A Biometric Recognition System For Human

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol.
2 (March 2017)
Available online on http://www.rspublication.com/ijeted/ijeted_index.htm ISSN 2249-6149
A BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR HUMAN

IDENTIFICATION USING FINGER VEIN PATTERNS
Shiny Chandra Bai .P, PG Scholar, Anna University Regional Campus-Tirunelveli, Tamilnadu,
India
A. Jerwin Prabu, Head of Technology, Department of Robotics, Bharati Robotic Systems, India.
ABSTRACT
Keeping the private information more secure and safer, it has become a challenging
part. The biometrics, which uses human physiological or behavioural features for personal
identification is a promising alternative for protecting the private information. There are
many types of biometric patterns, but no biometric is perfectly reliable or secure. The vein
pattern is hidden inside the body and hence human eyes cannot view the vein pattern. By this,
the problem of forgery can be reduced. A new quality estimation algorithm is proposed to
estimate the quality of vein and the vein image is enhanced using multi scale matched
filtering. For vein extraction, information provided by the enhanced image and the vein
quality is consolidated using SVM classifier. The proposed vein extraction can handle the
issues of hair, skin texture and variable veins widths so as to extract the genuine veins
accurately. Experimental results reveal that the proposed system has achieved an accuracy of
98.59 % and it performs well than other existing systems and be a helpful tool for the security
purpose.
1. INTRODUCTION
Biometrics is to do the work of identification of humans by their own characteristics.

Biometrics is used in computer science as a form of identification and access control. It is
also used to identify the persons who are in groups under surveillance. Biometric identifiers
are classified into physiological and behavioural characteristics. Finger vein recognition is a
method of biometric authentication, which is based on images of human finger vein patterns
under the skin's surface. Finger vein ID is a biometric authentication system that matches the
vascular pattern in an individual's finger with the previously obtained data. Hitachi developed
©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 62

International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol. 2 (March 2017)
and patented a finger vein ID system in the year 2005. The technology is recently used for the
development of various applications, including credit card authentication, security of
automobiles, employee’s time details and attendance checking system, computer and network
authentications, and ATM. Moreover, finger vein systems have some powerful advantages.
First, there is no property of latency. The vein patterns in fingers stay where they belong, and
where no one can see them in the fingers has a wide range of privacy consideration. Second,
vascular sensors which are used for sensing are used to withstand any kind of work or
pressure and are usable for our systems.
2. LITERATURE SURVEY
2.1 Relevant studies
Puneet Gupta, Saurabh Srivastava, Phalguni Gupta have proposed the accurate
personal authentication system for hand dorsal images acquired under infrared light. Each
image in the database is segmented into palm and fingers which are subsequently used to
extract palm dorsal veins and the infrared hand geometry features respectively. A new quality
estimation algorithm is proposed to estimate the quality of palm, which assigns low values to
the hair or skin texture’s pixels. The palm region is enhanced using filtering and for vein
extraction, the information is provided by the image which is enhanced and the vein quality is
consolidated using a different approach. By this, the variable vein widths are effectively
enhanced and the global vein matching approach greatly minimizes the problems of
occlusion, rotation and noises. For performance evaluation, a database of 1500 hand images
have been acquired from 300 different hands and is created. Experimental results show that
the proposed system shows superior performance than the existing systems. Khellat-Kihela,
Abrishambafc, Monteirob, Benyettou have proposed an finger identification system using
multimodal fusion of finger-knuckle-print, fingerprint and finger’s venous network by taking
several techniques for multimodal fusion at different levels. A set of feature level and
decision level is proposed for the fusion of three biological traits. The multimodal fusion
system for enhancing the feature level fusion is introduced using optimization method. The
optimization consists of the space reduction methods. The pre-processing step presented is
based on the 2D Gabor filter. A bank of Gabor filters has been used in the feature extraction
step. The feature space for the finger was reduced by the methods of PCA and KFA. A
distance calculation method, SVM and KNN have been used to classify the selected features
of the finger. Yusuke Matsuda1, Naoto Miura, Akio Nagasaki have proposed the mean

