Limit Sheet

Best Approach
Limit
(Sheet)
By Mathematics Wizard
Manoj Chauhan Sir (IIT Delhi)
No. 1 Faculty on Unacademy,
Exp. More than 14 Years in
Top Most Coachings of Kota
Produced AIR 1, 12, 18 & 24
Maths IIT-JEE ‘Best Approach’ (MC SIR) Limit
KEY CONCEPTS
THINGS TO REMEMBER :
1. Limit of a function f(x) is said to exist as, xa when
Lim f (x) = Lim f (x) = finite quantity..
x a  
x a
2. FUNDAMENTAL THEOREMS ON LIMITS:
Let Lim f (x) = l & Lim g (x) = m. If l & m exists then :
x a x a
REMEMBER
(i) Lim f (x) ± g (x) = l ± m (ii) Lim f(x). g(x) = l. m
x a x a
Limit  x  a
f (x)  x a
(iii) Lim  , provided m  0
x a g( g ) m
(iv) Lim k f(x) = k Lim f(x) ; where k is a constant.
x a x a
 
(v) Lim f [g(x)] = f  Lim g( x )  = f (m) ; provided f is continuous at x = m.
x a  x a 
 
For example Lim l n (f(x) = ln  Lim f ( x ) = l n l (l > 0).
x a  x a 
3. STANDARD LIMITS :
sin x tan x tan 1 x sin 1 x
(a) Lim = 1 = Lim = Lim = Lim
x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x x 0 x
[Where x is measured in radians]
(b) Lim (1 + x)1/x = e = Lim note however there hLim
0
(1 – h)n = 0 
x 0 x  n
and hLim (1 + h )n 


0
n
(c) If Lim f(x) = 1 and Lim (x) = , then ;

x a x a
Lim  ( x )[ f ( x ) 1]
Lim f ( x ) ( x )  e x a
x a
(d) If Lim f(x) = A > 0 & Lim (x) = B (a finite quantity) then ;
x a x a
(x) z
Lim [f(x)] = e {where z = Lim (x). ln[f(x)]} = eBlnA = AB
x a x a
x x
(e) Lim a  1 = ln a (a > 0). In particular Lim e  1 = 1
x 0 x x 0 x
n n
x a
(f) Lim  n a n 1
x a x  a
4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :

If f(x)  g(x)  h(x)  x & Limit Limit Limit
x a f(x) = l = x a h(x) then x  a g(x) = l.
5. INDETERMINANT FORMS :
0 
, , 0  , 0º,  º,    and 1
0 
Note :
Get 10% Instant Discount On Unacademy Plus [Use Referral Code: MCSIR] 2
(i) We cannot plot  on the paper. Infinity () is a symbol & not a number. It does not obey the
laws of elementry algebra.
(ii) += (iii)  ×  =  (iv) (a/) = 0 if a is finite
a
(v) is not defined.
0
(vi) a b = 0 , if & only if a = 0 or b = 0 and a & b are finite.
6. The following strategies should be born in mind for evaluating the limits:
(a) Factorisation
(b) Rationalisation or double rationalisation
(c) Use of trigonometric transformation ;
appropriate substitution and using standard limits
(d) Expansion of function like Binomial expansion, exponential & logarithmic expansion, expansion of sinx ,
cosx , tanx should be remembered by heart & are given below :
x ln a x 2 ln 2a x 3ln 3a
(i) a x  1     .........a  0
1! 2! 3!
x x 2 x3
(ii) e x  1     ............ x  R
1! 2! 3!
x 2 x3 x 4
(iii) ln(1+ x) = x     .........for  1  x  1
2 3 4
x3 x5 x 7   
(iv) sin x  x     ... x    , 
3! 5! 7!  2 2
x2 x4 x6   
(v) cos x  1     ...... x    , 
2! 4! 6!  2 2
x 3 2x 5   
(vi) tan x = x    ........ x    , 
3 15  2 2
x3 x5 x 7
(vii) tan–1x = x    .......
3 5 7
SOLVED EXAMPLE
 x4
 , x4
1. Evaluate the left and right hand limits of the function f(x) =  x  4 at x  4.
0, x  4

Sol. LHL of f(x) at x = 4 is
lim f (x)  lim f (4  h)
x  4 h 0
4 h  4 h
 lim  lim
h 0 4 h  4 h 0 h
h
 lim  lim  1  1
h 0  h h  0
RHL of f(x) at x = 4 is
lim f (x)  lim f (4  h)
x  4 h0
4h4
 lim
h0 4h4
h h
 lim  lim  lim 1  1
h0 h h 0 h h  0
cos[x], x  0
2. Let f(x) =  x  a, x  0 . Then find the value of a, so that lim f (x) exists, where [x] denotes the greatest
 x 0
integer function less than or equal to x.

Sol. Since lim
x 0
f(x) exists, we have
lim f (x)  lim f (x)
x 0  x 0
or lim f (0  h)  lim f (0  h)
h  0 h 0
or lim | 0  h |  a  lim cos[0  h]

h  0 h 0
or a = cos 0 = 1
 a=1
2
3. Evaluate lim x  x loge 2x  loge x  1
x 1 (x  1)
x 2  x loge x  loge x  1 0 
Sol. lim  0 form 
x 1 (x 2  1)  
loge (x)  x  1
 lim
x 1 x 1
loge 1  1  1 0  2
  1
1 1 2
4. Suppose ABC is a triangle such that BAC is a right angle. A point H is located at BC such that AH is
AC  AH
perpendicular to BC. If ABC = , AB = a, and the value of lim = 10, then the value of a
 0 
is equal to :
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 5 (D) 10
A
Sol. AC = a tan  ; AH = a sin 
AC  AH  a tan   a sin  
Now, lim  lim  
 0   0
   a
= a(1 + 1) = 2a = 10  a = 5 Ans.
 C
B
H
x x x  x 4
5. Evaluate lim
x 1 x 1
x x x  x 4
Sol. lim
x 1 x 1
x1/2  x1/4  x1/8  x1/16  4

lim
x 1 x 1
 x1/2  1 x1/4  1 x1/8  1 x1/16  1 
lim     
x 1
 x 1 x 1 x 1 x 1 
1 1 1 1  xn  an 
     lim
 x a  na n 1 
2 4 8 16  xa 
8  4  2 1

16
15

16
6. Evaluate lim x ( x  c  x )
x 
f (x)
Sol. The given expression is in the form   . So, we first write in the rational form . We have
g(x)
x ( x  c  x )( x  c  x )
lim x ( x  c  x )  lim
x  x  ( x  c  x)
x (x  c  c) c x   c
 lim ;  lim  Form  ;  lim
x  xc  x x  xc  x   x  c
1 1
x
[Dividing N' and D' by x]
c c
 
1 0 1 2
7. Evaluate lim(4n  5n )1/n .

n
n
Sol. L = lim(4  5n )1/n
n 
1/n
  4  n    4 n 
 lim 5 1     = 5     0 as n   
  5     5 
n

2  3 cos x  sin x
8. Evaluate lim
x (6x  ) 2
6
2  3 cos x  sin x
Sol. L  lim
x
 (6x  )2
6

Let  x  h
6
   
2  3 cos   h   sin   h 
 L  lim 6  6 
h 0 2
   
6  6  h    
   
       
2  3  cos cosh  sin sinh    sin cosh  cos sinh 
 6 6   6 6 
 lim 2
h 0 36h
3 3 1 3
2  cosh  sinh  cosh  sinh
 lim 2 2 2 2
h 0 36h 2
2(1  cosh)
 lim
h 0 36h 2
h
2sin 2  
1 2  1
 lim 2
18 h 0 h 36
 sin x 
 
 sin x  x sin x 
9. Evaluate lim  
x 0  x 
sin x sin x 1 1
Sol. Since lim  1 and lim  lim  
x 0 x x 0 x  sin x x 0  x  11
  1
 sin x 
 sin x 
   sin x  sin x 
 sin x  xsin x  lim 
x
1 
 x sin x 
We have lim    e x  0
x 0  x 
sin x
lim  1
e x 0 x
 e 1 
e
10. Evaluate lim log tan 2 x (tan 2 2x)

x 0
log(tan 2 2x)  
Sol. L = lim  form 
x 0 log(tan 2 x)  
Using L'Hopital's rule, we have
 1 
 2
2 tan 2x sec 2 2x   2
tan 2x
L  lim  
x 0 1
2 tan x.sec 2 x
tan 2 x
 1   1 
2  
 sin 2x cos 2x   sin 2x cos 2x 
 lim  lim
x 0  1  x 0  1 
 sin x cos x   sin 2x 
1
 lim 1
x 0 cos 2x
cos 4x  a cos 2x  b
11. If lim is finite, find a and b using expansion formula.
x 0 x4
cos 4x  a cos 2x  b
Sol. lim  finite
x 0 x4
Using expansion formula for cos 4x and cos 2x, we get
 (4x) 2 (4x)4   (2x) 2 (2x) 4 
1     a 1   b
 2! 4!   2! 4! 
lim
x 0 x4
 32 2 
(1  a  b)  (8  2a)x 2    a  x 4  ....
or lim  3 3 
4
x 0 x
or 1+a+b=0
–8 – 2a = 0
Solving (i) and (ii) for a and b, we get
a = –4 and b = 3
32 2 32  8
Also, L =  a 8
3 3 3
2
n  an 
12. Let an, bn  Q, such that 7  4 3    a n  bn 3 , for n  N. Then the value of  lim  is
 n  b n 
n
Sol.  74 3   a n  bn 3
n

 74 3   a n  bn 3
1 n n 1  n n
 an 
2 
74 3    7  4 3   and b n 
2 3 
74 3    7  4 3  
2
a  a 
 lim n  3   lim n   3 Ans.
n  b
n  n  b n 
  [12 (sin x) x ]  [22 (sin x) x ]  ......[n 2 (sin x) x ]  

13. lim  lim    where [.] denotes G.I.F. is :
x 0

n 
 n3  
2 4 1
(A) 0 (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3
Sol. x – 1 < [x]  x
 12(xin x)x – 1 < [12(sinx)x]  12 (sin x)x
22(xin x)x – 1 < [22(sinx)x]  22 (sin x)x
.
.
.
n2 (sin x)x – 1 < [n2 (sin x)x]  n2 (sin x)x
Add all
n
 x (n)(n  1)(2n  1)  2 x
 (sin x)  n   [k (sin x) ] n(n  1)(2n  1)
6
 3
  k 1
3
 3
(sin x) x
n n 6n
(sin x) x n(n  1)(2n  1)  n 1

As lim 3
 (sin x) x
n  6n 3
n(n  1)(2n  1) 1
and lim 3
(sin x) x  (sin x) x
n  6n 3
1
 Required limit  xlim
(sin x) x
0 3
A  lim (sin x) x
x0
n sin x cot x
nA  lim  lim
x 0 1/ x x  0 1/ x 2
x2
 lim 0
x  0 tan x
 A = e0 = 1
n
[k 2 (sin x) x ] 1
 xlim lim   Ans.
 0 n 
k 1 n3 3
1 1 n
14. Evaluate nlim 2
 2
 ...... 
 1 n 2 n n  n2
1 2 n
Sol. Pn  2
 2
 .... 
1 n 2n n  n2
1 2 n
Now, Pn  2
 2
 ..... 
1 n 1 n 1  n2
1
 (1  2  3  ......  n)
1 n2
n(n  1)

