Research Article

Received 23 August 2016 Published online in Wiley Online Library

(wileyonlinelibrary.com) DOI: 10.1002/mma.4267

MOS subject classification: 93D15; 35B40; 47D03; 74D05

The Euler–Bernoulli beam equation with

boundary dissipation of fractional derivative
type
Zineb Achouri, Nour Eddine Amroun and Abbes Benaissa
Communicated by E. Sanchez-Palencia
We consider a Euler–Bernoulli beam equation with a boundary control condition of fractional derivative type. We study
stability of the system using the semigroup theory of linear operators and a result obtained by Borichev and Tomilov.
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Keywords: Euler–Bernoulli beam equation; boundary dissipation of fractional derivative type; frequency domain method; polyno-
mial stability

1. Introduction
In this paper, we investigate the existence and decay properties of solutions for the initial boundary value problem of the Euler–
Bernoulli beam equation of the type
'tt .x, t/ C 'xxxx .x, t/ D 0 in 0, LŒ0, C1Œ (P)

where .x, t/ 2 .0, L/  .0, C1/. This system is subject to the boundary conditions

'.0, t/ D 'x .0, t/ D 0 in .0, C1/

'xx .L, t/ D 0 in .0, C1/
'xxx .L, t/ D @˛,
t '.L, t/ in .0, C1/

where  > 0. The notation @˛,

t stands for the generalized Caputo’s fractional derivative of order ˛ with respect to the time variable. It
is defined as follows:
Z t
1 dw
@˛,
t w.t/ D .t  s/˛ e.ts/ .s/ ds,   0.
 .1  ˛/ 0 ds
The system is finally completed with initial conditions

'.x, 0/ D '0 .x/, 't .x, 0/ D '1 .x/

where the initial data .'0 , '1 / belong to a suitable function space.
A simple model describing the transverse vibration of a system of non-homogeneous connected Euler–Bernoulli beams, which was
developed in [1], is given by a system of the form

Laboratory of Analysis and Control of PDEs, Djillali Liabes University, P. O. Box 89, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria
* Correspondence to: Abbes Benaissa, Laboratory of Analysis and Control of PDEs, Djillali Liabes University, P. O. Box 89, Sidi Bel Abbes 22000, Algeria.
† E-mail: benaissa_abbes@yahoo.com

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA
8
ˆ m'tt .x, t/ C EI'xxxx .x, t/ D 0
ˆ
ˆ
in 0, LŒ0, C1Œ
ˆ
ˆ '.0, t/ D 0,
ˆ
<
'x .0, t/ D 0,
(EB)
ˆ 2
ˆ EI'xxx .1, t/ D k1 't .1, t/, k1 2 R,
ˆ
ˆ 2
ˆ EI'xx .1, t/ D k2 'xt .1, t/, k2 2 R,
:̂
'.x, 0/ D '0 .x/, 't .x, 0/ D '1 .x/, x 2 .0, L/

where m denotes the mass density per unit length, El is the flexural rigidity coefficient, and the following variables have engineering
meanings:
' D vertical displacement, 't D velocity,
'x D rotation, 'xt D angular velocity,
EI'xx D bending moment
EI'xxx D shear
at a point x, at time t.
Boundary conditions .EB/2 and .EB/3 signify that the beam is clamped, at the left end, x D 0 while boundary conditions .EB/4 and
.EB/5 at the right end, x D 1, respectively, signify

shear .El'xxx / is proportional to velocity .'t /
bending moment .EI'xx / is negatively proportional to angular velocity .'xt /.

Control of elastic systems is one of the main themes in control engineering [2]. The case of the wave equation with linear and nonlinear
boundary feedback has attracted much attention in recent years. The bibliography of works in the direction is truly long ([3–9]), and
many energy estimates have been derived for arbitrary growing feedbacks (polynomial, exponential, or logarithmic decay).
For plates, also with linear and nonlinear boundary feedback acting through shear forces and moments, we refer to [10, 11] for
stabilization results and [12] for estimates of the decay. The more difficult case of control by moment only has been studied in [13]. All
these papers are based on multiplied techniques.
The case of serially connected beams has also been considered, with linear feedback acting genuinely on the force at the nodes
[14]. Exponential stability is proved in the case of nondecreasing density and nonincreasing flexural rigidity. The same result has been
proved in the more difficult case of control by moment only, for single homogeneous beam [1].
In [15], B. Mbodge studies the decay rate of the energy of the wave equation with a boundary fractional derivative control as in
this paper. Using energy methods, she proves strong asymptotic stability under the condition  = 0 and a polynomial type decay rate
E.t/  C=t if  6D 0.
The boundary feedback under the consideration is of fractional type and is described by the fractional derivatives
Z t
1 dw
@˛,
t w.t/ D .t  s/˛ e.ts/ .s/ ds
 .1  ˛/ 0 ds
The order of our derivatives is between 0 and 1. Very little attention has been paid to this type of feedback. In addition to being nonlocal,
fractional derivatives involve singular and nonintegrable kernels (t˛ , 0 < ˛ < 1). This leads to substantial mathematical difficulties
because all the previous methods developed for convolution terms with regular and/or integrable kernels are no longer valid.
It has been shown ([16]) that, as @t , the fractional derivative @˛
t forces the system to become dissipative and the solution to approach
the equilibrium state. Therefore, when applied on the boundary, we can consider them as controllers that help to reduce the vibrations.
In recent years, the application of fractional calculus has become a new interest in research areas such as viscoelasticity, chaos, biol-
ogy, wave propagation, fluid flow, electromagnetics, automatic control, and signal processing ([17]). For example, in viscoelasticity, due
to the nature of the material microstructure, both elastic solid and viscous fluid like response qualities are involved. Using Boltzmann
assumptions, we end up with a stress–strain relationship defined by a time convolution. Viscoelastic response occurs in a variety of
materials, such as soils, concrete, rubber, cartilage, biological tissue, glasses, and polymers ([18–20] and [21]). In our case, the fractional
dissipations may come from a viscoelastic surface of the beam or simply describe an active boundary viscoelastic damper designed for
the purpose of reducing the vibrations ([15, 16]).
Our purpose in this paper is to give a global solvability in Sobolev spaces and energy decay estimates of the solutions to the problem
.P/ with a boundary control of fractional derivative type. To obtain global solutions to the problem .P/, we use the argument combining
the semigroup theory ([22]) with the energy estimate method. For decay estimates, under the condition  D 0, using a spectral analysis,
we prove non-uniform stability. On the other hand if  6= 0, we also show a polynomial type decay rate using a frequency domain
approach and a recent theorem of A. Borichev and Y. Tomilov.

