INTRODUCTION/BACKGROUND

John F. Kennedy, the 35th President if the United States of America was assassinated on 22 nd
November 1963. The assassin was a former US Marine named Lee Harvey Oswald who had
fired three bullets at the President’s motorcade out of which one missed entirely, one hit the
President and Texas Governor John Connally who was riding in the same car and the final one
hit and killed the President. Oswald did not have a clean record even before the assassination. It
would be fair to even go as far to say he was not emotionally stable. Due to a lack of normal
family life, Oswald was thrown in juvenile prison at the age of 12 for truancy, during which time
he was diagnosed as "emotionally disturbed" by a psychiatrist. He dropped out of 22 schools
during his childhood, resigned several times, and finally joined the Marines when he was 17
years old. While in the marines, Oswald was court-martialed twice and imprisoned. He was
honorably discharged from the Marine Corps and sent to the reserve, after which he travelled to
Europe and defected to the Soviet Union in October 1959 1. This caused his discharge to be
changed to ‘undesirable’. He had also tried to assassinate Edwin Walker a few years before but
was only accused for this after he was caught for murdering the President due to forensic
evidence connecting the firearms from both attempts.
While forensic evidence did play a role in finding the killer, contrary to the usual, it was not as
important in determining the cause of death in this particular case. One of the reasons for this
being that there were hundreds of eye witnesses that saw him get hit by the bullet. The other
reason was there were multiple questions raises about the authenticity of the autopsy done. The
forensic development at time, specifically comparative bullet analysis which was used for the
first time in this particular case, was bought into question decades later. The theory of it was that
each batch of ammunition, according to the hypothesis, had a chemical makeup so unique that a
bullet could be traced back to a certain batch or even a specific box. The approach was
determined to be unreliable due to faulty interpretation in internal investigations and an
independent assessment by the National Academy of Sciences, and the FBI abandoned the test in
2005. Even the autopsy procedure was bought into question due to it being delayed and multiple
doctors signing off on multiple death certificates even though in death investigations, medical
knowledge is essential. It starts with a physical examination and evidence collecting at the scene
and progresses through history, physical examination, laboratory testing, and diagnosis — in
other words, the major components of a doctor's treatment of a living patient. The main goal is to
offer objective proof of the cause, timing, and manner of death for criminal justice system
adjudication which was botched due to the above mentioned reasons and the autopsy being done
by doctors specializing in natural deaths who went about the Presidents autopsy in the same
way2.

PROFILE OF THE ACCUSED

Name of the Accused: Lee Harvey Oswald 

1
Nechiporenko, Oleg M. Passport to Assassination: The Never-Before Told Story of Lee Harvey Oswald by the KGB
Colonel Who Knew Him, Carroll & Graf Publishers (1993)
2
O. Alfleesy, The less experienced forensic pathologists led to errors in the autopsy of Kennedy's body and an
inaccurate medicolegal report, Crimson Publishers (2019)
Profession(s):
 US Marine (1951-1956)
 Factory Worker in Russia (1959- 1961)
 Hired by the Leslie Welding Company in Dallas (July 1962 – September 1962)
 Photo print Trainee at graphic-arts firm of Jaggars-Chiles-Stovall (October 1962 – April
1963)
 Hired at Texas School Book Depository (16 October 1963)

Spouse(s): Marina Nikolayevna Prusakova

Children:
 June Lee Oswald (15 February 1962)
 Audrey Marina Rachel Oswald (20 October 1963)

Earlier offence: Attempted assassination of Edwin Walker (Suspected in this case only after
John F. Kennedy assassination)

Crime/ Charges:
 Assassination of President John F. Kennedy 
 Murder of Dallas police officer J. D. Tippit

Estimated Victims: 2 Men aged between 39 to 46

Time span of crimes: 9 months

 March 1963 (Edwin Walker Assassination Attempt)
 November 22 1963 (Assassination of President John F. Kennedy and Murder of Dallas
police officer J. D. Tippit )

Current Status: Case Closed. Accused proven guilty after his death

Court: Accused was never prosecuted because he was murdered two days after the assassination.
However, a special President’s Commission on the Assassination of President John F. Kennedy,
better known as the Warren Commission, concluded that the accused had indeed fired the shots
after nearly a year of investigation.

Legal representation: Accused declined services of Dallas Bar Association and the idea to obtain
a local attorney as he wanted to be represented by John Abt, chief counsel to the Communist
Party USA(who they couldn’t get in contact with at the time), or by lawyers associated with
the American Civil Liberties Union3.

Death: Murdered by a Jack Ruby while being moved from city jail to county jail two days after
the assassination of John F. Kennedy.

