Professional Documents
Culture Documents
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE
Remedies of the offended party if the motion to quash on that ground has
prosecutor refuses to file an been denied.
information:
1. file an action for mandamus, in Section 2. Form of the complaint or
case of grave abuse of information.
discretion;
2. lodge a new complaint before FORM
the court having jurisdiction over 1. In writing;
the offense; 2. In the name of the People of the
3. take up the matter with the Philippines; and
Secretary of Justice in 3. Against all persons who appear
accordance with the Rev. to be responsible for the offense
Administrative Code; involved.
4. institute an administrative Section 3. Complaint defined.
charges against the erring
prosecutor; and A Complaint is:
5. file criminal action against the 1. a sworn written statement;
prosecutor with the 2. charging a person with an
corresponding civil action for offense;
damages. 3. subscribed by the offended
party, any peace officer or other
May Injunction Issue to Restrain public officer charged with the
Criminal Prosecution? enforcement of the law violated.
GENERAL RULE: Criminal prosecutions
may NOT be restrained or stayed by The complaint mentioned in this section
injunction, preliminary or final. The refers to one filed in court for the
reason being, public interest requires commencement of a criminal
that criminal acts be immediately prosecution for violation of a crime,
investigated and prosecuted for the usually cognizable by municipal trial
protection of the society (Domingo vs. courts as well as to a complaint filed by
Sandiganbayan, 322 SCRA 655). an offended party in private crimes or
EXCEPTIONS: those which cannot be prosecuted de
1. To afford adequate protection to the officio.
constitutional rights of the accused;
2. When necessary for the orderly REQUISITES OF A COMPLAINT:
administration of justice or to avoid 1. it must be in writing and under
oppression or multiplicity of actions; oath;
3. When there is a prejudicial question 2. it must be in the name of the
which is subjudice; People of the Philippines;
4. When the acts of the officer are 3. it must charge a person with an
without or in excess of authority; offense; and
5. When the prosecution is under an 4. it must be subscribed by the
invalid law, ordinance or regulation; offended party, by any peace
6. When double jeopardy is clearly officer or public officer charged
apparent; with the enforcement of the law
7. When the court had no jurisdiction violated.
over the offense;
8. When it is a case of persecution PERSONS WHO CAN FILE A COMPLAINT
rather than prosecution; 1. Offended party
9. When the charges are manifestly 2. Any peace officer
false and motivated by lust for 3. Other public officer charged
vengeance; and with the enforcement of the law
10. When there is clearly no prima facie violated
case against the accused and a
ex. Internal Revenue Officer for prosecuted under the direction and
violation of the NIRC, custom control of the prosecutor.
agents with respect to violations
of the Tariff and Customs Code A PRIVATE PROSECUTOR may be
authorized to prosecute a criminal
Section 4. Information defined. action subject to the following
conditions:
An Information is: 1. the public prosecutor has a
1. an accusation in writing; heavy work schedule, or there is
2. charging a person with an no public prosecutor assigned in
offense; the province or city;
3. subscribed by the prosecutor and 2. the private prosecutor is
filed with the court. authorized IN WRITING by the
Regional State Prosecutor (RSP),
REQUISITES OF AN INFORMATION Provincial or City Prosecutor;
1. it must be in writing; 3. the authority of the private
2. it must charge a person with an prosecutor must be approved by
offense; the court;
3. it must be subscribed by the 4. the private prosecutor shall
fiscal; and continue to prosecute the case
4. it must be filed in court. until the end of the trial unless
the authority is withdrawn or
COMPLAINT INFORMATION otherwise revoked by the RSP,
Subscribed by the Subscribed by the Provincial or City Prosecutor;
offended party, any fiscal and
peace officer or other (indispensable 5. In case of the withdrawal or
officer charged with requirement) revocation of the authority of
the enforcement of the private prosecutor, the same
the law violated must be approved by court.
it may be filed either it is filed with the (Memo Circ. No. 25, April 26,
in court or in the court 2002, Regarding Amendment to
prosecutor’s office Sec. 5, Rule 110)
must be made under need not be under
oath oath In appeals before the CA and the SC, it is
only the Solicitor General that is
Prosecution in the RTC are always authorized to bring and defend actions in
commenced by information, EXCEPT: behalf of the People of the Philippines
1. in certain crimes against chastity (People vs. Nano, 205 SCRA 155).
(concubinage, adultery,
seduction, abduction, acts of In all cases elevated to the
lasciviousness); and Sandiganbayan and from the
2. defamations imputing any of the Sandiganbayan to the SC, the Office of
aforesaid offenses wherein a the Ombudsman, through its Special
sworn written complaint is Prosecutor shall represent the People of
required in accordance with the Philippines, EXCEPT in cases filed
section 5 of this Rule. pursuant to E.O. Nos. 1, 2, 14 and 14-A,
issued in 1986 (Sec. 4, RA 8249).
