Index —_—__ . Theamodyna nucs > 01-22 z. Entmephy _ >) 28-41 S a Kynobes Theory of Gos > 42- 69 : Eleetucity ———> F0— 145 Mm mgnsH smn > 146-165 Modenn PraysitS — > 166_ Zé“Thatmodynamics 20 1>—Pent-B ——__ 5@ Stnte ond explein second ond tind low of bron medy nomics, Ams! Setond low ot How modynamits: Cousivs shorement "1b is impossible fon wx self oeHra maening roctting InN Ow EYE pre nse, unided by ony exkeanel agency , to convey hoot from a bedy at a lowert fempenetune tv a body of Oo keghan tempensathina. The shoat foam of second law of haamo- dynomie 6 — “BSH in ney tennot be ore ong! Tt discusses tro tronsformaton of Woop enony? Ts law shrtes tract en Ino phy of on isoleted system navern decrmamses,Trhind law of Theme dyna mics » Strlemant > “At abseluke zeno bet — tempenatindg, Ho entrephy Hands bo zeno Bnd te molecules of Meubskana on a S4stem ans in panfect onder! THind low of Phanmedynamie 16 Used bo pacdict tha nosponsa of yonisrd matentialy Fo Heenperertins chongese ond veny vsefah bein Gading ouk specific heals of subelanea Tes lew cen toltuletd@ arbsolute entnophus ond emsmical offiatty of substance 58 Whet is teramotts C4ela? Snow Hot tee won dena by Wearing, substan of ~ Coanet's Orgy nd ts @qrel bp the onrn enuosed by two Botwamek end bro odiahaHe cunvet, oa, Dosembe a» cannot e4eld Ox passion fon bra. woah don® IW eathy openethon of bho eyelg Brod FRO net wont dane in be eyale.(The Cannot Cycle ° ae cy Way eermat eyecle re Connot cycle fs a eyele gn which a wonksng Substance Cselid liquid, gas) has +e undenga cto Successive expansion Cisethenmal £ adiabatic) and -+wo successive Compnession C isothertmad. & adiabatic) back -b back Srem its gmetad Condi-hions Cev,7) cto mevense back -b ats Enthal condition again," Ques type 2 QQ) what ss coinet eyele ? £4 mevengible process 2ae Tsethenmal > PVsRT Adiabatic —> PVF=K 5. (b) —_——_— P a(P.T) bP M71) I 1 I | i a 1dPy Ida yu 1 i . H & CPs/My,T3:) if 1 I ' Vi My: Ve OY 1. Openation-I ( Ise-thenmal expansion) * nS Teena SR panne Vo w= f PdV vy = @T, (* Jv of PVERT, op. RT rr [* 2 oP) = RT, [anv fi = RT (On Vy- Any) " zw a bs 3 |2+ Openation- I] ( Adgabatic expansion)“ Vs : Ww, = Pav = Oe ES PV"=k oe- EJ 7 ie a ee pw ; ~FHt dy k Voth P41 _ vr ) 7 —¥41 = ~e+ty ¥. = ~F4) v-1 @™ -Ms ) = - - oe Va - va vy) " = Kk . v-! Ww = Ea AMEE k] k he hve FI “_ a vi Baty var Scanned by CamScanner Pa Va = Py Vg v= = R,- e7. ey (* Pe ev] = anea beVyV, PS3+ Openation-17T (Tsothenmal compression) | eT M, Pdv v3 v 4S av ~-27 ++ ye i g Sf 7 CS Porto pea] 3 ERT, [ev] . , ERT: (Om Vy — Ons )’ = RT, (env, = anv, ) w vy RT an % “Ny = anea eV, d Scanned by CamScanner oes ae [eviek se] Mi = nk vo av : ~r41 9 Vy -k ni 7 J t+} Me. Le ycrtn ver" ) r+ ar " KL —v4I —Fat ay ru) : = wy, - vg Fv) es .