Bit stuffing 

is the insertion of non information bits into data. Note that stuffed
bits should not be confused with overhead bits. Overhead bits are non-data
bits that are necessary for transmission (usually as part of headers,
checksums etc.).

Byte stuffing is a process that transforms a sequence of data bytes that may contain 'illegal'
or 'reserved' values (such as packet delimiter) into a potentially longer sequence that contains
no occurrences of those values.

High-level Data Link Control (HDLC) is a group of communication protocols of the data link
layer for transmitting data between network points or nodes. Since it is a data link protocol,
data is organized into frames. A frame is transmitted via the network to the destination that
verifies its successful arrival. It is a bit - oriented protocol that is applicable for both point - to -
point and multipoint communications.

This method was developed to decrease the chances of collisions when two or
more stations start sending their signals over the datalink layer. Carrier Sense
multiple access requires that each station first check the state of the
medium before sending.

elnet is a network protocol used on the Internet or Local Area Network (LAN) connections.
Telnet is one of the earliest remote login protocols that enables remote terminal access to a
host computer. A Telnet program allows a user on one system to log in to a remote system
and issue commands in a command window of the remote system.
TELecommunication NETwork

 Secure Sockets Layer (SSL) is a protocol developed by Netscape for establishing an

encrypted link between a web server and a browser. SSL is an industry standard which
transmits private data securely over the Internet by encrypting it.

The sliding window is a technique for sending multiple frames at a time. It controls the
data packets between the two devices where reliable and gradual delivery of data
frames is needed. It is also used in TCP (Transmission Control Protocol).

In this technique, each frame has sent from the sequence number. The sequence
numbers are used to find the missing data in the receiver end. The purpose of the
sliding window technique is to avoid duplicate data, so it uses the sequence number.

Classless addressing is a concept of addressing the IPv4 addresses. It was adopted after

the failure of classful addressing. The classful addressing leads to wastage of addresses as
it assigns a fixed-size block of addresses to the customer.
A subnetwork or subnet is a logical subdivision of an IP network. The practice of dividing
a network into two or more networks is called subnetting. ... This results in the logical
division of an IP address into two fields: the network number or routing prefix and the rest field
or host identifier.

A checksum is a value that represents the number of bits in a transmission message and is
used by IT professionals to detect high-level errors within data transmissions. Prior to
transmission, every piece of data or file can be assigned a checksum value after running a
cryptographic hash function.

IPv4 is 32-Bit IP address whereas IPv6 is a 128-Bit IP address. IPv4 is a numeric addressing

method whereas IPv6 is an alphanumeric addressing method. ... IPv4 uses ARP (Address
Resolution Protocol) to map to MAC address whereas IPv6 uses NDP (Neighbour Discovery
Protocol) to map to MAC address.

Historically, MAC addresses are 48 bits long. They have two halves: the first 24 bits form the
Organizationally Unique Identifier (OUI) and the last 24 bits form a serial number (formally
called an extension identifier).

Specifies the size of the TCP header in 32-bit words. The minimum size header is 5 words
and the maximum is 15 words thus giving the minimum size of 20 bytes and maximum of 60
bytes, allowing for up to 40 bytes of options in the header.

The UDP header has a fixed length of 8 bytes. Each of these 4 header fields is 2 bytes long

Routing is the process of selecting a path for traffic in a network or between or across
multiple networks. ... Packet forwarding is the transit of network packets from one
network interface to another. Intermediate nodes are typically network hardware
devices such as routers, gateways, firewalls, or switches.

 datagram is a basic transfer unit associated with a packet-switched network. Datagrams are

typically structured in header and payload sections. Datagrams provide a connectionless
communication service across a packet-switched network.