LIMIT

IIT-JEE Syllabus

1. Limit of a function

2. Limit of the sum, Difference and Product & quotient of two functions

Total No. of questions in Limit are:

Solved examples…....…………………………..…29
Exercise # 1 …….……………………………….…36
Exercise # 2 …….……………………………….…37
Exercise # 3 …….……………………………….…35
Exercise # 4 ……………………………………..…09
Exercise # 5 ……………………………………..…10
Total No. of questions………………..156

*** Students are advised to solve the questions of exercises in the same sequence or as
directed by the faculty members.

LIMIT 1
 EXERCISE # 1
1
Question lim 3 + =4
based on Existence of limit x 1 1  71 / 1 x
1
|x| lim 3 + =3
Q.1 The value of lim is- x 1 1  71 / 1 x
x 0 x

(A) 1 (B) 2 R.H.L.  L.H.L

(C) 3 (D) Does not exist Question
based on Substitution
|x|
Sol. [D] lim
x 0 x
Q.5 lim[cos1 (cos x )] , where [] denotes greatest
x x 1
R.H.L. = lim =1
x 0 x integer function
x (A) 0 (B) 1
L.H.L. = lim – = –1
x 0 x (C) Does not exist (D) None of these
L.H.L.  R.H.L. Sol.[C] lim [cos–1 (cos x)]
x 1

x 2  1 , x  1 lim [x]
Q.2 If f(x) =  then the value of x 1
3x  1 , x  1 L.H.L. = lim [x] = 0
x 1¯
lim f(x) is-
x 1 R.H.L. = lim [x] = 1
x 1
(A) 1 (B) 2
(C) 3 (D) Does not exist R.H.L.  L.H.L.
x 2  1, x  1 cos θ  sinθ =
Sol.[B] f(x) =  Q.6 lim
3x  1, x  1 π π
 
4 θ
L.H.L. = lim (3x – 1) = 2 4
x 1¯
(A) 2 (B) 1
R.H.L. = lim (x2 + 1) = 2 (C) 2 (D) Does not exist
x 1
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = 2 cos   sin 
Sol.[A] lim
 
Q.3 Lim (1 – x + [x – 1] + [1 – x]) where [x]
 
4 
x 1 4
denotes greatest integer but not greater than x  
2 sin    
(A) 1 (B) –1  4
lim  2
(C) 0 (D) Does not exist  
  
4    
Sol.[B] lim (1 – x + [x – 1] + [1 – x] )  4
x 1

L.H.L. = lim (1 – x – 1) = –1
x 1¯ x3  x 2  1
Q.7 lim =
R.H.L. = lim (1 – x – 1) = –1 x  x3  x2 1
x 1
(A) 0 (B) 1
L.H.L. = R.H.L. = –1
(C) 2 (D) Does not exist
1
Q.4 If f ( x )  3  then- x3  x 2 1
1  71 /(1 x ) Sol.[B] lim
x  x3  x 2 1
(A) Lim f(x) = 3 (B) Lim f(x) = 4
x 1 x 1 1 1
1
(C) Lim f(x) = 4 (D) Lim f(x) does not exist x x3
lim =1
x 1 x 1 x  1 1
1  3
1 x x
Sol.[D] f(x) = 3 + 1 /(1 x )
1 7
LIMIT 2
 x4  x2  1 (A)
2
(B)
2
(C)
1
(D) 1
Q.8 lim =
x  x 5  x 2  1 3 9 9
(A) 0 (B) 1 x 3  7 x 2  15x  9
Sol.[B] lim
(C) 2 (D) Does not exist x 3 x 4  5x 3  27 x  27
x 4  x 2 1 ( x  3) ( x 2  4 x  3)
Sol.[A] lim lim
x  x5  x 2 1 x 3 ( x  3) ( x 3  2x 2  6x  9)
1 1
1 2  4 ( x  3) 2 ( x  1) 2
x x =0 lim 
lim x 3 2 2
( x  3) ( x  x  3) 9
x  1 1
x 2  4
x x Question
based on Rationalization
5 2
3x  x  13
Q.9 lim =
x  x  7 x 2  17
4 Q.13 lim  x 2  1  x 2  1  =
x   
(A) 0 (B) 2 (A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) None
(C) infinite (D) None
x 2 1  x 2 1
3x 5  x 2  13 Sol.[A] lim  x 2  1  x 2  1  
Sol.[C] lim x    x 2 1  x 2 1
x  x 4  7 x 2  17
2 2
1 13 lim  =0
3x 
 x  2 2 
x3 x4 =  x 1  x 1
lim
x  7 17
1 2  4
x x (1  x 2 )  (1  x )
Q.14 lim =
x 0
Question (1  x 3 )  (1  x )
based on Factoriosation
(A) 0 (B) 1
3
x  2x  1 (C) 2 (D) 4
Q.10 lim =
x  1 x 5  2 x  1
(1  x 2 )  (1  x ) (1  x 2 )  (1  x )
(A) 2/3 (B) 1/3 (C) 4/3 (D) 5/3 Sol.[B] lim ×
x 0
(1  x 3 )  (1  x ) (1  x 2 )  (1  x )
3
x  2x  1
Sol.[B] lim (1  x 3 )  (1  x )
x  1 x 5  2x  1 ×
( x  1) ( x 2  x  1)
1 (1  x 3 )  (1  x )
lim 
x  1 ( x  1) ( x 4  x 3  x 2  x  1) 3 x2  x
lim
2
x 0 x3  x
2 sin x  sin x  1
Q.11 lim = x 1
 2 sin 2 x  3 sin x  1 lim
x
6
x 0 x2 1
(A) 0 (B) 3 (C) –3 (D) 1 1
lim =1
2
2 sin x  sin x  1 x 0 x 1
Sol.[C] lim
x 
 2 sin 2 x  3 sin x  1 Question
6 based on Expansion of function
 1
 sin x   (sin x  1) 2x  sin 1 x
2 3/ 2
lim   = –3 Q.15 lim =
x 
  1 1/ 2 x 02x  tan 1 x
6  sin x   (sin x  1)
 2 1
(A) 3 (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
3
x 3  7x 2  15x  9
Q.12 lim = 2x  sin 1 x
x 3 x 4  5x 3  27x  27 Sol.[B] lim
x0 2x  tan 1 x
LIMIT 3
 sin 1 x  x 
x
2 Sol.[B] lim   (1)
x 1
lim = x   1 x 
1
x0 tan x 3
2  x
lim ( x ) 

1 
x 1 x 
 e x  

1 1  x 1 x 
Q.16 lim  2 log (1 + x) = lim ( x ) 
 1 x 

x 0 x x  e x 

1
1 lim
(A) 1 (B) (C) 0 (D) 2 x 
1
1
2  e x = e–1
1 1
Sol.[B] lim  log (1+ x)
x0 x x2 Q.20 lim (1  x )1 /(13 x ) =
x 0
using expansion of log (1 + x) 1
 2 3  (A) e13 (B) e 13 (C) e (D) 1
lim
1 1
  x  x  2x .......
x 0 x x2  2! 3!  Sol.[B] lim (1 + x)1/13x
  x0
1 1 1 2x 1
lim    + ……… lim (1 x 1)
x 0 x x 2! 3! e x 0 13x = e1/13
1
= 1 x
2  1  x  1 x 2
Q.21 lim  =
Question x 1 2  x 
based on Application of standard limits
(A) (2)1/3 (B) (2/3)1/2
log e {1  tan( x  a )} (C) (2/3)1/4 (D) Does not exist
Q.17 lim = 1 x
x a tan( x  a )
 1  x  1 x 2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3 Sol.[C] lim  
x 1  2  x 
n{1  tan( x  a )} n (1  x ) 1 x
Sol.[B] lim ; as lim =1 1/ 4
x a tan( x  a ) x 0 x  1  x  (1 x ) (1 x ) (1 x ) 2
lim   = 
x 1  2  x  3
cos(x / 2)
Q.18 lim =
x 1 1 x
1/ x3
(A) 0 (B)  (C) /2 (D) 2  tan x 
Q.22 lim   =
x 0 x 
 x 
cos  
 2  (A) 0 (B) 1
Sol.[C] lim
x 1 1 x (C) e (D) Does not exist
   1/ x 3
sin   x   tan x 
2 2  Sol.[D] lim   (1)
lim x 0 x 
x 1 1 x
  tan x 

sin (1  x ) L.H.L. = lim  
2  
lim .  x 0 ¯  x 
x 1  2 2
(1  x ) 
2  tan x 
R.H.L. = lim  
x
x 0  x 
 x 
Q.19 lim   = L.H.L.  R.H.L.
x   1  x 

1  limit does not exist

(A) e (B) (C) 0 (D) 1
e

LIMIT 4
 tan
x
Q.26 Let f(a) = g(a) = k and their nth derivatives
Q.23 Lim (2  x ) 2 =
x 1 exist and are not equal for some n.
(A) e–2/ (B) e1/ Further if
(C) e2/ (D) e–1/ f (a )g ( x )  f (a )  g (a )f ( x )  g(a )
lim 4
x x a g( x )  f ( x )
tan
Sol.[C] Lim (2 – x) 2 (1) then k is equal to-
x 1
(A) 0 (B) 4 (C) 2 (D) 1
x
Lim tan ( 2  x 1) Sol.[B] f(a) = g(a) = k
 e x1 2
f (a ) g ( x )  f (a )  g (a ) f ( x )  g ( a )
 x  lim =4
Lim  tan  (1 x ) x a g( x )  f ( x )
e x1  2 

differentiating n times
 x 
 sin  (1 x )
2 
Lim  f (a ) g n ( x )  g (a ) f n ( x )
x1   
sin   x  lim =4
 e 2 2  x a g n (x)  f n (x)

 since g(a) = f(a) = k

(1  x )
Lim
2 2 k (g n ( x )  f n ( x ))
 e x  1 . = e2/ lim =4
 
sin (1  x ) x a g n (x)  f n (x)
2
k=4
Question
based on L Hospital’s Rule Question
based on Sandwich Theorem
sin x  log(1  x )
Q.24 Lim =
x 0 x2 x2  x 1
Q.27 lim  (where [x] is greatest integer
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 x  e[ x ]
(C) –1/2 (D) does not exist function  x)
(A) 0 (B) 1
sin x  log(1  x )  0 
Sol.[C] Lim   (C) 2 (D) Does not exist
x 0 x2 0
x 2  x 1
using L Hospital Rule Sol.[A] lim
x  e[ x ]
1
cos x  x – 1  [x]  x
Lim 1  x  0 
x 2  x 1 x 2  x 1 x 2  x 1
x 0 2x 0 lim x 1
 lim [x ]
 lim
x  e x  e x  ex
1 L1 L L2
 sin x 
(1  x ) 2 1 2
Lim =– x  x 1 
x 0 2 2 L1= lim  
x  ex 1 
(1  cos 2x ) sin 5x 2x  1   
Q.25 Lim = = lim  
x 0 2
x sin 3x x  e x 1   
(A) 10/3 (B) 3/10 2
= lim =0
(C) 6/5 (D) 5/6 x  e x 1
(1  cos 2 x ) sin 5x x 2  x 1   
Sol.[A] Lim L2= lim  

2
x 0 x sin 3x x  ex
sin 5x 2x  1    2
2 sin 2 x. .5 = lim   = lim =0
5x 10 x  ex  x  ex
Lim 
x 0 sin 3x 3
x2 .3  L1 = L2 = L = 0
3x

LIMIT 5
 [ x ]  [2 x ]  [3x ]  .....  [nx ] Sol.[D] lim [Max (sin x, cos x)]
Q.28 lim = x

n  1  2  3  ......  n 4
(where [·] denotes the greatest integer function) 1
L.H.L = lim– cos x =
x x x
 2
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D) x 4
2 6
1
[ x ]  [2 x ]  [3x ]  .....  [nx ] R.H.L. = lim sin x =
Sol.[D] lim  2
x
n  1  2  3  ......  n 4

x – 1  [x]  x 1
L.H.L. = R.H.L. =
2x – 1  [2x]  2x 2
Q.30 Lim (cosec x)1/log x =
nx – 1  [nx]  nx x 0 
(x – 1) + (2x – 1) +…..+ (nx – 1)  [x] + [2x] (A) e (B) e–1
+….+ [nx]  x + 2x +……+ nx
(C) e2 (D) 1
(x  2x  3x  ..... nx)  n
lim  lim 1
n  1  2  ..... n n  log x
Sol.[B] Lim (cosec x) =y
L1 x 0