-* & Oty wey) Vio NG ) ve v,% - <* “MM a Say CE a) [reer] 7, P, = KO / Py Ps Me v] EO” TE = _k PV -P, Ms ry OX FE ‘Seanned by CamScanner a Ww, = PV eM v1 = RU -RT7, = — (°F PVeRrT] Sana d¥,Va “i The met wenk done by the syste duning “the eycle” We Wt Wem wy ow, = Wy + Wy Wy - = W,-Ws = anea abed Gues tere 4 Ci) Desembe a ‘Seanad a ys't ren” ey patgsion Son the wonk- dene in ach arctan of te cyele and phe net wrk fiw te tke euele Cu) Show that the won dave by ate” wen king Substance of a Carre! engine ig ogual fp dle anea ereloged by two isethenmal Quo adilabetic cun ves,Jy SH A Lennok erginn wrose ot be senna Ts) 400K fukos 200 enlonicy ak ont Fo Hee gin whet fe ERE Femoerobane ck ts Fine Tflso erlowtote ba effi uaney of FR emg f : bos Bent, T= 400%) 845200 col, O2=150 emk Tri7 yon we kaow, 8 2 a Te 8. 2) Te ipa ali ee cee Oy 200 “Ty 5 B00 now: 7 Th ae [\-==) X Woe, - (i- 209 X00 ee 400 21S ot2094 —— 6O Vins he pont 6. @ Strte Last law of breamo chy nar t. Give ib pry st cok signi fieened, wre t ans. bra VimitnHoas of flagt law 4 6.O© Denive an emonssstong for fro —_— “ ep letaney of ow ravensi bla teannod Cnr gine wt “w~ perfor grt ag Re porting — subs hanna.Fingt law of ‘Thenvnadynamics ! css ee eee Statement > Se" Q)"IF heat is stnansPeaned to Buwonk on! wonk nto heat then the quantity oF evonk “As propenhenal te the quantity oF heat," ( doule's Statement) fo Woot H > We=aH LT d= Mechanical equivalent of heat J a "The amount of heat given to a system io. is equal to the gum of the Inenease sn the Mtennal emensy ef the System andl the exdenmh wenk done," (Cleesingrs Stedewnt) Scanned by CamScanner 2) & 4 d@e dus when das supplied heat, dU = change in stead erenay, EY. heat equivalent of ale oenk dre, Bignifteance > O A. Fundamente® laces. . Gu) 34 depends only om the in Pha and finak States oF +he system, Cn) does not depen& on how +he iysdem gets Fnem one +o the offen, Civ) This is simple consenvation +f enongy, Limitation > () dees mot indicate the dinection of heat@) Linttations (I) dees not indicate the dingctien of heat +transfen, Gi) bees not tell about 4he Finad +emporatung ef two bedies when shey ane in dinect combed, (Ow) pees mot tell about +h entrepy oF system, ‘Scanned by CamScanner Applicaton > ©) TSothenmad precess ¢ o_~—~_——.* Here Tas constant fh dUso New, dQ@= dU+dw = dw = Pdv Cn) Adiabatic pnecess ! Saat Wee daio & da. dutedu = dU+t Pdy & PdVe du " Twdeamal enengy fs deseneasing, Cin) Tsechonie pnecess % aes Hen Ay = 0 Cvolome constant) oo das duU+dw > dQ= dUs+sePdy > daz dvuro oe d@.2dU| oo Indennal enengy 5 desenasing, | Cin) Tgochonee pnecess 2 Reena iat cae | Hee BY = OC Volume constant) oo dQ@=s dvedw > dQ= dU+ pay > d&@. du+o | ee d@.2du Scanned by CamScanner CY) Tsobanic process 5 ee Hent, @ Pro [ Pressure congdand ] Wi dQ@s. dU+PdY du+o > da= du Cv) Free expansion ——— Here, &4dU = dQ=O 2 dQ=s dU+dw > O=204 dW “) dW=odeat GYiciency oF Carmot engine in teams of the tempenatune Aol the sounce & the simk From -Hhe Cannot evele, P 1 & 7 Scanned by CamScanner Since the pomts b Le lie onthe sane adiabahe, 2 wel v-) ee OT) Vy =a; wl > Df Th wa ater, du) Since the pemis d Ba lie on +he same adiabatic,QO. 7 One a, 7, fn _ Thon & “OF, fon Me 2 Oh Te “ @ Y Scanned by CamScanner ee Ques type * 1) Derive an expnussion fon 4he eFHeleney OF a Cannot evgive in tenms of the | tempenatunes OF dhe sounce & ate sink, Cn) Prove that the OFA leleney of alt nevensi ble teen kang