2(1  n 2 )
1 2 n n(n  1)
Also, Pn    .....  
nn 2
nn 2
nn 2 2(n  n 2 )
n(n  1) n(n  1)
Thus, 2(n  n 2 )  Pn  2(1  n 2 )
 1  1
11   1 1  
 n  n
or lim  lim Pn  lim
n   1  n  n   1 
2   1 2  2  1
n  n 
1 1
or  lim Pn 
2 n  2
1
or lim p n 
n  2
 x1/3 
15. Let f(x) = 8x3 + 3x then the value of lim  1  is
x  f (8x)  f 1 (x)
 
1 1
(A) 1 (B) (C) (D) 2
2 4
1/3
f 1 (x) y  f (y)  1 1 1
Sol. Let   lim  lim  lim  3   . So required limit   2
x  x 1/3 y  (f (y))1/3 y 
 y  2 2   
2
ex x 2
16. Let f : R  (0, ) be such that f (x)   e x  e x  x  0 , then lim f (x) is

f (x) x 1
1
(A) 1 (B) (C) e (D) 2e
e
2 2
Sol. (f (x))2  (e x  e x )f (x)  e x .e x  (0)
2
(f (x)  e x )(f (x)  e x )  0
2
e x  f (x)  e x ; x  (0,1)
2
e x  f (x)  e x ; x  (1, )
2
 lim(e x )  lim(e x )  e
x 1 x 1
Hence lim f (x)  e , by sandwich theorem.

x 1
tan(x)
sin(x 4 )  (x  2)n .
17. Let f (x)  lim x  1 , then lim f (x) is equal to
x 1
n  1  (x  2)n  x 4
2 2
(A)  (B) (C) 1 (D)  
7 7
 tan(x) 
 x  1 ; x  1
Sol. f (x)   4
 sin(x ) ; x  1
 1  x 4
tan x tan(   x)

 lim f (x)  lim  lim (As tan  = tan( + ))
x 1 x 1 x 1 x  1 x 1
tan (x  1)
 lim 
x 1 x 1
sin x 4 sin(  x 4 )
And lim f (x)  lim 4
 lim (As sin  = sin( – ))
x 1 x 1 1  x x 1 1  x4
sin (1  x 4 )
 lim 
x 1 (1  x 4 )
Hence xlim f (x)   Ans.

1
18. Let f, g and h be monic polynomials of degree m,n and p respectively where m,n and p are prime
h(x) h(6x)
numbers (m < n < p). If lim  1 and L = lim is non-zero finite then L equals
x  x13 x  f (2x).g(3x)
(A) 1 (B) 9 × 213 (C) 9 × 111 (D) 4 × 311

h(x)
Sol. Given, lim 1
x13
x 
 degree of h(x) = p = 13
h(6x)
Also, lim is non-zero finite quantity is L
f (2x)g(3x)
x 
Degree of Dr must be 13 ; hence degree of f(x) = 2 and degree of g(x) must be 11

613.x13
L  lim 2 2 11 11
x  2 .x .3 .x
= 32 × 211 = 9 × 211 Ans.

1
 f ( x)  x 1
19. Let f be a biquadratic function of x such that lim  3 
 3 , then find the value of |f(1)|.
x 0
 2x  e
Sol. Let f(x) = ax4 + bx3 + cx2 + dx + e
1  f ( x) 
We have, lim  3
 1  3
x 0 x
 2x 
 ax 4  (b  2)x 3  cx 2  dx  e 
 lim    6
x 0
 x4 
 a = –6, b = –2, c = d = e = 0
So, |f(1)| = |a + b| = 8 Ans.
20. In the figure lengths of AB and AC are both equal to 1, the length of BD is denoted as x and the length
x
of CE is denoted as y. BE is perpendicular to AC and ED is perpendicular to AB. The value of lim ,
 0 y
is
B
1 Dx
y
A  C
E
1
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D)
2
Sol. From given figure,
In AEB, AE = AB cos 
 1 – y = cos  y = 1 – cos 
Also, in ADE, AD = AE cos 
AD = cos2 [As, AE = cos ]
So, DB = x = AB – AD = (1 – cos2 )
x  1  cos 2  
Now, 0 y 0  1  cos    lim(1
lim  lim  cos )  1  1  2 Ans.
  0
1
21. Let L  lim
n 
1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1
 .   .......n terms
2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2

Find the value of 2 3 cot L 
1  
Sol. If  cos  cos , where  
2 4 4
r   
 D  cos  cos cos 2 .....cos n 1
2 2 2
  
 lim cos  cos cos 2 .....cos n 1
n  2 2 2
(sin 2). 1 sin 2
 lim . 

2 sin n 1  2
n  n
2
2 
 L 
sin 2 2
 
 
Hence 2 3 cot L  2 3  cot   0 Ans.
 2

 4  
(1  n 1 ) 2
22. If L    1  2  and N   1
. Then :
n 3  n  n 1 1  2n
15 1
(A) N = 2 (B) L–1 + N–1 = 8 (C) L  N  (D) LN 
2 3
 4  4  4
Sol. L   1  2  1  2  1  2  .......
 3  4   5 
 2   2  2  2   2  2  
 L   1   1  1   1   1   1   .....
 3   3  4  4   5  5  
 2  2  2  2    2  2  2  
 L   1   1   1   1   ......  1   1   1   .......
 3  4  5  6    3  4  5  
1 2 3 4  5 6 7 
 L       ......       ...... 
3 4 5 6  3 4 5 
1 2 1
L  
3 4 6
2
 1 (r  1)2
 
1 
n  2 
(r  1) 2 
r 1 r 1
N   lim  r  lim   lim  .
n 1  2 n 
r 1
(r  2) n 
r 1 r(r  2)
n 
r 1 r r2
1   r
 n
2 3 4  2 3 4 
 lim     ......       ...... 
n  1 2 3
  3 4 5 
N =2 Ans.
GN BERMAN
Finding Limits. Comparison of infinitesimals
In Problems 245 to 267 find the limits.
2
245. lim
n 1
246. lim
 n  1
n  n n  2n 2
3 3
lim
 n  1   n  1 n 3  100n 2  1
247. 2 2 248. lim
n 
 n  1   n  1 n  100n 2  15n
4 4
1000n 3  3n 2 lim
 n  1   n  1
249. lim 250. 4 4
n  0.001n 4  100n 3  1 n 
 n  1   n  1
4 4
lim
 2n  1   n  1 3
n 3  2n  1
251. 4 4 252. lim
n 
 2n  1   n  1 n  n 2
2
253. lim
3 2
n n
254. lim
 n2 1  n 
n  n 1 n  3
n6 1
n 3  2n 2  1  3 n 4  1 4
n5  2  3 n 2  1
255. lim 256. lim
n  4
n 6  6n 5  2  5 n 7  3n 3  1 n  5
n 4  2  n3  1
lim
n!
lim
 n  2 !  n  1!
257. n   n  1 ! n! 258. n   n  3!
1 1 1
1  ...  n
lim
 n  2 !  n  1! lim 2 4 2
259. n   n  2  !  n  1 ! 260. n  1 1 1
1    ...  n
3 9 3
1  1  2  3  ...  n n 
261. lim
n  n 2
1  2  3  ...  n  262. lim 
n  n2
 
2

 1  2  3  4  ...  2n   1 1 1 
263. lim   264. lim    ...  
n 
 n2 1  n  1  2
 2 3  n  1 n 
 1 1 1  2n  1
265. lim    ...   266. lim n
n  1  3
 35  2n  1 2n  1  n  2  1
21/ n  1
267. lim
n  21/ n  1
Functions of the continuous argument

In Problems 268 to 304 find the limits
x2  5  x3  3x 1 
268. lim 2 269. lim 1
x 2 x  3 x0
 x 4 
x x2  3
270. lim 271. lim
x 1 1  x x 3 x4  x2 1
x 2  2x  1 x 3  3x 2  2x
272. lim 273. lim
x 1 x3  x x 2 x2  x  6
 x  1 2 x 8x 3  1
274. lim 275. lim 2
x  6x  5x  1
2 1
x 1 x 1 2
x3  x  2  1
lim  
3 
276. lim 277. 
x 1 x 3  x 2  x  1 x 1 1  x
 1 x3 
 1 1   x 2 x4 
278. lim   2  279. lim  2  
3  x 2  3x  2  
2
x 2
 x  x  2  x  3x  2  x 1 x  5x  4

xm 1 x3  x
280. lim (m and n integers) 281. lim
x 1 x n  1 x  x 4  3x 2  1
x 4  5x x 2 1
282. lim 283. lim
x  x 2  3x  1 x  2x 2  1
1  x  3x 3  x3 
284. lim 285. lim  2 x
x  1  x 2  3x 3 x  x  1
 
 x3 x2   3x 2  2x  1  3x 2  x  2 
286. lim  2   287. lim   
x  2x  1
 2x  1  x  2x  1
 4x 2 
10 10 10
 x  1   x  2   ...   x  100  x2 1  x
288. lim 289. lim
4
x  x10  1010 x  
x3  x  x
x2 1  3 x2 1 6
x 7  3  4 2x 3  3
290. lim 291. lim
x  4
x4 1  5 x4 1 x  6
x8  x 7  1  x
3
x 4  3  5 x3  4 1 x2 1
292. lim 293. lim
3
x 
x7  1 x 0 x
1  x 1 x2  1 1
294. lim 295. lim
x 0 x2 x 0
x 2  16  4
x 1  2 x2  x
296. lim 297. lim
x 5 x 5 x 1 x 1
3
xh  x 1 x2 1
298. lim 299. lim
h 0 h x 0 x2
3
1 x  3 1 x xb  a b
300. lim 301. lim  a b
x 0 x xa x2 a2
n 3
lim m
x 1 1  x 2  4 1  2x
302. (m and n integers) 303. lim
x 1 x 1 x 0 x  x2
3
7  x3  3  x2
304. lim
x 1 x 1
305. How do the roots of the equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 change when b and c retain constant values
 b  0 and a tends to zero?
306. lim
x 
 xa  x  307. lim
x 
 x2 1  x2 1 
1
308. lim
x  
 x2 1  x  309. lim
x  
x2 1  x 
310. lim
x  
  x  a  x  b   x  311. lim 
x  
x 2  2x  1  x 2  7x  3 
312. lim
x   3
 x  1
2
 3  x  1
2
 313. lim x 3/ 2
x 
 x3  1  x3 1 
sin 3x tan kx
314. lim 315. lim
x 0 x x 0 x
k sin x
316. lim
x 0 sin x
In problems where it is given x    , consider separately the cases x    and x    .
tan 2x sin   n 
317. lim 318. lim m (m and n positive integers)
x  sin 5x  0
 sin  
2 arcsin x 2x  arcsin x
319. lim 320. lim
x 0 3x x 0 2x  arctan x
1  cos x 1  cos3 x
321. lim 322. lim
x 0 x2 x  0 x sin 2x
tan 
lim 1  sin x  cos x
323.  0 3 2 324. lim
1  cos   x  0 1  sin x  cos x
lim
tan   sin 
lim
1  cos  
325. 326.
 0 3  0 tan 3   sin 3 
1  sin x
 1 1  lim 2

327. lim    328. x  
x  sin x
 tan x 
2
 2  x
 
cos x
lim sin 3x
329.  2 330. lim
x 3
2 1  sin x  x  sin 2x
sin 
  lim
331. lim   x  tan x 332.  a2
x  2  1 2
2 
z  ya y 
333. lim 1  z  tan 334. lim  sin  tan 
z 1 2 y a
 2 2a 
 
sin  x  
cos x  sin x  6
lim lim
335. x
 cos 2x 336. x 3
4 6  cos x
2
x
1  sin
lim 2   
337. x  x x x 338. lim  2x tan x  
cos  cos  sin  x  cos x 
2
2 4 4
cos  a  x   cos  a  x  cos  x  cos  x

