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Review Article
1 Department of Health Services, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences Tehran, Iran
2 School of Public Health, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
3 Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
4 Department of Parasitology and Mycology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
Abstract
Background and Aim: During the past few years, social networking has become very popular. Currently,
there is a lack of information about the uses, benefits, and limitations of social media for health
communication in society.
Material and Methods: This paper will review some of challenges and opportunities to use social and their
impact on psychological health. In this review we searched all valuable and relevant information considering
the social media impact on psychological health. We referred to the information databases of Medline,
PubMed, Scopus and Google scholar.
Conclusion: Social media brings a new dimension to health care, offering a platform used by the public,
patients, and health professionals to communicate about health issues with the possibility of potentially
improving health outcomes. More study is required to establish whether social media has impact on mental
health in both the short and long terms.
Keywords: Social media, Psychology, Mental health, Technology
*Corresponding Author: Saman Dorodgar, Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine Research Center, Shahid Beheshti University
of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran. Email: sdorodgar@yahoo.com
Please cite this article as: Ramezankhani A, Yadegarynia D, Dorodgar S, Arab-Mazar Z. Impact of Social Media on Psychological
Health: Challenges and Opportunities. Novel Biomed. 2019;7(3):158-64.
Consistently, social media not only influenced capital16,17. Several lines of evidence have supported
peoples’ personal lives, it also shape their that new forms of relationship characteristics and
personality. As a matter of fact, over the past few social capital will happen in online social networking,
years, social media has been documented to affect because online connection may be supported by
various health behaviors in mass populations8. approaches like photo directories and search
Clearly, social media users give some benefits from capabilities. Social media also could significantly
these tools, as demonstrated by their continued develop and improve weak ties, because these online
growth and popularity. The mentioned allegation also tools is well-suited for maintaining such ties cheaply
has scientific support, with many researches asserting and easily18. Moreover, bridging of social capital by
positive psychological outcomes associated with the social media directs strong relationships with family
use of social networking. These advantages include members and close friends, which could be in a
the following enlarged social capital, personality position to access to scarce resources and provide
formation, enhanced self-esteem and self-expression, emotional support19.
as well as cognitive benefits related to executive
functioning9, 10. However, it is clear that engagement Identity formation
with these technologies are definitely considered
Social networking and popular media technologies are
problematic when their use is associated with adverse
common resources from which adolescents and young
psychological and mental outcomes. Such adverse
people draw significant markers that define content of
outcomes notably led to addressed alcohol, tobacco
identity. Accordingly, novel online technologies play
and illicit drug use, cardiovascular disease, high-risk
an imperative role in influencing the experience, social
sex-related behaviors, anxiety, loneliness, depression,
and personal selves20. Some authors have reported that
and several other health-related issues11-15.
the adolescents' use of social media results for how
Unquestionably, some connections between these
they think about themselves, their family members and
variables, as described by a range of cross-sectional
peers, and then shapes their insights of group norms
studies conducted by several authors, yet despite this,
and behavioral intentions21,22. In addition, these online
the direction of these associates remains unclear.
tools contribute to identity formation by simplifying
Generally, it is difficult for investigators to recognize
reflexivity, or a manner of reflecting on how we see
the psychological predictors of social media use,
ourselves and how others see us23,24.
particularly when this use is associated with negative
outcomes. The present review article conducted to
explore the impact of social networks on
Enhancing self-esteem
psychological health of people as well as to discuss Some investigates have described role of social media
the well-established challenges and opportunities of and ability to socialize in supporting self-esteem. For
these technologies for population health that could instance, study conducted by Valkenburg et al.,
lead to adverse or appropriate effects. indicated that Facebook can enhance social self-
esteem25. They showed that this social network
Uses and benefits of social contributes to direct perceptions of one’s physical
media increasing social capital appearance, romantic appeal and close relationship,
particularly when the Facebook users received positive
Several authors have demonstrated that online feedback from their friends. Correspondingly, young
connections may supplement or even replace in- people with low self-esteem may acquire significantly
person contacts, mitigating any loss from time spent positive assistances from the social opportunities
online. As a matter of fact, evaluation of physical and provided by these platforms. However, for self-
geographical communities supported by online esteem, researches have yielded mixed results.