2. Augmented model
This section is concerned with the reformulation of the model .P/ into an augmented system. For that, we need the following claims.
Theorem 2.1 ([15])
Let  be the function:
./ D jj.2˛1/=2 , 1 <  < C1, 0 < ˛ < 1. (1)

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

Then the relationship between the ‘input’ U and the ’output’ O of the system

@t ., t/ C . 2 C /., t/  U.t/./ D 0, 1 <  < C1,   0, t > 0, (2)

., 0/ D 0, (3)
Z C1
O.t/ D . /1 sin.˛ / ./., t/ d (4)
1
is given by
O D I1˛, U D D˛, U (5)
where
Z t
1
ŒI˛, f .t/ D .t 
/˛1 e.t / f .
/ d
.
 .˛/ 0

Lemma 2.1
If  2 D D f 2 C : Re C  > 0g [ f 2 C : Im 6D 0g then
Z C1
2 ./
d D . C /˛1 .
1  C  C 2 sin ˛

Proof
Let us set
2 ./
f ./ D .
 C  C 2
We have
ˇ ˇ ( 2 ./
ˇ 2 ./ ˇ or
ˇ ˇ ReCC 2
ˇ  C  C 2 ˇ  2 ./
jImjCC 2

Then the function f is integrable. Moreover,

ˇ ˇ ( 2 ./
ˇ 2 ./ ˇ for all Re  0 > 
ˇ ˇ 0 CC 2
ˇ  C  C 2 ˇ  2 ./
for all jImj  Q 0 > 0
Q 0 C 2


From Theorem 1.16.1 in [23], the function

f : D ! C is holomorphe.
For a real number  > , we have
Z C1 Z C1 Z C1
2 ./ jj2˛1 x ˛1
2
d D 2
d D dx . with  2 D x/
1  C  C  1  C  C  0 CCx
Z C1
D . C /˛1 y1 .y  1/˛1 dy . with y D x=. C / C 1/
1
Z 1
D . C /˛1 z˛ .1  z/˛1 dz . with z D 1=y/
0
˛1
D . C / B.1  ˛, ˛/ D . C /˛1  .1  ˛/ .˛/ D . C /˛1 .
sin ˛

Both holomorphic functions f and  7! . C /˛1 sin ˛ coincide on the half line   1, Œ, hence on D following the principle of
isolated zeroes.
We are now in a position to reformulate system .P/. Indeed, by using Theorem 2.1, system .P/ may be recast into the augmented
model:
8
ˆ 'tt C 'xxxx D 0,
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ
ˆ @t ., t/ C . 2 C /., t/  't .L, t/./ D 0,
ˆ
< '.0, t/ D ' .0, t/ D 0,
x
(P’)
ˆ
ˆ 'xx .L, t/ D 0,
ˆ
ˆ R C1
ˆ 'xxx .L, t/ D . /1 sin.˛ / 1 ./., t/ d,
:̂
'.x, 0/ D '0 .x/, 't .x, 0/ D '1 .x/.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

We define the energy associated with the solution of the problem (P’) by the following formula:
Z C1
1 1 
E.t/ D k't k22 C k'xx k22 C . /1 sin.˛ / .., t//2 d. (6)
2 2 2 1

Lemma 2.2
Let .', / be a solution of the problem .P0 /. Then, the energy functional defined by (6) satisfies
Z C1
E 0 .t/ D . /1 sin.˛ / . 2 C /.., t//2 d  0. (7)
1

Proof
Multiplying the first equation in .P0 / by 't , integrating over (0, L) and using integration by parts, we obtain
Z L
1 d
k't k22 C 'xxxx 't dx D 0.
2 dt 0

Then
  Z C1
d 1 1
k't k22 C k'xx k22 C 't .L, t/ ./., t/ d D 0. (8)
dt 2 2 1

Multiplying the second equation in .P0 / by . /1 sin.˛ /t and integrating over .1, C1/, to obtain
Z C1 Z C1
 d
kk22 C  . 2 C /.., t//2 d  't .L, t/ ./., t/ d D 0. (9)
2 dt 1 1

From (6), (8), and (9), we obtain

Z C1
E 0 .t/ D  . 2 C /.., t//2 d
1

where  D . /1 sin.˛ /. This completes the proof of the lemma.

