SIMPLE HARMONIC MOTION

1. [1 mark]
An object undergoes simple harmonic motion (shm) of amplitude 𝑥𝑥0. When the
𝑥𝑥
displacement of the object is 30, the speed of the object is 𝑣𝑣. What is the speed when the
displacement is 𝑥𝑥0?
A. 0
𝑣𝑣
B. 3

√2
C. 𝑣𝑣
3

D. 3𝑣𝑣
2. [1 mark]
The four pendulums shown have been cut from the same uniform sheet of board. They are
attached to the ceiling with strings of equal length.

Which pendulum has the shortest period?

3. [1 mark]
An object at the end of a spring oscillates vertically with simple harmonic motion (shm).
The graph shows the variation with time 𝑡𝑡 of the displacement 𝑥𝑥 of the object.
What is the velocity of the object?
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
A. − 𝑇𝑇
sin � 𝑇𝑇 �
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
B. 𝑇𝑇
sin � 𝑇𝑇 �
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
C. − 𝑇𝑇
cos � 𝑇𝑇 �
2𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋 𝜋𝜋𝜋𝜋
D. 𝑇𝑇
cos � 𝑇𝑇 �

4. [1 mark]
A mass on a spring is displaced from its equilibrium position. Which graph represents the
variation of acceleration with displacement for the mass after it is released?

5. [1 mark]
An object undergoing simple harmonic motion (SHM) has a period T and total energy E. The
amplitude of oscillations is halved. What are the new period and total energy of the system?
6. [1 mark]
A mass at the end of a vertical spring and a simple pendulum perform oscillations on Earth
that are simple harmonic with time period T. Both the pendulum and the mass-spring
system are taken to the Moon. The acceleration of free fall on the Moon is smaller than that
on Earth. What is correct about the time periods of the pendulum and the mass-spring
system on the Moon?

7. [1 mark]
A simple pendulum bob oscillates as shown.

At which position is the resultant force on the pendulum bob zero?

A. At position A
B. At position B
C. At position C
D. Resultant force is never zero during the oscillation
8. [1 mark]
A spring loaded with mass m oscillates with simple harmonic motion. The amplitude of
the motion is A and the spring has total energy E. What is the total energy of the spring
when the mass is increased to 3m and the amplitude is increased to 2A?
A. 2E
B. 4E
C. 12E
D. 18E
9. [1 mark]
A pendulum oscillating near the surface of the Earth swings with a time period T. What is
the time period of the same pendulum near the surface of the planet Mercury where the
gravitational field strength is 0.4g?
A. 0.4T
B. 0.6T
C. 1.6T
D. 2.5T
10. [1 mark]
A mass oscillates with simple harmonic motion (SHM) of amplitude xo. Its total energy is 16
J.
𝑥𝑥
What is the kinetic energy of the mass when its displacement is 20?

A. 4 J
B. 8 J
C. 12 J
D. 16 J
11. [1 mark]
A particle is oscillating with simple harmonic motion (shm) of amplitude x0 and maximum
kinetic energy Ek. What is the potential energy of the system when the particle is a distance
0.20x0 from its maximum displacement?
A. 0.20Ek
B. 0.36Ek
C. 0.64Ek
D. 0.80Ek
12. [1 mark]
A mass is connected to a spring on a frictionless horizontal surface as shown.

The spring is extended beyond its equilibrium length and the mass executes simple
harmonic motion (SHM). Which of the following is independent of the initial displacement
of the spring?

A. The angular frequency of the oscillation

B. The total energy of the mass
C. The average speed of the mass
D. The maximum kinetic energy of the mass

13. [1 mark]
A simple pendulum has mass M and length l. The period of oscillation of the pendulum is T.
What is the period of oscillation of a pendulum with mass 4M and length 0.25l?
A. 0.5T
B. T
C. 2T
D. 4T
14. [1 mark]
Which of the following experiments provides evidence for the existence of matter waves?
A. Scattering of alpha particles
B. Electron diffraction
C. Gamma decay
D. Photoelectric effect
15. [1 mark]
A body moves with simple harmonic motion (SHM) with period T and total energy ET. What
is the total energy when the period of the motion is changed to 5T and the amplitude of the
motion remains constant?
A. 0.04 ET
B. 0.2 ET
C. 5 ET
D. 25 ET
16. [1 mark]
An object undergoes simple harmonic motion. Which graph shows the relationship between
the acceleration a and the displacement x from the equilibrium position?

