STUDENT ixaminaTION SERIES
EXAM NOTE SOLVED quis
SOLVED QUESTION COee ey RONTAK
JAYANAND UNIVERSITY,
a Year (Set 5) e PHYSICS
QUANTUM MECHANICS
: oes [PAPER-II] le Mate
gpd ve questions. Attempt at least one question from each unit. All questions carry equal marks,
What do you mean by Compton Effect? Derive an expression for change in
1. (@)
wavelength of a photon after scattering from an electron. =
Sol. Compton effect: It is the phenomenon according to which when high frequency ‘radiation
is scattered by the electrons of the scatterer then frequency of scattered radiation is smaller
than the frequency of the incident radiations or wavelength of scattered radiation is greater
than the wavelength of incident radiation.
Electron
at rest
p=mv
Expression for Compton shift: Suppose an X-ray photon of frequency v falls on a free
electron at rest as shown in the figure. During collision, the photon imparts a part of its
energy to the electron and sets it into motion, Due to this, the scattered photon has less
energy and less frequency.
Suppose the collision is relativistic. Whereas the incident photon possesses energy as well
as momentum, the other electron is supposed to be at rest. Let after collision the electron
recoils with velocity v and the scattered photon has frequency v’. Let'the scattered photon
and recoil electron make angles } aid 0 with the direction of incident photon.
| Before collision:
Energy of incident photon = hv
Momentum of incident photon = * where cis the velocity of light.
mgc* where mig is the rest mass of the electron.
0 «
Rest mass energy of electron
Momentum of electrot
28 | STUDENT Examination Series a After collision: |
Energy of scattered photon = hy’
Momentum of scattered photon =
Momentum of recoil elect
tron = mv where v is the velocity of electron after collisio
According to Relativistic mass uf fs
energy relation, E = mc? where
V
| ©
According to the law of conservation of energy:
Energy of photon and electron before collisiorm! Energy of photon and electron after
collision :
or, hy + mgc? = hv! + me®
or, me = hy hy! + mgt wa(2)
According to the law of conservation of linear momentum, in the direction of incident
photon,
Momentum of photon and électron before collision
= Momentum of photon and electron after collision
Iv Ay’
ie, +05
or, mive cos 0 = hv—hy' cos 6 (3)
Now applying the law of conservation of linear moméntum perpendicular to the direction
of incident photon, we hav:
or
juaring and adding equations (3) and (4) we get
2 poe) c rr mvc sin? @ = hv? +J2v" cos? 6 - 2h" cos 6 + Jv? sin? o
or, oo oe 6 + sin? 0) = h’v? + hv? (cos? § + sin? 6) - 2h?w' cos }
or, moc = Wve + hey ory
or, mvc? = Wy? + v2 —-2vv' cos 4) (5)
ing both sides of equation (2) we get
esate = me = Wy? + Hv! + mec! — 2h?vy' + Ahvngc? — Bhy!mgc?
on)
or, mech = W(v? + v? -2wv') + hme? (v—v'+ merc wa(6)
Subtracting equation (5) from (6), we get. a
e cae mec (A-v*). = 2Kvv' (cos = 1) + Zhmgc* (v—v') + meet wf)
From equation (1), we get 43
» ;
ala ea ~—
i is value in equation (7), we get
Putting this value in eq 2a (oom #1) + Rhye SV) + ihr
oe = mg? (V—v’) = hyy' (cos 6-1)
Pursics (Sem. STH) Sowve Quesmion Parer—Nov. 2018 ( Solr ee >
11 -cos 4) (6)
‘myc
«¢ a positive quantity. This shows thay
Except for $ = 0, for all other values of Be ddent fh ‘oton is greater than the scattereg
®) LHS. would be (+)ve if v > vie, frequency ©
* photon.
c
: Ly
hence equation (8) becomes
MA ht (-cos)
We
h
or, oR = meee)
or, m= v-n= LG -c08 6) (9)
mgc
This is the required expression for change in wavelength or Compton shift of scattered
photon and shows that.’ > 4 ie,.wavelength of scatter@pl photon is greater than that of
incident photon.
1. (b) Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength of neutron of energy 28.8 eV.