3. Global existence
In this section, we will give well-posedness results for problem .P0 / using semigroup theory. Let us introduce the semigroup
representation of the .P0 /. Let U D .', 't , /T and rewrite .P0 / as

U0 D AU,
(10)
U.0/ D .'0 , '1 , 0 /,

where the operator A is defined by

0 1 0 1
' u
A@ u A D @ 'xxxx A (11)
2
 . C / C u.L/./
with domain
8 9
ˆ
ˆ .', u, /T in H : ' 2 H4 .0, L/ \ HL2 .0, L/, u 2 HL2 .0, L/, >
>
< . 2 C / C u.L/./ 2 L2 .1, C1/, =
D.A/ D R C1 . (12)
ˆ 'xx .L/ D 0, 'xxx .L/   1 ././ d D 0 >
>
:̂ 2 ;
jj 2 L .1, C1/
where the energy space H is defined as
H D HL2 .0, L/  L2 .0, L/  L2 .1, C1/
where
HL2 .0, L/ D f' 2 H2 .0, L/ : '.0/ D 'x .0/ D 0g
For U D .', u, /T , U D .', u, /T , we define the following inner product in H
Z L Z C1
hU, UiH D .uu C 'xx ' xx / dx C   d.
0 1

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

We show that the operator A generates a C0 - semigroup in H. In this step, we prove that the operator A is dissipative. Let U D .', u, /T .
Using (10), (7) and the fact that
1
E.t/ D kUk2H , (13)
2
we obtain
Z C1
hAU, UiH D  . 2 C /..//2 d. (14)
1

Consequently, the operator A is dissipative. Now, we will prove that the operator I  A is surjective for  > 0. For this purpose, let
.f1 , f2 , f3 /T 2 H, we seek U D .', u, /T 2 D.A/ solution of the following system of equations:
8
< '  u D f1 ,
u C 'xxxx D f2 , (15)
:
 C . 2 C /  u.L/./ D f3 .

Suppose that we have found '. Therefore, the first equation in (15) gives

u D '  f1 . (16)

It is clear that u 2 HL2 .0, L/. Furthermore, by (15), we can find  as

f3 ./ C ./u.L/
D . (17)
2 C  C 

By using (15) and (16), the function ' satisfies the following system:

2 ' C 'xxxx D f2 C f1 . (18)

Solving system (18) is equivalent to finding ' 2 H4 \ HL2 .0, L/ such that
Z L Z L
.2 'w C 'xxxx w/ dx D .f2 C f1 /w dx, (19)
0 0

for all w 2 HL2 .0, L/. By using (19) and (17), the function ' satisfies the following system:
(RL
2 Q
0 .
RL
'w C 'xx wxx / dx C u.L/w.L/
R C1 ./ (20)
D 0 .f2 C f1 /w dx   1  2 CC f3 ./ d w.L/

R C1 2 ./
where Q D  1  2 CC d. Using again (16), we deduce that

u.L/ D '.L/  f1 .L/. (21)

Inserting (21) into (20), we obtain

(RL RL
2 Q
0 . 'w C 'xx wxx / dx C '.L/w.L/
R C1 ./
D 0 .f2 C f1 /w dx
Q 1 .L/w.L/. (22)
 1  2 CC f3 ./ d w.L/ C f

Consequently, problem (22) is equivalent to the problem

a.', w/ D L.w/ (23)

where the bilinear form a : ŒHL2 .0, L/  HL2 .0, L/ ! R and the linear form
L : HL2 .0, L/ ! R are defined by
Z L
a.', w/ D Q
.2 'w C 'xx wxx / dx C '.L/w.L/
0
and
Z L Z C1
./ Q 1 .L/w.L/.
L.w/ D .f2 C f1 /w dx   f3 ./ d w.L/ C f
0 1 2 C  C 

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 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

It is easy to verify that a is continuous and coercive, and L is continuous. So applying the Lax–Milgram theorem, we deduce that for
all w 2 HL2 .0, L/ problem (23) admits a unique solution ' 2 HL2 .0, L/. Applying the classical elliptic regularity, it follows from (22) that
' 2 H4 .0, L/. Therefore, the operator I  A is surjective for any  > 0. Consequently, using Hille–Yosida theorem, we have the following
results.
Theorem 3.1 (Existence and uniqueness)

(1) If U0 2 D.A/, then system (10) has a unique strong solution

U 2 C 0 .RC , D.A// \ C 1 .RC , H/.

(1) If U0 2 H, then system (10) has a unique weak solution

U 2 C 0 .RC , H/.

4. Lack of exponential stability

In order to state and prove our stability results, we need some lemmas.
Theorem 4.1 ([24])
Let S.t/ D eAt be a C0 -semigroup of contractions on Hilbert space. Then S.t/ is exponentially stable if and only if

.A/  fiˇ : ˇ 2 Rg  iR

and
lim k.iˇI  A/1 kL.H/ < 1.
jˇj!1

Theorem 4.2 ([25])

Let S.t/ D eAt be a C0 -semigroup on a Hilbert space. If
1
iR  .A/ and sup l
k.iˇI  A/1 kL.H/ < M
jˇj1 ˇ

for some l, then there exist c such that

c
keAt U0 k2  2 kU0 k2D.A/ .
tl

Theorem 4.3 ([26])

Let A be the generator of a uniformly bounded C0 . semigroup fS.t/gt0 on a Hilbert space H. If

(i) A does not have eigenvalues on iR.

(ii) The intersection of the spectrum  .A/ with iR is at most a countable set,

then the semigroup fS.t/gt0 is asymptotically stable, that is, kS.t/zkH ! 0 as t ! 1 for any z 2 H.
Theorem 4.4
The semigroup generated by the operator A is not exponentially stable.
Proof
We will examine two cases.

Case 1  D 0: We shall show that i D 0 is not in the resolvent set of the operator A. Indeed, noting that .x sin x, 0, 0/T 2 H, and
2˛5
denoting by .', u, /T the image of .x sin x, 0, 0/T by A1 , we see that ./ D jj 2 L sin L. But then  62 L2 .1, C1/,
because ˛ 20, 1Œ. And so .', u, /T 62 D.A/.
Case 2  6D 0: We aim to show that an infinite number of eigenvalues of A approach the imaginary axis that prevents the Euler–
Bernoulli system .P/ from being exponentially stable. Indeed, we first compute the characteristic equation that gives the
eigenvalues of A. Let  be an eigenvalue of A with associated eigenvector U D .', u, /T . Then AU D U is equivalent to
8
< '  u D 0,
u C 'xxxx D 0, (24)
:
 C . 2 C /  u.L/./ D 0,

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Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

From (24)1 –(24)2 for such , we find

2 ' C 'xxxx D 0. (25)
Using (24)3 and (24)4 , we obtain
8
< '.0/ D 0, 'Rx .0/ D 0, 'xx .L/ D 0
C1 2 ./
' .L/   1  2CC du.L/ (26)
: xxx
D 'xxx .L/  . C /˛1 '.L/ D 0.

