates, cups,
thermocol and Styrofoam-based fancy item and other have been Banned. The usage of plastic bag causes both
convenience and inconvenience in our daily lives . It is one of those moral hazards we live with on a daily
basis . It not only cause environmental hazards as most plastic bags are not bio-degradable but also creates
hygiene and wastage issue as plastic bags can be seen littered all across your habitual . Kerala is a

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heterogeneous state with varied consumer and extremely diverse behaviour patterns. This study aim at
understanding the perception of people on the ban of plastic and the corresponding change in various
attributes and usage associated with it.

OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY

1. Reaction of consumer towards banning plastic .
2. Government policies towards banning plastic .
3. Eco-friendly alternative of plastic in Indian market.
4. Reaction of ventures towards banning plastic by government .
5. To analyse socio-economic condition towards banning plastic in Kerala.

RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
This project is based on both primary and secondary data. Primary data was collected from the vendor’s
and consumers of single used plastic products in Kollam town. Secondary data which was collected from
Wikipedia, ban single used plastic in Kerala 2020, kudumbashree plastic recycling mission, Haritha Kerala
mission, swachh bharat mission. Business of economic, statistics and other authentic publications. Judgment
sampling method is used and the sample size 50 vendors were interviewed to get a clear picture about banning
plastic and also interviewed normal consumers of plastic products.

• PRIMARY DATA
This study primary data are collected through questionnaires from vendors and consumers of Kollam town
. Raw data or primary data is a term for data collected at source. This type of information is obtained directly
from first hand. The most common method of collecting primary data are questionnaires, survey’s ,interviews,
and examining the documents and record. Data collection is the process of gathering information from
different sources.

• SECONDARY DATA
Secondary data Refers to that was collected by someone other than the user. Under the study secondary
data is collected from information published from government banning single used plastic in Kerala

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2020,swachh bharat mission, kudumbashree plastic recycling unit, plastic industry in India. We collected
secondary data from business magazine, Wikipedia and newspaper.

• SAMPLE SIZE
The total number of sample taken for the study was 50 vendors of Holland town and normal plastic
bags consumer of plastic bags.

• SAMPLING METHOD
Sampling method is the process of selecting a representative group from the study from the population
under study. There are various type sampling method are there. In this study we chose the convenience
sampling method and random sampling method. Convenience sampling is a type of sampling where the first
available primary data source will be used for the research without additional requirements. Convenience
sampling is also know as availability of sampling. It is a specific type of non-profitability sampling method
that relies on data collection from population members who are conveniently available to participate in study.
Random sampling is a type of sampling method. It is a method of selecting a sample from a statistics
population in such a way that every possible sample that could be selected as a predetermined probability of
being selected . Random sampling is one of the simplest from of collecting data from the total population.
Under random sampling each member of the subsets carries an equal opportunity of being chosen as a part of
the sampling process .

• TOOLS FOR DATA COLLECTION

The main tools used for data collection is structured questionnaire, which were distributed to the
vendors and normal consumers who use plastic products.

• DATA ANALYSIS
The collected data can be tabulated and analysed by using different mathematical tools such as
diagrams and charts. The percentage was used for the interpretation of data.

• LIMITATIONS OF STUDY
• Some respondents were hesitating to give true.

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 • Time allowed for the study was not sufficient about banning single used plastic in Kerala
• During the study of banning single used plastic implemented . So data collection was limited

CHAPTERISATION SCHEME
The report is chapterised as below :-
CHAPTER – 1
INTRODUCTION
First chapter contains an introduction to the banned plastic in Kerala .
CHAPTER -2
GOVERNMENT POLICIES OF BANNING PLASTIC IN INDIA.
A brief survey of government policies is given in second chapter . Policies like Haditha Kerala
mission, swachh Bharat mission and other policies towards banning single use plastic .
CHAPTER – 3
PLASTIC INDUSTRY IN INDIA AND KERALA.
A brief survey of plastic industry in Kerala is given in the third chapter. It focuses on various
aspect like growth and decline of plastic industry. The availability of raw material and the problem face by
plastic industry .
CHAPTER – 3
SOCIO-ECONOMIC CONDITION WHILE BANNED SINGLE USED PLASTIC IN KERALA .
Third chapter gives a detailed account of socio-economic survey on the basis of the details
collected from the sample survey , a number of tables are formed which reveals the vendor’s and
consumers survey towards banned single used plastic products in Kerala.
CHAPTER – 5
SUMMARY OF FINDING AND SUGGESTION .
Fifth chapter gives some general conclusions and suggestions made by the research on the basis
of the study.

CHAPTER – 2

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 GOVERNMENT POLICIES ON BAN SINGLE USED
PLASTIC
Kerala government ban single use plastic products from January one 2020.The decision to ban single
use plastic products was taken by the Kerala government after considering the environment and health issues
caused by mounting plastic waste. The ban is set to come into force from January one 2020. As per the ban
violators, be it manufacture, wholesale or small traders will fined Rs 10000 for the first time violation and Rs
50000 along with closure of the business for the third time offense .
This is not the first time, the state has taken steps to go green, under the state suchitwa mission and
Haritha Kerala mission (Green Kerala mission) . The state had already issued various green protocol . where
in hotel were asked to stop the use of plastic straws, education board was asked to pass a mandate for student
that they will only use fountain pen and not plastic pens, plastic carry bags up to certain grade only were
allowed and an attempt to spread award about the concept of green weddings was undertaken .where the usage
of plastic and other non degradable articles including disposable glasses and plates and thermocouple
decoration to be avoided.
But now for the first time a proper ban, bound by the law will come into effect in the state.
PLASTICS ITEMS THAT WILL BE BANNED IN KERALA
AS per the ban, following items will be banned from January one 2020.
• All single-use plastic cups, plates, spoons, forks, straws.
• Plastic carry bag (regardless of thickness).
• Plastic sheets used to spread on tables.
• Cooling films.
• Thermocol and Styrofoam used for decoration.
• Paper cups , plates ,bowel with a plastic coating.
• Non-woven bags.
• Plastic flags
• Plastic water pouches
• Plastic bags .
• Plastic juice packets .

