ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

SYLLABUS OF ENVIRONMENTAL EDUCATION

UNIT-1 man and environment

chapter 1.dimensions of the environment

chapter 2. environmental stakeholders

chapter 3. population expolsion and its consequences

Unit-2 environment and development

chapter1.factors affecting development

chapter2.ill effects of industrial development

chapter 3.Development in Telangna

Unit-3.environmental pollution and global issues

chapter1.types, sources effects of pollution

chapter2.Natural and man made disasters

chapter3. Global environmental issues

Unit-4.ENERGY

chapter1.demand for energy and energy consumption patterns

chapter2.conventional and non-conventional sources of energy

chapter3.energy conservation

Unit-5.Bio diversity

chapter1. concept, types, and threats of biodiversity

chapter 2.significance of biodiversity

chapter3.conservation of biodiversity

Unit-6.Environmental management

chapter1. environmental impact assessment

chapter2.pollution control

chapter3.environmental audit

Unit-7 sustainable development

chapter1. waht is sustainable development

chapter2.environment laws and policies

chapter3.global conferences on sustainable development

Unit-8 sustainable agriculture

chapter1.conventional practices of agriculture

chapter2.sustainable agriculture

chapter3.Management of agriculture produce

IMPORTANT INPUTS AND NOTES TO

UNIT - 1

Man and Environment

Relationship between man and environment: Man and nature are inseparable. Primitive man lived in
the lap of the nature and derived nourishment and sustenance from the resources of nature. Man's
needs were few and the nature continued to provide and supply him the required things.

Human Survival without environment is impossible:

Inustrialisation and urbanization posed a problem in altering the relationship between man and nature
in unimaginable ways. Besides increasing population led to the degradation and depletion of the
environment. Over exploitation is also the cause for the problems of environment.

Lithosphere:

It is the crust and upper most mantle of the earth. It constitutes the biotic environment. It is solid part of
the earth made up of rocks and solids. It occupies 29 percent of the earth surface. It provides the
habitat for flora and fauna.

Hydrosphere:
It is combined mass of water found on under and above the surface of the earth. 71 per cent of the
planet is covered with water.

Water cycle:

It refers to the cycle of processes by which water evaporates from the surface of the earth, rises into the
atmosphere cools and condenses into rain or snow in clouds falls to the surface as precipitation and is
collected once again in lakes, rivers, and oceans. Solar energy causes transfer of water from one state to
another state over period ranging from hours to years.

Atmosphere; It is a layer of gases which surround the earth on all sides. It is mainly composed of
Nitrogen 78%, Oxygen 21% argon .9% carbondioxide and other gases are found in traces.Different layers
of Atmoshere:

a)Troposphere b)Stratosphere c)Mesosphere d)Thermosphere e)exosphere f)Ionosphere

Biosphere: It is the worldwide sum of all ecosystems. It consists of all forms of life including human,
animal and plant life.

Biogeo-chemical cycle:

They are large scale cycles involving inorganic subsances which passes through a biotic phase and then
return to an abiotic or inorganic state. They are of two types.

1.Those that involve cycling of all elements together eg. water cycle.

2.Those that involve cycling of individual elements together eg.carbon cycle and nitrogen cycle, oxygen
cycle.

Human activities and harm to enviorment:

Industrialization, urbanization cause anthropogenic impact on environment. green house gas,

carbondioxide , emission of gases, methane and other gases cause pollution.

Environmental stakeholders:

People and organizations who are likely to be affected either directly or indirectly by the actions of
industry or organisations are stkeholders. in case of environment issues, all citizens are stakeholders.

Two categories of stakeholders:1.Government representatives, business, scientitst, land owners, local

communities.

2.Farmers, women, technical communities,children, youth, workers and trave unions, non-
governmental organizations, local commmunities.

Affected parties: directly----> positive effect--people

Indirectly---->discharge of pollutants, depletion of resources.

Risk losers: damage property, migration of people;

A risk gainer might also be a risk loser. An affected person may benefit in some ways and lose. for
example employment in a factory is also a loss to employee because of pollution.

