(M) Monotonicity

APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES:
MONOTONICITY
IIT-JEE Syllabus
1. Monotonic functions
2. Testing of monotonicity
 Properties of monotonic functions
Total No. of questions in Monotonicity are:
Solved examples…....…………………………..…12
Exercise # 1 …….……………………………….…20
Exercise # 2 …….……………………………….…31
Exercise # 3 …….……………………………….…18
Exercise # 4 ……………………………………..…10
Exercise # 5 ……………………………………..…10
Total No. of questions………………..101
*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as
directed by the faculty members.
MONOTONICITY 1
EXERCISE # 1
Question MONOTONIC FUNCTION & x  [0, ]
based on THEIR PROPERTIES f(x) = x sin x + cos x + cos2 x
Q.1 For x > 0, which of the following function is Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
not monotonic - f (x) = x cos x + sin x – sin x + 2 cos x (–sin x)
(A) x + | x | (B) ex f (x) = x cos x – sin 2x
(C) log x (D) sin x
Let for x > 0  f(x) > f(0) (for increasing)
Sol. [D]
sinx x sin x + cos x + cos2 x > 0 + 1 + 1
x sin x + cos x + cos2 x > 2
Q.2 Function f(x) = log sin x is monotonic
i.e. x sin x + cos x + cos2 x > 0
increasing when -
(A) x (/2, ) (B) x (–/2, 0) It indicates, f(x) is increasing function.
(C) x (0, ) (D) x (0, /2) Let for  > x  f(x) > f()
Sol. [D] i.e. if x > 0  f(x) > f(0) increasing
f (x) = log sinx is monotonic then it must be  > x  f(x) > f() decreasing f(x)
When x  (0, /2)
> f()
( x  1)  x sin x+cos x+cos2 x >  sin +cos +cos2 
Q.3 Consider the function f(x) = ,
( x 2  3x  3)  x sin x + cos x + cos2 x > 0 + (–1) + 1
then  x sin x + cos x + cos2x > 0
(A) f(x) increase in (0, 2) It indicates, f(x) is increasing in both sides. It is
(B) f(x) decreases in (– , 0) not possible.
(C) the interval into which the function f(x) Hence, f(x) is neither increasing nor decreasing.
transforms the entire real line is [3, –1]  Option (C) is correct answer.
(D) f ' (x) is discontinuous for all x  R
Q.5 If f (x) = x3 + 4x2 + x + 1 is a monotonically
Sol. [A]
decreasing function of x in the largest
x 2  3x  3  ( x  1) (2x  3)
f ' (x) = possible interval (–2, –2/3) then -
( x 2  3x  3) 2
(A)  = 4 (B)  = 2
 x2  2 x (C)  = – 1 (D)  has no real value
=
(x 2  3 x  3) 2 Sol. [A]
 x(x  2) f(x) = x3 + 4x2 + x + 1
=
(x 2  3 x  3) 2 Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
   f (x) = 3x2 + 8x +  + 0 < 0 … (1)
0 2 Also, x  (–2, –2/3)
 (x + 2)  x   < 0  x2 + 2x + x + < 0
f(x) increase in [0, 2] 2 2 4
f(x) decrease x[, 0] [2, )  3 3 3
Q.4 If x  [0 , ], then f(x) = x sin x + cos x + cos2 x is - 8 4

x2 + x+ <0
(A) increasing 3 3
(B) decreasing  3x2 + 8x + 4 < 0 … (2)
(C) neither increasing nor decreasing Comparing equation (1) and (2),
(D) None of these we get  = 4
Sol. [C]  Option (A) is correct answer.
MONOTONICITY 2
(A) x < 0 (B) x > 0
Q.6 Let f (x) = tan–1 { (x)}, where  (x) is (C) x  R (D) x > –1
monotonically increasing for 0 < x < /2. Then Sol. [D]
f (x) is - 2x
f(x) = log (1 + x) –
(A) increasing in (0, /2) 2x
(B) decreasing in (0, /2) Differentiating w.r. t. x, we get
(C) increasing in (0, /4) and decreasing in 1  2 ( 2  x )  2 x .1 
f (x) = –  
(/4, /2) 1  x  (2  x ) 2 
(D) None of these 1
f (x) = – [4 + 2x –2x]/ (2 + x)2
Sol. [A] 1 x
f(x) = tan–1{(x)} 1 4
f (x) = – >0
(x) is increasing function for 0 < x < /2 1  x (2  x ) 2
is (x) > 0 for 0 < x < /2 1 4
 >
1 1  x (2  x ) 2
f (x) = × (x)
1   2 (x )  (2 + x)2 > 4 (1 + x)
 f (x) > 0 for 0 < x < /2  4 + x2 + 4x > 4 + 4x
  x2 > 0
 f(x) is increasing for x  0,  It holds good for x  R –{0}
 2
Because 0 > 0 – non sense
y Hence option (D) is correct answer.
/2
| x 1 |
Q.9 The function f (x) = is monotonically
|
x2
x
0 /2 decreasing on -
(A) (0, 1)  (2, ) (B) (0, )
(C) (– , 1)  (2, ) (D) (– , )
–/2
Sol. [A]
–1
Also, from the graph of tan (x) | x 1 |
f(x) =
 x2
f(x) = tan–1((x)) increasing in x   0, 
 2  x 1
 2 ; x 1
=  x
1 x
Q.7 If f(x) = x + cos x – a then  ; x 1
 x 2
(A) f(x) is an increasing function
(B) f(x) is a decreasing function Differentiating above function w.r.t. x, we get
(C) f(x) = 0 has one positive roots for a < 1 1.x 2  ( x  1)  2x
f (x) =
(D) f(x) = 0 has no positive root for a > 1 x4
Sol. [A] x 2  2x 2  2 x 2x  x 2
f(x) = x + cos x – a = = ;x1
4
x x4
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
Since, f(x) is decreasing function, f (x) < 0
f (x) = 1 – sin x – 0
f (x) = 1 – sin x 2x  x 2
< 0  (x2 – 2x) > 0
= which is increasing as – 1  sin x  1 x4
 Option (A) is correct answer. x (x – 2) > 0  x < 0 or x > 2
 since, x  1  x  (2, )
2x
Q.8 Function f(x) = log (1 + x) – is 1 x
2x when x < 1, f(x) =
monotonic increasing when - x2
MONOTONICITY 3
Differentiating above function w.r.t. x, we get  Option (D) is correct answer.
(1) x 2  (1  x )  2x
f (x) = Q.12 Let f(x) be a function such that ;
x4
f' (x) = log1/3 (log3(sinx + a)). If f(x) is decreasing
 x 2  2x  2x 2 x 2  2x x ( x  2)
= = = for all real values of x then -
4 4
x x x4
(A) a  (1, 4) (B) a  (4, )
x ( x  2)
Since, f(x) is decreasing function, <0 (C) a  (2, 3) (D) a  (2, )
x4
Sol. [B]
 x(x – 2) < 0 0 < x < 2
f'(x) = log1/3 (log3(sin x + a)) < 0 ; x  R
Since, x < 1
 log3(sin x + a) > 
Hence, option (A) is appropriate answer. 1
3
Q.10 If f(x) = x5 – 20x3 + 240 x, then f(x) satisfies -  log3 (sin x + a) > 1
(A) It is monotonically decreasing everywhere  (sin x + a) > 31  (sin x + a) > 3
(B) It is monotonically decreasing on (0, ) Since, – 1  sin x  1
(C) It is monotonically increasing on (–, 0)  – 1 + a > 3 and 1 + a > 3
(D) It is monotonically increasing everywhere a > 4 and a > 2
Sol. [D]  a  (4, ) and a  (2, )
f(x) = x5 –20x3 + 240x Most appropriate answer is a  (4, 8)
Differentiating above function w.r.t. x, we get  Option (B) is correct answer.
f (x) = 5x4 – 60x2 + 240
= 5(x4 –12x2 + 48) > 0 for x  R Q.13 The intervals of decrease of the function
which is increasing for x  R. f(x) = 3 cos4x + 10 cos3x + 6 cos2x – 3,
 Option (D) is correct answer. 0  x   is -
 2   2 
Q.11 f(x) = sin x – a sin 2x – 1/3 sin 3x + 2ax (A)  0,  (B)  ,  
 3   3 
increases for all x  R if -
    2 
(A) a < 0 (B) 0 < a < 1 (C)  ,  (D)  , 
2  2 3 
(C) a = 1 (D) a > 1
Sol. [D] Sol. [B]
f(x) = 3 cos4x + 10 cos3x + 6 cos2x – 3
1
f(x) = sin x – a sin 2x – sin 3x + 2ax Differentiating above function w.r.t. x, we get
3
f (x) = 12cos3 x (– sinx) + 30 cos2 x(–sinx) + 12
Differentiating above function w.r.t. x, we get
cos x (– sin x) – 0
f (x) = cos x – 2a cos 2x – cos 3x + 2a
= –6 sin x [2 cos3 x + 5 cos2 x + 2 cos x]
= (cos x – cos 3x) + 2a(1 – cos 2x)
= – 6 sin x × cos x [2 cos2 x + 5 cos x + 2]
cos 2x = 2 cos2 x – 1 = 1 – 2 sin2 x
f (x) = – 6 sin x. cos x [2 cos2 x + 5 cos x + 2]
 2 sin2 x = 1 – cos 2x = – 3 sin 2x [2 cos2 x + 4 cos x + cos x + 2]
x  3x 3x  x = –3 sin 2x [2 cos x (cos x + 2) + 1(cos x + 2)]
f (x) = 2 sin . sin + 2a × 2 sin2 x
2 2 = –3 sin 2x [(cos x + 2) (2 cos x + 1)]
f (x) = 2 sin 2x. sin x + 4a sin2 x f(x) is decreasing function in x  [0, ]
= 4 sin2 x (cos x + a) f (x) = – 3 sin 2x [(cos x + 2) (2 cos x + 1)] < 0
f (x) = 4 sin2 x (cos x + a) > 0; x  R = 3 sin 2x [(cos x + 2) (2 cos x + 1)] > 0
Since, sin2 x 1, then it must be Since, sin 2x, (cos x + 2), (2 cos x + 1)
cos x + a > 0; –1  cos x  1 All increasing functions in [0, ]
1  a  0 a  1 Hence, (2 cos x + 1) > 0
 a > 1
and 1  a  0  a  1
MONOTONICITY 4
1 2 Q.16 The length of largest continuous interval in
 cos x > – x>
2 3 which function f(x) = 4x – tan 2x is monotonic,
Also, sin 2x > 0 is
 (A) /2 (B) /4
x>
2 (C) /8 (D)  /16
We choose, x > /2, x > 2/3 among best option. Sol. [B]
2 f ' (x) = 4 – 2 sec22x = 2(2 – sec22x)
Hence, x   ,   is the most appropriate for monotonic f ' (x) should not change sign
 3 
 