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 • Plastic garbage bags.
According to plastic ban notification by the Kerala government, few state owned enterprises have
been exempted from the ban. The plastic bottles and packets sold by Kerala beverage corporation, Kerala,
Milan and Kerala water Authority are exempted from this ban. But these enterprises have been asked to
institute a buy back scheme for the plastic bottles. They sell as per the extended producers responsibility .
A police approach under which producers are given significant responsibility for treatment or disposable
of post consumer of the state government. A part from this, plastic manufactured for export plastic used in
the health care industries, and materials made from plastic have been exempted from ban. The Kerala
government has authorised district collectors, sub-divisional magistrates , pollution control board
appointed official to take action against the violators and to make this ban a successful in the state.
Along with this, the Kerala government has also decided to strictly earmarked five percent the solid
waste management rules of the ministry of environment and recycling . Moreover ,the government has
also decided to promote and aid business that developed eco-friendly bags as an alternative to plastic
ones.
In India, so far 18 states have already implemented the ban on plastic bags , while Maharashtra,
Tamil Nadu , Madhya Pradesh, Himachal Pradesh and Uttrakhad have banned single use plastic products.
Now
Kerala is the last state to join the list of state that have banned single used plastic.
Kerala is already know as a green state because of many swachh initiative taken by the state in the
plastic : district Kannur and Alappuzha ,a zero land fill city.
Soon with this new green initiative the state aims to become plastic free state.

BAN SINGLE USED PLASTIC IN INDIA

Indian prime Minister Narendra Modi has said his government goal is to make India completely free of
single use plastic by 2020. Single-use plastic are products designed to be used only once and then thrown
away. These include plastic bags and products used for eating and drinking.
As the country prepares for the new rules ,one Indian state is ban plastic bags 21 years ago. The state of
Sikkim in India northeast launched the ban in 1998. The state officials took the action after heavy rain caused
several major partly blamed plastic waste for blocking system that carry away rain water.

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 People living in the state say major education campaigns and enforcement measures got citizens to
accept the plastic bag ban.
HARITHA KERALAM [GREEN KERALA MISSION]
Haditha Kerala (GREEN KERALA MISSION) an ambitious programme envisaged by the
government to make the support of state run suchitwa mission, the modal agency for sanitation are jointly
implementing the green protocol in government offices.
The Haditha Kerala mission aims. To integrate the 3 most important and inter related sectors through
an orchestrated and cascading implementation of three sub-mission.
• Household level segregation and safe disposal of organic waste through feasible options like
composting, biogas, arrangements for institutional waste disposal re-use recycling and safe disposable
of non-degradable and electronic waste are given priorities.
• Rejuvenation of tanks,ponds,streams and rivers are the focus in the water resource sector.
• The thrust in promoting organic agriculture will be produce safe to. Eat vegetables and fruits to make
the state selfsufficient within the next 5 years .
• Haditha Keralam is one of the four mega mission announced by the government of Kerala, which
emphasizes on people alternative mode of development.

THE MISSION ENVISAGES

• Pollution free water source.
• Revival of water source.
• Water conservation with the help people.
• Eco-friendly and sustainable waste management.
• Enhancing organic farming.

RECYCLING PLASTIC KUDUMBASHREE MISSION

The opening of plastic waste processing unit at west hill by the city corporation in March this
year was expected to put to rest these issue, but question still remain.

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 The much-needed workers used to collect plastic waste till about two years ago. They were
instructed to stop it when the civil body stored thinking of waste segregation. This continued until the
opening of the plastic processing plant four months ago. The workers will collected non biodegradable
waste from houses and institutions for recycling along with local. Bodies concerned. Based on the
quantity of waste greater the green task force members with collect plastic waste from houses and
apartments either on weekly or monthly basis.
They have been entrusted with the task of operating plastic shredding units set up by local
bodies with the assistance of clean Kerala company. Suchitwa mission will in part technical training to
the kudumbashree workers about the operation of the shredding units. The plastic products collected
by green task force to shredding unit for recycling. Each kudumbashree members will visit up to 300
houses to collect non-biodegradable waste against a user fee.
The kudumbashree will collect plastic for local bodies for road laying work by the clean
Kerala company. The force members include the manufacture of environment friendly products and
management of waste treatment facility. They have also been entrusted with the task of organic
farming, leasing out environment friendly products and the manufacture of compost.

SWACHH BHARAT
Swachh Bharat Mission is a massive mass movement that seeks to create a Clean India by 2019. The
father of our nation Mr. Mahatma Gandhi always puts the emphasis on swachhta as swachhta leads to healthy
and prosperous life. Keeping this in mind, the Indian government has decided to launch the swachh bharat
mission on October 2, 2014.The mission will cover all rural and urban areas. The urban component of the
mission will be implemented by the Ministry of Urban Development, and the rural component by the Ministry
of Drinking Water and Sanitation.
SWACHH BHARAT MISSION FOR URBAN AREAS
The programme includes elimination of open defecation, conversion of unsanitary toilets to pour flush
toilets, eradication of manual scavenging, municipal solid waste management and bringing about a
behavioural change in people regarding healthy sanitation practices.
The mission aims to cover 1.04 crore households, provide 2.5 lakh community toilets, 2.6 lakh public
toilets, and a solid waste management facility in each town. Under the programme, community toilets will be
built in residential areas where it is difficult to construct individual household toilets. Public toilets will also

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be constructed in designated locations such as tourist places, markets, bus stations, railway stations, etc. The
programme will be implemented over a five-year period in 4,401 towns.
The total assistance available for construction of an individual toilet is Rs 4000/- from the Central
Government and an amount of Rs 1333/- at least from the State Government.
However in the case of the North East States, the states are required to contribute only Rs 400/- per
individual toilet. However, there is no bar on releasing any extra funds at any stage by the ULB/State
Government through additional resources.