Section 5. Who must prosecute
criminal actions. PROSECUTION OF CRIMES AGAINST
FULL DISCRETION AND CONTROL OF CHASTITY
THE PROSECUTOR
All criminal actions commenced by a WHO MAY PROSECUTE
complaint or information shall be 1. Concubinage and adultery – only by
the offended spouse who should
have the status, capacity, and legal c) if the offended woman is of age
representation at the time of filing and not otherwise incapacitated,
of the complaint, regardless of age; only she can extend a valid
2. Seduction, Abduction and Acts of pardon.
Lasciviousness – prosecuted
exclusively and successively by the The pardon refers to pardon BEFORE
following persons in this order: filing of the criminal complaint in court.
a) by the offended woman Pardon effected after the filing of the
b) by the parents, grandparents or complaint in court does NOT prohibit the
legal/judicial guardians in that continuance of the prosecution of the
successive order offense EXCEPT in case of marriage
c) by the State in the exercise of between the offender and the offended
the right of parens patriae, party.
when the offended party dies or
becomes incapacitated before PARDON vs. CONSENT
she could file the complaint and Consent refers to future acts, while
she has no known parents, pardon refers to past acts of adultery.
grandparents or guardian. The importance of this distinction is that
3. A defamation imputing to a person consent, in order to absolve the accused
any of the foregoing crimes of from liability, is sufficient even if
concubinage, adultery, seduction, granted only to the offending spouse,
abduction, rape or acts of whereas pardon must be extended to
lasciviousness can be prosecuted both offenders
only by the party or parties defamed
(Article 360, last par., Revised Penal The SUBSEQUENT MARRIAGE between the
Code). offended party and the accused
extinguishes the criminal liability of the
If the offended party is of legal age AND latter, together with that of the co-
does not suffer from physical or mental principals, accomplices and accessories.
disability, she alone can file the EXCEPT:
complaint to the exclusion of all others. 1. where the marriage was invalid
or contracted in bad faith in
WHO CAN GIVE PARDON order to escape criminal
1. Concubinage and adultery - only liability,
the offended spouse, not otherwise 2. in “private libel”
incapacitated, can validly extend the 3. in multiple rape, insofar as the
pardon or consent contemplated other accused in the other acts
therein. of rape respectively committed
2. Seduction, abduction, and acts of by them are concerned.
lasciviousness –
a) the offended minor, if with The ACQUITTAL OR DEATH of one of
sufficient discretion, can validly the accused in the crime of adultery
pardon the accused by herself if does not bar the prosecution of the
she has no parents or where the other accused (People vs. Topiño, et al.,
accused is her own father and 35 Phil. 901). HOWEVER, the death of
her mother is dead; the offended spouse before the filing of
b) the parents, grandparents or the complaint for adultery bars further
guardian of the offended minor, prosecution, BUT if the offended spouse
in that order, CANNOT extend a died after the filing of the corresponding
valid pardon in said crimes complaint, his death will NOT prevent
WITHOUT the conformity of the the proceeding from continuing to its
offended party, even if the ultimate conclusion.
latter is a minor;
Limitation on the rule that an accused Section 10. Place of commission of the
may be convicted of a crime which is offense
more serious than that named in the
title so long as the facts alleged the PURPOSE
more serious offense: To show territorial jurisdiction.
An accused could not be convicted under Section 11. Date of commission of the
one act when he is charged with a offense
violation of another if the change from
one statute to the other involves: GENERAL RULE:
a) a change in the theory of the It is NOT required that the complaint or
trial; information state with particularity the
b) requires of the defendant a PLACE where the crime was committed
different defense; or and the DATE of the commission of the
c) surprises the accused in any way crime.
(U.S. vs. Panlilio, 28 Phil. 603) EXCEPTION:
. If the PLACE/DATE of the commission of
Section 9. Cause of the accusation. the offense constitutes an essential
element of the offense.
PURPOSE
1. to enable the court to pronounce Section 12. Name of the offended party
proper judgment;
2. to furnish the accused with such GENERAL RULE: The offended party
a description of the charge as to must be designated by name, nickname,
enable him to make a defense; any other appellation or by fictitious
3. as a protection against further name.
prosecution for the same cause. EXCEPTION: In crimes against property,
the description of the property must
RULE ON NEGATIVE AVERMENTS supplement the allegation that the
GENERAL RULE: Where the statute owner is unknown.
penalizes generally the acts therein
defined and is intended to apply to all Section 13. Duplicity of offense.
persons indiscriminately, the information
is sufficient even if does not allege that There is duplicity when the complaint or
the accused falls within the excepted information charges 2 or more DISTINCT
situation, for then the complete or DIFFERENT offenses.
definition of the offense is entirely
separable from the exceptions and can GENERAL RULE:
be made without reference to the latter. A complaint or information must charge
In this case, the exception is a matter of only one offense.
defense which the accused has to prove. EXCEPTIONS:
1. Complex crimes
EXCEPTION: Where the statute alleged 2. Special Complex crimes
to have been violated applies only to a 3. Continuous crimes or delicto
specific class of persons and to special continuado
conditions, the information must allege 4. Crimes of which another offense
facts establishing that the accused falls is an ingredient
within the specific class affected and not
those affected from the coverage of law. Should there be duplicity of offense in
Where negative averment is an essential the information, the accused must move
element of the crime, it must be proved. for the quashal of the same BEFORE
arraignment
civil liability is instituted in the criminal Civil Code which can be prosecuted even
action pursuant to Rule 111. without reservation.