answer. 2x   , 
 Option (B) is the correct answer.  4 4
  
x   ,  length =
 4x  8 8 4
 for 0  x  4
 2  x
Q.14 Let f ( x )   4 for x  4 which Q.17 The equation ex–1 + x – 2 = 0 has :
 (A) one real root (B) two real roots
 16  3x for 4  x  6
 (C) three real roots (D) infinite real roots
of the following properties does f have on the Sol. [A]
interval (0, 6) ? ex–1 = – x + 2
(i) n f(x) exists (ii) f is continuous
(iii) f is monotonic
(A) i only (B) ii only
(C) iii only (D) none
Sol. [B]
one real root
Q.18 The function f(x) = cos (/x) is increasing in

the interval -
(A) (2n + 1, 2n), n  N
 1 1 
(B)  , ,nN
 2 n  1 2 n
f (x) is continuous  1 1 
(C)  ,  , n N
 2n  3 2n  1 
Q.15 The function f(x) = cos x – 2px is monotonically (D) None of these
decreasing for Sol. [D]
1 1 f(x) = cos (/x)
(A) p  (B) p 
2 2 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
(C) p < 2 (D) p > 2  
f (x) = – sin × 
Sol. [B] x  x2 
f ' (x) = –sinx –2p < 0 1
f (x) =  sin (/x) × >0
 sinx x2
p>
2  sin ( / x )
f (x) = >0
1 x2
p
2  
 sin (/x) will be increasing for 0 < <
x 2
 sin  < sin (/x) < sin /2
MONOTONICITY 5
  x = –2, 8
 n < < n + ; n  N
x 2 Hence, f(x) is decreasing function for x  R
1 1 except, x = –2, 8
 n < < (2n +1) ; n  N
x 2 Hence, x  R – {–2, 8}
2 1
 <x< ;nN Therefore, option is true.
(2n  1) n
 x  
2 1
, ;nN
 2 n  1 n
 True or False type Questions
Q.19 In the interval (1, 2), function

f(x) = 2 |x – 1| +3 |x – 2| is monotonically
increasing.
Sol. False
f(x) = 2 |x – 1| + 3|x – 2|
| |
1 2
f(x) = 2(x – 1) + 3(2 – x)
f(x) = 2x – 2 + 6 – 3x
f(x) = 4 – x
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get
f (x) = –1
f (x) < 0. A decreasing function.
 Option is false.
x
Q.20 The function y = 2
is a decreasing
x  6x  16
function in R – {–2, 8}.
Sol. True
x
y=
2
x  6x  16
dy 1.( x 2  6x  16)  x.(2 x  6)
=
dx ( x 2  6x  16) 2
dy ( x 2  6x  16)  2x 2  6x
=
dx ( x 2  6x  16) 2
dy  x 2  16  ( x 2  16)
= =
dx ( x 2  6x  16) 2 ( x 2  6x  16) 2
x2 – 6x – 16 = 0
 x2 – 8x + 2x – 16 = 0
 x(x – 8) + 2 (x – 8) = 0
 (x + 2) (x – 8) = 0
MONOTONICITY 6
EXERCISE # 2
Hence a   ,  
5
Only single correct answer type
Part-A 3 
questions
 Option (C) is correct answer.
Q.1 y = log x satisfies for x > 1, the inequality-
(A) x – 1 > y (B) x2 + 1 > y Q.3 Function f(x) = x100 + sin x – 1 is increasing in
(C) y > x – 1 (D) (x + 1) /x < y the interval -
Sol. [A] (A) (0, 1) (B) (–/2, /2)
Check options (x > 1) (C) (–1, 1) (D) None of these
f (x) = x – 1 –n x Sol. [A]
f(x) = x100 + sin x –1
1 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f ' (x) = 1
x f (x) = 100 x99 + cos x – 0
x 1 f (x) = 100 x99 + cos x > 0
=
x We have to check for every option
f (x) in [1, )  For A : x > 0 (x) > (0)
+ – + Let (x) = 100x99 + cos x

0 1 (0) = 0 + 1 = 1
f(x) > 1 for [1, ) x) > 0 (x) > (0)
 3a  5  5  100 x99 + cos x > 1
Q.2 Function f (x) =   1 x – 3x+ log3,  100 x99 + cos x > 0
 1 a 
 
 x  R is decreasing function then value of a Q.4 The number of solutions of the equation
is in the interval of- af(x) + g (x) = 0, where a > 0, g (x)  0 and g (x)
3  has minimum value 1/4, is
(A)  ,   (B) (–, 1) (A) one (B) two
5 
(C) infinitely many (D) zero
5 
(C)  ,   (D) (1, ) Sol. [D]
3 
af (x) + g (x) = 0, a > 0, g(x)  0
Sol. [C]
1
g(x)|min =
 3a  5  5 4
f(x) =   1 x –3x + log 3,
 1 a 
= 0 af(x) = –  f(x) = loga   
  1 1 1
af(x) +
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get 4 4  4
 3a  5  4 = Does not exist.
f (x) =   1 5x –3 + 0  Option (D) is correct answer.
 1 a 
 
 3a  5  4  sin x  3 cos x
=   1 5x – 3 < 0 Q.5 Function f(x) = is monotonic
 1 a  2 sin x  6 cos x
 
increasing when -
 3a  5  4
=   1 x < 3/5 ;  x  R (A)  < 1 (B)  > 1
 1 a 
  (C)  < 2 (D)  > 2
It must be 3a – 5  0; a  1 Sol. [B]
a  5/3 ; a  1  sin x  3 cos x
f(x) =
2 sin x  6 cos x
MONOTONICITY 7
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get (t > 0) given
( cos x  3 sin x ) (2 sin x  6 cos x )  y' = (+)ve
( sin x  3 cos x ) (2 cos x  6 sin x )  f (x)  in (0, 1)
f (x) =
(2 sin x  6 cos x ) 2
Q.8 Number of roots of the equation x2.e2 –| x | = 1 is
Since, f(x) is monotonically increasing function (A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 6 (D) infinite
i.e. f (x) > 0 Sol. [B]
 [2 sin x cos x–6sin2x x2 = e|x| – 2 (symmetric about y-axis)
+ 6cos2x – 18 sin x cos x] y
– [2 sin x cos x + 6 cos2x x2
– 6 sin2 x –18 sinx cos x] > 0
 – 6 + 6 (1) > 0
>1 e|x|–2
x
Q.6 Given that f is a real valued differentiable

Q.9 Number of solution of the equation
function such that f(x) · f' (x) < 0, for all real x
 
it follows that - 3 tan x + x3 = 2 in  0,  is
 4
(A) f2 (x) is increasing function
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
(B) f2 (x) is decreasing function
Sol. [C]
(C) f (x) is increasing function
f(x) = 3 tan x + x3 – 2
(D) f (x) is decreasing function

Sol. [B] f ' (x) = 3 sec2x + 3x2 +ve in  0, 
Let (x) = f2(x)  4
Differentiate, w.r.t. x, we get f(0) = –2, f (1) +ve
(x) = 2f(x). f (x) < 0; x  R only 1 root
It means, (x) is decreasing function for all   for x  0
x  R. x sin
Q.10 Consider the function f ( x )   x
 Option (B) is correct answer.  0 for x  0
then the number of points in (0, 1) where the

