UNIDAD 7

VOZ PASIVA

VOZ PASIVA
ACTIVIDAD 1
Escribe la versión español de las siguientes oraciones.

1. They were taught German.

2. They are taught German.

3. They will be taught German.

4. They would be taught German.

5. They should be taught German.

6. They have been taught German.

7. They had been taught German.

8. If they were taught German…

9. I will be given the information.

10. I was given the information.

11. I would be given the information.

12. I have been given the information.

13. They may be given the information.

14. They must be given the information.

15. If we were not given the information…

16. If we had not been given the information…

17. She is believed to be the best student.

18. They are told what they should do.

19. If we were asked to participate, we would do it immediately.

20. He was supposed to be living in Brazil.

21. She is thought to be studying In England.

22. She has been lent the money.

23. Women are not given bank loans easily.

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ACTIVIDAD 2
Lee el texto e indica si las oraciones son verdaderas (V) o falsas (F).

We all know that people can and do influence each other. But the difficult question is how far people´s minds can be
influenced against their own wills. These are three techniques that have been used in efforts to control other people´s
behavior.
Other technique, subliminal perception, is frequently referred to as sub perception. This technique is based on the
observation that people notice a great deal more than they consciously realize. This is not a new observation, but it has
been given special attention since the results of an experiment in a New York movie theater were reported. In the
experiment, an advertisement for ice cream was flashed onto the screen during the feature film. The ad was shown for
such a brief period of time that no one consciously saw the intrusion, yet ice cream sales rose for the period of time the
experiment continued.
Hypnosis is another technique that can be used for controlling people’s mind. While in a deep trance, people can be
told to do something at a specific time or a certain signal. They can be told that they will not remember what has been
said once out of the trance. This is called a post-hypnotic suggestion. It is still unknown whether a subject can be prepared
to carry out an action that contrarily would be unacceptable in that person´s mind.
Yet another technique is called brainwashing. Brainwashing requires forcing people to believe something, usually
something false, by continuously telling them or showing them evidence that is supposedly true and blocking them from
thinking about it properly or considering other evidence. Brainwashing can take extreme forms. For example,
brainwashing can be done by first causing a complete collapse of individuals through actions such as starving them,
preventing them from sleeping, intimidating them, and keeping them in a state of constant fear. When individuals lose
their sense of reality, new ideas can be planted in their minds.

1. There are three methods that are used to disturb people’s minds. ____
2. The term “sub perception” refers to a person’s unconscious perceptions. ____
3. Sub perception is not only a new observation, but it has also been given special attention. ____
4. People in New York were very upset by the intrusion of advertisements for ice cream. ____
5. More ice cream was sold during the period that the experiment was conducted than before or after the experiment
took place. ____
6. A post-hypnotic suggestion is a suggestion made after a person is no longer under hypnosis. ____
7. New ideas can be put into the minds of individuals who have been denied to sleep. ____
8. When brainwashed, people force others to look at evidence that is true. ____

ACTIVIDAD 3
Lee el texto e indica si las oraciones siguientes son verdaderas (V) o falsas (F).

SHOULD WORKERS BE OWNERS?

Traditionally, labor and capital have been considered as two separate factors of production. Owners have provided
the money and capital equipment for operating a company, and workers have provided the labor. Furthermore, labor and
capital have often been seen as adversaries -they have opposed one another on questions related to salaries, wages,
pensions, and other benefits and stock dividends. Now, however, things may be changing. Not only are workers being
given a limited voice in managing some companies, but they are also becoming part-owners.
One of the best ways for workers to get “a piece of the action” is called ESOP -Employee Stock Ownership Plan. Over
8 000 companies in the United States are at least partly owned by the employees. Over 10 million workers are involved
in these practices. Employees actually own the majority of the shares of stock in at least 1 000 firms.
It is believed that employees will work harder, become more efficient, and be happier in their jobs if they become part-
owners of the companies they work for. However, some people have doubts about ESOP’s. Stockholders must take
some of the risks of ownership. The value of each share may decline in the stock market.
Recently, researchers from the National Center for Employee Ownership studied the effect of ESOP’s. It was found
that employees will not necessarily work harder just because there is an ESOP. Stock voting rights with their ESOP’s

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have not been included by some corporations, and the ESOP is not seen as giving workers more power.
Some employers argue that “management’s job is to manage” and that workers do not have the knowledge needed
to help make managerial decisions. Some union leaders charge that ESOP’s do not give workers a real voice in the
company and that the interests of managers and employees are so different -people can’t be workers and managers at
the same time.
Nevertheless, the study showed that some ESOP’s have been very successful. ESOP’s work best when
• the company makes large contributions to the ESOP,
• the employees can make money through the stock,
• the workers are given stock voting rights,
• the firm allows its employees to participate in company decision-making,
• the workers are kept well-informed about the corporation’s financial situation.
In some companies, lower wages and fewer benefits have been accepted in return for shares of stock. Some workers
have even taken over companies that were falling, improved their productivity, and kept the plans going, thus saving
their jobs.

1. Labor and capital are actually two separate factors of production. _____

2. Generally, money and capital equipment are given by company owners. _____

3. The labor force a company needs is provided by the company owners. _____

4. Workers have gained some rights because of ESOP’s. _____

5. 8 000 American companies are owned by their employees. _____

6. Although American workers are now participating in the company ownership, they are not owners. _____

7. Undoubtedly, workers will be more productive if they become part-owners. _____

8. It is necessary that stockholders take some ownership risks. _____

9. It is sure that the value of company shares will always decline. _____

10. Some corporations have not included stock voting rights with their ESOP’s. _____

11. Workers do not see the ESOP as helping them to have power. _____

12. Employees lack the necessary knowledge to make a company work. _____

13. Workers are given a limited participation in an ESOP. _____

14. It is always accepted that a worker can be a manager at the same time. _____

15. Company workers give stock voting rights. _____

16. Some workers have agreed to accept lower wages and fewer benefits in return for stock shares. _____

17. Under five conditions, an ESOP can be a success. _____

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