339. lim 340. lim
x 0 x x 0 x2
sin  a  x   sin  a  x  sin 2   sin 2 
341. lim 342. lim
x 0 tan  a  x   tan  a  x    2  2
sin  a  2h   2sin  a  h   sin a tan  a  2h   2 tan  a  h   tan a

343. lim 344. lim
h 0 h2 h 0 h2
2  1  cos x 1  sin x  1  sin x
345. lim 346. lim
x 0 sin 2 x x 0 tan x
1  x sin x  cos 2x
lim 1  cos x cos 2x
347. x 0 x 348. lim
tan 2 x 0 x2
2
3
1  arctan 3x  3 1  arcsin 3x   arccos x
349. lim 350. lim
x  0 1  arcsin 2x  1  arctan 2x x  1 x 1
x t
 x   1
351. lim   352. lim  1  
x  1  x
  t 
 t
x 1 mx
 1 x  k
353. lim  1   354. lim  1  
x 
 x x 
 x
2x 1 x 1
 x 1   3x  4  3
355. lim   356. lim  
x  x  2 x  3x  2
   
x2 x
 x2 1   x 1 
357. lim  2  358. lim  
x  x  1 x    2x  1
   
x x
 2x  1   1 
359. lim   360. lim  1  2 
x  
 x 1  x 
 x 
x2
 1  x 2  2x  1 
361. lim 1   362. lim  2 
x  x  4x  2
x  
 x  
cosec x 1/ 2x
363. lim 1  sin x 
x 0
364.
x 0

lim 1  tan 2 x 
n 1  kx  n  a  x   n a
365. lim 366. lim
x 0 x x 0 x
n x  1
367. x 

lim x  n  x  a   n x   368. lim
x e x  e
a h 1 e 2x  1
369. lim 370. lim
h 0 h x 0 3x
2
ex  e e x  cos x
371. lim 372. lim
x 1 x  1 x 0 x2
e x  e x esin 2x  esin x
373. lim 374. lim
x  0 sin x x 0 x
eax  e bx
375. lim 376. lim x  e1/ x  1
x 
x 0 x
377. lim  cosh x  sinh x  378. lim tanh x

x   x  
Various limits
379. lim
 ax  1 . Consider separately the cases when n is (1) positive integer, (2) negative integer, (3)
x  xn  A
zero.
ax
380. lim x  x 2  x 4  1  x 2  381. lim  a  0
x     x   a x  1
a x  a x sin x
382. lim 383 lim
x   a x  a x x  x
arctan x x  sin x
384. lim 385. lim
x  x x  x  cos x
arcsin x
lim
386. x 1 x
tan
2
sin  a  3h   3sin  a  2h   3sin  a  h   sin a
387. lim
h 0 h3
388.
lim tan 2 x
x
  2sin 2 x  3sin x  4  sin 2 x  6sin x  2 
2
1  cos 1  cos x   x x x 
389. lim 390. lim  cos  cos ...cos n 
x 0 x4 n 
 2 4 2 
 1
391. lim x 2 1  cos 
x 
 x
392. x 

lim cos x  1  cos x 
 x 1    x 1 x 
393. lim x  arctan   394. lim x  arctan  arctan 
x 
 x2 4 x 
 x2 x2
n
arcsin x  arctan x  1 
385. lim 396. lim  1  n   n  0 
x 0 x3 x  
 x 
1/sin x n cos x
397. lim  cos.x  398. lim
x 0 x 0 x2
sin x
 sin x  x sin x 1/ x
lim  cos x  sin x 
399. lim   400. x 0
x 0
 x 
1/ x
401. lim  cos x  a sin bx 
x 0
CONCEPT BUILDING - 1
1. Examine the graph of y = f(x) as shown and evaluate the following limits :
y
3
2
x
1 2 3 4
(i) lim
x 1
f (x) (ii) lim
x 2
f (x) (iii) lim
x 3
f (x) (iv) xlim
1.99
f (x)
(v) xlim
3
f (x) 
2. Evaluate the following limits,

Where [.] represents greatest integer function and {.} represents fractional part function
  x
(i) lim[cos x] (ii) lim   (iii) lim sgn[tan x] (iv) lim cos 1 (ln x)
x 0 x 3 3 x 0 x 1
 
3. lim cos 1[sec x] is equal to (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)
x 0

(A) (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) Does not exist
2
 x 2  2, x  2 2x, x  6
4. If f (x)   and g(x)   , evaluate lim g(f (x)) .
8  x, x  2 3  x, x  6 x 2
5. Which of the following are indeterminate forms. Also state the type.
[x]
(i) xlim 
, where [.] denotes the greatest integer function
0 x
(ii) xlim x2 1  x

lim(tan x) tan 2x
(iii) x

2
1
(iv) lim({x}) , where {.} denotes the fractional part function
nx
x 1
6. Consider the following statements :

[x]
S1 : xlim 
is an indeterminate form (where [.] denotes greatest integer function).
0 x
sin(3x )
S2 : xlim 1
 3x
x  sin x
S3 = lim does not exist.
x  x  cos2 x
(n  2)! (n  1)!
S4 = lim (n  N)  0
x  (n  3)!
State, in order, whether S1, S2, S3, S4 are true or false.
(A) FTFT (B) FTTT (C) FTFF (D)TTFT
7. lim(1  x  [x  2]  [2  x]) is equal to (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

x 2
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) does not exist
sin 1 (sin x)
8. lim is equal to
x  0 cos 1 (cos x)
9. Evaluate the following limits, if exists

sin 3x sin 2 5x
(i) lim (ii) lim
x 0 tan 1 2x x 0 x2
ln(1  2x) e bx  e ax
(iii) lim (iv) lim , where 0 < a < b
x 0 2x  1 x 0 x
1  cos 5x x(e 2 x  e 2 )
(v) lim (vi) lim
x 0 1  cos 4x x 0 1  cos x
3 sin x  cos x
lim ln(2  x)  ln 0.5
(vii) x
  (viii) lim
6 x x 0 x
6
1  cos 2x
(a  x)2 sin(a  x)  a 2 sin a
(ix) lim (x) lim 2
x 0 x x 0 x
 tan 2x  3x  x n  3n
(xi) lim 
x  0 3x  sin 2 x
 (xii) Find n  N, if lim  405
  x 3 x 3
cos1 (1  x)
10. lim is equal to
x  0 x
1
(A) (B) 2 (C) 1 (D) 0
2
 100 k 
  (x  1)   100
1. lim  k 1  is equal to
x 2 (x  2)
(A) 0 (B) 5050 (C) 4550 (D) –5050
(4 x  1)3
2. lim
x 0  x 2  is equal to
sin x ln  1  
 3 
(A) 9(ln 4) (B) 3(ln 4)3 (C) 12(ln 4)3 (D) 27(ln 4)2
 
x  2 
lim
   cos x  is equal to (where [.] represents greatest integer function)
3. x
2  
 
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) – 2 (D) does not exist
4. Evaluate the following limits

3x 2  2x  9 x 3  x  cos 2 x
(i) lim (ii) lim
x  x2 1 x  2x 3  sin x
 1 2 x  n 3  2n 2  1  3 n 4  1
(iii) lim  2
 2  .....  2  (iv) lim ,nN
x  x x x  4
 n 
n 6  6n 5  2  5 n 7  3n 3  1
1
(3x 4  2x 2 ) sin  | x |3 5
(v) lim x
3 2
x  | x |  | x |  | x | 1
7n  5n  4n 1
5. lim
n  7 n 1  2 n  3n  2
, n  N is equal to
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 1 (D) zero
9 7
     
6. lim n cos   sin   , n  N is equal to
n 
 7n   3n 
  
(A) (B) (C) (D) does not exist
3 4 6
 2 1 
7. lim  2
  is equal to
x 1 1  x x 1

1 1
(A) (B)  (C) –1 (D) does not exist
2 2
  1 
8. lim  x  x ln 1    is equal to :
x 
  x 
1 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) 1
2 2 3
9. Evaluate the following limits using expansions :

(x  2)3/ 2  (a  2)3/ 2 (x  2)1/2  (15x  2)1/5
(i) lim (ii) lim
x 0 x a x 2 (7x  2)1/4  x
tan 2 x
e x  1  sin x  (ln(1  x)  ln 2)(3.4x 1  3x)
(iii) lim 2 (iv) lim
x 0 x3
x 1 [(7  x)1/3  (1  3x)1/2 ]sin(x  1)
2
 x 
 e 2  cos x  x 2  2 
lim   is equal to
10. x 0 x 2 sin 2 x
 
 
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 6 12 8
1. Find the values of a and b so that :
1  ax sin x  b cos x
(i) lim may have a finite limit.
x 0 x4
(ii) lim
x 
 
x 4  ax 3  3x 2  bx  2  x 4  2x 3  cx 2  3x  d  4
axe x  b ln(1  x)  cxe  x

(iii) lim 2
x 0 x 2 sin x
tan(a  2h)  2 tan(a  h)  tan a

2. Find the value of lim
h 0 h2
sin(a  3h)  3sin(a  2h)  3sin(a  h)  sin a

3. lim is equal to
h 0 h3
(A) cos a (B) – cos a (C) sin a (D) sin a cos a
4. Evaluate the following limits :

x x
tan
 x  2  1  3x 
(i) lim  tan  (ii) lim 
x  1  4x

x 1
 4   
1
x
sec   x
(iii) lim(1   ln x) 2 (iv) lim  tan   x 
x 1 x 0
 4 
lim([x]) tan x
5. The value of x
 is equal to (where [.] denotes the greatest integer function)
2
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D) e–1
n 1/ n
 x x 
6. lim  sin  sin  , (x  0) is
n   n n 
 
x2
(A) e x 2
(B) e 2 (C) 1 (D) e–1
7. Evaluate the following limits :
2 lim (tan x)cos x
(i) lim(| x |) x (ii) x

x 0 2
1 x
(iii) xlim([x])
1  , where [.] denotes greatest integer funciton
lim e tan x
(iv) x

2
[1.3x]  [2.4x]  ....  [n.(n  2)x]

8. Evaluate lim , where [.] denotes greatest integer function.
n  n3
9. If [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x, then

1 2
lim ([1 x]  [2 2 x]  .......  [n 2 x]) is equal to
n  n 3
x x x x
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 3 6 4
x 2n  1
10. If f (x)  lim , n  N find range of f(x).
n  x 2n  1
EXERCISE–I
13
x2  x x 7 x 2
Lim x  x.1nx  1nx  1
Q.1 Lim
x 1
Q.2 Lim Q.3 x 1
x 1 x 1 5 x 3 x x 1
 100 k 
  x  100 2 x  3x1/ 3  5x1/ 5 1  3 tan x
Lim
Q.4 Lim K1  Q.5 x 1/ 3
3x  2  (2x  3)
Q.6 Lim
x 1 x 1 x
 1  2 cos2 x
4
Lim sec 4 x  sec 2x  p q 

Q.7 Q.8 Lim    p, q N
x 0
sec 3x  sec x x 1  1  x 1  x q 
p
tan x  sin x
Q.9 Find the sum of an infinite geometric series whose first term is the limit of the function f(x) =
sin 3 x
1 x
as x  0 and whose common ratio is the limit of the function g(x) = as x  1.
(cos 1 x) 2
t t
Q.10 Lim (x  l n cosh x) where cosh t = e  e .
x  2
cos 1 2 x 1  x 2  [x ]2  15[ x ]  56