Q.7 A function y = f(x) is given by
derivative f (x) vanishes, is
1 1
x 2
& y for all t > 0 then f is (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) infinite
1 t t (1  t 2 ) Sol. [D]
(A) increasing in (0, 3 / 2) & decreasing in   
f ' (x) = sin – cos
(3 / 2, ) x x x
(B) increasing in (0, 1)    
(C) increasing in (0, )
= cos  tan  
x  x x
(D) decreasing in (0, 1) = 0 at infinite points
Sol. [B]
Q.11 Number of roots of the function
x x
y= 1
1 x f (x)   3x  sin x is
( x  1) 3
(1) x  (0, 1)
(A) 0 (B) 1
1  2 t
(C) 2 (D) more than 2
(1  t 2 ) 2 2t  1
y' = = Sol. [C]
 2t 2t
1
2 2
(1  t ) f (x)   3x  sin x = 0
( x  1)3
CAREER POINT, CP Tower, Road No.1, IPIA, Kota (Raj.), Ph: 0744-3040000 MONOTONICITY 8
1 g (x) = +ve
 3x  sin x
( x  1)3 For critical point of g(x)
g'(x) = 0

x =
4

So, x = is point of minima
4

g(x)   0, 
 4
 
2 roots   , 
2 2
Q.12 Let f : [–1, 2]  R be differentiable such that
0  f '(t)  1 for t  [–1, 0] and –1  f '(t)  0 Q.14 Which of the following six statements are true
for t  [0, 2]. Then about the cubic polynomial
(A) –2  f(2) – f(–1)  1 P(x) = 2x3 + x2 + 3x – 2 ?
(B) 1  f(2) – f(– 1)  2 (i) It has exactly one positive real root
(C) –3  f(2) – f(–1)  0 (ii) It has either one or three negative roots
(iii) It has a root between 0 and 1
(D) –2  f(2) – f(–1)  0
(iv) It must have exactly two real roots
Sol. [D]
(v) It has a negative root between – 2 and –1
t[–1, 0]
(vi) It has no complex roots
f (0)  f (1)
f ' (t) = …..(i) (A) only (i), (iii) and (vi)
1
(B) only (ii), (iii) and (iv)
t[0, 2]
(C) only (i) and (iii)
f ( 2)  f ( 0)
f ' (t) = ….(ii) (D) only (iii), (iv) and (v)
2 Sol. [C]
(i) 0 f(0) – f(–1)  1 P ' (x) = 6x2 + 2x + 3 > 0
(ii) –2 f(2) – f(0)  0
P (x) 
add
Check options
–2 f(2) – f(–1)  1
x2
Q.13 Let f (sin x) < 0 & f  (sin x) > 0, Q.15 If logex > then x 
x
  (A) (1, ) (B) (1, 2)
 x   0,  and g(x) = f(sin x) + f(cos x),
 2 (C) (–, ) (D) (2, )
then g(x) is decreasing in- Sol. [A]
        Clearly x > 1
(A)  ,  (B)  0,  (C)  0,  (D)  , 
 4 2   4   2  6 2
Sol. [B] One or more than one correct
Part-B
 answer type questions
x  0, 
 2
g'(x) = f ' (sin x) cos x – f ' (cos x) sin x Q.16 If f(x) = tan–1 (sinx + cos x), then f(x) is
f ' (sin x) < 0 increasing in -
f ' (cos x) < 0      
(A)   ,  (B)   , 
f (sin x) > 0  2 4  4 4
f (cos x) > 0  5 3   7 
(C)  ,  (D)  – 2,  
g = f (sin x) cos2x – f ' (sin x) sin x  4 2   4 
– f ' (cos x) cos x + f (cos x) sin2x
Sol. [A, B, C]  x2 
f(x) = tan–1 (sin x + cos x) Q.17 If h(x) = 3f   +f(3 – x2)  x  (–3, 4),
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get  3 
1 where f" (x) > 0  x (–3, 4), then h (x) is -
f (x) = (cos x – sin x)
1  (sin x  cos x ) 2 3 
(A) increasing in  , 4 
cos x  sin x 2 
f (x) = >0
1  (sin x  cos x ) 2  3 
(B) increasing in   , 0 
(cos x  sin x )  2 
= >0
2  sin 2x  3
(C) decreasing in   3,  
– 1  sin 2x  1  – 1 + 2  2 + sin 2x  1 + 2  2
 1  2 + sin 2x  3
 3
Hence, (cos x – sin x) > 0 (D) decreasing in  0, 
cos x > sin x  2
 1 > tan x Sol. [A,B,C, D]
 tan x < 1  x2 
 x < /4 h(x) = 3f   + f(3 – x2)  x  (–3, 4),
 3 
 
 
 x   ,  f"(x) > 0  x (–3, 4)
 2 4
Differentiating above function w.r.t. x, we get
 
Since, –< tan x <  x   ,   x2  2x
 2 2 h(x) = 3f   × + f (3 – x2) × (–2x)
 3  3
Options A and B are correct answers.  
We have to check options (C) and (D) as well.   x2  
For C : = 2x f     f (3  x 2 )
 
  3 
5 3 
,
4 2 Since, f (x) is increasing in (–3, 4)
4/3 For x > 0, h(x) would be increasing.
| | |
5/4 3/2 For x < 0, h(x) would be decreasing.
For increasing function
cos x  sin x cos (   / 3)  sin (   / 3) x > 0  h(x) > h(0)
=
2  sin 2x 2  sin (2  2 / 3)
 x2 
1  f   – f (3 – x2) > 0
  3 /2  3 
 
= 2 >0
2 3/2  x2  2
 f   > f (3 – x2)  x > 3 – x2
Option (C) is also correct answer.  3  3
 
For D : –3
| | | 4 2
–7/2  x > 3  x2 > 9/4  x < –3/2 or x > 3/2
–2 3
cos x  sin x cos (3)  sin (3)
= | | | | |
2  sin 2x 2  sin 2 (3) –3 –3/2 0 3/2 4
cos (2  )  sin (2  ) Hence, h(x) would be increasing in (3/2, 4)
=
2  sin 6 h(x) would be decreasing in (0, 3/2)
1  0 1 h(x) would be increasing in (–3/2, 0)
= =–
20 2 h(x) would be decreasing in (–3, –3/2)
Option (D) is not correct answer. Hence, options (A), (B), (C) and (D) are correct
 Options A, B, C only correct answer. answers.
Q.18 If f(x) = (x – 1) |(x – 2) (x – 3)| then 'f ' decreases 1 1
x<2– or x > 2 +
in- 3 3
 1   1  
(A)  2  , 2  (B)  2, 2   1 
Hence, x   2  , 3 
 3   3 
 3 
 1   Option (C) is correct answer.
(C)  2  , 3  (D) (3, )
 3  For x > 3,
Sol. [A, C] f(x) = (x –1) (x –2) (x – 3)
When x < 2 f(x) = (x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6)
f(x) = (x –1) (2 – x) (3 – x) f (x) = (3x2 –12x + 11 – 0)
f (x) < 0  3x2 –12x + 11 < 0
| |
2 3 1 1
2– <x<2+
3 3
= (x – 1) (x – 2) (x – 3)
Since, x > 3
= (x2 – x –2x + 2) (x – 3)
Hence, options (A) and (C) are correct answers.
= (x2 – 3x + 2) (x – 3)
= (x3 –3x2 + 2x –3x2 + 9x – 6)  x2 
Q.19 Let f be the function f(x) = cos x – 1   then-
= (x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6)  2 
f(x) = (x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6)  
(A) f(x) is an increasing function in  0, 
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get  2
f (x) = 3x2 –12x + 11 – 0 (B) f(x) is a decreasing function in (–, )
(C) f(x) is an increasing function in the interval
f (x) = (3x2 –12x + 11)
– < x  0 and decreasing in the interval
f (x) < 0 0x<
(3x2 – 12x + 11) < 0 (D) f(x) is a decreasing function in the interval
We can find roots of above quadratic equation as – < x  0 and increasing in the interval
0x<
follows
Sol. [A, D]
12  144 – 132  x2 
x=
23 f(x) = cos x – 1  
 2 
 
12  12 Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
x=
6
f (x) = – sin x –  0 
2x 

1  2 
x=2±
3 f (x) = – sin x + x
 1  f (x) = x – sin x
Hence, x   2  , 2 
 We have to check for every option as follows:
 3 
For A : x > 0,
 Option (A) is correct answer. For increasing function, f(x) > f(0)
For 2 < x < 3  x2 
f(x) = (x –1) (x –2) (3 –x) cos x – 1   > 1 – (1 – 0)
 2 
= –[x3 – 6x2 + 11x – 6]  
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get  x2   2 
cos x – 1   > 0  cos x > 1  x 
f (x) = –(3x2 –12x + 11) < 0  2   2 
  