Given, h = 6.62 x 10™ J-sec
Mass of neutron
Sol. Given, Energy of the neutron, E = 28.8 eV
8.8 x 1.6 x 10" J
Mass of the neutron, m, = 1.6 x 10” kg
de-Broglie wavelength associated with the neutron,
et.
Substituting various values, we get
6.62 x 10
— OO — m
21.67 x10” x 28.8 «1.6 x10
6.62 x10
=m
2 x 1.67 x 28.8 x 1.6 x 10%
6.62 x10"
2.x 1,67 x 28.8 1.6
= 0.53 x 10 m
0.053 x 107 m
= 0.053 A
30 | STUDENT Exammarion Senses 2. (a) What is photoelectric effect? Di
the laws of photoelectric emissi
Sol. It is the phenomenon of emission of
some radiations are incidenton them,
Laws of photoelectric emission ate:
(© For every substance, there is a minimum frequency vp of incident radiations below
which no photoelectric emission can take place, however long intensity of incident
radiations may be. This minimum frequency is the characteristics of the metal and
called threshold frequency.
(i) Maximum velogity of
and not on its intensity.
(ii) Number of photoelectrons emitted’ by a given area
intensity of incident radiations and not o
(iv) Photoelectric emission is instantaneous.
When a photon having energy hy falls on a metal surfaces, its energy is used in two ways,
A part of it, equal to work function W is used to eject the photoelectron to the surtace ancl
rest (liv — Wo) is used in imparting the KE to the emitted photoelectron.
hv = Wy
rive Einstein photoelectric equation and explain
ion with the help of this equation.
electrons by certain substances mainly metals when
Electrons ejected in this way are called photoelectrons.
photoelectrons depend on the frequency of incident radiations
Per unit time depend on the
n its frequency. bg
zi
my
When frequency of incident radiation = v, (threshold frequency) then photoelectron is just
ejected and then v,,,, = 0
In such a case
ivy = a» .
hy = hvy +m?
1
or zm = h(v-vy) nf)
Thus eqn. (1) is called Einstein photoelectric equation. Laws of photoelectric emission can
be explained using this equation as described below.
(08 If frequency of photon (v) is less than the minimum frequency vy. The kinetic energy
Smo? of photoelectrons is negative, which has no meaning hence emission of
* electron is not possible if v < Vo.
(ii) Kinetic energy (Jno?) or velocity of photoelectrons depends on the frequency of
incident radiation i. v and is completely independent of the intensity of radiation.
Hence if frequency of incident radiation is kept constant and intensity {ruumbee of
photons incident per unit area of the surface) is increased, the number of photoel cone
emitted will increase and there will be no change in velocity of photoelectrons. oan
photoelectric current is proportional to the intensity of the incident radiation an
increase of intensity does not affect the maximum kinetic energy. ues
(ii) Number of electrons ejected per unit time depends upon the sumbere 2
falling on the surface per unit area per second ic. intensity: Increasing th tnesitty
of incident light, the number of photons in the incident gediation incre ace
number of collisions producing photoelectrons will increase. Wi yy chang\
Puysics (Sem. 571) Sowveo Quesrion Parck—Nov. 2018 (M.D.U.) | 34 taal hotoelectrons is proportion,
the energy of the electron emitted i.e. rate of emission of P
to the intensity of incident radiations. ict tof phy
Thus, we vee tut Bingtein equation explains all Oe a = oistine one
emission. It is assumed that EM radiations consist of 4 energy
which behave like particle. ;
2, (b)_ What are limitations of old quantum mechanics ele cs cdeegy th a
Sol. Old quantum theory: Max Planck gave the theory of per eoen pate Ain
body spectrum which could not be explained on the basis a ee nadia of en
to Planck, a black body emitting radiations, can be suppos er seein Pare
harmonic oscillators each having a special frequency of oscillations. Sead
these oscillators cannot have any energy but can have only discrete en te eure
ho. This packet of energy is called quantum of radiation or photon an energy is give
by
E, = nhv i
( Here n= 1, 2,3... ete and h =6.627 x 10° Js and is called Planck’s constant. FE
He suggested that number of oscillators with energy E,, is given by M.B distribution law at
a temperature T and is proportional to e~ #7. i
Hence, average energy per oscillator = E = aos
SS kaa
This equation is called Planck’s radiation law. This law fits the experimental curve very
well over the entire range of wavelength.
