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    Vocab Ula Ly

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    Enrique Bustos Rosas

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    © All Rights Reserved
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    cy Treinnia |) ae THE TOEFL TEST Ingrid Wisniewska Ya” Collins Enylish fur Exams VOCABULARY AND GRAMMAR FOR THE TOEFL TEST Ingrid Wisniewska, PhD Collins HarperCelline Dublichers 77-45 Fulham Palace Road Hammersmith London W6 8)8 First edition 2013 Reprint 109876543210 (9 HapusColine Publishes 2013 ISBN 978-0.00-749966.3, Collins” is a registered trademark of HarperCollins Publishers Limited wewcllinsetcom ‘A catalogue recon fr this book is available from the ish Library “Typeset in India by Aptara Printed in China by South China Printing Co. All rights reserve, No part ofthis book may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmited photocopying, recording o otherwise, without the prior permission in writing ofthe Publisher. This book i sold Subject othe conditions that it shall not, by way of trade ‘orotherwite,belent,re-sld, hited out or otherwise ‘Greate without the Publier’ pric const in any form of binding or cover other than that in which tis published and without a similar condition including this ‘condition being imposed on the subsequent purchaser HarperCalline does no warrant that weweolinelt com corany other website mentioned in thistle willbe provided uninterrupted that any website will be error {tee that detects wl be corrected, or that the website or the server tat makes it available are ee of viruses or bags For ill terme and conditions plese refer tothe site terms provided on the webs Contents Index of question types About this book Vocabulary ans Unit 1 Visual art and architecture Unit 2 Literature Unit 3 Music and dance Unit 4 Camparing anc ontrasting Life Science Unit 5 Biology Unit 6 Medicine and neattncare Unit 7 Animal behavior Unit 8 Opinions Social Science Unit 9 History Unit 10 Business end economics Unit 11. Sociology and archeology Unit 12 Cause aac erect Physical Scionce Unit 13 Technology and computers Unit 14 Cimate and envionment Unit 15 Chemietry, physios, astronomy General Topics Unit 17 College campus vocabulary Unit 18 Prepositions Unit 19 Paraphrasing Unit 20 Prefixes and roots 60 Grammar Key grammar for the independent writing and speaking tasks Unit 1 Review of verb forms Unit 2 Review of articles Unit 3 Subject-vero agreement Unit 4 Comparative structures Unit 5 Modals (present and future) Key grammar for the integrated tasks (speaking and writing sections) Unit 6 Conditional sentences Unit 7 Problems and solutions Unit 8 Reported speech (1) Unit 9 Reported speech (2) Unit 10 Gerunds and infnitives Key grammar for the reading and listening sections Unit 11. Roforence words Unit 12 The passive Unit 13 Conjunctions Unit 14 Relative clauses Unit 15 Ottce hours conversations Key grammar for all sections Unit 16 Causatives Unit 17 Introductory thero and it Unit 18 Paraphrasing Unit 19 Nominaization Unit 20 Common enor Overview of the TOEFL test ‘Answer key Audio script Word list 68 92 96 100 104 108 412 116 120 124 126 132 196 140 144 148 162 186 160 108 168, 174 183 120. ndex of question types Question type Vocabulary Unit | __Grammar Unit Reading section Factual intormaton 11,14, 19 92,14,17 Negative factual information 14,19 11,14 inference 4.37, 4 Rhetorical purpose 6.7.14, 19 7 vocabulary 1 12,14 Reference 2,9,7,9,11,14, 19 41,1417 Sentence simpitication 711,19 12,14 Insert text 3,19 11,12 rose summary 911,14, 19 Table completion 14 14,17 Listening section Gs-content 1,4,5,10, 18 Purpose 1,4,5, 10, 16 eta 1 Function 4,5,10, 13 Altitude 1.5,10 Organization 1 Connecting content 5.6 Inference 18 ‘Speaking section Personal experience 2 12 Paired choice 10 34,5 Campus matters 13,17 6 Academic reading and lecture 7,20 9,18 ‘Carnpus conversation 13,17 67 Academic summary 4,5,9, 10, 16 Writing section Integrated task 18 8, 10, 16,19 Independent task 3,6,8,12 1,2,8, 4,5, 16, 20 About this book Who is this book for? ‘Thio bookie intonded ae a preparatory too! for any student intending to take the TOEFL test It provides an Introduction to the vocabulary and grammar that are needed in all sections of the test. Why are vocabulary and grammar important to the test? Vocabulary: A good knowledge of general academic vocabulary is essential forall four sections of the test. “The reading and listening sections beth have specifie vocabulary questions that cheek understanding of vocabulary in context. Rubrics forthe speaking section include “effective use of vocabulary" and rubrics for the writing section include “appropriate word choice and idiomatic,” The speaking and writing sections ot the test also require you to read academic texts