The caracteristics polynomiale of (25) is

s4 C 2 D 0.
We find the roots
1 p
t1 ./ D p .1 C i/ , t2 ./ D t1 , t3 ./ D it1 , t4 ./ D t3 .
2
Here and below, for simplicity, we denote ti ./ by ti . The solution ' is given by
4
X
'.x/ D ci eti x . (27)
iD1

Thus, the boundary conditions may be written as the following system:

0 10 1 0 1
1 1 1 1 c1 0
B t1 t2 t3 t4 C B c2 C B 0 C
B
M./C./ D @ 2 t1 L C B C D B C (28)
t1 e t22 et2 L t32 et3 L t42 et4 L A @ c3 A @ 0 A
h.t1 /et1 L h.t2 /et2 L h.t3 /et3 L h.t4 /et4 L c4 0

where we have set

h.r/ D r3  . C /˛1 .
Hence, a non-trivial solution ' exists if and only if the determinant of M./ vanishes. Set f ./ D detM./, thus the characteristic
equation is f ./ D 0.
Our purpose in the sequel is to prove, thanks to Rouché’s Theorem, that there is a subsequence of eigenvalues for which their real
part tends to 0.
In the sequel, because A is dissipative, we study the asymptotic behavior of the large eigenvalues  of A in the strip ˛0  R./  0,
for some ˛0 > 0 large enough and for such , we remark that eti L , i D 1, : : : , 4 remains bounded.
Lemma 4.1
There exists N 2 N such that
fk gk2Z ,jkjN   .A/ (29)
where  
i ˛Q ˇ 1
k D .2k C 1/ 2 2
C C C o , jkj  N, ˛Q 2 iR, ˇ 2 R, ˇ < 0.
4L2 k2.1˛/ jkj2.1˛/ k3˛
Moreover, for all jkj  N, the eigenvalues k are simple.
Proof
p  p p p p
r
f ./ D 2t14 eiL 2
1 C e.1Ci/L 2
C e2iL 2
C e.1Ci/L 2
C 4eiL 2
C .1  i/
t1
p p p  (30)
r r r
C.1 C i/ e.1Ci/L 2  .1  i/ e2iL 2  .1 C i/ e.1Ci/L 2
t1 t1 t1
Because all the eigenvalues locate on the open left-half complex
p plane,
p and because  is symmetric with respect to the real axis, we
need only to consider the case where =2    . Because  D jj.cos 2 C sin 2 /, we see that
p p p p
e 2
D O.e jj/, ei 2
D O.e jj/,  > 0.

We set p p p p
r r
fQ ./ D 1 C e.1Ci/L 2
C e2iL 2
C e.1Ci/L 2
C .1  i/ C .1 C i/ e.1Ci/L 2
t1 t1
p p
r r
 .1  i/ e2iL 2  .1 C i/ e.1Ci/L 2 . with r D . C /˛1 /
t1 t1 (31)
 
f1 ./ 1
D f0 ./ C 3=2˛ C o
 3=2˛

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 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

where p
f0 ./ D 1 C e.1Ci/L 2 , (32)
.1  i/  p 
f1 ./ D p 1  i C .1 C i/e.1Ci/L 2 . (33)
2

Note that f0 and f1 remain bounded in the strip ˛0  R./  0.

Step 2. We look at the roots of f0 . From (32), f0 has one familie of roots that we denote 0k .
p
f0 ./ D 0 , e.1Ci/L 2
D 1.

Hence,
p
.1 C i/L 2 D i.2k C 1/ , k 2 Z,
that is,
i
0k D .2k C 1/2 2 , k 2 Z.
4L2
Q
phelp of Rouché’s Theorem, we will show that the roots of f are close to those of f0 . Changing in (31), the unknown  by
Now, with the
u D .1 C i/L 2 then (31) becomes    
1 1
fQ .u/ D .eu C 1/ C O D f0 .u/ C O .
u u

The roots of f0 are uk D 4Li 2 .2k C 1/2 2 , k 2 Z, and setting u D uk C reit , t 2 Œ0, 2 , we can easily check that there exists a constant
C > 0 independent of k such that jeu C 1j  Cr for r small enough. This allows to apply Rouché’s theorem. Consequently, there exists
a subsequence of roots of fQ that tends to the roots uk of f0 . Equivalently, it means that there exists N 2 N and a subsequence fk gjkjN
of roots of f ./, such that k D 0k C o.1/ that tends to the roots 4Li 2 .2k C 1/2 2 of f0 . Finally, for jkj  N, k is simple because 0k is.
Step 3. From Step 2, we can write
i
k D 2 .2k C 1/2 2 C "k . (34)
4L
Using (34), we obtain
p
2L"k "k
e.1Ci/L 2 D 1  C o. /. (35)
.2k C 1/ k
Substituting (35) into (31), using that fQ .k / D 0, we obtain

2L"k 42˛ L2˛  "k

fQ .k / D   C o. / D 0 (36)
.2k C 1/ ..2k C 1/ /2.1˛/C1 i1˛ k

and hence
42˛ L2˛   
"k D  2.1˛/
cos.1  ˛/  i sin.1  ˛/ . (37)
2L..2k C 1/ / 2 2

From (37), we have in that case jkj2.1˛/ Rk

ˇ, with

2L1˛
ˇD cos.1  ˛/
2.1˛/ 2

The operator A has a non-exponential decaying branch of eigenvalues. Thus, the proof is complete.
Remark 4.1
We can also show the lack of exponential stability by proving that the second condition in Theorem 4.1 does not hold. In particular, it
can be shown that there is a sequence n 2 R diverging to 1, and a bounded sequence Fn 2 H such that

k.in  A/1 Fn k ! 1 for all n large enough .