 (3x2 –12x + 11) > 0
 Option (A) is correct answer. 0
Also, p(x) >
For option C: e x
–< x 0  increasing p(x) > 0 for all x  (1, )
 x2   Options (A) and (C) are correct answers.
f(x)  f(0)  cos x – 1   0
 2 
  Q.21 Let h(x) = f(x) – {f(x)}2 + {f(x)}3 for every real
which is decreasing. Hence wrong. number ‘x’, then
0  x <   decreasing (A) ‘h’ is increasing whenever ‘f’ is increasing
x  0  f(x)  f(0) (B) ‘h’ is increasing whenever ‘f’ is decreasing
 x2   2  (C) ‘h’ is decreasing whenever ‘f’ is decreasing
 cos x – 1    0  cos x – 1  x   0 (D) nothing can be said in general
 2   2 
   Sol. [A, C]
Which is increasing. Hence, wrong. h' (x) = f ' (x) –2 f (x) f ' (x) + 3 f 2 (x) f ' (x)
 Option (C) is not correct answer. = f ' (x) {1 – 2 f (x) + 3 f 2 (x)}
For option D : –  < x  0  decreasing f (x)  f ' (x) = 0
x  0  f(x)  f(0) h' (x) > 0 h (x) 
 x2 
 cos x – 1   0 2x  1
  Q.22 The function y  ( x  2)
 2  x2
which is correct. Hence right. (A) is its own inverse
0  x <   increasing (B) decrease for all values of x
x  0  f(x)  f(0) (C) has a graph entirely above x-axis
(D) is bounded for all x
 x2 
 cos x – 1   0 Sol. [A, B]
 2 
  (x– 2)2  (2 x  1)
y' =
Which is increasing. Hence right. (x  2) 2
 Option (D) is correct answer. 3
= <0
 Options (A) and (D) are correct answers. (x  2) 2
Q.20 If p'(x) > p(x) for all x  1 and p(1) = 0 then- y xR
(A) e–xp(x) is an increasing function 2 x 1
y=
(B) e–x p(x) is a decreasing function x 2
(C) p(x) > 0 for all x in (1, ) xy – 2y = 2x – 1
(D) p(x) < 0 for all x in (1, ) 2 y 1
x=
Sol. [A, C] y 2
p'(x) > p(x); for all x  1 2 x 1
f–1 (x) =
p(1) = 0 x 2
Multiplying both sides by e–x, we get
Q.23 Let g(x) = 2f (x/2) + f(1 – x) and f (x) < 0 in
e–x p(x) > e–x p(x)
0  x  1 then g (x)
 e–x p(x) – e–x p(x) > 0
(A) decreasing in [0, 2/3]
d –x
 (e p(x)) > 0 (B) decreasing in [2/3, 1]
dx
(C) increasing in [0, 2/3]
Integrating, we get (D) increasing in (2/3, 1)
e–x p(x) > constant Sol. [B, C]
Put x = 1, e–1 p(1) > constant x
 constant < 0
g '(x) = f '   –f ' (1 – x)
2
Hence, e–x p(x) > 0, an increasing function.
f ' (x) 
x
1 x
2
x = 2 – 2x
2
x=
3
+ –
2
3 decreasing
Q.24 If f ( x )  a a
|x |
sgn x  ; g( x )  a a | x|
sgn x  for a > 0,
a  1and x  R – {0}, where {} & [] denote the Q.25 Let  (x) = (f(x))3 – 3(f(x))2 + 4f(x)
fractional part and integral part functions + 5x + 3 sinx + 4 cosx  x  R, then
respectively, then which of the following (A)  is increasing whenever f is increasing
statements holds good for the function h(x), (B)  is increasing whenever f is decreasing
where (na) h(x) = (nf(x) + ng(x)) (C)  is decreasing whenever f is decreasing
(A) ‘h’ is even and increasing  a > 1 (D)  is decreasing if f  (x) = –11
(B) ‘h’ is odd and decreasing  0 < a < 1 Sol. [A, D]
(C) ‘h’ is even and decreasing  0 < a < 1 '(x) = f ' (x) [3 f2(x) –6 f (x) + 4]
(D) ‘h’ is odd and increasing  a > 1 + [5 + (3 cosx – 4sinx)]
0
Sol. [B, D]
(C) cannot be concluded 
n a . h(x) = n f(x) + n g(x)
n a h(x) = n a [a|x| sgn x]
Part-CAssertion - Reason type Questions
h(x) = ax ; x > 0
= – a–x ; x < 0 The following questions 26 to 28 consists of two
h'(x) = a na ; x > 0
x statements each, printed as Assertion and
Reason. While answering these questions you
= a–x na ; x < 0
are to choose any one of the following four
a>1
responses.
(A) If both Assertion and Reason are true
and the Reason is correct explanation of
the Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true
but Reason is not correct explanation of
the Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is
false.
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
increasing
0<a<1
Q.26 Assertion : Let f : R  R be a function such
that f(x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x. Then f is one one.
Reason : f(x) neither increasing nor decreasing
function
Sol. [C]
Assertion : f : R  R
f(x) = x3 + x2 + 3x + sin x Hence, assertion is correct option.
For each value of x, f(x) has unique value. Reason :
Hence, f(x) would be one-one function.
 Assertion is correct option. f (x) = log (x + 1 x 2 )
Reason : for x > 0, f (x) = log (x + 1 x 2 ) > 0
3 2
f(x) = x + x + 3x + sin x
Hence, increasing
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f (x) = 3x2 + 2x + 3 + cos x For x < 0, f (x) = log (x + 1 x 2 ) < 0
= (2x2 + 2) + (x2 + 2x + 1) + cos x Hence, decreasing

= 2(x2 + 1) + (x +1)2 + cos x  reason is true.
(since –1  cos x 1)  option (A) is correct choice.
 f (x) > 0
Part-DColumn Matching Questions
Hence, it would be increasing function. Reason is false.
 option (C) is correct answer. Match the entry in Column 1 with the entry in
Column 2.
Q.27 Assertion : The greatest of the numbers
Q.29 Column 1 Column 2
1, 21/2 , 31/3 , 41/4 , 51/5 , 61/6 , 71/7 , is 31/3 3
x
Reason : x1/x is increasing for 0 < x < e and (A) x –  tan–1x (P) x  R
decreasing for x > e 3
Sol. [A] (B) 2x tan–1 x (Q) x > 4
f (x) = x1/x  loge(1 + x2)
 1  nx  (C) tan x > x + x3/3 (R) x  0
f ' (x) = x1/x  2  2 
x x 
(D) x3 – 3x2 – 9x + 20 > 0  
(S)x   0,  for
x1 /x  2
= (1   nx)
x2 Sol. A  R, B  P, C  S, D  Q
+ – x3
(A) x –  tan–1 x
e 3
1/e
f (x)max = f (e) = e
Let f(x) = tan–1x – x + x3/3  0
1
Q.28 Assertion : If f(0) = 0, f (x) = – 1 + x2  0
1 x 2
f'(x) = log(x + 1 x 2 ), then f(x) is positive
1 x 2 1 x 2  x 4
for all x. f (x) = 0
Reason : f(x) is increasing for x > 0 and 1 x2
decreasing for x < 0. x4
f (x) = 0
Sol. [A] 1 x 2
Assertion : f(0) = 0 (B) 2x tan–1 x  loge (1+ x2)
f (x) = log (x + 1 x 2 ) Let f(x) = 2x tan–1 x – loge (1 + x2)  0
Integrating w.r.t. x, we get Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
2x 1
 f (x ) dx =  log ( x  1  x 2 ) dx f (x) =
1 x 2
+ 2 tan–1 x –
1 x 2
(2x)  0
f(x) = x. log (x + 1 x 2 ) – 1 x 2 f (x) = 2 tan–1 x  0

f(x) would be positive for all x. which is true for x  R.
Let f(x) = tan x – x – x3/3 > 0
(C) Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
f (x) = sec2 x – 1 – x2 > 0
which is true only for x  (0, /2)
Part-EFill in The Blanks type Questions
Q.30 The value of a in order that

f(x) = 3 sinx – cos x – 2ax + b decreases for
all real values of x is given by................
Sol. f(x) = 3 sin x – cos x – 2ax + b
f (x) = 3 cos x + sin x – 2a  0
 3 1 
= 2 cos x  sin x  – 2a  0
 2 2 
 
= 2 (sin 60° cos x + cos 60° sin x) –2a  0
= 2[sin (x + /3)]  2a sin (x + /3)  a  a = 1

 1 2 
Q.31 If f(x) =  2  x3 – 3x + ln 2 is a decreasing
  1
function of x in R then the set of possible
values of  (independent of x) is...............
  2 1 
Sol. f(x) =   x3 – 3x + ln 2
 2 1
 
( 2  1)
f (x) = × 3x2 – 3 + 0 < 0
( 2  1)
( 2  1)
 x2 < 1; x  R
2
(  1)
It must be (2 –1) < 0