A risk perpetrator is likely to be a gainer as well as may also be expected to be a risk manager for
example industralists.

Benefits of stakeholders:

1.establishing credibility 2.Transparency 3.Accountability 4.Improvement 5.enhancing quality

6.increasing dissemination.

Formal stakeholders analysis:

The objective of analysis is to identify and assess the relevant view points of key people groups or
institutions on the proposed activity realting to the environment.

Conceptof 3 Rs approach in stake analysis.

3 R s are rights, risks, responsibilities before assembling stakeholders.

Rights of extactable resources, human rights

Risks include loss of reputation, economic loss.

Responsibilities are in planning and executing the project.

Taj Trapezium case:

It is in the context of environment stakeholders. Tajmahal has been getting discoloured and pitted and is
losing its positive beatuty due to pollution by factoires, traffic industries located within the taj
trapezium area. The supreme

courst suggested taht 292 polluting industries be relocated in a phased manner.

Population explosion and its consequences:

Population explosion refers to the sudden and rapid rise in the size of population, especially human
population. It is a global phenomenon but is more prominent in under-developed and developing
countries.China and INdia are most populous countries at present.

Causes of population explosion:1. Accelerating birth rate/high fertility rate 2.decrease in infant mortality
rate 3.Increase in life expectancy.

Consequences of high population growth: 1. Over exploitation of Natural resources 2.Industrialization

and urbanization 3.shrinking agriculture land 4.Global warming 5.enviromental pollution.
Population explosion lead to the over exploitation of natural resources:

due to high growth in population, the requirements of the people have incresed at a tremendous rate.
Consequently the available natural resources are getting depleted. The earth has limited natural
resources like water, land , flora and fauna, minerals and fossils fuels. Over-exploitation has created a
severe depletion of resources. Humans today extract and use around 50% more natural resources than
they did just 30 years ago. It is estimated that within 40 years, the reservs of petroleum will vanish
completely. Water scarcity is rampant and it is common for states to be engaged in bitter disputes about
their rightful share of water. The government should regularly conduct programs to educate the public
about the ills of over population. Social organizations and NGO should actively inform people about the
available methods of family planning. People should be persuaded, but not coerced, to undergo
sterilization after having two children. Female literacy should be encouraged so that women can take
informed decisions about the size of their families. The ban on child marriages should be enforced
strictly. Maternal and child care facilities should be improved.

UNIT – 2

ENVIRONMENT AND DEVELOPMENT

Factors affecting development:

Development is the process of improving the qualit of all human lives in three equality important
aspects.These are 1.raising the standards of living. 2. creating conditions conducive to the growth of
self-esteem through the establishment of social, political and economic systems and institutions which
promote human dignity and respect. 3.increasing the freedom to choose by enlarging the range of
choice variables, eg.varieties of goods and services.

Social factors affect development:

There are many social factors that affect the level of development of a place.It is easier to executive
development projects in a soiciety that extols hard work and gives recognition to merit.

Social evils that prevent development:

1.Poverty 2. Child labour 3.Child Marriage 4.Illiteracy.

Child labour:

The use of children below the age of 14 in industry or business for economic profit. It is done due to

unemployment, poverty, illiteracy, which will affect on country development.

Ill effects of child marriage:

The marriage of individuals below the prescribed age limit. In india the minimum age for marriage
is 21 years for boys and 18 years for girls. They lose education and individual development.

Causes of poverty: 1. lack of proper education 2. Illiteracy 3.Limited resources and opportunities

4.High population 5.Natural and environmental problems such as drought, chronic ill health.

Ill effects of industrial development:

1.Deforestation/loss of billions of forest trees.2.depletion of available natural resources

3.Decrease in rainfall 4.Increase in global temperature/global warming affecting humans and

also animals like the polar bear. 5. changes in climatic conditions.

Pollution of lakes and rivers:

Effluents released by industries into water bodies contain harmful pollutants like lead, mercury and
petrochemicals.