Wien’s law and Rayleigh-Jeans law can be derived from Planck's law of radiation.
Planck’s theory correctly explain the distribution of energy in a black body which could
note be explained by classical theory.
From Planck’s theory, it can be conducted that radiations are emitted and absorbed in the
form of discrete packets of energy and these radiations do not form continuous spectrum.
This, quantum theory of radiation given by Max Planck could thus explain the black body
radiation spectrum, photoelectric effect, Compton effect. It also explained the variation of
specific heats of solids with temperature and line spectrum of hydrogen. This quantum
theory is known as old quantum theory and its has following drawbacks:
(9 Itexplained the line spectrum of hydrogen atom on the basis of Bohrs postulates that
in stationary orbits, electrons do not radiate energy and angular momentum of electron
is integral multiple of z in these orbits. There was no theoretical justification for this
postulate.
fii) It could not provide any information of transition Probabilities and jutensity of
spectral line. zs
V (iii) “Old quantum theory could not explain the dis ersion of light.
ie) This theory could not explain the spectral lines of systems like hydrogen molecule and
normal helium atom.
v (2) This theory could not explain the processes which ins lve the spin of el arid
v the Pauli‘s exclusion principle.
(vi) It failed to explain half integral values needed
agreement with experiments.
¥ (ii) Itcannot be applied to explain non-harmonic vibrations of systems.
mee aaa
32 | STUDENT Exammnarion Scans :
to quantize certain quantities to obtain G.P. Thomson’s experiment:
To vacuum pump
(b)
>
Experimental arrangement used by G.P. Thomson is shown in the figure above. Here
electrons are produced when current is passed through the filament F. These are then,
accelerated by a potential difference of LOk to 60k volt. between anode A and cathode C, The
whole apparatus is evacuated so that there is no collision of electrons with the molecules of
the gas.
A fine beam of electrons is allowed to pass through a fine hole B in a metal. Then electron
beam is allowed to fall on a thin gold foil G (= 10 cm). Diffracted beam is allowed to fall
on the screen S. Photographs of the diffracted beam has concentric rays as shown in the
figure (b) above. This pattern is similar to the pattern produced by X-ray diffraction in the
powdered crystal method. This justifies that electrons (particle) behave like wave.
3. (b) Calculate the de-Broglie wavelength associated with a proton moving with velocity
equal to th the velocity of light.
Mass of proton = 1.67 x 10°” kg.
Sol. Here, mass of proton, m = 1.67 x 10” kg
Velocity of proton, » = i x velocity of light
a
= 20
3x40, oy
= 7 aw
= 1.5 x 10’ ms?
de-Broglie wavelength associated with the proton,
h
mo
Substituting various values, we get
” 6.62 x 10°
1.67x10” 15x10" ™
— _ 662x104
1671510 ™
= 6:62
167 x15
= 2.64x 10m *
x10 m
pee ea ee ee
34 | STUDENT Exammnarion Semies 4, Derive an expression for time dependent Schrédinger wave equation for a free particle.
Sol. Time dependent Schridinger equation: Suppose a non-relativistic particle of mass m is
moving along x-direction. Let momentum and energy associated with it be p and E, Thus
« fo
E om (I)
If.and vbe the de-Broglie wavelength and frequency associated with this particle then its
momentum and energy will be expressed as
Wek olny
p= pagan 2)
h
id =hv= LL x2mve
an E = hv= x 2e=ho 8)
where k= ae is called propagation constant and o = 2nv is called angular frequency of the
waves.
Now we want to find an equation, the solution of which should describe the wave like
behaviour of the particles and is also consistent with uncertainty principle. Let path of the
particle be described by a wave function v(x, t) whose magnitude is large ina region where
the probability of finding the particle is large. In other regions, the magnitude of y is small
and hénce its probability of occurrence is small.