FACTS OF THE CASE

3
Warren Commissions Hearing Volume VII, Pg. No: 328, Para 5
On November 21, 1963, President Kennedy—accompanied by his wife, Jacqueline Kennedy,
and Vice President Johnson—undertook a two-day, five-city fund-raising trip to Texas. Several
local newspapers published the presidential motorcade's route, which passed the Texas School
Book Depository, in the days leading up to Kennedy's arrival. On November 22, about 12:30
p.m., as Kennedy's motorcade drove through Dealey Plaza, Oswald fired three rifle bullets from
the sixth-floor window of the book depository, killing the President and gravely wounding Texas
Governor John Connally. One bullet appeared to miss the presidential limousine entirely, while
another hit both Kennedy and Connally, and a third hit Kennedy in the head, killing him 4. A
small piece of curbstone that had fractured after being impacted by one of the bullets caused
minor face injuries to bystander James Tague. When officers went up to the 6 floor a bad which
was proven to have contained the rifle was found. A friend of Oswald’s who had driven him to
the city that day had said that Oswald had been carrying the same bag
After the shooting, Oswald hid and covered the weapon with boxes, according to the
investigators, and descended through the back stairs. Oswald was apprehended in the second-
floor lunchroom by Dallas police officer Marrion L. Baker, who had his revolver drawn, about
90 seconds after the bullets rang out. Roy Truly, Oswald's supervisor, joined the patrolman.
After Truly recognised Oswald as an employee, Baker made the error of letting him pass; Baker
and Truly erroneously concluded that Oswald was not a suspect because he was a building
employee. Oswald did not appear "nervous" or "out of breath," according to Baker.
Oswald boarded a city bus around 12:40 p.m., 10 minutes after the assassination. He sought a
transfer from the driver, most likely owing to severe traffic, and got off two blocks later. At
around 1:00 p.m., Oswald took a taxicab to his rooming house at 1026 North Beckley Avenue
and entered through the front door. Oswald walked straight to his room, "walking pretty fast,"
according to his housekeeper Earlene Roberts5. Oswald exited "a few minutes later," according
to Roberts, zipping up a jacket he wasn't wearing when he entered. As Oswald walked away,
Roberts peeked out the window of her house and last saw him standing in front of her house at
the northbound Beckley Avenue bus stop. According to the Warren Commission, Dallas
Patrolman J. D. Tippit drove up behind Oswald in his patrol car at approximately 1:15 p.m.,
apparently because Oswald matched the police broadcast description of the man seen by witness
Howard Brennan who fired bullets at the presidential motorcade. Near the corner of East 10th
Street and North Patton Avenue, he ran into Oswald. Tippit approached Oswald and "apparently
exchanged remarks with him through the right front or vent window," according to the police
report. Tippit got out of his automobile "shortly after 1:15 p.m." With four rounds, Oswald killed
the police officer with his gun.
Many witnesses heard the gunshot and saw Oswald fleeing with a handgun; nine of them clearly
recognised him as the guy who shot Tippit and fled. Expert witnesses testified6 before the
Warren Commission and the House Select Committee that four cartridge cases found at the scene
were discharged from the pistol later recovered in Oswald's possession, barring all other
weapons. The bullets recovered from Tippit's body, however, could not be definitively
recognised as having been fired from Oswald's handgun because they were too badly damaged to
make definitive evaluations.

4
McAdams. John, The Kennedy Assassination. Marquette University (2013)
5
Warren Commission Hearings, Volume III, Pg. No’s: 469-472
6
Warren Commission Hearings, Volume III, Pg. No’s: 466-473
ISSUES
Whether there is enough evidence to say that Lee Harvey Oswald was the
Assassin?
September 27th - October 3rd, Lee Harvey Oswald contacted the Soviet embassy and the Cuban
consulate several times in person and over the phone whilst he was in Mexico City. Photos were
taken and his phone calls were recorded by the CIA. Neither the photos nor the recordings were
that of Oswald. It turns out that he had been impersonated. Impersonator spoke terrible Russian
which Oswald was very good at. Cuban consulate general said the man claiming to be Lee
Harvey Oswald looks nothing like the real Oswald. It is clear to me that Oswald had been
manipulated in order to implicate Soviet and Cuban regimes in Kennedy's assassination.
Unbeknownst to the FBI, the CIA knew all along that the photos were not of Oswald. The CIA
had been keeping tabs on Oswald, his case was on a need to know basis six weeks prior to the
assassination. The shooting from the sixth floor of Texas School Book Depository is strongly
contradicted by medical and photographic evidence. There are no photos of Oswald firing a gun
from the sixth floor of the depository. The claim  that it was physically possible for a lone
gunman to have caused all known injuries with only three shots is empathetically contradicted by
the medical, photographic, and eyewitness evidence. Oswald most likely wasn't the lone gunman
he was made out to be. Two witnesses saw Lee Harvey Oswald carrying a bag and insisted it was
too small to have contained a rifle. The evidence suggests Oswald had not fired a rifle at all that
day and that a bullet was dishonestly placed in evidence in order to frame Oswald. The claim that
he brought a rifle to work and was on the sixth floor at the time of the shooting was contradicted
by all credible evidence. It is clear that the "magic bullet" could not have caused all of Connally's
injuries. The bullet suffered too little damage to have possibly caused all of those injuries. There
was more metal deposited into Connally's body than was missing from the bullet. With Lee
Harvey Oswald dead, no one will ever hear his side of the story.