Diifficulties in implementing pollution control measures:

1.Lack of policies to control pollution 2. Use of outdated technologies 3.Unplanned industrial growth

Impact of Urbanization and population growth on the environment:

loss of materials like wood, ores and minerals. Water and Air pollution, erosion of soil,lossofmassive

tracts ofland affecting crop production.

Development in Telangana:

The three objectives of the telangana agriculture development vision

1.Making farming a commercially viable endeavor 2.Providing easy access to inputs, finance, technology
and IT.

3Increasing irrigated area by utilizing the available surface and groundwater potential.

4.Providing means for land development for efficient soil and water management

Telangana state has large tracts of land available as well as smaller parcels of land which are suitable

for setting up factories and workshops for the production of auto components and spare parts as well as

texiles. Telangana has large reserves of forest area. Apart from natural resources, telangana also boasts

of a significant amoutof software exports.

UNIT -3
ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION AND
GLOBAL ISSUES
types,sources and effects of pollution

Any undesirable change in the physical chemical or biological characteristics ofany compounds of the

environment(air, water, soil) which can cause harmful effects on various forms of life or property.

In other words, it is the contamination of air, water, soil by substances that are harmful to living beings.

The major forms of pollution are air pollution, water pollution ,soil pollution, noise pollution, thermal

pollution, nuclear pollution and plastic pollution are some of the types of pollution.

Air pollutants : dust, sulphur dioxide, nitrogen dioxide,

Water pollutants sewage, industrial effluents, oil, wasteheat, agrochemicals; surface water pollution,

graoundwater pollution,

Soil Pollution: man-made soil pollutants, natual soil pollutants,

Plastic pollution:It adversely affects wildlife, wildlife habitatas or humans. Plastic is cheap and durable.

It is present in thousands of articles we use in daily life, whether in furniture or toys, carpets or
containers

diapers, or mobile phones. Use and throw disposable plastic plates and glasses, plastic articles such as
bottled drinks, starws, shopping bags and packaging material are commonly used even in developing
countries.

Bio-medical waste: Waste in any form from hospitals, clinics, pathological laboratories and blood banks
is referred to as bio-medical waste.

Electronic waste: e - waste or electronic waste refers to discarded electrical and electronic equipment
including their components, consumables and spares. Examples are computers, Tvs and mobile phones
which have been discarded.

Waste Management: It is the collection, transportation and disposal of garbage, sewage and other
waste material.

Natural and Man-made disasters:

Natural disastes are a major adverse event resulting from natural processes of the earth, some examples
are floods, forest fires, hurricanes, tornadoes, volcanic eruptions and earthquakes.

Man-made disasters: they involve an element of human intent, negligence, or error or involve a failure
of a man-made system. Stampedes, road and railway accidents, plane crashes and fire accidents are
examples of man-made disasters which result in human suffering and loss of lives.

Disaster management

It refers not only to steps taken after a disaster occurs, such as providing shelter and food to those
affected by an earthquake or fire, and rebuilding property that has been destroyed.

Global environmental issues:1.pollution,2.global warming 3.Overpopulation 4.Natural resources

depletion,

5. waste disposal, 6.Climate change 7 loss of biodiversity, 8.deforestation,9.ocean acidification

10.Ozone layer depletion 11. acid rain 12. water pollution 13.Urban sprawl 14.Public health issues.

Unit-4.

ENERGY
Demand for energy and energy consumption patterns

The amount of energy consumed in a process or system, orby an organization orsociety is known as
Energy consumption. Energy consumption can be classified under four economic sectors: residential,
commercial, transportation and industrial.

CONVENTIONAL AND NON-CONVENTIONAL SOURCES OF ENERGY

Conventional energy refers to energy that is obtained from any source that has been in widespread use
for a long time. Fossil fuels and traditional biomass are the most widely used conventional source of
energy. Coal, petroleum and natural gas are examples of fossil fuels. Kerosene and propanes are
derivatives of fossil fuels.

EXAMPLES OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

As conventional sources of energy are exhaustible and also cause pollution. Example: coal, petroleum,
and natural gases. Many non conventional sources of energy have been developed during the last few
decades. Solar energy, wind energy, nuclear energy biomass energy, geothermal energy and tidal energy
are examples of non conventional energy. It doesn’t cause pollution.

ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF RENEWABLE SOURCES OF ENERGY

The most promising aspect of non conventional sources of energy is that they are inexhaustible solar
energy and wind energy can be harnessed as long as the sun exists. The vast oceans are a perennial
source of wave and tide energy. They are clean and do not pollute the environment. No waste is
produced. They are increasingly cost effective.

ENERGY CONSERVATION

Energy conservation refers to the effort made to reduce the consumption of energy by using less of an
energy service. Energy conservation differs from efficient energy use, which refers to using less energy
for a constant service. For example, driving less is an example of energy conservation. Driving the same
amount with the higher mileage vehicle isan example of energy efficiency. Energy conservation required
for building a sustainable energy system.

4 ways that you can conserve energy at home.

1.Install CFL and LED lights.

2.Optimise the room temperature

3.Insulate your house and

4.Maximum use of Natural light

UNIT – 5

BIO-DIVERSITY
The term biodiversity was introduced by Walter Rosen in 1986. Biodiversity is the shortened form of two
words Biological and diversity. It refers to all the variety of life that can be found on Earth as well as to
the communities that they form and the habitats in which they live.

FOUR LEVELS OF DIVERSITY

1.Refers to the number of different species of plants, animals, fungi and micro-organisms that are
represented in a given community. For example, plam trees, elephants or bacteria. 2. Refers to the total
number of genetic characteristics in the genetic makeup of a species. The more genetic diversity a
population has, the more likelihood the population will be able to adapt and survive.

3 refers to a biological community of interacting organisms and their physical environment. 4.Refers to
the way species behave, obtain food anduse the natural resources of an ecosystem.

LOSS OF BIODIVERSITY

The primary cause of loss biodiversity ishabitat alternation caused by human activities which directly or
indirectly affect the ecosystems. These dangers to biodiversity include: population growth and resource
consumption, climate change and global warming, habitat converstion and urbanization, invasive alien
species, over-exploitation of natural resources and environmental degradation.

SIGNIFICANCE OF BIODIVERSITY

Biodiversity increase the economic profits of man

Plants and animals are useful, not only as food, but in several other ways too. Many industries such as
the paper industry, textile industry, leather industry andpearl industry are dependent on the commercial
values ofplants, trees, animals and marine life. Fuel sources likecoal, oil and natural gas have their origin
due to biodiversity. Many important chemicals and dyes are extracted from various plants and animals.
Many medicines, such as quinine, opium, codeine and cortisone are derived from plants and animal by
products. So are recreational drugs like marijuana.

BIODIVERSITY IS ESSENTIAL FOR MAINTAINING THE DELICATE BALANCE OF ECOSYSTEMS

Biodiversity is indispensable for the maintenance of ecological balance. Ecosystems in nature sustain soil
fertility, cycle nutrients, prevent soil erosion, fix nitrogen and serve several such functions which are
vital for the existence of life. Without the water cycle, for instance, thee would be no rains and
consequently, no crops or drinking water. Life itself would come to an end. Any disturbance in the
delicately fabricated ecological balance maintained by different organisms can lead to calamities like
drought, floods and famine and may threaten the survival of life on the planet.

CONSERVATON OF BIODIVERSITY

Conservation ofbiodiversity comprises the measures man should take to protect biodiversity and
prevent damage to its components. The objective of such conservation is to protect species, their
habitats and their ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions.

CONSERVATION STRATEGIES

1.Developing National Parks

2.Developing Wild life sanctuaries

3.Developing conservation and community reserves

4.Developing Marine protected areas.

Importance of the Haritha Haram Project:

Haritha Haaram: It is a large scale tree-planting implemented by the Government of Telangana to

increase the amount of tree cover in the state from 24% to 33% for which trees are planted along roads.
Rivers, canals, schools, Municipalities, panchayats, colonies and empty areas in the villages.

