UNCLASSIE FIED

AD 277803

AHM ED SERVICES TEC,'

iAll, INFORM.A.TION• AGENCY
ARL1IN(TON HALL STATWIN
ARLI•NGTON 12, VIRGINIA

K !R
TC'LA ,tAl IED
 t

4
NOTICE: When government or other drawings, speci-
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Ce',

(• WADD-TR-61-75

A THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL INVESTIGATION

C-") OF THE ACOUSTIC RESPONSE OF CAVITIES
IN AN AERODYNAMIC FLOW

I *_
" .1 ,.

• •.•,'-,•k~iTECHINICAL IRETORIT No. WA1)D-631-75

MAIICII 1962

0
z

FLIGIIT DYNAMICS LABORATORY

AERONAUTICAL SYSTEMS DIVISION
AIR FORCE SYSTEMS COMMAND
JWRIGHIT-PA'lTTERSON AIR FORCE BASE, 01110

A,,

Proj,'(.t No. 1370, Task No. 137(X)5

(Preparcd unider Contract No. AF 33(616)-6966

bvy !,ockheed Aireraft Corporation. Marietta, G(eorgia,
Athiors: If. E. Pluimblbeh , J. S. (;ihsou, and IL.W. lassiter.)
 NOTICES

When Government drawings, specifications, or other data are used for any
purpose other than in connection with a definitely related Government procure-
ment operation, the United States Government thereby incurs no responsibility
nor any obligation whatsoever; and the fact that the Government may have
formulated, furnished, or in any way supplied the said drawings, specifications,
or other data, is n~ot to be regarded by implication or otherwise as in any
manner licensing the holder or any other person or corporation, or conveying
any rights or permission to manufacture, use, or sell any patented invention
that may in any way be related thereto.

Qualified requesters may obtain copies of this report from the Armed
Services Technical Information Agency, (ASTIA), Arlington Hall Station,
Arlington 12, Virginia.

This report has been released to the Office of Technical Services, U.S.
Department of Commerce, Washington 25, D.C., in stock quantities for sale
to the general public.

Copies of this report should not be returned to the Aeronautical Systems

Division unless return is required by security considerations, contractual
obligations, or notice on a b,•zcific document.

300 - jtui 1962 - 37-1596 , 1c,,97

I

FOREWORD

This report was prepared for the Flight Dynamics Laboratory,

eronautical Systei.is Division, Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio.
The research and development work was accomplished by Lockheed Aircraft
Corporation, Georgia Division, I-larietta, Georgia under Air Force Contract
...F33(616)-6966, Project ivr. 1370, "ID]v.ic Probler.s in Flight Vehicles " ,
Tas'k Nr. l3'005'?IlLhods of Eoise -reodictionrontrol arod leasurerent".
Kr.D. L. Smtith of the Dynawics Branch, Flight Dynai;ics Laboratory,
uirectorate of Aeromechanics, Deputy for Technology w,-L Task Engineer.
.'esearch covered in this report started in February 1960 and is part
*cf a continuing effort.
The authors wish to express their sincere appreciation for the
valuab'e mathematical ass5istlance and consultation given by Dr. J. F.
Andrus of the i-athematical Analysis Department. Our thanks al, o to
other i;embers of the Sound and Vibration Sect-ion, without whose help
the project couljd not have been completed, and to the AEDC personnel
whose palience and cooperation contributed greatly to the experimental
program.

,JAIJ Pt. 61-75

 tI
!

I ABSTRACT

Theory is developed for the resonant frequencies and pressure amplifications of

a rectangular cavity of arbitrary dimensions in a flow field. An Intermediate step
involves the derivation of radiation impedance for a cavity at all Mach numbers,
using the concepts of retarded potential theory. Experimental results are given for
small cavities tested In the subsonic regime and for cavities up to 8" in length at
supersonic Mach numbers from 1.75 to 5.0. Comparisons are drawn between theoretical
and experimental frequency and amplitude response, indicating that the theory developed
gives very good definition of the problem.

PUBLICATION REVIEW

This report has been reviewed and is approved.

FOR THE COMMANDER:

aIIiiv*',. l'L
•oLnc.,toe UJ.AiF
Chief, Fliht ~Dyna..ic La'soa'x'

WADD TR 61-75 iii

I
TABLE OF CONTENTS
SECTION PAGE
I. INTRODUCTION I

Ii. THEORY 2

A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS 2
B. RADIATION IMPEDANCE 3
1. STATIONARY MEDIUM 3
2. MOVING MEDIUM 7
a. Subsonic Velocities 7
b. Supersonic Velocities 11
C. PRESSURE RESPONSE 21
III. EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES 25
TEST ARTICLES 25
A.
1. EXPLORATORY 25
2. WIND-TUNNEL MODEL 25

a. General 25
b. Model Mechanism 25
B. INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST PROCEDURES 26
I. SOUND PRESSURE 26
2. STATIC PRESSURE 26
3. OPTICAL 26
4. DATA REDUCTION 26
IV. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS - EXPLORATORY 34
A. EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER 34
B. SUPERSONIC FLOW 34
C. EFFECT OF LENGTH 35
V. EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS - AEDC 40

A. BOUNDARY-LAYER CHARACTERISTICS 40
I. VELOCITY PROFILES 40
2. TURBULENCE SPECTRA 40
3. AERODYNAMIC NOISE 40

B. CAVITY RESPONSE 41

WADD TR 61-75 iv
I
SECTION PAGE
1. FLOW STUDIES 41

a. Schlieren Indications 41
b. Oil-Flow Movies 43
c. Static-Pressure Indications 43

(1) Effect of Depth 43

(2) Effect of Length 43
(3) Effect of Width 44
(4) Effect of Mach Number 44
(5) Effect of "q" 44

2. CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCIES 44

a. Effect of Dimensions 44
b. Effect of Mach Number 45

3. AMPLITUDE RESPONSE 46

a. Buffet Response 46

(1) Effect of Cavity Dimensions 46

(2) Effect of Depth 46
(3) Effect of Mach Number 46
(4) Spatial Distribution 46

b. Resonant Response 46

VI. COMPARISON OF THEORY AND EXPERIMENT 78

A. SHORT CAVITIES 78

I. SUBSONIC 78

a. Frequency 78
b. Amplitude Response 79

2. SUPERSONIC 80

a. Frequency 80
Amplitude Response 81

B. LONG CAVITIES 81

VII. CONCLUSIONS 98

Vill. DESIGN SUMMARY 99

A. CAVITY LENGTH/DEPTH < 1.0 99

B. CAVITY LENGTH/DEPTH > 1.0 99

Ix. REFERENCES 108

APPENDIX A - HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS 109
APPENDIX B - RADIATION IMPEDANCE-SUBSONIC 111
APPENDIX C - RADIATION IMPEDANCE-SUPERSONIC 133

WADD TR 61-75 v
 ...-..
.... . "tA.iO -- N6.-

FIG ' . TITLE PAGE

1. () Field Point Connotation 4
Coordinate System Used For Transformation to Cylindrical
Coordinates 5

2. x: y: InRegion 1
Illustrating Preusure Point x', Y in Region I
12
12
() Illustrating Pressure Point (x,yE) in Region 11 12
3. (a) Illustrating Limits of Integration for the Supersonic
Pressure Equation 13
(b) Illustrating Limits of Integration for the Supersonic
Pressure Equation 13

4. (a) Showing Limits of Integration for the Supersonic Force

Integral 14
(6) Showing Limits of Integration for the Supersonic Force
Integral 14

5. Illustrating Change from Rectong, lar to Cylindrical Coordinat3 1

for Supersonic Impedance Integral 18

i 6. Exploratory Test Schematic 28

7. (a) AEDC Tunnel Model 29

(b) Model Top View 30
(c) Cavity Configuration 31

8. Instrumentation Schematic - AEDC 32

9. Transducer Locations and Mounting Details 33

10. Frequency Spectra of 1" Length x 1" Width x 1" Depth Cavity
In Subsonic Flow 36
11. Frequency Spectra of 1" Length x 1" Width x 1" Depth Cavity
In Supersonic Flow 38
12. Effect of Cavity Length On Spectral Response 39

13. Boundary-Layer Profiles 49

14. Boundary-Layer Turbulence Spectra 50

15. Boundary-Layer Noise Spectra 50

16. Effect Of Mach Number On Boundary-Layer Noise 51

17. Effect Of Mach Number And Dynamic Pressure On Overall

Boundary-Layer Noise 52

WADD TR 61-75 vi
 !I
FIGURE TITLE PAGE
--- ~4L--1undary-Lay..r-Flvcuations Above A long-Cavtty -3--- -

19. (a) Time History Of Boundary-Layer Fluctuations For A Long

Cavity 54
(b) Spatial Correlation Of Boundary-Layer Displacement
Fluctuations 55

20. (a) Effect Of Cavity Depth On Boundary-Layer Fluctuations,

x = 211 56
(b) Effect of Cavity Depth On Boundary-Layer Fluctuations,
x = 5" 57
21. Boundary-Layer Fluctuations Due To A Short Cavity 58

22. Boundary -Layer Fluctuations For Cavity Of Intermediate Length 59

23. Oil-Flow Photographs Of Flow Inside Cavity 60
24. Effect Of Depth On Cavity Static Pressure 62

25. Effect Of Length On Cavity Static Pressure 63

26. Effect Of Mach Number On Cavity Static Pressure 64
27. (a) Typical Frequency Response Of A Cavity In Supersonic Flow 65
(b) Effect Of Dynamic Pressure "q" On Resonant Response 67
28. Composite Plot Of Resonant Frequencies At A Mach Number Of 2.0 68
29. Effect Of Cavity Dimensions On Frequency 69
30. Composite Variation Of Ist Mode Frequency With Cavity Length
And Mach Number 70

31. Effect Of Cavity L,.ngth and Width On Buffet Response 71

32. Effect Of Cavity Depth And Width On Buffet Response 72

33. Effect Of Mach Number On Buffet Response 73

34. Lengthwise Distribution Of Buffet Response in Long Cavity 74

35. Streamwise Distribution Of Sound Pressure In A Long Cavity 75

36. (a) Effect Of Cavity Length On Sound Pressure Of First Three

Modes at Mach 2.0 76
(b) Effect Of Cavity Length On Sound Pressure Of Frst Two
Modes at Mach 3.0 77

WADD TR 61-75 vii

 TI~TLE

. 37. Theoretical Amplification Of A Short Cavity 84

38. Exploratory Response Spectra Of 1/2" Length x 1" Width x 1P Depth

Cavity In Subsonic Flow 85
39.' Comparison of Theoretical And Experimental Response Frequencies
For Short Cavity 88

40. Comparison Of Theoretical And Experimental Response Frequencies,

1.5' Length x 1" Width x I" Depth Cavity 89

41. Theoretical Effect Of Cavity Length On Frequency Of Depth Modes 90

42. Comparison Of Theoretical And Experimental Amplitude Response of
1/2" Length x 1" Width x I" Depth Cavity 91
43. Com prison Of Theoretical And Experimental Response Frequencies
For 2" Length x 2" Width x 2.5" Depth Cavity at Supersonic Mach
Number 92
44. Comparison of Calculated And Measured Response Spectra 93
45. Further Comparison of Calculated And Measured Response Spectra 95
46. Comparison of Calculated and Measured Response Spectra of
8" Length x 2" Width x 3.5" Depth Cavity 96
47. Comparison of Calculated and Measured Response Spectra of
4" Length x 2" Width x 2.5" Depth Cavity 97
48. Radiation Impedance of Cavity for Various Aspect Ratios 102
49. Solutions to Boundary Condition Function 107
50. Calculated Response of Test Resonator 110

WADD TR 61-75 viii

 ... . .LIST OF SYMBOLS

a fNLzX/c(R2 + X2)
A simple source strength

b fNLzR/C(R2 + X2)

c velocity of sound
D "Amplitude" radius, subsonic

I D "Amplitude" radius, supersonic

f frequency, cps
fN natural frequency of cavity
F total force on piston
9n defined by gn = ."n

k wave number, .'J/c

L length of Helmholtz resonator neck

-L cavity length
L cavity width
y
L cavity depth
M Mach number, uf/c
n length mode number
fn width mode number

nz depth mode number of room with all walls rigid

n depth mode number of cavity (one side on depth axis open)

N n, nx, n

4 root-mean-square sound pressure

pp peak sound pressure

WADD TR 61-75 ix
 ~~ - -pre"usre at open end-of =ovtty (p4=k)
- modef ocl static pressure

PN sound pressure level, db

q free-stream dynamic pressure (puig)
r distance from source to field point for stationary medium

R radiation resistance
Rx streamwise correlation coefficient

S area of piston
t time
u dummy variable

Uf forward velocity
Up particle velocity (peak)
v dummy variable
V cavity volume
X radiation reactance
x, y, z coordinates of source
x yZ' coordinates of field point

T average boundary-layer thickness

zr characteristic radiation impedance
Zrr radiation impedance of piston (cavity)

density of medium (static)

tan 1(1/
P)

X. wavelength
;N cavity normalizing constant

el n normalizing number
Cn normalizing number
Y
I•c characteristic acoustic impedance

WADD TR 61-75 x
 w Angular frequency

8 tan1 (y6/x'1)

tani (vI/u')
Y normalized frequency, kL~
dummy variable

real solution of boundary function

ri dummy variable
nn imaginary solution of boundary function
to-1

ýN characteristic equation
Q~r cylindrical coordinates

All decibel units are referenced to 0 0002 dynes/cm2

WADD TR 61-75 xi
I I - INTRODUCTION

The problem of acoustic response of a cavity or recess in the surface of an air-

borne vehicle is one which has assumed new dimensions of significance with the advent
of
of supersonic flight. inExperience
response depends withonthethe
large measure problem to date
airspeed, has indicated
or perhaps that the severity
more inclusively, the
dynamic pressure associated with the flight condition. Thus, serious questions arise as to
expected loads inside a cavity on a supersonic vehicle.
The problem is not simple; the investigations conducted to date have established
"thisvery clearly. The mechanisms involved appear in many respects to be simply the:
excitation of resonant response of a given enclosure; yet there are facets of the problem
which appear to deviate markedly from such a phenomenon. For example, the Boeing
Airplane Company (Ref. 1) concluded that for the problem as it was encountered on the
B-47 aircraft, the mechanism was best defined as a pseudo-resonant phenomenon, in which
the normal acoustic modes are modified in frequency by the presence of a bound vortex
formation within the cavity. This vortex is presumed to alter the wave-propagation ve-
locity in the upstream direction as comparedwith the downstream direction, thus in effect
changing the resonant frequencies.

Krishnarnurty (Ref. 2) conducted quite an extensive study of the problem from

the viewpoint of the radiation of sound out of the cavity. He concluded that the phenom-
enon was more likely to be associated with the inherent instability of the separated bound-
ary layer, which permits amplification of disturbances within certain limits of wavelength.
This hypothesis leads to the ultimate question as to why the cavity response is not merely
the amplification of a band of frequencies rather than the observed amplification of a
single frequency within this band.