ECO-FRIENDLY PRODUCTS
•RECYCLED FABRIC CLOTHES
Buy clothes that are made from organic fabrics. One can find recycled organic clothes by the
seeing the tag of the cloth. Many websites like Motivate Box design t-shirts made of these material.
• REUSABLE WATER BOTTLES:
This involves very less effort. Instead of using use and throw cans or bottles (even they are
recyclable), use glass or metal bottles. These are proven to be way more efficient in building a green
environment. Instead of using plastic coffee mugs, one can use mugs made of different materials. One
can find Eco-friendly coffee mugs.
• ECO-FRIENDLY KETTLE:
The Eco-friendly Kettle has a special compartment in which the water is stored when you fill
in. Then, you should release a button to transfer required amount of water in the second compartment,
which will be the only one to actually boil it. This will prevent a lot of energy by boiling only the
water you need.
• ECO-FRIENDLY UMBRELLA:

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 It is actually just an umbrella skeleton, allowing you to put on whatever you have on top and
cover yourself. In addition to being green, this will make you look different and creative.
• ECO-FRIENDLY CHAIR:
Chairs made of recycled cork are a great hit in the market now. It not only recycles waste but
also makes the furniture stand out in the living room.

• BIODEGRADABLE POTS:
These square containers are great for small fruit, field-dug plants, and broad leaf evergreens.
These containers are fibber melded, that is they are made of recycled biodegradable material, and
usually decompose in about a year or two.
• RECYCLED CUTTING BOARD:
One can make your home more greener with Eco Friendly Cutting Board. Materials like
Recycled paper, flax, and cork are some of the comprise recycled cutting boards. Now, these are the
top 15 products one can use to save mother earth!!. As a great man once said "Never take this world
for granted", choose wisely to save our world.
BEST ALTERNATIVES TO PLASTIC
Would you like to see less plastic in your home and less plastic waste in the world?
Here are some long-lasting plastic alternatives available right now.
• STAINLESS STEEL
Tough and easy to clean, stainless steel options for reusable food and beverage storage have
multiplied in recent years. You can replace single-use cups, kitchen storage, lunch boxes, and more
with this durable metal.
• GLASS
Inert, inexpensive, and infinitely recyclable ,glass is also easy to clean. And since many food
items come packaged in glass, upcycling glass jars into food storage is a no-cost way to give your

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 food packaging new life. Jars from jam, honey, pickles, nut butters, and so much more can be added
to your no-waste toolkit for shopping from the bulk bins. They can also be repurposed to store
leftovers and homemade drinks, or decorated and turned into homemade gifts .

• PLATINUM SILICONE
Made primarily of sand, food grade platinum silicone is flexible and durable. It’s also heat
tolerant, so you can boil, bake, and cook in these products without danger of denaturing. Look for
silicone products without plastic fillers.
• BEESWAX-COATED CLOTH
Used primarily as a replacement for plastic wrap and plastic bags is easy to use and easy to
clean. It also smells great.
• NATURAL FIBBER CLOTH
Natural cloth can replace plastic bags. Sustainable cloth from ,organic cotton wool, , hemp or
bamboo won’t shed plastic fibbers when washed. Felted or recycled wool is a versatile, safe, and
compostable material for , children’s toys household containers, and more.
• WOOD
A renewable resource, wood from sustainably-managed forests can replace plastic in household
items like cleaning brushes ,kitchen utensils, and cutting tools.
• BAMBOO
This fast-growing renewable resource can replace plastic in items like drinking straws. It is
lightweight, durable, and compostable.
• POTTERY AND OTHER CERAMICS
Around for millennia, pottery and other fired ceramics offer a stable, waterproof alternative that’s
good for food storage and tableware. Look for non-toxic glazes.

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 • PAPER
In days gone by, many things were packaged in plain paper. And while better than plastic, paper
can’t be recycled infinitely because every time it’s reused, the fibres get shorter, limiting its use.
Luckily all paper except the glossy kind is safe to put in your home compost.
• CARDBOARD
Cardboard is fully compostable at home as long as it’s not coated in, you guessed it, plastic. Many
companies are now packaging their products in plain cardboard to cut down on waste. You can also
use cardboard boxes to replace storage containers in your home.
NEW POLICE AND ACTION OF INDIAN GOVERNMENT
Industry has sought clarity on the government’s plan to phase out single-use plastic by
2022 and urged the Centre to issue clear guidelines. An outright ban would escalate costs and lead
to job losses and disrupt supply chains, companies said.

The uncertainty “has led to the closure of about 10,000 units and the plastic industry is
staring at job losses of 4.5 lakh people ahead of the Diwali season,” said Jayesh Rambhia, co-
chairman, environment committee, All India Plastic Manufacturers Association. “The industry
urgently requires clear guidelines on what the short and long-term plan for single-use plastic is.”

There are an estimated 50,000 plastic manufacturing units in the country. The government
did not ban single-use plastic bags, small bottles, cups, plates, straws and certain types of sachets
on October 2, as had been widely expected. It also hasn’t defined single-use plastic.