  1  sin 2x
Q.11 (a) Lim ; (b) Lim
x  4 ; (c) Lim
1 1   4x x 7 sin( x  7) sin( x  8)
x
2
x 
2 where [ ] denotes the greatest
integer function
Lim 1  tan x 8  x2 x2 x2 x2 
Q.12 Q.13 Lim 1  cos  cos  cos cos 
x  4 x 0 x8 2 4 2 4
1  2 sin x 
 cos x
Lim 2  cos   sin  Lim 2 1
Q.14  4 Q.15 x  2 
( 4   ) 2 x(x  2 )
Q.16 If Lim a sin x 3 sin 2x is finite then find the value of 'a' & the limit.
x 0 tan x
a  2x x
Q.17 (a) Lim tan
1
Lim 
2 , where a R ; (b) Plot the graph of the function f(x) = t 0
tan 1 2 
x 0 x   t 
(ln (1  x )  ln 2)(3.4 x 1  3x )
Q.18 Lim [ln (1 + sin²x). cot(ln2 (1 + x))] Q.19 Lim 1 1
x 1
x 0 [(7  x ) 3  (1  3x ) 2 ]. sin( x  1)
n
  
Q.20 If l = Lim
n
  (r  1) sin r  1  r sin r  then find { l }. (where { } denotes the fractional part function)
r 2
(3x 4  2 x 2 ) sin 1x  | x |3 5 (x 3  27 ) 1n (x  2)
Q.21 Lim Q.22 Lim
x 
| x |3  | x |2  | x | 1 x 3 2
x 9
x x x
Q.23 Lim 27  9  3  1
x 0 2  1  cos x
x
Q.24 Let f ( x )  , x 0 and g( x )  x  3, x 1
sin x
 2  x, x  0  x 2  2 x  2, 1  x  2
 x  5, x2
find LHL and RHL of g f (x )  at x = 0 and hence find Lim g f ( x )  .
x0
Pn
Q.25 Let Pn  a Pn 1  1 ,  n = 2, 3,.......and Let P1 = ax – 1 where a  R+ then evaluate Lim .
x 0 x
1  1 1  ax  1 2 3
Q.26 If the Lim 3
   exists and has the value equal to l, then find the value of   .
x 0 x  1  x 1  bx  a l b
Q.27 Let {an}, {bn}, {cn} be sequences such that
(i) an + bn + cn = 2n + 1 ; (ii) anbn +bncn + cnan = 2n – 1 ; (iii) anbncn = – 1 ; (iv) an < bn < cn
Then find the value of Lim na n .
n
Q.28 If n  N and an = 22 + 42 + 62 + ....... + (2n)2 and bn = 12 + 32 + 52 + ..... + (2n – 1)2. Find the value
an  bn
Lim .
n  n
Q.29 At the end points A, B of the fixed segment of length L, lines are drawn meeting in C and making angles
 and 2 respectively with the given segment. Let D be the foot of the altitude CD and let x represents
the length of AD. Find the value of x as  tends to zero i.e. Lim x .
0
Q.30 At the end-points and the midpoint of a circular arc AB tangent lines are drawn, and the points A and B
are joined with a chord. Prove that the ratio of the areas of the two triangles thus formed tends to 4 as the
arc AB decreases indefinitely.
a tan x  a sin x
Q.31 Evaluate Lim , a > 0. [REE 2001, 3 out of 100]
x 0 tan x  sin x
2 1  1  
Q.32 Find the value of Lim
n
  (n  1) cos  n   n  . [ JEE ' 2004, 2 out of 60]
   
EXERCISE–II
1/ x
8 x 2 3 x  1  x 1/ x 
2 xc
Q.1 Lim  2 x  3  Q.2 Lim
x   x  c 
 4 then find c Q.3 Lim 
x 0  e


x  2    
 2x  5 
2 n 2  n 1
 n 2  n 1  π
Q.4 Lim   Q.5 Lim x sin n cos
2
n  n  x  x
 
x2
  a  tan 2x
Q.6 Lim  cos  2   x    aR Q.7 Lim  tan x 
x     1  x    x 1
 4 
  
1 1 1 1 1 nx
 x x 
Lim  x  1  cos x 
x
Lim  a 1  a 2  a 3 ..... a n  where a ,a ,a ,......a > 0
x x
Q.8 x 0 Q.9 x   n  1 2 3 n
 x   
sin 1 (1 {x}).cos 1 (1 {x})

Q.10 Let f(x) = then find xLim
0 
f(x) and xLim
0 
f(x), where {x} denotes the fractional
2{x} . (1  {x})
part function.
a e x  b cos x  ce  x
Q.11 Find the values of a, b & c so that Lim
x 0 2
x. sin x
1  a2  x2  a   x  
Q.12 Lim   2 sin   sin    where a is an odd integer
x a (a  x 2 ) 2
2  ax  2   2 

2 2
Lim tan x  x
Q.13 x 0
x 2 tan 2 x
(1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 )......(1  x 2n )

Q.14 If L = Lim then show that L can be equal to
x 1 [(1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 ).........(1  x n )]2
n
nr 1 n
(a)  r
(b)  ( 4r  2)
n! r 1
r 1
(c) The sum of the coefficients of two middle terms in the expansion of (1 + x)2n – 1.
(d) The coefficient of xn in the expansion of (1 + x)2n.
Q.15 Lim [1.x ]  [ 2 .x ]  [ 3.x ]  .....  [ n .x ] , Where [.] denotes the greatest integer function.
n 
n2
1  x  ln x
Q.16 Evaluate, Lim
x 1 1  cos x
  ay   by  
 exp x ln(1  )  exp x1n(1  ) 
 x   x 
Q.17 Lim  Limit
y0  x y 
 
 

Q.18 Let x0 = 2 cos and xn = 2  x n 1 , n = 1, 2, 3, .........., find Lim 2 (n 1) · 2  x n .
6 n
Lim  n (1  x)  1 
1 x
 
Q.19 x 0 2
 x x
 4    n3 1  
(1  n 1 ) 2
Q.20 Let L =  1  2  ; M =   n 3  1  and N =  1  2n 1
, then find the value of
n 3  n  n 2   n 1
–1 –1
L +M +N . –1

Q.21 A circular arc of radius 1 subtends an angle of x radians, 0 < x < as shown in
2
the figure. The point C is the intersection of the two tangent lines at A & B. Let
T(x) be the area of triangle ABC & let S(x) be the area of the shaded region.
Compute:
(a) T(x) (b) S(x) & (c) the limit of T(x) as x  0.
S(x )
n
x
Q.22 Let f (x) = Lim  3n 1 sin 3 n and g (x) = x – 4 f (x). Evaluate Lim 1  g( x ) cot x .
n 3 x 0
n 1
n
 2  
Q.23 If f (n,)=  1  tan r  , then compute Lim f (n , )
r 1  2  n 
cos 2x  (1  3x )1 3 3 4 cos3 x  ln (1  x ) 4

Q.24 L = Lim 2 4
x 0 x
If L = a b where 'a' and 'b' are relatively primes find (a + b).
x2
 cosh ( x )  et  et
Q.25 Lim   where cosh t =
x    cos (  x ) 

2
f (x) x (1  a cos x )  b sin x

Q.26 f (x) is the function such that Lim  1 . If Lim  1 , then find the value of
x 0 x x 0 f ( x) 3
a and b.
Q.27 Through a point A on a circle, a chord AP is drawn & on the tangent at A a point T is taken such that
AT = AP. If TP produced meet the diameter through A at Q, prove that the limiting value of AQ when P
moves upto A is double the diameter of the circle.
Q.28 Using Sandwich theorem, evaluate
 1 1 1 1 
(a) Lim     ...........  
n  2 
 n n2 1 n2  2 n 2  2n 
1 2 n
(b) Lim 2 + 2 + ......... +
n  1 n 2n n  n2
2
x  1   x 2  x  1  ax  b = 0
Q.29 Find a & b if : (i) Lim
x   x  1
 ax  b  = 0 (ii) xLim
 
 
 
 
Q.30 If L = Lim 
1

1  then find the value of L  153 .
x 0  ln (1  x )
 ln ( x  1  x 2 )  L
EXERCISE–III
Q.1 Lim x tan 2x  2x tan x is : [ JEE '99, 2 (out of 200) ]
x 0 2
(1  cos 2x)
1 1
(A) 2 (B)  2 (C) (D) 
2 2
x
 x  3
Q.2 For x  R , Lim
x    = [ JEE 2000, Screening]
 x  2
(A) e (B) e 1 (C) e 5 (D) e5
sin(  cos 2 x )
Q.3 Lim equals [ JEE 2001, Screening]
x 0 x2

(A) – (B)  (C) (D) 1
2
(cos x  1)(cos x  e x )
Q.4 The integer n for which Lim is a finite non-zero number is
x 0 xn
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
[JEE 2002 (screening), 3]
sin( n x )[(a  n )n x  tan x ]
Q.5 If Lim  0 (n > 0) then the value of 'a' is equal to
x 0 x2
1 n2 1
(A) (B) n2 + 1 (C) (D) None
n n
[JEE 2003 (screening)]
Q.6 If lim (x–3 sin 3x + ax–2 + b) exists and is equal to zero then :
x 0
(A) a = –3 & b = 9/2 (B) a = 3 & b = 9/2 (C) a = –3 & b = –9/2 (D) a = 3 & b = –9/2
1 1
 xn  ex  xn  ex
 2   3 
Q.7 The value of lim  
n
  (where n  N) is
x  x
2 2
(A) ln   (B) 0 (C) n ln   (D) not defined
3 3
x
4  x 2 cos
lim 4
Q.8 is
x 2 sin(x  2)
1
(A) equal to  (B) equal to  (C) equal to   (D) non existent

1  cos(ax 2  bx  c)
Q.9 Let  are the roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0 then lim equals
x  (x  ) 2
1 a2 a2
(A) 0 (B) ( – )2 (C) ( – )2 (D)  ( – )2
2 2 2
Q.10 ABC is an isosceles triangle inscribed in a circle of radius r. If AB = AC & h is the altitude fromA to BC

and P be the perimeter of ABC then lim equals (where  is the area of the triangle)
h 0 P3
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D) none
32r 64r 128r
 
 (1  cos x )  (1  cos x )  (1  cos x )  .........    1
Q.11 Lim  2

equals
x 0 x
1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 1 (D) 2
2
ln(3  x)  ln(3  x)
Q.12 If lim = k, the value of k is
x 0 x
2 1 2
(A) (B)  (C)  (D) 0
3 3 3
x 2n  1
Q.13 The function f (x) = Lim is identical with the function
n  x 2 n  1
(A) g (x) = sgn(x – 1) (B) h (x) = sgn (tan–1x)

(C) u (x) = sgn( | x | – 1) (D) v (x) = sgn (cot–1x)
Q.14 Which one of the following statement is true?