curvature method. The mean curvature method describes the curvature of many intensity
profiles of image, which is used for feature extraction step, because such image profiles will
be robust against the irregular shading. The feature points are extracted from any positions in
the profiles, where the vein shape is non-linear. Also, a finger-shape model and non-rigid
method for registration purposes are proposed. Both the model and the registration method
changes the deformation, which is caused by the finger-posture change. Experimental results
show that the proposed method achieves more robust feature than that of the conventional
methods. Furthermore, the experiments on finger-vein identification system show that the
proposed method provides higher accuracy values. Also the processing speed becomes slower
in the system, when large sets of feature points are taken into account. TongLiu, JianbinXie,
WeiYan, Peiqinli have proposed a Direction-Variance-Boundary Constraint Search (DVBCS)
method, which is used to restore the finger vein patterns which are broken. At the beginning,
endpoints of broken finger-vein patterns are located. Then a constraint for searching the
candidate set points are demonstrated. Then an optimal target point is selected from the
candidate point sets. Eventually, the boundary constraint and variance constraint methods are
introduced as the termination conditions. The error rate now becomes 0.59% to 0.29%. The
variance constraint and boundary constraint processes are executed in order to terminate the
restoration process. Experiment results show that the proposed method cannot only restore
broken branches of finger-vein patterns, but also can improve the performance of finger-vein
recognition significantly. Puneet Gupta and Phalguni Gupta have proposed a multi–algorithm
fusion method, which involves four levels of fusion in the system which greatly includes
multi-algorithm fusion, data fusion, feature fusion and score fusion. Multi-algorithm fusion is
applied to extract the vein patterns from the vein images, by using various vein extraction
algorithms. Followed by that, the fused features and the hand boundary shape features are
matched to obtain the matching scores, which are fused at the score level. The proposed
system has been tested on the database which is acquired from 4120 images of 1030 subjects.
It is found to be achieving an accuracy of 100%. Experimental results reveal that it performs
better performance than other existing systems. The proposed system can compensate
geometrical deformations in a time efficient manner, but the local thresholding algorithm
sometimes does not consider global smoothness of the images.

3. ANALYSIS
The databases used in the paper are FUSM database which consists of 425 images,
ORL database of 20 images and VP database of 425 images. The input image is taken from
the any one database. Images acquired from the real world are subjected to various types of
noises. Then median filter is used to remove the noise. Thus the speckles are removed from
the image using the median filter and the filtered image is obtained. A new quality estimation
algorithm is proposed to estimate the quality of vein and the vein image is enhanced using
multi scale matched filtering. For vein extraction, the information provided by the enhanced
image and the vein quality is consolidated using SVM classifier. A Support Vector Machine
(SVM) classifier is employed to classify the proposed features of vein. The proposed vein
extraction can handle the issues of hair, skin texture and variable vein widths so as to extract
the features of vein. Also Support Vector Machine (SVM) classifier is used that will analyse
the data and recognizes the classification and regression of the image.
4. FLOW DIAGRAM
QUALITY
PREPROCESSING ESTIMATION
INPUT Image Vein

IMAGE Gradient Enhancement Extraction
Noise using Multi using SVM
scale Classifier
Removal
Local Matched
Filtering Authenticated
Range
person
Matching
Unauthenticated
person
Database
Fig 1. Flow diagram
Fig 1. Shows the flow diagram for vein pattern extraction. It explains the different
modules that have been used. Each module is explained individually in the following

4.1 PREPROCESSING
The task of image pre-processing is to enhance the image and to reduce the noise,
without destroying the important features in the image. Several filter operations which
intensify or reduce certain image details enable an easier or faster evaluation in pre-
processing. Pre-processing can also be grouped as radiometric corrections and geometric
corrections. The image, ‘I’ is converted to gray-scale image. The image ‘I’ consists of regions
that are not a part of the hand, i.e., background pixels which do not contain useful
information and hence, such areas should be removed from the image. The speckles are
removed from the image using the median filter and the filtered image is obtained.
4.2 QUALITY ESTIMATION METHODS