“The Centre directed states to take action on October 2 but different policies across states
are fragmenting the Indian market, which was unified by GST (goods and services tax),” Rambhia
said. “Right now, there’s uncertainty and fear at ground level and if there’s a sweeping ban on
single-use plastic without alternatives, the economy could come to a grinding halt.”

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 Single-use plastic, or disposable material that can be used only once before it is either
thrown away or recycled, is used by almost all consumer-facing industries including food
processing and food delivery, retailers for packaging and selling finished goods, pharmaceuticals
and agriculture.

Industry executives said proper waste segregation and management could resolve the
problem to a large extent, as in many developed countries.

“Single-use plastic is part of every industry. Clear guidelines on what is not

acceptable and stepping up infrastructure for recycling are the only solutions,” said
International chairman Ramesh Chauhan.

So far, 18 states have banned plastic bags, and many such as Maharashtra, Tamil Nadu and
Madhya Pradesh have also banned single-use plastic products including cutlery, plates, cups and
straws.

“It will take at least a couple of years to make the transition to alternatives other than single
used plastic for packaging,” said Anshul Gupta, cofounder of cloud kitchen start-up Box8, which
delivers over one million meals a month. “There is no short-term solution and the challenge is to
work out alternatives which are cost-effective.”

The company delivers to customers in Delhi-NCR, Mumbai, Bengaluru and Pune from
more than 110 kitchens. Like others, it has begun sourcing packaging made of alternate materials.
With low-cost dynamics, food delivery and hyperlocal delivery aggregators constitute the
fastestgrowing segment of the Rs 4 lakh crore food services .

Lobby groups say lack of clarity and uncertainty are preventing industry from looking for
specific solutions.

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 Vijay Habbu, technical advisor to PET industry associations such as the Packaging
Association for Clean Environment (PACE), said trade intermediaries are in a state of flux.

“For example, small-sized plastic bottles used for water, beverages pharmaceuticals or
health drinks need to be exempted as they offer right-portioning and have no viable alternatives.
And what about small sachets made from multi-layered packaging which sell everything from
shampoo to cookies? The intermediaries supplying these plastics don’t know what to do.”

Estimates suggest that India uses about 14 million tonnes of plastic annually. The All India
Plastic Manufacturers’ Association (AIPMA) said in a report that the country’s plastic-processing
industry comprises more than 50,000 units with annual revenue at Rs 3.5 lakh crore in FY19.
Another report by the Central Pollution Control Board
(CPCB) said India generated 26,000 tonnes per day (TPD) of plastic waste in FY18, of which
60% was recycled, while the rest remained uncollected.

HOW TO RECYCLE PLASTIC IN INDIAN.?

Plastic recycling in India has become an increasingly pressing problem over the years. With
increasing dependence onplastic, the tendency to dispose of plastic casually has also become a part of
the mainstream. Over the years, several waste to wealth mechanisms have been adopted to recycle and
reuse plastic in innovative ways. One such trend has been the conversion of plastic waste to fuel and
making it usable for both domestic and industrial purposes. Given India’s huge daily generation of
over 15,000 tonnes of plastic, the prospects of conversion to fuel are abundant, provided there is
sufficient infrastructure available. The current Union government’s focus on waste management
viaSwachhBharatAbhiyanalso addresses the issue of plastic waste and ways with which the problem
could be dealt with.

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 Countries like Japan, Germany and the United States have already implemented the plastic to
fuel conversion process with much success. These three have also been successful in creating business
models out of the conversion process, resulting in the conversion model becoming a profitable
business one. Though India still has a long way to go in terms of adopting plastic to fuel as a business
model, breakthroughs are being made to convert plastic to usable fuel.

Dehradun based Indian Institute of Petroleum (IIP), a constituent laboratory of the Council of
Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR) in 2014, developed a unique process of converting plastic
waste like polyethylene and polypropylene, both together accounting for 60 per cent of plastic waste,
can be converted to either gasoline or diesel. The technology is capable of converting 1 kg of plastic to
750 ml of automotive grade gasoline. Due to nearly nil presence of Sulphur in the produced fuel, IIP’s
plastic converted fuel is pure and meets the Euro-III standards. IIP also stated that a vehicle using this
fuel would be able to run for at least two kilometres more per litre. The technology was developed by
IIP after nearly a decade of research in hope of commercialising it for industrial usage.

The fuel obtained from conversion of plastic is completely environmentally friendly due to
absence of any toxic substances. Apart from producing petroleum and diesel, this technology will also
ensure that urban and semi-urban areas become plastic free, as instead of disposing plastics as waste,
they can be converted to fuel, said Dr. Anjan Ray, Director, CSIR-Indian Institute of Petroleum.

IIP’s technology also received a thumbs up from the Indian Railways two years back in April
2015, when then Railway Minister Dr Harsh Vardhan announced that the Railways would set up plants
to manufacture diesel from plastic, which would be used for mechanical traction. Though no plant has
been set up yet by the Railways yet, IIP is still hopeful of large scale conversion of plastic to fuel
utilising the technology by its scientists.

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 CHAPTER-3
PLASTIC INDUSTRIES IN INDIAN AND KERALA
India has witnessed a substantial growth in consumption of plastics from plastic bags to tiff in boxes,
water bottles to storage vessels and other household articles. This is just the domestic consumption. The
Indian plastic industry has seen sustainable growth with strong take-off from industries like packaging,
automotive and infrastructure sector. According to the All India Plastics Manufacturers’ Association
(AIPMA), domestic consumption of plastic has been growing at 10-12% CAGR over the last decade.