In BP 22 cases, no reservation to file
EXCEPTIONS: the civil action separately shall be
1. Where from the nature of the allowed.
crime and the law defining and
punishing it, NO civil liability RULES ON FILING FEES OF CIVIL ACTION
arises in favor of the offended DEEMED INSTITUTED WITH THE
party; and CRIMINAL ACTION
2. Where the offended party has 1. NO filing fees are required for
waived his right to civil amounts of ACTUAL DAMAGES,
indemnity OR has expressly EXCEPT with respect to criminal
reserved his right to institute a actions for violation of BP 22, in
civil action OR has already which case, the offended party
instituted said action. shall pay in full the filing fees
based on the face value of the
check as the actual damages;
RULE 111 2. Damages other than actual
PROSECUTION OF CIVIL ACTIONS (moral, exemplary and other
damages) if specified in the
Section 1. Institution of criminal and complaint or information, the
civil actions. corresponding filing fees shall be
paid, otherwise the court will
GENERAL RULE: not acquire jurisdiction over
When a criminal action is instituted, the such damages;
civil action for the recovery of civil 3. Where moral, exemplary and
liability arising from the offense shall be other damages are NOT specified
deemed instituted with the criminal in the complaint or information,
action. the grant and amount thereof
EXCEPTIONS: are left to the sound discretion
1. when the offended party WAIVES of the trial court, the
the civil action corresponding filing fees need
2. when the offended party not be paid and shall simply
RESERVES his right to institute a constitute a first lien on the
separate civil action judgment.
3. when offended party INSTITUTES
A CIVIL ACTION PRIOR to the Counterclaims, cross-claims, third
criminal action. party complaints are no longer allowed
in a criminal proceeding. Any claim
WHEN RESERVATION SHALL BE MADE which could have been the subject
1. before the prosecution starts to thereof may be litigated in a separate
present its evidence and civil action.
2. under circumstances affording
the offended party to a Section 2. When separate civil action is
reasonable opportunity to make suspended.
such reservation.
PRIMACY OF CRIMINAL ACTION OVER
ONLY the civil liability arising from CIVIL ACTION
the crime charged as a felony is now 1. After the filing of the criminal
deemed instituted. Civil liability arising action, the civil action which has
from other sources of obligations are no been reserved CANNOT be
longer deemed instituted like those instituted until final judgment
under Article 32, 33, 34 and 2176 of the has been rendered in the
criminal action.
proper substitution or against said crime has been committed and that the
estate, as the case may be. respondent is probably guilty thereof,
and should be held for trial. (Sec. 1,
Section 7. Elements of prejudicial Rule 112)
question.
Preliminary Investigation is required to
Prejudicial Question - that which arises be conducted BEFORE the filing of a
in a case, the resolution of which is the complaint or information for an offense
logical antecedent of the issue involved where the penalty prescribed by law is
therein, and the cognizance of which at least 4 years, 2 months and 1 day
pertains to another tribunal. It must be without regard to the fine.
determinative of the case before the
court but the jurisdiction to try and There is NO right of preliminary
resolve the question must be lodged in investigation under Section 7, Rule 112
another court or tribunal. when a person is LAWFULLY arrested
unless there is a waiver of the provisions
Rationale: to avoid two conflicting of Article 125 of the Revised Penal Code.
decisions.
HOWEVER, the accused can ask for
ELEMENTS OF A PREJUDICIAL Preliminary Investigation in the following
QUESTION cases:
1. The civil action must be 1. if a person is arrested, he can
instituted prior to the criminal ask for preliminary investigation
action. BEFORE the filing of the
2. The civil action involves an issue complaint/information BUT he
similar or intimately related to must sign a waiver in accordance
the issue raised in the criminal with Article 125, RPC.
action. 2. AFTER the filing of the
3. The resolution of such issue information/complaint, the
determines whether or not the accused may, within 5 days from
criminal action may proceed. the time he learns of its filing
ask for preliminary investigation.
WHERE TO FILE PETITION FOR
SUSPENSION BY REASON OF PURPOSES
PREJUDICIAL QUESTION 1. to determine whether a crime
1. Office of the prosecutor; or has been committed and
2. court conducting the preliminary whether there is probable cause
investigation; or to believe that the accused is
3. court where the criminal action guilty thereof;
has been filed for trial at any 2. to preserve evidence and keep
time before the prosecution the witnesses within the control
rests. of the State;
3. to determine the amount of bail,
if the offense is bailable.
RULE 112
PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION PRELIMINARY INVESTIGATION:
PERSONAL STATUTORY RIGHT
Section 1. Preliminary Investigation The right to preliminary investigation is
defined; when required. a personal right covered by statute and
may be waived expressly or by
Preliminary Investigation - is an inquiry implication.
or proceeding to determine whether
there exists sufficient ground to Absence of preliminary investigation
engender a well-founded belief that a does not affect the jurisdiction of the
The Rules do not require the presence of In either situation, the MTC is
the respondent in the Preliminary authorized to issue a warrant of arrest if
Investigation, what is required is that he there is necessity of placing the
be given the opportunity to controvert respondent under immediate custody, in
the evidence of the complainant by order not to frustrate the ends of
submitting counter-affidavits. justice.
INSTANCES WHEN WARRANT OF ARREST the accused until the prosecutor shall
NOT NECESSARY have conducted and made a report on
1. if the accused is already under the result of such reinvestigation.
detention;
2. if the complaint or information The right to bail pending Preliminary
was filed after the accused was Investigation under Section 7, Rule 112,
lawfully arrested without a person lawfully arrested may post bail
warrant; before the filing of the information or
3. if the offense is punishable by even after its filing without waiving his
fine only. right to preliminary investigation,
provided that he asks for a preliminary
Section 7. When accused lawfully investigation by the proper officer within
arrested without warrant. the period fixed in the said rule (People
vs. Court of Appeals, May 29, 1995).
