Romania

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For other uses, see Romania (disambiguation).

Romania

România    (Romanian)

Flag of Romania

Flag

Coat of arms of Romania

Coat of arms

Anthem: "Deșteaptă-te, române!"

("Awaken thee, Romanian!")

2:19

EU-Romania.svg

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Location of Romania (dark green)

– in Europe (green & dark grey)

– in the European Union (green)    –    [Legend]

Capital

and largest city

Bucharest

44°25′N 26°06′E

Official languages Romanian[1]

Recognised minority

languages[2]

See here
Ethnic groups (2011)[3]

88.92% Romanians

6.50% Hungarians

3.29% Romani

1.29% Other

Religion (2011)[4]

92.3% Christianity

—81.0% Romanian Orthodoxy

—6.2% Protestantism

—5.1% Catholicism

6.2% No religion

1.5% Others

Demonym(s) Romanian

Government Unitary semi-presidential republic

• President

Klaus Iohannis

• Prime Minister

Nicolae Ciucă

Legislature Parliament

• Upper house

Senate

• Lower house

Chamber of Deputies

Establishment history

• Unification

24 January 1859

• Independence from the Ottoman Empire

9 May 1877/1878

• Greater Romania
1918 / 1920

• Socialist Republic

30 December 1947

• Current state form

27 December 1989[5][6][7]

Area

• Total

238,397 km2 (92,046 sq mi) (81st)

• Water (%)

Population

• 1 January 2021 estimate

Neutral decrease 19,186,201[8][9] (61st)

• 2011 census

20,121,641[3]

• Density

80.4/km2 (208.2/sq mi) (136th)

GDP (PPP) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase$704.355 billion[10] (36th)

• Per capita

Increase$36,446 [10] (66th)

GDP (nominal) 2022 estimate

• Total

Increase$314.876 billion[10] (47th)

• Per capita

Increase$16,293[10] (56th)

Gini (2020) Positive decrease 33.8[11]

medium
HDI (2019) Increase 0.828[12]

very high · 49th

Currency Romanian leu (RON)

Time zone UTC+2 (EET)

• Summer (DST)

UTC+3 (EEST)

Date format dd.mm.yyyy (AD)

Driving side right

Calling code +40

ISO 3166 code RO

Internet TLD .roa

Also .eu, shared with other European Union member states.

Romania (/roʊˈmeɪni.ə/ (listen) roh-MAY-nee-ə; Romanian: România [romɨˈni.a] (listen)) is a country

located at the crossroads of Central, Eastern, and Southeastern Europe. It borders Bulgaria to the south,
Ukraine to the north, Hungary to the west, Serbia to the southwest, Moldova to the east, and the Black
Sea to the southeast. It has a predominantly temperate-continental climate, and an area of 238,397 km2
(92,046 sq mi), with a population of around 19 million. Romania is the twelfth-largest country in Europe
and the sixth-most populous member state of the European Union. Its capital and largest city is
Bucharest, and other major urban areas include Iași, Cluj-Napoca, Timișoara, Constanța, Craiova, Brașov,
and Galați.

The Danube, Europe's second-longest river, rises in Germany's Black Forest and flows in a southeasterly
direction for 2,857 km (1,775 mi), before emptying into Romania's Danube Delta. The Carpathian
Mountains, which cross Romania from the north to the southwest, include Moldoveanu Peak, at an
altitude of 2,544 m (8,346 ft).[13]

Romania was formed in 1859 through a personal union of the Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and
Wallachia. The new state, officially named Romania since 1866, gained independence from the Ottoman
Empire in 1877.[14] During World War I, after declaring its neutrality in 1914, Romania fought together
with the Allied Powers from 1916. In the aftermath of the war, Bukovina, Bessarabia, Transylvania, and
parts of Banat, Crișana, and Maramureș became part of the Kingdom of Romania.[15] In June–August
1940, as a consequence of the Molotov–Ribbentrop Pact and Second Vienna Award, Romania was
compelled to cede Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina to the Soviet Union and Northern Transylvania to
Hungary. In November 1940, Romania signed the Tripartite Pact and, consequently, in June 1941 entered
World War II on the Axis side, fighting against the Soviet Union until August 1944, when it joined the
Allies and recovered Northern Transylvania. Following the war and occupation by the Red Army, Romania
became a socialist republic and a member of the Warsaw Pact. After the 1989 Revolution, Romania
began a transition towards democracy and a market economy.

Romania is a developing country with a high-income economy,[16] ranking 49th in the Human
Development Index. It has the world's 47th largest economy by nominal GDP. Romania experienced rapid
economic growth in the early 2000s; its economy is now based predominantly on services. It is a
producer and net exporter of machines and electric energy through companies like Automobile Dacia
and OMV Petrom. Romania has been a member of the United Nations since 1955, NATO since 2004 and
the European Union (EU) since 2007. The majority of Romania's population are ethnic Romanian and
religiously identify themselves as Eastern Orthodox Christians, speaking Romanian, a Romance language.
The Romanian Orthodox Church is the largest and traditional church of the country.

Contents

1 Etymology

2 History

2.1 Prehistory

2.2 Antiquity

2.3 Middle Ages

2.4 Early Modern Times and national awakening

2.5 Independence and monarchy

2.6 World Wars and Greater Romania

2.7 Communism

2.8 Contemporary period

2.8.1 NATO and EU integration

3 Geography and climate

3.1 Climate

4 Governance

4.1 Foreign relations

4.2 Military

4.3 Administrative divisions

5 Economy
5.1 Infrastructure

5.2 Tourism

5.3 Science and technology

6 Demographics

6.1 Languages

6.2 Religion

6.3 Urbanisation

6.4 Education

6.5 Healthcare

7 Culture

7.1 Arts and monuments

7.2 Holidays, traditions, and cuisine

7.3 Sports

8 See also

9 Notes

10 References

11 Sources

11.1 Secondary sources

11.2 Primary sources

12 External links