UNIT –6
ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT
ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSESSMENT (EIA)

ENVIRONMENTAL MANAGEMENT is the process of improving the relationship between human beings
and the environment through a check on the developmental activities of man and by practicing
environmental protection, conservation and regulation. A multidisciplinary approach is required for
understanding environmental problems and finding solutions.

ENVIRONMENT IMPACT ASSESSMENT

It is the assessment of the environmental consequences of a plan policy, program or actual projects
prior to the decision to move forward with the proposed action. It is a tool to identify possible
environmental impacts of developmental activities. It is designed to predict the impacts of any project
on environmental indices and thereby helps in decision making about the project acceptance.

CLEAN INDIA MISSION OR SWACHH BHARAT ABHIYAN

It is a campaign in India and run by Government of India that aims to clean up the streets, roads, and
infrastructure of India’s cities, smaller towns and rural areas. The objectives of Swacha Bharat include
eliminating open defecation through the construction of household-owned and community-owned
toilets and establishing an accountable mechanism of monitoring toilet use.

Commissioned by the Ministry of Urban Development is an extensive sanitation survey across several
hundred cities to check the progress and impact of Swachh Bharat Abhiyan and to foster a spirit of
competition among the cities.

POLLUTION CONTROL

PARTICULATE MATTER TREATMENT EQUIPMENT OR SEGREGATION OF BIOMEDICAL WASTE

Particulate matter emitted from industrial sources is controlled through cyclone separators, fabric
filters, wet scrubbers and electrostatic precipitators.

A common biomedical waste treatment facility is used by several hospitals as individual treatment
facility for small hospitals is not cost effective. Segregation of biomedical waste is necessary as different
types of treatment are required for different category of wastes. The relevant treatment methods are
incineration, autoclaving, shredding and disposal.

Aims to reduce the amount of waste being disposed, while maximizing resource recovery and efficiency.
The preferred waste management strategies nclude: source reduction and reuse, recycling, waste to
composting, waste to energy and finally waste disposal in landfill.

SEWAGE TREATMENT
Sewage is the waste water from households. It needs to be treated for the removal of contaminants.
The treatment requires physical, chemical and biological process which remove physical, chemical and
biological contaminants in order to achieve an environmentally safe fluid waste stream.

ENVIRONMENTAL AUDIT(EA)

An environmental audit is an organization’s environmental controls conducted by an independent third

party. It defines the inputs(raw materials, energy) and outputs for the system. This mass balance
approach allows the inefficiencies within the system that have environmental impact to be identified.

An environmental audit helps in pollution control, improved production, safety,health and conservation
of natural resources. Hence its overall objective can be stated as achievement of sustainable
development.

The following are various types of environmental audits practiced.

1.Waste Audit 2.Energy audit 3.Health and safety audit 4. Compliance audit

UNIT - 7

SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT
Sustainable development as development that meets the needs of the present without compromising
the ability of future generations to meet their own needs. The concept of sustainable development aims
to maintain economic advancement and progress while protecting long tern value of the environment.

Economic disparity, social inequality and environmental degradation are threats to sustainability.

Increasing population, over exploitation of resources to meet human needs like fuel, fodder and shelter,
activities like fishing over usage, land clearing, soil degradation are some of the threats to sustainable
development.

FOUR STRATEGIES TO IMPLEMENT THE SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

Preservation of biological diversity in terrestrial, freshwater and marine systems

Sustainable use of resouces and minimizing the depletion of resources

Caring for environment

Improving the quality of life including social and economic concerns.

ENVIRONMENT LAWS AND POLICIES

STOCKHOLM DECLARATION 1972

The Stockholm declaration at the UN conference on Human Environment and Development held at
Stockholm 1972 had a significant impact on India environmental law. It is considered the magna carta of
environmental law. 26 principles related to the environment and development were laid down in this
conference.

INDIVIDUALS ROLE IN PREVENTING POLLUTION

Bring to the notice of the authorities concerned issues relating to the water and air pollution.

Do not dump wastes into a household or industrial drain which can directly enter any water body, such
as a stream, river, pond, lake or the sea.