(A) If Lim f ( x ) ·g( x ) and Lim f ( x ) exist, then Lim g ( x ) exists.
xc xc xc
(B) If Lim f ( x ) ·g( x ) exists, then Lim f ( x ) and Lim g ( x ) exist.

xc xc xc
(C) If Lim f (x )  g ( x )  and Lim f ( x ) exist, then Lim g ( x ) exist.

x c xc xc
(D) If Lim f (x )  g ( x )  exists, then Lim f ( x ) and Lim g ( x ) exist.

x c xc xc
xf (3)  3f (x)
Q.15 If f(3) = 6 & f '(3) = 2, then xlim is given by
3 x 3
(A) 6 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) none of these
Q.16 If Lim [ f ( x )  g ( x )]  2 and Lim [ f ( x )  g ( x )]  1 , then Lim f (x ) g ( x )

x a x a x a
3 3 4
(A) need not exist (B) exist and is (C) exists and is – (D) exists and is
4 4 3
Q.17 Given 0 < a < b, the value of lim (an + bn)1/n is

n 
(A) a (B) b (C) 1/a (D) 1/b
12 n 2 2 (n1)32 (n2).....n 2.1

Q.18 Lim is equal to :
n 13 23 33 ......n 3
1 2 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 6
Limit

cot  1 x  a log a x 
Q.19 The value of (a > 1) is equal to
x 
sec 1 a x
log x a
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) /2 (D) does not exist
Q.20 Let f : (1, 2)  R satisfie the inequality

cos(2x  4)  33 x 2 | 4x  8 |
< f(x) <  x  (1, 2). Then lim f(x) is equal to
2 x 2 x  2
(A) 16 (B) –16
(C) cannot be determined from the given information
(D) does not exists
sin x cos x n
Q.21 Let a = min [x2 + 2x + 3, x  R] and b = Lim
x 0 e x  e x
. Then the value of  a r b n r is
r 0
2 n 1  1 2n 1  1 2n  1 4n 1  1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 ·2 n 3 ·2 n 3 ·2 n 3 ·2 n
    1    
Q.22 Given l1 = Lim cos 1 sec x   ; l2 = Lim sin cosec x    ;
x  4   4  x  4   4 
1     1    
l3 = Lim tan cot  x   ; l4 = Lim cot  tan  x  
x  4   4  x  4   4 
where [x] denotes greatest integer function then which of the following limits exist?
(A) l1 and l2 only (B) l1 and l3 only (C) l1 and l4 only (D) All of them
Q.23 Suppose that a and b (b  a) are real positive numbers then the value of
1/ t
 b t 1  a t 1 
Lim  
 has the value equals to
t 0
 b  a 
1
a ln b  b ln a b l n b  a ln a  b b  ba
(A) (B) (C) b ln b – a ln a (D)  
ba ba  aa 
 
/x 1 
Q.24 If xlim x.n 0 1/ x  = –5, where  are finite real numbers then

1 0 1/ x
(A)  = 2,  = 1,  R (B)  = 2,  = 2, = 5

(C)  R,  = 1,  R (D)   R,  = 1, = 5
 1  1
Q.25 Range of the function f(x) =  2  is, where [*] denotes the greatest integer function
 n(x  e)  1  x2
and e = lim (1 + )1/
0
 e 1 
(A)  0,   {2} (B) (0, 1) (C) (0, 1]  {2} (D) (0, 1)  {2}
 e 
Q.26 lim sin–1[tan x] = l then {l} is equla to

x 0
  
(A) 0 (B) 1 – (C) –1 (D) 2 –
2 2 2
where [] and {} denotes greatest integer and fractional part function.
Q.27 Which one of the following limit does not tends to unity ?
sin(tan t) sin(cos x)
(A) lim (B) lim
t 0 sin t x 0 cos x
1 x  1 x x2
(C) lim (D) lim
x 0 x x 0 x
cos ecx
 3 
Q.28 Limit   has the value equal to :
x0 
1  4  x 
(A) e 1/12 (B) e 1/6 (C) e 1/4 (D) e 1/3
Limit

cot 1 x  1  x 
x   x
Q.29 1  2 x  1   is equal to
sec   
 x  1  
(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) /2 (D) non existent

1 x 1 x 1 1 x 
Q.30 lim  tan  2 tan 2  3 tan  .....  n tan n  is equal to
n   2 2 2 2 2 2 2 
1 tan x tan x  x
(A) – tan x (B) (C) (D) x – cot x
x x x tan x
x 2  1 , x  0, 2
sin x x  n, n  0, 1, 2, 3.... 
Q.31 f(x) =  and g(x) =  4 , x  0 then lim g(f(x))
 2 otherwise  5 , x  2
x 0

(A) 1 (B) 4 (C) 5 (D) non existent
n(x 2  e x )
Q.32 Let f(x) = . If lim f(x) =  and lim f(x) = m then
n(x 4  e2x ) x  x 
(A)  = m (B)  = 2m (C) 2 = m (D)  + m = 0
Q.33 Lim cos   n 2  n  when n is an integer :

n  
(A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to  1 (C) is equal to zero (D) does not exist
[x 2 ] [x 2 ]
Q.34 Let lim lim
= l & x 0 2 = m, where [] denotes greatest integer, then :
x 0 x x
(A) l exists but m does not (B) m exists but l does not
(C) l & m both exist (D) neither l nor m exists
2
 2

Q.35 lim  1  log x cos x 
x 0  cos 
 2 
(A) is equal to 4 (B) is equal to 9 (C) is equal to 289 (D) is non existent
Q.36 The value of Limit

 tan  {x}  1   sin {x }
where { x } denotes the fractional part function:
x0 {x }  {x }  1 
(A) is 1 (B) is tan 1 (C) is sin 1 (D) is non existent
2  2 x  sin 2x
Q.37 Lim is :
x  (2 x  sin 2x )esin x
(A) equal to zero (B) equal to 1 (C) equal to  1 (D) non existent
| ax 2  bx  c |
Q.38 Let  &  be the roots of the equation, ax2 + bx + c = 0 where 1 <  < , then lim =1
x m ax 2  bx  c
when :
(A) a > 0 & m > 1 (B) a < 0 & m < 1
|a|
(C) a < 0 &  < m <  (D) =1&m>
a
2
lim
Q.39 The value of x 0  cos ax cos ec bx is
 8b2   8a 2   a2   b2 
       
 2 
 2   2  
 a   b   2b   2a 2 
(A) e (B) e (C) e (D) e
Q.40 If x is a real number in [0, 1] then the value of Limit Limit

m   n   [1 + cos
2m (n !  x)] is given by
(A) 1 or 2 according as x is rational or irrational

(B) 2 or 1 according as x is rational or irrational
(C) 1 for all x
(D) 2 for all x
n
r
Q.41 Lim
n 
 n2  n  r equals
r 1
(A) 0 (B) 1/3 (C) 1/2 (D) 1
(sin x  x) 2  1  cos x 3
Q.42 The value of the limit, lim is equal to
x 0 x 5 sin x  (1  cos x) 2 (2x 2  sin x 2 )
19 4 19
(A) (B) (C) (D) 0
45 9 25
Q.43 Lim  n 2  n  1   n 2  n  1   where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function is

n     
(A) 0 (B) 1/2 (C) 2/3 (D) 1/4
n
n p n q 
Q.44 Lim   , p, q > 0 equals
n  2 
 
pq
(A) 1 (B) pq (C) pq (D)
2
f (x  c) f (x  2c) f (x  3c)
g(x)
Q.45 Let g(x) = f (c) f (2c) f (3c) , where c is constant then lim is equal to
x 0 x
f '(c) f '(2c) f '(3c)
(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) f(c)
1  2 x  n2  2x  e 2g(x)  ef (x)
Q.46 Let f(x) = lim tan  4n  1  cos   and g(x) = lim n cos   then lim
n    n  n  2  n  x 0 x6
equals
8 7 5 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 3
3  4sin A sin C
Q.47 In ABC, angles A, B, C are in A.P. then lim is
AC |A C|
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) not exist
n(x  1)  x
Q.48 The value of lim equal to
x 0 x((1  x)1/x  e)
(A) ee (B) e (C) 1/e (D) 1
 1
Q.49 lim  x   , where {.} denotes the fractional part function.
x 1  x
(A) is equal to 1 (B) is equal to 0 (C) does not exist (D) none of these
k k
1 k r (1  x 2 )1/3  (1  2x)1/4
Q.50 If  cos r  for all k  1 and A =   r  , then lim =
r 1 2 r 1 x A x  x2
1 A 
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D)
2 2 2
 x 
a tan  
 a  2a 
Q.51 If lim  2    e , then a is equal to
x a  x
  2
(A) – (B)  (C) (D) 
2 2 
1 1 f (x)
Q.52 If f(x) = lim lim (sin (x + h + t) – sin(x + h) – sin(x + t) + sin x), then lim is
h 0 h t 0 t x 0 x
n
Q.53 Let Pn =  cos(x . 2–k) and g(x) = nlim P then
 n
lim g(x) is
k 1 x 0
[COMPREHENSION TYPE]
Paragraph for Question Nos. 54 to 56
 n
  1
  f  x  n  

Let f(x) = (x + 1) (x + 2) (x + 2 ) (x + 2 ) ..... (x + 2 ) and g(x) =  lim 
2 3 n–1  if f (x)  0
n   f (x) 
 0 if f (x)  0
Q.54 The value of g(0) is equal to
f '(0) f '(0) f (0)
f 2 (0) f (0) f '(0)
(A) e (B) ef '(0) (C) e (D) e
Q.55 If x1, x2, x3,....., xn denote the values of x where f(x) vanishes such that x1 > x2 > x3 > ..... > xn, then
n
r
lim  is equal to
r 1 x r
n 
(A) –8 (B) –4 (C) –2 (D) –1
Q.56 Let f(x) = x sin x and g(x) = f(x) f '(x), then number of distinct real roots of equation g(x) = 0 where
x  (–2, 2) is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 7 (D) 8

Let a sequence be defined by a1 = 0 and an+1 = an + 4n + 3 for all n  1 (n  N)
Q.57 The value ak in terms of k is (k  N)
(A) (k – 1)(2k + 3) (B) (k – 1)(3k + 1) (C) (k – 1)(k + 3) (D) (k – 1)(2k + 5)
a n  a 4n  a  .....  a
42 n 410 n
Q.58 The value of lim
n  a n  a 2n  a  .....  a
22 n 210 n
(A) 685 (B) 683 (C) 687 (D) 690
a n  a 9n  a  .....  a  4L 
92 n 910 n
Q.59 If the value of lim = L, then  11  is
n  a n  a 3n  a  .....  a 3 
32 n 310 n
[.] denotes greatest integer function

(A) 4 (B) 3 (C) 2 (D) 1
sin x  ae x  be  x  cn(1  x)
Let lim 1
x 0 x2
Q.60 The ordered triplet (a, b, c) is
 1 1   1 1   1 1  1 1 
(A)   ,  , 1 (B)   , ,1  (C)   , , 2  (D)  ,  , 2 
 2 2   2 2   2 2  2 2 
Q.61 The roots of the quadratic equation ax2 + bx + c = 0
(A) both positive (B) both negative
(C) one positive and one negative (D) complex conjugate
 
 1   n 
Let f(x) = lim   where x  R –   , n  I
y   sin(x  (1/ y))   2
 y  n  
  sin x 
n
a = lim lim 2 2 2 2
,nI
n  x 0 cot x
(1  2cot x  .....  (2n)cot x ) tan x
1
4  2
b = lim  tan 1 x  x 1 (where N represent set of natural numbers, I represent set of integers and R
x 1   
represent set of real numbers)
Q.62 f(x) = ax has 5 roots in (0, m), m  N, then m =

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10
Q.63 If f(x) = bx has 6 roots in (0, m), m  N then m =

(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10
Q.64 The number of points of intersection of two curves y = |f(x)| and y = b in interval (0, 4) is
(A) 5 (B) 6 (C) 8 (D) 10
Q.65 Statement-1 : If  and  are positive reals and [*] denotes greatest integers function then
x   
lim
   x   
x 0
because
{y}
Statement-2 : lim = 0, {.} denotes fractional part function.
y y
(A) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is correct explanation for statement-1.
(B) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is true; statement-2 is NOT the correct explanation for statement-1.
(C) Statement-1 is true, statement-2 is false.
(D) Statement-1 is false, statement-2 is true.
Q.66 Lim f(x) does not exist when

x c
(A) f(x) = [[x]]  [2x  1], c = 3 (B) f(x) = [x]  x, c = 1
tan (sgn x)
(C) f(x) = {x}2  {x}2, c = 0 (D) f(x) = ,c =0.
sgn x
where [x] denotes step up function & {x} fractional part function.
x.2 x  x  n2 
Q.67 Let f(x) = & g(x) = 2x sin  x  then :
1  cos x  2 
(A) lim f(x) = ln 2 (B) lim g(x) = ln 4 (C) lim f(x) = ln 4 (D) lim g(x) = ln 2
x 0 x  x 0 x 
x 1
Q.68 Let f(x) = 2 . Then :
2x  7x  5
1 1
(A) lim f(x) =  (B) lim f(x) =  (C) lim f(x) = 0 (D) lim does not exist
x 1 3 x 0 5 x  x 5/2
Q.69 Which of the following limits vanish?