[ x ]  [2 x ]  ....  [nx ] x  2x  .....  nx log(cosec x )   

 lim log y = Lim  
1  2  ......  n n  1  2  ....  n x 0 log x 
L L2 log y = Lim – x cot x
x 0
( x  2x  .....  nx )  n
L1 = lim x
n  1  2  .....  n log y = Lim – = – 1 y = e–1
x 0 tan x
(x) (n) (n  1)
n
= lim 2 Q.31 Which of the following statement is/are
n  n(n  1)
correct -
2
xn(n  1)  2n (A) Lim  [sgn sin x] = 1
 lim x
n  n(n  1)
(B) Lim  [sgn sin x]  –1
 1 2 x
x1  
n n
 lim  =x (C) Lim [sgn sin x] = 1
n   1 x
1 
 n (D) Lim [sgn sin x] does not exist
x  2x  3x  ....  nx x
L2 = lim (Where [.] represent greatest integer
n  1  2  3  ....  n
(n  1) function)
(x)(n)
= lim 2 =x Sol.[A, D] Lim  [sgn sin x] = 1
n  (n  1) x
(n )
2 Lim [sgn sin x] = – 1
L1 = L2 = L = x x  
Lim [sgn sin x] = Does not exist
x
Question Q.32 The sum to infinity of the series :
based on Miscellaneous question
3 5 7
+ 3 + 3 3 3 + ...... is-
Q.29 lim [Max (sinx, cosx)] 13
1 2 3
1 2 3

x
4
(A) 3 (B) 4
1 (C) 5 (D) 6
(A) (B) 0
2
3 5 7
Sol.[B] S =   + ……
(C) – 1 (D) 1 / 2 1 3 3
1 2 3
1  2 3  33
3

LIMIT 6
 2r  1 i n ( n 1)
tr = 3 3 3 = en
2 2
1  2  ....  r
2r  1 lim fn()
= n 
r 2 (r  1) 2  1
n 2  1 
4 i  n i
 lim
2 2
8r  4 e n = e2
= n 
2 2
r (r  1)  
n
= cos + i sin
2 2
S = lim
n 
t
r 1
r
 True or False type Questions
8r  4
tr =
r 2 (r  1) 2 1  sin x 1
Q.34 lim 2
=
x
 (  2x) 8
1 1 2
=4  2
  2
 r (r  1) 
Sol. [T]
1 1 1  sin x 1
S = lim 4   lim =
n  1 4 x  / 2 ( – 2 x ) 2 8
1 1
+  1  sin x 0
4 9 lim
2
( form)
x  / 2 ( – 2 x ) 0
1 1
+  Use L–H Rule, we get
9 16
 0 – cos x cos x
lim = lim
 x  / 2 2( – 2x )(–2) x   / 2 4(  – 2 x )

1 1  0
 2
 2 ( form)
n (n  1)  0
 1  Again use L-H Rule, we get
= lim 4 1  2
=4
n  (n  1)  – sin x 1 1
 lim = lim sinx =
x   / 2 4(–2) 8 x  / 2 8

Q.33 Let Q.35 lim {sin–1x} = 1 where {x} is fractional part

x sin 1–

fk() =  cos 2  i sin 2   cos 22  i sin 22  .... of x.

 k k  k k  Sol. [T]
   lim {sin –1 x} = 1
….  cos  i sin  then Lim fn() = x sin 1–
 k k n 
{sin–1x} = sin–1x – [sin–1x]
 
(A) cos + i sin (B) cos + i sin lim (sin –1 x – [sin –1 x ])
2 2 x sin 1–
  = lim (sin–1(sin1–h) – [sin–1(sin1 – h)] )
(C) i cos + sin (D) i cos + sin h 0 –
2 2
= lim (1 – [value less than 1] ) = 1
Sol.[A] fk() =  cos 2  i sin 2   cos 22  i sin 22  .... h 0 –
 k k  k k 
 k k   Fill in the blanks type questions
 cos 2  i sin 2 
 k k 
Q.36 If | x | < 1, then
    2   k 
i 2  i 2  i 2 
= e k . e k . ……… e  k  lim (1 + x) (1 + x2)......(1 + x2n) ………
n 
i
fn() = e n 2
(1 + 2 +…..+ n) Sol. Let A = (1 + x) (1 + x2) (1 + x4) (1 + x8) (1 + x16)
LIMIT 7
 n
................ (1  x 2 ) ; |x| < 1
(1  x )(1 – x )
= (1+x2)(1 + x4)(1 + x8)(1 + x16)
(1 – x )
n
............. (1  x 2 )
(1 – x 2 )(1  x 2 )
= (1 + x4) (1 + x8) (1 + x16)
(1 – x )
n
............ (1  x 2 )
(1 – x 4 ) n
= (1 + x4)(1 + x8)(1 + x16) ..... (1  x 2 )
(1 – x )
(1 – x 8 ) n
= (1 + x8)(1 + x16) ................. (1  x 2 )
(1 – x )
(1 – x16 ) n
= (1 + x16)(1 + x32) ............... (1  x 2 )
(1 – x )
(1 – x 32 ) n
= (1  x 32 )..........(1  x 2 )
(1 – x )
n n
(1 – x 2 )(1  x 2 )
= 1 – ( x 2 ) 2  (1 – x )
n
=
(1 – x )  
n
(1 – x 4 )
=
(1 – x )
 1 – x 4n 
lim A = lim   1  ;
n  n   1  x   1 – x 
 
n
As lim x 4  0
n 

LIMIT 8
 EXERCISE # 2
x  2a  x  2a
Only single correct answer type Sol.[C] lim ,a>0
Part-A x  2a 
x 2  4a 2
questions
x  2a  x  2a
lim
  cos –1 x x  2a 
Q.1 lim = x 2  4a 2
x 1 x 1
x  2a x  2a
1 lim + lim 
(A)  (B) (C) 2 (D)  x  2a  x  2a . x  2a x  2a
x 2  4a 2
2
x  2a
  cos 1 x ×
Sol.[B] lim x  2a
x  1 x 1
1 ( x  2a )
Let x = cos   + lim 
2 a x  2a x  2a x  2a ( x  2a )
  as x  –1+,   –
1 x  2a
 + lim 
   0 2 a x  2a x  2a ( x  2a )
lim  
x  ¯ 2 cos  / 2  0  1
= 
using L Hospital rule 2 a
1
 e sin x  1  sin x
2  1 Q.4 Lim =
lim 
x  ¯ 2  2
x 0 x2
 sin 1
2 2 (A) 1 (B) (C) e1/2 (D) e
2
 1 n2  e sin x  1  sin x
Q.2 If lim  an   = b, a finite number then Sol.[B] lim
n 
 1  n  x0 x2
the ordered pair (a, b) is- using expansion of ex
(A) (1, 1) (B) (–1, 1) sin 2 x sin 3 x
(1  sin x    ......)  1  sin x
(C) (1, –1) (D) None of these lim 2! 3!
Sol. [A]
x0 x2

 sin 2 x sin 3 x 1
1  n 2  lim  + …… =
lim  an – =b x0 2
x (2!) 2
x (3!) 2
n   1  n 

k
 an  an 2 – 1 – n 2  Q.5 Lim n cos n! ; 0 < k < 1
lim   =b n n 1
n   1 n 
 
(A) 0 (B) 1!
a – 1 / n  n (a – 1) (C) 2! (D) None of these
lim =b
n  1 1/ n Sol. [A]
Ordered pair must be (1,1) k
Lim n cos n ! 0 < k < 1
Option (A) is correct Answer n
n 1
k 1
Lim n cos n!
x  2a  x  2a n 1
Q.3 lim ,a>0= 1
x 2a 
x 2  4a 2 n
(A) 2a (B) 2 a Lim cos n!
n
 1
(C) 1 / 2 a (D) a (n1 k ) 1  
 n

LIMIT 9
 simple 0 < k < 1  k – 1 is negative 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 
= –   +  –  + –  
and 1 – k > 0 2 2 6   4 3 8   6 4 10 
as n 
1 1 1   1 1 1   1 1 1 
 –1  cos n!  1  finite value + –   +  –   +  –  
 8 5 12   10 6 14   12 7 16 
n1–k 
-----------------------------
1 -----------------------------
 1+ 1
n -----------------------------
cos n! 1 1 1 1 1 1
so Lim
n
=0 + –  + – 
 1 2(n – 1) n 2(n  1) 2n n  1 2(n  2)
(n1 k ) 1  
 n 1 1 1 1
= + – +
4 2(n  1) (n  1) 2(n  2)
Q.6 If Sn = a1 + a2 + ........ an and Lim an = a, then
n  1 1 1
= + –
Sn 1  Sn 4 2(n  2) 2(n  1)
Lim is equal to-
n  n 1 1 1  1
k lim  
n   4
–  =
2(n  2) 2(n  1)  4
k 1

(A) 0 (B) a Q.8 The continued product of

(C) 2 a (D) 2a  1  1  1  1 
1   1   1   ........... 1  2  is Pn
Sol. [A]  4  9   16   n 
If Sn = a1 + a2 + ........ an and lim an = a, then ; then Lim Pn is- (where n N)
n  n 
Sn + 1 = a1 + a2 + a3 + ......... + an + an + 1 1 n 1 1
Sn + 1 – Sn = an + 1 (A) – (B) (C) (D) None
2 n 2
lim an = a  lim an + 1 = a = lim an + 1
n  ( n 1) n  Sol. [C]
a n 1 2 a n 1  1  1  1  1 
lim = lim P n = 1   1   1   ........... 1  2 
n  n (n  1) n  n (1  1 / n )  4  9  16   n 
2
1 3 2 4 3 5 4 6  n 1 n  1 
1 =  .   .  .  .   .  …….  . 
= 2 lim an + 1. lim 2 2 3 3 4 4 5 8  n n 
n  n  n 1  1/ n
= 2 ×a×0=0 n 1
=
Option (A) is correct Answer. 2n

1 Lim Pn
Q.7 The sum  is equal to- n 
n 1 n (n  1) (n  2)
n 1
1 1 1  nLim
 2n
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D)
2 4 8
1
Sol. [C] 1
  Lim n 1
1
 n(n  1)(n  2) n  2 2
n 1
First we obtain following expression by partial Q.9 Inscribed in a circle of radius R is a square, a
fraction method circle is inscribed in the square, a new square in
the circle, and so on for n times. Find the limit
1 1 1 1
= – + of the sum of areas of all the circles and the
n (n  1)(n  2) 2n (n  1) 2 (n  2) limit of the sum of areas of all the squares as
Sum of all n terms would be as follows n 
n n
1 1 1 1  (A) 2R2, R2 (B) R2, 4R2
 r(r  1)(r  2) =   2r – (r  1)  2(r  2)  (C) 2R2, 4R2 (D) 4R2, 2R2
r 1 r 1

LIMIT 10
Sol. [C]  1 1 
= 2R12 1    ........n terms 
Let sides of first (or upper square) be a1 & 2 4 
Radius of circle is R1  1 
1.1 – 
2n
Area of circle, A1 = R12 (An)square = 2R 12  
= 4 R12 (1 – 1/2n)
1  1/ 2
2 2
a  a  a2
R 12 =  1  +  1  = 1 lim (An)square = lim 4R12 (1 – 1/2n) = 4 R 12
 2  2 2 n  n 

a1 = 2 R1
Option (C) is correct Answer.