The approach followed in the present investigation is based on the hypothesis

that whatever the forcing mechanism may be, conditions inside the cavity must ultimately
follow the dictates of the characteristic acoustic response of the cavity. Thus, it is hypo-.
thesized that at least part of the overall solution to the problem lies in the definition of
characteristic acoustic response of the cavity. Other considerations may then apply to
effect the general solution, but a firm base will have been laid. On this premise, the
theoretical investigation reported herein is primarily aimed at evaluation of the response
of a cavity of arbitrary dimensions placed in a flow of arbitrary velocity, either subsonic
or supersonic.

Experimentally, the program was aimed at as complete as possible documentation

of the phenomena involved. In particular, it was desiredto investigate a sufficient
range of dimensional parameters to insure that results were of broad enough scope to
avoid conclusions which might hold over only a limited range of cavity dimensions.

Manuscript released by the authors 14 January 1961 for publication as a WADD Technical
Report.

WADD TR 61-75 1
I .
t!

II. THEORY
A. GENERAL CONSIDERATIONS
The objective of the theoretical treatment discussed herein is to develop expressions
for the characteristic resonant response of a cavity, since it is hypothesized that this is
the predominant phenomenon Involved.
As shown by Morse (Ref. 3), the response of an enclosure is a function of:
1. The dimensions of the enclosure
2. The impedance of the boundaries
3. The location, distribution, and strength of the forcing source functions.
Previous work given in the classical literature provide the basis for the work
reported herein. It is hypothesized that the phenomenon of sound generation in a
cavity is basically that of an enclosure responding in its normal acoustic modes.
On this premise, the problem evolves into one of deriving the characteristic
response function of a cavity from which its natural modes become evident. The model
selected for the mathematics is a rectangular cavity of arbitrary dimensions, having
five walls terminated in an infinite impedance and the sixth terminated in the radiation
impedance of the cavity opening.
Toward this end, the major concern becomes that of deriving the radiation impe-
dance of the rectangular cavity. A literature search reveals that Swenson and Johnson
(Ref. 4) have indicated the form of such a derivation but do not give the derivation
itself. Stenzel (Ref. 5) presents a study of this impedance for the static case. Although
both of these reported results are of considerable help, it still remains to document more
completely the impedance for the static case and to extend the results to include the
effects of radiation into a medium which may be moving with either subsonic or super-
sonic velocity.
When considering the case of a moving medium, the fact that speed of the wave
front is altered by motion of the medium must be taken into account. The upstream
ropagation velocityof a source disturbance is the s eed of sound less the boundary-
lyer velocity. Therefore, at supersonic velocity there is no upstream propagation,
except that which occurs in the subsonic region of the boundary layer. Garrick
(Ref. 6) has shown the effect of a moving medium on radiation patterns and field
strength of an acoustic source; and Garrick and Watkins (Ref. 7) have included the
effect of forward velocity on the sound generation of a propeller. The retarded
potential theory of the above references has been applied to the present impedance
derivation, which considers the total effect of an assemblage of in-phase simple
sources evenly distributed on the outer surface of a weightless piston of air in the
mouth of the cavity.
Finally, the response of a simple cavity, as treated by Morse (Ref. 3) is discussed.
This theory is appropriate for use if the depth is not very much less than the streamwise
length of the cavity.

WADD TR 61-75 2
 B. RADIATION IMPEDANCE

1. STATIONARY MEDIUM
The radiation impedance of the cavity in a stationary medium is assumed to be that
of a rectangular piston set in a flat wall, very large with respect to the dimensions of
!the piston. The piston is assumed to be vibrating with velocity ' and radiating
into the space on one side of the wall only.
The radiation impedance, Z, is

i Z~~r
Z •t/pe£
.F/u e8"

where F is the total force exerted on the piston. The force, F, is equal to the integral
of pressure, pp (x' y'), over the area of the piston S, that is

F -ff (x'y') dx'dy (2)

The differential pressure at (x', y') on the piston due to radiation from d simple source
at (x, y) is (Ref. 1),

dp(xlyp ,)- ou• e,~e •jLkr dx cly (3)

where

r -V x. )zI -(y_I y)2

The total pressure at (x', y') assuming equal radiation intensity from all sources on the
piston iq:

=
22n dr dy (4 )

Using Eqs. ( 1 ), (2), and ( 4 ), the radiation impedance can be written as

Zr -T', (.s
Since Eq. (5) has r in the denominator, it is seen that a singularity will exist when
x = x' and y = y', and Eq. (4) will yield infinite pressure. In order to circumvent
this difficulty it is expedient to subdivide the piston into four areas whose common point
is the locus of the singularity. The integration can then be curried out in four steps as
shown on the following page.

WADD TR 61-75 3
 0, Ly LX, Ly

IIIII

FIGURE 1a.
FIELD POINT CONNOTATION
4
(x, y')

I IV
0, Lx, 0
X

From examination of Fig. la, it can be seen that Eq. (5) can be expressed as the sum
of the integrals over the four indicated areas.
I I I

zj .[f -'3r dx dy
Z -r f X f i+

(6)
f e dx dy f+ dx dy]dx dy

y x oX J
The four integrals obtained by integrating Eq. ( 6 ) with respect to x' and y' over
the indicated limits are equal, since the inner limits are the variables for the (x', y')
integration and will vary over all the cavity area; therefore,
I I

Zi . Y •oxi
X ikr
r R d d dx Y'

Making the following change of variables for ease of integration,

S I

- ,(8)

there results,

Zr -- J ffý
j jdx
f d, dy (9)
0 0 90

where

r -7

WADD TR 61-75 4
 By changing order of integration, the radiation impedance can be expressed as follows:

z f t[ n dydtdn
d (10)

or, upon integration with respect to x' and y',

y x -
-1,t)( (11)9
Zr it jj
0 0
Vi.Z+ di

I Itis of interest to note that Eq. (11 ) can be written in generalized form. The
normalizing factors used are:

L/L~mx I/x v12) (x

Thus in generalized form, Eq. ( 11 ) becomes

k3 1
Zr n f '1/ut +v2 dudv (13)
0 0

It is now necessary to change from rectangular to cylindrical coordinates in order to

perform the indicated integration. From Fig. lb, for the lower triangle.

COORDINATE SYSTEM USED

FOR TRANSFORMATION TO v
CYLINDRICAL COORDINATES

W6

WADD IR 61-75 5
 'r- ~Go$9_0 U r sina -

and for the upper triangle,

r ain 0 a 1 r cos - (15)

From the Jacobian Transformation,

du dv - r dr dO 16)

Therefore, the impedance equation in cylindrical coordinates is,

i2•o, tan sec e

Zr. 40(I_ r cos r sin G)WiTr drd@

(17)

icL 3 cot 1
s8cC 9

Integrating Eq. ( I/ ) with respect to r , the expression for radiation impedance in

terms of an integral with tespect to the variable 0 becomes

12=7~L tan -\ cot-1

zr iyseC 0 dG 1
2sL~ -oss de

(18)

(-i
-r iwV?? _7 Ii-it y. 1 2+ inY
(

For convenience of calculation, it is necessary to express Eq. ( 18 ) in terms of

its real and imaginary components. Also, it is desirable to express the impedance
as a unit, or characteristic impedance, therefore Eq. ( 18 ) is divided by the piston
area (Lx Ly). The characteristic radiation impedance z is therefore,

z cr(H + ix) (19)

with R the radiation resistance and X the radiation reactance.

WADD TR 61-75 6
 R- o- 9 sfe (ysee 9) dS + fccn o osi(ty sec 9) d9

(21)
"19 aln y" + si-n y six Yy + y(I

The above equations for R and X could be written in terms of a series as was
done in Ref. 2, but in the present case this would not result in any simplicity of
calculation, since a digilal computer wa- used in obtaining numerical results.

2. MOVING MEDIUM

In the preceding section, the radiation impedance for a cavity in a stationary

medium has been derived. It is now necessary to include the effects of a moving
medium in the theory. Garrick (Ref. 6) shows how retarded potential theory can be
used for including the effects of a moving medium.
a. Subsonic Velocities

For the case of a simple source in a moving medium of uniform subsonic velocity
uf (uf < c), the wave equation for small pressure disturbancos is

ýa~ 2 t ý (22)

The solution of Eq. (22 ) for the differential pressure at a field point (x', y') from
a simple source at (x, y) is as follows:

eiWt j(ik/li 2 )[-M(x' - x) D (23)

dj- 2nD ~(3

where

f 2 *i- i 2
Du-•(x -x) 2
. • 2
(,' ¥) 2 (24)

WADD TR 61-75 7
_-' (1 ) and (2) from the-prceding seitfon and th, Aeiult of EI. (23),
7• sEUi,
"theImpedancefoa vibrating piston-b IFho-a- on;c flow is

(4Lk/p 2 )[41(x' x)+J

f (25)
Upon separating the above equation for Z into four equal integrals as was
done in Eq. (6), the radiation impedance har the following form:
I L. L y' x'
o
WM(x' ÷9 - - x) (/2P
S~ dy dx dy
D
It is now convenient to make the following changes of variables of integration,
X-x- (27)
After substitution of the changes of variables, and an inter-change of the order
of integration, the radiation impedance, after integration with respect to dx1 , dy',
I can 6e written in the following integral form:

I Zr 2 JIL L

r 211 (28)
+ d-'k[PZ
dt (28

Since a generalized solution for any Mach number, cavity length, and. cavity
width is desired, it is convenient at this point in the derivation to make the
normalizing substitutions of Eq. (12) again. The generalized equation for
impedance then can be written in the following double integral form:

Z =-'f f (1- U)( )[F(O NJ.

V- ~UV M
r R2 QL T (29)
+eI TR6Jdu dv

WADD TR 61-75 8
 --1-nUR--h".due (q9) to single 1i sncsayt a
the transformation to cylindrical coordinates, as indicated in Eqs. (14), (15),
coordinates is then:
and (16). The normalized Impedance equation in cylindrical 11
ztn'tiý. -1. se__ -iy(. + McosO)i/P 2

+ [(I- Dcose)(JA.- Dsine)e

i Mcosi)I/vfP 2]
)Y-iy(1-

+ (1- DsinQ)(r- dD dO

integrating Eq. (30) with respect to D, and separating into its real and (Upon

Simaginary components in the form of Eq. (19), the characteristic radiation

i. resistance for the subsonic flow case is:

..f~si1-os
~ + in44)c(Pt- DcosWn)/A
Dcs[ c['se I dD1
Mn ]d8

'l sJ,. Is0e31

+cot -ov[inO)(1+ ).ec9(1.-,..,/ id
,sin@,

ii.-J (1 + Msin Q)7 (1 - Msin g)2 J

0

(31)
"f;ly (Be+ W?,)•+•.1 - M)?
( + 'se 9•:
cot'l•
3 3
0o i. (3)itre sin d) e (p-arng
i ne e)

r2oL[so--.
1(0ADR17 -- + +
4)/P.2]sco_.s[nLy(,77 '- M-l jd @

[ TR ( s 9 (1 -
 (1 + (L., Ji)e. LiM 1M

-2yrarctanjl - K arctan + j~ii

And the radiation reactance is,

2 4 cos[y(sec"O
X j seC + L)/] i.Sec9 co:L(:ec@~)$ dt)

so.irM c
Cc- os][cIyýSeC.(i1. P'iwen)/O] + Cos L's.ec9(1- MsinR)/j d@

f(2I + Vi siniý) 2 (1 - M sin Q)

-i3lrly~.Jo(C.4(1. A'isil)()/P1 + sinlyl ,,secg(]. ~i n4/-d

(
(I .5r
h 0) sin (9)-

~
+ i~(F-ýi-2V + i)/D21] r- -iky VIn)/B

T
YL('5 (-'fj7Y M)2I
1,1)2 -+pý) (321

-i+ Li 1')/p
+
r(
y
in 1
211 + 2.1 + 1
1~i
+
.2

2?1arctantl ~1M - arc tan (1 + '

As a matter of interest, the above equations for Rand X are equal to Eqs.
(20) and (21) if zero Mach number is substituted.

WADD TR 61-75 10
 T sma-------
u.,____________________ - ...... ra -anreactance---- be-en.
developed in terms of three parameters; (1), the ratio of cavity width to length,

(2) the normalized frequency parameter, kLx, and (3) Mach number. Calcula-
tions for R and X were performed on a digital computer using numerical inte-
gration routines.
b. Supersoni c Velocities

The assumptions made in deriving the radiation impedance for a cavity in a

supersonic flow are the same as those for subsonic flow except as follows:

(1) The effect of a source at (x, y) is felt only at points (x', y') within the
Mach cone with origin at (x, y). The enclosed half-angle, "y , of this
cone is sin 1 1/M. Outside the conical region the effect of the source
at (x, y) is zero.
(2) The pressure at field point (x', y') has a double solutlion, instead of the
single solution for the subsonic case. The field point, (x', y') at a
particular instant of time, t , is influenced by two wave fronts which
originated at time t1 and t 2 earlier. A wave generated at (x, y) at t
radiates spherically with velocity of sound c and is carried down-
stream with supersonic velocity u . The spherical wave is therefore
traveling downstream at a velocity greater than the speed of sound, so
that the field point (x', y') will both enter and leave a particular wave,
which is not possible in the subsonic case. Therefore at time t, the
field point will be erniigintg FIom a wave generated at time t 1 and
penetrating a wave front generated at time t2 (t> t2 > ti).
The equation for differential pressure at x', y' with sourcc cit x, y is

iuwt (ik[-hi(x1- x) - Ds]/13 2 ik [-~-x) Di/31(3

ee PJol (33
d 2 ax dy

where

/1;2Q 1 2 2
- xx)2 - (34)

The next step in deriving the radiation impedance is to determine the limits
It is seen From Fig. 2a that if sin y= 1/M, then tan ý = 1'M/7= fs
of integration.
The pressure at (x', y') is the sum of differential pressures received from sources
bounded by the Mach cone opening in the negative x direction with origin at
(x', y') and the upstream boundarys of the cavity. By examination of Fig. 2a
and Fig. 2b it is seen that the integral equation for pressure at a point (x', y')
in region I, from sources in the shaded area, will have different limits than the
integration for pressure at (x', y') in region II. The dotted I ne in Figs. 2 a and
2b separate region I and II. The angle ,Abetween the line separating the two

WADD TR 61-75 11
FIGURE 2g.
ILLUSTRATING PRESSURE We Y1)
POINT (x', y') IN REGION I Y **...**

VI **~* I

Y y

(X, Y')
FIGURE 2b./
ILLUSTRATING PRESSURE YI
POINT (x',y') IN REGION 11

0,0 -1--L.Lx, 0

regions and the x axis is defined by

A*tanl( ) tan'1 (2./pe)

and the angle 6 , separating the radial vector from 0 to Wx, y') and the x axis
is defined by

6 a t~an -1(y /i

Therefore if 6 < a , the point (x', y') is in region I and if 8 > e4, (X1, Y') is
in region 11.