1 1
(A) Limit
x   x sin
4 (B) Limit
x   /2 (1  sin x) . tan x
x
2x2  3 [x]2  9
(C) Limit . sgn (x) (D) Limit
x  3
x x2  x  5 2
x 9
where [ ] denotes greatest integer function
Q.70 In which of the following cases limit exists at the indicated points.
[x  | x |]
(A) f(x) = at x = 0 where [] denotes the greatest integer function
x
(B) f(x) = (x – 3)1/5 Sgn(x – 3) at x = 3, where Sgn stands for Signum function
1
xe x tan 1 | x |
(C) f(x) = 1 at x = 0 (D) f(x) = at x = 0
x
1 ex
x
 ax  1  2 2
Q.71 Consider the function f(x) =   where a + b  0 then xlim f(x)
 bx  2  
(A) exists for all values of a and b (B) is zero for 0 < a < b
1 1
   
(C) is non existent for a > b > 0 (D) is e a or e b if a = b
2    2 f () 2  2  1
Q.72 Assume that Lim f () exists and   holds for certain interval
1 3 2 3
containing the point  = – 1 then Lim f ()
1
(A) is equal to f (–1) (B) is equal to 1 (C) is non existent (D) is equal to – 1
a(2x 3  x 2 )  b(x 3  5x 2  1)  c(3x 3  x 2 )

Q.73 If lim = 1 then which of the following relations between
x  a(5x 4  x)  bx 4  c(4x 4  1)  2x 2  5x
a, b and c must hold good ?

(A) a + 2b + c = 1 (B) 5a – b + 4c = 0
(C) 2a + b – 3c = 0 (D) a – 5b + c + 2 = 0
h2 x3 1
Q.74 If lim  x then f(x) can not be equal to
h 0 f (x  2h)  2f (x  h)  f (x) 2 2x
(A) tan–1(x2) + ax + b (B) tan–1(x) + ax2 + b
(C) tan–1(x2) + ax2 + b (D) tan–1(x3) + ax + b
(sin(sin x)  sin x) 1
Q.75 If lim 3 5
 , then
x 0 ax  bx  c 12
(A) a = 2 (B) a = –2 (C) c = 0 (D) b  R
1 
Q.76 If lim n = 1, where x  (2n + 1) ,  n  I, then possible value(s) of  will be :
n 0
 tan 2 x    2
 2  1
 tan x  1 
1 3 1 5
(A)  (B) (C) (D)
2 4 4 4
Q.77 Column–I Column-II

nx
(A) lim (P) 2
x 1 x 4  1
3e x  x 3  3x  3 2
(B) lim (Q)
x 0 tan 2 x 3
  2 tan 1 x 3
(C) lim (R)
x   1 2
n  1  
 x
2sin x  sin 2x 1
(D) lim (S)
x 0 x(cos x  cos 2x) 4
e x  e x  2x 11
(E) lim (T)
x 0 x  sin x 2
1  1  x 2 cos x.cos 3x
(F) lim
x 0 x2
  cos x  cos a 
xlim   , a  n
a  cot x  cot a 

Q.78 Let f(a) = 

2 , a  (2n  1) , n  I and b = lim
n 
 n 2  4n  1  n 2  2 
2 , a  2n


Column–I Column-II
(A) If f(x) is periodic with fundamental period k where k  R, then k  (P) 0
(B) The integers in the range of |f(x)| is/are (Q) 1
(C) Let k where k  R be the root of the equation |f(x)| = b in (R) 2
interval [–4, 4], then possible values of |k| is/are
 b|x| | x | 2
(D) Let g(x) =  then possible values g(x) (S) 4
sgn | 2b  x | 2  | x |
can attain is/are
EXERCISE–IV
1  cos 2x
1. lim is [2002]
x 0 2x
(A) 1 (B) –1 (C) zero (D) does note exist
x
 x 2  5x  3 
2. lim  2  [2002]
x   x  x  3 
(A) e4 (B) e2 (C) e3 (D) 1
xf (2)  2f (x)
3. Let f(x) = 4 and f (x)  4 . Then lim is given by [2002]
x 2 x2
(A) 2 (B) –2 (C) –4 (D) 3
log x n  [x]
4. lim , n  N , ([x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x) [2002]
x 0 [x]
(A) has value –1 (B) has value 0 (C) has value 1 (D) does not exist
f (x)  1
5. If f(1) = 1, f1(1) = 2, then lim is [2002]
x 1 x 1
1
(A) 2 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D)
2
1  2 4  34  ......n 4 1  23  33  ......n 3
6. lim  lim [2003]
n  n5 n  n5
1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) Zero (D)
5 30 4
log(3  x)  log(3  x)
7. If lim  k , the value of k is [2003]
x 0 x
2 1 2
(A)  (B) 0 (C)  (D)
3 3 3
  x 
1  tan  2   [1  sin x]
8. lim is [2003]
x   x  3
2 1  tan   [  2x]
  2  
1 1
(A)  (B) (C) 0 (D)
8 32
2x
 a b 
9. If lim  1   2   e 2 , then the values of a and b, are [2004]
x   x x 
(A) a = 1 and b = 2 (B) a = 1, b  R (C) a  R, b = 2 (D) a  R, b  R
1  cos(ax 2  bx  c)
10. Let  and  be the distinct roots of ax2 + bx + c = 0, then lim is equal to
x  (x  )2
a2 a 2 1
(A) (  )2 (B) 0 (C) (  )2 (D) (  ) 2 [2005]
2 2 2
f (3x) f (2x)
11. Let f : R  R be a positive increasing function with xlim  1. Then lim 
 f (x) x  f (x)
2 3
(A) (B) (C) 3 (D) 1 [2010]
3 2
 1  cos{2(x  2)} 
12. lim   [2011]
x 2  x2 
1
(A) equals 2 (B) equals – 2 (C) equals (D) does not exist
2
13. Let f : R  [0, ) be such that lim f (x) exists and lim
 f (x)  9
 0 . Then lim f (x) equals
x 5 x 5 | x 5| x 5
[JEE Mains 2011]

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) 2 (D) 3
(1  cos 2x)(3  cos x)

14. lim is equal to [IIT Mains 2013]
x 0 x tan 4x
1 1
(A) 2 (B) – (C) (D) 1
4 2
2
sin( cos x)
x 0 x2

(A)  (B) (C) 1 (D) –
2
 f (x) 
16. Let f(x) be a polynomial of degree four having extreme values at x = 1 and x = 2. If lim 1  2   3 ,
x 0  x 
then f(2) is equal to [IIT Mains 2015]
(A) 4 (B) –8 (C) –4 (D) 0
(1  cos 2x)(3  cos x)

x 0 x tan 4x
1
(A) (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 2
2
1
18.
x 0

Let p = lim 1  tan 2 x  2x then log p is equal to [IIT Mains 2016]
1 1
(A) 2 (B) 1 (C) (D)
2 4
19.. For x  R, f(x) = |log2 – sin x| and g(x) = f(f(x)), then : [JEE(Main)-2016]
(A) g is differentiable at x = 0 and g'(0) = –sin(log2)
(B) g is not differentiable at x = 0
(C) g'(0) = cos(log2)
(D) g'(0) = –cos(log2)
cot x  cos x
20. lim equals [JEE Mains 2017]
 (   2x)3
x
2
1 1 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 16 8 4
21. For each t  R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then, [JEE Mains 2018]
1 2 15  
lim x        ....     .
x 0
x x  x 
(A) does not exist (in R) (B) is equal to 0
(C) is equal to 15 (D) is equal to 120
1  1  y4  2
22. lim [JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-1)]
y 0 y4
1
(A) exists and equals (B) does not exist
4 2
1 1
(C) exsits and equals (D) exists and equals
2 2 2 2  2 1
x [x] | x | sin[x]
23. For each x R, let [x] be the greatest integer less than or equal to x. Then lim is
|x|
x 0
equal to: [JEE Main 2019 (09-01-2019-Shift-2)]

(A) 1 (B) sin 1 (C) – sin 1 (D) 0
24. For each t  R, let [t] be the greatest integer less than or equal to t. Then
1  x  sin 1  x  sin  2 1  x 
lim   [JEE Main 2019 (10-01-2019-Shift-1)]
x 1 1  x 1  x 
(A) does not exist (B) equals 1 (C) equals – 1 (D) equals 0
25. Let [x] denote the greatest integer less than or equal to x. then :
2
lim

tan   sin 2 x   x  sin  x  x    [JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-1)]
x 0 x2
(A) does not exist (B) equals 0 (C) equals  (D) equals 
x cot(4x)
26. lim
x 0sin 2 x cot 2  2x  is equal to: [JEE Main 2019 (11-01-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) 4 (B) 1 (C) 0 (D) 2
cot 3 x  tan x
lim
27. x  / 4  
cos  x   is : [JEE Main 2019 (12-01-2019-Shift-1)]
 4
(A) 8 2 (B) 8 (C) 4 2 (D) 4
  2 sin 1 x
28. l im is equal to: [JEE Main 2019 (12-01-2019-Shift-2)]
x 1 1 x
2 1 
(A) (B) (C) (D) 
 2 2
sin 2 x
29. lim equals: [JEE Main 2019 (08-04-2019-Shift-1)]
x 0
2  1  cos x
(A) 4 (B) 2 2 (C) 4 2 (D) 2
x4 1 x3  k3
30. If lim  lim 2 , then k is : [JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-1)]
x  1 x k x  k 2
x 1
4 8 3 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 2 8
x 2  ax  b
31. If lim  5 , then a + b is equal to : [JEE Main 2019 (10-04-2019-Shift-2)]
x 1 x 1
(A) -7 (B) 4 (C) 1 (D) 5
32. Let f(x) = 5 – |x – 2| and g(x) = |x + 1|, x  R. If f(x) attains maximum value at  and g(x) attains
 x  1  x 2  5x  6 
minimum value at ,then lim is equal to
x  x 2  6x  8
[JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-2)]
(A) 3/2 (B) –3/2 (C) –1/2 (D) 1/2
x  2sinx
33. lim is : [JEE Main 2019 (12-04-2019-Shift-2)]
x 0
x 2  2sin x  1  sin 2 x  x  1
(A) 1 (B) 3 (C) 6 (D) 2
3x  33 x  12
34. lim is equal to _______. [JEE Main 2020 (07-01-2020-Shift-1)]
x  2 3 x/ 2  3 x
1/ x 2
 3x 2  2 
35. lim  2  is equal to : [JEE Main 2020 (08-01-2020-Shift-1)]
x  0 7x  2
 