a1 x sin( x  [ x ])
Radius of 2nd upper circle, R2 = Q.10 lim , where [·] denotes the
2 x 1 x 1
greatest integer function, is equal to-
2 R1
= = R 1/ 2 (A) 1 (B) –1
2
(C)  (D) does not exist
Sides of 2nd upper square be a2, then
Sol. [D]
2 2 x sin( x – [ x ])
a  a  lim
R 22 =  2  +  2  x 1 ( x – 1)
2
   2 
Put x – 1 = h  x = h + 1
a 22 R 2 As (x – 1)  0  h  0
= = 1 (1  h ) sin(1  h – [1  h ])
2 2 lim
h 0 h
 a2 = R 1
(1  h ) sin(1  h – 1 – [h ])
= lim
Radius of 3rd upper circle, R3 = a2/2 = R1/2 h 0 h
Hence, Sum of Areas of circles, (An)circle (1  h ) sin( h – [h ])
= lim
h 0 h
R 12 R 12
= R12 + + +............. n terms 0–h h 0+h
2 4
L.H.L = lim f (0 – h )
 1 1  h0 –
=  R 12 1  2  4  ..........  n terms 
  (1  0 – h ) sin(0 – h – [0 – h ])
= lim
h 0 – (0 – h )
 1  (1 – h ) sin(– h  h )
1.1 –  = lim =–1
2  2n  h 0 – (– h )
=  R1
1 R.H.L. lim f (0  h ) =
1–
2 h 0 

lim (1  0  h ) sin(0  h – [0  h ])
 1  h 0 
= 2 R 12 1 –  h
 2n 
lim (1  h ) sin( h – h ) = 1
h 0  h
 1 
lim (An)circle = lim 2R 12 1   Since, L.H.L  R.H.L
n  n   2n  Limit does not exist
= 2 R 12
1  sin 2x
Q.11 The value of Lim =
Sum of areas of squares, (An)square x  / 4   4x
1 1 1
R 2 (A) – (B) (C) (D) None
= 2 R 12 + R 12 + 1 + ............ n terms 4 4 2
2

LIMIT 11
 lim 1 – sin 2x x 1  x x 1 – x
Sol. [A]  = 2 lim sin ×
x x  2 x 1 – x
4  – 4x
Rationalise Numerator and Denominator by x – x 1 x  x 1
× sin 
1 sin 2x 2 x  x 1

lim 1 – sin 2x 1  sin 2 x x 1– x x – x –1

 = 2 lim sin × sin
x  / 4 x  2( x  1 – x ) ( x  x  1)
( – 4 x ) 1  sin 2 x
1 –1
lim 1 – sin 2x = 2 lim × sin =0
= x  / 4 x  2( x  1 – x ) x  x 1
( – 4 x ) 1  sin 2x
lim sin x – cos x 0
= x /4 ( form) (cos  ) x  (sin ) x  1
( – 4x ) 1  sin 2x 0 Q.14 lim , x  (0, /2)
x 2 x2
Applying L – H Rule, we get
(A) sin2 n (sin )
lim (cos x  sin x )
 x  / 4 (B) cos2  n (cos )
1 1
(–4) 1  sin 2 x  .
2 1  sin 2 x 2 sin 2x (C) cos2  n (cos ) – sin2 n (sin )
cos 2 x.2( – 4 x )
(D) cos2  n (cos ) + sin2 n (sin )
 1 1 
  
 2 2 2 1 (cos ) x  (sin ) x  1
= = =– Sol.[D] lim
–4 2 0 –4 2 4 x 2 x2
Q.12 Evaluate : (cos  ) x  (sin  ) x  sin 2   cos 2 
lim
x 2 x2
[ x ]  [ x 2 ]  [ x 3 ]  ......  [ x 2 n 1 ]  n  1
Lim (cos ) x 2  1
x 0  1  [ x ] | x | 2x lim cos2 +
x 2 x2
(A) 1 (B) 0
(sin  ) x  2  1 2
(C) 2 (D) None of these lim sin 
x 2 x2
Sol. [B]
2 3 2 n 1
  cos2 n(cos ) + sin2 n (sin )
Lim [ x ]  [ x ]  [ x ]  ......  [ x ]  n 1
x 0 1  [ x ] | x | 2x
as x  0¯ [x2n+1]  –1 & [x2n]  0 1 1 1
[x ]  [2x ]  [3x ]  ...  [nx ]
(1)  (0)  (1)  (0)....  (0)  (1)  n  1 Q.15 lim 2 3 n =
Lim
x 0 1  1  x  2x n  12  2 2  3 2  ...  n 2
(1)(n  1)  n  1 0 (where [·] denotes the greatest integer function)
Lim  =0 1 1
x 0  x x (A) 0 (B) (C) (D) 1
2 6
Q.13
x 

Lim cos x  1  cos x =  1 1 1
[ x ]  [2x ]  [3x ]  ....  [nx ]
Sol.[A] lim 2 3 n
(A) 0 (B) 1 n  12  2 2  33  ......  n 2
(C) 2 (C) None of these. x – 1 < [x]  x
Sol. [A] 1 1
2x – 1 < [2x]  2x  x – < [2x]  x
Lim
x  cos x  1  cos x  2 2
1 1
CD D–C 3x – 1 < [3x]  3x  x – < [3x]  x
Apply : cosC – cosD = 2sin . sin 3 3
2 2
1 1
x 1  x x – x 1 4x – 1 < [4x]  4x  x – < [4x]  x
= Lim 2 sin .sin 4 4
x  2 2 ---------------------------------------------------
LIMIT 12
 --------------------------------------------------- 1
(A) e (B) ln 2 (C) e ln 2 (D) None
1 1 e
(nx – 1) <[nx]  nx  x – < [nx ]  x
n n Sol. [B]
Adding all terms as : 1/ x
 e xn ( 2 x –1) – (2 x – 1) x sin x 
(x + x + x + ........n terms) – (1 +
1 1
+ +
1 lim  
  x nx 
2 3 4 x 0
 e 
1 1/ x
+...................+ ) <  (2 x  1) x  (2 x  1) x sin x 
n  lim  
1 1 1 1 x 0  xx 
[x] + [2x] + [3x] + [4x] + ........+ [nx]
2 3 4 n
(2 x  1) (1  sin x )1/ x
 (x + x + x + .............. + n terms)  lim
x 0 x
n n
1 1
 nx –
r
<  r
[rx]  nx n2 . lim (1 – sin x)1/x (1)
x 0
r 1 r 1
n 1
lim (1sin x 1)
1
nx
 r
n2 . e x 0  x

lim – lim r 1  sin x

n  n ( n  1) ( 2n  1) n  n ( n  1) ( 2n  1)
lim 1
 n2 . e x 0  x
 n2 
6 6 e
n
1
 r [rx] Q.18 Let f(x) = nLim 2 3
 lim  {sinx + 2sin x + 3sin x +...
< lim r 1 nx
n  n (n  1) (2n  1) n  n (n  1)( 2n  1)
….+ nsinn x} If sinx  n+ /2, n  :
6 6

 
1
Evaluate : Lim 1  sin x  f ( x )
n 2
1 sin x 1 =
 r
[rx ] x  / 2
–  lim r 1 0 (A) 1 (B) 0
n  n (n  1) (2n  1) (C) e (D) None of these
6 Sol. [C]
n

1
[rx ] f(x) = nLim 2 3
 {sinx + 2sin x + 3sin x +.......+ nsin x}
n

r 1
r
lim =0 f(x) = sum of infinite A.G.P.
n  n (n  1) (2n  1)
6 f(x) = nLim
 sin x
Let S = {1  2 sin x  3sin2 x  .....  n sinn 1 x}
Q.16 lim x2  x 1 – x2 1 = a dr
x S= 
1  r (1  r ) 2
2 1
(A) (B) 1 (C) (D) None 1 sin x
3 2 = 
Sol. [C] 1  sin x (1  sin x ) 2
1  sin x  sin x
lim x 2  x 1 – x2 1 =
x  (1  sin x ) 2
x2  x 1– x2 –1 1
= lim =
x  2
x  x 1  x 1 2 (1  sin x ) 2
1 1 sin x
= lim =  F(x) =
x  1 1 2 (1  sin x ) 2
1   2  1 1/ x 2
x x  (1 – sin x)2 F(x) = sin x
1
Q.17 The value of  lim (sin x) sin x 1 (1)

1/ x x
 e xn ( 2 x –1) – (2 x – 1) x sin x  2
lim   = 1
. (sin x 1)
x 0   xnx  lim
 e  x
 (sin x 1)
e 2
 e1
LIMIT 13
 cos (sin x )  cos x  
Q.19 Lim 4
= Lim a sin  cot  tan 
x 0 x  O   2 2
1 1  
(A) 1 (B) 6 (C) – (D) cos tan 
6 6  2 2
Lim a sin 
Sol. [D]  O  
sin  tan 
cos(sin x )  cos x  2 2
Lim
x 0 x4   
tan .2
Using expansion of cosx a sin  2 2 . 2
Lim .
 O     
 sin 2 x sin 4 x   x 2 x 4  sin  tan  tan
1     1    2 2 2 2
 2! 4!   2! 4! 
Lim 
4 4a
x 0 x4 a.1. =
 
using expansion of sinx
2
 3    1 1n 
x  x  Q.22 lim nn  e.1    =
 3!  x2   n 

n 
 4  
Lim 2! 2! + Lim sin x
x 0 x4 x 0 4! x 4 3
(A) 1 (B)
2
x4
– Lim 2
x 0 4! x 4 (C) (D) None
3
2 6 4 2
x x 2x x Sol. [B]
  2
 
2! (3!) (2!) 2!3! 2! 1 1
Lim     1 1n 
x 0 x 4 4! 4! lim n  n  e.1   
n    n 
x 2
2 1  
Lim   1
x 0 2
(3!) (2!) 2!3! 6 lim n [1 + (1 – n) n (1 + )]
n  n
Q.20 Let a = min{x2 + 2x + 3, x  R} and 1
lim [n + (n – n2)]n(1 + )]
1  cos  n n  n
b = lim
0  2
. Then  a r . b n r = (using expansion of n (1 + x)
r 0
(A) 2n+1 + 1 (B) 2n+1 – 1  1 1 
lim n  (n  n 2 )  2  .....
4 n 1  1 4 n 1  1 n   n 2n 
(C) (D)
3.2 n 3 .2 n   1 1 
Sol. [C] lim n  1  n    .....
n    2n 2 
 a x  1
Q.21 Lim– a 2  x 2 cot   is- 1–0+ + 0 ………
x a 2 ax  2
 
a 2a a 4a 1 3
(A) (B) (C) – (D) 1+ =
    2 2
Sol. [D]
 1  1 
 ax  Q.23 The value of Lim 1  x   
Lim a 2  x 2 cot 
2 ax 
 x 0  2   tan x  4  2 
x a –   is-
Let x = a cos  (A) loga16 (B) Does not exist
 as x  a– (C) 3 ln 2 (D) 4 ln 2
0+ Sol. [D]
  a  a cos    1  1  0
Lim a 2  a 2 cos 2  cot   lim 1 –   ( form)

 O  2 a  a cos   x 0 2 x  tan x  4 – 2  0
 
LIMIT 14
 Apply L – H Rule, we get (1  x )  (1  x ) 2x
lim  lim =1
–x 1 x 0 x (2) x 0 2 x
= lim 2 log 2 sec2x
x 0 2 tan x  4
x2 |x|
1 (D) lim = lim
= log2 / = 4 log 2. x 0 x x0 x
4 L.H.L. = – 1, R.H.L. = +1
Option (D) is correct Answer. Limit does not exist
n x  [ x ]
x
 ax  1 
Q.24 lim = ([.] G. I. F. ) Q.26 Consider the function f ( x )    where
x  [x]  bx  2 
(A) 0 (B) –1 a2 + b2  0 and a > 0 & b > 0 then lim f ( x )
(C)  (D) None of these x 
Sol. [B] (A) exists for all values of a and b
nx – [ x ] (B) is zero for 0 < a < b
lim
x  [x ] (C) is non existent for a > b
since [x]  x 1
 
1
 
a b
nx – x (D) is e or e if a = b
lim  form)
x  x Sol. [B, C, D]
Apply L – H Rule, we get  ax  1  2
x