between He Gawd tos 2! wusd bo he came,Los Wes 5. Dishing wen be hrean isottsarrok and adabate — En oeos hs (6) rete chrelen. ay ——— a — -? / non | -Diffenence beteeen Isothenmal and o ( Adiabathe Precass 2 Tsothenmat process | Adiabatic 2 Precess | a | ray Heat nemaing () Temperate remains constant, constants cy Slow (precess. a Fast process, CW) Obeyss Boyles law. Cn) Doesnt obey Gayien| ‘ laws iCiv) The cunve ss less [ov The cunve % senna by Righer than addabatic. Aa hen than tig ethen ral (vy) PVs cams tant 1) PV? = cometand5.(C)the pressunes of a gas gndscated by a constant volume hydnogen +henmometer ane F6 ems and tos oms ak 07°C and | loo’c nespeccively . when the bulb 45 placed im liquid ain, 4h pregsume ff 25 ems, Calculate the -tempenatwe of Miquid ain, > Hene, Pl, = #6 em of HA Prise = (O05 em oF HI Pli=i25 emof Hg T=? | we tno, 7 a (PEaB) sete . Pes o I wl" 1|t 4) nh —— x a " t wu uv a ~ 2 n1016 6.0 Con np bennot Cyele wont both aS & Wer} engne ond aw na frigertator 7 5 (S) Derive om expnsssion fon tro efffuaney ob Ow tennet engine jnteams of tra dompenatauns of ba somaed and sink, OA conned engqing whesd low be mponating nbsenvion ot SPE hes OY effiuaney of Goto Lt is deynsd Tne nsasd tao a fh uta eft tb Bom. By new rrany de deg anos shod He He meeantune of dae Son bE in tnse sed 46.(a) *%& Can a cannot cycle wenk beth a5 a feat ergine Boa nefnigenaton } > Canmet+ -eycle can wenk beth as & froat engine & a refrigerator. When B+ wonks as @& heat engine, E+ absenbs an amount of heat @,. From the Geunce at a Wighen t+empenactune T, » dees an amount of wenk Ww and negect an amount of hat @, qo a sink af a lewen -tempenatne Tr. And when £4 works a5 a mefarcgenaton, i+ absonbs an ameant of heat GQ, From the sink at fhe leven tem penatung TT, an amount of wenk W Is dom en st by Some exdennal agency and rejects an amount of heat Q, +o do the gounce ad a fighen temporatin + + . t6.(b) of Carnal ) tempenatune Ast the exgive in dens of dhe cce Site Fnem dhe cavned evele, oy . B. eee oo OD Scamed by CamScanter EE Since fhe pemts b Boe lle ont Sane adiabatic, TT as yt a Vy Vert PRY = Since jhe poids 4 Boa lie on ate same adiabatic, ry 1.07, = qr! 7 Vu \Fr! oe GT = ---o Companing (1) Adi) we get Gyr My o> ae ve ew Oe vned by CamScanner We kmow, Efficiency of a’ canner engine _ a Us ee W Ques type! Cl) Derive an expression for tne eFAiciency OF a Cannot ergive in tenm, of +he tempenatumes of he sounce LZ abe sink. Cn) Prove that, the ellicieny of all nevemsible es ‘ roen kang bedween tbe e ; ty : Samd sya acne tone | ued te He same,Aca carmot engine whese low tenpoiatine pesenvoin ss at Fe han an efficiency of 50%. T+ is vdesinedl te inenease the efficieny tv 30%. By Bow many. degrees should the tempenatune, oF the dis Gigh tem penatune nesenvein be imeneasedy D> Inthe tinst case, Ys 0% 2005 Ta 7'C = 280K T-=? east B) 3 os-(i- 28 ) ve T= 560K Im the second case, W= 70% =0.