The pressure at (x', y') for (x', yE) in region 1, using Fig. 3a, is as
follIows. The limits for the x integration, holding yKconstant, will be from
0 to the intersection point of the Mach cone along te x axis which is

I
X - (y'- y)tan -x -(y. ~

WAD TR 61~-75 12
the >'Ititfrn thn~g~ r led region A are from 0 to y'. T60refore the
pressure at (x', y) Is---

II I .(yB- Y)1

O(X#y ) 0 fJ (%

r~The x limilts of integvatlon In region 11 from inspection of Fig. 3b are as

th
'inth~prviusintegration 0tx'-(y'-y)ps. In setting up the limits It is
necessary to find the point of Intersection with the y axis of the lower part of
the Mach cone. This point Is y' - x'/ton 4t yI-X'/ pa. Then the y limits are
Y'- x'/Pato yin. Therefore the pressure contributed to (x', y') from the shaded
region of Fig. 36 is

oxI y

FIGURE 3o. ,y)

ILLUSTRATING LIMITS OF
INTEGRATION FOR THE y (u - Y
SUPERSONIC PRESSURE--------......
EQUATION Y

0,0LyL1L

B
FIGURE 36. (x, YB1
ILLUSTRATING LIMITS OF :

INTEGRATION FOR THE Iy i. @

SUPERSONIC PRESSURE T L
EQUATION :..

0,0v LX1 0
x -

WADD TR 61-75 13
11
A~Infl~ipi~tn t~diedarvt~uIonce -.8ti~~rw*pti1(, )
--- -,+h,
ui...... , ,,•hv,,a,-,
tH r W b.ulc.uu'w. I w u Vrv, I thns Uus rFIw under
',jr
Ptifderotlon there are same problems. Regions I and II defined in the derivation of
pressure each may have two differentgeometric shapes as seen In Figs. 4a and 4b. In
Pig. 4o A> tan1 (Ly/Lx) or I]A > .y/,x) and In Fij. 4b. A < tanl1(L/Lx) or
I/ps < L/Lx. OxLy

FIGURE 4a. A dYE

SHOWING LIMITS OF . a.
INTEGRATION FOR THE ,
SUPERSONIC FORCE INTEGRAL A p W, y1
/
0,0 - Lx, 0

1 dy'
FIGURE 4b.
SHOWING LIMITS OF Y
INTEGRATION FOR THE
SUPERSONIC FORCE INTEGRAL p(x ', y)

0,0 Lx, 0

First, the force on area LxLy will be derived for A_ tan- 1 (Ly/1.x). In
3 and
region I, the x' limits of integration are from a to L where a = y'/tan A ;y'1
the y' limits are 0 to L . For region l1 the x' limits of integration are 0 to

a= 'y5aand the y' limits are 0 to Ly. Using these limits, the force integral is
Ly 1x reLo
F f YfPP(region I) dx dy
PS
.fPp(region
ii) ix'c)
0 Y pa 0 0

or, noting that the force from region B is equal to the force from re ion A
when integrating pressure over the total area LxL , with respect to dx',dy',
the force is

WADD TR 61-75 14
 i

I I

L y y(y- (35)
+2 (dp) d dy dz'dy,

ForA s tan'l(L /L.)or (p L/Lx) Z 1 the order of Integration for force is

reversed to dy' dV'. For region I, from Figure 4b, the y limits are 0 to x'
tan A,= x'/PB, and x' I mits are 0 to L In region II, y' limits are x'/P8 to Ly
is
!x and x' limits are 0 to Lx . Using these limits the force

x L L
F f p (region 1) dylx +±X' P (region II) dy dxl

or substituting in the expressions for

L V X (Y' - Yi P.
F fa f (d) dx dy cLy dx
00

L L- (y. Y')Pe , (36)

+f
0
fY f3' -x/ 8 f 0
dx dydy dx
(di?,

Now that the limits of integration have been established the radiation
impedance Zr can be set up and solved.

The first case to be integrated is for P L :S< 1. Substituting Eqs.

(34 ) in Eq. (35) the radiation impedancL Yequation is

"rkw- fj F(xyx,"
t) dx dydxdy
d
0 0 0
(37)

f- f f, F(x,y,xOY ) dx dyv dx dyl

WADD TR 61-75 15
 IW
Fy,,,,,,). "/ ,[-X x) ) D.]/,,] -)_+_ _

By changing variables, the function -. (x, y, x', y') can be made dependent upon
two variables instead of four as stated above. The following Indicated changes
I are therefore made-

IIx-x-•: pe(y"-y')"
I X

S~~Then (3

Ik(KC + D )/P: -ik(M. -Ds)I0

o (•,) (WD) +

where

.2

and changing limits In Eq. (37), the resulting equation for Zr is

I I

Zr no "feff fiyq dt dn dx dy
0 ny
(39)
L YI xI x

ns J JJ F(tin) dt dn cx'dd'
0 0 0 n

Upon interchanging the order of integration, the above equation for Z, is

Zr f "k 3LYI x
jF(t,,)
(40)

WADD TR 61-75 16
AIr• tAf ~rflgt,, wIfhliupeet to x' and y', Eq. (40) reducas to'

, (Lx" V)(PB"x" n) M(on) A dn (41)

The next step In solving for supersonic impedance is to use the normalizing
Factors of Eq. ( 12 ), requiring the following form:

Zr li fi -u)(P3e• - v) F(u,v) du dv (42)

where

(/
F(1v 2 (iy(14U 4- -~~/u =-v 32 _y(Mu u-2

In order to simplify the above equation, another change of variables must be

incorporated. Let DsV u-v and sin 0 = v/u. Using Jacobian transformations,
s4
du dv D sece 8 dD de (43)

Solving the above relationships for u and v it is seen that

U-D aec e v a D. tan e (44)

From Fig. 5, the area of integration is bounded by (0, 1, ps, A). For simplicity
the angle 6S is used in setting limits. The integration is to be divided into two
triangles, one bounded by (0, 1,ps?) and the other bounded by (0,ps•, A). In
the lower triangle the limits on 68 are from 0 to tan-( e. ). The variable
D Vu - can be visualized by rotating the vector u' about the point
(u', 0) until it intersects a line parallel to the u-axis that also intersects the
point (u', v'). The variable Ds is the distance between (u', v') and the inter-
section of the vector u' with the parallel. The relationship between g and 6s
is sin9= (v'/u')= tan ( 6). When a point (u = 1, v) isconsidered tan 6.
v = sin 0. With the relationship Ds =4u7- v2 the upper limit for Ds is
i/ cos 9 and the lower limit is 0.
=in9 The upper limit for 9 is 0=
1
sin- (v/u) sin-1(Ps)

WADD TR 61-75 17
FIGURE 5.
ILLUSTRATING CHANGE FROM .*V

~cAN-OULAR 10 CYLINDRICAL v
CORIDINTS IfOR SUPERSONIC A *,

.IMPEDANCE I NTEGRAL *.*.

Z.... . . . . . . . . . . . .. *.*..*** .. **..*.,...**...

For the upper triangle, 8 varies from tan- Pat to it /4. When the point
(u, v =Pat ) is considered tan O- /uIand D5 = ~( ) 2 cot2 ~-( )
Pt5 cotG. Using these limits, the equation for Impedance is

1WOL 3 aifl'~ Corn a

Zr 7 P 5 - Vsa a) (I D ) F(D5 ep) UsD dQ

Sn/2 tcot. e45

It=.f (1t Dstazn 0)(1. D see 8) F(D j$) dD

5 dO

where

F(,) (seec e)(le i( sec e. 1)DO/h3s +o e - 3p

Integrating Eq. ( 45 ) with respect to Ds and separating the real and imaginary
parts as was done in Eqs. ( 32 ) and (33 ), for the subsonic medium, the equation
for normalized radiation resistance, R , becomes

WADD TR 61-75 18
 4. ~ I ~ K a(6
u/2

+1
f sin 9 2 -- gnt(an o /a ai0eg
--

csin y(M 14 +iCOBs0) (Hcoo[ 0)

~ (co (~~ ~ c se)i cn~][vi

o s 9 co 0)/p
t d9
fM -1m 6) (H coo 2'
co - 02 cooS dO

coo pY( coo~~e

-Y~M-cO1)oosl~XMco o.)]d

2~
sny(11 1)/i~ aY~m -1)/~ 2,

and noralze 4.1) rectnc is -aiaio

TR
WADD 61-72 19
 rR f f ix0YOX Sy') dx 4ydxd

* (48)
"A',' g

where F x, y, x', y') Isdefined In Eq. 37

Using the substitutions and changes of variables of Eqs. (38) -45) the
equation for the radiation resistance is:

Ru- (+coee)/0] ain [(M - 006

R at0 8o9 dO
f(Of + os 6)2 (tCos
(49)

With the Formulation for reactance as seen below,

2
Sn29)Y(14+0oo0) 1 C. r( Col.)/P
a.. fL, (M+coo 0)2 +-- (M- coo, S2 coo@ dO

(50)
[Yr(M + )/p2] 2~ [Y i)/p21 2
- +) I• ( • -
'r(M.1 _1

It is of particular Interest to note that Eqs. (49) and (50 ) are equal to
Eqs. (46) and (47) If the sin -Ip 1 - n/2. In other words, for Pg2ý greater
than 1 the sin- 1 p•lis always equal to 900. This fact Is helpful when the
impedance is to be calculated using a digital computer.

WADD TR 61-75 20
I •C. PRESSURE RESPONSE
i Experimentally, the results Indicate (as will be shown) that for short cavities,
I or perhaps more inclusively for cavities of length-to-depth ratio of the order of or
less than one, the response Is almost exclusively in the depth modes. On the other
hand, the longer cavities - where lenth >1.0 - show definite experimental evi-
!I dence of response in the length modes.
Mathematically, it is desirable to effect a general solution which accounts
for response In any mode, whether it be length, depth, or transverse. At the same
time, it is recognized that a theoretical simplification can be realized if the
assumption of a depth-mode predominance is justifiable. Thus the following is con-
cerned with both developments, First the general case and then the simplified case.
1. GENERAL SOLUTION
To effect the general solution, it is hypothesized that the problem comprises one
of determining the characteristic response of a rectangular enclosure. The enclosure
is assumed to be bounded on five sides by walls of infinite impedance (i.e., rigid
walls) and on the sixth by a finite complex impedance which is the radiation impe-
dance determined in the preceding section.
As shown by Morse (Ref. 3), the characteristic response function of the
anclosure is
COBg Co I•sf IA;
. I I)
" h1 - C08I(, ! (5I )

where Lz is the depth of the cavity

Ly is the width of the cavity
Lx is the length of the cavity
ny, nx are integers denoting the modes in the y and x directions.
The parameter gn appears in lieu of nz because of the finite impedance
terminating the cavity at z = Lz . It is defined by the following equation.

g1 th(trg 1 (52)

The solution of Eq. ( 52 ) is complex, such that

gWD'R '1-, (532)

WADD TR 61-75 21
 !t

The roots 4[ are calculated from Eq. ( 52 ) using Iterative methods. Upon
separating Eq, (w2 )Into real and imaginary the fulIow.
(ompongnts oquo,,ins are
obtained.
J
• oou((! yL X
cot("%) rLcu(#~
4n n J

tcsX lyLobtaia roo fro

I ownumnri)al uqs.(5b)
I)nd( 3 a

~ - 4rLX/n~(R. x2 ooeh(n4~
% 2
I/nx((R x)
an0 YL "csK+
2 oe)n
From the above equations, an expression for i in Ivterms of vl can be
obtained and Is

5)tefllwn
Using2 q )t(53a)o
yL R coth(2n or sasodrvd
iRL (R2 )

Ro~tk(
o 2%4~)~ 24rLZX~nooth(2n4) u~ +y (53b)
3

12n1.(R2+
n~x('+ X) L(Rt+ XI)

Using the first of Eq. (53a) the following form is also derived.

F+ Coa(uin) (1%l5nh(r,4n 2 4 X2))

jyIL2L/nt~(R
- coah(nri))

- in(nn) [rcosh (ritd - (yLjR/n'iL(R 2 + X4~ ei'M(fl)] (53c0

In order to numerically obtain a root from Eqs. (53b) and (53c), a value of C.
is chosen and substituted into the equation for rv., This gives two values for -qn
which are used in Eq-. (53c) to solve for values ofi:+ and F-, F4- denoting the
results using the positive radical and F- using the negative radical . When a pair
of values trn, T~n give a zero valtie of F± a solution isobtained.

The characteristic frequency equation, in terms of gn, is (Ref. 3)

WADD TR 61-75 22
 I{
2 2 2
M
io¶i~tJ r1 (54)

which yields the resonant frequencies of the cavity b iteration. The iterative
process is necessary because of the frequency-dependent nature of gn.
The magnitude of the response is determined on the premise that the cavity
is forced by a simple source positioned randomly over the cavity opening. The
equation for pressure at a point (x, y, z,) can then be written, after Morse
(Ref. 3), as

pp(x~z) . -i•t, ' Nx'Xy'z) fN(x#,Yz) 5)

2_2((
V

where

' rixngn ti(2ng.) + 2ng._]

,
0) n > (56)
x

*Oi%
fly ny O ny -2; ny >.0, en -y

It is convenient to normalize Eq. (56) for more general results. Thus, let

f - yc/2•lL x (57)

after which, leaving out the time vaiations, Eq. ( 56) can be written in the
normalized form

n nyn a. 2nyn. + "

y x (58)

[(,)2[(nx/L)2+ (n/ ) (gniL)2

where A (x', y', z') is the strength of the simple source.

WADD-TR 61-75 23
2. SIMPLIFIED SOLUTION I
If the response of the cavity is entirely that which arises from excitation of
of less than approximately one, it is more convenient to write the cavity pressure as

LIP (59)

where :.o is the specific acoustic impedance of the cavity at the open end, and

Ra+ - cot.(2nL 5 A))j (60)

Again expressing the amplitude response in terms of an amplification,

there results the final equation

2+ (X ain(TRLJL- coo(rL5/Lx)] ]4(61)

W[a .i1(vLD/ID)]

WADO TR 61-75 24
 III - EXPERIMENTAL TECHNIQUES
A. TEST ARTICLES

1. EXPLORATORY

Exploratory tests were performed in Lockheed's four-inch subsonic supersonic tunnel,

shown In Figure 6 schematically. The cavity test article consisted of three interchange-
able cavities which were mounted in a specially designed section of the tunnel wall.
21 Cavities of 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 inch lengths, 1.0 inch width and 1.0 inch depth were
used. The cavity floor and tunnel wall 1.0 inch upstream and downstream of the cavity
were instrumented with high intensity microphones. Sound data from these were recorded
on tape and analyzed for frequency and amplitude content. Static pressure and temper-
ature data were observed from visual indicators. The tests were conducted at subsonic
Mach numbers from 0.20 to 0.86 and at a single supersonic Mach number of 3.0.