The plastic industry is expected to double per capita consumption in the next 5 years, given the rising
consumerism and lifestyle changes which have increased the usage of plastics across industries. India
consumes 11 million tonnes of plastics annually and is growing at an average rate of 10% and is expected
to reach 16.5 million tonnes by 2016.

The plastic industry in Kerala is in generally the area of flexible packaging, pipes with a few units in
injection and blow moulding. Being a high consumption state with a lot of skilled manpower, there is a
huge potential waiting to be tapped. There is also a huge NRI population waiting to invest in fresh
ventures. It is clear that plastic industry will continue on its upward trend with boosting prospects for
fresh investments polymerization and downstream processing capacity. KSSIA intends to sow these seeds
and help entrepreneurs and investors reap the benefits in future.

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 Rising Kerala 2014 – Plastic expo will bring in to focus the emerging opportunities, innovations,
technology, machineries and successful players in the field for interaction with the prospective and
budding entrepreneurs and investors. Technical seminars have been planned towards the same goal.

PLASTIC INDUSTRIES IN INDIAN

The Indian plastics market is comprised of around 25,000 companies and employs 3 million people.
The domestic capacity for polymer production was 5.72m tonnes in 2009. The State of Gujarat in
Western India is the leading plastics processing hub and accounts for the largest number of plastics
manufacturers, with over 5,000 plastics firms.

The growth rate of the Indian plastics industry is one of the highest in the world, with plastics
consumption growing at 16% per annum (compared to 10% p.a. in China and around 2.5% p.a. in the
UK). With a growing middle class (currently estimated at 50 million) and a low per capita consumption
of plastics, currently 8kg per head, this trend is likely to continue. The Plastindia Foundation estimate
that plastics consumption is likely to reach 16kg per head by 2015.

Despite India having a population of 1.15 billion and a work force of 467 million, plastics companies
have reported problems with labour shortages. This has led to increased investment in technology such as
automation and conveyor belt systems.

Apart from the shortage of a skilled labour, the plastics industry is also facing the problem of a
nationwide power deficit. The electricity demand deficit is 12-13 per cent. This provides excellent
opportunities for firms offering energy saving solutions, power saving machines and ancillary equipment.

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TOP PLASTIC MANUFACTURING COMPANIES OF INDIA
Are you looking for the list of Top 10 Plastic Companies in India? There is huge scope in plastic
industry in India. It is also contributing in growth of Indian economy due to innovative products and
word class technology. The list of top plastic manufacturers in India are as follows-
JAINIRRIGATIONSYSTEMSLTD

Jain Irrigation Systems Ltd was founded in the year 1986, Jalgaon, Maharashtra, India. It is
manufacturing a number of products including including drip, sprinkler irrigation systems and components,
solar water pumps, plastic sheets, integrated irrigation automation systems, PVC and PE piping systems,
biofertilizers, greenhouses, solar water-heating systems, turnkey bio gas plants and photo voltaic systems.

KINGFASCIENCE&TECHNOLOGYINDIALTD

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 Kingfa Science & Technology India Ltd was founded in the year 1983. Kingfa Science & Technology
(India) Ltd is a leading manufacturer and supplier of high quality Reinforced
Polypropylene Compounds, Thermoplastics Elastomers and Fibre Re-Inforced composites. This company is
best known for its high strength, durable plastic casting products. It is one of the top plastic companies in India.

MAYURUNIQUOTERSLTD

Mayur Uniquoters Ltd was founded in the year 1994. It is preferred supplier of artificial leather. The
product range of company is automotive, footwear, furnishing & leather goods and garments. It is one of the
top plastic companies in India. The company has world class infrastructure that has full range of machinery for
fulfilling knitting, embossing, printing, tumbling, sueding and lacquering.

NILKAMALLTD

Nilkamal Ltd was founded in the year 1981 by Vaman Parekh & Sharad Parekh. It is headquartered
in Mumbai, Maharashtra. It is one of the top plastic companies in India. Its product range consists mainly of
custom plastic mouldings, plastic furniture, crates and containers. . The company has manufacturing
facilities in Samba, Barjora, Pondicherry, Greater Noida, Sinnar, Nashik and Silvassa.

PLASTIBLENDSINDIALTD

Plastiblends India Ltd India’s top manufacturer and exporter of Color & Additive Master Batches &
Thermoplastic Compounds. The company is headquartered in Mumbai, India. It is one of best plastic
companies in India. Its product development and application facilities are located in Daman, Uttarakhand &
Roorkee. The company is one of the top plastic companies in India.

RESPONSIVEINDUSTRIESLTD
A leading global manufacturer of polyvinyl chloride (PVC) based products, Rill has emerged as a
frontrunner in vinyl flooring. The company has huge domestic capacity in PVC flooring and artificial leather
cloth segments. The product range of company includes PVC flooring and artificial leather cloth. It is one of
the top plastic companies in India.

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 The leading plastic company is serving various industries, comprising healthcare, hospitality,
transportation, IT and telecom, retail, education, sports infrastructure and real estate.
SAFARIINDUSTRIESINDIALTD
Safari Industries India Ltd is one of the top plastic companies in India. The company was founded in
the year 1974. and it is headquartered in Mumbai, India. It is a leading manufacturer of travel luggage products
such as plastic molded suitcases, handbags, briefcases, office backpacks and other travel accessories. The
company has strong base of sales network and has their service centres in all big and small cities in India. It is
one of the top plastic companies in India.
SUPREMEINDUSTRIESLTD
Supreme Industries Ltd was founded in the year 1942. It is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. Its
product range includes polystyrene & polymer. he Company manufacture Industrial and engineering moulded
Furniture products, storage and material handling crates, Dining Tables, Plastic Chairs, multilayer sheets,
packaging films, expanded polyethylene foam, multilayer films, PVC pipes and fittings, moulded furniture,
staring mats, disposable EPS containers.