2 < 1  – 1 < < 1
EXERCISE # 3
Part-A Subjective Type Questions + – +
1 3
Q.1 Find the intervals in which the following f(x) (– , 1] [3, )
function are (i) Increasing (ii) Decreasing [1, 3]
(a) f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 105x + 25 (e) f ' (x) = (1 + x + x2) (2x – 1)
(b) f (x) = 2x3 – 24x + 7 f ' (x)  2x  2x 2  2x 3  1  x  x 2
(c) f(x) = n(1 – x2)  2x  1  x  2 x 2  x 2  2 x 2
(1  x  x 2 ) 2
(d) f(x) = x3 – 6x2 + 9x + 1 ; x R
+ – +
1 x  x2
(e) f(x) = –1 1
1 x  x2
f(x) (– , –1] [1, )
(f) f(x) = 5x3/2 – 3.x5/2 ; x 0
[–1, 1]
Sol. (a) f(x) = x3 + 3x2 – 105 x + 25
15 1 / 2 15 3 / 2
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get (f) f '(x) = x  x
2 2
f (x) = 3x2 + 6x –105 + 0
15 1/2
= 3x2 + 6x – 105 = x (1 – x)
2
Increasing function : f (x) = 3x2 + 6x – 105 > 0
– + –
3 (x2 + 2x –35) > 0
0 1
 3 (x2 + 7x –5x –35) > 0
f(x) [0, 1]
 3 [x(x + 7) –5(x + 7)] > 0
[1, ]
 3 [(x – 5) (x + 7)] > 0
 either x < – 7 or x > 5 Q.2 (a) If f(x) = 2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1) x – 3
 x  (–, – 7)  (5, ) monotonically increases for every x  R
Decreasing function then find the range of values of a.
f (x) = 3 (x + 7) (x –5) < 0 (b) Find the set of all values of the parameter
 – 7 < x < 5  x  (–7, 5) ‘a’ for which the function
(b) f ' (x) = 6x2 – 24 = 6 (x – 2) (x + 2) 2
f(x) = sin 2x – 8 (a + 1) sin x + (4a + 8a – 14) x
+ – + increases for all x  R and has no critical
–2 2 points for all x  R
f(x) (– , –2) [2, )
Sol. (a) f(x) =2ex – ae–x + (2a + 1)x – 3
[–2, 2]
2 x 2 x
(c) f ' (x) = = f  (x) = 2ex + ae–x + (2a + 1) – 0
1 x 2
(1  x ) (1  x )
for, f (x) > 0
2x
=  2ex + ae–x + (2a + 1) > 0
( x  1) ( x  1)
–  2e2x + (2a +1)ex + a > 0
– + +
–1 0 1  (2a  1)  (2a  1) 2  4  2  a
 ex =
Domain x(–1, 1) 2 2
f(x) (–1, 0]
 (2a  1)  4a 2  1  4a  8a
[0, 1)  ex =
4
(d) f ' (x) = 3x2 – 12x + 9 = 3(x – 1) (x – 3)
2
 (2a  1)  4a 2  4a  1  4  3
 ex =    – 4 × 3 × <0
4  1    (1  )
(2a  1)  (2a  1) 16 4  9
 ex =  – <0
4 (1  ) 2 (1  )
2a  1  2a  1 2a  1  2a  1  16 – 4 × 9 (1 + ) < 0
 ex = ,
4 4  9 × 4 (1 + ) –16 > 0
1  9(1 + ) – 4 > 0
 ex = ,–a
2  92 + 9 – 4 > 0
  e x   (ex + a) > 0
1  9  81  16  9
=
 2 29
 a  0, because ex is positive for every x  R.  9  3 9  16
=
(b) f ' (x) = 2 cos 2x – 3 (a + 1) cos x 29
+ 4a2 + 8a – 14 9  15
=
2 cos2x – 1 – 4 (a + 1) cos x + 2a2 + 4a – 7 > 0 18
cos2x – 2(a + 1) cos x + (a + 1)2 – 5 > 0 24 6
= ,
(cos x – (a + 1))2 > 5 18 18
cos x – (a + 1) < – 5 4 1
= ,
3 3
or
         > 0
cos x – (a + 1) > – 4 1
5
 3  3
(1) a > cos x – 1 + 5
4 1
 Either  < – or  >
a> 5 3 3
(2) a < cos x – 1 – 5 (ii) For decreasing function, f  (x) < 0
 3( + 1)x2 + 4x + 3 < 0
a<–2– 5
4 3
 3x2 + x+ <0
Q.3 (a) Find the set of all real values of  so that (1  ) (1  )
the function f(x) = ( +1)x3 + 2x2 + 3x – 7 is 4 3
 –3x2 – x– >0
(i) always increasing and (1  ) (1  )
(ii) always decreasing. Here, a = –3 < 0, D > 0
(b) Find b if f(x) = sinx – bx + c is always an  B2 – 4AC > 0
2
increasing or a decreasing function.  4    3 
  – 4 × (–3) ×   > 0
Sol. (a) f(x) = ( + 1)x3 + 2x2 + 3x – 7  1    1  
Differentiating w.r.t. x, we get 16 9  4
f  (x) = 3( + 1)x2 + 4x + 3 – 0  – >0
(1  ) 2 (1  )
f  (x) = 3( + 1)x2 + 4x + 3
 16 – 9 × 4 × (1 + ) > 0
(i) for increasing function i.e. f  (x) > 0
 9 × 4(1 + ) – 16 < 0
 3 ( + 1)x2 + 4x + 3> 0
 9 (1 + ) – 4 < 0
4 3
 3x2 + x+ >0  92 + 9 – 4 < 0
(1  ) (1  )
( + 4/3) ( – 1/3) < 0
recall from quadratic theory
 – 4/3 <  < 1/3
ax2 + bx + c > 0, a > 0  D < 0
(b) f(x) = sinx – bx + c
Here a = 3 > 0, D < 0
 B2 – 4AC < 0
f  (x) = cos x – b Hence, put value of x  b / a in ax + b/x  c
for increasing function, f  (x) > 0
a× b/a + b × a/b  c
 cos x – b > 0
 cos x > b, but –1  cos x  1  ab + ab  c
 –1 > b b < –1 2 ab  c  ab  c/2  ab  c2/4
For decreasing function,
f (x) < 0  cos x – b < 0 Q.6 Find the intervals in which the function
 cos x < b ; but –1  cos x  1  1 < b  b > 1 f(x) = sin (logex) + cos (loge x) is decreasing.
Sol. f(x) = sin (logex) + cos (loge x)
Q.4 Show that the function f(x) = x / ( x  1) – n(1 + x)
is an increasing function for x > –1. cos (log e x ) sin (log e x )
f (x) = – < 0; x > 0
Sol. f(x) = x/ ( x  1) – n (1 + x); x  –1 x x
cos (log e x ) sin (log e x )
Differentiating w.r.t.x, we get  < ;x>0
x x
1  tan (logex) > 1; x > 0
1. x  1  x
f (x) = 2 x  1 – 1 ; x  –1  2n + /4 < logex < 2n + 5/4; n  I
( x  1) 1 x  5
2 n  2 n 
x  e 4 <x< e 4 ;nI
x 1 
f (x) = 2 x  1 – 1 ; x  –1
Q.7 Let f(x) = 1 – x – x3. Find all real values of
( x  1) 1 x
x satisfying the inequality, 1 – f(x) – f 3(x) > f(1– 5x)
2( x  1)  x 1
f (x) = – ; x  –1 Sol. f ' (x) = –1 –3 x2
2 x  1 ( x  1) 1 x
f (x) 
( x  2)  2( x  1) Now,
f (x) = ; x  –1
2 x  1 ( x  1) f (f (x)) > f (1 – 5x)
for increasing function, f (x) > 0  1 – x –x3 < 1 – 5x
( x  2)  2( x  1)  x3 –4x > 0
i.e. > 0; x –1
2 x  1 ( x  1) x(x2 – 4) > 0
– + – +
 (x + 2) > 2 x  1
–2 0 2
Squaring both sides, we get
 x2 + 4 + 4x > 4(x + 1); but x  –1
x(–2, 0) (2,)
 x2 > 0 ; x  –1
Q.8 Establish the following inequalities
 x > 0 ; x  –1, Hence, x > –1
(a) x2 –1 > 2x n x > 4(x – 1) – 2 n x for x > 1
Q.5 If ax + (b/x) c for all positive values of x,
(b) tan2 x + 6 n sec x + 2 cosx + 4 > 6 sec x
where a, b and c are positive constants, show
that abc2/4  3 
for x   , 2 
 2 
Sol. f(x) = ax + (b/x) c ; x > 0
(c) x – (x3/3) < tan–1x < x – x3/6 for 0 x  1
Differentiate w.r.t.x, we get
(d) x2 > (1 + x) [n (1 + x)]2 for x > 0
f  (x) = a – b/x2 – 0  0
 a – b/x2  0 Sol. (a)
 a  b/x2 (1) x2 – 1 > 2x n x
 x2  b/a  x  b/a f (x) = x2 – 2x n x – 1
f ' (x) = 2x – 2 – 2n x – 1  x3
(2) f (x) = tan–1 x – x +
= 2x – 2n x – 3 6
1 x2
2 f ' (x) = 1
f " (x) = 2 – 1 x2 2
x
2(x 1) 2  2  2x 2  x 3
=
x 1 x2
  x2
= –ve
0 1 1 x2
f ' (x)  ;  x > 1 f(x) < 0
f (x)min = f (1) = 0 (d) f (x) = x2 – (1 + x) [n(1 + x)]2
 f (x) > 0
f ' (x) = 2x – 2 n(1 + x) – [n (1 + x)]2
(2) 2x n x > 4 (x – 1) – 2 n x
2
f (x) = 2x n x – 4x + 4 – 2n x f " (x) = 2 –
1 x
2 2 n(1  x) 2[1  x  1  n (1  x )]
f ' (x) = 2 + 2n x – 4 – = =
x 1 x 1 x
2 2 2[x–  n(1  x)]
f"(x) =  =
x x2 (1  x)
2
= (x + 1) Q.9 Show that xex = 2 has one and only one root
x2 between 0 and 1.
+
Sol. f (x) = xex – 2
–1 0 f ' (x) = xex + ex
f ' (x)  = ex (x + 1)
f (x)min = f (1) = 0 – +
 f (x) > 0 –1
(b) f (x) x > –1
f (x) = tan2x + 6 n secx +2 cos x +4 – 6 secx f (0) = – 2
f' (x) = 2 tanx . sec2 x + 6 tanx – 2 sinx – 6 secx f (1) = e – 2 = 
tan x Alternate
2 sinx 6 sinx 6 sinx Graph
= 3
 – 2 sinx –
2
cos x cosx cos 2 x ex =
2 sin x x
[1 + 3 cos2x – cos3x – 3 cos x]
cos 3 x
2 sinx
= (1 – cosx)3
cos 3 x
x3
(c) (1) f (x) = tan–1 x – x +
3
1
f ' (x) = 1 x2 Part-B Passage based objective questions
1 x2
11 x2  x2  x4 Passage I (Question 10 to 12)
=  ve
1 x2 Consider the cubic f(x) = 8x3 + 4ax2 + 2bx + a
f (x) > 0 where a, b  R
Q.10 For a = 1 if y = f(x) is strictly increasing  x  R f (x) = 8x3 + 4ax2 + 2bx + a
then the maximum range of values of b is. a
 =
 1 8
(B)  ,  
1
(A)  – , 
a
 log2  + log2  + log2  = log 2 
 3 3 

