y v A\ssigamneal nlo- a Glae and explato the assurepltons of Boussinesg, theony, qe the selulton jor the stresses caused b the appltealten of © potnt load at the susface of a horno gervous ,elaslt Fsobropte and ext to tone rnediuco, tlh the atd of Be roalbernaltal theory of elacttetly. CA sent-toltnile medium ts one bounded by & Bouseinesg cise5) has beatgentel boundary plane, echtch tthe qrund surface for sot enedfurn- the jellosteg team Echaustive Ist of assur aa the destyalton of thts theory. can clasts homogeneous? Tsokmpte and seoot-mptorte 1 dtrecloms jes ax level surface fons mnode by Bousstors, ty the sot! medium nnedturo, whtch exkeods ingtorlely to al ty the ened obeys Hooke» laww- 7 4 self — coeght of the sotl te tgpored unstressed - ot the cotl upon opp itty the Tuy The soil Ts rotltally y the chonge fo volume do rk ts ogc wy Ae 4p surface of the enedturn ts fee of aed to only the porot lood at a speaifted localton Wty Conttoutly of chess ts considered to extst tr the enedturn. dtelitbuled sprvnelcally eatlf repel bo ltealtoo of the loadls on shear slress and fs autbjeck wtty she shress ave 4- ants: Explain the pressute hulb ond ths stgpteaose (o) Gsohos Ts o wurve (1) contour canreeltng all pots Preesure bulb below — the ground susface of equal vedktcal stress - pee Scere ith Cancab te 0 spallal arwed saface of the chape of emontecale co”) Elechte buh @) am onton. Be sere catthtn a sotl mass bounded by ¥ tesber of gee veiltal Pressure tolensily te called presune but a Gus The cued surface 1 syne about the vesHteal ortts passtng trap the load — potot- | The isobar of & pattuler inlenstly can he obbatned ustog Roussinesy &. t= kex& 2 kg = Rousing, Argluene factor = paint bead 2 = aettaal dilrce of the pant below the oad The pressure fo the foner fsobar Te rnove than pressute fn oul Anne foobers stress > ouker Ascbar slress at te the sone of the cal to wbtch there fs sigopot shees Pryord the pressate bulb the stress 1s. negltgtle Acopottance 4 Beobars These ave used fo delerrnine the effect deer" patols- Jor a Gen shen of load, a umber 4 teobars can be drawn for tolensttes of veekeal pressure Gul ely one (soba org the setHement of cheuckrre fo soll- ley teobar of load on vetlteal stress al Vaxttous them te ciesporstble for Scere ith Cncy ay Alerlteal shes dishthultor on a tosontal plane- An Necbar tea shes wolour of line whtch conrels all petals below fh qronl sinter ok ohh the veel prose oo ae facks gr tsshar i 0 spalte cerned sanfare and ase pene al all potols i | | balls tm shape 1 thts ts because the vestecal no the load rs the dislances fro besiglal place al equal ye the buh of pressure °* athe shes» teohar ts ale called Sanne + stonply the * presarre bath! . the verlteal presse Ae cts pont the Presuwwe bath to the same: Verttal chess CB) baa quen «ln jor fog ot the shes cooporert | Bousstoes9, _ ae et depth ca), below the atvjace of © gent rogtrtle soltd due | Pant load acliog on the sunpece of ast! a os Bussiness, equaclton for pao load > the verleal chess can be caladaled ty, # Ge 2 3 i: 5h ' : 4 2[ Gea is tot) eke & hes f= Geussinesg, Anjluence ecto -af— 5b. ® &( ae whee, 420 lge Be vetts Sead ith Cncube Qs potal 2= Ueilteal distance of the petal hedow the lead += atadtal distance of the potot > Tey ee G = valteal stress Ap te the, =a BR po ok The gadtal shear slress (Tr2)- T= Gxt Taz 2 = kyr B xt & pe 5 Ta- 2,2) +) xt 2" onl 4 (%)* = 1B fs aero only ak an toftotte distance Boussinesy theny is best sutlec! to shallow From Squalton of vetlteal shes G. depend upeo yor erodulus C6) 