We give details of the proof in the Appendix.

5. Asymptotic stability
Lemma 5.1
A does not have eigenvalues on iR.
Proof
We will argue by contraction. Let us suppose that there  2 R,  6D 0 and U 6D 0, such that AU D iU. Then, we obtain

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA
8
< i'  u D 0,
iu C 'xxxx D 0, (38)
:
i C . 2 C /  u.L/./ D 0,

Then, from (14), we have

  0. (39)
From (38)3 , we have
u.L/ D 0. (40)
Hence, from (38)1 , we obtain
'.L/ D 0 and 'xxx .L/ D 0. (41)
From (38)1 and (38)2 , we have
 2 ' C 'xxxx D 0. (42)

Now, we prove that 'x .L/ D 0. We have the following Lemma.

Lemma 5.2 ([27])
Let ' 2 H2 .0, L/ a solution of equation (42). Assume there exists  2 Œ0, LŒ such that './, 'x ./, 'xx ./ are  0, and './ C 'x ./ > 0.
Then ', 'x , 'xx are > 0 on , L.

Proof
We integrate equation (42) from  < x to x: Z x
'xxx .x/ D 'xxx ./ C 'xxxx .t/ dt

Z x
D 'xxx ./ C 2 '.t/ dt.

Integrating once more, we obtain
Z x Z t
'xx .x/  'xx ./ D .x  /'xxx ./ C 2 '.z/ dz dt

Z x
D .x  /'xxx ./ C 2 .x  t/'.t/ dt.

Z x
'xx .x/ D 'xx ./ C .x  /'xxx ./ C 2 .x  t/'.t/ dt. (43)

Because './ C 'x ./ > 0 and './  0, there exists  > 0 such that ' > 0 on , . Let   1 as large as possible, and suppose  < 1,
that is, './ D 0. By (43) and assumptions in Lemma 5.2, 'xx  0 on Œ, . Thus, 'x is nondecreasing, and therefore,  0 on Œ, .
Then ' is also nondecreasing on Œ, , but this contradicts './ D 0. Thus,  D 1 and ' is > 0 on , . The same is true for 'xxx , 'xx
and 'x .
Corollary 5.1
Soit ' 2 H2 .0, L/ a solution of equation (42) such that '.L/  0, 'x .L/  0, 'xx .L/  0, and '.L/  'x .L/ > 0. Then ' > 0 on Œ0, LŒ.
Proof
We set .x/ D '.L  x/. Then satisfies (43). Then applying Lemma 5.2.
Now, as '.L/ D 0, assume 'x .L/ 6D 0, for instance, 'x .L/ < 0, without restriction. By corollary 5.1, ' > 0 on Œ0, LŒ, thus '.0/ > 0, which
is a contradiction. Therefore, '.L/ D 'x .L/ D 'xx .L/ D 'xxx .L/ D 0.
Consider X D .', 'x , 'xx , 'xxx /. Then, we can rewrite (41) and (42) as the initial value problem

d
X D BX
dx (44)
X.L/ D 0,

where 0 1
0 1 0 0
B 0 0 1 0 C
B
BD@ C
0 0 0 1 A
2 0 0 0

By the Picard theorem for ordinary differential equations, the system (44) has a unique solution X D 0. Therefore, ' D 0. It follows
from (38) that u D 0 and  D 0, that is, U D 0. Consequently, A does not have purely imaginary eigenvalues, so the condition .i/ of
Theorem 4.3 holds. The condition .ii/ of Theorem 4.3 will be satisfied if we show that  .A/ \ fiRg is at most a countable set. We have
the following lemma.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

Lemma 5.3
We have
iR  .A/ if  6D 0,
iR  .A/ if  D 0
where R D R  f0g.
Proof
Let  2 R. Let F D .f1 , f2 , f3 /T 2 H be given, and let X D .', u, /T 2 D.A/ be such that

.iI  A/X D F. (45)

Equivalently, we have
8
< i'  u D f1 ,
iu C 'xxxx D f2 , (46)
:
i C . 2 C /  u.L/./ D f3 ,
From (46)1 and (46)2 , we have
 2 ' C 'xxxx D .f2 C if1 / (47)

Suppose that  6D 0. It is enough to consider  > 0. Let  D

2 . Taking into account the domain boundary conditions '.0/ D 'x .0/ D 0,
implies that the general solution for (47) is of the form

'.x/ D A.cosh
x  cos
x/ C B.sinh
x  sin
x/
Z x
1 (48)
C 3 .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.sinh
.x   /  sin
.x   // d .
2
0

Hence,
'x .x/ D
ŒA.sinh
x C sin
x/ C B.cosh
x  cos
x/
Z x
1 (49)
C 2 .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.cosh
.x   /  cos
.x   // d ,
2
0

'xx .x/ D
2 ŒA.cosh
x C cos
x/ C B.sinh
x C sin
x/
Z
1 x (50)
C .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.sinh
.x   / C sin
.x   // d ,
2
0
'xxx .x/ D
3 ŒA.sinh
x  sin
x/ C B.cosh
x C cos
x/
Z x
1 (51)
C .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.cosh
.x   / C cos
.x   // d .
2 0

Taking the remaining boundary condition 'xx .L/ D 0, we obtain

A.cosh
L C cos
L/ C B.sinh
L C sin
L/
Z L
1 (52)
D 3 .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.sinh
.L   / C sin
.L   // d .
2
0

From (46)3 , we have

u.L/./ C f3 ./
./ D .
i C  2 C 
Then
Z C1 Z C1
2 ./ ./f3 ./
'xxx .L/ D  du.L/ C  d. (53)
1 i C  2 C  1 i C  2 C 
Because
Z C1
2 ./
 d D .i C /˛1
1 i C  2 C 
and
u.L/ D i'.L/  f1 .L/,
using (53), we obtain
Z C1
./f3 ./
'xxx .L/  i
2 .i
2 C /˛1 '.L/ D .i
2 C /˛1 f1 .L/ C  d.
1 i
2 C  2 C 