The quality estimation method mainly involves the method of assigning high values to
vein pixels and lower values to the remaining pixels especially to the pixels containing hair.
Gradient based quality estimation is used to estimate the quality. It is observed that the hairs
present in the acquired images have low width and there is a high intensity difference
between the black colour hair pixel and the intensity of vein pixels. On the other hand, the
local neighbourhood of hand pixels mostly have same intensity pixels and hence, local range
of hand pixels is low. Motivated by this, the local range method is applied. Local range of an
image is determined by searching the local neighbourhoods of each and every pixel. The
local neighbourhoods of ‘p’ are defined as the pixels which has a block centered at ‘p’ and is
of certain sizes. The local neighbourhoods which are having the maximum and the minimum
intensity values are found and their resulting values are subtracted to obtain the local range
value of corresponding ‘p’. It is certain that the local range of a point is low if its local
neighbourhoods possess similar intensity values.
4.3 VEIN ENHANCEMENT

The finger images or palm dorsal images may contain variable vein widths and hence a
single filter cannot be used, so matched filtering at multiple scales are used, where several
filters are designed for different shapes of vein and filter responses are used to enhance the
vein widths. Matched filtering is a linear filter which has the process of detecting a known
piece of signal that is embedded in noise. Multi-scale matched filtering is applied on quality
estimated image for vein enhancement because it can enhance the variable width veins at
multiple scales and the resultant enhanced image is obtained. Unfortunately, noise due to hair

and skin texture is also enhanced and thus, spurious veins can be generated, if the image is
used for vein extraction. In order to have clear enhanced image, the GVF Snake method is
used followed by multi scale matched filtering.
4.4 VEIN PATTERN EXTRACTION
The quality estimated Image is then applied into the SVM Classifier. Support Vector
Machines (SVMs) are supervised learning models with associated learning algorithms, that
searches data which uses the terms of classification and regression analysis. Having a set of
training examples, which are marked as belonging to one or the other of two types, an SVM
training algorithm hence forms a model that assigns new examples to one category or the
other, making it as a non-probabilistic binary linear classifier. An SVM model is a
representation of the examples as having different points in space, which are been mapped so
that the examples of the separate categories are divided by a clear gap that is as wide as
possible. In vein pattern extraction, by using SVM Classifier, the feature point extracted
image is obtained. The classifier is then used, which is used to classify the finger vein image
into background pixels and binary vein pattern.
4.5 VEIN MATCHING
The binary vein pattern is obtained from the extracted image as the output. The vein
pattern is now matched with the databases such as FUSM, ORL, and VP. The vein pattern is
matched in order to identify as an authorized person or as an unauthorized person. For
matching purpose, PCA Matching is used. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) is a
statistical procedure that uses an orthogonal method which is used to convert a set of
identifications of possibly correlated variables into a set of values of uncorrelated ones,
which are known as principal components. The number of principal components will result in
less amount or equal to that of the number of original variables. This transformation method
is defined in such a way that the first principal component has the largest value and each
succeeding component in turn has the highest variance values which is under the condition
that it is orthogonal to the corresponding preceding components. The resulting vector values
are an uncorrelated orthogonal set values.

5 RESULTS
5.1 PREPROCESSING
The input is the finger vein image. The finger vein image is pre-processed by adding
rough on the scale of the wavelength. Speckle noise is generally serious, causing difficulties
for image interpretation.
It increases the mean grey level of a local area. The noise is removed by the Median
filter which is a non-uniform low pass filter. Fig 2 shows the pre-processing stage which has
the filtered image,
(a)
(b)
Fig 2. Pre-processing Stage- (a) Input Image (b) Filtered Image

5.2 QUALITY ESTIMATION METHODS
Gradient is a useful way which is present to measure the directional component in an

image. The local neighbourhoods which are having the maximum and the minimum intensity
values are found and their resulting values are subtracted to obtain the local range value of
corresponding ‘p’.
Fig 3 shows the quality estimated image which is calculated using the gradient
method and local range method.
Fig 3. The quality estimated image calculated using the gradient method and local
range method
5.3 VEIN ENHANCEMENT
The multi scale matched filtering which enhances the variable vein widths at multiple
scales. Noise due to hair and skin texture is also enhanced in the vein image.