and paraphrase or summarize them in your own words, AS well as knowledge of academic vocabulary, you will need to be able to figure out the meaning of unfamiliar words by using context and applying knowledge of word roots, suffixes, and prefixes. Grammar; Alliwuyl Ue TOEFL IST Test Uueat't have specific grammar questions, knowledge of Cnglish sentence structure and ability to understand and use a range of grammatical structures is necessary for all sections of the test. For the speaking section, you should be able to speak confidently, without obvious (grammatical errors that could distort meaning, According to the speaking section rubrics, the candidate should “demonstrate effective use of grammar” and “exhibit a high degree of automaticity, with good Control of basic and complex structures." For the writing section, students should “display facility in the use of language, demonstrating syntactic variety and range of vocabulary.” A good undorctanding of grammatical structures is also required to understand the passages and answer the questions in the reading and listening sections. Whirl kind of vocabulary is included in this book? ‘Tho vocabulary has been selected according ta two extern 1. Main academic subject areas: ars, if science, social science, and physical science. though you are not expected to have specialized content knowledge, you are expected to have a good understanding of ‘the contont-specific words that are commonly used in all of these academic areas. These are not al the words you will need, but will give you a starting point for expanding your vocabulary in each area. 2. The Academic Word Lis, This isa list of 570 words that are most commonly used in academic contexts. The selection is based on samples of academic texts from a wide range of subject areas and includes general academic words that are commonly used in all subject areas; it does not include subject specific words. The Academic Word List can be found by searching “AWL headwords Victoria University ‘of Wellington” or at this address: http:/mww.victria.ac.nz/als/resources/academicwordlistawt headwords, ‘This book also helps you davelon word attack skills Nictianary Skills and Ward Ruilding boxes throughout help you to notice roots, prefixes, and suffixes so that you can expand your vocabulary. Study Tip and Test Tip boxes give you strategies for maximizing your study effrts and how to approach specific test question types. ‘ABOUT THIS 800K What kind of grammar is included? ‘The grammar points have been selected according to which grammar will be most useful for you inthe test. You will need to have a general level of grammatical accuracy in order to achieve a high score. You will also ‘need specific aspects of grammar for specific questions inthe test. For example, question 3 in the speaking section asks you to summarize a problem and make a recommendation, and these points are presented ‘and practiced in Grammar Unit 7. What other skills do | need? Good levets of vocabulary and grammar are essential in order to achieve a high scare. However, you will also need to practice listening, speaking, reading, and writing, as well as academic skills, such as note taking, paraphrasing, and summarizing. You can develop these skils by reading and listening to authentic ‘academic materials in English, as well as by using practice books such as Collins Skils forthe TOEFL iBT? Test: eading and Writina and Collins Skils for the TOEFL (BT® Test: Listening and Speakino. How docs this book help me prepare for the test? In addition to helping you to learn and practice the vocabulary and grammar you will ned forthe test, this book will also help you to become familiar with the question types that you will meet in the test, Every unit in the book contains questions similar ta thaea in the tact, using tavt that are shorter and easier than actual TOEFL test questions. All the question types found inthe test are practiced in a variety of different academic ‘contexts. Ifyou know what question types to expect. and what types of answers are required, this will increase your chance of achieving a high score. | hope you wil enjoy using this book and good luck with the TOEFL test! Ingrid Wisnievska, PhD VOCABULARY UNIT 1 Visua Word nique (ad) pectin} innovative (ac) vision (7) vue considerable (acl impact in) ‘contemporary (acl) iBustrate (¥) insight (9) creative (ad) ” signal shit n oF) sbstract ad) design (nor) analyze ( 00k (¥) ‘depict (¥) ‘injective (ac image (n) convey (v) art and architecture Read the words, definitions, and examples. Use your dictionary to find additional word forms for each word. OVERVIEW Definition original, diferent from anything element, feature ‘en, diferent, better than before ‘concept, idea geal, significant influence, effect present day to add pictures to a