17. [1 mark]
𝜆𝜆
Two waves meet at a point. The waves have a path difference of 4. The phase difference
between the waves is
𝜋𝜋
1. 8
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟.
𝜋𝜋
2. 4
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟.
𝜋𝜋
3. 2
𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟𝑟.
4. π rad.

18a. [3 marks]
A small metal pendulum bob is suspended at rest from a fixed point with a length of thread
of negligible mass. Air resistance is negligible.
The pendulum begins to oscillate. Assume that the motion of the system is simple harmonic,
and in one vertical plane.
The graph shows the variation of kinetic energy of the pendulum bob with time.

Calculate, in m, the length of the thread. State your answer to an appropriate number of
significant figures.
18b. [1 mark]
Label on the graph with the letter X a point where the speed of the pendulum is half that of
its initial speed.

18c. [2 marks]
The mass of the pendulum bob is 75 g. Show that the maximum speed of the bob is about
0.7 m s–1.

18d. [1 mark]
When the 75 g bob is moving horizontally at 0.80 m s–1, it collides with a small stationary
object also of mass 75 g. The object and the bob stick together.

Calculate the speed of the combined masses immediately after the collision.
18e. [3 marks]
Show that the collision is inelastic.

18f. [2 marks]
Sketch, on the axes, a graph to show the variation of gravitational potential energy with
time for the bob and the object after the collision. The data from the graph used in (a) is
shown as a dashed line for reference.
18g. [3 marks]
The speed after the collision of the bob and the object was measured using a sensor. This
sensor emits a sound of frequency f and this sound is reflected from the moving bob. The
sound is then detected by the sensor as frequency f′.
Explain why f and f′ are different.

19a. [2 marks]
An elastic climbing rope is tested by fixing one end of the rope to the top of a crane. The
other end of the rope is connected to a block which is initially at position A. The block is
released from rest. The mass of the rope is negligible.
The unextended length of the rope is 60.0 m. From position A to position B, the block falls
freely.
At position B the rope starts to extend. Calculate the speed of the block at position B.

19b. [2 marks]
At position C the speed of the block reaches zero. The time taken for the block to fall
between B and C is 0.759 s. The mass of the block is 80.0 kg.
Determine the magnitude of the average resultant force acting on the block between B and
C.
19c. [2 marks]
Sketch on the diagram the average resultant force acting on the block between B and C. The
arrow on the diagram represents the weight of the block.

19d. [2 marks]
Calculate the magnitude of the average force exerted by the rope on the block between B
and C.

19e. [1 mark]
For the rope and block, describe the energy changes that take place
between A and B.
19f. [1 mark]
between B and C.

19g. [2 marks]
The length reached by the rope at C is 77.4 m. Suggest how energy considerations could be
used to determine the elastic constant of the rope.

19h. [2 marks]
An elastic climbing rope is tested by fixing one end of the rope to the top of a crane. The
other end of the rope is connected to a block which is initially at position A. The block is
released from rest. The mass of the rope is negligible.
The unextended length of the rope is 60.0 m. From position A to position B, the block falls
freely.
In another test, the block hangs in equilibrium at the end of the same elastic rope. The
elastic constant of the rope is 400 Nm–1. The block is pulled 3.50 m vertically below the
equilibrium position and is then released from rest.
Calculate the time taken for the block to return to the equilibrium position for the first
time.

19i. [2 marks]
Calculate the speed of the block as it passes the equilibrium position.