The wave function associated with a plane monochromatic wave constituted with free
particles and propagating in the positive x-direction is given as
w(x, t) = Aexpli(x-of)] -@)
Using Eqns. (2) and (3) in (4), we get
yet) = sen|i(Ex-§)|
or (x,t) = Aexp ik (px- | 6)
‘The wave function ofa wave packet constituted by the superposition of aset of such waves
is given as ‘ ;
ip”. i
sri (px Et) | 6)
ve) = PR j 0) en (px | ip )
° i : : : :
where a(p) = oa [i vener [- i ope- 2] dx is the amplitude of the component of
Differentiating Eqn. (6) wrt-tweget ;
oy _ 1 (- i) [7 en) exp li (px- | dp
: 1 [8 4 Gx -EN|q O
= nde = ef sanvoo| jt nla
After using Eqn. (6) we get 8
inet = Ey
cs nasron Paver Now 208 M.D.L),| 3s _—
Again differentiating Eqn. (6) want. x, we get
oy
ex
~in
or,
1 (5). mine [g x -20 |
* Vann
a dpe EE
a ed a E
| dp 9)
Again differentiating this equation want. x we get
x’
ney = pei) aner[ iow]
Multiplying both sides by, (- ih) we get
Srey 1 ees, li -e)]4 ull
nye Teg J.P arlene qr Et) |p (0)
After using Eqn. (6), we get
a
cy ee (Il)
ar NPY
Now using Eqn. (1) in (8) we have
singe: ihe em
faap 7 Song
Again using Eqn. (11) we get
in. 2 Oy
ine = oY (12)
This is the one-dimensional time dependent Schrddinger wave equation for a free particle.
As we know that wave function associated with a plane wave is
‘y = Aexp [i (px = »] (13)
oy
a
or ine
Also from (13), »
or -ih 2
2,
or, “" ay
7 £(-j)ee|jier-en
= By (14)
- (self f
=py (15)
=p (&}see[firr-en] -By
0)
=py
Equations (14), (15) and (16) show that for a free particle the energy and momentum can be
represented by differential operators which act on the wave function y. The operator for
, 3 a
Bis in&, forpis ~ih-5- and for pis ~1* 2
eae
36 | STUDENT Examinarion Series
ws Using these concepts in Eqn. (13) we get
Ey(x, t) = C mm Wr 8)
Extension of Schridinger eauild in 3-dimensions: For three-dimensions,
kis replaced
by k.
Hence from Eqns. (2) and (3) we get
= 0¥ and E=ho
For the non-relativistic free particle
am
or E=-1@ +p +p2)
2m 2
And ¥ = constant expli(kx + ky +kz—of)]
= constant exp i(k . 7 - of)]
Roy = (ky + jky +i). (e+ jy +key
or
or v= Aoe[ iG. 7 =|
where 7 is the position vector of the particle and A is a constant.
The expression for wave function of the wave packet constructed due to superposition of
waves in three-dimension by using Fourier transform is given by
- 1 abies: ry
v(r,t) = aye | | JewlEG. Ep |ép ~A7)
And accordingly the amplitude of component of momentum in threedimension be
2p) -L(p.r-En|at
a(p) = care LS veol-; (per eo|
where dp = dp, dp, dps end Er = bey dare fhe yajume elements in the momentum and
coordinate spaces respectively.
Differentiating Eqn. (17) w.tt. t, we get
* . 1,(-4) in fexre| iG. a]
Pursics (Sem. 57H) Sowven Quesnon Parer—Nov. 2018 (M.D.U.) | 37 =
iG 7-0] 0g
= aban [fodiens
Now differentiating Eqn. (17) w.rt. x, we get
oY .apeo (- 7-ED]
& = ei) T I J
= per = prt Py + PZ
ay aiep|i@.7-20] 7
= ex? aan) Iie ’
2, j fio. :
or, -" XY - om fi fe see [iO- en] 9)
Similarly for y and z components we can write
2, = - iff .