TWO SITUATIONS CONTEMPLATED
UNDER THIS RULE: Section 8. Records
1. When a person is lawfully
arrested without a warrant for Records of the preliminary investigation
an offense requiring a shall NOT automatically form part of the
preliminary investigation (sec. 1, records of the case. Courts are not
Rule 112) and no complaint or compelled to take judicial notice
information has yet been filed, thereof. It must be introduced as an
he may ask for a preliminary evidence.
investigation by signing a waiver
of the provisions of Art. 125 of Section 9. Cases not requiring a
the RPC in the presence of his preliminary investigation nor covered
counsel. by the Rule on Summary Procedure.
2. When the complaint or
information was filed without PROCEDURE TO BE FOLLOWED IN CASES
preliminary investigation, the WHICH DO NOT REQUIRE PRELIMINARY
accused may, within 5 days from INVESTIGATION
the time he learns of the filing
of the information, ask for a 1. Evaluate the evidence presented
preliminary investigation with 2. Conduct searching questions or
the same right to adduce answers
evidence in his favor in the 3. Require the submission of
manner prescribed in this Rule. additional evidence
The 5-day period is MANDATORY, failure For cases under the Revised Rules on
to file the motion within the said period Summary Procedure, no warrant shall be
amounts to waiver of the right to ask for issued except where the accused fails to
preliminary investigation. appear after being summoned.
Where the information was amended If the complaint is filed with the
without a new preliminary investigation prosecutor involving an offense
having been conducted, the 5-day period punishable by imprisonment of less than
is computed from the time the accused 4 years, 2 months and 1 day, the
learns of the filing of said amended procedure in Rule 112, Section 3 (a) shall
information. be observed.
Where the trial court has granted a If the complaint is filed with the MTC,
motion for reinvestigation, it must hold the same procedure under Rule 112,
in abeyance the arraignment and trial of Section 3 (a) shall be observed.
the
Sec. 9 The private 1. when Section 12. Right to break out of the
person shall the person to building or enclosure to effect release.
inform the be arrested is
person to be engaged in the A private person making an arrest
arrested of commission of CANNOT break in or out of a building or
the intention an offense or enclosure because only officers are
to arrest him is pursued allowed by law to do so.
and the cause immediately
of the arrest. its Section 13. Arrest after escape or
commission; rescue.
Note: Private 2. when
person must he has Where a person lawfully arrested
deliver the escaped, flees, escapes or is rescued, any person may
arrested or forcibly immediately pursue or retake him
person to the resists before without a warrant at any time and in any
nearest police the officer has place within the country. The pursuit
station or jail, an opportunity must be immediate.
otherwise, he to so inform
may be held him; and Section 14. Right of Attorney or
criminally 3. when relative to visit person arrested.
liable for the giving of
illegal such RA 7438 defined certain rights of persons
detention. information arrested, detained, or under custodial
will imperil the investigation, with the penalties for
arrest. violations thereof.
The guidelines provided for in Section 9, INSTANCES WHEN BAIL BOND CAN BE
Rule 114, in fixing the amount of bail are CANCELLED
The duty of the court to appoint a RIGHT OF THE ACCUSED AGAINST SELF-
counsel de oficio when the accused has INCRIMINATION VS. RIGHT OF THAT OF
no legal counsel of choice and desires to AN ORDINARY WITNESS
employ the services of one is The ordinary witness may be compelled
MANDATORY only at the time of to take the witness stand and claim the
arraignment. (Sec. 6 Rule 116) privilege as each question requiring an
incriminating answer is shot at him, an
accused may altogether refuse to take
the witness stand and refuse to answer 2. Unreasonable delay of the trial
any and all questions. of a criminal case as to make the
detention of defendant illegal
G. RIGHT TO CONFRONT AND CROSS- gives ground for habeas corpus
EXAMINE THE WITNESSES AGAINST HIM as a remedy for obtaining
AT TRIAL release so as to avoid detention
for a reasonable period of time
Confrontation is the act of setting a 3. Accused would be entitled to
witness face-to-face with the accused so relief in a mandamus proceeding
that the latter may make any objection to compel the dismissal of the
he has to the witness, and the witness information.
may identify the accused, and this must
take place in the presence of the court IMPARTIAL TRIAL
having jurisdiction to permit the Due process of law requires a hearing
privilege of cross-examination. before an impartial and disinterested
tribunal, and that every litigant is
The main purpose of the right to entitled to nothing less than the cold
confrontation is to secure the neutrality of an impartial judge. (Mateo,
opportunity of cross-examination and the Jr. vs. Villaluz, 50 SCRA 180)
secondary purpose is to enable the judge
to observe the demeanor of witnesses. Public trial – one held openly or
publicly; it is sufficient that the relatives
In any criminal proceeding, the and friends who want to watch the
defendant enjoys the right to have proceedings are given the opportunity to
compulsory process to secure the witness the proceedings.
attendance of witnesses and the
production of evidence in his behalf. EXCLUSION OF THE PUBLIC IS VALID
WHEN:
H. RIGHT TO SPEEDY, IMPARTIAL AND 1. evidence to be produced is
PUBLIC TRIAL offensive to decency or public
The right to a speedy trial is intended to morals;
avoid oppression and to prevent delay by 2. upon motion of the accused;
imposing on the courts and on the (Sec. 21, Rule 119)
prosecution an obligation to proceed
with reasonable dispatch. RULE ON TRIAL BY PUBLICITY
The right of the accused to a fair trial is
The courts, in determining whether the not incompatible to a free press.
right of the accused to a speedy trial has Pervasive publicity is not per se as
been denied, should consider such facts prejudicial to the right to a fair trial. To
as the length of the delay, the accused’s warrant a finding of prejudicial
assertion or non-assertion of his right, publicity, there must be allegations and
and the prejudice to the accused proof that the judges have been unduly
resulting from the delay. influenced, not simply that they might
be, by the barrage of publicity. (People
There is NO violation of the right where vs. Teehankee, 249 SCRA 54)
the delay is imputable to the accused.
