Vanessa M.

Medrano

BSN 1A

Introduction

When we heard the word cloning the first thing that comes to our mind is to copy.
But what is the real meaning of cloning when it comes to science. Cloning is a process
in which is the producing of an identical individual of an organism could produce
genetically and it either naturally or artificially. According to the research J.B.S Haldane
an English scientist who invented the word clone which is originated from the Ancient
Greek word “Tany” which means a new plant can be produced from a twig the simplest
form to explain what is the basic function of cloning is when the cell is started to copy
from an organism to create another organism. Cloning can be done by plants, animal
and even in human but somehow other scientists use animal cloning to be there subject
of their scientific experiment. There are three types of Cloning the Gene cloning,
Reproductive Cloning and the Therapeutic cloning which will be tackle later on.

This study tackles about the three types of cloning which is the Gene cloning,
Reproductive Cloning and the Therapeutic cloning the researcher will define it and
identify each functions and to understand their importance and after that it will also
includes the Ethical controversies.

Gene Cloning

Gene cloning or also known as DNA cloning it is a process wherein the gene is
fabricated with an exact cell. The use of the gene cloning is to detect if there are
disease, or some defective genes and also to treat various ailments because of this the
scientist find a opportunity to provide an extra information about gene cloning which
they lead them to study the structure and the functions of gene in detail. Gene cloning
has a process first, it is need to isolate to established the desired gene so that it will be
easier to determine the gene that will be identify in the DNA and this process is known a
fragmentation which means to scattered some part of a strand of a DNA. Wherein the
DNA should be extracted to all of the gene but this process needs to be extracted at
one time because there is no other option to locate a gene even by looking at all of the
DNA.

Reproductive Cloning

This cloning use a technique called somatic cell nuclear transfer wherein they
plan to clone other creature to extract the cell's onto the nucleus which includes nuclear
DNA in the cell and eliminate the rest. To understand more about the functions and
process of the reproductive cloning here our some step first, the cloning process started
with one egg cell of an organism that needs to be cloned. Both cells go through the
process of enucleation. Second, the nucleus cell that inserted into the egg cell will be
transfer over the genetic information that will begin to reboot and act as a fertilized egg.
The third step will be

The 3rd steps is when the egg begin to develop and turns out to be embryo.
When the process being simulated by the use of chemicals or an electrical shock, it will
mother of the same or related creature it will be transferred and it caused the embryo
divided into sixteen cells. The last step is when the embryo finally develop an organism
or species that genetically identical to the donor of the somatic cell.

Therapeutic Cloning

This cloning is different from the reproductive cloning because the embryo
doesn't develop but the stem cell are needed to be extracted from it. Heart, brain or lung
these are some of specialized cell that stem cell should be develop. To understand
some of the scientist do some experiment to develop new treatments for disease but
until now there is no evidence that human embryos have been produced for therapeutic
cloning. Therapeutic cloning: Cloning designed as therapy for a disease. In therapeutic
cloning, the nucleus of a cell, typically a skin cell, is inserted into a fertilized egg whose
nucleus has been removed. The nucleated egg begins to divide repeatedly to form a
blastocyst. Scientists then extract stem cells from the blastocyst and use them to grow
cells that are a perfect genetic match for the patient. The cells created via therapeutic
cloning can then be transplanted into the patient to treat a disease from which the
patient suffers. In contrast to the goal of therapeutic cloning, the goal of reproductive
cloning is to create a new individual, an idea that has stirred great controversy and met
with almost uniform disapproval.

Ethical Controversy

The three types of cloning have a ethical controversy wherein it connected to

some issue about this study the first one is the gene cloning wherein it carefully
regulated technique tgat is largely accepted today and used routinely in many labs
worldwide. But the two reproductive and therapeutic cloning raise important ethical
issues especially as related to the techniques in human that will be included to be use.
Second is the reproductive cloning it. Reproductive cloning it possibly have an issues
about the standing religious and societal values that talks about human dignity,
principles of human freedom, identity and autonomy. However, some of the problem
about this cloning is that it could help sterile couples that want to fulfill their dreams to
become a parents. Also human cloning is not advisable because some researcher
doesn't support this study because in some cases it might be dangerous to avoid
passing on a deleterious gene that runs to the family without having to undergo an
embryo screening. The third one is the Therapeutic Cloning the issue regarding to this
study is that Few people would object to their use if obtained from adult tissues;
however, many oppose harvesting them from embryos in the blastocyst stage
regardless of whether 1) they are obtained from surplus embryos donated by couples
after assisted reproductive techniques, or 2) they are specially manufactured for
research purposes. The central reason is the consideration that embryos should be
treated as full humans from the moment of fertilization. This conflict is also at the bottom
of an older discussion regarding the validity of abortion. There is no consensus at the
present time in this regard, and it is unlikely one will be forthcoming in the future.
Arguments on both sides of the issue are presented, but emphasis is made on the need
for using this technology for research purposes because of its potential value as a
therapeutic tool.

Reference;

https://www.biotecharticles.com/Genetics-Article/Gene-Cloning-and-its-Applications-
1053.html

https://www.dictionary.com/browse/reproductive-cloning

https://www.genome.gov/25020028/cloning-fact-sheet/

https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cloning

https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK223960/