Database Security, Privileges & Transaction States

Matoshri Aasarabai Polytechnic, Nashik (Comp Engg.
) Database Security & Transaction Processing
Database management system

Matoshri Aasarabai Polytechnic, Nashik
Department of Computer Engineering

Name of staff
A V Dixit
Database management system 1

Matoshri Aasarabai Polytechnic, Nashik (Comp Engg.) Database Security & Transaction Processing
Unit 5 Database Security &

Transaction Processing
• Introduction to database Security

• Database privileges:
System privileges and object privileges
• Transaction
States of transaction
• Database backup
• Database recovery
Session Outline
• Introduction to database Security
• Data security requirements
• Types of database users
• Create user alter user and delete user

Introduction to database security
• Database security involves protecting the database from

unauthorized access, modifications or destruction.
• Database security is important component of any
organization.
• The database designers not only protect data for smooth
conditioning but also have responsibility to protect
privacy of individuals.

Data security requirements
Data security requirements come up from need to protect

data: From accidental loss, from intentional unauthorized
use
The basic security standards which technology can ensure
are:
• Confidentiality
• Integrity
• Availability
Types of database users
• Application Programmer:- who writes application

programs
• End users:- who access database from terminal end
• Database users- Querying database for decision making
• DBA (Database Administrator)- DBA is responsible for
everything related to database.

Creating, altering and deleting users
• Create user- this command is used to create new user

with password
• Syntax:
• Create user username identified by password;
• E.g. CREATE USER john IDENTIFIED BY abcd1234;

Permission types
• Create:- Enables users to create database/tables

• Select:- Enables users to retrieve data
• Insert:- Enables users to add new entries in tables
• Update:- enables users to modify existing entries in
tables
• Delete:- Enables users to delete entries
• Drop:- Enables users to delete entire database /tables

Drop and alter user
• Drop:- This command is used to remove one or more

MYSQL accounts
• Syntax:- DROP user [IF EXISTS] user…
• Alter :- This command is used to modify SQL account or

type of user privileges.

Session assignment
• Q. Explain data security requirements.

• Q. Which are types of database users?
• Q. Explain how to create and alter user with one
example.
THANK YOU
Contact mail- anklesh.dixit@gmail.com
10


Name of staff
A V Dixit

Session Outline
• Database privileges
• Grant Command
• Revoke command
• Transaction
• State of transaction

Database privileges
• System privileges:- A system privilege is right to perform

a particular action or to perform an action on any object
of a particular type.
• E.g. Alter index, Alter procedure, alter sequence, alter
table, alter view

Database privileges
• Object privilege:- An object privilege is the right to

perform a particular action on an object or to access
another users object.
• E.g. Delete, execute, index, Insert, select, Update

Grant Command
• Grant:- this command is used to assign
privileges
• Syntax:-
GRANT privilege_name ON object_name TO {user-name |PUBLIC| role_name}
[WITH GRANT OPTION];
Where,
privilege_name- Access, right or privilege granted to user
Object_name- name of object like table view procedure etc.
User_name- name of user
PUBLIC:- used to grant access rights to all user
role_name- set of privileges grouped together
WITH GRANT OPTION:- allows user to grant access rights to other user.
e.g. GRANT SELECT ON student TO users1;

Revoke command
• Revoke :- This command is used to remove assigned

privilege.
• Syntax:-
REVOKE privilege_name ON object_name FROM
{user_name |PUBLIC| role_name};
• E.G REVOKE select ON student from user1;

Transaction
• A transaction is unit of program execution that access

and possibly updates various data items.
• Transaction ACID properties.
1 Atomicity
2. Consistency
3. Isolation
4. Durability
State of transaction
• Following are the states of transaction

1. ACTIVE
2. PARTIALLY COMMITED
3. COMMITTED
4. FAILED
5. TERMINATED
State transaction Diagram
Partially
•
Active Committed
Committed
Read, Write
BEGIN End trans. commit
Failed Terminated
Abort Abort

• Active:- A transaction goes into an active state

immediately after it starts execution. In this phase READ or
WRITE operation can be issued.
• Partially Committed:- When the transaction ends, it moves
to the partially committed state

• Committed:- If the check in the partially committed

state is successful, the transaction is reached to its
commit point and enters into committed state.
• Failed:- A transaction can go to the failed state, if
one of the checks fails or if the transaction is
aborted during the active state.
• Terminated:- The terminated state is indication of
transaction leaving the system.