1 1
(A) (B) e2 (C) e (D)
e2 e
x  x 2  x 3  ...  x n  n
36. If lim  820,  n  N  then the value of n is equal to :
x 1 x 1
[JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-1)]
1/ x
  
37. lim  tan   x   is equal to: [JEE Main 2020 (02-09-2020-Shift-2)]
x 0
 4 
(A) e (B) e2 (C) 2 (D) 1
38. Let [t] denote the greatest integer  t. if for some   R  0,1
lim 1  x | x |
x 0  L , then L is equal to: [JEE Main 2020 (03-09-2020-Shift-1)]
  x  x
1
(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) (D) 1
2
lim
 1  x2 x2 x2 x 2   k
39. If x 0  8 1  cos  cos  cos cos    2 , then the vlaue of k is ______
 x  2 4 2 4  
[JEE Main 2020 (03-09-2020-Shift-1)]
1 1
3 3
(a  2x)  (3x)
40. lim 1 1
(a  0) is equal to: [JEE Main 2020 (03-09-2020-Shift-2)]
x a
3 3
(3a  x)  (4x)
4 4 1 1
 2 3  2 3  2  2  3  2  2  3
(A)   (B)   (C)    (D)   
9  3  3  9   9  3 
1  cos  p  x  
41. If  is positive root of the equation, p(x) = x2  x  2 = 0, then lim is equal to :
x 4
x 
[JEE Main 2020 (05-09-2020-Shift-1)]

1 3 3 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
2 2 2 2
  1 x 2  x 4 1/ x 
xe 1 
42. lim   [JEE Main 2020 (05-09-2020-Shift-2)]
x 0 2 4
1 x  x 1
(A) is equal to e (B) is equal to 1 (C) is equal to 0 (D) does not exist
n
 1 1
 1  2  .......  n 
43. lim  1   is equal to : [JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-1)]
n 
 n2 
 
1 1
(A) (B) 0 (C) (D) 1
2 e
ax   e 4x  1
44. If lim exists and is equal to b, then the value of a – 2b is ______.
x 0 ax  e 4x  1
[JEE Main 2021 (25-02-2021-Shift-2)]
    
 3 sin  6  h   cos  6  h  
45. The value of lim 2      is:

h 0
 3h 3 cosh  sinh  
 
[JEE Main 2021 (26-02-2021-Shift-1)]
4 2 3 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 4 3
ae x  b cos x  ce  x
46. If lim  2 , then a + b + c is equal to _______.
x 0 x sin x
[JEE Main 2021 (16-03-2021-Shift-1)]
2 2
cos 1 (x   x  )  sin 1 (x   x  )
47. The value of lim , where [x] denotes the greatest integer  x is:
x 0 x  x3
JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-1)]
 
(A)  (B) 0 (C) (D)
4 2
[r]  [2r]  .....  [nr]

48. The value of lim , where r is non-zero real number and [r] denotes the greatest
n  n2
integer less than or equal to r, is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-2)]
r
(A) (B) r (C) 2r (D) 0
2
tan   cos 2  
49. The value of the limit lim is equal to :
 0 sin  2 sin 2  
[JEE Main 2021 (17-03-2021-Shift-2)]
1 1 1
(A)  (B)  (C) 0 (D)
2 4 4
sin 1 x  tan 1 x
50. If lim is equal to L, then the value of (6L + 1) is:
x 0 3x 3
[JEE Main 2021 (18-03-2021-Shift-1)]
1 1
(A) (B) (C) 6 (D) 2
6 2
 x 2 
 2 
51. 
If the value of lim 2  cos x cos 2x
x 0
 x 
is equal to ea, then a is equal to
[JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-1)]
xe x –  log (1  x)   x 2 e – x
52. If lim  10,  R, then value of  is__.
x 0 x sin 2 x
[JEE Main 2021 (20-07-2021-Shift-2)]
x 2f (2)  4f (x)
53. Let f : R  R be a function such that f(2) = 4 and f (2) = 1. Then, the value of lim is
x 2 x2
equal to : [JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) 12 (B) 8 (C) 4 (D) 16
 x 
54. The value of lim
x 0  8 8  is equal to:
 1  sin x – 1  sin x 
[JEE Main 2021 (27-07-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) – 1 (B) 4 (C) 0 (D) – 4
 9 x 
55. lim    is equal to:
x 2  2
 n 1 n  n  1 x  2  2n  1 x  4 
[JEE Main 2021 (26-08-2021-Shift-2)]
5 1 9 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
24 5 44 36

2 x 2  bx  c 
2
e  1  2  x 2  bx  c 
56. If  ,  are the distinct roots of x  bx  c  0 , then lim 2
is equal to:
x 
 x  
[JEE Main 2021 (27-08-2021-Shift-1)]
(A) b2  4c (B) 2  b 2  4c  (C) 2  b 2  4c  (D) b2  4c
57. If lim
x 
 
x 2  x  1  ax  b , then the ordered pair (a, b) is: [JEE Main 2021 (27-08-2021-Shift-2)]
 1  1  1  1
(A) 1,   (B)  1,  (C)  1,   (D) 1, 
 2  2  2  2
sin 2   cos4 x 
58. lim is equal to: [JEE Main 2021 (31-08-2021-Shift-1)]
x 0 x4
(A) 4 (B) 22 (C) 42 (D)  2
tan 3 x  tan x cot x

59. Let   lim and   lim  cos x  are the roots of equation ax 2  bx  4  0 , then
x   x 0
4 cos  x  
 4
the ordered pair (a, b) is: [JEE Main 2021 (31-08-2021-Shift-2)]
(A) (1, –3) (B) (–1, 3) (C) (1, 3) (D) (–1, –3)
60. Let f  x   x 6  2x 4  x 3  2x  3, x  R. Then the natural number n for which
x n f 1  f  x 
lim  44 is [JEE Main 2021 (01-09-2021-Shift-2)]
x 1 x 1
EXERCISE–V
2
x
a  a2  x2 
Q.1 Let L = lim 4 , a > 0. If L is finite, then [JEE 2009, 3]
x 0 x4
1 1
(A) a = 2 (B) a = 1 (C) L = (D) L =
64 32
1/x
Q.2 If lim 1  x ln(1  b 2 )  = 2b sin2 , b > 0 and  (,], then the value of  is
x 0
[JEEAdv 2012]
   
(A)  (B)  (C)  (D) 
4 3 6 2
Q.3 Let (a) and (a) be the roots of the equation [JEE 2012]
 3

1  a 1 x 2   1 a 1 x    6

1  a  1  0 where a > –1
Then lim (a) and lim (a) are(

a 0 a 0
5 1 7 9
(A) – and 1 (B) – and –1 (C) – and 2 (D) – and 3
2 2 2 2
 x2  x  1 
Q.4 If lim   ax  b  = 4, then [JEE 2012]
x 
 x 1 
(A) a = 1, b = 4 (B) a = 1, b = –4 (C) a = 2, b = –3 (D) a = 2, b = 3
1 x
 ax  sin(x  1)  a 1 x 1
Q.5 The largest value of the non-negative integer a for which lim    is
x 1
 x  sin(x  1)  1  4
[IIT Adv. 2014]
 ecos( n )  e  e m
Q.6 Let m and n be two positive integers greater than 1. If lim       then the value of
0  m  2 n
  
is [IIT Adv. 2015]
x 2 sin( x)
Q.7 Let  R be such that lim = 1. Then 6() equals [IIT Adv. 2016]
x 0 x  sin x
1  x(1 | 1  x |)  1 
Q.8 Let f(x) = cos   for x  1. Then [JEE Adv 2017]
|1  x | 1 x 
(A) lim f(x) does not exist (B) lim f(x) = 0
x 1 x 1
(C) lim f(x) = 0 (D) lim f(x) does not exist

x 1 x 1
Q.9 Let f :    be a function. We say that f has

f (h)  f (0)
PROPERTY 1 : if hlim
0 h exists and is finite, and
f (h)  f (0)
PROPERTY 2 : if hlim exists and is finite.
0 h2
Then which of the following option(s) is /are correct?
[JEE (advanced) 2019]
2/3
(A) f(x) = x |x| has PROPERTY 2 (B) f (x) = x PROPERTY 1
(C) f (x) = sin x has PROPERTY 2 (D) f (x) = |x| has PROPERTY 1
Q.10 For non - negative inters n, let

n
 k 1  k2 
 sin  n  2   sin  n  2  
k 0
f (n)  n
 k 1 
 sin 2  n  2  
k 0
Assuming cos-1 x takes values in [0,  ], which of the following opiton(s) is / are correct ?
[JEE (advanced) 2019]
3
(A) sin (7 cos-1 f(5)) = 0 (B) f  4  
2
1
(C) lim f (n)  (D) If   tan(cos1 f (6)), then  2  2  1  0
n  2
Q.11 Let e denote the base of the natural logarithm. The value of the real number a for which the right hand
1
x 1
limit lim (1  x ) a  e is equal to a non-zero real number, is____ [JEE Advanced 2020]
x 0  x
4 2(sin 3x  sin x )
Q.12 The value of the limit lim
x  3x 5x   3x  is
2  2sin 2 x sin  cos    2  2 cos 2 x  cos 
 2 2   2 
[JEE Advanced 2020]
ANSWER KEY
GN BERMAN
1
245. 1 246. 247. 3 248.  249. 0 250. 0
2
15
251. 252. 1 253. 0 254. 4 255. 1 256. 0
17
4 1 1
257. 0 258. 0 259. 1 260. 261. 262. 
3 2 2
1 1 1
263. -1 264. 1. Note that  n  1 n  n  1  n
1 3
265. 266. 1 267. 0 268. 9 269. 270. 
2 4
2 1
271. 0 272. 0 273.  274. 275. 6 276. 
5 2
m
277. -1 278.  279. 0 280. 281. 0 282. 
n
1 1 1
283. 284. -1 285. 0 286. 287.  288 100
2 4 2
289. -1 290. 1 291.  292. 0 293. 0 294. 
1 1
295. 4 296. 297. 3 298. if x  0;  if x  0
4 2 x
1 2 1 m
299. 300. 301. 302.
3 3 4a a  b n
1 1
303. . Add unity to, and subtract from the numerator.. 304. 
2 4
c
305. One root tends to  306. 0 307. 0
b
1
308. 0 if x   ;  if x    309. if x  ;   if x   
2
ab 5
310. if x   ,  if x    311.  312. 0 313. 1
2 2
 2
314. 3 315. k 316. 
317.
5
318. 0 if n > m, 1 if n = m,  if n < m 319. 2/3 320. 1/3
321. 1/2 322. 3/4 323.  324. -1 325. 1/2 326. 
327. 0 328. 1/2 329.  330. -3/2 331 1 332.  / 2
a 2 2
333. 2/  334.  335. 336. 2 337. 338. -2
 2 2
2   2 sin 2
339. -2 sin a 340. 341. cos 3  342. 2
2
2sin a 2
343.  sin  344. 345. 346. 1 347. 6
cos3 a 8
3 1 1 1
348. 349. -1 350. Put arccos x = y 351. 352.
2 2 e e
353. 1 354. emk 355. e6 356. e 2/3 357. e2
358. 0 if x  ,  if 359.  if x   , 0 if x   360. 1
361.  if x    , 0 if x    362. e2 363. e 364. e
365. k 366. 1/a 367. a 368. 1/e 369. ln a 370. 2/3
371. e 372. 3/2; add unity to, and subtract from, the numerator.
373. 2 374. 1 375. a - b 376. 1
377. 0 if x   ,  if x    378. 1 if x   ,  1 if x   
1
379. 1 a n (2) 0 if A  0, a n if A = 0 amd a  0 , and  , if A = a = 0; (3)
1 A
380. 0 if x   ;   if x   
381. For a > 1 the limit equals 1 if x   , and 0 if x    . For a < 1 the limit equals 0
if x   , and 1 if x    . For a = 1 the limit is equal to 1/2.
382. For a > 1 the limit equals 1 if x   , and 0 if -1 if x    . For a < 1 vice versa.
383. 0 384. 0 385. 1 386. 0 387.  cos a 388. 1/12
sin x x
389. 1/8 390. Multiply and divide by sin n 391. 1/2 392. 0
x 2
ba 1
393. -1/2 Use the formula arctan b - arctan a = arctan 394.
1  ab 2
1 x
395. Replace arcsin x by arctan and take advantage of the hint to Problem
2 1 x2
393.
396.  if n < 1; e if n = 1; 1 if n > 1
397. 1. Take the expression 1 - (1 - cos x) instead of cos x. 398. -1/2
399. 1/e 400. e 401. eab
1. (i) 2 (ii) 2 (iii) Limit does not exist (iv) 2 (v) 2