 8 
(C)  ,  
1
(D) (– , )
3  a =5
log 2  
Sol. [B]  8 
f (x) = 8x3 + 4x2 + 2bx + 1 a = – 8 × 25
f ' (x) = 24x2 + 8x + 2b = –256
> 0 xR
D<0 Passage II (Question 13 to 15)
64 – 24 × 8b < 0 Let f(x) = n mx (m > 0)
3b > 1 g(x) = px
1 Q.13 The equation |f(x)| = g(x) has only one solution
b>
3 for
Q.11 For b = 1, if y = f(x) is non monotonic then the m e
(A) 0 < p < (B) p <
sum of all the integral values of a  [1, 100] is e m
(A) 4950 (B) 5049 e m
(C) 0 < p < (D) p >
(C) 5050 (D) 5047 m e
Sol. [B] Sol. [D]
f (x) = 8x3 + 4ax2 + 2x + a f (x) = n mx (m > 0) & (x > 0)
f ' (x) = 24x2 + 8ax + 2 g(x) = px
Reason when f '(x)  0 or 0
| n mx | = px
  xR
(1) f ' (x) 0 | n mx |
 p
64 a2 – 8 × 24 < 0 x
As, x > 0
– 3<a< 3
n mx
(2) f ' (x)  0 p
x
64 a2 – 8 × 24 = 0
n mx
a=± 3 Let y =
x
 for non monotonic
1  n mx
y' =
aR – [– 3 , 3 ] x2
a (– , – 3 )  ( 3 , ) + –
sum e/m
 2 + 3 + ----------+ 100  e  m
y    
99 m  e 
 [4 + 93]
2
  , 0  &  , 
1 e m
= 5049
m  m e 
Q.12 If the sum of the base 2 logarithms of the roots lie on the graph
of the cubic f(x) = 0 is 5 then the value of 'a' is n mx
lim = – 
(A) – 64 (B) – 8 x0 x
(C) – 128 (D) – 256 n mx
 lim
Sol. [D] x  x
D.L.H. Hospital rule  
(C) 0,  (D) None of these
1/ x  2
lim 0
x  1
Sol. [C]
cos x sin x
f ' (x) = 
m/e | cos x | | sin x |
π 3π
x  0, , π, ,2 π
1/m e/m 2 2
f ' (x) = 2 ; x  0, 
π
 2

= 0 ; x  , π 
m/e 2 
= –2 ;  π, 
3π
1/m e/m  2 
=0
f (x) 0, 
π
m
p    2
e
Q.17 Find the value of x such that f(g(x)) is

Q.14 The equation |f(x)| = g (x) has exactly two
decreases-
solutions (not necessarily distinct) for
m e  
(A) p = (B) p = (A) (0, ) (B)  0, 
e m  2
e m  3 
(C) 0 < p  (D) 0 < p  (C)  n , n  (D) None of these
m e  2
Sol. [A] Sol. [C]
m f ' (g(x)) g' (x)
p=
e  
cose x sine x 
= ex  
Q.15 The equation |f(x)| = g(x) has exactly three  cose x sine x 
solutions for  
ex  π,
m m 3π 
(A) p = (B) 0 < p < 
e e  2 
3
(C) 0 < p <
e
(D) p <
e x n, n 
m m  2
Sol. [B]
m Q.18 Find the total length of interval of x such that
0<p<
e f(x) is neither increases nor decreases-
Passage III (Question 16 to 18) (A) /2 (B) /4
Let here define two functions (C)  (D) None of these
f(x) = sin–1 (sin x) + cos–1 (cos x); 0x  2 Sol. [C]
 g (x) = ex ; 0x  2 f (x) 
 π  3π 
Q.16 Find the value of x such that f(x) is increases-  x  , π    ,2 π 
2   2 
   Total path = 
(A) [0, ] (B) 0, 
 4
EXERCISE # 4
 Old IIT-JEE Questions To find the root, we observe f(x) contains
4x3 – 3x which is multiple angle formula of
Q.1 Let f (x) = x ex(1–x), then f (x) is- cos 3 of we put x = cos .
[IIT Scr. 2001]  Let the req. root be cos  then,
4 cos3 – 3 cos  – p = 0
(A) Increasing on [–1/2, 1]
1
(B) Decreasing on R cos 3 = p 3 = cos–1 p  = cos–1 (p)
3
(C) Increasing on R
 Root is cos  cos 1 (p) 
(D) Decreasing on [–1/2, 1] 1
Sol. [A] 3 
f(x) = x. ex(1 –x)
2
Q.3 The length of a longest interval in which the
= x. e ( x  x )
function 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x is increasing, is -
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
2 2
[IIT Scr. 2002]
f (x) = 1.e ( x  x )
+ x.e ( x  x ) (1 – 2x)
(A) /3 (B) /2
2
= e ( x  x ) [1 + x – 2x2] (C) 3/2 (D) 
2
f (x) = – e ( x  x ) [2x2 –x –1] Sol. [A]
1 1 4  2 Let f(x) = 3 sin x – 4 sin3 x = sin 3x
Put 2x2 – x – 1 = 0  x = Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
2 2
f (x) = cos 3x × 3 > 0
1 3
x=  cos 3x > 0
4
3
x = 1, –1/2  2n + /2 < 3x < 2n +
2 2
f (x) =  e ( x  x ) (x – 1) (x + 1/2) where, n  integer
| | 2n  2n 
–ve +ve  + <x< +
–1/2 1 –ve 3 6 3 2
Hence, length of longest interval
Hence, f (x) > 0 for x   , 1
1
  3   2 
 2  = – = = =
2 6 6 6 3
 Option (A) is correct answer. Option (A) is correct answer.
Q.2 Let –1  p  1. Show that the equation
Q.4 Using the result 2(1 – cos x) < x2, x  0. Prove
4x3 – 3x – p = 0 has a unique root in the
that sin (tan x) > x, for x  (0, /4).
interval [1/2, 1] and identify it. [IIT 2001]
[IIT 2003]
Sol. Given that – 1  p  1.
Sol. Let f(x) = sin (tan x) –x
Consider f(x) = 4x3 – 3x – p = 0
1 1 3
Now, f   =  – p = –1 – p  0 as (–1  p) f (x) = cos (tan x) × sec2x – 1
2 2 2 = cos (tan x) × (1 + tan2x) –1
Also f(1) = 4 – 3 – p = 1 – p  0 as (p  1) = tan2x cos (tan x) + cos (tan x) –1
 f(x) has at least one real root between [1/2,1]. f (x) = tan2x cos (tan x) – (1 – cos (tan x))
Also f  (x) = 12x2 – 3 > 0 on [1/2, 1] using the relation,
f is increasing on [1/2, 1] 2(1 – cos x) < x2
f has only one real root between [1/2, 1] 1
f (x) > tan2 x cos (tan x) – tan2x
2
f (x) > tan x [cos (tan x) – 1/2]
2
Again using, 2(1 – cos x) < x2 (3 x 2  3 x )
2 Let f(x) = sin x + 2x –
 1
x
< cos x 
2 Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
tan 2 x
1– < cos (tan x) (6x  3)
2 f (x) = cos x + 2 –