The CIA:
The investigation was controlled by deputy director Richard Helms and counterintelligence chief
James Angleton. They opposed President Kennedy's policy on Cuba. They crushed colleagues
who dared to seek a real investigation of Oswald. They relied on deceptive memoranda to steer
investigators away from evidence that indicated a possible pro- or anti-Castro Cuban conspiracy.
Concocted false and misleading statements that served to steer the Warren Commission away
from evidence that might point to a conspiracy. They concealed or downplayed evidence about
Cuban contacts of Oswald. Oswald's ties to Cuban intelligence was never properly investigated.
At least forty bystanders stated gunfire came from the front of the motorcade, this was
suppressed by the government. The investigation was botched because it was intended to fail.
The CIA gained control within a few months and completely corrupted it. Blocked and impeded
the investigation of possible conspiracy behind the president's murder. They concealed their own
role in monitoring Oswald and in conspiring to kill Fidel Castro. Ensured that the Warren
Commission never knew about their role in the events leading to the tragedy in Dallas. Harold
Swenson, a counterintelligence officer, raised questions. His findings and recommendations were
suppressed. This file tells the story of a cover up and how the CIA gained control of the
investigation of Oswald and effectively "killed" it. Whatever happened to these amazing men
you may ask. Helms has pleaded guilty to lying to Congress about an assassination plot in Chile.
Angleton was eventually fired for presiding over a massive program to spy on opponents of the
Vietnam War. They never played by the rules.
CIA Lies:
1. The agencies conspiracy in November 1963 to assassinate Fidel Castro
2. The date CIA personnel first opened a file on Lee Harvey Oswald.
3. What CIA operations officers knew about Oswald's contacts with the agency. A funded anti-
Castro  
4.What top officials knew about Oswald's visit to the Cuban consulate six weeks prior to the
assassination.
5. All CIA information was furnished to the Warren Commission.
6. CIA wasn't initially interested in Oswald. (Opened file on December 9th, 1960)
7. CIA didn't know about Oswald's Cuban contacts before the assassination.

It is not unreasonable to doubt the Warren Commission’s conclusion that Oswald, acting alone,
fired three shots from the sixth-floor of the Texas School Book Depository building in Dealey
Plaza in Dallas and assassinated President Kennedy.—Joseph Lazzaro
“I’m just a patsy!”—Lee Harvey Oswald7

In assessing whether Lee Harvey Oswald shot President Kennedy, there are four possible
scenarios. The first is that he was the lone assassin and that he acted entirely on his own. Under
this view, Oswald, without prompting or assistance from anyone else, and using a 20-year old,
bolt-action military-surplus 6.5 mm Italian Mannlicher Carcano carbine, fired from the sixth-
floor window of the Texas School Book Depository all the shots directed at the presidential
limousine, killing JFK, seriously wounding Texas Gov. John Connally, and grazing the cheek of
bystander James Tague.
The second scenario is that Oswald performed all these acts but did them with the
encouragement or assistance of others.
The third scenario is that Oswald was part of a conspiracy to murder JFK, which would mean
that he probably did fire shots from the sixth-floor but that he was not the only shooter that day
(regardless of which shooter actually killed the president).
The final possible scenario is that Lee Harvey Oswald was an innocent person who either was
framed or (like numerous other innocent persons erroneously believed to be guilty of a crime
they did not commit) was the victim of a body of incriminating circumstantial evidence that
misleadingly indicated his guilt. If Oswald was framed, the frame-up must have been principally
the work of the unknown conspirators responsible for the assassination.
The most probable of these scenarios, I shall show, is that Lee Harvey Oswald was an innocent
man framed for a murder he did not commit—that, as Oswald himself shouted while under arrest
(and before he was murdered in the presence of 70 police officers while a handcuffed prisoner),
he was a “patsy.” The assassination therefore most likely resulted from a conspiracy, with
Oswald not being one of the conspirators.

Yes, there was evidence of Oswald’s guilt. But it was designed to mislead. When an innocent
person is framed—that is, when evidence, whether fabricated or not, is planted or arranged so as
7
The conversation.com
to falsely incriminate an innocent person—the result is that there exists what appears to be
persuasive evidence of his guilt. The books are full of cases where an innocent person was found
guilty of a crime he didn’t commit on the basis of what appeared to be strong incriminating
evidence which later turned out to be bogus or erroneously indicative of guilt.
This scenario, while of course theoretically possible, may be ruled out as practically impossible.
Here are some of the reasons.
● Oswald was a poor shot.
● There was no evidence that Oswald ever practiced firing the carbine.
● The ammunition used by the carbine had not been manufactured since 1944.

How many shooters were there?

One of the main questions around the Kennedy assassination was whether Lee Harvey Oswald
was the only person shooting at the president in Dallas that November day in 1963. Investigators
had found three bullet casings on the sixth floor of the Texas School Book Depository, where
Oswald had been shooting from. Audio evidence found there suggested that there had been
another shooter who had fired once, many years later
The official congressional investigation found that Oswald’s first shot had missed, the second
had hit Kennedy and the third had hit and killed him. The other shooter had missed, the
investigation concluded. These findings were based on the testimony of noted University of
California-Irvine chemist Dr. Vincent C. Guinn. He claimed that each individual bullet was
chemically unique. By looking at the fragments of bullets that were recovered from Kennedy’s
body and from Texas Governor John Connally, who was also shot that day (and survived), Guinn
determined that there were two and only two bullets, fired by Oswald, that struck Kennedy and
Connally.
Guinn’s testimony may have been as accurate as was possible in the 1970s, but by the 1980s FBI
agents were routinely testifying in court that “bullets from the same manufacturing batch were
chemically indistinguishable.”