Use compost instead of chemical fertilizers in gardens.

Avoid use of pesticides at home like DDT, melathion and aldrin.

Citizens must learn to act as watch dogs to protect their environment from the consequences of various
types of pollution. Well-informed citizens have not only rights but also duties in this regard. They can
join action groups to develop a lobby to strengthen environmental movements in the country, state,
town and village.

NATIONAL ENVIRONMENT TRIBUNAL ACT 1995

This act is aimed to provide for strict liability for damages arising out of any accident occurring while
handling any hazardous substance and for the establishment of a National Tribunal for effective and
expeditious disposal of cases arising from such accident, with a view to giving relief and compensation
for damages to persons, property, and the environment and for matters connected with it.

The national Green Tribunal

The NGT was established on 18 October 2010 under the national green tribunal act 2010 for the
effective and expeditious disposal of cases relating to environmental protection and conservation of
forests and other natural resources.

GLOBAL CONFERENCES ON SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

The first United Nations conference that focused on International environmental issues was held in
Stockholm, Sweden in 1972. The Bundtland Commission Report “our common future” in 1983 used the
epochal definition of Sustainable development. The Rio-concept can be summarized as equal
consideration of environment, society and economy. Inter-generational solidarity keeping in mind the
needs of the future generations. A global consensus and political commitment at the national and
international levels. The Kyoto Protocol 1997 is different from earlier treaties on climate change. The
Montreal Protocol 1987 is a treaty that focused on the protection of the ozone layer. It sought to phase
out Ozone depleting substance.
Millennium Development Goals: In 2000, the largest ever gathering of world leaders agreed to a set of
time bound and measurable goals for combating poverty, hunger, disease, illiteracy, environmental
degradation and discrimination against women to be achieved by 2015. The Paris Protocol in 2015
marked a significant milestone in the global conference on climate control.

UNIT – 8

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE
CHARACTERISTICS OF CONVENTIONAL AGRICULTURE

1.CULTIVATION OF LARGE HECTARES OF LAND 2.HIGH YIELD 3. USAGE OF IMPROVED VARIETIES OF

CROPS AND BREEDS OF ANIMALS 4.USAGE OF HIGHER DOSES OF CHEMICAL FERTILIZERS, INSECTICIDES,
PESTICIDES AND FODDER.

Benefits of conventional farming

1.Manifold increase in the yield. 2.Easy to meet the nutritional demand of growing population
3.Affordable sale price of products.

4 types of conventional farming

1.Intensive commercial farming 2. Extensive commercial farming 3.Plantation agriculture 4. Co-operative

farming.

4 adverse effects of conventional agriculture on the environment:

1.Loss of soil organic matter, reduction of water holding capacity and depletion of soil fertility.

2.Chemicals found to contribute to non-point source water pollutants.

3.Sanitization of soils at highly-irrigated farming areas due to excessive run-off and nutrient loss.
Globally 5 to 7 million hectares of farmland are degraded each year in this manner.

3 socio economic concerns of conventional agricultural practices:

1.Farmers have little control over prices of their goods.

2.It is very difficult for small farmers to enter the business because of the high cost of doing business.

3.The produce obtained in terms of quantity is high but quality is compromised.

SUSTAINABLE AGRICULTURE

Sustainable agriculture is the production of food, fiber, or other plant and animal products using farming
techniques that protect the environment, public health, human communities and animal welfare. It
entails the study of relationships between organisms and their environment. It has been defined as “an
integrated system of plant and animal production practices having a site-specific application that will
last over the long term.

Principles of sustainable agriculture

1.Building and maintaining healthy soil 2. Management of water, energy and other resources

3.Reducing pollution 4. Promoting biodiversity

Four methods of sustainable agriculture:

1.CROP ROTATION: It is the method of farming where a series of different types of crops are grown on
the same field systematically in sequenced seasons.

2.ORGANIC FARMING: Organic farming is a mode of agriculture which involves cultivation of plants and
rearing of animals in natural ways.