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

Then
AŒ
3 .sinh
L  sin
L/  i
2 .i
2 C /˛1 .cosh
L  cos
L/
CBŒ
3 .cosh
L C cos
L/  i
2 .i
2 C /˛1 .sinh
L  sin
L/
Z
1 L
D .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.cosh
.L   / C cos
.L   // d
2 0 (54)
Z
1 L
Ci.i
2 C /˛1 .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.sinh
.L   /  sin
.L   // d
2
0
Z C1
./f3 ./
.i
2 C /˛1 f1 .L/ C  2 C 2 C 
d.
1 i

Using (54) and (52), a linear system in A and B is obtained

    
m11 m12 A CQ 1
D (55)
m21 m22 B CQ 2

where
m11 D .cosh
L C cos
L/,
m12 D .sinh
L C sin
L/,
m21 D Œ
3 .sinh
L  sin
L/  i
2 .i
2 C /˛1 .cosh
L  cos
L/,
m22 D Œ
3 .cosh
L C cos
L/  i
2 .i
2 C /˛1 .sinh
L  sin
L/.

Z L
1
CQ 1 D  3 .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.sinh
.L   / C sin
.L   // d
2
0
Z
1 L
CQ 2 D  .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.cosh
.L   / C cos
.L   // d
2 0
Z
1 L
C i.i
2 C /˛1 .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.sinh
.L   /  sin
.L   // d
2
0
Z C1
./f3 ./
 .i
2 C /˛1 f1 .L/ C  d
1 i C 2 C 
Let the determinant of the linear system given in (55) be denoted by D. Then the following is obtained:

D D m11 m22  m12 m21

D
3 .cosh
L C cos
L/2 
3 .sinh
L C sin
L/.sinh
L  sin
L/
C 2i.i
2 C /˛1 Œcosh
L sin
L  sinh
L cos
L
D 2
3 .1 C cosh
L cos
L/ C 2i
2 .i
2 C /˛1 Œcosh
L sin
L  sinh
L cos
L
˛1
D 2
3 .1 C cosh
L cos
L/ C 2
2 .
4 C 2 / 2 sin.1  ˛/ Œcosh
L sin
L  sinh
L cos
L
˛1
2 4 2
C 2i
.
C  / 2 sin.1  ˛/ Œcosh
L sin
L  sinh
L cos
L

where  2  =2, =2Πsuch that


cos  D p
2 C 2

sin  D p .
2 C 2
The roots of
Œcosh $ sin $  sinh $ cos $  D 0

are of the form $k D ık C k , ık < =4, k 2 N . Hence,

1 C cosh $k cos $k 6D 0 8k 2 N .

Then
D 6D 0 8 2 R .

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 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

Hence, i  A is surjective for all  2 R . Now, if  D 0 and  6D 0, the system (46) is reduced to the following system:
8
< u D f1 ,
'xxxx D f2 , (56)
: 2
. C /  u.L/./ D f3 ,

We deduce from (56)2 Z x

'xxx .x/ D f2 .s/ ds C C.
0
Z xZ s
'xx .x/ D f2 .r/ dr ds C Cx C C 0 .
0 0
Z x Z sZ r
C 2
'x .x/ D x C C 0 x C C 00 .
f2 .z/ dz dr ds C
0 0 0 2
Z x Z sZ r Z z
C C0
'.x/ D f2 .w/ dw dz dr ds C x 3 C x 2 C C 00 x C C 000 .
0 0 0 0 6 2
As '.0/ D 'x .0/ D 0, we find C 00 D C 000 D 0.
From (56)1 and (56)3 , we have
Z C1 2 Z C1
 ./ ./f3 ./
'xxx .L/ D  2
du.L/ C  d
1  C  1 2 C 
Z C1
./f3 ./
D ˛1 f1 .L/ C  d.
1 2 C 
We find Z L Z C1
./f3 ./
C D  f2 .r/ dr  ˛1 f1 .L/   d.
0 1 2 C 
Because 'xx .L/ D 0, we find
Z LZ s
C 0 D CL  f2 .r/ dr ds.
0 0

Hence, A is surjective.
Lemma 5.4
Let A be defined by (11). Then 0 1 0 1
' u
A @ u A D @ 'xxxx A (57)
 . 2 C /  u.L/./
with domain 8 9
ˆ
ˆ .', u, /T in H : ' 2 H4 .0, L/ \ HL2 .0, L/, u 2 HL2 .0, L/, >
>
< . 2 C /  u.L/./ 2 L2 .1, C1/, =
D.A / D R C1 . (58)
ˆ 'xx .L/ D 0, 'xxx .L/   1 ././ d D 0 >
>
:̂ ;
jj 2 L2 .1, C1/.

Proof
Let U D .', u, /T and V D .', Q T . We have < AU, V >H D< U, A V >H .
Q uQ , /
Z L Z L Z C1
< AU, V >H D uxx 'Qxx dx  uQ 'xxxx dx C  Œ. 2 C / C u.L/./Q d
0 0 1
Z L Z L
D u'Qxxxx dx  uQ xx 'xx dx  'Qxxx .L/u.L/ C 'Qxx .L/ux .L/  'xxx .L/Qu.L/
0 0
Z C1 Z C1
 Œ. 2 C /Q d C u.L/ ./Q d.
1 1
R C1 R C1
As 'xxx .L/ D  1 ./ d and if we set 'Qxx .L/ D 0 and 'Qxxx .L/ D  1 ./Q d, we find
Z L Z L Z C1
< AU, V >H D u'Qxxxx dx  uQ xx 'xx dx   Œ. 2 C /Q C ./Qu.L/ d.
0 0 1