“Specifically, we wanted to test Guinn’s claim that each bullet was chemically distinguishable
from each other. If that wasn’t true, we also hoped to identify whether any of our bullets
matched any of the bullet fragments from the Kennedy assassination investigation.
We analyzed 30 bullets, and found that all but one matched at least one of the other bullets in the
batch. The one that didn’t match any others we tested did actually match with fragments taken
from Kennedy’s head. This meant that Guinn was incorrect: Individual bullets did not have
uniquely identifiable chemical components. In fact, the number of bullets involved could have
been as few as the two Guinn claimed, or as many as five. Given the congressional conclusion
that there had been four shots, it remains possible that Oswald was not the only shooter who hit
the president – and that Oswald may not have fired the fatal shot.”

Was the autopsy done in the right manner?

Two pathologists who conducted the autopsy on President John F. Kennedy strenuously
defended their work -- and their conclusion that he was shot twice by "bullets that came from
above and behind”.
The central finding was that the fatal damage to the president's skull could only have been done
by a bullet entering the back of the head and exiting near the right temple. In particular, they said
the head shot produced a large beveled wound on the inside of the president's skull when it
entered, and another beveled wound on the outside of the skull when it exited.
The autopsy was also performed without study of Kennedy's clothing -- evidence that could have
shed light on the neck wound.

"One's examination of the clothing is as much a part of the autopsy as examination of the heart or
of the brain. In fact, it is more important in most cases of forensic autopsy," said DiMaio 8.
The third member of the autopsy team, retired Army Lt. Col. Pierre Finck, said in a 1965 written
report that he was "denied the opportunity to examine the clothing of Kennedy. One officer who
outranked me told me that my request was only of academic interest.”

JFK AUTOPSY DOCTORS BACK WARREN COMMISSION

Doctors at Bethesda Naval Hospital who performed the autopsy of President John F. Kennedy
back the conclusions of the Warren Commission that he was shot twice from behind on Nov. 22,
1963, in Dallas. The doctors base their conclusions on the shapes of his bullet wounds. Bullets
make a round entrance wound and a beveled exit wound (left). A study of Kennedy's wounds
support the bullet trajectory consistent with a gunman firing from the rear, they say. The doctors
support the conclusions that:
 A: Bullet 1 entered Kennedy's neck and exited the throat.
 B: The fatal bullet, from either the second or third shot, entered the back of Kennedy's
head and exited above the right ear.

The Warren Commission was accused of ignoring the testimony of seven witnesses who claim to
have seen gun smoke in the area of the stockade fence on the grassy knoll, as well as that of an
eighth witness who said they smelled gunpowder at the time of the assassination.

A woman named Rose Cheramie reportedly told a cop—two days before the assassination—that
she was visiting Texas from Louisiana to “pick up some money, pick up [my] baby and . . . kill
Kennedy.” She died under mysterious circumstances9.
Some researchers reported that many more witnesses had captured the assassination in
photographs or on film but they determined that they had had their cameras and/or film
confiscated by police or other authorities.

In his 1981 book, Best Evidence, David Lifton proposed the theory that the president’s body had
been tampered with between the Dallas hospital and its arrival at the autopsy site in Bethesda,
Maryland. Specifically, he accused conspirators of altering the body to create erroneous
conclusions about the number and direction of the shots10.

The Warren Commission concluded that the shots that killed President Kennedy were fired from
a 6.5mm Carcano rifle that was owned by Oswald. But both Deputy Sheriff Eugene Boone and
Deputy Constable Seymour Weitzman identified the rifle found in the Texas School Book
Depository as a 7.65 Mauser. Investigators later declared that the School Book Depository gun
8
washingtonpost.com
9
fractionate.com
10
The body of evidence
was a 6.5mm Carcano. In his book Matrix for Assassination 11, author Richard Gilbride suggested
that both weapons were involved and that Dallas Police Captain Will Fritz and Lieutenant J. Carl
Day might have been in on a conspiracy.
There is a great deal of conflicting testimony surrounding the autopsy performed on Kennedy’s
body. In question is exactly when the examination of his brain took place, who was present, and
whether or not the photos submitted as evidence are the same as those taken during the
examination. Records regarding Lee Harvey Oswald’s facility with a weapon paint an
inconsistent picture. In one shooting test, he scored 212, slightly above the minimum for
qualifying as a sharpshooter. But three years later, he only scored 191, barely earning the lower
designation of marksman. He never achieved the Marine Corps’ expert category of
marksmanship. Investigators compiled a list of 103 people believed to have died “convenient
deaths” under suspicious circumstances. All of them were somehow connected to investigations
conducted by the Warren Commission.