2. WIND-TUNNEL MODEL
a. General
Supersonic tests were performed in the 40 X 40 inch tunnel at AEDC, Tullahoma,
Tennessee, through a range of Mach numbers from 1.75 to 5.0. The model comprised
a cylindrical body of revolution having a 15-calibre ogive nose section, and a rectan-
gular recess of variable dimensions located near the front of the cylindrical section,
as shown in Figures 7(a), 7(b), & 7(c). Cavities with lengths of .5 to 8.0 Inches,
depths of 1.0 to 3.5 inches and widths of 2.0 and 4.0 inches were tested. Sound data
wore obtained with thirteen flush-mounted high-intensity microphones and recorded on
tape for subsequent analysis. Figure 8 gives a schematic diagram of the instrumentation
used. Static pressure, Mach number, and temperature data were recorded automatically
and printed out by a computer. Schlieren movies were taken of the flow in the vicinity
of the cavity. Boundary layer profiles along the model exterior surface (90' away from
the cavity but at the same longitudinal location as the leading edge of the cavity) were
measured with a pressure rake. Further definition of the boundary layer was obtained
throu h a limited number of hot-wire measurements of the longitudinal component of
turbulece

b. Model Mechanism

The variable cavity mechanism made it possible to change cavity size without
opening the tunnel repeatedly. The cavity floor was designed to permit depths of 1 .0"
and 2.5". Motor - controlled slugs allowed any desired cavity length for either depth.
A third slug was also provided so that cavities with a depth of 4.5 inches could be tested;
however, due to a malfunction shortly before the test, this feature could not be used.
Control circuitry was varied during certain phases of the test program so that a wider
range of depths could be investigated at 8" cavity length.
Widths of 2.0" and 4.0" were tested over comparable length and depth ranges.
The basic mechanism involved the 4" width, with provisions for inserts and a different
floor and movable slugs to convert to u 2" width. A remote motor control permitted
cavity dimensions to be varied from outside the tunnel. All data cables, tubes and
control wires were run through the model sting and then out of tunnel. Microphone
and pressure tubes had flexible cabling and tubing to permit movement of the various
parts.
WADD TR 61-75 25
i
j B.
INSTRUMENTATION AND TEST PROCEDURES

1. SOUND PRESSURE
Sound pressure levels were measured with 13 high intensity Altec BR-180 and
BR-200 probe microphones. Ten microphones were mounted in the cavity floor for the
4-inch-width configuration, 2 in the rear wall and one on the model surface 1 inch
upstream of the cavity. In the 2-inch-width configuration four microphones were
mounted in the floor. Figure 9(a) gives a location diagram for the microphones, and
illustrates the mounting procedure used. The probe tip in each installation was isolated
from metal-to-metal contact by means of a layer of resilient tape, as indicated in
Figure 9(b).

Four of the microphones used were standard Altec-BR-180-3 probe microphones.

The remainder were either BR-1 80-1 or BR-200-1 microphones fitted with probe tubes
fabricated for the investigation, These tubes were somewhat shorter than the Altec
probe, but were found from comparative laboratory calibrations conducted in a small
anechoic chamber to produce satisfactory response characteristics up to 8000 cps.
Above that frequency the modified probe in conjunction with the BR-180-1 series of
transducers produced a more rapid decrease in sensitivity than the comrm,ercial system.

Microphone outputs were carried from the model to decade amplifiers where
necessary. The signals then went to a C. E.C. 14 channel recorder, on which half
the channels were recorded by frequency-modulation techniques and the remaining
half by direct-record techniques. Daily field calibrations of microphones and system
were made as a matter of operating routine.
2. STATIC PRESSURE

Static pressures were measured by means of 8 flush-mounted pressure pickups in the

cavity floor, 2 pickups in the rear wall, 1 pickup on the model exterior and five pick-
ups in the boundary-lfyer rake. Locations of the pickups are shown in Figure 9 (a).
Actual location of the exterior pickup and the rake was previously described. Pres-
sures were transmitted by steel tubing to C. E.C. electro-dynamic pressure transducers
and associated instrumentation. This instrumentation resulted in punched data on a
paper tape which was in turn read and printed out by a computer. The computer also
calculated and printed out Mach number data from the pressure and temperature data
which comprised its input.

3. OPTICAL

High-speed Schlieren movies at 8000 frames per second were made of the flow in
the vicinity of the cavity for every condition tested. These movies were taken with a
Fastax 16 mm movie camera, modified to take 8 mm exposures in order to achieve the
desired frame speed. All pholographs were taken with the Schlieren knife edge in the
horizontal position. In some cases regular-speed movies were taken from direct views
into the cavity, which was coated with ultraviolet sensitive oil, These pictures show
flow patterns on the model surface and cavity interiors.

4. DATA REDUCTION

In the 40" by 40" supersonic tests, simultaneous tape recording of all microphones
used required only about one minute total tunnel time for a given condition. One

WADD TR 61-75 26
 al

minute was considered the necessary time to obtain a good sample of noise data.
tomatlie reado-ut-and-printwt-of pressure, temperature, and rAhnumch.r r.re!red S
only a few seconds. Thus data for a given run was back in the control booth usually
in about five minutes. In this way close check was kept on the data for unusual
occurrences.

WADD TR 61-75 27
 ....
...

0 8

0 L.
(D U
LL
U
0
C., u
0) 0)
0 a

LU

0
00
0~

CLU

'0
W

I C,

0 o%

IC) 4
wj C6 0

CL~

WADDI TR 61-75 28
 I Ah

UL

0 1-

W Ii
LjI

16v
wn--

WADD IR 6] -75 29
 ------

1211

FIGURE 7 (b). MODEL, TOP VIEW

WADD TR 61-75 3
 Ilk-

211

iif

Fl7 CUE
c) CAITY RONFIURATPIONU
WADDTY TR 61-L)3
 Irk.
CL

cI
"TI
-u

46 4
0 0

I- -

L. L.

0G 0 fn
A1u .2
o3cc-

0 z
0 u z
I, a EJ

UAD U.61753
 Sleeve -Rubber Isolator

Mike & Probe

Bass

(b) Typical Microphone Installation

4"1 Width

Rear WallI

(Located 1.0"
Apart) (Typical)

004
01C.25" Dia. Microphone
Probe (typical)

... <(a) Microphone & Pressure - Pickup

1.5111.011Locations in Cavity Floor
.511

FIGURE 9. TRANSDUCER LOCATIONS AND MOUNTING DETAILS

WADD TR 61 -75 33
 IV - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS - EXPLORATORY

to gain
In ordertests
exploratory
of cavity response, a series of
better Insight into the problem
wa~s performed with the arrangement shown in Figure 6. Three
cavity sizes, comprising lengths of 0.5", 1.0", and 1.5" were tested over a range of
subsonic Mach numbers from 0.2 to 0.9 and at a single supersonic Mach number of
3.0.. In ol cases cavity width and depth were held constant at 1.0". As discussed
areviously, sound pressure levels were observed at either one or two points in the
cavity floor, depending upon cavity length, and at a point 1.0" forwaid of the cavity
in the tunnel wall. As a matter of interest, levels were also observed at a point in
the tunnel wall approximately 1.0", downstream of the cavity. Data were recorded on
a two-channel tape recorder for later spectral analysis with a 1/3 octave spectrometer.
A. EFFECT OF MACH NUMB ER
Figure 10 illustrates the spectra of sound pressure observed in the cavity of 1.0"
length ut each subsonic Mach number tested. The first clearly-discernible sign of
resonant response occured at approximately 0.2 Mach number, at which point the 1/3-
octave analyses exhibit a pronounced peak in the spectrum in the vicinity of 2000 cps,
and a lesser peak at about 8000 cps. The same peaks appear at a lower level in the
upstream spectrum, indicating that radiation from the cavity is taking place.
As Mach number is increased, there is a rapid rise in the sound pressure level
associated with the lower mode, such that a maximum level of 152 db occured at Mach
0.665. Further increase of Mach number results in decrease of response In this mode up
to the limit of the tests, or Mach 0.86.
It is noted that the same Mach number which maximizes this lower=modc response
also represents the clear onset of response in another mode of higher frequency. This
response, at approximately 8,500 cps, is visable in the spectrum at all Mach numbers,
but is of considerably lower level than that of the lower mode up through a Mach num-
ber of 0. 665. Above that Mach number, however, a rapid increase in level of this
higher-frequency response occurs, such that at Mach 0. 835 it is the predominant res-
ponse, with a SPLof 161 db.
Insofar as the frequency of response is concerned, an increase in Mach number
produces an increase in frequency of the lower-mode response, although the proportion-
ality is not a direct one. For example, an increase of Mach number by a factor of
approximately 4.0 produces a frequency increase of approximately 60%. The high-
frequency mode is noted to change still less with Moch number.
On the basis of these results and some indications of the early, simplified theory
(to be discussed subsequently), it was concluded that the response of this particular
cavity is more nearly that of acoustic resonance than of any other phenomena.
B. SUPERSONIC FLOW

Figure 11 gives the response spectrum of the configuration just discussed at a Mach
number of 3.0. It is interesting to note that essentially the same frequencies characte-
rize this response as characterized the high-subsonic response. The magnitude of the
response is quite different, however. The higher mode is not predominant, as it was
at 0. 835 Mach number; and neither response exceeds 132 db. Of course the static

WADD TR 61-75 34
I

pressure existing in the cavity is appreciably lower in the supersonic test. The level
of the boundary layer noise is also observed to be reduced, but not to nearly the extent
that SPL in the cavity is.

C. EFFECT OF LENGTH

The effect of cavity length is illustrated by Figure 12 which shows the spectra ob-
tained from cavities of 0.5", 1 *0" ,1.5" length at approximately 0.60 Mach number. Cer-
tain significant similarities appear. All three cavities, tar example, exhibit a peak in
the 2700-3200 cps range, which is hypothesized to be the depth mode. The 1.5" cavity
appears to involve a more complex response. It contains a very highly predominan-tpeak
at 1700 cps which appears in no other case.

In explanation of these results, consider first the simplest calculations of modes

of an enclosure of 1.0" width, 1'" depth, and lengths of 0.5",1.0" or 1.5". The
characteristic frequency equation is:

..2[(rLxK)2
[ nX 11,nr
+(r")2 (\!)J
From this the primary length and width modes are calculated as shown below:

Configuration nx y f (cps)

D - 1", W -1", .1- 0.5" 1 0 0 5640

0 1 0 2820
D = 1", W 1", L 1" 1 0 0 2820
0 1 0 2820
D 1", W-- 1", L r 1.51" 1 0 0 1880
0 1 0 2820

In addition to the depth modes, if might be expected that the above modes should
appear. The 0.5" cavity exhibits none of these frequencies, and its response is assumed
to be entirely that of the first two depth modes. Although the 1 .0" cavity appears to
have essentially the same kind of response, it will be noted that the peak occurs at about
2800 cps instead of 3200 cps, as it does in the 0.5" cavity. This corresponds to both the
firot length and first width mode as tabulated above and may actually be that mode. The
results with the 1.5" length seem to support this since the predominant response is at 1700
cps, which is clearly the frequency of the first length mode. The peak at 5200 cps appears
to be tl'he third length mode.

The sound speeds in the AEDC supersonic wind-tunnel for the various test Mach
numbers are tabulated below:

MACH NO. 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5

SPEED OF 1160 1152 1160 1162 1182 1185 1205
SOUND, FPS

WADD TR 61-75 35
 zI

C*4

1 0
-L - -L t.

0 0 g-
o 0

u U.~

oO U u
-- 0

LM

E-

0
0 x
_t;=

u U -I
--
*

-p I- qp -d d 0d

WADD TR 61-75 36
 ILI

0 0

-Ui)

C) C)0 3 C c

U.. I

-p - A- - - -

U) U)If

(E

o 0 0 -

- -) U)) C04t U) F 0

V - 9P -d V-d US

WAD
TR61-5 3
 UPSTREAM MICROPHONE
LOCATION
Cavity Configuration
Length: 1.0 In.
Width: 1.0 in.
Depth: 1.0 in. --
L

SMicrophone MACH NO. 3.0

Location:
Upstream 150
x -1.13 Inches
140

"4130

. 12 0 - - - "

110

100

Microphone
Location:
Cavity Bottom 160 - ----

S= 0.50 Inches 150

,", 150 - -,- -

I
"Mj130
IFl
110 ' ; • .I L
100 200 500 1K 2K 5K 10K 20K

Frequency - cps

FIGURE 11. SPECTRAL RESPONSE OF A 1" LENGTH X 1" WIDTH X I" DEPTH CAVITY IN
SUPERSONIC FLOW

WADD TR 61-75 38
 00
CLt
- - - II LI
-4 - -

wI

80

10 -4

U)uU

I - U z
in 10o i 04

-- 0
0 0'

C4-

-J ~l t, -~ LU

LL

OA Lt).m

2 V

9P -ldS 9ip ids cip-Ids

WADD TR 61-75 39
 V - EXPERIMENTAL RESULTS - AEDC

"Themore detailed tests were performed In the 40" X 40" supersonic tunnel at
AEDC, using the model of Figure 7. The procedure followed in the test program was
to obtain data at various Mach numbers at as nearly constant tunnel "q" as possible, and
then to evaluate the effect of "q" at one particular Mach number. Thus, unless other-
wise identified, all data presented were obtained at the maximum"q" of 5.00 psi with
one exception. At a Mach number of 5.0, it was not possible to obtain full "q" without
condensation, hence all data at 5.0 Mach number were obtained at q = 2.68 psi.

A. BOUNDARY- LAYER CHARACTERISTICS

1. VELOCITY PROFILES

In order to define the conditions under which the data were taken, boundary
layer profiles were obtained for each tunnel condition. Figure 13 gives the results ob-
tained for Mach numbers of 2.0, 3.0, 4.0 and 5.0. The data points are plotted along
with two theoretical profiles. The solid curve in each case gives the conventional 7th
power law; the broken curve giv6s the profile calculated by the theory of Reference 8
or compressible flow. The indications are that the profiles existing on the model agree
reasonably well with those for fully-developed turbulent flow.
2. TURBULENCE SPECTRA

To further catalog the flow field in which the data were taken, a limited number
of hot-wire measurements of the spectrum of turbulence in the boundary layer ahead of
the cavity were attempted. The measurements were successful at Mach numbers of 2.0
and 5.0; at other Mach numbers wire attrition precluded taking of the data In a reason-
able length of time.
Figure 14 gives the dimensionless spectra of the longitudinal component which
were obtained in each case. At Mach 5.0, the spectrum was found to be typically ran-
dom. At Mach 2, on the other hand, the spectrum contains a very pronounced discrete
frequency, at 2580 cps. The origin of this periodicity is not known conclusively, but it
is assumed to be associated with the tunnel itself.

3. AERODYNAMIC NOISE

The microphone located upstream of the cavity afforded the determination of

boundary layer noise as further definition of the test conditions. Spectral analyses were
made at all test Mach numbers and at five "q" values for one particular Mach number.
Figure 15 illustrates the dimensionless spectra obtained at the various Mach numbers.
The level of boundary layer noise was found to decrease markedly with Mach number
when "q" was held constant. Figure 16 depicts the observed variation of the SPL of
three spectrum level samples, The levels at Mach 5.0 have been increased by 6.0 db.
since the "q" at that Mach number was approximately one-half that at all the other
Mach numbers considered.

The indications are that Mach number plays a large part in determining the
pressure level of aerodynamic noise. As shown in Figure. 16, spectral levels of three
typical frequencies varied from around 110 db at Mach 1.75 to around 68 db at Mach
5, a range of 42 db.

