MODAL VERBS

Can , could , may , might , shall , should , will , would

MODAL AUXILIARY VERBS : have to , ought to , need , used to , dare
ĐỘNG TỪ KHUYẾT THIẾU HOÀN THÀNH (MODAL PERFECT)
1. S + should (not)/ought (not) to + have + PPII (đáng lẽ đã phải): Chỉ một việc nên/ không nên
làm ở quá khứ.
Ex:-John should have gone to the post office this morning. (He did not go to the post office)
-Maria shouldn’t have told Jonh the news lát night. (She did tell him the news)
2. S + must have + PPII (chắc hắn là đã): Chỉ suy luận logic dựa trên sự việc xảy ra ở quá khứ ở
dạng câu khẳng định.
Ex:-The grass is wet. It must have rained last night.
-Marcia failed the test, she must have been careless.
3. S + can’t/couldn’t + have + PPII (không thể đã): Dùng để chỉ một sự việc chắc chắn không thể
xảy ra ở quá khứ.
Ex: Ann can’t have gone out with John as she had to do a lot of homework.
4. S + could/ may/ might + have + PPII/been + V-ing (có thể là đã): Chỉ một sự việc có thể xảy ra ở
quá khứ.
Ex:-She usually goes to bed at 9:30. Now it is 10:30, he might have gone to bed.
-I didn’t hear the telephone ring, I might have been sleeping at this time.
-The cause of death could have been bacteria.
5. S + needn’t have + PPII (đã không cần phải): Diễn tả một hành động không cần xảy ra ở quá
khứ.
Ex: The weather was warm and sunny. I needn’t have taken an umbrella.

Mustn’t - Needn’t
Mustn’t (~ it’s forbidden / not allowed) Needn’t = it’s not necessary)

You mustn’t smoke in hospitals. You needn’t learn it by heart.

You are not allowed to smoke in hospitals. It’s not necessary for you to learn it by heart.

Rewrite the following sentences using "mustn’t" or '’needn’t.

1. You are not allowed to overtake on the inside lane.
You mustn’t overtake on the inside tane.
2. It isn’t necessary for him to wash up now; he can do it later.
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3. He doesn’t have to leave until 6 o’clock.
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4. It isn’t necessary for you to send a taxi to pick me up from the station.
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5. Taking photographs in the museum is prohibited.
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Didn’t Need to - Needn’t Have

 Didn’t need to: shows that it wasn't necessary for something to happen and it didn’t happen
Needn’t have shows that it wasn’t necessary for something to happen but it did happen.
He didn’t need to go to work on Sunday. It wasn’t necessary for him to go to work
because it was Sunday
She needn’t have bought so many eggs. It wasn’t necessary for her to buy as many
eggs as she did.

Rewrite the following sentences using "didn’t need to" or "needn’t have".
1. It wasn’t necessary for Paul to have studied for so many hours because the exam was cancelled. Paut
needn’t have studied for so many hours.
2. It wasn’t necessary for mother to cook as we had been invited out to dinner.
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3. It wasn’t necessary for Andrew to take so much money on holiday as he did.
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4. It was unnecessary for him to have got so angry yesterday; it was only a joke after all.
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5. It wasn’t necessary for Mr Jones to collect his wife because his son said he would do it.
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STRUCTURAL CONVERSION