1 f (x)    a + b2  0
.1 – 1  bx  2 
0 –1
= lim x = = –1 lim f ( x )
x  1 1 x 

Option (B) is correct Answer.  ax  1 

x
= lim  
x   bx  2 
One or more than one correct  a 1/ x 
x
Part-B = lim  
answer type questions x   b 2/ x 
Q.25 Which of the following limits tends to unity? if a < b
sin(tan t )  a 1/ x  a
x 
(A) lim lim     =0
t0 sin t x   b  2 / x  b
sin(cos x )
(B) lim if a > b
x / 2 cos x x 
1 x  1 x  a 1/ x  a
(C) lim
lim      
x   b  2 / x  b
x 0 x
 non existent
x2
(D) lim if a = b
x0 x
x
Sol. [A, B, C]  a 1/ x 
lim   (1)
x   b  2 / x 
sin(tan t )
(A) lim  ax  1 
t0 sin t lim x   1
e
x   bx  2 
sin(tan t ) tan t t
lim . . =1  ( a  b ) x 1 
t0 tan t t. sin t lim x   1
= e
x   bx  2 
sin(cos x )
(B) lim =1 1
x  / 2 cos x lim
= e x  b2 / x
1 x  1 x 1 x  1 x
(C) lim ×
x 0 x 1 x  1 x = e–1/b = e–1/a ( a = b)

LIMIT 15
Q.27 lim f(x) does not exist when-
x c
(A) f(x) = [ [x] ] – [2x –1], c = 3 Q.28 Identify the true statement(s).
(B) f(x) = [x] – x, c = 1 n 1
(C) f(x) = {x}2 – {–x}2, c = 0 (A) lim  r   1 , where [.] denotes the
n 
tan(sgn x )  r 1 2 
(D) f ( x )  ,c=0
sgn x greatest integer function
Where [.] denotes greatest integer function & (B) If f(x) = (x –1) {x}, then limit of f(x) does
{x} fractional part function. not exist at all integers except {1}
Sol. [B, C]  tan x 
(C) lim 
x 0  x 
  1 , where [.] denotes the
(A) lim [[x]] – [2x – 1]
x 3
greatest integer function.
L.H.L.  tan x 
(D)  lim  1 , where [.] denote the
lim [[x]] – [2x] + 1
x  3¯  x  0 x 
greatest integer function
2–5+1=–2
Sol. [B, C, D]
R.H.L.
 n
1
lim [[x]] – [2x] + 1
x 3
(A) lim 
n  
 
2 r 
 r 1
3–6+1=–2
1 1 1 1 
L.H.L. = R.H.L.  Limit exists = lim   2  3  ........  n 
n   2 2 2 2 
(B) lim [x] – x
x 1 1 1 
L.H.L.  1  n 
2
= lim   2 
lim [x] – x n   1 
x 1¯  1 2 
 
0 –1=–1
 1 
R.H.L. = lim 1  n  = 0
n  2 
lim [x] – x
x 1 (B) f(x) = (x – 1) {x}
1 –1=0 lim {x} (x – 1)
x 1
L.H.L.  R.H.L.  Limit does not exist
L.H.L. = lim (1) (0) = 0
(C) lim {x}2 – {–x}2 x 1¯
x 0

L.H.L.  Limit exists

lim {x}2 – {– x}2 R.H.L. = lim (0) (0) = 0
x 1
x 0 ¯

1–0=1 for any other integer except x = 1

R.H.L. L.H.L.  R.H.L.
lim {x}2 – {–x}2 = 0 – 1 = –1 so limit does not exist
x 0
 tan x 
R.H.L.  L.H.L.  Limit does not exist. (C) lim   =1 (as tan x > x)
x 0  x 
tan(sgn x ) tan(sgn x )
(D) lim L.H.L. = lim  tan x 
x 0 sgn( x ) x 0 ¯ sgn( x ) (D)  lim =1

x 0 x 
= tan 1
tan(sgn x ) a cot x  a cos x
R.H.L. = lim = tan 1 Q.29 For a > 0, let  = lim and
x 0 sgn( x ) x  cot x  cos x

2
L.H.L. = R.H.L.
 Limit exists m  lim  x 2  ax  x 2  ax  then-
x–  
LIMIT 16
 (A)  is always greater than ‘m’ for all values
of a > 0 0–h 0 0+h
(B)  is always greater than ‘m’ only when a  1   
L.H.L = lim  2 sin   0 – h 
(C)  is always greater than ‘m’ for all values –
h 0 4   
of ‘a’ satisfying a > e–a   
= lim  2 sin  – h 
(D) e + m = 0 –
h 0 4  
Sol. a>0 ( f(x) is equal to 1 at x = 1)
a cot x  a cos x = lim [ 2 × value less than 1/ 2 ]
 = lim h 0 –
x  cot x  cos x

2
= lim [Value less than 1]
h 0 –
a  1
cot x  cos x =0
 = lim a cos x   = n a Option (A) is correct Answer.
 cot x  cos x 

x
2 For Option (B) :
lim – [f(x)] (n  I)
m  lim  x 2  ax  x 2  ax  ×  
x  2n 
x    2

 x 2  ax  x 2  ax   
  2n + –h 2n + +h
  2 2
 x 2  ax  x 2  ax  
  2n +
 
2
( x 2  ax )  ( x 2  ax )
= lim    
x  L.H.L = lim  2 sin   2n  – h  ; nI
x 2  ax  x 2  ax h 0 –  4 2 
2ax 2a 
= lim  =a   
x    2 = lim  2 sin   2n  – h  ; nI
a a 2 4 
x 1   1   h 0 – 
 x x 
    
= lim  2 cos 2n  – h  ; nI
 = n a, m = a h 0 –   4 

>m   
= lim  2 cos – h 
–
h 0 4  
n a > a
1
= lim [ 2 value greater than ]
a > ea h 0 –
2
this is never true for a > 0 = lim [Value greater than 1] = 1
h 0 –
so m >  always
Option (B) is correct Answer.
Q.30 If f(x) = sinx + cosx, [x] is the greatest integer    
Option (C) : lim  2 sin  x   ;
function, then x 2 n4   
(A) lim– [f(x)] = 0
x  2n – h 2n 2n+h
(B) lim [f(x)] = 1 (n I)
x ( 2 n    / 2 )

(C) lim
—

[f(x)] = 0, (n I)
L.H.L = lim
h 0 –
 2 sin(2n – h   / 4)
x  2 n
; n  Integer
(D) Range of f(x) is {–2, –1, 0, 1}
Sol. [A, B]   
= lim  2 sin  – h 
f(x) = sinx + cosx –
h 0 4   
sinx + cosx = 2 sin (x + /4) 1
= lim [ 2 × value less than ]
we have to check for every options as : h 0 –
2
For A : lim [f(x)] means L.H.L = [Value less than 1] = 0
x 0 –

LIMIT 17
     R.H.L = lim f (0  h )
R.H.L = lim  2 sin  2n   h  h 0 
h 0   4  (0  h – a 1 ) (0  h – a 2 )..........(0  h – a n )
; n  Integer  lim
 | (0  h – a ) (0  h – a ).........(0  h – a ) |
h 0 1 2 n
  
= lim  2 sin   h 

h 0 4
   (h – a 1 ) (h – a 2 )...........( h – a n )
 lim
 | ( h – a ) (h – a ).........( h – a ) |
 1  h 0 1 2 n
=  2  value greater than 
 2
(h – a 1 ) (h – a 2 )...........(h – a n )
= [Value greater than 1] = 1  lim
Hence, limit does not exist h 0

(h – a1 ) (h – a 2 ).........(h – a n )(1) m (–1) n – m
Option (C) is not correct = (–1)n – m
For D : y = 2 sin x   / 4
sin(x + /4) = y / 2 Q.32 If f(x) = |x – 1|– [x], where [x] is the greatest
x + /4 = sin–1y/ 2 integer less than or equal to x, then-
x = sin–1y/ 2 – /4 (A) f(1 + 0) = –1, f(1 – 0) = 0
x to be defined if –1  y / 2  1 (B) f(1 + 0) = 0 = f(1 – 0)

– 2  y  2 (C) lim f(x) exists

x 1

xai (D) lim f(x) does not exist

Q.31 If Ai = , i = 1, 2, 3,....n and x 1
|x ai |
Sol. [A, D]
if a1 < a2 < a3 < ...< an and 1 < m < n then -
f(x) = |x – 1| – [x]
(A) lim (A1 A2... An) = (–1)n – m + 1
x a m

(B) lim (A1 A2... An) = (–1)n–m 1–h

x a m 1 1+h
(C) lim– (A1 A2... An) = (–1) n–m+1 L.H.L = lim f (1 – h )
x a m h0 –
(D) lim– (A1 A2... An) = (–1)n – m = lim | 1 – h – 1 | –[1 – h ]
x a m h0 –
Sol. [B, C] = lim {|–h| – [Value less than 1]}
x – ai h 0 –
Ai  ; i = 1, 2, 3 ........., n
| x – ai | =0–0
and a1 < a2 < a2 < a3 < ............... < an =0
A1A2A3 ............. An = R.H.L = lim f(1 + h)
( x – a1 ) ( x – a 2 ) ( x – a 3 ).........( x – a n ) h 0

| ( x – a1 ) ( x – a 2 )(x – a 3 )......(x – a n ) | = lim | 1  h – 1 | –[1  h ]

h 0
am–h am+h
= lim {|h| – [Value greater than 1]}
a1 a2 a3 ................ am–1 am am+1 an h 0

L.H.L = lim {h – 1} = – 1
h 0
= lim f(0 – h) = lim
– –
h 0 h 0 Since limit does not exist.
(0 – h – a1 ) (0 – h – a 2 ) (0 – h – a 3 )...........(0 – h – a n ) Option (A) & (D) are correct Answers.
| (0 – h – a1 ) (0 – h – a 2 ) (0 – h – a 3 )..........(0 – h – a n ) |
(h  a 1 ) (h  a 2 ) (h  a 3 )........(h  a n ) (–1) n
Part-C Assertion-Reason type Questions
 lim–
h 0 | ( h  a 1 ) ( h  a 2 ) ( h  a 3 ).............(h  a n ) | The following questions 33 to 34 consists of
( h  a1) ( h  a 2 ) ( h  a 3 )........( h  a n ) (–1) n two statements each, printed as Assertion
 lim– and Reason. While answering these
h 0 ( h  a1 ) (h  a 2 ) (h  a 3 ).............( h  a n ) (–1) m –1( 1) n – m 1
n–m+1 questions you are to choose any one of the
= (–1)
following four responses.
LIMIT 18
 (A) If both Assertion and Reason are true and 1
the Reason is correct explanation of the Reason : lim y sin =1
y y
Assertion.
(B) If both Assertion and Reason are true but 1
Reason is not correct explanation of the Put x =
y
Assertion.
(C) If Assertion is true but the Reason is false. As y  , x  0
(D) If Assertion is false but Reason is true
1 sin x
lim y sin = lim 1
Q.33 Assertion : The value of lim (sin x)tan x is e. y y x 0 x
x  / 2
lim g ( x ) f ( x )
Reason : lim (1+f(x))g(x) is e x a . Reason is correct
x a

If lim f(x) = 0 and lim g(x) = .  Option (D) is correct Answer.

x a x a
Sol. [D] Part-D Column Matching type questions
Assertion : lim (sin x ) tan x . It is (1) Type
x  / 2
Match the entry in Column 1 with the entry
lim (sin x –1) tan x
= e x  / 2 in Column 2.
sin x –1
lim cot x Q.35 Column 1 Column 2
= e x  / 2
(A) lim [sin–1(sin x)] (P) –2
cos x 
lim 2
x
2
= e x   / 2 – cos ec x
= e0 = 1 (B) lim [tan–1x] (Q) 0
x – 
Hence, Assertion is False.
lim f ( x ).g ( x ) 1  sin 2x
Reason : lim (1  f ( x )) g ( x ) = e x  a (C) lim (R) 1
x a x
   4x
4
as lim f ( x )  0 and lim g( x )  
x a x a  sin | x | 
(D) lim  (S) does not exist
It is true. Hence, Reason is correct x 0  x 
Option (D) is correct 
Sol. A – R, B – P, C – S, D – Q
1
Q.34 Assertion : lim x sin = 1. (A) lim [sin–1(sinx)]
x 0 x x  / 2
1  –1     
Reason : lim y sin = 1. L.H.L = lim sin  sin  – h  
y  y h 0 –
  2  
Sol. [D]
 
1 = lim  2 – h = 1
Assertion : lim x sin = 1 h 0 –
 
x 0  x
 –1     
1 1 1 1 R.H.L = lim sin  sin   h  
sin = –  – .......... h 0   2  
x x 3! x 3 5! x 5
 