rye aoe ile aie [i@.7-e9]4 (20)
and ny : = [Jfreatven[ fc: —en]aty (21)
Adding Eqns. (19), (20) and (21), we get
= (@ oy, -Zy) - aay | Joe +p + rap xemp| iG Pe en]etp
at ay ast
292 2a fo = Vi > >
or, -nvty = aaptl [frarien| je. 7 -0]p (22)
Comparison of Eqns. (17) and (18) shows that
in® aby (23)
Comparison of Eqns. (17) and (22) shows that
~WVAy = py (24)
For a non-relativistic particle we have
Using this value in Eqn. oe
i Dell alia apt
a” mY ay Vw eee n
This is the required time d di Koh t
ieee oan qt 'e dependent Schrodinger wave equation in three dimension for a
i
g
3
£
q
i
3
2
quation for ti
value of Its anergy levels. Be ‘or linear harmonic oscillator and calculate the
Sian Scuss significance of zero point energy.
Sol. We know that if motion is simple harmonic th storing i proporti
displacement (x) ie. ’ faye eeannene
Pox
or F = kx
where kis proportionality constant and is called force constant. Also from Newton's second
law of motion,
dx
Fe mar Al)
where m = mass of the particle
+. Equation (1) becomes
nt
at?
xk
or GP tm * @
This equation represents a periodic motion of angular frequency
py ee et =
m m 2n\m -
The P.E. of the oscillator for the displacement x is
V(x) = -[ rae [tear frcas
0 o 0
= tatsc
where C is constant of intergration. At x = 0, V(x) = 0 and hence C = 0
V@) = fiat 4)
‘The time-independent Shrddinger equation in one-dimension is given as:
@y 2m a
ay 2m _vly =0
dx Ww? ;
After using equation (4), we get
Pe 2 (8)
@y 2m), Bl 20
ax WP 2
i i i i form.
To find the solution of equation (5), it should be rewritten in the dimensionléss [2
For this, let dimensionless variable be y = ax and i be a dimensionless eigen
equation (5) can be written as
(6)
& e
we yy =0
Puvacs (Sem, 57H) SoLveD QuesTion Paper—Nov. 2018 (M.D.U.) | 39 and
-. Equation (5) becomes
2 2
we fy, 2m e-K¥ ly =0
a? RL 20
“Py [2mE 1 Km 1 7] =0 (7)
or ol ae F ay |¥
a. Km
A comparison of equation (6). with (7) shows that a = d and a" = 7
= 2mE 1 _2mE _h__2E| aye 2 (8)
wa ft “a Km 8 AK he
[using equation (3)]
Asymptotic solution: In the asymptotic region y -> + hence
2
£4. ey ( a-Pe-¥)
ay
The solution of this equation is
(9)
<<
vy) = y"e’? where nisa finite number
The (+)ve sign in the exponent makes w(y) to diverge for large negatives as well as positive
values of y while the (-) ve sign in the exponent keeps y(y) finite. Since the wave function
y must remain finite everywhere in the space and hence only the (-)ve sign in the exponent
is allowed for physically acceptable asymptotic solution of equation (6).
Le
Recursion formula: The solution of equation (6) contains the term y(y) = e 2 hence
general solution of equation (6) may be written as:
ee
vy) = ? Hy) (10)
where H(y) is a polynomial of finite order in y and hence of x and is called Hermite
polynomial. To get the differential equation which must be satisfied by Hi(y), we differentiate
equation (10) twice ie.,
tines gig eid
faa , ao = ~ye 7Hly)+e 2 ay) (11)
a j Ze 2
EVA -¥e FHy)-e 2Hy)-ye 2? My)-yeo 4 wv
ye ee TH) ve SHY) yet ag hore ? quo (2)
eee
40 | STUDENT Exammarion Scnics Pere
‘ ay ;
Putting the values of ‘dy? 4 V in equation (6), we get
x o- vq x yz
A wet a La 4 en a
ve Hulse THU) yes TH ye ryt) +e ae Ds a-yye THy)=0
Wyma :
or ye 7H(y)-e FH(y)—2ye ? ql LHD THe Fay)-0
iy
Yr gy
ore? [Sia 278 sara)-muy]=0
@H(Y) dH (Y)
or agree ae +(2-1) Hy) =0. 03)
Since ¢ ? is not zeto except for y = + 0 the differential equation can be solved by method
of power series. Let the function H(y) is expressed in the form of power series in y as:
HY) = S¥ay' Say"
ms a
where a) # Oands>0 (14)
The coefficients a, are so chosen that equation (13) is satisfied. Now differentiating
equation (14) twice, we get
oH - Datrsoye
aie Hy) “ Detrsanrss-ye
ay
Putting these values in equation (3) we get
Ya lr+oir+s— Dy? -2y- Ye (r+ sy 4K yea y=0
0 r= =
or Sale sayrssy? Ya l2(r+5)-0.-Dyy"* =0 (15)
70 ro
This is the required power series in y and is valid for all values of y and is satisfi
if the coefficient of each power in y must vanish separately. Thus for lowest of y'(ie., y™
we get
s(s—1) ay = 0
Eithers = Oors=1 a)#0
For the coefficient of 7 (i.e., for t= 1) we have
(5+1)(s)a, =0
., Either a, = 0 ors =-1 : ie 2.