4 tlence thts te opal fry ctl: a fe at ag eurdatons ) rk ts clas that potson's alto of the sotl © vettalton on *lowysotel plane. * does Sted with Cnc4 | gmt distance 4” from the load Vartalton on a vevteal ab a 4] © Vestalon cna vetltal below the lood i Late a host note om conchucttar of fobars- flo tsobat ts a tne dea son 0 weather raps jetotag al places the sarne alroospheste preesure ak he Kone for echt haute that whather — mnap oxas drawn - aA ts Tropartent fo arote thal abvospheste piesive 1 dyarnre- t woay change frequently tice the ache, cee oh holds, hold oaly fer that partteulay Ure fev clabandardtaltn, tsobare are dracon at amb tolenals ond be aked by a0 teobar must be drutstble by 4 Tey Tatdon0e Preseure den 1oo4 eke ey fer apart, nlemnedtale teobars ab uchere conseuttive Tsabars are ve be testbed and the readings should be acorling to ure and nat ship's Hee. amb tokervals na Scere with Cnca - pe + cannot cross ov meel because one place cannol have diflennt| annel hove dike values af alvospheste presse all the sue lene Deze the yre-consalt dalton pressure: Descathe the proceduse for delerrototng the pre consoltdalton presser: at is degeord as the ctalto of undislasbed peak undratoee| sheav slength 4o folally wemolded —undrataed shear shength- Pre- conseltdalten pit serie Ive verlteal over burden | shess that o patel sotl_sarmple cannot be measured te the maximum ff has sustatned to he past divedlly but can be Pre- conseltdalion pressure tstienakd using & curnher of dypercal shales af the carrreat veitteal eblecltve shes Cav) ts equal BO? quaker than (er) «the seth Ts cad to be normally consoltdakd Iten carve - C cassogrande Iga) urnalure on Using @ consoltde! hose by aye the porst of rnastoun the conssltdatten une: Draw a bestgootal Utoe from thts poset: | Draw a line tengeot ty the cue at the potot found to part 4 Artsect the angle mode fro the hotanlel line part a and the tangent Itne fs pet o- Exkod the shratght potton of the virgin empresion ane chyh eflechive sbese low votd -altp = almost veittal on the aight of the qr up the — bteeclor lene in pat t “the potat eoheve ge the pre eansaedaon pressure. the line i port 4 and part 5 tnlerseet Scene ith Canc6 ~~ Nerd ralto,e clog presser nee Explato the log of toe method fe eonsoltdaltoo- The’ basts or thts roethod te the eorelteal (Ox) versus log My) anne 1 expetotel deal ad Sear | and — expestmxn dtal jae 2 og and log ares 0 ster. | beps a plot the dtal tading of cormptesston fra qe pressure increment as shown 10 figure versus He to log scale potots pand ¢ on the upper prion fo Hene af the conseltdalton cum) a plot bee | Ceay compteseo Une) Conespon ding and 4. such that tas 4-4 3 Nek a be the dippenme to dtal sxedtng beboxen Band ¢ loate © ak a veilteal distance x above potot 8 | 4) Draw a hotbontal Ine De the dial readin line ts do ehtch cortes ponds witth of conseltdalton 9 Pasjah the chaght- lie palin oP prioary and. scondany fo wean ak prt the dil ading? copending 1 9" comespondts do thts causal} Shoo ad thts conteponds 49 woth consoltdaten . F Delevnine Be potot € on He censldlatin urn cohtle comespends to the Hine conesperdting the tal -tadiog of do-tetoo fo point F tmp a pe ts Fey Hine for pik conseltdation. Seed ith Cnc ATx YY Oelemine cv form ae Cele + ~ om For aejoreat®|, dso Va = Rok, T= ott cng) Acumplaos ot Teraagh!s one dteoetonal ncaledaltoo th z ae consoltdal = ory cot age» base Stogle "Ge Cagle) The coeltetent of conseltdatten at layer b is ote thet dratoage- oF Nay er A. |) The splletng on theory ay the sot! és