VIPINDUSTRIESLTD
VIP Industries Ltd was founded in the year 1971. It is headquartered in Mumbai, Maharashtra. The
company is manufacturing plastic moulded suitcases, vanity cases, handbags, briefcases, and luggage. It is one
of the top plastic companies in India. The company has more than 8,000 retail outlets across India and a
network of retailers in approx 30 countries.
WIMPLASTLTD(CELLO)
Wim Plast Ltd was founded in the year 1986. The company is headquartered ion Mumbai. The
company sells material handling products and plastic furniture under the popular brand “Cello”. The main

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products offered by the company are plastic furniture, plastic molded ball pen, Thermoware products and
material handling products. Being one of the top plastic companies in India, Wim Plast Ltd is known for its
durable furniture and is very popular in the domestic market.

RECYCLING PLASTIC IN INDIA

India generates nearly 15000 tonnes of plastic every day.India institute of petroleum developed a
plastic to fuel technology Large plastic waste to fuel conversion plants are yet to be set up

New Delhi : plastic waste in India has becomes an increasingly pressing problem over the years. with
increasing dependence on plastic, the tendency to dispose of plastic casually has also become a part of the
mainstream. Over the years, several waste to wealth mechanisms have been adopted to wealth mechanisms
have been the conversion of plastic waste to fuel and making it usable for both domestic and industrial
purposes. Given India's huge daily generation of over 1500 tonnes of plastic, the prospects of conversion to
fuel are abundant, provide there is sufficient infrastructure available. The current union. Government focus on
waste management Via Swatch Bharat Abhiyab also address the issue of plastic waste and ways with which
the problem could be clean with .

Countries like Japan, Germany and the united states have already implemented the plastic to fuel
conversion process with much success. These there have also been successful in Creating business models out
of the conversion process, resulting in the conversion model becoming a profitable business one. Though

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India still has a long way to go in terms of adopting plastic to fuel as a business model, break through are
being made to convert plastic to usable fuel.

Dehradon based India institute of petroleum (11p), a Constituent laboratory of the council of
scientific and Industrial Reasearch (CSIR) in 2014, developed a unique process of converting plastic waste like
polyethylene and polypropylene, both together accounting for 60 percent of plastic either gasoline or diesel.
The technology is was developed by 11p after nearly a decanted of search in hope of commercializing it for
industrial usage.

PLASTIC RECYLING UNIT IN KERALA

Non- biodegradable waste especially plastic are major contributor towards environmental pollution
world over plastic found in different forms are toxic in nature. unmindful clumping of non- biodegradable
waste near waster bodies and indiscriminate burning of waste are the cause of exponential increase in the
pollution index of many cities in the world. The state of Kerala is no exception. Recycling plastic is one of the
solutions to prevent environmental pollution and also to limit new production saving valuable sources.
As most of the non- biodegradable waste has a good recycling value and sincere recycling id one of
the most environment friendly activities, suchitwa mission encourages to set up industries which recycle
waste and produce useful products.

Suchitwa Mission is the Technical support Group (TSG) in waste management of Kerala. It is
responsible for providing technicaland managerial support to the local self government of the state. Also
responsible for conceptualizing action planning, Conclucting creative workshop, organizing training
programmers initiating sector related studies, bringing out occasional paper, initiating action research,
conducting monitoring and such activates in waste management sector. The mission is also the nodal agency
for implementing Swachh Bharat Mission (Urban) Swachh Bharat Mission (Rural) and Communication and
capacity development.

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PLASTIC POPULATION
The world population is living, working, vacationing, increasingly conglomerating along the coasts,
and standing on the front row of the greatest, most unprecedented, plastic waste tide ever faced.
Washed out on our coasts in obvious and clearly visible form, the plastic pollution spectacle blatantly
unveiling on our beaches is only the prelude of the greater story that unfolded further away in the world’s
oceans, yet mostly originating from where we stand: the land.
For more than 50 years, global production and consumption of plastics have continued to rise. An
estimated 299 million tons of plastics were produced in 2013, representing a 4 percent increase over 2012, and
confirming and upward trend over the past years.. In 2008, our global plastic consumption worldwide has
been estimated at 260 million tons, and, according to a 2012 report by Global Industry Analysts, plastic
consumption is to reach 297.5 million tons by the end of 2015.
Plastic is versatile, lightweight, flexible, moisture resistant, strong, and relatively inexpensive. Those
are the attractive qualities that lead us, around the world, to such a voracious appetite and overconsumption of
plastic goods. However, durable and very slow to degrade, plastic materials that are used in the production of
so many products all, ultimately, become waste with staying power. Our tremendous attraction to plastic,
coupled with an undeniable behavioural propensity of increasingly over-consuming, discarding, littering and
thus polluting, has become a combination of lethal nature.
PLASTIC POPULATION IN INDIAN
India generates nearly26,000 tonnes of plastic wasteevery day, making it the 15th biggest plastic
polluter globally. Discarded plastic waste litter the country’s roads, rivers and also form huge mounds in
garbage dumps across the country. “The rubbish dump New Delhi, told Quartz. “Bottles, containers, and
polythene bags are some of the items I routinely gather from here (to sell to recyclers).”During the monsoon,