WADD TR 61-75 40
 .-Figure 17 *IoWtheo-vera.I Leve-I terms ofIts ratio to dynamic pressure as a
function of Mach number. It is observed that again a la~re effect of Mach number Is
indicated. Implicit in the above mentioned figures is a decrease in static pressure with
increasing Mach number. This may be as much a controlling factor in the reduction of
sound pressure as the effect of Mach number. For this reason the static pressures corre-
sponding to the test Mach numbers are included on Figures 16 and 17.
The numerical values obtained for FT7 q are somewhat disconcerting in that they
are appreciably lower than those obtainedin other investigations. This difference may
reflect the lower-frequency limitation in the present case, which for convenience of
analysis was 200 cps. The analyzer used had the capability of continuous analysis through
two decades, either 20 - 2000 cps or 200 - 20,000 cps. To obtain the full range from
20 - 10,000 cps required twice the analysis time; therefore, the analyses were limited
to a lower cutoff frequency of 200 cps. In view of the rising spectrum envelope at the
low frequencies, it would be expected that the overall SPL may be appreciably higher
when frequencies down to, say,20 cps are considered.
B. CAVITY RESPONSE

The results of the test program indicate that the pressure response of a cavity can
be categorized broadly as a dual phenomenon - a discrete frequency resonant response
and a random buffet response. The former is hypothesized to result from excitation of
the normal acoustic modes of the cavity; the latter results from the unstable nature of
the separated flow in some cases, which tends to permit an intermittent direct impinge-
ment of flow on the rear face of the cavity- As might be expected, the buffet response
is greatest for the larger cavities.
The discussion to follow considers three aspects of the responsc, i. e.
1) The flow characteristics
2) The frequency response
3) The magnitude response
1. FLOW STUDIES
The characteristics of the flow associated with a cavity were investigated in de-
tail by means of high-speed Schlieren movies and static pressure measurements, and to a
lesser extent by oil-flow movies which permit visualization of flow conditions on the
floor of the cavity.
a. Schlieren Indications
Schlierenmovies taken at 8000 frames/sec indicate that the cavity induces a
highly unstable flow condition in some cases. A typical case is shown in Figure 18
which presents 12 consecutive frames from the movie of an 8" length 2" width and 2 5"
depth cavity at a Mach number of 2.0. Each frame comprises the view shown by the
dotted lines in the insert and the boundary layer is identified as the white band in the
right corner of each figure.
The instantaneous displacement profile of the separated boundary layer is seen
to assume a variety of shapes, reflecting an unstable, rapidly fluctuating flow state.
Although not clearly shown in this figure, the movie itself indicates that such extremes
are encountered at the front of the cavity and thiot there is sor-ctimes a shock rather than
the expected expansion fan.

WADD TR 61-75 41
 Further investigation of the fluctuating boundary-layer displacement was conducted
-to deyermTre the tNme history of displacement at certain representative lengthwise statlens
along-the cavity. Figure 19 shows a sample of the results at Mach 2.0 for an 8" L X 2"
W X 1 .5" D cavity. Here the locus of the free-stream side of the boundary layer (as de-
I
fined by Schileren pictures) with reference to an arbitrary zero Is plotted against time to
give the wave shape of displacement.

There appears to be a definite tendency to periodicity In every case, with a lower-

frequency predominance 'near the rear of the cavity. This latter trend Is accompanied by 4

a pronounced increase in amplitude at the rear of the cavity as well. The maximum ex-
cursion Is observed to vary from 0.18" at the 2" station to 0.6" at the 6" station. Simi-
larly, the rms value of displacement varies from .052" at the 2" station to .161" at the
6" station.

Further evidence of the periodicity of this motion is afforded by the correlatiorn

between various pairs of points along the streamwise dimension. Correlation coefficients,
defined as

T2 TN
S~Ng

were determined numerically from the time history records for a cavity of length 8",
width 2", and depth 1 .5" at Mach .2.0. Figure 19b gives the correlation diagram which
was obtained therefrom. The curve is very similar to that associated with a periodic wave,
especially in the rather high degree of negative correlation obtained. On the premise of
periodicity, indications are that the wavelength is of the order of 4.8 inches (taking the
average of positive and negative abscissae intercepts). This corresponds to a frequency of
2
f = c = 1100x12 = 750cps

Reference to Figure 2 7a indicates that the predominant pressure response of an 8"

cavity occurs at 2200 cps, at which frequency the sound pressure level in the cavity is at
least 10 decibels above that of any other frequency.

These fluctuations of the boundary layer show a strong correlation with cavity
dimensions. At a given Mach number, the fluctuations become very small when cavity
depth is decreased to 1". Conversely, they become larger as depth Is increased. Figure
20 Illustrates this tendency for depths of 1.0", 1.5" and 2" at stations 2." and 5" from
the cavity leading edge. The change in maximum excursion between a depth of 1.5"
and 1" is quite apparent, particuldrly in the rear of the cavity. Where a maximum ex-
cursion of 0.6" occured at the 5" station for 1.5" depth, the maximum is only 0.3" for
1" depth. At 2" depth, the maximum excursion is 0.7".

As would be expected short cavities do not show nearly the instabilities that are
shown for the 8" cavity, the separated flow being able to bridge the gap. The Schlieren
movies reveal that there are fluctuating displacements in the case of a short cavilty, but
these appear to be more in the nature of an inphase motion throughout the cavity length.

WADD TR 61-75 42
 I!
CertaJn other features of the flow over a cavIly become evident in the pictures however,
as shown in Flgure 21. Here the cavity is short en•vgh (1w length)thaftke field .of tew
-of thi-camera permits observation of the flow for some distance downstream of the cavity.
Clear evidence of a periodic disturbance In the boundary layer is seen. Presumably this
Is a travellng-wave disturbance) which Is probably also present with long cavities as well.
A sample time history for the 4" cavity length is shown in Figure 22 in the interest
of completeness. Comparison of this figure with Figure 19 shows that the fluctuations are
greatly reduced at the 4"' length.

b. Oil-Flow Movies
Model-fabrication considerations precluded the possibility of direct Schlieren
view of flow conditions inside the cavity. Therefore in an effort to gain insight into flow
conditions therein, a limited number of movies were made with the floor of the cavity
covered with a film of oil containing luminescent particles in suspension. Illumination of
the model with black light then made the oil clearly visible. These were not particularly
revealing, although there was definite indication of a vortex within the cavity in some
cases. Figure 23 shows the photographs for lengths of 0", 1/2", I", 2", 3", 4", 5", 6",
7", and 8". The view shown is almost directly into the cavity, with flow from left to
right at a Mach nuniber of 2.0. At length 1,/2" the oil tends to collect in a lateral line
about halfway back in the cavity. The same pattern is evideni" in the I" cavity. In the
2" cavity there is clear Indication of a vortex formation which seems to have a vertical
axis. At longer length there is some slight indication of the some sort of formation, al-
though it is not as c early defined.

c. Static-Pressure IndicaHions
Static pressures were measured along the cavity floor in all cases. Some runs also
had pressure pick-ups on the front and rear waifs. Rear wall pressures were usually of the
same magnitude as the rearmost floor pressure for a given configuration whereas front .Va!l
pressures were usually from zero t ten percent higher than front floor pressure. Due to
the scatter and Incomplete wall data, the following discussion Is concerned mainly with
floor data. The model local static pressure Is given In all figures In this section, and Its
relation to cavity pressures can be seen.

(1) Effect of Depth: The depth of an 8" long cavity was varied In half-inch steps from
I " to J.5" of all Mach numbers. The data obtained at Mach 2 is typical of that
for the entire program (Figure 24). A trend of increasing cavity pressure with in-
creasing depth is shown. Pressure profile shape does not change appreciably but is
a little flatter for shallow cavities.
(2) Effect of Length: Variation of length has several effects, as Indicated in Figure 25.
The front floor pressure decreases with increasing cavity length to a point and then
rises again. For cavities greater than 4" length, the rearmost floor pressure is con-
siderably higher than that anywhere else in the cavity. At high Mach numbers this
wus not true, however, the floor profile being almost flat. Lowest floor pressure
occured approximately two-thirds of the way back on the floor regardless of actual
length.

WADD TR 61-75 43
 1

(3. Effect of Width: Variation of width from 4" to 2" did not change floor pressures, but
-•id rodue thhgher pres•ores measured on the front wall which were mentioned
previously. No other effects of width changes were observed.

(4) Effect of Mach Number: Increasing Mach number in general gave more scatter in data
tor a given location, and length and depth effects do not show up as well. The floor
rofile becomes flatter with Increasing Mach number (Figure 26). At low Mach num-
bers, the rear wall pressures were slightly less than rear floor pressures while at high
Mach numbers, the rear wall had slightly higher pressures.

(5) Effect of "q": Increasing "q" from .77 to 5.1 psi at Mach 2.5 produces a general in-
crease in all cavity pressures. Floor profiles tend to be flotter at very low "q"L and
assume the typical shape at high "q".
2. CHARACTERISTIC FREQUENCIES

The typical response obtained in both the exploratory and AEDC tests is a discrete
frequency response containing several peaks. Some of these are harmonic, or nearly so,
and some are not. Additionally, the spectrum may contain a random low frequency
response which is referred to herein as "cavity buffeting". To illustrate a set of typIca
responses, Figure 27-a gives the spectra for allI lengths tested at a particular Ma numt-
ber, in this case M = 2. Figure 27-b illustrates the effect of "q" on the spectrum of res-
ponse.

a. Effect of Dimensions

Figure 28 gives a cormposite plot of all discrete frequency components which are dis-
cernible from the spectra obtained at Mach 2.0. In the sense of a preliminary or!enta-
tion as to the response frequencies, a family at harmonic curves is shown along with the
data. To obtain these curves, a single curve was faired through all data points relating
to the second lowest discernible component (selected instead of the lowest component
because of its sharpness). The harmonic curves were thus normalized on this as a base.

This figure illustrates the point just made. For any length the frequencies observed
are nearly harmonic, but not quite so, and there are usually one or two extra points. It
is apparent that there are so many frequencies excited that almost any hypothesis can be
supported, depending upon how the data are viewed. For that reason, the final analysis
of the entire response spectrum will be discussed in that section of the report wherein
theoretical and experimental comparisons are drawn.

For the present, certain conclusions seem warranted by the data for the first four
response frequencies. First, the trend of the lowest-frequency response, hereafter re-
ferred to as "1st mode," is suggestive of an inverse relationship between frequency and
cavity length. Also, the 1st mode and the 2nd mode frequencies are almost exactly
harmonic. Thus it might be concluded from these experimental data that at least for the
first few modes
f Cx n/L where n 1,2, 3, etc.
Lx cavity length

WADD TR 61-75 44
 Figure 29 gives a comparison of the experimental dat6 for each of the first four modeA
with he-curve deptcttig-this relationship. In order to broaden the scope of the results and
perhaps bring Into perspective other parameters, data are plotted for the 1" depth along
with the 2.5" depth, and for a 4" width and 2.5"' depth as well.
I
For lengths from 4" to 8" the 1st mode data seems to follow the f o( n/L. curve
very well, regardless of cavity width or cavity depth. For lengths of 2" and less, how-
ever, the lowest observed experimental frequency is appreciably less than indicated by the
f cX n/L curve. The same trend appears in the 2nd mode comparisons. For the 3rd
xI
mode, the divergence between the fc(n/L curve and the data is perhaps not as great,
but there is a markedly higher degree of scatter.
These results seem to indicate three broad conclusions:

1. The cavity response for long lengths is a different phenomena from that for
short lengths, perhaps corresponding to the difference between length modes
in the former case and depth modes in the latter.

2. A factor of 2 change in cavity width has little or no effect on frequencies.bf

the first two modes, considering lengths Žt 4". (this is not to say that there
will not be a definite width effect on some of the higher modes.)
3. A factor of 2.5 change in depth has no appreciable effect on the first two or
three modes of a large cavity, again considerin9 lengths > 4".

b. Effect of Mach Number

The observed effect of Mach number is shown in Figure 30. Here the 1st mode is
selected for study, and data for Mach numbers of 2.0, 3.0, and 4.0 are plotted together
to determine if any systematic effects occur.

In general, the indications are that the effect of Mach number is small. With the
exception of the data at 2" length and at 4" length, in every case the points at different
Mach numbers are almost coincident.
As discussed previously, the 2" length was found to produce clear indication of a
vortex within the cavity. This factor, which suggests that a different flow regime exists
at that length, may be the cause of the wide spread in response frequencies shown in
Figure 30 at the 2" length.

WADD TR 61-75 45
 Ii
3. AMPLITUDE RESPONSE
In consideration of the amplitude response both the buffet and resonant contributions
must be considered, These are discussed individually in the following:
A
a. BUFFET RESPONSE
The buffet response of the cavity is characterized by a random spectrum which
reaches its maximum value in every instance at the lower limiting frequency of the
analyses. Thus, there is some uncertainty as to what the true maximum may be. Some
few analyses made with 100 cps as the lower limiting frequency still showed a rising
spectrum envelope. Thus, in view of the uncertaintyregarding overall level, all dis-
cussion of this facet of the response will be confined to representative spectrum-level
variations.
(1) Effect of Cavity Dimensions: Figure 31 illustrates the effect of cavity length and
:avity width on the levels observed in 50-cps bands centered at 200 cps and 400
cps. The upper giaph gives the results obtained at Mach 2.0 for a 2" width; the
lower graph gives corresponding results for the 4" width. The indiuatons are that
there is approximately a 10: 1 (20 db) increase in buffet level over the length range
tested. The buffet response reaches a maximum at the 6" length and remains con-
stant for greater lengths.

The 4" width exhibits about the same response, both in maximum value and minimum
value. There is one notable difference, however; the maximum response is reached
with a shorter lcngth of 4" in the wider cavity.

(2) Effect of Depth: Although the 2" and 4" widths show very similar buffet response at
5. • depth, they show markedly different levels of response as depth is system-
atically varied. Or more precisely, the good agreement shown in the preceeding
figure is perhaps only a fortuitous result, for Figure 32 indicates that as depth is
varied in an 8" cavity the width becomes an important factor. The 2" width cavity
produced a buffet response which increased continuously throughout the range of
depths tested, whereas the buffet response of the 4" width cavity reached its maxi-
mum at 1.5" depth and decreased thereafter. This result suggests that cavity vol-
ume, as well as length may be a controlling parameter in buffet response.
(3) Effect of Mach Number: Figure 33 depicts the effect of Mach number on the buffet
response at a given caity. Sound levels decrease rather uniformly with increasing
Mach number.
(4) Spatial Distribution: The streamwise variation of buffet levels in an 8" cavity are
shown in Fiure67.4. The highest levels occur in the rear of the cavity, as might
be expected. A difference in level of the order of 15 db. exists between front and
rear of the cavity.
b. RESONANT RESPONSE

The amplitude of the resonant response is considerably more difficult to categorize

than that of the buffet response since it involves presumably the characteristic distri-
butions of a number of different modes. The following discussion will attempt to derive
from the voluminous data obtained certain conclusive indications of a general nature.

WADD TR 61-75 46
 The distribution of sound pressure inside a given ;avity is, of course, a matter of
interest. Thts facet of the response is best studied with a long-cavity configuration,
where data are available from a rnumber of microphones. Figure 35 shows the distri-
butions of pressure in the first fur modes as observed in the streamwise direction on the
centerline of the floor in a cavity of length 7" and depth 2.5". The Mach number for
this example is 2.0.

The most general result indicated is that, regardless of the shape of the distribution
curve, there is a pronounced tendency for the response to be greatest near the upstream
a• end of the cavity. Or, stated another way, it appears that whatever typical response
exists, it is subject to the superposition of what is probably an exponential decrease of
intensity in the streamwise direction. It is observed that this is directly opposite to the
buffet distributions.