horneqene® aod fully coluvaled by sotl paslcks aad eaaler ate Theornpresst Ne Dany's law fot the vioaly of flow ef voder thoough stl Reapectly valtd- constant dang the process dy coelftctent of perneabtly Ck) t ey sotl te laterally confine that Ue eorptesston Ts ont «the assumptions ob ener dtenenstonal consattdalton P dtenens? -onal- fy excess pe woales chains ouk only ta a veil dtrectoo gy dtoear aalten hip belneen effective pesure and vord alto extsk ate constant for every shage of consolidlatton « ty The Hee log of consiltdalten ts dae catty te the low Receabtty ot ctl) and thas the sender consoltdalton ts dtevegalel Scere with Cantos) = Dertue the crelaltor belocen major and minor prtoctple vishresses- The sel feeling, oylindateal sampks axe cemnmnonly used to woht vradtal ard arttal shesses acl on prtoctpal planes- the vertteal Plane ts usually the entooY pxtoupal plane ehereas the hostental ch Plane ts the enafor prtoetpal plane. The radial shess (sy) re the minor pitoetpal shess( 3) and the axtal chess Cs) re the major petoat le shress Csi) - axtal fa. B29 v e 2% . = 3 = cradtal Gy S = TTRAT % visualtse the normal and shear sbesses cling on any plane votthin the sotl sample, a graphtcal represen latter gf stress called! the nob cle ts oblatned by plotling the fpstadpal_sbress- Nlowmal chess a5 > (tG) (7-6) _— + com Gos ag Sead ith Cnc» i Shear stess Ce > G-G) Explate —” stnas ee le Mobi's ctrele recthed and prove that todltoalton ob -fatluve plate oo (19) ants, 4 Duo a line felted at engle © with the hovteontal hag the Pole of the moby etrele so as fo tnlerecct the dircle. The co-ordtoa j cleg eb the pe of ttracton are the notmal and shear sheets | ackeng on the plane, whtch ts theltned ak angle © wtthin He sot| sarople \ the plane taltoed at angle of 46° to the bertoonlal hae acltng on th mantmum — sheas shrese Equal lo 1G | = and the renal shear on thls plane ts equal lo +6 m | | the plane cotth the mastrruro cralto of shear shress to rxrnal chess ts tnclined ak an angle of arg, the hortyeolal whee a te the shpe of the Une fangeat do the mobr creck and passing through the extgtn. Calatte a short note on ty a aatal shear est Ty Mobis colombs setluxe theory tty Urcongtoed cornpresston dest. Stead with Cnc® Fat oxtal chear best = Ra- axtal shear Lesk 1s a commen relhed fo rneasure the coechaoteal properties of many deformable soltels Espectally sol ceqe sand relay ) and vwck, and other gravels ealettals oF the malotal being sled to a coy whtch resulls to shresses along one ants, being dtp ferent foo the shesses te pevpendteala dtrecttons Mab!s. ~ coatlrn elle theory e coulembls law ts meiely & snalhernalteal equator of the fatluve envelopes “the meaning of an envelope has alveady een given 1 he pros scons tf the cowl vd shane sess corpora 2° @ plane plot on te the pollu envelope» fatlure ts supposed to be ineptenk and th the stresses plot below the envelope» the condtlfor ceepresnts stabtltly- And, th ts teoposstble that these plot cahove the envelopes Stance fatlure should have occured prevfously. cehmlfs law 15 also ortten as, fllons to tele Rat the shes conditten refess 0 that on the plane of fotlure. Une enptoel cemmpsstin “Teak This Ts 2 spectal case ol a btaxtal cornpression test) the con ftotog pressure hetaqg aevo- A eyltodateal sot| specimen, usually ab the sae slandard ste as thal gar the btaatal compresston. ge loaded —atally by @ compresttie force unltl allure bakes place: Groce the spectrnen ts laterally uncon toed, the dest fs Ienop, eS uneongtned compression best” Powders: An