3.PERMACULTURE:Permaculture can be defined as the conscious design of agriculture systems which

have the diversity, stability and resilence of natural ecosystems

4.AGROFORESTRY: It involves the growth of trees, shrubs and or livestock amongst crops, organizing
land on the same unit of land, either alternatively or at the same time.

MULCHING: It is a process of covering the topsoil with plant material such as leaves, grass, twigs, crop
residues, straw etc. Mulch cover improves infiltration of rain and irrigation water. It reduces surface
runoff and prevent soil erosion, reduces evaporation and retains soil moisture, enhances activity of soil
organisms, increases soil organic matter and suppresses weed growth.

AGROFORESTRY: It involves the growth of trees, shrubs and or livestock amongst crops or grazing land
on the same unit of land, either alternatively or at the same time. Alley cropping, strip cropping, hillside
cropping, systems, Parlands, shade systems, silvopasture, etc are different agroforestry applications.

MANAGEMENT OF AGRICULTURE PRODUCE

Despite the remarkable progress made in increasing food production at the global level, about half of
the population in the Third World does not have access to adequate food supplies. This is because a
significant amount of agriculture produce, which is perishable by nature, is lost at various stages of the
supply chain.

4 causes of harvest loss:

1.Pre harvest loss : weeds, insects, pests

2.Hareves Loss: harvesting immature and over-mature crops, inefficient harvesting and handling
methods, Labour shortage during harvest season
3.Post harvest loss: Limited facily, rewetting due to continued or intermittent rains, rough
trasportion/load/unload methods.

4 prepackage management practices to reduce harvest loss;

1.Pre-package Produce Management through selection, sorting, grading, cleaning/disinfection

1.The agriculture produce has to be sorted and graded based on its market quality and the market
source.

2.Cereal crops-exposing the crop to high or low temperature and application of chemicals after harvest
helps in managing/preventing pests and diseases.

3.Rodents should be prevented from gaining accesss to gaints on field by destroying their shelters,
eliminating their food sources, keeping traps.

GOOD STORAGE MANAGEMENT PRACTICES OF AGRICUTURAL PRODUCE:

1.Only good quality crops are to be stored.

2.Fruits and vegetables are to be stored soon after the harvest to enhance their storage life.

3.The containers and storage rooms should be clean to prevent contami nation and spoilage of
theproduce.

4.Make sure the rooms are well ventilated, free from water spillage and provide protection against
rodents, birds and other pests.

SAMPLE MODEL QUESTION PAPER ISSUED BY

T S BOARD OF INTERMEDIATE EDUCATION, TELANGANA

Time: 3 hrs: Marks:60

ANSWER ANY 12 QUESTIONS IN ABOUT 80 WORDS: 5 X 12 = 60

1.WRITE A SHORT NOTE ON FORMAL STAKEHOLDERS ANALYSIS

2.WRITE A BRIEF NOTE ON MAN-ENVIRONMENT RELATIONSHIP

3.STEPS TAKEN BY TELANGANA GOVERNMENT TO PROMOTE INDUSTRY

4.ILL EFFECTS OF COMMERCIAL FARMING AND LIVESTOCK ON ENVIRONMENT

5.NATURAL DISASTERS AND EXAMPLES

6. A FEW LINES ON PUBLIC HEALTH ISSUES

7.ENERGY CONSUMPTION IN THE INDUSTRIAL SECTOR

8.WRITE FEW LINES ABOUT BIOMASS ENERGY

9.DEFINE BIODIVERSITY

10 WHAT IS BIOMIMICRY?

11 WHAT TYPE OF PROJECTS ARE CONSIDERED FOR CATEGORY B PROJECTS UNDER ENVIRONMENT
IMPACT ASSESSMENT

12.WAHT IS ENVIRONEMENT AUDIT?

13.WRITE ABOUT NATIONAL GREEN TRIBUNAL

14.RELEVANCE OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT IN THE CONTEXT OF FOOD OR WATER CONSUMPTION.

15.INTEGRATED PEST MANAGEMENT

16 WRITE ANY 4 PRE-HARVET MANAGEMENT METHOD.

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