 tan 2 x 1 
f (x) > tan2 x 1   
f (x) = (cos x – 6x/) +  2  
2 2  3

  
 1 tan 2 x 
f (x) > tan2 x   
 2 2  | | |
0 /6 /4
 f (x) > 0 for x  (0, /4)
Let x > 0  f(x) > f(0) 3 3
Put x = 0, f (x)|x = 0 = (1 – 0) + 2  = 3
 sin (tan x) – x > sin (tan 0) – 0  
 sin (tan x) – x > 0
f (x)|x = 0 = 3 1   > 0
1
 sin (tan x) > x. for x  (0, /4)
Hence, proved.  
  6 
, f (x)|x = /6 =  cos    + 2 
3
Q.5 If f(x) is differentiable and strictly increasing Put x =
6  6  6 
f ( x 2 )  f (x )
function, then the value of lim is-
x  0 f ( x )  f ( 0)  3  3
=  1 + 2 – = + ve
 2  
[IIT 2004]  
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) –1 (D) 2
 f (x)|x = /6 > 0
Sol. [C]
Since, f(x) is differentiable function i.e. Put x = /4, f (x)|x= /4
f (0  h )  f (0 )  6 
=  cos    + 2 
lim 3
h 0 h  4  4  
f (0  h )  f (0)
= lim = f (0)
h 0 h  1 3 3
=    + 2 
f (x 2 )  f (x)  2 2 
Then lim
x 0 f ( x )  f (0 ) 1 1 3
= + –
0  2 2 
 form, apply L  H Rule, we get 
 0 
2  2   6 2
f ( x 2 )  2 x  f ( x ) =
= lim 2 2
x 0 f ( x )  0
2(0)  f (0)  f (0) 0  f (0) (2  2 )  6 2
= = = –1 =
f (0)  0 f (0) 2 2
 Option (C) is correct answer. 3.14  3.41  6  1.41
= >0
2 2
Q.6 Prove that :
3x ( x  1)    f (x)|x = /4 > 0
sin x + 2x  ,x 0, 2 
   
 f (x) is increasing function in x  0, 
(Justify the inequality, if any used)  4
[IIT 2004] Let x > 0  f(x) > f(0)
Sol. sin x + 2x 
3x ( x  1)
,x  
 0, 4 
 
(3 x 2  3 x ) 
 sin x + 2x – >0+0–0 Now g(–u) = 2 tan–1 (e–u) –
 2
 1  
(3 x 2  3 x ) = 2 tan–1   –
sin x + 2x – >0 u  2
e 

 
= 2  – tan –1 (e u )  –  
3x ( x  1)   2  2
sin x + 2x > ;x 0, 4 
   
= – 2tan–1 eu = – g(u)
Hence, proved. 2
 g(u) is odd increasing.
Q.7 f is a set of polynomial of degree  2 ; f(0) = 0;
f(1) = 1; f (x) > 0; x  [0, 1] then set f = Q.9 The number of distinct real roots of
x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1 = 0 is [IIT 2011]
[IIT 2005]
Sol.[2] Let f(x) = x4 – 4x3 + 12x2 + x – 1
(A)  Let , , ,  are the root of equation.
(B) ax + (1  a) x2 ; a  R   = –1 so the equation has at least two
real roots. …..(i)
(C) ax + (1  a) x2 ; 0 < a < 
f '(x) = 4x3 – 12x2 + 24x + 1
(D) ax + (1  a) x2 ; 0 < a <  f "(x) = 12x2 – 24x + 24 = 12((x + 1)2 + 1)
Sol. [D] so f"(x) > 0 so f'(x) = 0 has only one real roots so
Let f(x) = ax2 + bx + c f(x) = 0 has at most two real roots. ….(ii)
from (i) & (ii)
f(0) = 0 = 0 + 0 + c  c = 0
f(x) = 0 has exactly two real roots.
f(1) = 1 = a + b + c  a + b = 1
f (x) = 2ax + b + 0 > 0 Q.10 Match the statements given in Column-I with
a 1 the intervals/union of intervals given in
= 2ax + (1–a) > 0 for x  [0, 1] x >
2a Column-II.
a 1 [IIT 2011]
When x = 0, 0 > Column-I
2a
(A) The set
a<1
  2iz  
a 1 Re ; z is a complex number, | z |  1, z  1
when x = 1, 1 > 2
 1 z  
2a
is
 2a > a – 1  a > –1
(B) The domain of the function
Then, f(x) = ax2 + (1 –a) x for – 1 < a < 1
 8(3) x  2 
or f(x) = (1 – a)x2 + ax for 0 < 1 – a < 2 f ( x)  sin 1   is
 Option (D) is correct answer. 1 3 2 ( x 1) 
 
  1 tan  1
Q.8 Let the function g : (– , )   – ,  be (C) If f ()   tan  1 tan  , then the
 2 2
 1  tan  1
given by g(u) = 2 tan–1 (eu) – . Then g is-

2 set  f () : 0     is
[IIT 2008]  2
(A) even and is strictly increasing in (0, ) 3 / 2
(D) If f ( x)  x (3x  10), x  0 , then f(x) is
(B) odd and is strictly decreasing in (–, )
(C) odd and is strictly increasing in (–, ) increasing in
(D) neither even nor odd, but is strictly increasing Column-II
in (–, ) (P) (– , –1)  (1, )
Sol. [C] (Q) (– , 0)  (0, )
(R) [2, )
2e u
g (u) = >0 (S) ( – , –1]  [1, )
1  e 2u (T) (– , 0]  [2, )
So g(u) increases Sol. [A  s ; B  t ; C  r ; D  r]
(A) Let z = cos  + i sin 
2iz 2i (cos i sin )
so
2
   cos ec
1 z 1  cos 2  i sin 2

 (2n + 1)
2
so
 2iz 
Re    cos ec   ( ,  1]  [1,  )
 1 z2 
8  3x  2 8  3x
(B) 
1  32 x  2 9  32 x
Let 3x = t
 8  3x 
So f(x) = sin–1    sin 1  8t 
 9  32 x   9  t2 
 