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plastic bottles at the dump accumulate water and are a breeding ground for mosquitoes. Besides the stench, the
site poses a major health hazard for the area’s residents, exposing them to the mosquito-borne diseases.
Many a times, the solid waste has been put on fire by the municipal agency, polluting the air. It can
also be fatal for the stray animals, mainly cows and dogs that end up mistaking plastic for food.
Taking cognisance of the crisis, prime minister Narendra Modi himself has urged for a nationwide
movement to end the scourge. He wants Indians to shun single-use plastic from Oct. 02 this year, the 150th
birth anniversary of Mahatma Gandhi. He first made the appeal during hisIndependence Day
speech,reiterating his message in his weekly radio programme,Mann Ki Baat, 10 days later on Aug. 25.
Authorities are already in action mode. While the Lok Sabha secretariat hasprohibited the use of non-
reusable plasticwater bottles and other plastic items within the Parliament from Aug. 20, the government-run
railways is also set to ban single-use plastic at all its stations and on trains. “All vendors and staff across
Indian Railways are to be encouraged to use reusable bags to reduce plastic footprint,”a circular said on Aug.
22.
However, these baby steps are unlikely to even begin making a dent, given the gravity of the problem.
“Plastic accounts for 8% of the total solid waste generated in the country annually, with Delhi producing the
biggest quantity, followed by Kolkata and Ahmedabad,”said a 2018 report(pdf) by the Delhi-based The
Energy and Resources Institute (TERI), citing data from India’s central pollution control board (CPCB).
Of the25,940 tonnesof plastic waste produced in India everyday according to CPCB, 94% is
thermoplastic, or recyclable materials such as PET (polyethylene terephthalate), and PVC (polyvinyl
chloride). Yet, these materialscan be recycled utmost 7-9times,after which they have to be disposed off.
PLASTIC WASTE IN INDIA
Plastic is a polymeric material whose molecules are very large, often resembling long chains made up
of a seemingly endless series of interconnected links. The researchers estimated that more that 300 million
tons of plastics are produced every year and 50% are used for single purposes. In this article, we are giving a
short on the plastic waste, its types and impact on the environment.
When we heard the term 'plastic' three thing comes in our mind i.e. indestructible, durable and its
versatile properties. But these properties of plastic now become environmental issues. Plastic is a generic
name referring to certain synthetic or semisynthetic materials that can be moulded or extruded into objects or

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films or filaments or used for making e.g. coatings and adhesives. The researchers estimated that more that
300 million tons of plastics are produced every year and 50% are used for single purposes.

WHAT IS PLASTIC WASTE?

The accumulation of plastic objects which are dump without any scientific process is plastic waste. It
can be primary plastics, such as cigarette butts and bottle caps, or secondary plastics. This type waste is also
categorised through their which may varies from micro plastics - small particles (<5 mm) of plastic dispersed
in the environment - to macro plastics.

IMPACT OF PLASTIC WASTE

The plastic waste has a significant impact on land, oceans, animal and human. More than 50% of
plastics are not degradable and only a small percentage of plastics can be recycled. Hence, they will remain
intact where they are discarded until they are cleared up.

1. Impact on land: When the chlorinated plastics, dump in the soil, then it not only affect the soil, but
also the surrounding water sources and also surrounding ecosystem because it release harmful chemicals.
2. Impact on oceans:The researchers estimated that more than 165 million tons of plastic wastes are
dumped in the world's ocean. These plastics affect the plankton, fish, and ultimately the human race because
some of the marine species are consumed by the human and through the food chain, ingest these highly toxic
carcinogens and chemicals. Consuming the fish that contains
these toxins can cause an increase in cancer, immune disorders, and birth defects.

AIR POLLUTION DUE TO PLASTIC WASTES

Plastic materials are everywhere. We use plastic bags, straws and plastic bottles for such a short time
and then we dispose of it. Yet, they remain forever - toxic till the end.
When plastic is produced, it’s made from toxic materials such as benzene and vinyl hydrochloride. It
is destined to be toxic from birth to forever. These chemicals are known to cause cancer, and the
manufacturing by-products contaminate our air and soil. The type of plastic that is the major source of dioxin
is PVC.
Phthalates are another toxic chemical added to plastics to make them softer and more pliable. It is
known to affect our fertility, disrupt our endocrine glands, birth defects and other health problems. The
problem with phthalate is that they are not chemically bound to the products, so they’re easily evaporated into
the air. That new “plastic” smell is the smell of phthalates offgassing. Don’t sniff it!

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 We’d like to say ban plastics! Recycling it is not solving anything. We just turn it into one toxic form
to another. But until we find a new material to replace it, the best thing to do is to cut down on the use of
plastics. Carry your own bags when shopping. Recycle all your plastics. Keep it away from the landfill and
away from the ocean.
It may seem like a small effort but it’s not. Together, we can drastically lower our plastic wastes.
When there’s less demand for plastic, there will be a decrease in production too. This is your power as a
consumer! You can lessen the demand.
We have created a world littered with plastics in 60 years. With all our technology and with our increasing
awareness, we can still turn it around and prevent our children from inheriting a plastic Earth.

WATER POLLUTION DUE TO PLASTIC WASTE

Every drop of water that will ever exist on our planet is already here so our actions have an impact.
Plastic – which takes decades or even hundreds of years to decompose – poses a threat to our water supplies
and water quality in a variety of ways. Plastic pollution from discarded water bottles, polystyrene coffee cups,
grocery bags, synthetic clothing fibber, and other waste breaks down into tiny bits of plastic no bigger than the
period at the end of this sentence.
Banning single-use plastic bags with local ordinances or a state law is pivotal to improving the health of our
waterways. Creating new habits, where people bring reusable bags to stores, is essential to stop the estimated
4.5 billion plastic bags given out each year in New Jersey.

Banning single-use plastic bags with local ordinances or a state law is pivotal to improving the health
of our waterways. Creating new habits, where people bring reusable bags to stores, is essential to stop the
estimated 4.5 billion plastic bags given out each year in New Jersey.