20a. [1 mark]
A small ball of mass m is moving in a horizontal circle on the inside surface of a frictionless
hemispherical bowl.
The normal reaction force N makes an angle θ to the horizontal.
State the direction of the resultant force on the ball.

20b. [2 marks]
On the diagram, construct an arrow of the correct length to represent the weight of the ball.

20c. [3 marks]
Show that the magnitude of the net force F on the ball is given by the following equation.
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝐹𝐹 = tan𝜃𝜃
20d. [4 marks]
The radius of the bowl is 8.0 m and θ = 22°. Determine the speed of the ball.

20e. [2 marks]
Outline whether this ball can move on a horizontal circular path of radius equal to
the radius of the bowl.
20f. [1 mark]
The ball is now displaced through a small distance x from the bottom of the bowl and
is then released from rest.

The magnitude of the force on the ball towards the equilibrium position is given by
𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚𝑚
𝑅𝑅
where R is the radius of the bowl.
Outline why the ball will perform simple harmonic oscillations about the equilibrium
position.

20g. [2 marks]
Show that the period of oscillation of the ball is about 6 s.

20h. [3 marks]
The amplitude of oscillation is 0.12 m. On the axes, draw a graph to show the variation with
time t of the velocity v of the ball during one period.
21a. [2 marks]
There is a proposal to power a space satellite X as it orbits the Earth. In this model, X is
connected by an electronically-conducting cable to another smaller satellite Y.

Satellite X orbits 6600 km from the centre of the Earth.

Mass of the Earth = 6.0 x 1024 kg
Show that the orbital speed of satellite X is about 8 km s–1.

21b. [1 mark]
Satellite Y orbits closer to the centre of Earth than satellite X. Outline why
the orbital times for X and Y are different.

21c. [2 marks]
satellite Y requires a propulsion system.

21d. [3 marks]
The cable between the satellites cuts the magnetic field lines of the Earth at right angles.

Explain why satellite X becomes positively charged.

21e. [3 marks]
Satellite X must release ions into the space between the satellites. Explain why the current
in the cable will become zero unless there is a method for transferring charge from X to Y.

21f. [2 marks]
The magnetic field strength of the Earth is 31 μT at the orbital radius of the satellites. The
cable is 15 km in length. Calculate the emf induced in the cable.

21g. [3 marks]
The cable acts as a spring. Satellite Y has a mass m of 3.5 x 102 kg. Under
certain circumstances, satellite Y will perform simple harmonic motion (SHM) with a period
T of 5.2 s.
Estimate the value of k in the following expression.
𝑚𝑚
T = 2𝜋𝜋� 𝑘𝑘

Give an appropriate unit for your answer. Ignore the mass of the cable and any oscillation of
satellite X.

21h. [2 marks]
Describe the energy changes in the satellite Y-cable system during one cycle of the
oscillation.

22a. [2 marks]
A student is investigating a method to measure the mass of a wooden block by timing the
period of its oscillations on a spring.
Describe the conditions required for an object to perform simple harmonic motion (SHM).
22b. [2 marks]
A 0.52 kg mass performs simple harmonic motion with a period of 0.86 s when attached to
the spring. A wooden block attached to the same spring oscillates with a period of 0.74 s.

Calculate the mass of the wooden block.

22c. [3 marks]
In carrying out the experiment the student displaced the block horizontally by 4.8 cm from
the equilibrium position. Determine the total energy in the oscillation of the wooden block.
22d. [3 marks]
A second identical spring is placed in parallel and the experiment in (b) is repeated. Suggest
how this change affects the fractional uncertainty in the mass of the block.

22e. [1 mark]
With the block stationary a longitudinal wave is made to travel through the original spring
from left to right. The diagram shows the variation with distance x of the displacement y of
the coils of the spring at an instant of time.

A point on the graph has been labelled that represents a point P on the spring.
State the direction of motion of P on the spring.

22f. [2 marks]
Explain whether P is at the centre of a compression or the centre of a rarefaction.

23a. [2 marks]
Outline the conditions necessary for simple harmonic motion (SHM) to occur.