(Solis vs. Agloro, 64 SCRA 370) I. RIGHT TO APPEAL ON ALL
CASES ALLOWED BY LAW AND IN THE
REMEDIES AVAILABLE TO THE ACCUSED MANNER PRESCRIBED BY LAW.
WHEN HIS RIGHT TO A SPEEDY TRIAL IS The right to appeal from a judgment of
VIOLATED conviction is fundamentally of statutory
1. He should ask for the trial of the origin. It is not a matter of absolute
case not for the dismissal; right, independently of constitutional or
2. If the motion to quash is sustained The denial by the trial court of a motion
upon any of the following grounds: to quash CANNOT be the subject of a
a) that a criminal action or petition for certiorari, prohibition or
liability has been mandamus in another court of
extinguished; coordinate rank.
b) that it contains averments
which, if true, would
constitute a legal excuse or
justification; or
c) that the accused has been
previously convicted or Section 6. Order sustaining the motion
acquitted of the offense to quash not a bar to another
charged, prosecution.
the court must state, in its order
granting the motion, the release A motion SUSTAINING the motion to
of the accused if he is in custody quash is NOT a bar to another
or the cancellation of his bond if prosecution for the same offense
he is on bail. UNLESS:
1. the motion was based on the
3. If the ground upon which the ground that the criminal action
motion to quash was sustained is or liability has been
that the court has NO extinguished, AND
jurisdiction over the offense, the 2. that the accused has been
better practice is for the court previously convicted or in
to remand or forward the case to jeopardy of being convicted or
the proper court, not to quash acquitted of the offense
the complaint or information. charged.
The court may impose proper sanctions Section 2. Continuous trial until
and penalties for non-appearance at pre- terminated; postponements.
trial conference by the counsel for the
accused or the prosecutor without CONTINUOUS TRIAL SYSTEM
acceptable excuse. Trial once commenced shall continue
from day to day as far as practicable
The sanctions or penalty may be in the until terminated; but it may be
form of reprimand, fine or postponed for a reasonable period of
imprisonment. Inasmuch as this is similar time for good cause.
to indirect contempt of court, the
penalty for indirect contempt may be LIMITATION OF THE TRIAL PERIOD
imposed. It shall in no case exceed 180 days from
the first day of the trial, except as
PURPOSE otherwise provided by the Supreme
To enforce the mandatory requirement Court.
of pre-trial in criminal cases.
Requisites before a trial can be put-off
The accused is not the one compelled to on account of the absence of a witness:
appear, but only the counsel for the 1. that the witness is material and
accused or the prosecutor. The principal appears to the court to be so
reason why accused is not included in 2. that the party who applies has
the mandatory appearance is the fear been guilty of no neglect
that to include him is to violate his 3. that the witnesses can be had at
constitutional right to remain silent. the time to which the trial is
deferred and incidentally that no
Section 4. Pre-trial order. similar evidence could be
obtained
After the pre-trial, the court issues an 4. that an affidavit showing the
order reciting actions taken, facts existence of the above
stipulated and evidence marked, and circumstances must be filed.
thereafter the trial on the merits will
proceed on matters not disposed of Remedies of accused where a
during the pre-trial. prosecuting officer without good cause
secures postponements of the trial of a
To prevent manifest injustice, however, defendant against his protest beyond a
the pre-trial order may be modified by reasonable period of time:
the court, upon its own initiative or at 1. mandamus to compel a dismissal
the instance of any party. of the information
2. if he is restrained of his liberty,
by habeas corpus to obtain his
testimony of one accused imputing the fails to keep his part of the
crime to his co-accused is not admissible agreement, his confession of his
against the latter. In joint trial, it would be participation in the commission
admissible if the latter had the opportunity of the crime is admissible as
for cross-examination. evidence against him.
Section 17. Discharge of accused to be Section 19. When mistake has been
state witness. made in charging the proper offense.
The prosecutor cannot ask for the New trial - the rehearing of a case
modification or setting aside of a already decided but before the judgment
judgment of conviction because the rules of conviction therein rendered has
clearly provide that a judgment of become final, whereby errors of law or
conviction may be modified or set aside irregularities are expunged from the
by the court rendering upon motion of record or new evidence is introduced, or
the accused. both steps are taken.
The trial court can validly amend the A motion for new trial or reconsideration
civil portion of its decision within 15 should be filed with the trial court
days from promulgation thereof even within 15 days from the promulgation of
though the appeal had in the meantime the judgment and interrupts the period
already been perfected by the accused for perfecting an appeal from the time
from judgment of conviction. of its filing until notice of the order
overruling the motion shall have been
The trial court may lose jurisdiction over served upon the accused or his counsel.
the judgment even BEFORE the lapse of A motion for the reconsideration of the
15 days: judgment may be filed in order to
1. when the defendant voluntarily correct errors of law or fact in the
submits to the execution of the judgment. It does not require any
judgment; further proceeding.