Now consider the individual responses. In the first and third modes there is a
definite tendency for a standing-wove type of distribution, perhaps as shown by the
curves which have somewhat arbitrarily been drawn through the data. On the other
hand, the distribution for the second mode has very little tendency toward periodicity
but accentuates the exponential decrease.
The same sort of cyclica I response as that just discussed for a given length occurs
at a given point as the length of the cavity is varied. For example, Figure 36 (a) shows
the response at a point 1/2" from the leading edge of a cavity whose length was system-
atically increased from 0.625" to 7" at a Mach number of 2.0. Cavity depth was held
constant at 1" and width at 2". Extremely wide variations of pressure are found to occur
in each of the first three modes. The pressure at this particular point was found to reach
a maximum when the length was adjusted to 2", and to decrease sharply as length was
further increased. At the 5" length a minimum was recorded, and at still greater lengths
another substartial increase in level occured. Perhaps it should be noted that two un-
usual conditions are associated with the 2" length. First, at this Mach number, both
the hot-wire tý.rbulence spectrum and the upstream boundary-layer-noise spectrum showed
a strong periodic component. In the turbulence spectrum this occured at about 2580 cps.

In some cases the cavity response has a peak very close to this frequency. This may
only reflect cavity response off-resonance to discrete-frequency forcing, but it may also
reflect coincidence of the discrete input with a cavity resonance in which case a very
large response would be expected.

Secondly, the oil-flow movies revealed that the 2" length permitted a pronounced
vortex formation in the cavity, which could also change the response greatly.

Further indication of the possible uniqueness of this response is afforded by the set
of partial curves at the right of Figure 36 (a). Those were obtained under precisely the
same conditions as the other data,* except that the depth was held constant at 2.5" in-
stead of 1". Unfortunately malfunction of the cavity drive mechanism precluded the -
setting up of lengths less than 3", so that the response of the 2" length was not obtained
at this depth. Even so, from the data at lengths greater than 2" it Is apparent that this
deeper cavity represents a quite different situation. It is also clear that over most of the
common range of lengths of the two sets of data, pressure response in the 2.5" depth is
several orders of magnitude greater than that in the 1" depth. This result is certainly
consistent with the indications of Figure 21, which led to the conclusion that the bound-
ary-layer fluctuations of the 1" deep ccavity were considerably less than those of the 2.5"
cavi ty.

WADD TR 61-75 47
 to that of Figure 36 ( a) but a Mach
Figure 36 (b)-Twogives
numyer-of-3-.O. thtngs are evdent.plot
a comparable -First, the maximum levels are of the order
of 30 db. lower than those at Mach 2.0, a result which is compatible with the re-
duction of boundary-layer noise between these same two Mach numbers. Secondly,
there is no evidence of the extremely high levels at the 2" length. Rather the
levels in that vicinity tend to exhibit a more cyclical variation of the type that would
be expected of a resonant response.

WADD TR 61-75 48
 I .i

' ~Mach 2 •
S~.4
aI
S 1.0
.6A UI
S0
.8 _ __ _ _

Mach 3

Z. 1.0 _

.8

.4 ,,4 _ _ _h_*

.4

1.0

.62)

.4__Mach 5
0 .2 .4 .6 .8 .0

Location in Boundary Layer, z/f

•) Experimental Data Points

1/7 Power Low
Uram's Method

FIGURE 13. BOUNDARY-LAYER PROFILES

WADD TR 61-75 49
 S--Peak 2.57

",Mach
% 5 . . .
- .) ,
.4.

Mach 2
0 .6--

.4

200 300 1000 2000 3000 5000 10 KC

Frequency - cps

FIGURE 14. BOUNDARY-LAYER TURBULENCE SPECTRA

1.0

.50 "7 - N - - -

.30

i X
20

.210

.os ... ,¢:• ,\ 0 \ ,

.05

0 300 1000 2000 3000 5000 -1KC

Frequency- cps

FIGURE 15. BOUNDARY-LAYER NOISE SPECTRA

WADD TR 61-75 50
 I

i
140 I
Symbol Frequency

130 S200 cps

A-- ---A 500 cps

"120 S~120 - ... 1000 cps

Note: Levels at M = 5.0

Increased 6db to
correct for reduced 'q'
110 . . - _

-z 100

E 90

80

70

60

Ps (psi) 1.49 .82 .46 .14

50 I I I
1 2 3 4 5
Mach Number

FIGURE 16. EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER ON BOUNDARY-LAYER NOISE

WADD TR 61-75 51
UI

Ix0- 3 __ __ __
. . ..... - --
•lxlO-

••
o
5x104

2x10

4 S1x10.

5x 10-5

10-5 S2x

vii
2xI

Ps(psi? = 1.49 .821 .46 .141

lxi0-6 0 3 1 2 3 41 5
Mach Number

FIGURE 17. EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER AND DYNAMIC PRESSURE

ON OVERALL BOUNDARY-LAYER NOISE

WADD TR 61-75 52
 LENGTH 8 INCHES
WIDTH 2 INCHES
DEPTH 2.5 INCHES

MACH 2

CAMERA VIEW

I--

1/8000 SECOND

FIGURE 18
BOUNDARY LAYER
FLUCTUATIONS ABOVE
A LONG CAVITY

AIR FLOW

WADD TR 61-75 53
 L4I

00

0 1*

7 x
L U..
)

C-4
0 ýo,0 VN04 00010 V C46
soou - .uw ols( .oo uno .

WAD TR 617 54
 I" Depth
.4

.3

1 .6 .
.4.

5.2

.7
.6
.5
.4 2 et
.3
.21
.1
10.
Time In Soc x 2.0
FIGURE 20 (a.EFFECT OF CAVITY DEPTH ON BOUNDARY-LAYER
FLUCTUATIONS, M =2.0,
(Measured At x =2.0")
Length =8.0", Width =2.0",

WADD TR 61-75 56
 .7

.44

.6 1.0" Depth

I I

4 .
. ... . . . ..
""+. .4
.3

.2

1,

.9 , 2.0" Depth
o8 ,
.1 ,
S .7
.6

.4 -
.3
.2

01.0 2.0
Time - See x 103

FIGURE 20 (b). EFFECT OF CAVITY DEPTH ON BOUNDARY-LAYER

FLUCTUATIONS, M = 2.0
(Measured At x =5.0")
Length = 8.0", Width = 2.0"1

WADD TR 61-75 57
 -. LENGTH 1 INCH
WIDTH 4 INCHES
DEPTH 2.5 INCHES

MACH 2

-" I
S~CAMERA VIEW

r 1

1/8000 SECOND

FIGURE 21

BOUNDARY LAYER
FLUCTUATIONS DUE TO
A SHORT CAVITY

•- AIR FLOW

WADD TR 61-75 58
 | - Length - 4"
5• . .. . - " .......
P

.4
.3 -

.2

.5

S.4

.2

is
.5 x 2.0"

.3
.4
.2

. Ir

.3
.2

1 2

Time Sec x 103

FIGURE 22. BOUNDARY-LAYER FLUCTUATIONS FOR CAVITY

OF INTERMEDIATE LENGTH AT MACH 2

WADD TR 61-75 59
 Length FLOW

MACH 2_

WIDTH 2"DPH .

Length FLOW -

5..... ..........

L 3"

FIGURE 23. OIL FLOW PHOTOGRAPHS OF FLOW INSIDE CAVITY

WADD TR 61-75 60
 I ~Length FLOW -

j ~MACH 2

WIDTH 2" DEPTH 2.5" K ~ -

Length FL OW -

'
..........

FIGURE 23. (Contd.) OIL FLOW PHOTOGRAPHS OF FLOW INSIDE CAVITY

WADD TR 61-75 61
 -_ _

coN
-C 5~0
kz
I.S
I~ ~ ~ u I____ >___ L___
aw

00

C4 C

u U U U E%4 *.i1

NO]o

o o 0 " ,q, Iq I' I I

Isd oJflflOJd

WADD IR 61-75 62
 1" Cavity 5" Cavity
1.6
1.4

O0
I I

1i.4., .
.2"
Cavity 6" Cavity 0
1.6

0 0

S3" Cavity 7" Cavity 0

1.6

0 0 0
S1.84-
1.8

4" Cavity 8" Cavity

1.6-
"0 ~0 0
0 000 Mode Loa Stti Prssr 0
1.9s
1.4 0

02 4 0 2 4 6 8
Distance Along.Cavity Floor (0 =Upstream End) - inches
Model Local Static Pressure 1 .49 psi
* Cavity Width 2 Inches, Depth 2.5 Inches
Mach 2

FIGURE 25. EFFECT OF LENGTH ON CAVITY STATIC PRESSURE

WADD TR 61-75 63
 I .8 - - _ __ _ _

16
1.6 Mach 2 (Ps 1 .49
• psi)

0 0
0
1.4 - Q

1.2

1.0

0 psi)- 0
Mach 3(Ps =0.82
8Q

0 0
.6

Mach 4 (Ps =0.46 psi)

.4 0 D 6) c

.2 Mach 5 (P- 0.14 psi)

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
02 4 6 8

D'1tance Along Cavity Floor (0 Upstream End) - inches

Length = 8.0"
Width = 2.0"
Depth =2.5"
FIGURE 26. EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER ON CAVITY STATIC PRESSURE

WADD TR 61-75 64
I0

U.U r4

2z
>I

S U. U

-p hGAGl ainssOd punoS 2a

LU

____ z

LL.

CN U

II 0~0
C)~~~~~C 0 Cw C C) 0 0 0
0 1.1O O
CN0, 0 i.

~issi ~ uo
qp~~~ U.D

WADD R 6175u6
 I0 U

C A
. It
___ 0

9p InA3 - -~ss~ 0u

UU

(N U

-4-

C~
N~ 0 -

TR
0AD 617 66
 u4

00

-C
z, v
E~ 0
6. LA

C14C

-
ZZ

00
Lin

-~ * z
UU
0 0

U-i

o U.

Ln I-

Cp CO
0 C,
C :)

C- 0L 0 c% LUO
q P
C - 2

* p JDAQ JAJans~ - u -sgdPnSq

WAD_ R 61756
 12, OWHarmonic Curves

Experi mental

10,000

8, 0009th

8- 8th

ýC-6, 000 t

0. 6th
U-

5th
4, 000k":
4t

3rd

Fund.

Cavity Length -in.

FIGURE 28. COMPOSITE PLOT OF RESONANT FRECUENCIES AT A

MACH NUMBER OF 2.0
Width = 2"1
Depth = 2.5"1

WADD TR 61-75 68
|

4000 -
-x
3000
20

2000

I2nt Mode
4000

3000

7 2000 E

] ,• L_
10!00 2n r Mode ]

1000
3000

4000 8000 C:, (! J(2" width 2.5" depth I

J J •2" width 1!.0" depth
7000 | (4" width 2.5" depth
-
6000

4th Mode

30001
30 1 24 5 6 1 7

Cavity Length-in.

FIGURE 29. EFFECT OF CAVITY DIMENSIONS ON FREQUENCY

WADD TR 61-75 69
 z
o z
0000

o
~f~flv)
z

lP% N
.0% o I K

I-4

wia
0

uZ.
0 N

sdc) Auenboi

WiJ'TR6-57
 130

8 400 cps
120

110

/ •2 •'I 4 Width
-J 110 ••S '2.5" Depth

a.
"uv 130
C

Lu100
120 [

0 2 4 6 8
Cavity Length - inches
FIGURE 31. EFFECT OF CAVITY LENGTH AND WIDTH ON
BUFFET RESPONSE
Mach 2

WADD TR 61-75 71
V

130

120

115

110 2" Width

S105
me

13

44 Width

125 _____

120

115

110
.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
Cavity Depth - in.
FIGURE 32. EFFECT OF CAVITY DEPTH AND WIDTH ON TYPICAL BUFFET
RESPONSES
Length 8"
M = 2.0

WADD TR 61-75 72
I.

LEGEND.
110 0 Cavity Length 1.0"
200 cps & Cavity Length 4.0"
10
10j
-j

90

0
70

60

120

110

-• 100
-' 400 cps
go

7~0 _____
0
70

2 3 4 5
Mach Number

FIGURE 33. EFFECT OF MACH NUMBER ON BUFFET RESPONSE

Depth = 2.5", Width = 2.0"

WDD TR 61-75 73
Sz

04

CLT

u U.

0
Jj z

U-

_ _ _ _ ___ I
qp -IVA9 Olm$G~dpuno

WADD R 6175 7
 z A
0.

z
0

-e~cc
-I

0))

mo
N A tn

".4
En

Ln

U-

0 0 0 0

C% - 0
- ~lV)9fl~SJ~j
j~ej

WADD TRI-7~ 7
 N
0I
- -

_0
_______ .4-

LUJ

43. 0

0.-.
o 0-
uA0
O~f) ccI

z U.'

0
z

-g z

LL

CO

U-

UU

- LU

0
U-

-p IQAO1 gJflssod PunOS

WADD TR 61-75 76
 - *0

0-
I

2 z~ N

00
z U

- - 0

-Ni

uuc

LU

P,,

qp JODI aiss~ldPuLL

WAD L61757
I VI - COMPARISON OF THEORY & EXPERIMENT

In making comparisons of theory and experiment, it will be helpful to consider first

the cases where the simplified theory may be expected to apply. This has the merit of
considering the simpler responses first, and determining the factors which limit the range
of applicability of the simplified theory. Then the more general cases, in which both
depth and length modes appear, can be considered with better insight.
A. SHORT CAVITIES
1. SUBSONIC
The simplified tlheory is predicated on the assumption that the modes in which the
cavity responds are predominately depth modes; that is, no standing waves in either the
streamwise or tranverse directions are considered. While this approach would hardly be
reaiishic foT lung cavities, there is evidence that it may be adequate for short cavities.
To explore this possibility, consider first the data for a 1/2" length X 1" width X 1
depth cavity from the tests conducted at Lockheed.
a. Frequency
Equation (61) gives the calculated amplification of pressure which would be expected
between the bottom and top of a cavity Calculation of a complete family of response
curves by this equation yields the results shpwn in Figure 37 for Mach numbers from 0. 1
to 0.9. First consider the implications of these curves. They are the following:
1) The cavity should exhibit two responses (within the frequency limits of 0-10,000
cps) at all subsonic Mach numbers.
2) The frequency of these two resonant responses should decrease slightly with
Mach number.
3) The low frequency mode should predominate at all Mach numbers. However,
increasing Mach number causes lower response in the low mode and a more
predominant response in the higher mode.
Figure 38 gives the measured response spectrum of the 1/2" X 1" X 1" cavity
throughout the subsonic regime. It is observed in the way of generalities, that the first
of the above theoretical conclusions is confirmed by the data. There are two principal
frequencies of response. Secondly, the exprrimental response frequency has a slightly
increasing trend with Mach number as opposed to the theoretical prediction. Thirdly,
tlhe lowei mode beconmes less predominant with increasing Mach number and the second
mode amplitude response increases with Mach number, however the increase is very
much more predominant than predicted by the theory.
Thus, the predicted general trends are found to occur. Now consider the numer-cal
agreement between theory and experiment insofar as response frequencies are concerned.
Figure 39 gives a comparison of calculated and measured frequencies for the 1/2" X 1"
X 1 " cavity throughout the -subsonic Mach number range. In general the agreement is
rather good, particularly in the first mode. As a matter of fact, numerical agreement
between theory and experiment in the 2nd. mode is also quite good up to about 0.7
Mach number, although there appears to be a divergence between the observed and
calculated trends.
All factors considered, it is felt that the general and numerical aspects of the com-
parisons of Figure 39 support the hypothesis of a resonant response of the short cavity in
;ts depth modes.