23b. [3 marks]
A buoy, floating in a vertical tube, generates energy from the movement of water waves on
the surface of the sea. When the buoy moves up, a cable turns a generator on the sea bed
producing power. When the buoy moves down, the cable is wound in by a mechanism in the
generator and no power is produced.
The motion of the buoy can be assumed to be simple harmonic.
A wave of amplitude 4.3 m and wavelength 35 m, moves with a speed of 3.4 m s–1. Calculate
the maximum vertical speed of the buoy.

23c. [2 marks]
Sketch a graph to show the variation with time of the generator output power. Label the
time axis with a suitable scale.
23d. [2 marks]
Water can be used in other ways to generate energy.
Outline, with reference to energy changes, the operation of a pumped storage hydroelectric
system.

23e. [2 marks]
The water in a particular pumped storage hydroelectric system falls a vertical distance of
270 m to the turbines. Calculate the speed at which water arrives at the turbines. Assume
that there is no energy loss in the system.
23f. [2 marks]
The hydroelectric system has four 250 MW generators. Determine the maximum time for
which the hydroelectric system can maintain full output when a mass of 1.5 x 1010 kg of
water passes through the turbines.

23g. [2 marks]
Not all the stored energy can be retrieved because of energy losses in the system. Explain
two such losses.

24a. [4 marks]
A longitudinal wave is travelling in a medium from left to right. The graph shows the
variation with distance x of the displacement y of the particles in the medium. The solid line
and the dotted line show the displacement at t=0 and t=0.882 ms, respectively.

The period of the wave is greater than 0.882 ms. A displacement to the right of the
equilibrium position is positive.
(i) Calculate the speed of this wave.
(ii) Show that the angular frequency of oscillations of a particle in the medium
is ω=1.3×103rads−1.

24b. [4 marks]
One particle in the medium has its equilibrium position at x=1.00 m.
(i) State and explain the direction of motion for this particle at t=0.
(ii) Show that the speed of this particle at t=0.882 ms is 4.9ms−1.
24c. [3 marks]
The travelling wave in (b) is directed at the open end of a tube of length 1.20 m. The other
end of the tube is closed.
(i) Describe how a standing wave is formed.
(ii) Demonstrate, using a calculation, that a standing wave will be established in this tube.
25. [2 marks]
This question is about simple harmonic motion (SHM) and sound.
The diagram shows a section of continuous track of a long-playing (LP) record. The stylus
(needle) is placed in the track of the record.
As the LP record rotates, the stylus moves because of changes in the width and position of
the track. These movements are converted into sound waves by an electrical system and a
loudspeaker.
A recording of a single-frequency musical note is played. The graph shows the variation in
horizontal acceleration of the stylus with horizontal displacement.

The mass of the stylus is 5.5 × 10−4 kg. Determine the maximum kinetic energy of the
stylus.

26a. [7 marks]
This question is about simple harmonic motion (SHM), wave motion and polarization.
A liquid is contained in a U-tube.
The pressure on the liquid in one side of the tube is increased so that the liquid is displaced
as shown in diagram 2. When the pressure is suddenly released the liquid oscillates. The
damping of the oscillations is small.
(i) Describe what is meant by damping.
(ii) The displacement of the liquid surface from its equilibrium position is x. The
acceleration a of the liquid in the tube is given by the expression
2𝑔𝑔
𝑎𝑎 = − 𝑥𝑥
𝑙𝑙
where g is the acceleration of free fall and l is the total length of the liquid column. Explain,
with reference to the motion of the liquid, the significance of the minus sign.
(iii) The total length of the liquid column in the tube is 0.32m. Determine the period of
oscillation.
26b. [6 marks]
The string in (c) is fixed at both ends and is made to vibrate in a vertical plane in its first
harmonic.

(i) Describe how the standing wave in the string gives rise to the first harmonic.

(ii) Outline how a travelling wave in a string can be used to describe the nature of polarized
light.
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