UNIDAD 5

CONDITIONALS

ACTIVIDAD 1
Escoge la alternativa que mejor complete el sentido de las siguientes oraciones.

1. I would have studied if I had known that there was a test yesterday.
a) I’m glad they told me. b) I don’t think I passed. c) I am happy I studied.

2. If Joan had known about the party, Joan would have gone.
a) Joan went to the party. b) Joan did not go to the party. c) Joan knew about the party,

3. Unless he had saved, he wouldn´t have traveled.

a) He did not save. b) He traveled. c) He saved but didn’t travel.

4. Inflation would have been higher if the unions had not signed the wage pact.
a) The unions caused inflation to rise.
b) Inflation and wages are closely related concepts.
c) Inflation is high.

5. If human wants were fully satisfied, it would not matter how goods and incomes were distributed among different
individuals and families.
a) But as human wants are not satisfied, so how goods and incomes are distributed is important.
b) It does not matter how goods and incomes are distributed, since families have as much as they please.
c) Goods and income distribution has not been a problem because human wants have been fully satisfied.

6. Had the Edsel car been designed, advertised and promoted on the basis of preferences expressed in polls, it
would have been a success.
a) The failure of the Edsel lies on the fact that it was not designed, promoted and advertised according to polls.
b) The Edsel was a failure because it was designed, advertised and promoted according to preferences expressed
in polls.
c) The Edsel succeeded because it was designed, advertised and promoted according to preferences expressed
in polls.

7. If Mexico had not received the US loan, capital flight would have been greater.
a) Mexico’s situation was made more difficult because of the loan.
b) Capital flight was practically stopped because of the loan.
c) Mexicans should be grateful for the loan.

8. If she were offered a job,

a) she would take it.
b) she would have accepted it.
c) she accepted it.

9. Unless there are enough job offers, economic crisis will increase further.
a) Economic crisis has already increased.
b) Economic crisis can be increased by job offers.
c) Economic crisis will increase with job offers.

10. If people had saved more money, the rate of inflation would not have been so high.
a) The inflation rate was not high.
b) People did not save.
c) People had saved more money, when the rate of inflation was high.

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11. He would have realized that his decision was a bad one
a) Had he been a bit more cautious. b) Unless he were more careful.

12. Were I in a position of power I would behave in an honorable fashion.

a) I am in a position of power. b) I intend to behave honorably.

13. I would never have gotten a better job if I had not gone to university.
a) My prospects improved with education.
b) My prospects will improve with education.

14. Would the European markets have fallen if the American market had not fallen first?
a) Was the behavior of the European markets affected by the behavior of the American market?
b) Is the European market going to fall because the American market fell?

15. Unemployment would not have risen if there had been more job offers.
a) Unemployment rose and caused more job offers.
b) Job offers were less and unemployment rose.
c) Unemployment rose and job offers rose simultaneously.

ACTIVIDAD 2
De acuerdo con el texto, elige la letra que mejor complete cada reactivo.

TEXTO 1
A massive banking crisis occurred in the United States in 1933. In the two preceding years, a large number of
banks had failed, and fear of lost savings had prompted many depositors to remove their funds from bank.
Problems became so serious in the state of Michigan that Governor William A. Comstock was forced to declare a
moratorium on all banking activities in the state on February 14, 1933. The panic in Michigan quickly spread to
other states, and on March 6, President Franklin D. Roosevelt declared a banking moratorium throughout the
United States that left the entire country without banking services.
Congress immediately met in a special session to solve the banking crisis and on March 9 passed the Emergency
Banking Act of 1933 to assist financially healthy banks to reopen. By March 15, banks controlling 90 percent of
the country’s financial reserves were again open for business.

1. The passage states that all the following occurred prior to 1933, EXCEPT that
A. many banks went under
B. many bank patrons were afraid of losing their deposits
C. a lot of money was withdrawn from accounts
D. Governor Comstock canceled all banking activities in Michigan

2. The passage indicates that the moratorium declared by Roosevelt affected

A. the banks in Michigan
B. the banks in most of the U.S.
C. only the financially unhealthy banks
D. all the banks in the U.S.

3. Which of the following can be inferred from the passage?

A. Congress did not give any special priority to the banking situation.
B. The Emergency Banking Act helped all banks to reopen.
C. Ten percent of the country’s money was in financially unhealthy banks.
D. Ninety percent of the banks reopened by the middle of March

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4. Which of the following best describes the organization of the passage?