2. (i) 0 (ii) Limit does not exist (iii) Limit does not exist (iv)
2
3. C 4. 12
5. (i) No (ii) No (iii) Yes, 0 form (iv) No
6. A 7. C 8. D
3 2 25 1
9. (i) (ii) 25 (iii) (iv) (b – a) (v) (vi) 2e2 (vii) 2 (viii)
2 ln 2 16 2
1
(ix) 2a sina + a2 cosa (x) limit does not exist (xi)  (xii) 5
3
10. B
1. B 2. B 3. A
1 1
4. (i) 3 (ii) (iii) (iv) 1 (v) –2
2 2
5. B 6. A 7. A 8. A
3 2 1 9 4
9. (i) (a  2)1/ 2 (ii)  (iii) (iv)  ln
2 25 3 4 e
10. B
1
1. (i) a  , b  1 (ii) a = 2, b  R, c = 5, d  R (iii) a = 3, b = 12, c = 9
2
2. 2(sec2a)tana
3. B
4. (i) e–1 (ii) 0 (iii) e–2 (iv) e2
5. B 6. C
7. (i) 1 (ii) 1 (iii) 0 (iv) limit does not exist
x
8. a = b and bc = –3 9. B 10.
3
EXERCISE–I
45 2 1
Q 1. 3 Q 2. Q 3. 2 Q.4 5050 Q 5. Q.6 –
91 3 3
3 pq 1 1 2
Q.7 Q.8 Q.9 a = ;r= ;S= Q 10. l n 2
2 2 2 4 3
1 1
Q.11 (a) does not exist; (b) does not exist; (c) 0 Q 12. 2 Q.13 Q.14
32 16 2
Q.15 21n 2 Q.16 a = 2 ; limit = 1 Q.17 (a) /2 if a > 0 ; 0 if a = 0 and –/2 if a < 0; (b) f(x) = | x |

9 4
Q.18 1 Q 19.  1n Q.20  – 3 Q.21 2 Q.22 9 Q.23 8 2 (1n 3) 2
4 e
3 2L
Q.24 – 3, –3, – 3 Q.25 (ln a)n Q.26 72 Q.27 – 1/2 Q.28 Q.29 Q.30 4
2 3
2
Q.31 lna Q.32 1

EXERCISE–II
 12 2 2 a2
Q.1 e-8 Q.2 c = ln2 Q.3 e Q.4 e–1 Q.5  Q.6 e  2 
4
 
Q.7 e-1 Q.8 e–1/2 Q.9 (a1.a2.a3....an) Q.10 ,
2 2 2
2a 2  4 2 x 1
Q.11 a = c = 1, b = 2 Q.12 Q.13 Q.15 Q.16 –
16a 4
3 2 2

Q.17 a - b Q.18 Q.19 1/2 Q.20 8
3
1 x x sin x 1 1 3
Q.21 T(x) = tan2 . sin x or tan  , S(x) = x  sin x, limit =
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
2
Q.22 g (x) = sin x and l = e Q.23  Q.24 19 Q.25 e 
tan 
1
Q.26 a = – 5/2, b = – 3/2 Q.28 (a) 2; (b) 1/2 Q.29 (i) a =1, b = 1 (ii) a = 1 , b = Q.30 307
2
EXERCISE–III
Q.1 C Q.2 C Q.3 B Q.4 C Q.5 C Q.6 A Q.7 B
Q.8 C Q.9 C Q.10 C Q.11 B Q.12 A Q.13 C Q.14 C
Q.15 C Q.16 B Q.17 B Q.18 A Q.19 A Q.20 B Q.21 D
Q.22 A Q.23 D Q.24 D Q.25 D Q.26 D Q.27 B,D Q.28 A
Q.29 A Q.30 C Q.31 A Q.32 A Q.33 C Q.34 C Q.35 C
Q.36 D Q.37 D Q.38 C Q.39 C Q.40 B Q.41 C Q.42 A
Q.43 B Q.44 B Q.45 A Q.46 A Q.47 A Q.48 C Q.49 A
Q.50 A Q.51 B Q.52 B Q.53 B Q.54 C Q.55 B Q.56 C
Q.57 A Q.58 B Q.59 D Q.60 D Q.61 C Q.62 B Q.63 B
Q.64 C Q.65 A Q.66 B,C Q.67 C,D Q.68 A,B,C,D Q.69 A,B,D
Q.70 A,B,C Q.71 B,C,D Q.72 A,D Q.73 B,C,D Q.74 A,B,C,D Q.75 A,C,D
Q.76 A,B,C
Q.77 (A)  S ; (B)  R ; (C)  P ; (D)  Q ; (E)  P ; (F)  T
Q.78 (A)  R,S ; (B)  Q,R ; (C)  P,Q,R,S ; (D)  P,Q,R,S
EXERCISE–IV
1. D 2. A 3. C 4. D 5. A 6. A 7. A
8. D 9. B 10. A 11. D 12. D 13. D 14. A
15. A 16. D 17. D 18. C 19. C 20. B 21. D
22. A 23. C 24. D 25. A 26. B 27. B 28. A
29. C 30. B 31. A 32. D 33. D 34. 36 35. A
36. 40 37. B 38. B 39. 8 40. C 41. B 42. B
43. D 44. 5 45. A 46. 4 47. D 48. A 49. A
50. D 51. 3 52. 3 53. A 54. D 55. C 56. C
57. A 58. C 59. C 60. 7
EXERCISE–V
Q.1 A,C Q.2 D Q.3 B Q.4 B Q.5 0 Q.6 2 Q.7 7
Q.8 B, D Q.9 B, D Q.10 A,B,D Q.11 1.00 Q.12 8
REVISION PLANNER FOR MAINS

CONCEPT BUILDING 01 :
4. 8.
4. (iv) (v)
2. 8.
EXERCISE–I
8. 13. 28.
EXERCISE–II
9. 11. 29.
EXERCISE–III
4. 9. 11. 31. 38.
EXERCISE–IV
10. 24. 41.
EXERCISE–V
2.

Limit Sheet

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Limit Sheet

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Best Approach

and hLim (1 + h )n 

(c) If Lim f(x) = 1 and Lim (x) = , then ;

4. SQUEEZE PLAY THEOREM :

integer function less than or equal to x.

or lim | 0  h |  a  lim cos[0  h]

x1/2  x1/4  x1/8  x1/16  4

7. Evaluate lim(4n  5n )1/n .

10. Evaluate lim log tan 2 x (tan 2 2x)

  [12 (sin x) x ]  [22 (sin x) x ]  ......[n 2 (sin x) x ]  

(sin x) x n(n  1)(2n  1)  n 1

16. Let f : R  (0, ) be such that f (x)   e x  e x  x  0 , then lim f (x) is

Hence lim f (x)  e , by sandwich theorem.

tan x tan(   x)

Hence xlim f (x)   Ans.

(A) 1 (B) 9 × 213 (C) 9 × 111 (D) 4 × 311

Degree of Dr must be 13 ; hence degree of f(x) = 2 and degree of g(x) must be 11

= 32 × 211 = 9 × 211 Ans.

Functions of the continuous argument

cos  a  x   cos  a  x  cos  x  cos  x

sin  a  2h   2sin  a  h   sin a tan  a  2h   2 tan  a  h   tan a

377. lim  cosh x  sinh x  378. lim tanh x

2. Evaluate the following limits,

6. Consider the following statements :

7. lim(1  x  [x  2]  [2  x]) is equal to (where [.] denotes greatest integer function)

(A) 0 (B) 2 (C) –2 (D) does not exist

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) –1 (D) does not exist

9. Evaluate the following limits, if exists

4. Evaluate the following limits

9. Evaluate the following limits using expansions :

axe x  b ln(1  x)  cxe  x

tan(a  2h)  2 tan(a  h)  tan a

sin(a  3h)  3sin(a  2h)  3sin(a  h)  sin a

4. Evaluate the following limits :

(A) 0 (B) 1 (C) e (D) e–1

[1.3x]  [2.4x]  ....  [n.(n  2)x]

9. If [x] denotes greatest integer less than or equal to x, then

Lim sec 4 x  sec 2x  p q 

cos 1 2 x 1  x 2  [x ]2  15[ x ]  56

sin 1 (1 {x}).cos 1 (1 {x})

(1  x )(1  x 2 )(1  x 3 )......(1  x 2n )

f (x) x (1  a cos x )  b sin x

(A) g (x) = sgn(x – 1) (B) h (x) = sgn (tan–1x)

Q.14 Which one of the following statement is true?

(B) If Lim f ( x ) ·g( x ) exists, then Lim f ( x ) and Lim g ( x ) exist.

(C) If Lim f (x )  g ( x )  and Lim f ( x ) exist, then Lim g ( x ) exist.

(D) If Lim f (x )  g ( x )  exists, then Lim f ( x ) and Lim g ( x ) exist.

Q.16 If Lim [ f ( x )  g ( x )]  2 and Lim [ f ( x )  g ( x )]  1 , then Lim f (x ) g ( x )

Q.17 Given 0 < a < b, the value of lim (an + bn)1/n is

(A) a (B) b (C) 1/a (D) 1/b

12 n 2 2 (n1)32 (n2).....n 2.1

Q.20 Let f : (1, 2)  R satisfie the inequality

(A)  = 2,  = 1,  R (B)  = 2,  = 2, = 5

Q.26 lim sin–1[tan x] = l then {l} is equla to

(A) 1 (B) 0 (C) /2 (D) non existent

(A)  = m (B)  = 2m (C) 2 = m (D)  + m = 0

Q.33 Lim cos   n 2  n  when n is an integer :

Q.36 The value of Limit

Q.40 If x is a real number in [0, 1] then the value of Limit Limit

(A) 1 or 2 according as x is rational or irrational

Q.43 Lim  n 2  n  1   n 2  n  1   where [ ] denotes the greatest integer function is

(A) –8 (B) –4 (C) –2 (D) –1

Paragraph for Question Nos. 57 to 59