titastal shear desl, slress is applted lo a sample of Scena ith CantosTr 1 1) || Deseahe Breck shew skength ek om set] sample etth oval labeled | eaenlally Dtagran- the diveck shear device alto called the chear box appaals consist of 0 boas bon, pltt hottaondally ak rntd- hetght 0 P 4 ight of as shown tm dtagparo- perfralel eodlal gutless the gpectenen to the catl specter, “the soil ts pope! to deses can be placed #f required to allow for undratned desks» metal plates and soltd evetal gulls "ay be used Re usual plan stoe of the spectenen ts Comm Sepiart bak a larger stae such as doom hebsnd eabtch poms | drato- square ov even mort, To 1 ernpleyed for desttor large stze gronilen enalestal such 95 gree: | [the sntotensn doe or baght ab Be spetines 12 400 Hlovenal load — hal pope ene a. te cdi oe expanston Of sample | ome pace H sneasure \oodt™4 patel plas? | chev 7 i tsplacem owas an | £2) cote! a = cheantng force CVastable) J Plane ot shear 4 medal grille | } Aller the sample to be teskd ts hear box, = 7 “ eel Ie cchich ts verlteal ts applted to the mpl by eneans of & loading yoke Since the ch | a de andl wwerg bls sheay plane ts predelertoed as the hortrontal pk otal plane, placed tm tRe apparales o+ this becomes the normal shes . oo rox shess on the failure plane, uahtch | throughout the deck. Sed with CncLL lay © Explato the mol- coulomb shength envelope- The emoht~ coulerab theory oP sheet shength of sotl, fst Propeundecl by eoulornb Cate) ancl alex gereratsee by eoohrs ts the mest commonly used concept» The fun dtonal relakten ship blo the ormal stress en any plane and the sheastng sheng th available on that plane soas assured fe be owas by calerah, thus the jollowtog 1s usally kowon as coulorb!s law - s= car tang Cand} ave esoptatal porornelers known as the apparent coheston, and angle of cheating veststance or angle of tolernal felon, sespecltely sfese ave beter visualtsed pararnelers and nok as they are known to vary cath absolute propestes of a Sot stoce + condittons of leshiog such as speed of shear and + of other gaclors besides the woaker content drainage tendtlfens, and & oumbe ype of soll - tRernalteal equation of the failure toulormbs law fe coeeely a mal Mobis gerenaltsation ob the fatlure envelop’ envelope > e asa ulyve uohtch — becomes envelopes are called shength understand by the eno stabilisation of sorl 2 Deserthe any or rnethod of sotl stabtltzalten. Sol stabiltsatton tevelves the alleralton ch one or more of the wsog lechorgues of mmodifeation 40 lathe catty Toereastog norenal slvess - te The envelopes oo fatlure covelopes- ehat do you sotl roopertes collcHuely hath the physteal and crvchanteal properties of the eohance atl for spect appltealtens through conbralled moodiftealon of pe Steed with Cantossotl texture, placttely rshuclire and duvebslthy The srethed of sath stabitr alton used fo Trnprove the engineerin Propesltes of soil 7 y chemteal cat} stabil alter s- chental stabiltaatton the use of adreteluves: akaltes have shewe aboul 18 dlgferent cherntcal —rnechantst oamely t Exchange of callons, exchange of antons, —adsoxpllen, fatten 1 forenalton of two vototrals 7 cementalton, salt converston « bs, Cukcomes thet are expected can be oblatnedl fromm laboralery bs the pally sequnel for choad altars need to eelety achteve ctabtltsalten fs usually srnall, the chemteal tnkenstve ancl effectiveness seqardless of sotl Engtotertng soroe of the beneptts of chernteal slabtltzalton | mechanisen Is nek ene Properties ave alls the cheroteal properties of the sot) through Scere with Cnc