book, to ive an example € clear understanding able to make new ideas Inarcate move not realistic outine, pian examine, mink about something in detail attempt, try show, describe frown an individuals paint of view picture ‘communicate, express Example ‘Aunique aspect of Turner's paintings is his innwvative use uf Gul Gauls vision of architecture utilized raanic shapes to create hiahiy decorative structures. The development of steel construction had considerable impact on contemporary architecture. Leonardo da Vind! illustrated ‘notebooks with drawings and sketches Which provide valuable insights into his creative processes, Ths preSsIUnIst art Over a shift away from naturalism toward a nore abstract represenatiin of hur experienc ated The Bauhaus design movernent attemoted to analyze form in terms of basic universal principles. The Imoressionists sought to depict the subjective experience of light and color. Images usec in surreal art onten attempt to convey aspects of the unconscious. VOCABULARY: VISUAL ART AND ARCHTTECTURE. Practice Exercises [A Choose the words from the chart opposite that best replace the words in italics. 1 ‘= 1 Circle tho beet word to complate each sentence. ‘The modernist movement has had a sionficant*influence® on present day* architecture and desion. ee pa gp Surrealist art aftempts* to express a picture* of unconscious psychological processes. fae ie fig Nowadays architects use computer technology to design 9D images of their plans". eo oe Dec ee An original element® of cubist art was the attempt to show® multiple viewpoints simultaneously. Sp phe eV gt ‘Ate reading an article, choose five Key words fom the text and note them in your vocabulary notebook. “Then try to combine them into centence about the theme ofthe article One of the most___aspects of modernism was | TEIN the princile that form follows function ‘When you Took up wordin your dictionary you wise an abbreviation 2 innovative ere what wed dae sect itlong to. For example. innovate banpcee (adj = adjective), mona (¥= verb), © considerable Frome (n= 04 ‘Toertnd your vocabulary ake nots Fone motonien in citi repent af ofthe word forms ofthe words from a functional to a more decorate tle. the chart. a signal be ait 6 insight Many of Mone’ paintings _ water ites from his garden, a uti 1 depict «signal Images in________at donot represent forms of rel objects. a creative b subjective © abstract VOCABULARY FOR THE TOEFL TEST © Complete the sentences with the correct form of words from the box. analyze creative depict ilustrate innovative 1. La Guernica by Picasso is a___of soenes from the Spanish Civil War. 2. Wiliam Blake was a British Romantic painter. poet, engraver. and 3, _____is the ability to transform existing ideas and make something new. 4, Technological __ have had a huge impact on modern at. 5. Scientific _________of materials used in old paintings can help us to restore and conserve them. Test Practice ‘A Read the sentences and answer the questions about each one. 10 Cubism signaled a shift away from representational art, that i, art that attempted to portray Teallstic scenes ot people and places. ‘According tothe text. al ofthe folowing are true EXCEPT © Cabist at portrayed real people. © Cubist art was more abstract. © Representational art was more realistic (© Representational at preceded cubist at. Modem art gave artists the freedom to express their inner vision in ther ar. ‘cooing to te tot, al ofthe following are true CXOCPT © Bofore modem ar, artists were restricted (© Moder art allowed artists to innovate. (© Modem artis abstract. (© Modem artists have more choices, ‘The key aspect of modern architecture is that new materials are now available that have had significant impact on what types of designs are technically possible. ‘According tothe text, al ofthe following are true EXCEPT (© New materials have influenced modem architectural designs (© Tuday’s designs were nl pussible previvusly. (© Modem architecture utlizes new materials. (© Modem architecture isnot influenced by old architecture. TIP Inthe reading section ofthe tes, you will be asked to identify fact that is NOT included in longer reading passage. When answering negative fact questions, read ll the options carefilly. The incorrect options will usually paraphrase information in the tet. The correct answer will often contain extra {information not mentioned in the text, or contradic information inthe text. mr VOCABULARY: VISUAL AT AND ARCHTECTURE © _B Listen to part ofa lecture in an art class and take notes. Then answer the questions. eck? Notes. oa Why does the professor mention the portrait of The Two Fridas? © To show how Kahio's art expressed her emotions. To explain aspects of Kahlo’s inner le. © To compare Kahlo and other artist. © To expiain the process of creating a painting, 2. What aspects of Kahlo's art does the professor mainly discuss in the lecture? © Her use of color © Her choice of subject © Her influence on surrealism (© The influence of her life on her art 3. According to the professor, what is tre about Kahlo's art? © Hie abotract © tis realist © Itehatlenges the viewer. © Itrepresents a cultural view. 4. According to the professor, how was Kahlo’ at influenced by surrealism? © Itwas abstract. © Iwas subjective © Itconveyed emotions, © texpressed the unconscious. 