Theorem 5.1
r .A/ D ;, where r .A/ denotes the set of residual spectrum of A.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

Proof
Because  2 r .A/,  2 p .A /, the proof will be accomplished if we can show that p .A/ D p .A /. This is because obviously the
eigenvalues of A are symmetric on the real axis. From (57), the eigenvalue problem A Z D Z for  2 C and 0 6D Z D .', u, , v/ 2
D.A / we have
8
< ' C u D 0,
u  'xxxx D 0, (59)
:
 C . 2 C / C u.L/./ D 0,
From (59)1 and (59)2 , we find
2 ' C 'xxxx D 0, (60)
R C1
As 'xxx .L/ D  1 ././ d, we deduce from (59)3 and (59)1 that
Z C1 Z C1
./2
'xxx .L/ D  ././ d D u.L/ d
1 1  C 2 C  (61)
D . C /˛1 '.L/.

with the following conditions

'.0/ D 0, 'x .0/ D 0, 'xx .L/ D 0. (62)
System (60)–(62) is the same as (25) and (26). Hence, A has the same eigenvalues with A. The proof is complete.


Case 2  6D 0:
Theorem 5.2
The semigroup SA .t/t0 is polynomially stable and

1
kSA .t/U0 kH  kU0 kD.A/ .
t1=2.1˛/

Proof
We will need to study the resolvent equation .i  A/U D F, for  2 R, namely,
8
< i'  u D f1 ,
iu C 'xxxx D f2 , (63)
:
i C . 2 C /  u.L/./ D f3 ,

where F D .f1 , f2 , f3 /T . Taking inner product in H with U and using (14), we obtain

jRehAU, Uij  kUkH kFkH . (64)

This implies that

Z C1
 . 2 C /.., t//2 d  kUkH kFkH . (65)
1
and, applying (63)1 , we obtain
jjjj'.L/j  jf1 .L/jj2  ju.L/j2 .
We deduce that
jj2 j'.L/j2  cjf1 .L/j2 C cju.L/j2 .
Moreover, from (63)4 , we have
Z C1
'xxx .L/ D  ././ d.
1
Then ˇZ ˇ2
ˇ C1 ˇ
ˇ 2 2 ˇ
j'xxx .L/j   ˇ ././ d ˇ
ˇ 1 ˇ
Z C1 !Z
C1 (66)
 2 . 2 C /1 j./j2 d . 2 C /j./j2 d
1 1

 ckUkH kFkH .

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

From (63)3 , we obtain

u.L/./ D .i C  2 C /  f3 ./. (67)

By multiplying (67)1 by .i C  2 C /1 ./, we obtain

.i C  2 C /1 u.L/2 ./ D ./  .i C  2 C /1 ./f3 ./. (68)

Hence, by taking absolute values of both sides of (68), integrating over the interval   1, C1Πwith respect to the variable  and
applying Cauchy–Schwartz inequality, we obtain

Z ! 12 Z ! 12
C1 C1
2 2 2
Sju.L/j  U . C /jj d CV jf3 ./j d (69)
1 1

where
Z C1
SD .jj C  2 C /1 j./j2 d
1

Z ! 12
C1
2 1 2
UD . C / j./j d
1

Z ! 12
C1
2 2 2
VD .jj C  C / j./j d .
1

Thus, by using again the inequality 2PQ  P2 C Q2 , P  0, Q  0, we obtain

Z ! Z !
C1 C1
2 2 2 2 2 2 2
S ju.L/j  2U . C /jj d C 2V jf3 ./j d . (70)
1 1

We deduce that
ju.L/j2  cjj22˛ kUkH kFkH C ckFk2H . (71)
Let us introduce the following notation
I' .˛/ D ju.˛/j2 C j'xx .˛/j2
Z L
E' .L/ D I' .s/ ds.
0

Lemma 5.5
Let q 2 H1 .0, L/. We have that
Z L Z L
qx Œju.x/j2 C 3j'xx .x/j2  dx C 2 qxx 'xx ' x dx  ŒqI' L0  2L'xxx .L/'x .L/ C R (72)
0 0

where R satisfies
jRj  CkUkH kFkH .
for a positive constant C.
Proof
To obtain (72), let us multiply the equation (63)2 by q' x . Integrating on .0, L/, we obtain
Z L Z L Z L
i uq' x dx C 'xxxx q' x dx D f2 q' x dx
0 0 0

or
Z L Z L Z L
 uq.i'x / dx C q'xxxx ' x dx D f2 q' x dx.
0 0 0

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Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

Because i'x D ux C f1x , taking the real part in the earlier equality results in
Z L Z Z L Z L
1 d 2 1 L d
 juj dx q q j'xx j2 dx C Œ'xxx 'x qL0 C qxx 'xx ' x dx C qx j'xx j2 dx
2
0 dx 2 0 dx 0 0
Z L Z L
D Re f2 q' x dx C Re uqf 1x dx.
0 0

Performing an integration by parts, we obtain

Z L Z L
qx Œju.x/j2 C 3j'xx .x/j2  dx C 2 qxx 'xx ' x dx D ŒqI' L0  2q.L/'xxx .L/'x .L/ C R
0 0

where Z L Z L
R D 2Re f2 q' x dx C 2Re uqf 1x dx.
0 0
It is clear that
jRj  CkUkH kFkH . (73)
If we take q.x/ D x in Lemma 5.5, we arrive at

E' .L/  LI' .L/  2L'xxx .L/'x .L/ C R. (74)

Using the continuous embeddings from H2 .0, L/ into C 1 .Œ0, L/, we deduce

j'x .L/j  Ck'kH2 .0,L/  C 0 k'xx kL2 .0,L/  C 0 kUkH .

