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d-block

Sa 3d Zn

led Cd
Y
6 8 sd Hg

Act Gd Uob

l TE
d block E 1
1
Transition metals :

d-block element which has incompletely filled


d-orbitals in its ground state or in any one of its
oxidation state.

EE Sc Art 45 3d v
z

Fe TA 45yd v

Zn CA 45 3110
Jx
zit Air 3d

A IAI 4s
Cut
Court
CA 45 3d's 3dg
3d
Ar 48

Note :
All transition elements are d-block elements but all d-
block elements are not transition elements.
Atomic and physical properties of d-block elements :

1. Atomic radius :
141441 1
(A.) In a period : of't
Zest 2

AR almost

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe
1kt
Co Ni Cu Zn
I I s
A RR
A Rit

Tze 21 ok
Ze s z't oh

1 111 1 1
telteltifific
a

R Sc
AR
In
Cu
Fe co g

At no.es
(B.) In a group :

(i.) Nt
93A lead
(ii.)
Mud t Msd
R Deve to lanthanoid
contraction

Q. Atomic radius order

1. Sc V Cr

2. Fe Co Ni

3. Ni c Cu c Zn

4. Ni Pd Pt

5. Sc Y La
2. Melting point :

Melting point of metals depends on the number of


unpaired electrons are involved in metallic bonding.

In any row the melting points of these metals rise to a


maximum at d5 except for anomalous values of Mn
and Tc and fall regularly as the atomic number
increases.
Reason :

Because of stable electronic configuration of Mn and


Tc, electrons are less delocalised and hence they
cannot move in electron sea freely to contribute to
strong metallic bond. Hence they have low melting
point.

Note :

1. Cr, Mo and W elements have highest melting point


in their respective d-block series because 6
unpaired electrons are involved in metallic
bonding.

2. While Zn, Cd, Hg elements have lowest melting


point in their respective d-block series due to NO
unpaired electrons for metallic bonding.
3. Enthalpy of atomisation

The enthalpy of atomisation is the change in enthalpy


when one mole of bonds is completely broken to
obtain atoms in the gas phase.

In general d-block elements have high effective


nuclear charge and a large number of valence
electrons. Therefore, they form very strong metallic
bonds which results in high enthalpy of atomisation.

Zn, Cd, Hg have lowest enthalpy of atomisation due to


the absence of unpaired electrons, the metallic bonding
is the weakest in their respective series.
4. Ionisation energy :

(A.) In a period :

Highly irregular pattern is observed.

(B.) In a group :
R Due to
(i.) 3d 2 I E Gd d orbital
I E
Contraction

I E Sd R Due to L C
(ii.) IE hd

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

u v a n v u v a v u
Y Zr Nb Mo Tc Ru Rh Pd Ag Cd
V A X X X X X X X X
La Hf Ta W Re Os Ir Pt Au Hg
Q. Ionisation energy order :

1. I.E.(Cu) I.E.(Zn)

A 3d A 3d
Is less
2. I.E.₂ (Cr) I.E.₂ (Mn)

A 3ds Les A 3d 45
II ef F
Ar Car 3ds
e t In e f IL
5. Density :

Sc Ti V
CELLI
Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

d
Itt
Density order :

Sc Ti V Zn Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu
6. Oxidation state of 3d-block elements

Sc Ti V Cr Mn Fe Co Ni Cu Zn

[Ar] 4s² 4s² 4s² 4s¹ 4s² 4s² 4s² 4s² 4s¹ 4s²
3d¹ 3d² 3d³ 3d⁵ 3d⁵ 3d⁶ 3d⁷ 3d⁸ 3d¹⁰ 3d¹⁰
I
2 2 2 42 42 42 42 2 T2
43 3 3 3 3 3 3 3
4 4 4 4 4 4 4
5 5 5
6 6 6
7

Stable O s

Amphoteric
Home work :

Complete sheet of s-block

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