WADD IR 61-75 78
Sbetween
Now consider the situation with a longer cavity. Figure 40 gives a comparison
calculated and experimental response frequencies for the .1" legt.h X.1"
width X 1" depth cavity at subsonic Mach numbers. Unlike Figure 39, this does not
give a depiction of all experimentally-observed frequencies for it is apparent from
Figure 12 that there are frequencies in the response of this cavity which are not repre-
sentative of depth modes. The intent here is to show that the simplified theory does
account adequately for a part of the total response. This is evident from Figure 12,
which indicates that the theory accounts reasonably well for most of the response fre-
quencies.

A pertinent analytical result can now be considered; that is, the effect of cavity
length on frequency of the depth modes. For the present this will be confined to the sub-
sonic flow regime. Figure 41 gives the calculated variation of frequency of the first two
modes of the cavities used in the exploratory tests, as cavity length is increased. A Mach
number of 0.6 is considered. As a matter of interest the experimental frequencies from
Figure 12 are included for comparison with theory at 0.6 Mach number.

It is observed that the first-mode frequency decreases with cavity length throughout
the range of lengths considered, and this is ver!fied by experimental results. Theoretical
results for the second mode show the same trend.

b. Amplitude Response:

Equation (61) derives the amplitude response in terms of amplification of pressure in

the cavity. This approach was followed in order to obtain results that are independent
of the input itself, the premise being that this yields a more general theory. Such an
approach is analogous to the derivation of the transfer function, or impedance of a
mechanical system which can then be considered for any arbitrary input.

In the present case, however, difficulty arises in definition of the input. The
boundary-layer noise existing in the flow could conceivably be viewed as the input.
On the other hand, any instability of the separated boundary layer which results in
time-variant displacements of the separated layer may well constitute Co velocity input.
In the practical case, much more convenience is assoiciated with assessing the boundary-
layer noise than the fluctuating boundary-layer displacements. For that reason it was
decided to explore first the possibility of obtaining satisfactory results using bour,dary-
layer noise as the forcing fun-tion.

In order to make the comparison of calculated and measured amplifications it will

be necessary to reduce the theoretical and experimental results to a common basis of
analysis. Because the input is random, the experimental response levels represent the
output as integrated by the cavity over its resonant bandwidth, and the input level rep-
resents integration of a random signal over the frequency limits of the appropriate
1/3-octave filter. Theoretical results, on the other hand, are calculated in terms of
response to sinusoidal input of variable frequency; as such they are the spectrum level
of response.

WADD TR 61-75 79
For purposes of compai;son let the amplification p/p 0 be defined as:

P/Po = P f/Pspect.

where

is the spectrum level of boundary-layer noise. p& f is the response as

integrated over the theoretical half-power limits of the frequency response characteristic.

Let it further be assumed that the 1/ 3 -octave response level for the output is entirely
composed of P &f, having no contributions from frequencies outside these limits. The
theoretical results can then be put on a comparable basis with experimental results and
plotted. Figure 42 gives such a plot for the first and second modes of the 1/2" X 1" X
1" cavity, where the amplifications shown are (1/3 octave)/Pspect).

The indications of this figure are quite encouraging. For both the first mode and the
second mode the agreement between theory and experiment is quite good. Actually,
it would appear that the implications of this agreement are of more consequence than the
agreement itself, for the use of boundary-layer noise as the forcing function seems to be
a realistic and satisfactory practice. As mentioned above, this will permit much better
utilization of the results since both the characteristic spectrum and intensity variations
of boundary-layer noise are now fairly well catalogued in the literature.
It should be noted that because the simplified theory considers only depth modes,
the streamwise distribution of pressure within the cavity is constant, That is, the pressure
al any point on the cavity floor is theoretically the same. Of course, pressure will vary
on ai Ivertical surfacbs, with a maximum occurring at the bottom of the cavity ,nd a
minimum at the top.

2. SUPERSONIC

a. Frequency

Figure 43 gives a comparison of experimental response-frequencies with calculated

frequencies for the 2" length X 2" width X 2.5" depth cavity at Mach numbers from 1.75
to 5.0. Consider first the theoretical results. Four modes were found to exist at fre-
quencies below 10 kc in most cases. These are non-harmonic. Unlike the results at
subsonic Mach numbers, the frequency of a given mode does not vary appreciably with
Mach number.

The data points indicated by squares are seen to follow the theory cur es very
closely. Several interesting points arise in this regard. For example, the theory pre-
dicts the first mode to occur in the vicinity of 1800 to 2000 cps, but no resonant res-
ponse was observed at this mode. The reason apparently lies in the amplification;
although the theory indicates the presence of the mode, it also indicates extremely
small amplifications. The calculated amplification was only of the order of 0.5db as a
maximum. In view of this, it is not surprising that the experimental response spectra do
not show such a resonance.

WADD TR 61-75 80
 It is interesting to note also that for this cavity not only are all depth modes pre-
dicted accurately by the theory, but these ore the only responses which appear in the
measured spectrum. Thus the theory adequately pre'-Th's the entire frequency response
of this cavity at all Mach numbers.

b. Amplitude Response

Figure 44 indicates the measured and calculated cnmplitude response of the 2" length
X 2" width X 2.5" depth cavity at all Mach numbers tested. In general, the calculated
spectrum of amplification shows agreement with the experimental spectrum in its fre-
quencies, as was indicated by Figure 43, but the agreement in amplification is rather
poor except for the Mach 3 case. In this case the amplifications.are in fair agreement
for the 1st and 3rd modes. The experimental amplification of the 2nd mode is much
higher than calculated, but judging from the sharpness of the response curve, a part of
ihis may be due to the filter bandwidth used in analysis. The spectrum shape is indicated
correctly only if the width of the resonant peak is large relative to the bandwidth of the
filter used in analysis (50 cps). This does not appear to hold for the second mode, hence
the filter output may be taken as indicative of the response integrated over its own band-
width.

Further comparison of theory and experiment is afforded by Figure 45, which con-
siders shorter cavities at a Mach number of 2.0. Cavities of 1" length and 0.5" length
are considered for a constant width of 2" and depth 1". In both of these cases the
agreement is considered to be rather good, particularly for the 1" length.
The results of Figures 44 and 45 tend to add further confirmation to the conclusion
that the simplified theory is adequate only for cases wherein length/depth is less than
unity.
B. LONG CAVITIES

The experimental evidence presented herein indicates that in cavities of length-

to-depth ratios greater than a pproximately one, there 4 significant response of the
cavity in its length modes. There may also be excitation of depth modes, as was shown
to be the case at Lx/.Lz = 1.5 in the exploratory tests, but predominance of the length
modes is to be expected.

Consider the cavity of 8" length, 2" width, and 3.5" depth. Figure 46 gives a
comparison of the calculated and measured sound-pressure spectra at a point on the
bottom of the cavity 0.5 inches from the leading edge at a Mach number of 2.0. The
theoretical spectrum is calculated from Eq. (58). In order to obtain absolute values
for the calculated pressure spectrum, it is necessary to obtain either a theoretical or an
empirical value of source strength A. In the present case A was evaluated empirically
as follows:
At distances r >> ,%.from the source, the sound pressure can be written as

p • .~s§
-iwt
W T~ 615 P rms1

WADD TR 61-75 81
 The spectr-um of pressure response at the point of interest in the cavity was
observed at a high frequencyK (6000 cps), which was off resonance. At such a
frequency the reqluirement that r >-> is at least approximated, since A
2.2 inches and ()r) avg. -5 .2 inches, assuming the source to be located at
random in the plane of the cavity opening. From the spectrum - level pressure at
6000 cps and th~e average r ,the source strength was computed as 600
46.8 cm3 /Sec.cp

To be useful , the spectrum of source strength must be determined. In view of the

relatively flat slope of the turbulence spectrum shown in Figure 14 it was hypothesized
tha t

A (w ) constant =46.8

for the case under consideration; i.e., a constant-velocity source is assumed..

Within the limitations of the assumptions made regordthg source strength and
characteristics, Figure 46 indicates reasonably good agreement between calculated and
measured spectra .While there are some appreciable differences between theoretical
and experimental amplitudcs, it .seern5 clear that the phenomenon of cavity response is
correctly defined by the theory.

Some further insight into the phenomena is afforded by the tabulation below,
which compares calculated anid measured resonant frequencies and identifies the nature
of each by its modal descriptian

RESONANT FREQUENCIES, 8" L X 2' W X 3 .5" D

fcai. f nas Modal Description

600 560 nX 111y ~0 n 9

800 -nx =2 ny 0 gn 9
1450 1350 nxA I ny 0 n 9
2200 2250 nX 2 ny 0 gn gl, g2
3250 3150 nx 3 ny 0 n 9
4050 4000 nX 1, 4n y 0 g go, g2
4550 4850 n. 5 n 9
5600 5600
-- 6550
7600 7000

WADO TR 61-75 82
 An interesting point arises in connection with the first two calculated frequencies.
Theoretically, two resonances should occur, at 600 cps and at 800 cps. In this case
on|y one resonance is Indicated. However, Figure 27 shows that In many cases the
anclyses are made with sufficient definition (50 cps) to distinguish between the two
modes in the way of a double-peaked curve.
Figure 47 gives a similar comparison of theory and experiment for a 4" length X 2"
width X(2.5" depth configuration. In this case, the resonant frequencies may be iden-
tified as follows:
RESONANT FREQUENCIES, 4" L X 2" W X 2.5" D
fcal. fmeas. Modal Description

1250 1325 nx =I ny =0
1800 -- nx =0,1 ny =0, 0 gn =go
2450 2700 nx = fly =0
3950 3850 nx 2 n =0=0 gn
4400 4250 n. 1,2 fly =0 gng 2 ' go
5250 5750 nx I fly =0 gn= 2
6000 6500 n2 n0
7600 7600 n =2 ny =0

The comparison of theoretical and experimental response spectra given in Figure 47

indicates reasonably good agreement for the lower-order modes. At the higher modes the
theoretical spectrum tends to overemphasize the response. In this regard, It should be
noted again that the theoretical spectrum shape is directly related to the assumed spectral
distribution of A, and the absolute pressure levels are directly related to the magnitude
taken for A. Obviously the evaluation of A from the sound pressure on the cavity bottom
will over estimate source strength by virtue of the reverberant characteristics of the en-
closure, which reinforces the pressure above the assumed free-space level.

Further uncertainty exists in the hypothesized spectral envelope of A. As discussed

previously, the calculations depicted in Figure 46 and 47 are based on a source strength
which is independent of frequency, since the spectrum of turbulence was found to approx-
imate this condition.

On the other hand, the envelope of sound pressure measured in the boundary layer
follows more nearly a /1w type of variation. Thus the assumption that A (w) a I/1
may well be a better approximation to the actual conditions. Certainly this would yield
a more representative response envelope as judged from the measured envelopes.
A further paint regarding the higher-order modes is that appreciable air dissipation
will increase the damping at the frequencies involved here. Since this is not accounted
for theoretically, some overestimation of the higher order modes Is probably to be ex-
pected.

WADD TR 61-75 83
 25

20_

Width 1.0"
Depth 1.0" M=0
Length 0,5"
15 M=0.5

C
E<•~ 0.9M: .
U

a.M 0.9
E

-a M Av..)

M 0

0
100020 001O

-5 _________ _______

1000 2000 5000 10K

Frequency - cps

FIGURE 37. THEORETICAL AMPLIFICATION OF SHORT CAVITY

WADD TR 61-75 84
 C2a

14A

I-
UCD

*1~Iu ?6

- I-

Lo oz

00.

C C I -

... g0 CQ
4-IA~~LL a-- * - -a.

0
qp-lV) cv)1Sqpld

WADD R61-7
 C4

0 C00
0 LL ' Lo LL

C).- Cl

>. >

o '0

-ro C %_

LL

C)
0.

-U-

-u u-

- -C) CD C 0 CD C) a0 .0
'20

WADD TR 61-75 8
 IL

- 09

upu

q 9

VP- ldS qP-ldS qP-lUS

WADD TR 61-75 87
 12,000
0 Experiment
- Theory

10,000

8000

U,

0)
U.." 6000

1st Mode
4000

2000

0 .2 .4 .6 .8 1.0
Mach Number
FIGURE 39. COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
RESPONSE FREQUENCIES FOR SHORT CAVITY
Length : 0.5"
Width 1.0"
Depth 1.0"

WADD TR 61-75 88
 Ii
Ii
12,000
STheory

(1 Experiment

10,000

2nd Mode
-.u 8000
U

U-

" 6000

0
U,oo

'2))
4000

2000 -)

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0

Mack Number
F1 3URE 40. COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTA.L
RESPONSE FREQUENCIES
Length = 1.5"
Depth 1
1.3"
Width = 1.0"

WADD TR 61-75 89
 12,000 1
-M M0.6 Calculated
) M=0.6 Experiment
10,000

2nd Mode

8000

u 6000

U-

4000

I1st Mode

2000

0
0 .5 1.0 1.5 2.0

Cavity Length - in.

FIGURE 41. THEORETICAL EFFECT OF CAVITY LENGTH

ON FREQUENCY OF DEPTH MODES

Width z 1.0"
Depth = 1.0"

WADD TR 61-75 90
 60

E 2
-: a Ist Mode
U

Theory
a Experiment

60

"x340

04-

E 20

0
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1.0
Mach Number
FIGURE 42. COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL
AMPLITUDE RESPONSE
Length = .5
Width = 1 .0"
Depth 1 0."

WADD TR 61-75 91
j 12000
Experiment
....-. ..

Theory
10000 ..
ifi

8000

S6000

2000

000- 2.0 3 .0 4.0 5.0

Mach Number

FIGURE 43. COMPARISON OF THEORETICAL AND EXPERIMENTAL

RESPONSE FREQUENCY FOR A 2" LENGTH X 2" WIDTH
X 2.5" DEPTH CAVITY AT SUPERSONIC MACH NUMBER.

WADD TR 61-75 92
 +30__- - - - - - -

Mach 2

+2 . -..Theoretical

Depth = 2.5"
Length = 2.0"
Width =2.0"
+10

C/
0
v -10 1 -- A v

Mach 3
+10
Depth = 2.5"/
U Length = 2.0" I \
Width = 2.0" / \ \
0 -7 "

-10

/
/ / \j

-20

1000 2000 4000 7000 10000

Frequency - cPs
FIGURE 44. COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND
MEASURED RESPONSE SPECTRA

WADD TR 61-75 93
 +20
Mach 5
- Experimental

- - - Theoretical
+10 _ _ _.___

Depth = 2.511
Length
Width == 2.0."
2.0" \I

-20

-30 •

-40
1000 2000 4000 7000 10,000
Frequency - cps

FIGURE 44. (Cant'd)

WADD TR 61-75 94
 +20 --

Mach 2

IA
+10

Depth = 1.0"1
Length = 0.5"
Width = 2.0"
0

a-10
/
.
i _.....Experimental
1!dIII~I~i //
Theoretical /

..- 20 /-

Mach 2
U +10
Depth = 1.0"
Length = 1.0"//
Width = 2.0" -/

/ \ r
0/

-10 1
--
/

-20 /- .0 0
1000 2000 4000 7000 10000
Frequency - cps
FIGURE 45. FURTHER COMPARISON OF CALCULATED AND
MEASURED RESPONSE SPECTRA

WADD TR 61-75 95
 LLI

CDJ

C:)uI
LU

0~
CL

l- 0d

.E U LU

I,

I-LUn

U LU

L.. _ _ _ _ _ 0 c

0
(ND
.
0s
0
- - o c
ri ~1;Jf$a~pfo
WAD R61759
 ctl
_ __ _ _ _ _ _ _ _

z
Lu

LU
V)
LA

L' 0
CLi

12) (A

LL

.(j.