● The Mannlicher Carcano carbine found on the sixth floor had been manufactured before 1942,
possibly in the 1930s.
The FBI firearms expert who testified before the Warren Commission after examining the
carbine described it twice as “a cheap old weapon.”
Strangely, neither the Dallas police nor the FBI performed a routine swab test of the inside of the
carbine’s barrel. There is no proof, therefore, that the weapon had recently been fired.
● The owner of The Gun Shop in Dallas told the FBI in March 1964 that Mannlicher Carcanos
were “a very cheap rifle and could have been purchased for $3.00 each in lots of 25.”
● The retail price of the Mannlicher Carcano carbine equipped with a scope that was allegedly
shipped to Oswald was $19.95 (without the scope the weapon was sold retail for $12.78).
● The carbine allegedly shipped to Oswald had previously been part of a shipment of rifles that
was the subject of a legal proceeding to collect payment for the shipment of rifles claimed to be
defective.
It was unusually difficult to work the bolt on the sixth-floor carbine. The pressure to open the
bolt was so great that, in the absence of proficiency with the weapon, it tended to move the
weapon off the target.
● Unlike most rifles, the sixth-floor carbine had a two-stage trigger which required getting use
to.
The firing pin of the sixth-floor carbine was worn and there was rust on it and its spring.  In fact,
before their firing tests with the carbine, the master riflemen who performed the tests did not
even pull the trigger, out of fear that they might break the firing pin.
The first scenario—the scenario adopted in the Warren Report—that Lee Harvey Oswald, acting
alone, assassinated President Kennedy, may, therefore, whatever the theoretical possibilities, be
ruled out. Based on the evidence, it is unreasonable to believe that Oswald shot the president
from the Book  Depository with the carbine found on the sixth floor. For Oswald to have
possessed the superlative marksmanship required under this scenario is a practical impossibility.

ARGUMENTS ADVANCED BY PARTIES

The Forensic Investigation Theory

11
Matrix of Assassination
The assassination was indeed in need of scientific investigation and consequently testimony
before Congressional subcommittees. The scientific investigation included a National Academy
of Science Committee on Ballistic Acoustic. According to the examination, forensic evidence on
bullet fragment matching by the FBI crime lab and by Dr. Vincent P. Guinn, as well as more
typical forensic evidence such as fingerprints, ballistic evaluations and simulations, crime scene
investigations and reconstructions, and autopsy. The House Select Committee on Assassinations
concluded that there was a probable conspiracy, but one in which an additional shooter missed
all limousine occupants. The evidentiary anchor for the second part of that conclusion that any
additional shot must have missed was Dr. Vincent P. Guinn’s comparative bullet lead analysis. It
demonstrated to the Committee, with the added insights from ballistics testing, that all of the
recovered ballistics material had only one common origin, Mannlicher Carcano rounds fired
from Oswald’s rifle.

The Theory of Two Gun Men

Scientific acoustical evidence establishes a high probability that two gunmen fired at President
John F. Kennedy. Other scientific evidence does not preclude the possibility of two gunmen
firing at the President. Scientific evidence negates some specific conspiracy allegations. There
are many theories and conflicts showing, two or more assassins were involved in the
assassination of the president. There are many evidences and witness statement which pointed in
the direction that two or more gun men were involved in the incident.
At first the warren commission concluded that there were three shots fired from the Texas
School Depository in a time ranging from 4.8 to 7 seconds. Some assassination researchers
objected this statement by questioning the evidence. They questioned Oswald’s ability to
accurately fire three shots in such a shot amount of time from such a rifle. These researchers
suggested that multiple gunmen were involved. According to Josiah Thompson one of the
researchers, the shots fired at the motorcade came from three locations: the Texas School Book
Depository, the Grassy Knoll, and the Dal-Tex Building.

The acoustical analysis that the HSCA presented as evidence for two gunmen has since been
discredited. The HSCA acoustic experts said the Dictabelt evidence came from police officer
McLain shows the involvement of multiple assassins. However, McLain stated that he was not
yet in Dealey Plaza when the assassination occurred.

In 1982, a panel of 12 scientists appointed by the National Academy of Sciences, including

Nobel laureates Norman Ramsey and Luis Alvarez, unanimously concluded that the HSCA's
acoustic evidence was "seriously flawed". They concluded that the recording was made after the
President had already been shot and that the recording did not indicate any additional gunshots. 
In a 2001 article in Science & Justice, a publication of Britain's Forensic Science Society, D.B.
Thomas wrote that the NAS investigation was itself flawed. Thomas analysed audio recordings
made during the assassination and concluded with a 96% certainty that a shot was fired from the
grassy knoll in front of and to the right of the President's limousine.

In 2005, Thomas's conclusions were rebutted in the same journal. Ralph Linsker and several
members of the original NAS team reanalysed the recordings and reaffirmed the earlier
conclusion of the NAS report that the alleged shot sounds were recorded approximately one
minute after the assassination.

In a 2010 book, D.B. Thomas challenged the 2005 Science & Justice article and restated his
conclusion that there actually were two gunmen. There was a lot of evidence which proved that
there were multiple gun men involved such as the various bullet cartridges and fragments,  the
bullet hole on presidential limousine's windshield, the so-called fake "backyard" photos depicting
Oswald holding the rifle, the Zapruder film, the photographs and radiographs obtained at
Kennedy's autopsy.