Session assignment
• Q. Explain database privileges.

• Q. Explain Grant and Revoke command with
example.
• Q. Explain states of transaction with one
example.
THANK YOU
22


Name of staff
A V Dixit

Session Outline
• Database Backup
• Types of backups
• Database Recovery
• Recovery techniques

Database Backup
• To understand need of database backup, first understand

failure & failure categories.
• 1. Physical- It is usually caused by hardware failure
• 2. Design- It is usually caused by software failure.
• 3. Operations- It is caused by poor human intervention
• 4. Environmental- It is caused due to external causes like
earthquake, temperature conditions..

Database backup
• Database backup is a storage of data that means the copy

of data.
• If the original data is lost then using backup it can be
reconstructed.
• Types of backup:
1. Physical backup
2. Logical backup

Types of backup
• Physical backup:- Physical backups are the backups of the

physical files used in storing and recovering database,
such as data files, control files, log files etc.
• Logical Backup:- Logical backup contains logical data
which is extracted from database.
• It includes Backup of logical data like views procedure,
functions tables etc.

Importance of backups
• Planning and testing backup

• Determines speed and success of recovery
• Physical backup can extract data from physical storage.
E.g. OS
• Logical data extracts data using SQL from the database
and store it in binary file.

Database recovery
• Recovery is a process of restoring a database to the

correct state in the event of failure.
• Classified into two parts:
1. Rolling forward:- Applies redo records to related data
blocks.
2. Rolling back applies rollback segments to the data files

Log based recovery
• Logs are sequence of records that maintain the records of

actions performed by transaction.
• Two methods to create log file and updating database
1. Deferred database modification- logs created & stored
in stable storage system.
2. Immediate database modification. – after creating
each log record database is modifies for each step for
log entry immediately.

Recovery with concurrent transaction
• When two transactions are executed in parallel the

created logs are difficult to recover.
• To overcome this Checkpoints are used.
• Checkpoints are also known as savepoints.
• It is a mechanism where all the previous logs are removed
from the system and stored permanently in storage
system.

Recovery
• 1. Recovery system read the log files from end to start

check point.
• It maintains undo log and redo log
• All the transactions in the undo log are undone and their
logs are removed.
• All the transactions in the redo log are removed and then
redone before saving their logs.

Session assignment
• Q. Write a short note on database backup?

• Which are database backup? Explain in short.
• Explain database recover concept.
THANK YOU
33
THANK
YOU

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Matoshri Aasarabai Polytechnic, Nashik (Comp Engg.

) Database Security & Transaction Processing

Database management system

Department of Computer Engineering

Database management system 1

Unit 5 Database Security &

• Introduction to database Security

Database management system 3

Introduction to database security

• Database security involves protecting the database from

Database management system 4

Data security requirements

Data security requirements come up from need to protect

Types of database users

• Application Programmer:- who writes application

Database management system 6

Creating, altering and deleting users

• Create user- this command is used to create new user

Database management system 7

• Create:- Enables users to create database/tables

Database management system 8

Drop and alter user

• Drop:- This command is used to remove one or more

• Alter :- This command is used to modify SQL account or

Database management system 9

• Q. Explain data security requirements.

Database management system

Department of Computer Engineering

Database management system 11

Database management system 12

• System privileges:- A system privilege is right to perform

Database management system 13

• Object privilege:- An object privilege is the right to

Database management system 14

Database management system 15

• Revoke :- This command is used to remove assigned

Database management system 16

• A transaction is unit of program execution that access

• Following are the states of transaction

State transaction Diagram

Database management system 19

• Active:- A transaction goes into an active state

Database management system 20

• Committed:- If the check in the partially committed

Database management system 21

• Q. Explain database privileges.

Database management system

Department of Computer Engineering

Database management system 23

Database management system 24

• To understand need of database backup, first understand

Database management system 25

• Database backup is a storage of data that means the copy

Database management system 26

• Physical backup:- Physical backups are the backups of the

Database management system 27

• Planning and testing backup

Database management system 28

• Recovery is a process of restoring a database to the

Database management system 29

Log based recovery

• Logs are sequence of records that maintain the records of

Database management system 30