> Tr = FC = 280K We? oo 7,42 933.33K. fe OT 2 T/-7, = @33.33 - 560) K> 393-93 KW Trenmoses 20 14 6. ® vais (Y Below a © reto giver ah CDA eennot enginds win fro etd body Femmady of 1990 pes Sore efHeleney- By har muacr should ts tompenetind of iis hot body be cirenged! to bo Trtnmmse Hee 0 ff coned bo G04, rs Ibens, Low fempenctind Tr = 120¢ = 290% So, efMedaw, Y= =(Ui-4 =) xtwort =) 05 e(- 225) Han lemmpenetants Tr = 580K Baoan, fn 60% Te eft eaney, 0.6 x -4- 290 airy =) tho yus ot hot body,Why {4 is met possible to cenédnued an engine 6. (b) based om Canmedes eyele a, > The csethenmad Precess will -+ake place only when | | | he piston will move veny gleuly and the adiabatic poens i will take ple only when the pisbn woves veny Fag, | | : But such sudden changes gn the speed of a engine ang vet possible sm prechce, thats why at is net Possible ty | constmue+ an engine based on canredes cycle, ‘Scanned by CamScanner Math ! —_s Fermula> aay X= & = )x looy% Ns eF ficiency C2) D= GIF Doules /eal 4. 1B x 107 ergs /ea Guy Se Tt at T, = High dempenatuy (i be Te (919 Souq onnazy . : Ste Te = Lew. Tempenatun (4 Gn) Work done, We d @,-a, ) 79% proved orhpage ' toe - | S.= Taken. peat Ceal) Gas Rejected yeal(u We Wenk dene (a)Paoot’ > 6.(c) . 7 . Seun, G1) A and B one two nevensible : “| yn engines in which A wenks wy i ay as a Heat engine AB wenks Ww GI ® we ; S . °, as a ne-fnigenaton ; ’ Si [iv \" samk | Leh QW, >, Ww w’ 7 ey, ? ee _ Le’ | 3 OHO. Oy oa ¢ a, or on) Scanned by CamScanner Similanly, @, 2 a” “Tat means, 1 cannot be gneaden than Y fo Twe mevensible engines wenking heheey the same temperatune I} wate have the Same ef -Fich ency,2018 5. @ wret ts teat engine 2" p nsdaigenador ae : w is aw hawt Ongind opeankng i novense! = Ex ploin - brs! Ment emgins) A hast engind 1s os dani _ for eoaventing hart into moohoni Cab enongys Tn heat enginn Th aesonhs an oresunt of af Wnt &) from te Sam mh om Ragin bempenatuad Th, does on Denornt of woah W end mogetts on amerat of haat G6, bb o sinw of & lower bempe na trcd Th. pnd ta ered of nsfriganatoa Ib absorbs an eww of need 62 from ba sink ot tee lowed ferspenohec® Thr on amiont of weak Wis dont gn ond nezeets Br amount gornd ex tenncod oyene ik} 1 a fb ornsat 81 bo bre souned et & MQ hor bemppnadine T, 0 Rok rssenvwit ; ; ; Te Sow netrigenctho 15 tons) dens , | T Stee, | Te B l Eb 2013r5® ——* = Gla ADA, i i lp Le A Wot engink opencttal in nbverte.og — Deyye5 -) 6. @ Wheat ib the Principle op Eirtapy ; CE The rade’ 69 “Charge Of “head wif Mespect te Hemperahine 15 decd ab enhnaps . Math pork op ch “92 Of Keoct Te Temperntere Lp Lntepy) ds - Zz a ai ~aG Jf 7 Ond4d > Tk -/ Scanned with CamScanner+ = a xe ene. of peohed Gs. Show Sh} fle Change | OP erin. 3, - 5 = Cp Ing Cy In-F |) taherce Ake symbols hav ; & pee grits have ain snd {? Ton I mele ops Pv=e I dv AV 1 Lah vA vap | da = dv 4 dws | oe teow [de =pav) H OV ST + PV Eo aye cv d7J (Cha Ge In erteeepy » as. = da Scanned with CamScanner‘Bn A mole 405, pur Aah. | ° Povtvdp= Rol7 | Pad7 = Pov vap ] oy R | caer. PVeRT >f. « | Usin a lea a? m G) ee get | C REP) 8 ay, © Se. (ae 1 WE) Ry Se lead 1h wc) bay | = Sey Gt, Er of a | St a pg one yoo. | Ly vie Cy OP Rhv 1C = Vv g. | "V4AQ ln Py Cep-c.) p, omy | Y Ney ha | C: @p~ Ve &) Scanned with CamScanner |= a annaanainm, = | = G Invt Cy InP 4 Gp In V-Ly (mn V4 Conshay = GQ In P+ Cp In V4 Const, L, SF REN, Chores +0 P, EV, Hay 5 | 7 mM ae Pn Cp! Vo + Cun B é G Showseal ) © Ars inCreage in embepy when Phe fenp. of tg of’ ice incneaay an ~T0°C to 0%. dg: ue dé 7 7 y 7 . J ° PélT > ms: % ar 7, yi ! J Scanned with CamScannerhenge, “P72 79m 7 $205 Tr = (-le #233)r 2e3k ard B= Cot 2a5)= 2734 : 5: . 