Since s#—1 hence either a, = 0 or s = 0 or both, Now equating the coefficient of y'** to zero,
we get
449 (8+ 17-+2) (8 +r +1)—a, [2 +1)-(A- 1] =0
“EPEC eer teetns eee Pe
Pavsics (Sem. SH) Souven Quesrion Paren—Nov. 2018 (M.D.U.) | 41 ttt
25+ 2r-A+ tg
“a ua = Tears aystrt lar
2
Thisis the required recursion formula which
helps in calculating the coefficients of y*, ¥'
y! ete. if ay is known and in calculating the
coefficient of y’, y’, y’ ete. if a is known. t t
In order to have satisfactory wave function,
the equation (14) must terminate at some, =$ho 1
value of r. This is possible if the coefficients a
a, is zero so that the subsequent coefficient
Ajqy May Cte. are also zero, Thus numerator |
in equation (16) would be zero i.e., ne
Qs+2r+h4+1 = 0
or Qs+2rt1 =2 -(l7)
Fors = 0, =2r+1 and For A= 2r+3
Inorder to cover these two cases, equation (17) be written as
6 d= 2n41
where n is a quantum number and n = 0, 1, 2,3,..
2E,
tial
ibe
Noe<
Ey =pho
(18)
_. Using equation (8) in (18) we get
=2n+1
or E, = holn+1/2] (19)
For different values of n we get certain discrete values of E, called eigen values of the
harmonic oscillator. Thus
Ey = hm Ey = 2h, Ey = Sho, ett
Oe ea ee
The difference between two consecutive eigen values is fiw and is quantized. These energy
levels are shown in the parabola which is due to potential energy of the particle.
Zero point energy: For the ground state [putting n = 0 in equation (17)], we get Ey = Fhe
called zero point energy. A comparison of this result with that of old quantum mechanical
result E = nho shows that the only difference is that all the equally spaced energy levels are
shifted upward by an amount hho . This shows that even in the lowest state, the harmonic
oscillator has energy greater than it would have if it were at rest in the equilibrium position.
The motion associated with minimum energy state is called zero point motion. Also the
existence of zero point energy is in agreement with experimental results and is characteristic
of quantum mechanics and is related with uncertainty principle.
Write short notes on:
(a) Orthogonality of wave function
(b) Normalization of wave function
(©) Eigenvalue and Eigenfunction.
Sol. (2) Orthogonality of wave function: Eigenfunctions or wave function corresponding t0
different eignevalues are orthogonal and all eigenvalues are real.
ena functions y,, and y, belonging to different eigenvalues are such that the
integral
s
Stee ee
42 | STUDENT Exammnarion Serics ST A aaa SELECT a aaa
®
Jun vn dV oF Fs vn AV vanishes over entire space for m # n
ie., Jun v, av =0 oF Jui vad¥ =0formen
th i
‘en the wave functions y,, and y,, are said to be orthonormal to each other.
Suppose y,, and y, are different solutions of the Schrédinger eqn. Hy(7) = E+(7)
corresponding to eigenvalues E,, and E,, respectively, then we have
ty 42m
Wm + ae EnV) = 0 Al)
2
and Viv t Gr (En-V)Wn = 0 (2)
The complex conjugate of eqn. (1) may be put as follows (assuming V to be real)
+ 21 “ .