The Theory of Shots Fired

According to the Select Committee on Assassination of  President John F. Kennedy. Lee Harvey
Oswald fired three shots at President John F. Kennedy. The second and third shots he fired struck
the President. The third shot he fired killed the President. But, there is a theory which
consistently say that only one shot was fired. There has been some controversies regarding the
shots fired at the President at the time of Assassination. The Single Bullet Theory, also called the
Magic Bullet Theory says that single bullet, known as "Warren Commission Exhibit 399 caused
all the wounds to the Governor and the fatal wounds to the President, which totals unto seven
entry and exit wounds in both the men. The theory says that a 3 cm long copper jacketed lead
core bullet from a 6.5x52mm Mannlicher Carcano Rifle fired from the sixth floor of the Texas
School Book, Depository passed through President Kennedy's neck into Governor Connally's
chest, went through his wrist, and embedded itself in the Connally's thigh. The Warren
Commission found "persuasive evidence from the experts" that a single bullet caused the
President's neck wound and all the wounds found in Governor Connally. It acknowledged that
there was a "difference of opinion" among members of the Commission "as to this probability,"
but stated that the theory was not essential to its conclusions and that all members had no doubt
that all shots were fired from the sixth-floor window of the Depository building. The Warren
commission concluded that three shots were fired.

There are so many theories which give us different perspective to look at the theory of shots fired
but the theory which resulted in so many disputes with Commissions Findings was the theory of
one more shot was fired.
In 1967, Josiah Thompson concluded from a close study of the Zapruder film and other forensic
evidence, corroborated by the eyewitnesses, that four shots were fired in Dealy Plaza, with one
hitting Connally and three hitting Kennedy.

In 1979, The House Select Committee on Assassination concluded that there were actually four
shots, one coming from the grass knoll. This theory was objected by the Warren Commission
with the single bullet theory and then later resulted in concluding that three shots were fired at
the time of assassination.

The Protection Issue

The protection issue is one of the major arguments that why President Kennedy had not received
adequate protection in Dallas. Some argue that the lack of Secret Service protection occurred
because Kennedy himself had asked that the Secret Service make itself discreet during the Dallas
visit. However, Vince Palamara, who interviewed several Secret Service agents assigned to the
Kennedy detail, disputes this. Palamara reports that Secret Service driver Sam Kinney told him
that requests such as removing the bubble top from the limousine in Dallas, not having agents
positioned beside the limousine's rear bumper, and reducing the number of Dallas police
motorcycle outriders near the limousine's rear bumper were not made by Kennedy.
Questions regarding the forthrightness of the Secret Service increased in the 1990s when
the Assassination Records Review Board which was created when Congress passed the JFK
Records Act requested access to Secret Service records. The Review Board was told by the
Secret Service that in January 1995, in violation of the JFK Records Act, the Secret Service
destroyed protective survey reports that covered JFK's trips from September 24 through
November 8, 1963 which resulted in more conspiracy theories.

Public’s Response toward Judgement

The American public never trusted the Commission's conclusion for a variety of reasons, not the
least of which was that the Warren Commission conducted some of its investigations in secret
and sealed many of its records. Subsequently, other federal entities conducted partial or complete
reinvestigations of the assassination. The most significant of these reinvestigations was the
House Select Committee on Assassinations (HSCA), which concluded in 1979 that President
Kennedy's death was the result of a probable conspiracy.

The American public expressed its dissatisfaction with both the work and the conclusions of the
official investigations of the assassination and it was this dissatisfaction that was primarily
responsible for Congress' initiative to establish the Assassination Records Review Board. Section
3(2) of the JFK Act defines the records of each of these official investigative entities as
assassination records. As such, the Review Board worked to review and release all records that
these investigative entities used in reaching their conclusions about the assassination which was
in the light of the Judgement made by the Judicial department which says that there was no
presence of the second gun men. Hence, Oswald acted alone in the Assassination of the
President.
The official investigation's egregious mishandling of the crime scene evidence related to virtually
every aspect of the case is largely responsible for the lone gunman/conspiracy schism that
confronts us today. Those responsible for that investigation (including the Dallas police, the FBI,
and the Warren Commission) failed so miserably in their efforts that they would have been
laughed off the air if they had been portrayed on any of TV's popular CSI series. But this case is
still a mystery