223 -. AG= 1X65 ¥ In 3 = O-O186S Cob Jy = 7 erhapy akon 4 5 Grvente of ir aly 4$28 1 go | , BR 7 O28 Le Ineneans jr endnep ‘id lun Hi, temp or y CF worden 75 lS ed Frag 7, + 2 TLREASL ™ of ite Gt ae et Oe gm OC 4 face (04 225) 273k Th S C74 22 3)_- 473k Jy me 7 ase I py S73 2F | ~ F.3x COL Scanned with CamScannerinencase In cnhep alun § a of conte, =F 42 10°C 15 corattd ste Steam at late / - aa. iO 18s SR Oe page cut/ ee Tote Ire peate In ertnep) \) (O.6l¢6c4 g 1293 1 03/2. CENA) cote "2416S @l Jy, fry Bese Scanned with CamScannerof FG death E Shea Hed ask orhepy 15 regen sing In irnensble process \ 2? Radulon on Conclachogy 19 a ingovenghle pe led lS considene- fey ‘ aan 0 Lode Cot Ecoler) ow ler! Temperotune Of ho ib [ T7h I ‘An Aameup/ PD Conduct! Lamy hed 15% and Cold 0eF of hex! Q@ 1's recdachee/ UCL Now , loss jn oney cH SLO hol b, ° : Crain In ent, Ti; Y] OF SL. Coh/ Bus fdy, -o lan : c 4 (9 @ nbropy a De Le / cs - J) TT FaACgx_y If lo 4 ‘fh iz / pesihve 4 Y 7 youl; because To, 2 Ertnop . 7 : , prod 7? Pncneasing inal Ipvenscble, Scanned with CamScanner®s Heree , m=19m,7, <0 = 273k m ae i9t OB = lovee BBL lot fro “Gooch dem. OF He minhne be Ti m9 (7-9, J= ms C1) DIXIE 273) = 444 (373-7) —? Fre"9 23 2°933 eT "646 “T= 373k eg In entry a T gm or dadityy lle ter-pens Yea (Uses Frem 273k. ty 4 ke =ms 2“ fo bas mich] a poy 7 "> (by T h9 “IR 123 ~ Ip bes) ~ 0. (6B Cob [ke : Scanned with CamScanner| Chonuy in erhogg by Tgm af tal/ | Oolyin ib Lm ols Fram 974K +o 9234. - 58 qj a = ms Ag Si Fe 7 57 In 77 ‘Unt <9 (tn 7 - fn, 7 (1 ln 92 3~ fy 333) © Ode Coty We bf4 “Afr oy ot tateg = Cb- lég— O14) Ob Ma O7297 C04 Scanned with CamScannerFrom a i to b CBothenrneD Grin ) nge ” erterapg g, ‘ Frey _ @ C : a ae aWahase Gxpang ) a oC in eines =G ee wm € aes C flenmel Chenge i'n "pe $5 jer) en apg = On Boy d 45 . ge A Cada hy. Chaney . © om press ‘on) . 7 OFnop 7 R P ke e-O Change In hepy a ~F) tat (ae = 4,4 — Be ; 7 7 Se ( He gy Pemeosns Constind yin mavensible poy Scanned with CamScanner 1}mK a e “em i erp cal n <8 iy HSereps ahinre tales place én Buch a way fhaf Phe. Peo OF All bodes 4a ley | er He process Incneass . 4, ne, | Lire shew CAS of A Meversble pnoeds He gam oF +H, er maple s Remain 2, Le 2nd (aus of the ny mars heals ~q firhon ofa new Preperhy Cole, ercinopy 78 Quantifye ° PC heandep Toh a dyghe m& pene Of @reng sis 15 nig on AN an = fn lo hl ey PO ton m $e Fel Donk ; [* Cupseen-/ envinenpre rd hen 8 constuif, tf ; ne Erirepa en measure ar Mond , Scanned with CamScanner(jb > aP A Ge (2019) - Scanned with CamScannerthe gaseous “Tew 0 aaa complete a , sivoa ty small) "Scanned with CamScannerco) @ > When HL heal fe applic d ta a A Spt same Pan! of DgBhrn ach - ne ve oh sone