5. Whats the professor's attitude concerning whether Kahio’s art depicts socal attitudes to women? © Ho dieagrooe with this view. © He thinks tis view is doubtul (© He thinks this theory is correct. © He doca not think this viw i poosibl, " Literature Read the words, definitions, and examples. Use your dictionary to find additional word forms for each word. Word classic (9) ‘novel in) Fetion 6) autobiographical (aay set (n) narrate (7) araracter contradictory (adi) Inspired (ari) ‘experiences [n) rwalistic (ad) perspective (n) author (n) Prose (0) technique (n) portray ‘pseudonym in) ‘anonymous (acl) originalty (7) syle) 2 Definition ‘a book that represents the best of a particular genre ‘A book about imaginary nannle and events ‘stories about imaginary events relating to true events in your life placed, located tela story a person in a story opposing tha sourna of tha irl past events that have happened to you ‘an acourate picture of reality point of view writer of a book ‘orainany wirtten language, nat petry method describe ‘an invented name that someone Uses instead of a real name Unidentified, unnamed completely new and different way of doing something Example ‘On the Road by Jack Kerouac is a classic novel of the 1950s. Although it is a work of fiction, itis based mainly on the autobiographical descriotion of a road trip Kerouac took across the United States and into Mexico. ‘The Great Gatsby by F. Scott Fitzaerald is set during the Prohibition Era of the 1920s when sales of alcohol were prohibited in the United States. The story is narrated by a minor character, Nick Carraway, who describes the other people in the story with contradictory emotions ‘of admiration, jealousy, and envy. Finest Hamingway’s nnwal Far Wham the Bell Tols was inspired by his ‘experiences in the Spanish Civil War ‘John Steinbock’s novel The Grapes of Wrath is @ realistic description of the economic depression ofthe 1930s seen from the perspective of one family of rigrant workers. The novel Uyeses by irish author Jamos Joyce is written in an experimental form of prose using a technique known 2s stream-ol-consciousness, which portrays a continuous flow of thoughts. Emily Bronte's novel Wuthering Heights was at fist pubished under the pseudonym Elis Bolin order to keeo the author's real name anonymous. The ook was praised forthe originality of is subject matter and narrative style. oCABULARY:UTERATURE Practice Exercises ‘A Choose the best words to complete the sentences. 1. The Great Gatsby by F. Scot Fitzgerald is a novel ofthe Jazz Age, a author classic € prose 2. The Shorfock Holmao dotootvo ctorio aro by Bhoriook’efriond Dr. Watoon, inspired b set © narrated ‘The prefix ato haste meaning of ‘eff Lookup the meaning of eher sword that tart ul oe example: avomaty toon, 3. George Eliot was the ofthe English author, Mary Ann Evans. pseudonym bb character © perspective 4. Syivia Path’s novel The Bei! Jarisasemi-_______novel based on her ‘own experience. anonymous 1b autobiographical © contradictory 5. Many of Jack London's stories were __________y his life asa sailor and ‘god prospector. a writen b set © nope B Complete the text with the correct form of words from the chart. Use your dictionary to help you. Mark Twain was the ‘ofthe 19th century American writer Samuel Clemens. (One of his most famous®__was The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn, which \was first published in 1887. The work is arealisic »_______of fein rural Mississippi inthe late 1800s. The novel is written in a colloquial prose+__________ that was ‘ ____for the time. The story is®@_____byan uneducated 13-year-old boy who has a unique butlimited”______on the main events. According tothe author, the *______for the main character came from one of his chitdhood friends. ‘\ | ‘When trying to igure out the meaning of new words, read the surrounding text careful. Ian sometimes ‘sive a definition or some example ofthe meaning ofthe word. 13 VOCABULARY FORTHE TEFL TEST IN ‘The Academic Word Listisa list of words that are most commonly used in academic contets. The lists based on samples of academic tents fom a wide range of subject areas. The 570 most comnouly- used word are arranged in sublists according to frequency. Each word in thelist represents al the different forms ofthe word. For example, analyze