2. when the defendant perfects his
appeal; A new trial be granted at any time
3. when the accused withdraws his before the judgment of conviction
appeal; becomes final:
4. when the accused expressly 1. on motion of the accused
waives in writing his right to 2. on motion of the court but with the
appeal; consent of the accused
5. when the accused files a petition
for probation. The award of new trial or taking of
additional evidence rests upon the sound
Section 8. Entry of judgment. discretion of the court. (People vs.
Acosta, 98 Phil. 642)
The final judgment of the court is
carried into effect by a process called Once the appeal is perfected, the trial
“mittimus”. court steps out of the case and the
appellate court steps in. Should it come
Mittimus - A process issued by the court to pass then that during the pendency of
after conviction to carry out the final the appeal, new and material evidence,
for example, have been discovered, the 3. that it is material not merely
accused may file a motion for new trial cumulative, corroborative or
with the appellate court. impeaching; and
4. the evidence is of such a weight
Cases when the trial court lose that it would probably change
jurisdiction over its sentence even the judgment if admitted.
before the lapse of 15 days:
Mistakes or errors of counsel in the
1. When the defendant voluntarily conduct of his case are not grounds for
submits to the execution of the new trial. This rule is the same whether
sentence the mistakes are the result of ignorance,
2. When the defendant perfects his inexperience, or incompetence. (U.S. vs.
appeal. The moment the appeal Umali, 15 Phil. 37)
is perfected the court a quo
loses jurisdiction over it, except If the incompetence, ignorance or
for the purpose of correcting inexperience of counsel is so great and
clerical errors. the error committed as a result thereof
is so serious that the client, who
New Trial Reopening of the otherwise has a good cause, is
case prejudiced and denied his day in court,
Filed after judgment made by the court the litigation may be reopened to give
is rendered but before the judgment the client another chance to present his
before the finality is rendered in the case.
thereof exercise of sound
discretion Section 3. Grounds for reconsideration.
At the instance or does not require the
with the consent of consent of the Grounds of motion for reconsideration
the accused accused; may be at 1. errors of law;
the instance of either 2. errors of fact in the judgment,
party who can which require no further
thereafter present proceedings.
additional evidence
The principle underlying this rule is to
Section 2. Grounds for new trial. afford the trial court the opportunity to
correct its own mistakes and to avoid
GROUNDS FOR A NEW TRIAL IN unnecessary appeals from being taken.
CRIMINAL CASES: The grant by the court of
1. errors of law or irregularities reconsideration should require no further
committed during the trial proceedings, such as the taking of
prejudicial to the substantial additional proof.
rights of the accused.
2. new and material evidence Section 4. Form of motion and notice
discovered. to the prosecutor.
REQUISITES BEFORE A NEW TRIAL MAY Requisites for a motion for new trial or
BE GRANTED ON THE GROUND OF reconsideration: The motion for a new
NEWLY DISCOVERED EVIDENCE: trial or reconsideration shall be:
1. that the evidence was 1. in writing
discovered after trial; 2. filed with the court
2. that such evidence could not 3. State grounds on which it is
have been discovered and based
produced at the trial even with 4. If the motion for new trial is
the exercise of reasonable based on a newly discovered
diligence; evidence, it must be supported
PURPOSE
To determine whether the new trial RULE 122
requested should be granted or not. It is APPEAL
not the new trial proper where newly
discovered evidence, for example will be Section 1. Who may appeal.
received by the court. (Pamaran, p. 608)
Any party may appeal from a judgment
Section 6. Effects of granting a new or final order, UNLESS the accused will
trial or reconsideration. be placed in double jeopardy.
Within 5 days from the filing of the Duties of the clerk of the trial court to
notice of appeal, the clerk of the court the appellant who is confined in prison
with whom the notice of appeal was upon the presentation of notice of
filed must transmit to the clerk of court appeal:
of the appellate court the complete 1. he shall ascertain from the
record of the case, together with said appellant, whether he desires
notice. the Court of Appeals or the
Supreme Court to appoint an
Section 10. Transmission of records in attorney to defend him de
case of death penalty. oficio;
2. he shall transmit with the
In case of death penalty, the records record, upon a form to be
shall be forwarded to the Court of prepared by the clerk of the
Appeals for automatic review and appellate court, a certificate of
judgment, within 20 days but not earlier compliance with this duty of the
response of the appellant to his 7 copies of the brief shall be filed within
inquiry. 30 days from receipt by the appellant or
Issues that were never raised in the It is discretionary for the appellate court
proceedings before the trial court cannot whether to order a hearing of the case
be considered and passed upon on before it or decide the appeal solely on
appeal. the evidence submitted to the trial
court.