hla va. nerd * Erthapy ; OF Fhe Lingvez/)« ee ernops mn a — we big O> ZAP : (2) >2016 E> 4/7 Mlasunge ~ al Scanned with CamScannerQuestion bani S8ive nk 32 | (2015-2013) 1) 4 adiabahic i] 5) distinguish between. feo-thenmat on preceess - | patie i Adia I Tsotheremal a | 7 ' () Heat ronan $ | Ternpanestanes meyers PO constonh nsteart- @) fash process * | @ Slow = precess. ! ‘ ° t Jer’s law. doesnt obed Boghen's (> Obey!s Boy! Low - ynoch « @ the curve Is Cythe curve. is lex hier. higher “than {cot henmed | ech adiabatit- . @) pvt asian + (9) PV= constant perefeck gas equation , | perctects gas equation . Scanned with CamScannerThe. pressure. indicated by rarer oS i consyor\— vo lumen qu -tyercrnomeler. are. goem and | sem ab 0 and 100°C renprediively « “the pressure. © indt cated by -the. 9as fs | Jooc™ wnen Whe aut of -theramomeher. ts paced in hot wader. Find the stemperchune of hob walker + on Here p, = Bom of tg - ape = a of He ’ fo = 1906M of rg: pe Kove feof ee ' Pwo *° go (100 — BO 5 1 o 05-39 \ = GO -C: Scanned with CamScanneron OPeove that rassurtt extreted by an Heal a aie “equal “to hoo. “hind of nx average, ‘ens aP" s \ nite volun + | pungy of Ha. gar Molecule, Per uv i jag derivative anlea erin ce we re I} C S man 44 ofa diatomic © (©) Calowlabe the. degrees of fradko mn | qos having Yab4 | fon. diatornia gar (oxygen tigdreoren iibeogen) i pegeurs of freedom =~ Scanned with CamScanner| | P | > ey =k -ERe => ¢e Rok pepe ph > fp. ye aA. | VIG .F THK Eitan | \ entah poctuLlates /assuretins | @® what one the. funda | ofthe Kinetic. theory of gasses ’ igi Were » | “the rnaleoules ance, pensect! teigid sp a preercties "eth ¥ diiruek yrolecules ane tm same &¢ that of fhe gas: @ Fpten- prolece lar. forces are neg ligt ble (Y) “the moleasles obeys The Newten's law bt mohon - MW) “The Hime of impact’ tc negligible. in corpan'= son to He “Hime Jaton: -totya wells. “He free . potn- Eoquation of statet Pve @r Tf Heal ge] High temp & Lino presswut Scanned with CamScanner| ae fe eee equation of (H Derive and discuss -He vend en waals state of qas. ()Volume corection: The’ equation of state Aordved assuming sheet the. volume fF 9% moleeules is so much negligible In comparison with -Hhe gas Gontainere » Bub this i's wrong - At Jowere bemperatiun. || and high prassune y qgs carr be Uguety ona solidify And Liquid has Nolume’ Let us concidere a comlainete oft volume. Vv. “Volume. availabe -forn Ash hole euleta | 4 “ & gd * Vt 4 nat /2 eve-v, ue 4 BRA ewe yoo, - Volume cavaileb les NIK. motecule =v- (NED Vi 1. Average Volume = Ve gnyot ty odvi) +. LV DY) Ne ye Lire TWD Ay, _ Nya bine tT = eI ori } Nv— NOD Vy, o| . = ov (8 )y = V-b Scanned with CamScannerhers, b= (5h) NVeorructon = Vo connection - lao Pressure the equation ° 2. Psoreresction Py oe brat gos smote cules have no energy > But sthis is WYN - Bocduse eh lower fenp) and nigh pressure a oe ee Lyuefy oF solidify “prnd Uquides have ipderemolieular, for Ce - portionct sto the = (=!) xird3o4 =A) x4 ery 4 (Mg) aaa? = 4N ye (Snr?) Cry i vers tang] = 4xVvouwme. 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