= lim   h  = 1
1 1 1 1  h 0  2 
x sin = x –  – ......  (B) lim [tan–1x] = [–1.57] = –2
x  x 3! x 3
5! x 5 
  x – 

1 1 1 – sin 2 x 1 1
=1– + – ……….. (C) lim =
3! x 2
5! x 5 x  / 4 ( – 4 x ) 0
0
1 = or
 lim x sin does not exist 0
x 0  x
Limit does not exist.
Assertion is wrong or other method
LIMIT 19
 lim
1 – sin 2 x 1  sin 2x x 0
 lim ×
x  / 4 ( – 4 x ) 1  sin 2x a ( x – x 3 / 6  x 5 / 120 – .......) – bx  cx 2  x 3
1  sin 2x 2 x 2 ( x – x 2 / 2  x 3 / 3......) – 2x 3  x 4
= lim
x  / 4 (  4x ) 1  sin 2 x = finite
 a  a 5
| sin x – cos x | x (a  b)  cx 2  x 3  –  1  x ....
= lim  6  120
x  / 4 (  4x ) 1  sin 2 x lim
x 0 2 5
| sin x –  / 4  | 3
x
= 2 × lim
x  / 4 ( – 4x ) 1  sin 2x = finite
Hence, from above, limit does not exit. If limit be finite, then
coefficient of x = 0  a=b
 sin | x | 
(D) lim  x  coefficient of x2 = 0  c = 0
x 0 
 
coefficient of x3 = 0 a = 6
0–h 0 0+h then limit will be finite.
 sin | 0  h |  
a / 120
= finite  a = k = 6
= lim  
h 0  0  h  2/3
(k, k, Any real number) or (6, 6 Any real No.)
 sin h 
= lim   sin x  ae x  be – x  cn (1  x )
h 0  h  (B) lim = finite
sinh = h –h3/3! + h5/5! – ............ x 0 x3
 3   2 3   2 3 
sinh  x – x  .....   a 1  x  x  x  ...   b1 – x  x – x  ... 
= 1 – h2/3! + h4/5! – ........  6   2 6   2 6 
h      
sinh  x 3
x 5 
lim = Value less than 1  c x –  – ........
 3 5 
h 0 h  
lim
 sinh  x 0 x3
Hence lim   = [Value less than 1] = 0 = finite
h 0  h 
a b  1 a b c
x (1  a – b  c)  (a  b)  x 2     x 3  –  – –   ........
 2 2  6 6 6 3
lim
Q.36 Find (a, b, c) if x 0 x3
= finite
Column 1 If limit be finite then
a sin x  bx  cx 2  x 3 Coefficient of constant = 0 i.e.
(A) lim = Finite
x 0 2 x 2 n (1  x )  2 x 3  x 4 a+b=0
coefficient of x = 0  1 + a – b + c = 0
sin x  ae x  be  x  cn(1  x)
(B) lim = Finite coefficient of x2 = 0  a + b = 0
x 0 x3 then (–1/6 + a/6 – b/6 – c/3) = finite
axe x  b log(1  x )  c x e  x  – 1 + a – b – 2c = finite
(C) lim 2
x 0 x 2 sin x  1 – 1 + a – b – 1 + c – c – 2c = finite
 1 + a – b + c – 2 – 3c = finite
Column 2
finite
 0 – 2 – 3c = finite  c =
(P) (3, 12, 9) –3
(Q) (–4, 3, any real no.) c = finite
(R) (6, 6, 0) a – b = finite
 1 1  ab 0
(S)   , ,0 
 2 2   2a = finite  a =
finite
Sol. A – R, B – S, C – P 2
a sin x – bx  cx 2  x 3 b=–
finite
(A) lim = finite
x 0 2x 2 n (1  x ) – 2x 3  x 4 2
axe – b log(1  x )  cxe – x
x
(C) lim =2
x 0 x 2 sin x
LIMIT 20
 lim x
x 0  x 2  4x – 3 
 lim   =
 x 2 x3   x 2 x3 x 4  x   x 2 – 2 x  5 
 
ax1  x    .... – b x –  –  ....
 2 6   2 3 4  x
     6x – 8 
lim 1   it is (1) type
 x 2 x3  x   2
x – 2x  5 
 cx1 – x  –  .....
 2 6  6 x –8
  x
 
lim 2
2 3 = e x  x – 2 x 5
x x – x / 6  .......
=2 (6 – 8 / x ) x 2
lim 2
(1– 2 / x 5 / x 2 )
a b c
x (a – b  c)  x 2 (a  b / 2 – c)  x 3  –    ..... = e x  x = e6
lim 2 3 2 2 1/ x2
 sin x 
x 0 x 3 (C) lim   it is (1) type
x 0 x 
If limit be finite it must be
coefficient of x= 0 a – b + c = 0 1/ x2
 sin x 
coefficient of x2=0  a + b/2 – c = lim  – 1  1
x 0 x 
0
sin x – x 1
a b c lim  2
and –  =2 = e x 0 x x
2 3 2
3a – 2b + 3c = 12
x – x 3
/ 6 ....– x 
lim
x3
a + b/2 = b – a  2a = b/2  b = 4a e x 0 = e–1/6
c = b – a = 4a – a = 3a  1 1
x
3a – 8a + 9a = 12  4a = 12 (D) lim  sin  cos 

x  x x
a = 3
b = 12 1
Put x = so that x as y  0
c=9 y
lim (sin y  cos y)1 / y . It is (1) type
Q.37 Column 1 y0
n
–n2   1  1   1   lim (siny + cosy – 1 + 1)1/y
(A ) lim n (n  1)  n   n  2 ... n  n 1  y0
n 
  2  2   2  1
x lim (sin y  cos y –1) y
 x  4x  3 
2
= e y0
(B) lim  2 
x   x  2x  5  1
  lim (cos y – sin y ).
2 = e y0 1
1/ x
 sin x  =e
(C) lim  
x 0  x 

x
 1 1
(D) lim  sin  cos 
x   x x
Column 2
(P) e–1/6
(Q) e
(R) e6
(S) e2

Sol. A –S, B – R, C – P, D – Q
x
 x 2  4x – 3 
(B) lim  
x   x 2 – 2 x  5 
 
x 2  4x – 3  6x – 8
2
= 1  2

x – 2x  5  x – 2x  5 

LIMIT 21
 EXERCISE # 3
x2 x4
Part-A Subjective Type Questions cosx = 1 – + ..........................
2! 4!
Q.1 Evaluate : x2 x4 x8
cos =1– + ...............
1.n  2(n  1)  3(n  2)  ......  n.1 2 8 16  24
Lim
n  12  2 2  3 2  .....  n 2 x2 x4 x8
cos =1– + ........
1.n  2(n  1)  3(n  2)  ......  n.1 4 16  2 16  16  24
Sol. Lim
n  12  2 2  32  .....  n 2 x2 x2 5 4
1 – cos – cos =1–2+ x
n
n (n  1)(2n  1) 2 4 32
= Lim
n 
 r.(n – r  1) /
r 1
6 –
17
x8+........
n n n
16  16  24
 n.r –  r2  1 cos
x2
. cos
x2  x4
= 1  
x8 
........
= Lim r 1 r 1 r 1 2 4  8 16  24 
n  n (n  1)(2n  1)  
6
n.n.(n  1) n (n  1)(2n  1)  x4 x8 
– n 1   ........ 
2 6  32 16  16  24 
= lim  
n  n (n  1) (2n  1)
x4 x8 x4
6 =1– + – +
8 16  24 32
n 3  1  n (n  1) (2n  1)
1   – n x8 x8
2  n 6 +
= lim 8  32 16  16  24
n  n 3 (1  1 / n )(2  1 / n )
6 5 4 17 x8
=1– x + x8 × +
6 1 3 1 32 16  16  24 8  32
= × – 1 = –1 = Ans.
2 2 2 2 x2 x2 x2 x2
1 – cos – cos + cos cos
2 4 2 4
[ x ] x
e 2 x8
Q. 2 Evaluate : Lim x. =? =  .........
x 0 [ x]  x 8  32
e [ 0 – h ]  |0 – h | – 2 8  x 8  1
Sol. L.H.L = lim– (0 – h) lim   ........  = Ans.
[0 – h ] | 0 – h | x 0 x 8  8  32  32
h 0  
0–h 0 0+h sin 1 (1  {x}) cos 1 (1  {x})
–1– h –1 Q. 4 Let f(x) = , then
e
–2 e –2 2{x} (1  {x})
= lim(– h ) =
h 0 – –h–h 2
find lim f(x) and lim— f(x), where {x} denotes
e [ 0  h ]  |0  h | – 2 x 0 x 0
R.H.L = lim (0  h )
h 0 [0  h ]  h the fractional part of x.
e 0 h – 2 1– 2 sin 1 (1  x  [ x ]) cos 1 (1  x  [ x ])
= lim h = = –1/2. Sol. f(x) =
h 0 2h 2 2( x – [ x ]) (1  x  [ x ])
Since. R.H.L  L.H.L lim f ( x ) =
Hence, limit does not exist. x 0 
sin –1 (1 – (0  h )  [0  h ]) cos –1 (1 – (0  h )  [0  h ])
8  x2 x2 x2 x2  lim
Q. 3 Lim 8 1  cos  cos  cos cos  = h 0 2(0  h – [0  h ]) (1 – (0  h )  [0  h ])
x 0 x
 2 4 2 4 

8  x2 x2 x2 x2  sin –1 (1 – h  0) cos –1 (1 – h  0)
Sol. Lim 1  cos  cos  cos cos  = lim
x 0 x 8  2 4 2 4  2(h – 0) (1 – h  0)
 h 0

LIMIT 22
 sin –1 (1 – h )  cos –1 (1  h ) 63 – 1 6 – 1 6 2  6.1  12 5 43
= lim = . 2 = ×
h 0  2h  (1 – h ) 63  1 6  1 6 – 6 .1  1 2 7 31
sin –1 (1 – h ) cos –1 (1 – h )
--------------------------------------------------
= lim  lim --------------------------------------------------
h 0 (1 – h ) h 0 2h
n3 – 1 n – 1 n 2  n.1  12
cos –1 (1 – h ) 0  = . ------------
= /2 × lim  form  n3 1 n  1 n 2 – n.1  12
h 0 2h 0  n
r3 – 1
Apply L – H Rule, we get Hence, lim
n 
r 3
1
–1 1 r 2
= /2 × lim × (–1) ×
h 0 1 1.2.3.4.........n – 1
1 – (1 – h ) 2 = lim ×
2 h n  3.4.5.6.7........n  1

 1 2h 7.13.21.31.43.....n 2  n  1
= × lim ×
2 h 0  1 – h 2  2h – 1 1 3.7.13.21.31.....n 2 – n  1
1.2.3.4..........(n – 1).n (n  1)
2 h = lim
= /2 × lim = /2 Ans. n  3.4.5.6.7.... (n  1) n (n  1)

h 0 h 2–h
lim f ( x ) 7.13.21.31.43.....( n 2  n  1)
–
× lim
x0 n  3.7.13.21.31....(n 2 – n  1)
sin (1 – (0 – h )  [0 – h ]) cos –1 (1 – (0 – h )  [0 – h ])
–1
2 (n 2  n  1)
lim = = lim × lim
h 0 –
2(0 – h – [0 – h ]) (1 – (0 – h )  [0 – h ]) n  n ( n  1) n  3
sin –1 (1  h – 1) cos –1 (1  h – 1) 2 n 2 (1  1 / n  1 / n 2 )
lim = lim  = 2/3.
h 0 –
2(– h  1) (1  h – 1) n  3 n 2 (1  1 / n )
sin –1 (h )  cos –1 (h )
= lim– n
1
h 0 2(1 – h )  (h ) Q.6 If Sk= Lim
n   (k  1)i , then find the value of
i 0
sinh 1 cos –1 h n
= lim × × lim
h0 – h 2 h 0 – 1– h  k S k.
k 1
1
=1× × /2 = /2 2 Ans. n
1
2 Sol. Sk = Lim
n   (k  1)
i0
i
n 3
r 1
Q. 5 lim
n 
 r3 1 = =
Lim
r2
n 
(where  stands for the product)  
1  1  1 1 1 
n
r3 – 1 23 – 1 33 – 1 43 – 1  (k  1) (k  1) 2  (k  1) 3  ....  (k  1) n 
Sol. lim
n 
r 3
1
= lim
n  23  1
.
33  1
.
43  1
.  
r 2  1 
3 3 3 {It is a G.P. with common ratio  }
5 –1
.
6 –1
...........
n –1  k 1 
3 3
5 1 6 1 n3 1 1
1–
2 –13 2
(2 – 1) 2  2.1  1 1 7 2
(k  1) n 1
Since = . = . = lim 1.
2 13 2  1 2 2 – 2.1  12 3 3 n  1
1–
k 1
33 – 1 3 – 1 3 2  3 .1  1 2 2 13
= . 2 = . k 1  1  k 1
33  1 3  1 3 – 3 .1  1 2 4 7 = . 1 –  =
k  (k  1)  n 1 k
43 – 1 4 – 1 4 2  4.1  12 3 21
= . 2 = . n n n
43  1 4  1 4 – 4 .1  1 5 13  k 1
53 – 1 5 – 1 5 2  5.1  12 4 31
 k.S
k 1
k =  k.
k 1
 =
k   (k  1)
k 1
= . 2 = .
53  1 5  1 5 – 5.1  12 6 21 n (n  1) n
=  n = (n  3)
2 2
LIMIT 23
 2 x 1 / 2  3x 1 / 3  4 x 1 / 4  .........  nx 1 / n  n  1   n (n  1)(2n  1) n (n  1)  1  n 2 ( n  1) 2
Q.7 lim     – lim 
x  (2 x – 3)1 / 2  ( 2 x – 3)1 / 3  ........  (2 x – 3)1 / n  2  6 2  n  2  4