Section 8. Dismissal of appeal for
abandonment or failure to prosecute. If the Court of Appeals chose not to hear
the case, the Justices composing the
GROUNDS FOR DISMISSAL OF APPEALS division may just deliberate on the case,
1. Failure on the part of the evaluate the recorded evidence on hand
appellant to file brief within the and then decide it.
reglementary period, except
when he is represented by a Section 10. Judgment not to be
counsel de oficio; reversed or modified except for
2. Escape of the appellant from substantial error.
prison or confinement;
3. When the appellant jumps bail; GENERAL RULE:
and The findings of the judge who tried the
4. Flight of the appellant to a case and heard the witnesses are not
foreign country during the disturbed on appeal.
pendency of the appeal. EXCEPTION:
When it is shown that the trial court has
DISMISSAL OF APPEAL; NEED OF NOTICE overlooked certain facts of substance
TO APPELLANT and value that, if considered, might
The Court of Appeals may dismiss motu affect the result of the case. (People vs.
propio or on motion by appellee an Cabiling, 74 SCRA 285)
appeal for failure on the part of the
appellant to file his brief on time, BUT it The reversal of judgments entered in the
must have a notice served upon the court below is prohibited, EXCEPT for
appellant of the action to be taken by prejudicial error – that which tends to
said court before dismissing motu propio prejudice a substantial right of a party
the appeal. to the proceedings.
PURPOSE
Section 13. Quorum of the court; New questions CANNOT be presented for
certtification or appeal of case to the the first time on a motion for rehearing,
SC. especially where they are inconsistent
with positions taken on the original
a. Whenever the Court of hearing, or waived on the original
Appeals finds that the submission of the case.
penalty of death should be
imposed, the court shall A second motion for rehearing or
render judgment bur reconsideration of a final judgment or
REFRAIN from making an order is NOT allowed because if parties
entry of judgment and are allowed to file as many motions for
forthwith certify the case rehearing or reconsideration as their
and elevate its entire record discretion or caprice suits, the
to the SC for review. proceedings would become
b. In cases where the Court of undeterminable and unnecessarily
Appeals imposes reclusion voluminous.
perpetua, life imprisonment
or a lesser penalty, it shall The MITTIMUS is the final process of
render and enter judgment carrying into effect the decision of the
imposing such penalty. The appellate court and the transmittal
judgment may be appealed thereof to the court of origin is
to the SC by notice of appeal predicated upon the finality of the
filed with the Court of judgment. It shall be stayed during the
Appeals. (A.M. No. 00-5-03- pendency of the motion for rehearing or
SC, Oct. 15, 2004) reconsideration.
Section 14. Motion for new trial. A motion for reconsideration of its
judgment or final resolution shall be
Motion for new trial based on Newly resolved by the Court of Appeals within
Discovered Evidence may be filed at any 90 days from the time it is submitted for
time AFTER the appeal from the lower resolution, and no 2 nd motion for
court has been perfected AND BEFORE reconsideration for the same party shall
the judgment of the appellate court be entertained.
convicting the accused becomes final.
The copy of the entry serves as the Cases involving both questions of law
formal notice to the court from which and fact come within the jurisdiction of
the appeal was taken of the disposition the Court of Appeals.
of the case in the appellate court, so
that the judgment may be executed Appeal to the SC is NOT A MATTER OF
and/or placed or noted in the proper RIGHT, but a matter of sound judicial
file. discretion. The prescribed mode of
appeal is by certiorari.
Sec. 18. Application of certain rules in
civil to criminal cases. Section 2. Review of decisions of the
Court of Appeals.
The corresponding amendment was
made pursuant to the changes GENERAL RULE: Findings of fact in the
introduced under the 1997 Rules of CA is conclusive upon the SC
Procedure. EXCEPTIONS:
1. when the conclusion is a finding
Rule 47 (Annulment of Judgments of grounded entirely on
Final Judgment and Resolutions) DOES speculation, surmises or
NOT APPLY TO CRIMINAL CASES. The conjectures
appropriate remedy for lack of 2. when the inference made is
jurisdiction or extrinsic fraud is manifestly absurd, mistaken or
CERTIORARI (Rule 65) or HABEAS impossible
CORPUS (Rule 102). 3. when there is grave abuse of
discretion in the appreciation of
facts
RULE 125 4. when the judgment is
PROCEDURE IN THE SUPREME COURT premised on a misapprehension
of facts
Section 1. Uniform Procedure. 5. when the findings of fact are
The procedure in the Supreme Court in conflicting
original, as well as in appealed cases, is 6. when the Court of Appeals in
the same as in the Court of appeals, making its findings went beyond
EXCEPT when otherwise provided by the the issues of the case and the
Constitution or the law. same is contrary to the
admissions of both appellant and
A case may reach the Supreme Court in appellee
the following manner: 7. when certain material facts
1. automatic review and circumstances had been
overlooked which, if taken into described therein and bring it before the
account would after the result as court.
it would give rise to reasonable
doubt to acquit the accused. ELEMENTS OF SEARCH WARRANT:
1. order in writing
2. signed by the judge in the name
of the People of the Philippines
Question of law - when the doubt or 3. commanding a peace officer to
difference arises as to what the law is on search personal property
a certain state of facts. It must not 4. bring the property before the
involve an examination of the probative court
value of the evidence presented by the
litigants or any of them. NATURE OF SEARCH WARRANTS
Search warrants are in the nature of
Question of fact - when the doubt or criminal process and may be invoked
difference arises as to the truth or the only in furtherance of public
falsehood of alleged facts. prosecutions. Search warrants have no
relation to civil process or trials and are
Section 3. Decision if opinion is equally not available to individuals in the course
divided. of civil proceedings, nor for the
maintenance of any mere private right.