1. Perhaps she is abroad. 18. Are tests compulsory at this school?

She may be abroad.
2. Perhaps she wasn’t taking a bath.
She may not have been taking a bath.
3. Perhaps he has been/was studying.
He may have been studying.
4. I think she has lost her way.
She must have lost her way.
5. I suppose he has left Austria.
He must have left Austria.
6. I think he was In Germany.
He must have been in Germany.
7. It is certain that he’ll fail.
He is bound to fail.
8. It is certain that she (has) attended the
ceremony.
She is certain to have attended the ceremony.
She must have attended the ceremony.
9. I must reject this plan.
I have no option but to reject this plan.
I will have to reject this plan.
10. I don’t think she’ll pass the test.
She can’t pass the test.
11. I’m sure he isn’t lying to us.
He can’t be lying to us.
12. It wasn’t necessary lor you to buy so many
Do you have to take tests at this school?
19. Senior students don’t have to take tests.
It's optional for senior students to take tests.
20. It is against the rules to write your answers
in ink.
You mustn’t write your answers in ink.
21. It is forbidden to smoke in most public places.
You mustn’t smoke In most public places.
22. He couldn’t go out because it was raining.
The rain prevented him from going out.
23. It is advisable to speak politely to your
teachers.
You should speak politely to your teachers.
You had better speak politely to your teachers.
24. It would be a good Idea to go on a diet.
You had better go on a diet.
You should/ought to go on a diet.
It is advisable to go on a diet.
25. Why didn’t you consult your lawyer?
You should have consulted your lawyer.
26. Let's work out the details.
Shall we work out the details?
Why don’t we work out the details?
27. Shall I help you with the dishes?
Would you like me to help you with the dishes?
28. Could you come on Monday?
 roses as you did.
You needn’t have bought so many roses.
13. Was it necessary for her to behave like that?
Did she need/have to behave like that?
14. It wasn't necessary for me to walk to work
as he gave me a lift.
I didn't need to walk to work as he gave me a
lift.
15. There’s no need to correct the tests today.
Don’t bother to correct the tests today.
It isn’t necessary to correct the tests today.
You needn’t correct the tests today.
You don't need to correct the tests today.
16. He isn’t obliged to tell you the truth.
He needn’t tell you the truth.
He doesn't need/have to tell you the truth.
17. It is important for you to learn to drive.
You need/have to learn to drive.
Would Monday be convenient for you to come?
How does coming on Monday suit you?
29. May I borrow your car?
Do you mind If I borrow your car?
Would you mind If I borrowed your car?
Could I borrow your car, please?
30. Would you like to open a bank account?
Would it interest you to open a bank account?
Would you be interested In opening a bank
account?
How would you feel about opening a bank
account?
31. She is unlikely to pass her exams.
It is unlikely/not likely that she’ll pass her exams.
There’s little likelihood/possibility of her passing
her exams.
It’s doubtful whether she’ll pass her exams.
32. He is likely to win the prize.
It is likely that he will win the prize.
It Is very possible that he will win the prize.
He could certainly win the prize.
There is every likelihood that he will win the prize.

Finish the following sentences without changing the meaning of the sentences printed before them.
1. Let’s review what we’ve done so far.
Shall we review what we’ve done so far?
2. I’m sure it wasn’t his fault.
It …………………………………………………………………………..
3. Shall I tell you my opinion?
Would …………………………………………………………………………..
4. He is unlikely to be promoted.
There …………………………………………………………………………..
5. It is forbidden to enter that room without permission.
You …………………………………………………………………………..
6. Is it likely that he will return this afternoon?
Is he …………………………………………………………………………..
7. They couldn’t understand the message because of the interference on the radio.
The interference …………………………………………………………………………..
8. Perhaps she has forgotten about the meeting.
She …………………………………………………………………………..
9. I suppose my mother left this message.
My mother …………………………………………………………………………..
10. You should have signed this form at the bottom.
Why …………………………………………………………………………..
11. Did you need to spend so much money?
Was …………………………………………………………………………..
12. He is certain to have noticed our absence by now.
He …………………………………………………………………………..
13. You need to be more careful.
You …………………………………………………………………………..
14. Could he have been telling the truth?
Is it …………………………………………………………………………..
15. You mustn’t play ball games inside the school.
It is …………………………………………………………………………..
16. I suppose she has seen the newspaper today.
She …………………………………………………………………………..
17. It wasn’t necessary for you to apologise. After all, it wasn’t your fault.
You…………………………………………………………………………..
18. Perhaps they have made alternative arrangements.
They …………………………………………………………………………..
19. How does Saturday suit you?
Would …………………………………………………………………………..
20. How do you feel about going on an excursion?
Would …………………………………………………………………………..
21. Was it necessary to invite so many people?
Did …………………………………………………………………………..
22. I don’t think we’re near the village yet.
We …………………………………………………………………………..
23. It is very possible that he’ll pass his tests.
There is every …………………………………………………………………………..
24. You’d better consult the map.
You …………………………………………………………………………..
25. Could we meet on Friday?
Would Friday …………………………………………………………………………..
26. It is certain that the ship will arrive at 7 o’clock.
The ship is …………………………………………………………………………..