also represents the words anclt, analytic, analytical, «and analytically The academic wordlist canbe found here: itp: iwwwvictoriaac.lllsresources! ccadomicwordliatlel heedwords. "Note thatthe list includes general academic words that are commonly usd in ll subject areas and does not include subject-specific words, which are also required inthe TOEFL test ‘Test Practice ‘A Read the questions and choose the best answer. i 4 ‘Narrated from the point of view of the character Sal Paradise, On the Road is a classic example of an autobiographical novel. It ic writen in a SBBRERGDUE style of prose that ounds lke someone speaking directly tothe reader without pausing to think or reflect. ‘The word Spontaneous is closest in meaning to © original O realistic. O fictional. © unplanned. ‘The novel Frankenstein by Mary Shelley was first published anonymously in 1818. Although known mainly as a science fiction horror novel, it deals with many profound themes, such as the conflict between good and evil. The word prot is closest in meaning to O interesting, © contraietoy. © thought-provoking. O serious. Jean Riys's novel Wide Sargasso Sea was inspired by Gharlotte Bronté’s novel lane Eyre and Uses a stylistic Gav08 of shifting narrative voices to explore themes of power, dependence, and madness, ‘The word Bie is closest in meaning to © language. © version © porepoctive. © technique. VOCABULARY: LTERATURE 'B Read the transcript of a student response to question 1 in the speaking section (personal experience). Undertine the parts that you could use to talk about your own favorite book or movie. ‘Wmat is your favorite book or movie? Describe it and say why itis your favorite. My favorite book is Pride and Prejudice by Jane Austen because even though it was writen a long time ago the story is one that i stil true for us today. First of ll, it portrays a society with many social ifferences and old-fashioned customs, yet although the story is set in the 18th century it gives us {an interesting perspective on our lives today. They have many of the same problems and the same dilemmas as we do. Second, | find the plot exciting. There is lat of suspense. You always want to ‘know wnat is going to happen next! Final, Jane Austen included some humor in the story. The narrator jbserves society with wit and irony and it often made me laugh. I hink i's a wonderful book and I would recommend ito all my fiends. @ “To prepare for the speaking section of the test, practice speaking on a topic for 45 seconds (about 125-150 werd) Ifpossible, record your voice and write a transcript of your response, Read the transcript carefully and try to improve the range of vorablary Then reer ye wire again ‘When recording your vic, remember to pause often and try to sound natural, asf you were speaking toaperson, Practice your reply to the question in exercise B, Write your spoken response here (or record your response and write the transcript here). 8 heir i Gh ANI S, Music and dance Read the words, definitions, and examples. Use your dictionary to find additional word forms for each word. Word Definition Example emerge () become known | Modern dance emerged as an art form in the early r fuse | 20th century. It represented a rejection of the , tum eco rect tum aginst F482 | conyentonal rns of classcal beet. develop (v) | groworchange _| Martha Graham developed modem dance ri \ | techniques that were based on concepts ct concent ny [idea contrection and release, ‘contraction (n) Decome smalier Or ttn [release ford) | eto | performance (n) | show, display, Modern dance performances utlze a range of concert choreographic techniques to create a unique form ‘choreographic (adi) | relating to dance | °f Set expression. movement | combine () ‘mix, jin together | Jazz music combined elements of African and European mucietradttone and tranefermed popular ranstr range comolet |" rn rei ey music in the 1920s. type, category {Blues is a musical genre that evolved from the especialy of music | songs of poor black laborers inthe American South oriterature evolve (v) gradually develop Cover a period of tine incorporate (¥ incude Tango is form of must that Incorporates classical rhythm ini reqular pattern (of ‘and jazz music rhythms. sounds) | wunsiol of (v) is fonned of, | Tieditionel Native American music typically comorise consists of singing accompanied by percussion ccoompany | happens atthe” | alTuments, auch aa drums end ata, same time instrument (n) 16 VOCABULARY: MUSIC AND DANCE Practice Exercises ‘A Complete the sentences with words from the box. combine —rhylim = cuncept evolves. genre choreographic instrumental reject release _transformed Coen 1. Ifaplace looks completely citferent, itis The prefix ran meas move fom 2. you help something to happen, you ein | oo nn ain transom means ‘making it happen. ‘chang rm one form anther 3 Ht something changes gradually, it Mecaai eves 44. you mictwo things together, you them. | rr anita ane rane 5. Ifyou invent a new keg, tis an orginal Seer 6. Ifyou say you don't want something, you ____it 7. Rock'n’ rll is one__of popular musi. 8. tty —___ aw alum, you uteri (rset Ure pub 9, If piece of music has a regular patter of sound, it has 10, Self expression in a modem dance performance usualy involves a range of techniques. B Complete the sentences with the correct form of words from the chart opposite. Use vour dictionary to help you. Milestones in Modern Dance In the earty years ofthe 20th century, Isadora Duncan was the fist to ‘concept of dance that?