2x1 / 2  3x1 / 3  4 x1 / 4  .........  nx 1 / n n (n  1)(2n  1) 

Sol. lim =  
6 
x  (2 x – 3)1 / 2  (2x – 3)1 / 3  ........  (2x – 3)1 / n  lim
n  n4
 n–2 
x1/ 2 2  3 / x1/ 6  4 / x1 / 4  .......  n / x 2 n 
4
n (1  1 / n ) (1  1 / n )(2  1 / n ) n 3 1  1 / n 2
 lim  lim
  n  2 6 n4 n  n4  4
4 2
  1 1 n (1  1 / n )
(2 – 3 / x )1/ 3 (2 – 3 / x )1/ n  – lim  –
x1/ 2 (2 – 3 / x )1 / 2   ......  n  2 4 n4
 x1/ 6 n–2 
 x 2n   1  1
n 3 1   2  
[2  0  0  ........  0] 1  n  n
= = 2 Ans. lim
n  2  6 n 4
[ 2  0  0  ......  0]
1 1 1 1 1
= +0– –0= – = Ans.
 p q  6 8 6 8 24
Q.8 lim  p
  p, q  N
x 1  1  x 1 xq 
Q.11 Find the value of
pq
Sol. 2
Lim (1  x )(1  x )..........(1  x )
2n
2 x1
[(1  x )(1  x 2 )..........(1  x n )]2
Q.9 Given f(x) = lim tan–1 (nx); g(x) = lim sin2n x
n  n  2n!
Sol.
1 (n!) 2
and sin (h(x)) = [cos (g(x)+ cos (2f(x))].
2
Find the domain and range of h(x). 2 x  2 3 x  6
Q.12 Find the value of Lim
n x 2
2  x  21 x
Sol. Domain, x  R, Range x = ; n  I
2
2 x  23 x  6
Q.10 Evaluate: Sol. Lim
n
x 2
2  x  21 x
n.1  (n – 1)(1  2)  (n – 2)(1  2  3)  ....  1. r 2 x  8.2 – x  6  0 
lim n 1 Lim –x/2 1– x
 form 
n  n4 x 2 2 –2 0 
Sol. use L– H Rule, we get
n
2 x log 2  8.2 – x log 2(–1) – 0
n.1  (n – 1)(1  2)  (n – 2)(1  2  3)  ....  1.  r Lim
x2 x
2–1
–
n 1 –x
lim 4
2   log 2 – 2.2 log 2(–1)
n  n  2
Its rth term would be
2 x – 8 .2 – x 22 – 8 / 4
r Lim =
(n  1 – r ) k x 2
–2
x
– –1
2  21– x
– 2 – 2  2 –1
k 1
n r 4–2 2
= = = 8 Ans
Hence lim
n 
 (n  1 – r )  k / n 4
1 1 1/ 4
– 
r 1 k 1 4 2
n
r (r  1) 4 Q.13 Find the area of a regular n-sided polygon
= lim
n 

(n  1 – r ) .
2
/n
inscribed in a circle of radius 'a'. Utilize the
r 1
n  (n  1) (r 2  r ) 1 3 2  4
result to determine the area of the circle.
= lim
n 
  2
– (r  r ) / n
2 
Sol. A regular polygon is that which have all angles
r 1  equal as well as all sides are equal,
 n  n  1  2 1 n 3 2  4
= lim   (r  r ) – lim  (r  r ) / n
n   r 1  2  n  2
r 1 

LIMIT 24
 O      
 cos   i sin  …….
  7 .9  7.9 
A D
   
a ....  cos  i sin 
 (2n  1)(2n  3) (2n  1)(2n  3) 
we can use cos+ i sin = ei
Hence, Z1 Z2 Z3 ................. Zn =
   
B L C i i i i
=e 3.5 e 5.7 e 7.9 e 9.11 ................. ei(2n + 1)(2n + 3)
2n – 4
Each angle = × right angle  1 1 1 1 1 
n i    ..... 
 3.5 5.7 7.9 9.11 ( 2n 1)( 2n 3) 
2n – 4  = e
= × n 1
n 2 i 
r 1 ( 2 r 1)( 2 r  3)
where n is Number of angles of Regular = e
Polygon 1 1 1 1 
Since, =  – 
Four right angles (2r  1)(2r  3) 2  2r  1 (2r  3) 
 BOC = = (2/n)
n n 1
 1 1 
i   – 
1
 BOL =  BOC = /n = e r 1 2  2 r 1 2 r  3 
2
1  1 1 
sin(/n) = BL/a  BL = a sin(/n) Tn = –
 BC = 2BL 2  2n  1 2n  3 


= 2a sin /n 1 1 1 
T1 = 3 – 5
OL 2  
cos/n =  OL = a cos/n
a 1 1 1 
T2 = –
Area of  BOC = .OL.BC
1 2  5 7 
2
1 1 1
1  T3 = –
= a cos .2asin/n 2  7 9 
2 n
a2 1 1 1 
T4 = –
=
2
sin 2 / n 2  9 11 
 Area of Regular Polygon = n × Area of ...................................
...................................
a2
BOC = n × × sin2/n 1 1 1 
2 Tn = –
2  2n  1 2n  3 
a2
Area of circle = lim n × × sin2/n T1 + T2 + T3 + T4 +............+Tn
n  2
1
1 1 
a2 n =  3 – 2n  3 
= lim   2  sin 2 / n 2
 
n  2 2
n
a2 sin 2 / n =
=  2  lim 3(2n  3)
2 n  ( 2  / n )
Therefore, lim (z1z 2 z 3 z 4 ......z n ) =
= a2 × 1 = a2 Ans. n 
  n
Q.14 If Zn = cos + i sin , i
3n ( 2  3 / n )
(2n 1)(2n  3) (2n 1)(2n  3) lim e
n 
then find the value of Lim (Z1 Z2 ........ Zn) .
n  = lim e i / 6
n 
 
Sol. Zn = cos  i sin 3 1
(2n  1)(2n  3) (2n  1)(2n  3) = cos/6 + i sin/6 =  i Ans.
2 2
Then, Z1.Z2.Z3 ......Zn
       Q.15 If Lim (1 + ax + bx2)2/x = e3, then find all
=  cos  i sin   cos  i sin  x 0
 3 . 5 3 . 5  5 . 7 5 .7  possible value of a & b.
LIMIT 25
Sol. Lim (1 + ax + bx2)2/x = e3   n sin    n tan   
x 0 Q.17 Prove that Lim     = odd
It is (1) Type
 0 
      
Hence Lim f(x) = Lim (ax + bx2) = 0 integer. Where [x] denotes the greatest integer
x 0 x 0
function less than or equal to x and n  I.
f(x) = ax + bx2
& Lim g(x) = Lim (2/x)     n sin    n tan   
x 0 x 0
Sol. lim     
0       
g(x) = 2/x
lim f ( x )g ( x )
We know that,
 Lim (1 + f(x))g(x) = e x  0 sin =  – 3 / 3! + 5 / 5! – ..................
x 0
2 sin 
lim (ax  bx 2 ) = 1 – 2/3! + 4/5! – ..................
=e x 0 x =e 3 
lim 2(a  bx )  n sin  
3 2 4
= e x 0 e lim   = lim n (1 –  / 3!  / 5!–........)
0   0
This holds for all b  R
e2a = e3 = approaches to n but less than n
a = 3/2 & b  R  n sin  
Hence, lim    n but less than n
F1 1/ x
 21/ x  31/ x ....... n1/ x I nx  0   
Q.16 Evaluate : Lim
x 
GH n JK n–1 
 n sin  
 <n
  
nx
 11 / x  21/ x  31 / x  ......  n1/ x   n sin  
Sol. lim    lim 
x  n   =n–1
   0   
It is the type of (1) 2 5
1/ x 1/ x 1/ x 1/ x
Similarly, tan =  + 3/3 +  + ..........
1 2
 ......  n 3 15
Here, f(x) = –1
n tan  2 4
= 1 + /3 +  +.........
So that lim f ( x ) = 0 and lim (nx )   15
x  x 
 n tan    2 2 4 
 11 / x  21 / x  31 / x  .....  n1 / x 
nx lim   = lim n 1     ......
  0  3 15 
 lim  – 1  1  0 
 
x   n 
  = approaches to n but greater than n.
 11 / x  21 / x  31 / x .....n 1 / x 
lim  –1 nx  n tan  
x  
e 
n  Hence, lim   = [n × value greater than 1]
= 0   
 11 / x  21 / x  31 / x .....n 1 / x  1 =n
lim  –1 
x   n  1
 
 n tan  
=e nx
n   <n+1
  
Use L-H Rule, we get   n sin  n tan   
Therefore, lim    
(0  2 1/ x  1   1 
log 2 – 2   31 / x log 3 – 2   0     
 x   x  =n–1+n
 1  = 2n – 1
...........  n 1 / x log n – 2  = odd Integer Ans.
lim  x 
= e x  – 0)
n n
  
×
1 Q. 18 If  = lim
n 
  (r  1) sin r  1  r sin r  then
r2
1
– nx 2 find {}. (where { } denotes the fractional part
lim –
1
nx 2
21/ x
log 2 31 / 3 log 3........n1 / x log n  function).
= e x 0 Sol.  – 3
× (–nx 2)
= e(log2 + log3 + .......... + logn) = elog2.3.4.5................n Q.19 Lim  sin(a  3h )  3 sin(a  23h )  3 sin(a  h )  sin a 
h 0  h 
= elog(n!) = n! Ans.