Vin + En -V)Wn = 0 3)
Multiplying eqns (2) by y,,and (3) by y,, we get
. 2 :
Vin Vy +59 (Ex —V) Win Vn = 0 ~#)
a * .
and nV? Win +55 (Em VOW Wa = (6)
Subtracting eqn. (5) from eqn. (6), we get
. . 21 Hye
Vin V2 Wy — Wa V? Wn +53 En EnV We = 0 6)
Integrating above equation over the space co-ordinates, we get
[lovn¥? va—va¥? wa) AV +22, Ee) Tan AV = 0
It is possible to transform the first integral (which is the volume integral) to a surface
integral with bounding surface at infinity by using Gauss divergence theorem. This
gives
Jf Oven We Pine 35+ FEE, Ea) [[fvaveav =o
where the subscript n, denotes the component of the vector within the barcket, in the
direction of the outward normal to the element of the area dS.
‘As Yq and y, vanish at the-bounding surface at infinity, the first term ive, surface
integral becomes equal to zero.
Normalization of wave functions: Quantity yy" dV ory? dV represents the probability
of finding a particle in the given volume element dV. ;
In physical problems, a particle is bound by forces fo a limited region. For example,
the electron in an atom may be held close to the nucleus by electrostatic forces of
attraction, the particle may be confined to a box with non-penetrable walls etc. ts
such cases the particle is certainly to be found somewhere in the space and hence
probability of finding the particle in the space will be represented by some probability
nO eee) (al
Provacs (Sem: Sra) Souveo QuesTion Paren-Nov. 2018 (M. 43 5
_ (
=
distribution function so that the total probability of finding the particle in the thy
the space considered in a particular problem is unity. Mathematically: Hey
frc.nav . fur@owe nay
five nr av = ‘
where V is the volume of whole space. In eqn. (1) the integration extends Over ent
(ow whole) space in which the particle is confined to move by constraining forces
A wave function which satisfies eqn. (1) is said to be normalized to unity (or by,
normalised). This equation is also referred to as normalisation condition for the wave
"
function w(7,,t).
Generally, y is not a normalized wave function but the J [v(?, OF dV * is finite fop
w(7,t) to represent a wave packet (in general for y to represent a bound state). In
such a case y is multiplied by a numerical constant A to give a new function A y so
that A y satisfies the normalisation condition. Then it can be seen that the new wave
function A y is also a solution of the wave eqn. The numerical constant A is evaluated
by using the following condition
Joayys (Ay) ae dy dz
1
e(2)
or [Al Juv * dx dy dz
SS
Juv * dx dy dz
where A is termed as normalisation constant. It should be noted that for a plane wave
"
or [AP
function e#7-" the integral (1) over infinite volume is not finite.
Eigenvalues and eigenfunctions: Time-independent Schrodinger equation is
Ay (1) = Ey(r) (1)
Here, the Hamiltonian operator H operating on the wave function (7) gives a constant
E multiplied by the same wave function ir). An equation of the type where an
operator operating on a function gives a constant and the same function is called
eigenvalue equation. In equation (1) vis said to be an eigenfunction of the operator H
that operates on y and the constant E multiplying y on the right hand side is called the
corresponding eigenvalue of the operator H. A state with a well defined energy E has
a wavefunction of the form y(7, t) = 4(?)e” .
The solution of time-independent Schrddinger equation can be obtained if the explicit
form of the potential V(r) is known. In general a system has a set of well-defined
energy states E, for n = 1, 2,3, .. with corresponding wave function y,(r). When time
dependent part is included then wave function of the system is
Wn (r, 1) = v, (7) exp [ a
44 | STUDENT Exannarion Semcs
ad » States for which probability density is constant in time are called
stationary states, The time-dependent factor exp [- ts ‘| of such states are given by
the energy E, of the particle,
From eqn. (1), we have
Pet =, (0,0)|-
ae
1 |r
in Nnlrt)
or ine = Ey Wy (8) (2)
This equation is also an eigenvalue equation with y, (r,£) as the eigenfunction of the
loeee ee
operator ih- with the same eigenvalue E,, as before. This is to be expected as both
operators H and ih £ are energy operators.