8t
1   1 on solving
9  t2
x (– , 0]  [2, )  {1}
(C) f() = 2 sec2
so f() [2, )
(D) f(x) = 3x5/2 – 10x3/2
15 x
f'(x) = x  2 
2
So f(x) is increasing for f '(x)  0
x [2, )
EXERCISE # 5
Q.1 Let f and g be increasing and decreasing i.e. It decreases for (–1, )
functions, respectively from [0, ) to [0, ). If (1 + x) < 0 i.e. x < –1
Let h(x) = f(g(x)). If h(0)= 0 then h(x) –h(1) is-
f (x) > 0
[IIT-1987]
(A) always zero (B) always negative i.e. It increases for (–, –1)
(C) always positive (D) strictly increasing Hence, f(x) decreases for (–1, ) and increases
Sol. [A] for (–, –1).
Since g is decreasing in [0, )
 Option (D) is correct answer.
 For x  y  0, g(x)  g(y) ….(1)
Also g(x), g(y)  [0, ) and f is increasing log(  x )
Q.3 Function f(x) = is decreasing in
from [0, ) to [0, ) log(e  x )
 For g(x), g(y)  [0, ) the interval - [IIT 95]
s.t. g(x)  g(y)
(A) (–, ) (B) (0, )
 f(g(x))  f(g(y)) where x  y
(C) (–, 0) (D) No where
 h(x)  h(y)
Sol. [B]
h is decreasing function from [0, )
 h(x)  h(0),  x  0 log e (  x )
f(x) =
But h(0) = 0 (given) log e (e  x )
h(x)  0  x  0 ….(2)
h(x)  0, x  0 ….(3)
Also 1 1
. log e (e  x )  log e (  x )
[as h(x) [0, )] x (e  x )
f (x) =
From (2) and (3) we get (log e (e  x )) 2
h(x) = 0,  x  0
Hence, h(x) – h(1) = 0 – 0 = 0  x  0 (e  x ) log e (e  x )  (  x ) log e (  x )
(  x )(e  x )(log e (e  x )) 2
Q.2 The function f defined by f(x) = (x + 2)e–x is
Since, f (x) < 0
[IIT 94]
(A) Decreasing for all x (e  x ) log e (e  x )  (  x ) log e (  x )
 <0
(B) Decreasing in (–, –1) and increasing (–1, ) (  x )(e  x )(log e (e  x )) 2
(C) Increasing for all x log e (e  x ) ( e  x )  log e (  x ) (   x )
(D) Decreasing in (–1, ) and increasing in  <0
(  x )(e  x )(log e (e  x )) 2
(–, –1)
Sol. [D]  log e (e  x ) ( e  x ) < log e (  x ) (   x )
f(x) = (x + 2)e–x  taking antilog both sides, we get
Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get  ( + x)( + x) > (e + x)(e + x)
f (x) = 1. e + (x + 2) e (–1)
–x –x
Since  > e
–x –x
= e – (x + 2) e + x > e + x
= e–x [1 – x –2]
Hence, above inequality only holds good for +ve
f (x) = e [–x –1]
–x
values of x i.e. x  (0, )
f (x) = – (1 + x) e–x
 Option (B) is correct statement.
If (1 + x) > 0 i.e. x > –1
f (x) < 0
xeax ,x  0 Since, (sin x)2 is positive for 0 < x  1
Q.4 Let f (x) =  ; where ' a ' is Let h(x) = sin x – x cos x
 x  ax  x , x  0
2 3
positive constant. Find the interval in which h(x) = cos x – (cos x + x (– sinx))
f ' (x) is increasing. [IIT 96] = cos x – cos x + x sin x
Sol. f(x) =
|RSxeax
, x0
;
h(x) = x sin x > 0 for 0 < x  1
|Tx  ax 2 3
x , x0 f (x) > 0 for 0 < x  1
Differentiating above function w. r. t. x, we get  f(x) is increasing function in 0 < x  1;
1.e ax  x.e ax .a ; x  0 x
f (x) = 
g(x) =
tan x
 1  2ax  3x 2 ; x  0
 e ax ( xa  1); x0
f (x) =  g(x) =
1. tan x  x. sec 2 x
(1  2ax  3x 2 ); x  0
(tan x ) 2
Again differentiating w.r.t. x, we get
tan x  x. sec 2 x
e ax .a.( xa  1)  e ax .a; x  0 g(x) =
f (x) =  (tan x ) 2
 2a  6x ; x0
since, (tan x)2 + ve for 0 < x  1
e (a x  2a ); x  0
ax 2
f (x) =  Let (x) = tan x – x. sec2 x
 2a  6x ; x0 Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
Since, f (x) is increasing function i.e. f (x) > 0 (x) = sec2 x –[1.sec2x + x. 2 sec x. tan x sec x]
eax (a2x + 2a) > 0 ; x  0 = sec2 x – sec2 x – 2x sec2 x tan x
eax will be positive for x  0 (x) = – 2x sec2 x. tan x
 (a2 x + 2a) > 0 for x  0 (x) < 0 for 0 < x  1  g(x) < 0 for 0 < x  1
2  g(x) is decreasing function for 0 < x  1
 x  – for x  0
a  Option (C) is correct answer.
Also, 2a – 6x > 0 for x > 0
 6x < 2a for x > 0 Q.6 The function f(x) = sin4 x + cos4 x increases if-
 x < a/3 for x > 0
[IIT Sc. 99]
–2 a   3
(A) 0 < x < (B) <x<
a 3 8 4 8
3 5 5 3
Hence, required interval is x    , 
2 a
(C) <x< (D) <x<
 a 3 8 8 8 4
Sol. [B]
x x f(x) = sin4x + cos4x
Q.5 If f(x) = and g(x) = , where
sin x tan x Differentiating w. r. t. x, we get
0 < x 1, then in this interval - [IIT 97] f (x) = 4 sin3 x cos x + 4 cos3 x (– sin x)
(A) Both f(x) and g(x) are increasing functions = 4 sin x cos x [sin2x – cos2x]
(B) Both f(x) and g(x) are decreasing function = 2 sin 2x (– cos 2x)
(C) f(x) is an increasing function f (x) = – sin 4x
(D) g(x) is an increasing function Since, f (x)  0  – sin 4x  0
Sol. [C]  sin 4x  0  4x  2
x x  /4  x /2
f(x) = and g(x) = ;0<x1
sin x tan x  option (B) is correct answer.
Differentiating above functions w. r. t. x, we get
1. sin x  x. cos x sin x  x cos x Q.7 Consider the following statement S and R -
f (x) = =
(sin x ) 2
(sin x ) 2 [IIT Sc. 2000]
S : Both sin x and cos x are decreasing y ' (x) < y ' (1) = 0
   y ' (x) 
function in the interval  ,    y (x) > y (1) = 0
2 
 y (x) > 0  x(0, 1)
R : If a differentiable function decreases in an
x2 1
interval (a, b), then its derivative also decreases  x n x >  x(0, 1)
in (a, b) 2 2
Which of the following is true ? Hence Proved
(A) Both S and R are wrong
Passage (Question 9 to 10)
(B) Both S and R are correct, but R is not the
Answer the questions on the basis of the
correct explanation for S
function given below :
(C) S is correct and R is the correct explanation
 
for S f : (0, )   – ,  be defined as,
(D) S is correct and R is wrong  2 2
Sol. [D] f(x) = arc tan(n x)
Hence, from graph, we observe that, sin x and cos
 Q.9 The above function can be classified as -
x are decreasing functions in  ,   . Hence, S is (A) injective but not surjective
2 
(B) Surjective but not injective
correct answer.
(C) neither injective nor surjective
y
(D) both injective as well as surjective
Sol.[D] f (x) = tan–1 (n x)
sin x
cos x 1 a
| | | | | x f ' (x) = . >0 x(0,) injective
–    3 2 x 1  (n) 2
also Rf  (–/2, /2)
So (D) is true
If any differentiable function increases or Q.10 The graph of y = f(x) is best represented as -
decreases in an interval (a, b), then its derivative y y
will gets reversed i.e. Derivative must be
/2
decreases or increases in an interval (a, b). (A) (B)
x x
Hence, R is not correct answer. 0 1 0 1
Option (D) is correct answer.
y y
Q.8 If 0 < x < 1 prove that y = xn x – (x2/2) + (1/2) /2 /2
2 2
(C) x (D) x
is a function such that d y/dx > 0. Deduce that 0 1 0 1
xnx > (x2/2) – (1/2). –/2 –/2
Sol.[C] f (x) = tan–1 (n x)
Sol. y ' = 1 + n x – x
1 a
1 f ' (x) = . >0 x(0,) injective
y"= –1 > 0 as x(0, 1) Hence Proved x 1  (n) 2
x
also it means On the basis of Range and domain of f (x) the
y ' (x)  correct graph is (C).
ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. D D A,B C A A A D A D D B B B B B A B
19. False 20. True

EXERCISE # 2
(PART-A)
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15
Ans. A C A D B B B B B D C A B C A
(PART-B)
Q.No. 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25
Ans. A,B,C,D A,B,C,D A,C A,D A,C A,C A,B B,C B,D A,D
(PART-C)
Q.No. 26 27 28
Ans. C A A
(PART-D)
29. (A)  R (B)  P (C)  S (D)  Q
(PART-E)
30. a  [1, ) 31. [–1, 1]
EXERCISE # 3
1. (a) Increasing in (–, –7]  [5, ) and decreasing in [–7, 5]
(b) Increasing in (–, –2]  [2, ) and decreasing in[–2, 2]
(c) Increasing in [–1, 0] and decreasing in [0, 1]
(d) Increasing in (–, 1] or [3, ) and decreasing in [1, 3]
(e) Increasing in (–, –1]  [1, ), decreasing in [–1, 1]
(f) Increasing in [0, 1] and decreasing in [1, )
2. (a) a 0 (b) a < – ( 2 + 5 ) or a > 5
3. (a) (i)   1/3 (ii)   –4/3
(b)Increasing if b  –1 and decreasing if b  1
6. [e2n/4, e2n + 5/4], n  Z.
7. (– 2, 0) (2, )
Q.No. 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18
Ans. C B D D A B C C C
EXERCISE # 4
1. (A) 3. (A) 5. (C) 7. (D) 8. (C) 9. 2
10. A  S ; B  T ; C  R ; D  R
EXERCISE # 5
1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. [– 2/a, a/3] 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (D)

9. (D) 10. (C)

(M) Monotonicity

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(M) Monotonicity

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APPLICATION OF DERIVATIVES:

 Properties of monotonic functions

Total No. of questions in Monotonicity are:

Q.4 If x  [0 , ], then f(x) = x sin x + cos x + cos2 x is - 8 4

Q.18 The function f(x) = cos (/x) is increasing in

 True or False type Questions

Q.19 In the interval (1, 2), function

Q.6 Given that f is a real valued differentiable

then the number of points in (0, 1) where the

= (2x2 + 2) + (x2 + 2x + 1) + cos x Hence, decreasing

f(x) = x. log (x + 1 x 2 ) – 1 x 2 f (x) = 2 tan–1 x  0

Part-EFill in The Blanks type Questions

Q.30 The value of a in order that

f (x) = 3 cos x + sin x – 2a  0

It must be (2 –1) < 0

 x2  b/a  x  b/a f (x) = x2 – 2x n x – 1

Q.17 Find the value of x such that f(g(x)) is

19. False 20. True

1. (A) 3. (A) 5. (C) 7. (D) 8. (C) 9. 2

1. (A) 2. (D) 3. (B) 4. [– 2/a, a/3] 5. (C) 6. (B) 7. (D)

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