technologies have indicated that computer-mediated Additionally, many studies did not specify how social
connections can confer positive effects on media use could be associated with self-esteem. On
community involvement, interaction, and social the other hand, although some authors reported
positive relationships with various types of social working memory among a group of older adults10.
media use, others found negative relationships, and This finding revealed the specific cognitive ability
yet other researchers found no significant related to online social media and advantages of these
relationships26,27. Therefore, it is believed that social tools among individuals. It also was described by Park
self-esteem is more likely to be affected if social et al. that using of social media in the context of
media are applied for communication than for cognitive training could provide domain-specific
information seeking. cognitive advantages. This study provided clear
evidence that the memory function can improve by
Improving self-expression engagement in demanding daily orders32.
patients can significantly improve their care and online friends compared with face-to-face interactions.
health outcomes. Additional data established that In fact, people with low self-esteem realize social
supplemental online communication and social media as a more appealing place for self-disclosure
media could facilitate physicians’ advice and and thus, they spend more time using these online
concoction for patients with chronic diseases40,41. approaches as do people with high self-esteem.
Consequently, these online individuals cannot be able
Challenges and risks of Social to express themselves in face-to-face interactions. It
Media Increasing loneliness and also has been noted that occasional or chronic
exposure to social media platforms could be a negative
anxiety impact on people’s self-evaluation and self-esteem51.
Ordinary chronic social media use can negative affect
Several studies suggest a link between using social self-esteem, while state self-esteem can also be
media and loneliness. Social media and other socially affected by incidental use. Our study shows that
interactive approaches may also have both positive people who use social media commonly report higher
and negative outcomes for socially anxious depression rates and decreased well-being.
individuals. In a study conducted by Orr et al. on shy
persons they found shy one spent significantly more Influence of social media on
time using social media than non-shy people42. In
other research by Sheldon et al., it has been informed drinking, smoking, and illicit
that people who are socially anxious like to use
drugs use
social media to fight loneliness43. A study
documented that online communication could further Online social media websites have visual environment
isolate persons offline and decrease social well- in which alcohol and illicit drugs-related content is
being44. However, in a study has established that easily generated and consumed by young adults52.
using online social media has a potential effect to Presented alcohol and drug abuse on social media can
improve social support and self-esteem while include any data (images and videos) pertaining to
decreasing depression and loneliness45. Pittman et al., alcohol and illicit drugs that may negative effects
reported that loneliness might decrease, while viewers and be indicative of offline drug abuse53-55. In
satisfaction and happiness with life could increase as recent years, substance use is widespread and
a function of image-based social media46. A study glamorized by celebrities on social media sites. There
established that females tend to experience social has been some evidence to confirm social media being
anxiety more than do males47. Given this used as an approach for selling drugs, with hashtags
circumstance, it is not surprising that some authors simplifying process of introducing sellers and
reported that socially anxious females tend to feel buyers56. Alcohol, electronic cigarette and tobacco
more comfortable interconnecting with others online businesses have incorporated social media platforms
as opposed to in person48. Anxiety can be associated into attractive marketing strategies that are accessible
with increased dependency, emotionally lability, self- to adolescents and young adults57. These online tools
deprecation, as well as preoccupation with the have provided new insights for these industries to
availability of others49,50. market to adolescents even when direct marketing to
these individuals is in contradiction of the law or
Decreasing self-esteem supposed to be national regulated. Expanding
industries provide even more opportunities for
Positive effects of social media in supporting self-
adolescents and teens to have exposure to advertising
esteem especially for people with low self-esteem
through social media58. According to the study
discussed above but other researcher found that
conducted by national center on addiction and
people with low self-esteem, express themselves in
substance abuse at Columbia university in 2011, it
ways that are not lovely13. Such self-expressing is not
reported that teens and young people who used social
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