Fig 4. The enhanced image by multi scale matched filtering
Fig 4. Shows the enhanced image by multi scale matched filtering which enhances the
variable vein widths at multiple scales.
5.4 VEIN PATTERN EXTRACTION
In vein pattern extraction, by using SVM Classifier, the feature point extracted image
is obtained. The classifier is then used, which is used to classify the finger vein image into
background pixels and binary vein pattern. The feature point extracted image is shown in fig
5
Fig 5. Feature point extracted image

After the feature point image is obtained, the SVM Classifier classifies the image into
background pixel image and binary vein pattern. The binary vein pattern thus obtained is
shown in fig 6
Fig 6. Binary vein pattern
5.5 VEIN MATCHING
The binary vein pattern is obtained from the extracted image as the output. The vein
pattern is now matched with the database such as FUSM, ORL, and VP. The vein pattern is
matched in order to identify as an authorized person or an unauthorized person. For matching
purpose, PCA Matching is used. The vein matched output using PCA Matching is shown in
Fig 7
Fig 7. The vein matched output

5.6 VEIN PATTERN EXTRACTION AND MATCHING USING GUI TOOLS
After the vein pattern is extracted, it is matched and is implemented in Graphical

Interface Tools (GUI) for interfacing. A graphical user interface (GUI), is a type of user
interface that allows the people to interact with the help of electronic devices through
graphical icons and visual icons such as secondary notation methods, instead of text based
indicators, typed command labels or text navigation methods. The GUI tool implementation
for authorized person and unauthorized person is shown in fig 8,
(a)
(a)
Fig 8. GUI tool implementation – (a) authorized person (b) unauthorized person

5.7 ACCURACY COMPARISION:
Accuracy is a statistical measure in which the result obtained from the measurement,
calculations continues to the correct value or a standard.
Accuracy comparision
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
FUSM ORL VP
Accuracy 98.59 96.62 95.12
Fig 9. Accuracy comparison
From the above fig 9, it is inferred that the maximum value of accuracy is obtained in
FUSM database as 98.59 % and hence it is found to be better than other databases.
5.8 SENSITIVITY COMPARISION
Sensitivity is a statistical measure which measures the proportion of positives that are
correctly identified and hence improves the performance of the binary classification.
Sensitivity comparision
99
98
97
96
95
94
93
92
FUSM ORL VP
Sensitivity 97.94 95.12 94.23
Fig 10. Sensitivity comparison

From the above fig 10, it is inferred that the maximum value of sensitivity is obtained
in FUSM database as 97.94 % and hence it is found to be better than the other databases.
5.9 SPECIFICITY COMPARISION
Specificity is a statistical measure which measures the amount of negatives that are
correctly identified in a given set.
Specificity comparision
95.4
95.2
95
94.8
94.6
94.4
94.2
94
93.8
93.6
93.4
93.2
FUSM ORL VP
Specificity 95.12 94.56 93.89
Fig 11. Specificity comparison
From the above fig 11, it is inferred that the maximum value of specificity is obtained
in FUSM database as 95.12 % and hence it is found to be better than the other databases.
5.10 TPR COMPARISION
True positive rate is the rate at which the proportion of positives are correctly
identified in a given set.
TPR Comparision
95.5
95
94.5
94
93.5
93
FUSM ORL VP
True Positive rate 95.12 94.56 93.89
Fig 12. TPR comparison

From the above fig 12, it is inferred that the maximum TPR is obtained in FUSM
database as 95.12 % and hence it is found to be better than other databases.
5.11 FPR COMPARISION
The false positive rate is calculated as the ratio between the number of negative events
which are been wrongly classified as false positives and the total number of actual negative
events.
FPR Comparision
25
20
15
10
0
FUSM ORL VP
False Positive Rate 15.45 18.12 21.52
Fig 13. FPR comparison
From the above fig 13, it is inferred that the minimum value of FPR is obtained in
FUSM database as 15.45 % and hence it is found to be better than other databases.
5.12 PERFORMANCE MEASURE OF PSNR VALUES AND MSE VALUES
Peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) is a term which calculates the ratio between the
maximum possible power of a signal and the power of corrupting noise. Many signals have
wide dynamic range and hence PSNR is expressed in terms of the logarithmic scale.
The Mean Squared Error (MSE) or Mean Squared Deviation (MSD) usually measures
the average of the squares of the errors or deviations. It shows the difference between the
estimator and what is estimated in a system.