The Investigation Which Were Questioned

Agencies and departments of the U.S. Government performed with varying degrees of
competency in the fulfilment of their duties. A thorough and reliable investigation into the
responsibility of Lee Harvey Oswald for the assassination of President John F. Kennedy was
conducted. The investigation into the possibility of conspiracy in the assassination was
inadequate.
The conclusions of the investigations were arrived at in good faith, but presented in a fashion
that was too definitive
ANALYSIS
The key evidence presents a unique scientific analysis of gunshots as observed in the Zapruder
Film of the Kennedy Assassination. which has point of view from the side of the open limo when
Kennedy was assassinated as it generally covers most of the events happened during the firing.
When Lee Harvey Oswald was arrested, he had already slain Tippit leaving his jacket on his
escape route while fledging the crime scene. As the rifle was found on the 6 th floor of the
depository building palm print and ownership were matched and confirmed with Oswald.
Comparative bullet-lead analysis (CBLA), also known as compositional bullet-lead analysis, is a
now discredited and abandoned forensic technique which used chemistry to link crime scene
bullets to ones possessed by suspects on the theory that each batch of lead had a unique
elemental makeup. These were the techniques taken into by many which helped in justifying that
there were five bullet fragments groups in President Kennedy’s assassination, but if those
fragments came from more than two bullets, it would have been very difficult to conclude that
Lee Harvey Oswald was the only shooter.
“In 1978, however, radiochemist Vincent P. Guinn testified before Congress that the
composition of each of the five bullet fragments showed that they came from two—and only two
—bullets. “There is no evidence for three bullets, four bullets, or anything more than two, but
there is clear evidence for two,” Guinn said (8 September 1978 hearings before the Committee
on Assassinations).
The problem with Guinn’s conclusion, however, is that he relied only on chemical analysis. So
according to Dr. Guinn's testimony that the bullets used in the murder were chemically unique,”
says Spiegelman, “we must have been involved in the Kennedy assassination since we have
fragments that match.”
Further statistical analyses helped Spiegelman and his colleagues show that a bullet’s
composition is not at all unique, making it impossible for Guinn to conclude—as he did—that
two of the five bullet fragments came from one bullet and the remaining three came from a
second bullet.”
“To decide whether the compositional bullet lead evidence supports one shooter or more than
one shooter, it is useful to use the ratio of probabilities Pr(T|E) Pr(T¯|E), where T denotes two
bullets used in the assassination, T-denotes its complement (in this case three or more bullets
since at least two bullets were involved in the assassination), and E stands for evidence. As in
Carriquiry (2006), Bayes theorem can be used to obtain the equation Pr(T|E) Pr(T¯|E) = Pr(E|T)
Pr(E|T¯) Pr(T) Pr(T¯). The ratio on the left-hand side of the equation is a ratio of the
probabilities for two bullets as the source for the five JFK fragments in question versus more
than two bullets being the source for the five JFK fragments. The first ratio on the right-hand
side is the ratio of probabilities for the evidence given two bullets versus having more than two
bullets. This ratio allows us to decide whether, given the evidence, two bullets or more than two
bullets is more likely. Supporters of the lone-assassin interpretation, including Gerald Posner
(1993), insist that Oswald missed the limousine occupants entirely with one of three shots,
leaving only two of Oswald’s bullets to wound President Kennedy and Governor Connally;
therefore, a third shot striking both victims would require an additional shooter. Under this
scenario, the second ratio on the right-hand side of the equation represents a ratio of  
the prior probabilities that we believe that there was a single shooter versus the fact that there are
multiple shooters. This ratio is assessed independently of the12 SPIEGELMAN, TOBIN,
JAMES, SHEATHER, WEXLER AND ROUNDHILL compositional bullet measurements. In
assessing the value of the evidence, characterizing the number of distinct compositional bullet
groups in a box is important. To illustrate this point, we consider a situation similar to the
outcome of our measurements from the ten bullet measurements from lot 6000. (These
measurements are provided in the online supplemental materials.) To keep calculations as simple
as possible and to emphasize that what is assumed about the number of matching bullets in a box
matters, we assume no measurement error and no heterogeneity issues in the following
calculation. We illustrate the calculation of the probability ratio by considering that the evidence
of two bullets making up the five assassination fragments came from two or three bullets. We
assume that there are two distinct groups of bullets from among ten measured bullets. This is
similar to the groupings obtained for lot 6000 bullets using the ± four standard error criteria. We
assume that there are six bullets in one group and four bullets in the other group. The
hypergeometric distribution is an appropriate model distribution to use. If only two bullets were
chosen, from our 10 bullets then there would be a 53.3% chance that two of them would come
from two different groups. If three bullets were chosen, then there would be an 80% chance that
they came from two groups. Thus, the critical ratio Pr(E|T) Pr(E|T¯) = 0.53 0.80. Since this ratio
is less than 1, Dr. Guinn’s testimony that the evidence supports two and only two bullets making
up the five JFK fragments is fundamentally flawed, unless one places a very strong prior
probability on T. Dr. Guinn testified that essentially every bullet in a box of Mannlicher–
Carcano bullets is unique and under that assumption, his conclusions are more logical. Our
measurements on three different boxes of these bullets indicates that a great many bullets have
two element matches within a box. If more elements are measured and then compared for each
bullet, there may be fewer within box matches. Also, if more elements are chemically analysed,
the JFK fragments may reasonably be placed into more than two groups. It is not known whether
or not there was a second shooter. However, if there was a second shooter, the possibility exists
that the bullets came from different boxes. The calculations above show that it is not possible
from the compositional bullet lead analysis to conclude that there were only two bullets as the
source of the five assassination fragments as Dr. Guinn testified. The answer could change
dramatically depending upon assumptions. By reanalysing the JFK bullet fragments to measure
more elements, it may be possible to provide substantial evidence of more than two bullets as the
source of the assassination fragments if there were, in fact, more than two bullets used. However,
if bullets came from the same box, clear evidence of more than two bullets may not be present
because many bullets in the same box typically have similar chemical compositions. We
presented results from a study where ten bullets from each of three boxes of Mannlicher–
Carcano bullets were analysed for chemical composition. Compositional data from the ten
bullets sampled from each box were compared to Dr. Guinn’s testimony before the House Select
Committee on Assassinations [U.S. Cong. House (1979)] regarding assassination bullet fragment
compositions and also to the findings of the NRC in their report “Weighing Bullet Lead
Evidence” (2004). We found that many bullets within a box of Mannlicher–Carcano bullets have
similar composition. Further, we found that one of the thirty bullets analysed in our study also
compositionally matched one of the fragments from the assassination analysed by Dr. Guinn
[U.S. Cong. House (1979)]. If we allow for the bias associated with Dr. Guinn’s measurements,
it is possible that there would be even more matches among our bullets with the JFK fragments.
We have shown that two-element chance
matches to assassination fragments are not extraordinarily rare. Further, we have shown that if
bullets come from the same box, they are even less rare. Given the significance and impact of the
JFK assassination, it is scientifically desirable for the evidentiary fragments to be reanalysed.
The reanalysis should include at least the seven elements identified in the NRC report (2004),
should establish the scientific basis for matching fragments originating from a single bullet, and
should address the critically important issues of bullet and source heterogeneity.”
As it confirms that there are only two bullets that hit the limousine, and this corresponds to the
two bullets that Lee Harvey Oswald fired that hit the limousine. Well, it doesn't really prove
there was only a single gunman, but it does not give any evidence that there was a second
gunman. So, the conclusion of the investigation was that it most likely was a single gunman, Lee
Harvey Oswald. After the murder of Oswald, jack Ruby came under the suspicions of some
conspiracies and takes a polygraph examination before the hearing of his case. Many facts are
revealed this year by Cyril wecht and james Jenkins before.
James Curtis Jenkins was assisting james joseph humes where he described that there were
already incisions made on the brain before the body reached for autopsy. As the modern ballistic
science and technology helped solve many or find ways we couldn’t find before but the JFK
assassination didn't have these modern techniques and cannot benefit from them now with
conclusive proof. Instead, scientists are left with lively and thorough debates in the literature
about the metallurgy of the bullet casings, computer simulations of the path of the "magic
bullet" and continual analysis of grainy video footage from that fateful day which are the only
trustable evidence in public.