Similarly, momentum operator p operating on the plane wave function exp [i(kx-«)]
gives
patent (in 2)et-a «yates o
This is again an eigenvalue equation with exp [i(kx - at)] as the eigenfunction of the
operator p with the eigenvalue hk. Hence, his called the momentum of the plane wave.
UNIT- 1
7. What do you mean by potential barrier? Solve the Schrédinger equation for a particle
in one-dimensional potential barrier when E > V,, Calculate transmission and reflection
co-efficients.
Sol. When a potential acting on a particle is zero everywhere except in a limited region, it is
known as potential barrier.
Solution of Schrédinger wave equation for a particle in one-dimensional barrier when
E> Vo: Suppose the potential function in one-dimensional potential barrier is given as:
V(x) = Oforx <0
= Vp for0a ‘
Here the potential barrier is between x = 0 and x = a. Particle (or wave) can be incident
on the barrier either from the left or from the right. Suppose particle having energy less
than V ie. E < Vp approach this barrier from the left i.e. from region I, then Glasiclly
the particle will always be reflected and hence will not penetrate the barrier. ene
quantum mechanically even for E < Vy, thereisa finite probability of the particle rae Ae
through the barrier and appearing in the region III. This probability of Lesley
barrier is termed as the tunneling effect. This is entirely a quantum mechanic: 7
U.) | 45
LO
=v (40) wilfat
Wy (r, 0) exp [ 2 wel)
The probability density P (r, t) is then given by
rea P (r,) = [y, (r, OF [y, (r, 0)? = constant in time
: Puysics (Sem. 57H) SouveD Question fio
itted through the barrier,
ForE> Vo (classically) the particle willalways get tranarter Tra refleceg
quantum mechanically there is a finite probability thal ek
sen talon it and Il (Fig. 2) are:
Schrddinger equation, in each of the three regions, I,
For region I
ayy, 2m ie «0
<1 SE By, = O[V(x) = 0]
ate
(Reflected (incident V(x) = Vo
we ar Forward wave
net gt
Yo
Log 0
| Backward wave
_woeo | | Tnside barrier
x=0
Fig. 2
For region II
7
SE EE —Vo)ve = V0) = Val -6)
For region III
2
Tet AE Eys = 1V0)=0)] 6
Here vy, ay and v3 are wave functions in regions I, II and III respectively. The general
solutions of Eqns. of (2), (3) and (4) are:
Vy = Ae + Berth (8)
Wy = Cel* + De tex (6)
Ws = Belt 4 Fenix wal)
where A,B,C, D, Eand Fare constants, to be determined by using the usual ‘i
continuity conditions on wave function and its gradient aye USU#l boundary an
= [2meE = PmEE=Vey
k, yee and ky= ee am)
wave reflected in region I et x = 0.
along +ve x-direction in the region II
resents the wave travelling along -ve
In Eqn. (6), the first term represents the wave travelling
. ; second term
x-axis in region IL i,e., the wave reflected at x = a, eis
Similarly, in Eqn. (7), the first-term
in the region IIL "
wave travelling along -ve a-axis in region Il but then wise SeeONd term represents the
direction in region II. g
Hence, F = 0 thus solution of Eqn. (4) in region III.
Ws = Eel
46 | STUDENT Exananac >< Sol.
Define one-dimensional box. Using Schrodinger wave equation,
energy eigenvalue for a particle in one-
the particle in this box,
Suppose a particle of mass m is a rectangular box. Let us assume that:
(i) Walls of the box are rigid, hard and elastic.
(i) Walls of the box are non-penetrable and hence there is no chance of finding the particle
outside the box.
(iii) Box is one-dimensional. Hence particle moves only along a straight line. Let this line
be along x-axis,
(io) Particle is free. Hence potential energy V of the particle inside the box is zero. As
potential is independent of time hence Schrédinger time independent wave equation
is used for the particle in one dimensional box.
If length of the box be ‘a’ then
VG) = 0for0a
Schrédinger wave equation: Time independent Schrddinger wave equation in one-
dimension is:
ay (x) 2m
SO) BE-vIven =0
If particle is free, then V = 0 :
c. When 0
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