The Supreme Court, the Constitution
ordains, shall be composed of a Chief SEARCH vs. SEIZURE
Justice and 14 associate justices. It mat The term search as applied to searches
sit en banc or in its discretion, in and seizures is an examination of a
divisions of 3, 5, or 7 members (Section man’s house or other buildings or
4(1), Article VIII, 1987 Constitution). premises or of his person with a view to
the discovery of contraband or illicit or
A criminal case shall be reheard by the stolen property or some evidence of guilt
Supreme Court when the Court en banc to be used in the prosecution of a
is equally divided in opinion or the criminal action for some offense with
necessary majority cannot be had, if no which he is charged.
decision is reached the conviction of the
lower court shall be reversed and the A seizure is the physical taking of a thing
accused acquitted. into custody.
execute the warrant signed by the judge judicial region where the
by taking the person and directed to the warrant shall be enforced;
stated therein into peace officer to
3. HOWEVER, if the criminal action
custody that he may search personal
be bound to answer property described has been filed, the application
for the commission therein and to bring shall only be made in the court
of the offense. it to court. where the criminal action is
(sec. 1) pending.
Does not become validity is for 10 days Section 3. Personal property to be
stale only (sec. 9) seized.
receipt for the property seized. The remedy for questioning the validity
Additionally, he is likewise required to of a search warrant can only be sought in
make a return of the warrant to the the court that issued it, not in the sala
court which issued it, together with an
inventory of the property seized.
of another judge of concurrent
Section 13. Search incident to lawful jurisdiction. Except where there is
arrest. already a case filed, the latter shall
acquire jurisdiction to the exclusion of
WHEN MAY THERE BE A SEARCH other courts.
WITHOUT WARRANT
1. in times of war within the area Waiver of legality and admissibility
of military operation; Objection to the legality of the search
2. as an incident of a lawful arrest, warrant as to the admissibility of the
subject to the following evidence obtained or deemed waived
requisites: where no objection of the search
a. arrest must be lawful; warrant was raised during the trial of the
b. search and seizure must be case nor to the admissibility of the
contemporaneous with evidence obtained through said warrant.
arrest;
c. search must be within Section 14. A motion to quash a search
permissible area; warrant or to suppress evidence;
(i.e. “STOP AND FRISK” search where to file.
which allows a limited protective
search of outer clothing for IN WHAT COURT MAY A MOTION TO
weapons) QUASH BE FILED:
3. when there are prohibited 1. before the court that issued the
articles open to eye and hand; warrant;
(PLAINVIEW DOCTRINE) 2. under the CRIMINAL CASE RULE,
4. when there is consent, subject all the incidents arising from the
to the following conditions: Search Warrant should be
(consented search) consolidated in the court where
a. there is a right; the criminal case is pending;
b. there must be knowledge of 3. under the ALTERNATIVE REMEDY
the existence of such right; RULE, with the court which
c. there must be intention to issued the search warrant. In this
waive; motion, all grounds for objection
5. when it is incident of inspection; existent or available and known
6. under the Tariff and Customs at the time MUST BE INVOKED,
Code for purposes of enforcing otherwise, they are deemed
customs and tariff laws; waived.
7. searches and seizures of vessels
and aircraft; this extends to the The legality of the search warrant should
warrantless search of a motor be addressed to the court issuing the
vehicle for contraband; search warrant and not to any other
court to foster judicial stability
Search and seizure of vessels and aircraft (Pagkalinawan vs. Gomez, 23 SCRA
may validly be made without a search 1275).
warrant because the vessel or aircraft
can quickly move out of the jurisdiction Filing of motion to quash is without
before such warrant could be secured. prejudice to any proper recourse to the
appropriate higher court by the party
aggrieved.
Section 2. Attachment
c. when the accused has concealed, d. when the accused resides abroad.
removed or about to dispose of his
property;
CRIMINAL PROCEDURE: Information
-VERSUS-
CRIM. CASE NO. ___________
INFORMATION 2
4
That on or about December 5, 2004 , in Batute, Manila 5, Philippines, within the jurisdiction
of this court, the said accused did, then and there, with malice aforethought and with
deliberate intent to take the life of RENEE JOI ZABALA 6, willfully, unlawfully, feloniously,
suddenly, unexpectedly, and treacherously attack the latter with a metal fork, first
wounding her in the back, and afterwards, when enfeebled and unable to defend herself,
again stabbed her in the neck, both wounds being necessarily mortal7, thereby causing the
direct and immediate death of said RENEE JOI ZABALA.
CONTRARY TO LAW.
(City/Provincial Fiscal) 8
1
Name of the accused, Sec. 7, Rule 110.
2
Information, Sec. 4, Rule 110.
3
Designation of the offense, Sec. 8, Rule 110.
4
Date of commission of the offense, Sec. 11, Rule 110.
5
Place of commission of the offense, Sec. 10, Rule 110.
6
Name of the offended party, Sec. 12, Rule 110.
7
Cause of the accusation, Sec. 9, Rule 110.
8
Subscribed by the prosecutor, Sec. 4, Rule 110.
REMEDIAL LAW C OMMITTEE
CHAIRPERSON : Jinky Ann Uy A SST . CHAIRPERSONS : Allen Fariñas, Maricris Oronea EDPS : Martessa Nuylan, Charissimae
Ventura, Jocelyn Zabala S UBJECT HEADS : Jona Obiña (Civil Procedure); Alnaiza Hasiman (Special Civil Actions and Special
Proceedings); Jeenice de Sagun (Criminal Procedure); Elaine Masukat (Evidence)