CONCLUSION
Medical and forensic evidence is widely acknowledged as playing a critical role in assisting
courts of law in reaching reasonable findings. As a result, competent medical practitioners
should be encouraged to engage in medico legal work, while the courtroom environment should
be welcoming to medical witnesses. When it comes to the outcome of a case, this is critical
because if good specialists fail to appear in court, less objective professionals will fill the void,
affecting justice. Different organisations have recognised the necessity to include more and more
professionals in expert testimony. The American College of Physicians' standards 12 for the
physician expert witness place a strong emphasis on wide physician engagement in providing
this critical support to the legal system. In order to address the demand for medical testimony,
the college believes that more doctors should serve as experts as part of their professional duties.
While this may be true it should also be ensured that capable and competent proffesionals are the
ones working in order to get as accurate a report as possible.

For example, not only the congressional committee probing the killing, but the entire country,
had been mislead by flawed forensic science in the above case. The reexamining of the evidence
found in the JFK case drew a lot of attention from the public. But, more importantly, it suggests
that advancements in forensic science can lead to a better grasp of truth. This will be essential
when academics review the most recent revealed John F. Kennedy assassination records and
criminal cases around the country seek justice for both victims and accused as can been in the
newly developing conclusions in the previous such reviews13.

12
Clinical Guidelines & Recommendations, The American College of Physicians (1981)
13
M. Ketchell, What better forensic science can reveal about the JFK assassination, The Conversation (2017)
REFERENCES

Introduction
 Nechiporenko, Oleg M. Passport to Assassination: The Never-Before Told Story of Lee
Harvey Oswald by the KGB Colonel Who Knew Him, Carroll & Graf Publishers (1993)
 O. Alfleesy, The less experienced forensic pathologists led to errors in the autopsy of
Kennedy's body and an inaccurate medico legal report, Crimson Publishers (2019)
 Warren Commissions Hearing, Volume VII

Facts of the Case

•Warren Commission Hearings, Volume III,

•Warren Commission Hearings, Volume IV.
•Warren Commission Hearings, Volume VII
• J. McAdams, The Kennedy Assassination, Marquette University (2013)

Issues
 What better forensic science can reveal about the JFK assassination, The Conversation
(2017)
 JFK Assassination Records Board Ends Work; Issues Final Report, The Washington Post
(1998)
 John Kennedy Assassination, ConstantineReport
 R. Gilbride, The Matrix of Assassination, Trafford (2009)
Arguments Advances
 Mark Lane interview of Roger Craig (1976). Two Men in Dallas. Tapeworm Video
Distributors.
 Fetzer, James H. (2000). Murder in Dealey Plaza, "The Great Zapruder Film Hoax".
Open Court. pp. 203–211
 Guinn, V. P. (1979). JFK assassination: Bullet analyses. Anal. Chem. 51 484A–493A.
 https://kansaspress.ku.edu/978-0-7006-1625-1.html
 Bugliosi, Vincent.  Reclaiming History: The Assassination of President John F. Kennedy.
2007, Norton, ISBN 978-0-393-04525-3 
 Testimony of Nicholas Katzenbach" (PDF). HSCA Report, Volume 3, Investigation of the
Assassination of President John F. Kennedy. p. 644. Retrieved September 30, 2014 – via
History Matters Archive.

Conclusion
 Clinical Guidelines & Recommendations, The American College of Physicians (1981)
 M. Ketchell, What better forensic science can reveal about the JFK assassination, The
Conversation (2017)