From the databases of FUSM, ORL and VP, out of 870 images, 10 images are taken
from each database and PSNR value is calculated. It is found that the maximum value of
PSNR is obtained in FUSM database and the performance measure of PSNR of FUSM, ORL,
VP databases is listed below in fig 14,
PSNR of all Databases

60
50
40
30
20
10
0
Img 1 Img 2 Img 3 Img 4 Img 5 Img 6 Img 7 Img 8 Img 9 Img 10
FUSM Database ORL Database VP Database-Palm VP Database-Wrist
Fig 14. Performance measure of PSNR of FUSM, ORL, VP Databases
The performance measure of MSE of FUSM, ORL, and VP Databases is listed below in fig
15,
MSE of all the Databases

0.9
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
FUSM Database ORL Database VP Database-Palm VP Database-Wrist
Fig 15. Performance measure of MSE of FUSM, ORL, VP Databases

From the databases of FUSM, ORL and VP, out of 870 images, 10 images are taken
from each database and MSE value is calculated. From the fig 15, it is found that the
minimum value of MSE is obtained in FUSM database
6. CONCLUSION
The system developed a new feature extraction approach, which is used for extracting
the vein pattern in vein images. The vein is hidden inside the body and hence it is difficult to
forge or steal and hence it provides a promising alternative for reliable secured service.
Experiments show that the proposed metric has good consistency, where the features set is
promising and 98.59% accuracy is achieved for FUSM database, 96.62 % for ORL database
and 95.12 % for VP database. From the above results, it is found that the FUSM database
exhibits higher accuracy than other databases.
Further, the future work will be focussed on an embedded finger-vein application for
authentication. It will be a more promising and helpful tool for the security purposes, which
applies to any vulnerable and valuable assets.
7. REFERENCES
[1] Jian-Da Wu, Chiung-Tsiung Liu, “Finger-vein pattern identification using

SVM and nesural network technique”, Expert Systems with Applications,
Elsevier - (2011)
[2] P. Gupta , P. Gupta ,”An accurate finger vein based verification system”,
Digital Signal Processing ,Elsevier -(2015) .
[3] P. Gupta , P. Gupta , “Extraction of true palm and dorsa veins for human
based-authentication” : IEEE transactions on Graphics and Image Processing,
ACM, 2014.
[4] P. Gupta , P. Gupta , “ Multi-modal fusion of palm and dorsa vein pattern for
accurate personal authentication”, Knowledge-Based Syst. 81 –Springer-
verlag (2015) .

[5] Wonseok Song, Taejeong Kim, Hee Chan Kim, “A finger-vein verification
system using mean curvature”, Pattern Recognition Letters 1541–
1547,Elsevier 2015.
[6] S. Khellat-Kihela, R.Abrishambafc,J.L, Monteirob,“Multimodal fusion of the finger
vein, fingerprint and the finger-knuckle-print using Kernel Fisher analysis”, Applied
soft Computing (2016) ,Elsevier-2016
[7] TongLiu, JianbinXie, WeiYan “Finger-vein pattern restoration with Direction-
Variance- Boundary Constraint Search“,Engineering Applications of Artificial
Intelligence 46(2015)131–139,Elsevier -2015.
[8] Jinfeng Yang, Xu Zhang, “Feature-level fusion of fingerprint and finger-vein for
personal identification”, Pattern Recognition (2012) 623–628 & Elsevier – 2012.
[9] Yusuke Matsuda , Naoto Miura, Akio Nagasaki, “Finger-vein authentication based
on deformation-tolerant feature-point matching” ,Machine Vision and Applications
(2016) 27:237–250,Springer -2016.
[10] Yu-Chun Cheng, Huan Chen & Bo-Chao Cheng,“Special point representations for
reducing data space requirements of finger-vein recognition applications”,
Multimodal Tools for Applications,Springer -2016.