A. A theme followed by an example
B. A problem and a solution
C. Opposing viewpoints of an issue
D. A problem and its causes

TEXTO 2
Until recently, most American entrepreneurs were men. Discrimination against women in business training had
kept the number of women entrepreneurs small. Now, however, businesses owned by women account for more
than $ 40 billion in annual revenues, and this figure is likely to continue rising throughout the 1980s. As Carolyn
Doppelt Gray, an official of the Small Business Administration, has noted, “the 1970s was the decade of women
entering management, and the 1980s turned out to be the decade of the woman entrepreneur”.
What are some of the factor behind this trend? For one thing, as more women earn advanced degrees in
business and enter the corporate world, they are finding obstacles. Women are still excluded from most
executive suites. Charlotte Taylor, a management consultant, had noted, “In the 1970s women believed if they got
MBA and worked hard, they could become chairman of the board. Now they´ve found out that isn´t going to
happen, so they go out on their own.
In the past, most women entrepreneurs worked in “women´s fields” –cosmetics and clothing, for example. But
this is changing. Consider ASK Computer System, a $22-million-a-year computer software business. It was
founded in 1973 by Sandra Kurtzig, who was then a housewife with degrees in math and engineering. When
Kurtzig founded the business, her first product was software that let weekly newspapers keep tabs on their
newspapers carriers –and her office was a bedroom at home, with a shoebox under the bed to hold company´s
cash. After she succeeded with the newspaper software system, she hired several bright computer graduates to
develop additional programs. When these were marketed and sold, ASK began to grow. It now has 200 employees,
and Sandra Kurtzig owns $66.9 million of stock.
Of course, many women who start their own business fail, just as men often do. They still face hurdles in the
business world, especially programs in raising money; the banking and finance world is still dominated by men,
and old attitudes die hard. Most businesses owned by women are still quite small. But the situation is changing;
there are likely to be many more Sandra Kurtzig in the years ahead.

1. What is the main idea of the passage?

A. Women, now, are better educated than in the past, making them more attractive to the business world
B. The computer is especially lucrative for women today
C. Women are better at small businesses than men are
D. Women today are opening more businesses of their own

2. All of the following were mentioned in the passage as detriments to women in the business world EXCEPT
A. women were required to stay at home with their families
B. women lacked ability to work in business
C. women faced discrimination in business
D. women are not trained in business

3. According to the passage, Charlotte Taylor believed that women in the 1970s
A. were unrealistic about their opportunities in business management
B. were still more interested in education than business opportunities
C. had fewer obstacles in business than they do today
D. were unable to work hard enough to succeed in business

4. The author mentions “the shoebox under the bed” in the third paragraph in order to
A. show the frugality of women in business
B. show the resourcefulness of Sandra Kurtzig

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C. point out that initially the financial resources of Sandra Kurtzig’s business were limited
D. suggest the company needed to expand

5. It can be inferred from the passage that the author believes that businesses operated by women are small
because
A. women prefer a small, intimate setting
B. women are not given loans easily
C. women can´t deal with money
D. many women fail at large businesses

6. The author´s attitude about the future of women in businesses is

A. skeptical C. optimistic
B. frustrated D. negative

ACTIVIDAD 4
De acuerdo al texto, completa los blancos que aparecen en el cuadro. Escribe la cifra correcta.

For a number of industrial nations, the value added tax (VAT) is an important source of revenue. VAT is paid every
time value is added to a good as it moves along the chain of production.
To illustrate how a value added tax works, consider the case of the Ocean Breeze Flounder Company. Ocean
Breeze buys flounder from local fishing boats. It cleans, packages, freezes the fish, and sells them to
supermarkets and fish stores around the country.
Let’s suppose that the Vat is 5 percent, and that last week Ocean Breeze bought US$1,000 worth of flounder
from a fishing boat. They paid the captain US$1,000 plus a VAT of US$50. The “value added” in this instance was
the US$1,000 of value that the crew added to the fish when they hauled them in. The boat owner passed the
US$50 VAT along to the government.
After processing and freezing the fish, Ocean Breeze sold the packages to Neptune’s Market, a chain of fish
markets, for US$4,000. Neptune’s paid Ocean Breeze US$4,000 plus US$200 VAT. Ocean Breeze sent US$150
to the government. Why US$150? Because the value that Ocean Breeze added to the fish was US$3,000
(US$4,000 – US $3,000, and 5 percent of US$3,000 is US$150). Since Ocean Breeze has already paid the
government the US$50 VAT on the first US$1,000 of value, they did not need to pay it again.
Neptune’s placed the fish in their frozen food cases in order to sell to consumers. The packages will be sold
for US$6,000 plus US$300 VAT. The market will deduct the US$200 in VAT’s already paid by Ocean Breeze and
themselves and send the balance of US$100 on to the government.

To review the transactions, we see that:

*The fishing boat added US$ __________ to the value of the fish and collected US$ _________ in Vat from Ocean
Breeze. They sent US$ __________ to the government.

*Ocean Breeze collected US$ __________ in VAT from Neptune’s Market. They reimbursed themselves the US$
_________ paid to the fishing boat and sent US$ __________ to the government.

*The supermarkets collected US$ _________ reimbursed in VAT from consumers. They reimbursed themselves
the US$ ________paid to ocean Breeze and sent US$ __________to the government.

*In all, the government received a total of US$ _________ in taxes (_______ percent of US$ _________ in “value
added” to the fish) directly from the firms as value was added.

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