LIMIT 26
  sin( a  3h )  3 sin(a  2h )  3 sin( a  h )  sin a  2 0 
Sol. Lim   = lim [sin x – 3 sin x  2]  form 
h 0  h3  x  / 2 2
6  cot x  0 
0  Apply L – H Rule
 form 
 0  [2 sin x cos x – 3 cos x  0]
= lim
Apply L – H Rule, we get x  / 2 6  2 cot x (– cos ec 2 x )
 cos(a  3h ).3  3 cos(a  2h )2  3 cos(a  h )  0   1 
Lim   = lim   × [2sinx – 3] × sin3x
h 0  3h 2  – 12 
x   / 2

0  1
 form  =– × (2 –3) × 1
0  12
Apply L – H Rule, we get 1
= Ans.
 – 9 sin(a  3h )  12 sin(a  2h ) – 3 sin( a  h )  12
Lim  
h 0  6h 
0 
Q.22 Prove that: o
Lim Lim 1  cos2 m ( n!  x) = 1
m n 
t
 form  where x is irrational and
 0 

Lim 
 – 27 cos(a  3h )  24 cos(a  2h ) – 3 cos(a  h )  m n 
o
Lim Lim 1  cos2 m ( n!  x) = 2, where x is t
h 0  6 
 rational.
=
–27 cos a  24 cos a – 3 cos a
6
=
–6
6
cosa =–cosaAns. Sol.
m n 
o
Lim Lim 1  cos2 m ( n !  x) t
Case 1 : When x is Rational number i.e. x  Q
 x 1 
Q.20 Lim x tan 1  1 1 1
x   x  2 4  as 0, , , , ...................1
2 3 4
 –1 x  1 
 tan x  2 –  / 4  0 
then x(n!) will be integral multiple of 
 
Sol. Lim  form  cos(n! x) = ± 1.
x  1/ x  0 
Apply L-H Rule, we get
1 ( x  2).1 – ( x  1).1
o
Lim Lim 1  cos2 m ( n !  x) = 1 + 1 = 2
m n 
t
 –0
 x 1 
2
( x  2) 2 Case II : When x is Irrational number i.e.,
1  
= Lim  x2 1 3
x  QC as , , ............. ; 0 < x < 1
x  (–1 / x 2 ) 2 2
2
( x  2) 1 then (n!) x will not be integral multiple of .
= Lim   (– x 2 )
2 2 2
x  ( x  2)  ( x  1) ( x  2) cos (n! x)  Value lies between –1 and 1.
= Lim
1
 (– x 2 ) lim lim  1  cos 2m
(n!)x =1+0
x  x 2
1  2 / x 2
 1  1 / x  2
 m  n  

= –1/2 Ans.  x  0

=1 
 as 0  x  1
Q.21 Lim tan2x [(2 sin2x + 3 sin x + 4)½
x  / 2
– (sin2x + 6 sin x + 2)½]

tan 2 x (2 sin 2 x  3 sin x  4)1 / 2
Q.23 If f (x + y) = f(x) + f (y) for x, y  R and f (1) = 1,
f (tan x )
 2 f (sin x )

Sol. lim lim 2
x  / 2 – (sin 2 x  6 sin x  2)1/ 2 then find, x0 2
x f (sin x)
tan 2 x[2 sin 2 x  3 sin x  4 – sin 2 x – 6 sin x – 2]
lim Sol. f(x + y) = f(x) + f(y) for x, y  R and f(1) = 1
x   / 2 [(2 sin 2 x  3 sin x  4)1 / 2  (sin 2 x  6 sin x  2)1 / 2 ] f(1 + 1) = f(1) + f(1) = 1 + 1 = 2 f(2) = 2
2 2
= lim tan x[sin x – 3 sin x  2] f(1 + 2) = f(1) + f(2) = 1 + 2 = 3  f(3) = 3
x  / 2 6 f(1+ 3) = f(1) + f(3) = 1 +3 = 4  f(4) = 4
f(1 + 4) = f(1) + f(4) = 1 + 4 = 5  f(5) = 5
......................................................................
LIMIT 27
 ....................................................................... 2 tan x – 2sin x 1
f(x) = x for x  R = lim 2
= log 2 Ans.
x0 x sin x 2
 f(tanx) = tanx and f(sinx) = sinx
tan 2 x (log 2) 2 x 2 n f (x )  g( x )
2tanx = 1 + tanx log2 + +....... Q.24 If h(x) = Lim , then find h(x) in
2! n  1  x 2n
(log 2) 2 terms of f(x) and g(x) in the interval (– ).
2sinx = 1 +sinx log2 + sin2x +..........
2! x 2n f (x )  g(x)
tanx sinx
Sol. h(x) = lim
2 –2 = log2(tan x – sinx) n  1  x 2n
2
(log 2) = g(x) if lim x 2 n  0 i.e., |x| < 1
+ (tan2x – sin2x) +.............. n 
2!
2 tan x – 2sin x log 2 1
= × (secx – 1) = {f(x) + g(x)} if |x| = 1
2
x2
2
x sin x
(log 2) 2 1 = f(x) if lim 1/x2n  0
+ × 2 (sinx sec2x – sin x) + ..... x 
2! x i.e. | x | > 1
log 2 (log 2) 2 1
= (secx–1) + × 2 sinx
x2 2! x
(sec2x –1) + ….. Part-B Passage based objective questions
(sec x – 1) 0 Passage: I (Q. No. 25 to 27)
lim log2 × ( form)
x 0 2 0
x Let there are two functions defined here.
Apply L –H Rule, we get sin x x  n
(sec x tan x – 0) 0 f(x) = 
= lim log2 × ( form)  2 x  n
x 0 2x 0
Again Apply L – H Rule, we get x 2  1 x  0, x  2

 sec x tan 2 x  sec 3 x  g(x) =  4 x0
= lim log2 ×    6 x2
x 0  2 1  
 
1 Q.25 Find lim g(f(x))-
= log2 x 0
2
(log 2) 2 sin x (sec 2 x – 1)  0
(A) 0 (B) 1

= lim × 2
 form  (C) –1 (D) None
x 0 2! x  0 
Sol.[B] lim g(f(x)) = lim (sin2x + 1) = 1.
Apply L – H Rule, we get x 0 x 0
2 2 2
(log 2) cos x (sec x – 1)  sin x (2 sec x tan x )  Option (B) is correct Answer.
lim 
x 0 2 2x
(log 2) 2 (sec x – cos x )  2 sin 2 x sec 3 x  0  Q.26 Evaluate lim f (f(x))-
 x 1
lim  form 
x 0 2 2x 0  (A) sin 1 (B) sin sin1
Apply L – H Rule, we get (C) 1 (D) None of these
(sec x tan x  sin x )  4 sin x sec 2 x Sol.[B] lim f(f(x)) = lim sin (sinx)
x 1 x 1
(log 2) 2  2 sin 2 x 3 sec 2 x sec x tan x = sin (sin1)
lim 
x 0 2 2 1
 Option (B) is correct Anwer.
(log 2) 2 0  0  0
= × 0 n
2 2
2 f (tan x ) – 2 f (sin x )
Q.27 Evaluate  xlim
i
{g( x ) – 1} , where {x} is the

i 1
Hence, lim
x0 x 2 f (sin x ) fractional part of real x-
(A) 0 (B) n, n N

LIMIT 28
 (C) 1 (D) None of these. f (x )
i n
i.e. lim 0
x 0 x3
Sol.[A]  xlim {g( x ) – 1}

i 1i   lim
x 0
{g(x) – 1} = g(x) – 1 – [g(x) – 1]
= g(x) – 1 – [g(x)] + 1 a 0  a1x  a 2 x 2  a 3 x 3  a 4 x 4  a 5 x 5  a 6 x 6
= g(x) – [g(x)] x3
i n
=0
 xlim
i
(g ( x ) – [g ( x )])

i 1 For existence of limit
1–h 1 1+h a0 = 0
= lim (g(x) – [g(x)] ) + lim (g(x) – [g(x)]) + a1 = 0
x 1 x 2
a2 = 0
lim (g(x) – [g(x)]) + .........................
x 3 a3 = 0
+ lim (g(x) – [g(x)])  Option (C) is correct Answer.
x n 
lim (g(x) – [g(x)]) Q.29 Find the lim f(x)
x 1 x 1

(A) 2 (B) 3 (C) 4 (D) None

= use the definition of g(x) – 1 < [g(x)]  g(x) Sol.[A] lim f ( x )  2
x 1
lim (g(x) – g(x)) = 0

x 1  Option (A) is correct Answer.
lim (g(x) – g(x)) = 0 ............. lim (g(x)–g(x))=0
x 2 x n  Q.30 Find the value of B(1)
(A) 6e2 (B) 6e2 + 1(C) 6e2 – 1(D) None
Hence
x m A ( x )  B( x )  1
in Sol.[C] g(x) = lim
 lim {g(x) – 1} = 0
x i 
m  2 x m  3x  3
i 1 A( x )  B( x ) / x m  1 / x m
lim g(x) = lim lim
 Option (A) is correct Answer. x 1 x 1 m  2  3x / x m  3 / x m
1/ x
Passage II (Q. No. 28 to 30)  f (x) 
f(x) is polynomial function of degree six. Let = lim 1  3 
x 0  x 
consider f(x) : a0 + a1x + a2x2 +.....+ a6x6. Such
that f(1) = 2, f(–1) = 0 and satisfying A(x )
lim  e2
1/ x x 1 2
 f (x ) 
lim 1  3  = e2.  A(1) = 2e2
x 0  x 
Another function  Also
x m A ( x )  B( x )  1 x m A ( x )  B( x )  1
g(x) = lim and also satisfy lim g( x ) = lim lim  e2
m
m 2 x m  3x  3 x1 m  x 1 2x  3x  3
the condition m
(1) A (1)  B(1)  1
1/ x  lim = e2
 f (x )  m  2(1) m  3  3
lim g(x) = lim 1  3 
x 1 x 0  x 
8e2 – 1
B(1) = 8e2 – 2e2 – 1 = 6e2 – 1
Q.28 Find the value of a2 and a3
(A) 0, 1 (B) 1, 0 (C) 0, 0 (D) None B(1) = 6e2 – 1
1/ x Option (C) is correct Answer. 
 f (x ) 
Sol.[C] lim 1   = e2
x 0  x3 

LIMIT 29
Passage : III (Q.No.31 to 32) (A) 1/3 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
Sol. [D]
x – [ x ] ; x  I
Let ƒ(x) =  ; where I is the set
 1 ; xI Q.35
 PC 
lim 2   is equal to-
of integers & [x] represents greatest integer  x.
0  BC 
(f ( x )) 2 n – 1 (A) 1/3 (B) 1 (C) 3 (D) 6
If g(x) = lim , then : Sol. [D]
n  (f ( x )) 2 n  1
Q.31 Period of f(2x) is-
(A) not defined (B) 1 (C) 1/2 (D) 2
Sol.[C] Since f(x) = x – [x] is periodic with period 1.
1
f(2x) = 2x – [2x] is periodic with period 
2
Q.32 ƒ(x) = |g(x)| is satisfied by-
(A) no real x
(B) all integer values of x
(C) x = 0 only (D) x = 1 only
Sol.[A] f(x) = |g(x)| = 1
 x – [x ] ; xI
= 
 1 ; xI
x – [x] = 1
x = [x] + 1 ; x  I
i.e., no real value of x
 Option (A) is correct Answer.

Passage : IV (Q.No.33 to 35)

A tangent line is drawn to a circle of radius unity at
point A and a segment AB is laid off whose
length is equal to that of the arc AC. A straight line
BC is drawn to intersect the extension of diameter
AO at point P as shown in figure.

C B


P O A

Q.33 The length PA in terms of '' is given by-

4 (1  cos )  2 sin 
(A) (B)
 sin  (  tan )
2(  sin )  (1  cos )
(C) (D)
(  tan )   sin 
Sol. [D]

Q.34 lim (PA) is equal to-

0

LIMIT 30
 EXERCISE # 4
Q.3 The value of Integer n ; for which
 Old IIT-JEE Questions (cos x  1)(cos x  e x )
Lim is a finite non zero
x 0 xn
sin(  cos2 x) number- [IIT Scr. 2002]
Q.1 Lim = [IIT Scr. 2001]
x 0 x2 (A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
 (cos x – 1)(cos x – e x )
(A) – (B)  (C) (D) 1 Sol.[C] lim
2 x 0 xn
sin( cos 2 x ) 0 x2 x4
Sol.[C] lim ( form) cosx = 1   – ...............
x 0 x2 0 2 ! 4!
Apply L – H Rule, we get
x x2 x3
2
cos( cos x ) . 2 cos x (– sin x )
ex = 1 + + + +.................
= lim 1! 2! 3!
x 0 2x
 x2 x4   x 2 x 4   x x2 x3 
1   ......... – 1 1 –  ..... – 1     .... 
cos( cos 2 x ) . (– sin 2x )  0   2 ! 4 !   2 ! 4 !   1! 2 ! 3 ! 
= lim  form   lim
x 0 2x 0  x 0 xn

– cos 2x 2 cos( cos 2 x )  x2 x4  x3 

–  – .........  – x – x 2 – – ...
 2 24   6 
  sin 2 x sin(  cos 2 x )  2 cos x (– sin x )  lim 
 lim x 0 x n
2 x 0 2
therefore, for finite limit, n must be 3.
 – 2 cos 2 x cos( cos 2 x ) – (sin 2 x ) 2 sin( cos 2 x )
 lim Option (C) is correct Answer.
2 x 0 2


 2–0 
 (sin nx )(a – n )nx – tan x 
Q.4 If lim  0 then the
2 2 2 x 0 x2
 Option (C) is correct Answer. value of a is-
1 n 1
a tan x  a sin x (A) (B) (C) n+ (D) n
Q.2 Evaluate : Lim a>0 n 1 n 1 n
x0 tan x  sin x (sin nx )(a – n )nx – tan x 
[REE 2001] Sol.[C] lim 0
x 0 x2
a tan x – a sin x
Sol. lim ;a>0 0
x0 tan x – sin x form, apply L–H rule, we get
0
x log a x 2 (log a ) 2
We know, ax = 1    .... (cos nx.n )(a – n )nx – tan x   (sin nx )[(a – n ) n – sec 2 x ]
1! 2! lim
x 0 2x
 tan x log a tan 2 x (log a ) 2  0 
1    ...  =0  form 
 1! 2! 0 
 
 sin x log a sin 2 x (log a ) 2  
(– n 2 sin nx )(a – n )nx – tan x   n cos nx (a – n ).n – sec 2 x 
– 1 
 1!