LU

CI: 0=
<Lu

CN

CLU

qp - aa aissj puflO U

WADD IR 61-75 9
 VII - CONCLUSIONS
. .. The analytical and experimental investigation reported herein indicates the follow-
ing conclusions:
1. The acoustic response of cavities in either subsonic or supersonic airflow corm-
prises dual phenomena involving

a. A ,'ndoi frequency buffet response

b. A discrete-frequency resonant response

2. For short cavities the total response is primarily resonant; for long cavities the
buffet and resonant responses are of equal importance.
3. The resonant response can be categorized as almost entirely the depth mode
for cavities of length-to-depth ratio of one or less, and predominately the
lengthwise modes for cavities wherein length is 2 to 3 times depth.

4. Classical theory, developed herein to account for the effects of a moving

medium adjoining the cavity opening, is found to provide excellent definition
of the response frequencies and fair definition of the amplitude response for
both subsonic and supersonic regimes.

5. On the basis of results presented, it appears that the spectrum of boundary-

layer noise may be taken as the forcing function in calculating response.

6. The theory can be simplified in ýhe form of a design approach that will permit
fairly rapid assessment of the approximate response of a given cavity, as given
in the following section.

WADD TR 61-75 98
 VIII. DESIGN SUMMARY
The following is in the nature of a summary intended to enable a designer to
assess the frequencies and dynamic pressure loading to be expected on the
structural surface of a given cavity.
A. CAVITY LENGTH/DEPTH<1 .0
Both the amplification factor and the resonant frequencies are obtained from
Eq. (62) below.

-[[R sin(yL. /1,)]2,.[ i(LL~-car L) 1~ (2

where:
f is frequency in cps.
L is streamwise cavity length
Lxis cavity depth
Rzis the radiation resistance, given in Figure 48 for both subsonic
and supersonic cases at width/length ratios for . 125 to 2.0.
X is the radiation reactance, given in Figure 48 for the same Mach
numbers and width/length ratios.
B. CAVITY LENGTH/DEPTH>1.0
In these cases the length modes are predominant, and it is necessary to employ
the more general theory. Frequencies may be determined from the characteristic
frequency equation

2
2 ( ) H-
1. (63)

where g1 " + i%'

On the basis of experimensal evidence, the transverse modes are not normally excited,
thus the resonant frequencies may be reasonably approximated by

2 - rL 2- . CL in) 2 (64)

Because of the frequency dependent nature of g , determination of f becomes an

iterative process, as outlined by the following steps.
(1) It may be helpful in initiating this process to take the first approximation of
frequency as that for a closed cavity, that is

fN "2 2 L +(6'~1
+ (65)

(2) Enter the impedance tables of Appendix Bor C and determine values of R and X.

WADD TR 61-75 99
(3) Calculate the constants a and b as follows:
2fNLf 21LZR (66)1
c(R + X))

(4) Take the values of a and b calculated in step 3 and using figure 49 read the
values of °t n and ri for the desired mode. If the value of b is negative, treat
it as positive in determining P the
words, -n always carriosn
and sidA m
11, ofbutb.record as a negative number. In
other
(5) With the values of k and 6 from step 4 a second approximation of natural
frequency, f can be calculated as follows (neglecting damping):
N
IA nn t (67)

(6) Examine fN N• - f is positive,

IN incomparison with the first approximation of f. If fN
choosea higher value of f and if negativea lower value of fand go back to step 2.
When a change of sign of f - f is obtained, these points should be plotted as a
N' method will give the approximate intercept on the
N - f vs. f. This
curve of f IN
f-axis. More iterations can Le made for higher accuracy.

It should be pointed out that in this process, certain values of a and b in an

iterative sequence may cause the values of t and qn to cross a dotted mode
line in figure 49, thus apprrently denoting a change of mode. When this occurs,
the apparent mode change may be disregarded and continuity of the iteration
maintained.

It is also observed that some modes may have a resonant frequency in the vicinity
of the crossover point, where radiation resistance changes from negative to
positive. In such cases two distinct resonances may be calculated.
(7) Once correct values of fnn b and have been determined the resonant response
for the mode in question can be calculated from the following equations.

FPPN 1

where (68)

p ±89fNLZA(xjy,,z') JNXYZý(""'
L L r~nh(ng) + 2ng]CrL

The coordinates (x, y, z) are 1he location of the point in the cavity where sound
pressure is desired and (x', y', z') is the location of the sound source of strength
A(x', y', z').
The above calculations should be made for all combinatlions of n and n. It is
recommended that n range from 0 to 6 and n be 0, 1, and 2.

WADD TR 61-75 100

 SAMPLE CALCULATION
DATA:
S..
.. x -- 2j nzz I1j n 0 , Lx = ." Lyy = 2. "1,Lz = 1 .5"

c 13,900. IN/SEC, x = .5", x' - 0, z = 0, z' 3.5"

LB-SEC 2/IN4
A(x', z') = 3, CT 1.065 X 10-8
Going through the steps outlined at the beginning of the section, the following
results are obtained.
(1) Using Eq. (65), the first approximation to frequency fN is, fN1 2650 cps.
(2) Using the above frequency of 2650 cps, values of impedance from Appendix C
are:
R :846 X : .564
(3) Impedance and frequency from steps (1) and (2) yield the constants:
a .73 b = 1.10
(4) From Figure 49 the values of n and n for n = 0 are:
.0
: .14 n no .56
(5) The second approximation to natural frequency, using the values of step (4), is
fN2 = 2045 cps
(6) Compare f N of step (5) with fN of step (1).
FN2 - fN1 = -605cps
2 150 cps,
The result is nejoliw•v, thtcrefore choose a lower value of fN, say fN3 =
to insert into step (2).
After calculalion of steps (2) - (5), a natural frequency, f N.,4 = 2070 cps is found,
Comparison with f I gives a value of -80 cps so that smaller value of fN must be chosen.
Choosing fN5 = U00 cps yields a value of fN6 = 2070 cps.
For the final iteration use a value of f in step (2) of 2070 cps. This results in a
value of f 1\ = 2070 cps in step (5). Therefore the correct value of f is 2070 cps.
The correct values of 1, arnd rao are .16, .•0 io0 . N9.
(7) Using the input constants and thc above va a of f - sound pressure
level in the cavity may be calculated. N n

The value of p from Eq. 68 is

pPN 14.35 X 10-`5 psi

PN : 94 db
In order to compare with the value of SPL from figure 46, a value of 17 db must be
added to account for the 50 cps bandwidth used for presenting SPL in figure 46. This
gives a value of p N of 111 db which is approximately tihe same as round with the more
complicated machine calculation.

WADD TR 61-75 101

 0"0

a-

LU
0
a-

-]

c! Cl )C
C!~~t' C)

C%4 D C: _ _ C0
xN

_____ 61__75 ____ 1

 UL
FTT- Hi-I

f'N

U~C)
L.

I II
(z

0AD 61_7 ___ 103_

Iz

00

-V)
caa

- Ci~~r ' 1 C)) ~ (N C)~ 0C00 CO I; c; C'4-ý0~

x Ix

LU x

IL __ ___ ___ ___

z-.4
l0

C)
C3 17 Cý C
7 - c-, C3 C

WDDT61710
 V).

C4 In M 00 :

to0 ý -- 0 4 0 C)00

too

0 0

-00
00

--
- 1 .

0 0 O 0 to ClJ* (N - C) C
N -- C;~ C; ; 0
C 0 0

WADD TR 61-75 105

 t I CI
C14

U H

0 - j
cn'

0Z0

0a o
Cf; C; c;0 c-a. o :0C

* oC0 0 0 0

____~~1 __ C__
4

ii iiCI

z__ N X\__ R

0K

LC4 ~~ C1 , 0 0n 0t M 0 0

WADD TR 61-75 106

 2.5
><
2.4

2.3
n rTor,,
2.2 [- '-,-- I - 2.2

THIRD MODE
2.1 n 2
2.0 7
4H, -i= ==N::-
1.
1.0

1.8

1.7 2-0

1.6
-- 44
1.5 Q

SECOND MODE
M= I
1.3 gm 'tanh Tgn =a+ ib
*n where On 4n +
1.2

1.0 - - -----
f

.7 dL
.6

.5 F-1
PRINCIPAL MO E
--A n = 0
.3
41
.2

-0 .05 .1 .15 .2 .25 .3 .35 .4 .45 .5 .55 .6 .65 .7 .75 .8 .85 .9 .95 1.0
6n

FIGURE 49. SOLUTIONS TO BOUNDARY CONDITION FUNCTION

WAD D TR 61-75 107

 IX. REFERENCES
1. Boeing Airplane Co.: "Investigation of B-47 Bomb Bay Buffeting," Report
D-12675, Feb. 15, 1952.
2. Krlshnomurty, K.. "Sound Radiation From Surface Cutouts in High Speed Flow,"
PhD Thesis, California Institute uf Technology, 1956.
3. Morse, Philip M.. "Vibration and Sound," McGraw-Hill Book Company, Inc.,
Second Edition, 1948.

4. Swenson, George W., Jr., and Johnson, Wallace E.: "Radiation Impedance of
A Rigid Square Piston in An Infinite Baffle," Journal of the Acoustical Society
of America, Vol. 24, January 1952.
5. Stenzel, Heinrich: "The Acoustic Radiation of the Rectangular Vibrating
Membrane." ACUSTICA, Vol. 2, No. 6, 1952.

6. Garrick,I. E.: "On Moving Sources In Non-Steady Aerodynamics And In

Kirchhoff's Formula," Proceedings of the First U. S. National Congress of
Applied Mechanics, June 11 - 16, 1951, ASME, New York, N. Y. 1952.
7. Garrick, I. E., and Watkins, Charles E.: "A Theoretical Study of the Effect
of Forward Speed on The Free-Space Sound-Pressure Field Around Propellers,"
NACATR - 1198, 1954.

8. Uram, E. M.: "A Method of Calculating Vc!ocity Distribution For Turbulent

Boundary Layers in Adverse Pressure Distributions," Journal of The Aerospace
Sciences, Vol. 27, September 1960.
9. Stewart, G. W., and Lindtay, R. B.: "Acoustics" D. Van Nostrand Company,
Inc., 1930.

WADD TR 61-75 108

J""APPENDIX A

HELMHOLTZ RESONATORS

The Helmholtz2 resonator configuration may be regarded analytically as an extension

of the simplified short-cavity case. As with the short-cavity case, it is assumed that a
weightless air piston vibrates as a rigid body in the mouth of the resonator. The impe-
cdance'as viewed from the mouth of the resonator is then
ZT ZR + ZH
where ZT is the total impedance and
ZR = R + iX

the radiation impedance as given by Eqs. ( 32 ) and ( 33) for a subsonic medium and by
Eqs. ( 46) and (47) for a supersonic medium. ZH, the impedance of the Helmholtz
cavity, comprises the inductive reactance of the air piston in the mouth and the capa-
citive reactance of the volume of the resonator. It can be written as
)L -c2
ZH - + i (.---- )
S V
Combination of this equation with Fq. ( 47 ) gives the total reactive impedance of the
Helmholtz configuration and yields the resonant frequency when X = X.

The amplification of a Helmholtz resonator is shown in Reference 9 to be, at

resonance,
P.L =20 Log 10 (-c._ where R is radiation resistance
PO nVR V is resonator volume
wn is resonant frequency

Figure 50 gives a plot of the calculated resonant frequency of the resonator shown in
the inset.
Amplification calculations for this resonator indicated that an appreciable attenua-
tion, rather than amplification, should occur. This configuration was tested at all
Mach numbers of the AEDC test program, but in no case was the response of sufficient
magnitude to be observed over the buffet or microphone self--noisc. This result may
be construed as evidence of very low response.

WADD TR 61-75 109

I

~411

Width = 4"

1000
wi 9W

700

6000-

50 2 3 4 5
Mach Number
FIGURE 50. CALCULATED FREQUENCY RESPONSE
OF TEST RESONATOR

WADD TR 61-75 110

 APPENDIX B
SUBSONIC RADIATION IM-PEDANCE

____WIDlH-ftLU&k40ikTjtiO0. 625 . jfD DIHt9tSII 0,,1ZA0 WIi4ýhI&.24 M

FRIQLOU'IOO~
I&ACG4IC wISANARELIO ~ ~
9.5 0.0025 0.0391. 0.0019 6.Q6,15 _- 4,4099 01060...
0
1.000,0o ".tall 0.0193 0.lZIM 0.0300 0:.20411
1:5S0 0.210 1.136 0.01i20 0.10 0.0830 0.294l9.
2.00 ll.03? ".146t)
l1 0 0113 0.2391 0.1418 0.4718
2.50 1l',26 0171.p.0.9 028411 0.20$1 0....A,M3.1z..
3.00 v..701 2.Z2016 or.11 0.3217 0.2782 0.4.804.
3.110 o.0090 6.22111 0..17 T.Z 0._J5ZC. -Q9.J3.00- ._xk L
4 00.06u 0.21438 .2 0.317b 0.1.11.5 0:5330
4:.50 11. 1231 0.2451 0.21.54 .. n i: 0.496 ,4b5 ... I
5.00 .195.11 0.2761 0. 4 165 0.5,401 0.51.87
F 6.08 I 6"
V.31 .1,0 00:.1480 0:624 0.189

1150 __ 3___ "1

12.5 W.*123 0. 123r,6 0. 46o 0 a6531 0 5491A_6
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1.00
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1,11,1
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nit,1 0.0120
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01.0 (1,2 '3'.11 I01I 31.119 0.9(82 0.1231

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31.0V .... . 91.in
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32.0A)11 76 e .03 .10 o1 0.08216

3 3I 30 6.(1(1112 1.02116 0..0.1 1`822 0.1231
11.2.5'. 0 , 1. 1. 11110S.1.121 - 0.0122.o1.
.91., 106
91h.90i 91.;. W.o 1.0u13t."b 0.8162 1,150.01241
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(to/ 1 1.0 0023 U 0123 0.0560
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141.50 44.9604 13.41Py 10.995o, 0.1141 1.93021 - .0896
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WADDI TR 63.2513
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WADD 76 61-75 (32

 APPENDI X C

SUIPoSONIC RADIATION IMPEDANC-E

MACH 14U838 15 14ACH 458h I50hCI0(I"3 .6

.....
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0.20 -1002.6100 0.01065 501 M33o 0-.016613421
0.10 -268 1 0.0slif -ISA
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