AUTHORS PROFILE
P. Shiny Chandra Bai received her B.E degree in Electronics and Communication from Mepco
Schlenk Engg College, Anna University, India, she is currently pursuing M.E degree in Embedded
Systems from Anna University Regional Campus - Tirunelveli, India. She has published papers in
International and National Journal, Conference, referred symposiums. She is a Reviewer for
International Journal of Engineering and Technology. Her research interests include Embedded
System, Image Processing, Digital Communication, Robotics, Adhoc Networks and Signal
Processing, RFID, Biometric Recognition System.
A.Jerwin Prabu received his B.E degree in Electronics and Communication from Karpagam
University, India, he is a Roboticist, Technology Head of Bharati Robotic Systems Company, at
Pune, India, as well as Research Scientist of Science, Engineering, and Technology, at India. He is
a technical expert in Industrial, Medical Robotics and its applications with particular experience in
Artificial Intelligence. He has published more than 50 papers in International and National Journal,
Conference, referred symposiums. He is a Member of the Editorial boards of International Journal
of Engg and Technology, Reviewer for Springer Journals, Council of Innovative Research, and
Scientific & Academic Journals, International Innovation Team, International Association of
Engineers, International Association of Research and Development Organization.

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International Journal of Emerging Trends in Engineering and Development Issue 7, Vol.

A BIOMETRIC RECOGNITION SYSTEM FOR HUMAN

Biometrics is to do the work of identification of humans by their own characteristics.

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 62

2.1 Relevant studies

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 63

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 64

INPUT Image Vein

Fig 1. Flow diagram

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 65

4.2 QUALITY ESTIMATION METHODS

4.3 VEIN ENHANCEMENT

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 66

4.4 VEIN PATTERN EXTRACTION

4.5 VEIN MATCHING

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 67

Fig 2. Pre-processing Stage- (a) Input Image (b) Filtered Image

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 68

5.2 QUALITY ESTIMATION METHODS

Gradient is a useful way which is present to measure the directional component in an

5.3 VEIN ENHANCEMENT

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 69

Fig 4. The enhanced image by multi scale matched filtering

5.4 VEIN PATTERN EXTRACTION

Fig 5. Feature point extracted image

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 70

Fig 6. Binary vein pattern

5.5 VEIN MATCHING

Fig 7. The vein matched output

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 71

5.6 VEIN PATTERN EXTRACTION AND MATCHING USING GUI TOOLS

After the vein pattern is extracted, it is matched and is implemented in Graphical

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 72

5.7 ACCURACY COMPARISION:

Fig 9. Accuracy comparison

5.8 SENSITIVITY COMPARISION

Fig 10. Sensitivity comparison

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 73

5.9 SPECIFICITY COMPARISION

Fig 11. Specificity comparison

5.10 TPR COMPARISION

Fig 12. TPR comparison

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 74

5.11 FPR COMPARISION

Fig 13. FPR comparison

5.12 PERFORMANCE MEASURE OF PSNR VALUES AND MSE VALUES

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 75

PSNR of all Databases

FUSM Database ORL Database VP Database-Palm VP Database-Wrist

Fig 14. Performance measure of PSNR of FUSM, ORL, VP Databases

MSE of all the Databases

FUSM Database ORL Database VP Database-Palm VP Database-Wrist

Fig 15. Performance measure of MSE of FUSM, ORL, VP Databases

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 76

[1] Jian-Da Wu, Chiung-Tsiung Liu, “Finger-vein pattern identification using

©2017 RS Publication, rspublicationhouse@gmail.com Page 77

[6] S. Khellat-Kihela, R.Abrishambafc,J.L, Monteirob,“Multimodal fusion of the finger

soft Computing (2016) ,Elsevier-2016

[7] TongLiu, JianbinXie, WeiYan “Finger-vein pattern restoration with Direction-

Variance- Boundary Constraint Search“,Engineering Applications of Artificial

Intelligence 46(2015)131–139,Elsevier -2015.

personal identification”, Pattern Recognition (2012) 623–628 & Elsevier – 2012.

on deformation-tolerant feature-point matching” ,Machine Vision and Applications