2 !
 ....
 lim
 
 cos nx.n (a – n )n – sec 2 x  sin nx (–2 sec x sec x tan x )
0
lim x 0 2
x 0 tan x – sin x
0  n.1(a – n )n – 1  n.1.[(a – n )n – 1]  0
(loga)2 = =0
loga(tanx – sinx)  (tanx – sinx)(tanx  sinx)  .... 2
= lim 2
x 0 (tanx – sinx)  an2 – n3 – n + an2 – n3 – n = 0
= loga + 0 = loga Ans.  2(n2a – n3 – n) = 0
 an2 = n(1 + n2)
1
a=n+
n
LIMIT 31
  Option (C) is correct Answer. x2
a  a2  x2 
L  lim 4 , a>0
 1
1
sin x 
x 0 x4
lim  sin x      , for x > 0
x
Q.5
x 0   x   L is finite
 
 2 
[IIT 2006] a  x  a2  x2 
 4 
(A) 0 (B) –1 (C) 2 (D) 1
= lim   ×
sin x x 0 x4
1
Sol.[D] Lim
x0 (sin x )
1/ x
+ lim   ; for x > 0
x  2   2
a  x
x 0 
   a  x2 
1/ x  4   
Let A = lim (sin x )  
x 0  2   2
1 a  x    a  x2 

lnA = lim ln sinx =  × (–)  4   
 
x0 x
2
=–  2 
 a  x   (a 2  x 2 )
 A = e–  0  4 
sin x = lim 
1 x 0  x2 
B = lim   x 4 a   a2  x2 
x 0 x  4
 
1
ln B = lim sin x ln x 4 9x 2
x 0 x a2   a2  x2
16 2
= – lim sinx × nx = lim
x 0 x 0 2a x 4
lnx  x4  a  2 x2  a 
= – lim ( form)  1   x  1  
x 0 cosecx  16  2  16  2 
Apply L – H Rule, we get = lim = lim
x 0 2a x 2 x 0 2ax 2
1/ x
= – lim for L to be finite
x 0 – cos ecx cot x
a
lim sin x tan x 0  1– =0a=2
= x 0  form  2
x  0 
substituting in limit we get
sin x sec 2 x  tan x cos x
= lim x2
x 0 1 0
1
=0 L = lim 16 2 
x 0 4x 64
 B = e0 = 1
 1
sin x 
Hence, lim  (sin x )1 / x     1
Q.7 If lim [1  x ln(1  b 2 )]1/ x = 2b sin2 , b > 0 and
x 0  x  x 0
 
 Option (D) is correct Answer. (– , ], then the value of  is - [IIT 2011]
   
x2 (A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
a a x  2 2 4 3 6 2
Q.6 Let L  lim 4 ,a>0 Sol.[D] lim (1 + x n(1 + b )] = 2b sin  b > 0;
2 1/x 2
x 0 x4 x 0
If L is finite, then [IIT 2009]  (–, )
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 n (1 b 2 )
 1 
 2 x n (1 b 2 ) 
1 1 lim  [1  xn (1  b )]  = 2b
(C) L  (D) L  x 0  
64 32  
Sol. [A, C] sin2 
en (1b ) = 2b sin2 
2

LIMIT 32
 1 + b2 = 2b sin2   ( t 3  1)  ( t 3  1) 2  4( t  1) ( t 2  1)
1 x=
2 sin2 = b + 2( t 2  1)
b
1  ( t 3  1)  ( t  1) ( t 2  t  1) 2  4( t  1)
RHS = b + 2 as b > 0 x=
b 2( t  1) ( t  1)
But LHS = 2 sin2  2
Only possibility  ( t 2  t  1)  ( t 2  t  1) 2  4( t  1)
x=
2 sin2  = 2 2( t  1)
sin2 = 1 a  0+  t  1+

=± 3 98 3  1
2 x= x =
2( 2) 4
 x2  x 1  1
Q.8 If lim   ax  b  = 4, then  x = –1, –
x 
 x 1  2
[IIT 2012]
(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B) a = 1, b = – 4
(C) a = 2, b = –3 (D) a = 2, b = 3
 x 2  x  1  ax 2  ax  bx  b 
Sol. [B] lim  =4

x 
 x 1 

 x 2 (1  a )  x (1  a  b)  1  b 
lim  =4

x 
 x 1 
As limit is finite so 1 – a = 0
a=1

 1 b 
 (1  a  b)  
Now lim  x =4
x   1 
 1 
 x 
1–a–b=4
as a = 1  b = –4

Q.9 Let  (a) and (a) be the roots of the

equation
3
   
1 a 1 x2  1 a 1 x  6 1 a 1  0 
where a > – 1.
Then lim (a) and lim (a) are [IIT 2012]
a 0  a 0
5 1
(A) – and 1 (B) – and – 1
2 2
7 9
(C) – and 2 (D) – and 3
2 2
Sol. [A] (1 + a) = t6
(t2 –1) x2 + (t3 –1) x + (t –1) = 0
LIMIT 33
 EXERCISE # 5
  AD BC (D is mid pt of BC)
 x 4 sin  1   x 2  Let AD = h
Q.1 lim  x  = .............
x   3  r = radius of circumcircle
 (1  | x | )   OA = OB = OC = r
 
[IIT-1987]  Now BD = BO 2  OD 2  r 2  (h  r ) 2
Sol. [– 1]
  = 2rh  h 2  BC = 2 2rh  h 2
 x 4 sin  1   x 2 
1
lim  x  Area of ABC = × BC × AD =
x    3  2
 (1  | x | ) 
 
h 2rh  h 2
as x  – 
A h 2rh  h 2
 | x | = – x Also lim 
h 0 p3 8( 2rh  h 2  2hr ) 3
 4 1 2
 x sin  x   x  h 3 / 2 2r  h
lim     = lim
x    1 x3  h 0 8h 3 / 2 ( 2 r  h  2 r ) 3
 
 
2r  h
1 1 = lim
x sin  h 0 8[ 2r  h  2r ]3
lim x x
x   1 2r 2r 1
1 =  
x3 8( 2r  2r ) 3
8.8.2r. 2r 128r
1
lim – x sin
x   x x tan 2x  2x tan x
Q.3 Lim is [IIT 1999]
1
x 0 (1  cos 2x ) 2
sin
lim – x =–1 1 1
x   1 (A) (B) –2 (C) 2 (D) –
2 2
x
x tan 2x – 2 x tan x
Sol.[A] lim
Q.2 ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a x 0 (1 – cos 2x ) 2
circle of radius r. If AB = AC and h is the
x3 2 5
altitude from A to BC then the triangle ABC We know, tanx = x + + x + ...........
3 15
has perimeter P = 2( 2hr  h 2 + 2 hr ) and
x2 x4
cosx = 1 – + .............
A 2! 4!
area A= ...... also lim = ....... [IIT-1989]
h 0 P3

Sol.
A  8 2   x3 2 5 
x 2x  x 3   32 x 5  ..... – 2 x  x   x  ....
 3 15   3 15 
lim
x 0 2
r  4 x 2 16x 4 
1 – 1  – 
O  2! 4! 
r r

B D C
In ABC, AB = AC
LIMIT 34
 8 2 2 6 T(x )
x4 –   x (32 – 2)  ......... (c) the limit of as x  0
3 3  15 S( x )
lim
x 0 2
 4 16 2  1 x x sin x
x4  – x  ..... Sol. T(x) = tan2 . sin x. or tan – ;
 2 24  2 2 2 2
20 1 1 1 3
= = Ans. S(x) = x – sin x, limit =
4–0 2 2 2 2

Q.9 Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is

1  a2  x2  a   x  
Q.4 lim   2 sin   sin    drawn and on the tangent at A a point T is
x a 2  ax
(a  x 2 ) 2  2   2 
 taken such that AT = AP. If TP produced meet
where a is an odd integer. the diameter through A at Q, prove that the
2a 2  4 limiting value of AQ when P moves upto A is
Sol.
16a 4 double the diameter of the circle.

Q.5 If a sequence of numbers {xn}, determine by  1 1 

x  x n 2 Q.10 If L = lim    then
x 0  n (1  x ) 2 
the equality xn = n 1 and the values  n ( x  1  x ) 
2
x  2x1 L  153
x0 and x1. Prove that lim xn = 0 . find the value of .
n  3 L
Sol. 307

Q.6 Let x0 = 2 cos & xn = 2  x n 1 , n = 1, 2, 3,
6
……., find lim 2(n+1). 2  xn .
n 

Sol. /3


 4    n3 1
Q.7 Let L =  1  n 2  ; M =   n 3  1  and
n 3 n 2  
 1 2
(1  n )
N = 1
, then find the value of
n 1 1  2n

L–1 + M–1 + N–1.

Q.8 A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of


x radians, 0 < x < as shown in the figure.
2
The point C is the intersection of the two
tangent lines at A & B, Let T(x) be the area of
triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of the
shaded region. Compute:
B

1 C

x
O A
1
(a) T(x)
(b) S(x) &
LIMIT 35
 ANSWER KEY
EXERCISE # 1
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
Ans. D B B D C A B A C B C B A B B B B C B B
Q.No. 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33
Ans. C D C C C B A D D B A, D B A

1
34. True 35. True 36.
1 x

EXERCISE # 2
(PART-A)
Q.No. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
Ans. C A C B A A C C C D D B
Q.No. 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
Ans. A D A C B C D C D B D B

(PART-B)
Q.No. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32
Ans. A,B,C B,C,D B,C B,C,D C,D A,B B,C A,D

(PART-C)
Q.No. 33 34
Ans. D D

(PART-D)
35. (A)  R (B)  P (C)  S (D)  Q 36. (A)  R (B)  S (C)  P

37. (A)  S (B)  R (C)  P (D)  Q

EXERCISE # 3
1  
(1) (2) Does not exist (3) 1/32 (4) ,
2 2 2 2

(5) 2/3 (6) n/2 (n+3) (7) 2 (8) (p – q ) / 2

n 2n!
(9) Domain, x  R, Range x = ;nI (10) 1/24 (11) (12) 8
2 (n!) 2
1
(13) (n/2)a2 sin (2/n), a2 (14) ( 3 + i) (15) a = 3/2 , b  R (16) n!
2
(18)  – 3 (19) – cos a (20) –1/2 (21) 1/12
(23) 1/2. n 2 
(24) f(x) ; |x| > 1 , g(x) ; |x| < 1 , [f(x) + g(x)] / 2 ; | x | = 1

LIMIT 36
 Q.No. 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35
Ans. B B A C A C C A D D D

EXERCISE # 4

1. (B) 2. n a 3. (C) 4. (C) 5. (D) 6. (A, C) 7. (D)

8. (B) 9. (B)

EXERCISE # 5

1 2a 2  4 
(1) –1 (2) (3) (A) (4) (6) (7) B
128r 16a 4 3
1 x x sin x 1 1 3
(8) T(x) = tan2 . sin x. or tan – ; S(x) = x – sin x, limit = (10) 307
2 2 2 2 2 2 2

LIMIT 37