Micro plastics have been detected in water around the world, including our streams, rivers, lakes and
oceans. In these waterways, the micro plastics end up in the water we drink and the fish we eat, including
shellfish.

Since last summer when Gov. Phil Murphy vetoed a state-wide ban on plastic bags in favour of
waiting for stronger legislation, more than 50 New Jersey municipalities have passed local regulations to cut
the use of single-use plastic bags and other plastic waste such as straws, balloons and Styrofoam containers.

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SOIL POLLUTION DUE TO PLASTIC WASTES

The millions of tons of plastic swirling around the world’s oceans have garnered a lot of media
attention recently. But plastic pollution arguably poses a bigger threat to the plants and animals – including
humans – who are based on land.

Very little of the plastic we discard every day is recycled or incinerated in waste-to-energy facilities.
Much of it ends up in landfills, where it may take up to 1,000 years to decompose, leaching potentially toxic
substances into the soil and water.

Researchers in Germanyare warningthat the impact of micro plastics in soils, sediments and
freshwater could have a longterm negative effect on such ecosystems. They say terrestrial micro plastic
pollution is much higher than marine micro plastic pollution – estimated at four to 23 times higher,
depending on the environment.

SEWAGE
Sewage is an important factor in the distribution of micro plastics. In fact, between 80 per cent and 90
per cent of the plastic particles contained in sewage, such as from garment fibres, persist in the sludge, says
the study. Sewage sludge is often applied to fields as fertilizer, meaning that several thousand tons of micro
plastics end up in our soils each year. Micro plastics can even be found in tap water.

Moreover, the surfaces of tiny fragments of plastic may carry disease-causing organisms and act as
a vector for diseases in the environment. Micro plastics can also interact with soil fauna, affecting their
health and soil functions. “Earthworms, for example, make their burrows differently when micro plastics
are present in the soil, affecting the earthworm's fitness and the soil condition,” says an in Science Daily
about the research.

Chlorinated plastic can release harmful chemicals into the surrounding soil, which can then seep
into groundwater or other surrounding water sources, and also the ecosystem. This can cause a range of
potentially harmful effects on the species that drink the water.

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 OCCEAN POLLUTION DUE TO PLASTIC WASTE
We're surrounded by plastic. It’s in the single-use packaging we discard, the consumer goods that fill
our stores, and in our clothing, which sheds micro plastic fibbers in the wash.
In the first decade of this century, we made more plastic than all the plastic in history up to the year
2000. And every year, billions of pounds of more plastic end up in the world's oceans. Studies estimate there
are now 15–51 trillionpieces of plastic in the world's oceans — from the equator to the poles, from Arctic ice
sheets to the sea floor. Not one square mile of surface ocean anywhere on earth is free of plastic pollution.
The problem is growing into a crisis. The fossil fuel industry plans to increase plastic production by
40 percent over the next decade. These oil giants are rapidly building petrochemical plants across th e United
States to turn fracked gas into plastic. This means more toxic air pollution and plastic in our oceans.
We need urgent action to address the global plastic pollution epidemic.
Unfortunately, plastic is so durable that the EPA reports “every bit of plastic ever made still exists.”
All five of the Earth's major ocean gyres are inundated with plastic pollution. The largest one has been dubbed
the Great Pacific Garbage Patch.

THE GREAT PACIFIC GARBAGE PATCH

The Great Pacific Garbage Patch is a gyre of plastic debris in the north-central Pacific Ocean. It’s the
largest accumulation of plastic in the world. Just how big is it? Using the map below, click and drag around
the garbage patch (shown in red.) If you’re on mobile, zoom in and use two fingers to drag more easily.
Thousands of animals, from small finches to blue whales, die grisly deaths from eating and getting caught in
plastic.

• Fish in the North Pacific ingest 12,000 to 24,000 tons of plastic each year, which can cause intestinal
injury and death and transfers plastic up the food chain to bigger fish, marine mammals and human seafood
eaters. A recent study found that a quarter of fish at markets in California contained plastic in their guts,
mostly in the form of plastic microfibers.

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• Sea turtles can mistake floating plastic
garbage for food. They can choke, sustain
internal injury and die — or starve by
thinking they’re full from eating plastic.
Tragically, research indicates that half of
sea turtles worldwide have ingested
plastic. New studies find plastic pollution
is so pervasive on many beaches that its
affecting their reproduction.
• Hundreds of thousands of ingest plastic
every year. Plastic ingestion reduces the
storage volume of the stomach, causing
starvation. It’s estimated that 60 percent
of all seabird species have eaten pieces of
plastic, with that number predicted to increase to 99 percent by 2050. Dead seabirds are often found with
stomachs full of plastic, reflecting how the amount of garbage in our oceans has rapidly increased in the
past 40 years.
• Marine mammals ingest, and get tangled up in, plastic. Large amounts of plastic debris have been found
in the habitat of critically endangered Hawaiian monk seals, including in areas that serve as pup nurseries.
Entanglement in plastic debris has also led to injury and mortality in the endangered Steller sea lion, with
packing bands the most common entangling material.
Dead whales have been found with bellies full of plastic.

FIGHTING OCEAN PLASTIC POLLUTION

The Centre for Biological Diversity is tackling this problem on multiple fronts. We the U.S.
Environmental Protection Agency asking the government to regulate plastics as a pollutant under the Clean
Water Act and will keep pushing for plastic pollution to be treated as the hazardous waste that it is.
We’ve sued companies that turn plastic into consumer goods to better control their runoff. We’re challenging
the permits needed to build those new ethane cracker plants and organizing grassroots resistance to stop them
There’s still a lot of work to do, but we’re committed to the long struggle to reduce ocean plastic pollution.

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