Using inequalities (74) and (73), we conclude that there exists a positive constant C such that
Z L
1
I' .s/ ds  LI' .L/ C C.kUkH kFkH / 2 kUkH C C 0 kUkH kFkH . (75)
0

Because that Z Z
C1 C1
..//2 d  C . 2 C /..//2 d  CkUkH kFkH .
1 1

Substitution of inequalities (71) into (75), we obtain that

1
kUk2H  C.jj22˛ C 1/kUkH kFkH C C 0 .kUkH kFkH / 2 kUkH C C 00 kFk2H .

So we have
kUkH  Cjj22˛ kFkH .

The conclusion then follows by applying the Theorem 4.2.

Appendix
We will show the lack of exponential stability by frequency domain method.
We show the existence of a sequence . /  R with lim!1 j j D 1 and .U /  D.A/ to F  H such that .i I A/U D F
is bounded in H and lim!1 kU kH D 1. Let F D F D .f1 , f2 , 0/T with U D .' , u ,  /T .
Now, introducing following notations
Z L
I1 D e
.if1xx . / C f2 . // d ,
0
Z L
I2 D e L e
.if1xx . / C f2 . // d ,
0
Z L
I3 D sin
.L   /.if1xx . / C f2 . // d ,
0
Z L
I4 D cos
.L   /.if1xx . / C f2 . // d .
0
Note that
1
I1 D I2 D O.
 2 .kf1xx k C kf2 k//,
I3 D I4 D O.kf1xx k C kf2 k/.

Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
 Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

From (50) and (55), we have

'xx .x/ D
2 ŒA.cosh
x C cos
x/ C B.sinh
x C sin
x/
Z
1 x (A1)
C .f2 . / C i
2 f1 . //.sinh
.x   / C sin
.x   // d ,
2
0

where
1 
AD m22 CQ 1  m12 CQ 2
D
1 
BD m11 CQ 2  m21 CQ 1 .
D
Using the fact that
Z L
f1 . /.sinh
.x   / C sin
.x   // d
0
Z L
1
D f1xx . /.sinh
.x   /  sin
.x   // d

2 0
Z L
f1 . /.cosh
.x   / C cos
.x   // d
0
Z L
1
D f1xx . /.cosh
.x   /  cos
.x   // d

2 0
Z L
f1 . /.sinh
.x   /  sin
.x   // d
0
Z L
1 1
D  2 f1 .L/ C 2 f1xx . /.sinh
.x   / C sin
.x   // d ,


0

we deduce that  
1 1 1 1
CQ 1 D 3  e L I1 C I2  I3

4 4 2

1 1 1 .i
2 C /˛1 .i
2 C /˛1  L
CQ 2 D  e L I1  I2  I4  i I3 C i e I1
4 4 2 2
Z 1 4

2 ˛1
.i
C / ./f3 ./
i I2 C  2 2
d.
4
1 i
C  C 

The second derivative of the solution is of the form:

'xx .x/ D
2 ŒA.cosh
x C cos
x/ C B.sinh
x C sin
x/
1 x 1
C e I1 C O.
 2 .kf1xx k C kf2 k//
4

1
D C1 e x C C2 e x C C3 cos
x C C4 sin
x C O.
 2 .kf1xx k C kf2 k//

where  
1 1
C1 D .A C B/
2 C I1
2 2

1 2
C2 D .A  B/

2
C3 D A
2
C4 D B
2

Considering only the dominant terms of

, the following is obtained:

1 3
C1 D D .I1 sin
L C I2  I3 .sin
L C cos
L/ C I4 .sin
L  cos
L//
2 C O.
2˛ 2 kFk/
4
1
C2 D D .I1 sin
L C I2  I3 C I4 /
2 e L C O.
2˛1 e L kFk/
4
1
C3 D D .I1 .sin
L  cos
L/ C I2  I3 C I4 /
2 e L C O.
2˛1 e L kFk/
4
1
C4 D D .I1 .sin
L C cos
L/  I2 C I3  I4 /
2 e L C O.
2˛1 e L kFk/
4
Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd. Math. Meth. Appl. Sci. 2016
Z. ACHOURI, N. E. AMROUN AND A. BENAISSA

it follows that
r
1 L
k'xx k D .jC3 Dj2 C jC4 Dj2 / C O.
3 e2 L kFk2H / C O.
1 kFkH /
D 2
q

2 1
D LjI4  I3 j2 e2 L C O.
 2 e2 L kFk2H / C O.
1 kFkH /
4D
q

2 e L 1
D LjI4  I3 j2 C O.
 2 kFk2H / C O.
1 kFkH /
4D

For every
large enough, a function F D .f1 , 0, 0/ can be chosen with f1 2 H02 such that
q
1
LjI4  I3 j2 C O.
 2 kFk2H /  KkFkH , (A2)

where constant K does not depend on

.
For this purpose, let f1 be defined with
1   x   1  
f1 .x/ D  2
sin
.L  x/   cos
L  C 2 sin
L  .

4
4
4
Then  
f1xx .x/ D sin
.L  x/  ,
4
L
kf1xx k22 D C O.
1 /. (A3)
2
Hence,
L
kFk2H D C O.
1 /. (A4)
2
which implies that for all
large enough, kFkH is bounded by some constant independent of
. There holds the following:
Z L
I4  I3 D i .sin
.L   /  cos
.L   //f1xx . / d
0
p Z L
Di 2 sin.
.L   /  =4/2 d
0
p
D i 2kf1xx k22 .

Therefore, (A2) follows easily from (A3) and (A4) for

large enough. Moreover,

2 e L
k'xx k2  kFkH C O.
1 kFkH /.
4D

for all
large enough. Now, choose
D
n D L
.n C 12 /. Hence, a sufficiently large n can always be found so that

D  S
2˛ e L ,

where constant S > 0 does not depend on

. For such
, there holds the following:
1 .22˛/
k'xx k2 
kFkH C O.
1 kFkH /.
4S
Q > 0 independent of
such that
This implies that there exists some constant M

k.i
2  A/1 kH  M

Q .22˛/ .

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