_________of moving naturally in response to music. She!____ dances in barefeet, wearing a simple flowing tunic, and + ___ elaborate scenery and costumes in order to focus more attention onthe dancer. She*_____ elements of folk dance, as well as Greek classical art into her at. Her ideas caused a © in popular attitudes and contributed tothe z ‘of modem dance as an at form. in the 1930s, Martha Graham created dance techniques that were tsi numa movers sucit a reali ad walking. In the 1970s, Twyla Tharp was the fist ® to create a type of dance that ____ both modern and classical balet techniques. \ ‘To improve your vocabulary skills, use flashcards to review new vocabulary items. Write the word on one amply ten et era oe ‘them when you have a few minutes waiting for a bus or on the train, a ‘ooABULARY FOR THE TOEFL TEST Test Practice ‘A Read the passage and choose the best answer, Development of the Blues Blues music has influenced many other genres of music, from jazz to rock and country music. Blues originally evolved in the early 20th century in the rural Mississippi region based on the unaccompanied thyQmic vocal narratives sung by black slaves while working on plantations or farms in the 18th and 19th centuries. Slaves were often prohibited from owning instruments, especially drums, as slave ‘owners did not want staves to use the drums to tans messages to each other. So, African-American created chants, hollers, spirituals, and work songs (known as arhooles). By the 1920s, blues had developed a very particular style based around three-line rhymed (tania. ‘These consisted of one fine that was repeated and a final line of rhyming verse with typically between ‘our and eight stanzas in one song. The style also included a repeating blues chord progression, which ‘was the basis of the harmony, utlizing the three major chuids uf Ure itusival sual After the abolition of slavery, Afican-Americans started to move tothe towns and cities and the blues ‘moved wath them. The music was no longer only related to work, but was now a form of entertainment and selt-expression. Traveling musicians started to become more \Wid@SFé@d and performed in bars and clubs, incorporating instruments such as guitar, harmonica, and banjo into their musical style. The lyrics ofthe blues ‘often forus an thames af hartsip, injustice, and suffering, as well as thames of lave, jealousy, and sadness. A significant feature of blues singers is their ability to express suffering through personal experience. 1. According to the passage, arhoolies do NOT O tella story © have a strong rhythm. © use musica instruments © accompany work. 2. The word fant in the passage is closest in meaning to © send. © travel. © repeat © provide, 3. The word BIBI in Une passa refers to © asong. © asetottines. © atype of instrument. © asetot songs. 4 in the passage is closest in meaning to © musical. © restricted. © popular, skilled 5. An introductory sentence for a summary of the passage is provided below. Complete the summary by selecting the THREE answer options that express the most important ideas in the passage. Some sentences do not belong in the summary because they express ideas that are not presented in the ‘passage or are minor ideas in the passage. VODABULARY: MUSIC AND DANE This passage describes the evolution of blues music. ° ° 0 ‘Answer options 1. Blues music is associated with everyday life in the countryside of Mississi Blues music often expresses sadness and suffering. 2 ‘3. People in towns and cites used blues music to accompany their work. 4, Blues developed from songs that were sung by slaves on plantations. 5 6 ‘Ihe music developed a unique pattern and rhythm. Blues musicians do not use musical instruments to accompany their songs. B The following question is similar to question 2 in the writing section (independent task), Write notes for an essay of about 300 words. Why do you think some genres of music are more popular than others? Which types of musical ‘genres do you listen to and why? Use specific reasons and examples to support your answer. = [ Music Z don't listen tot faa5 nS 9 eer NTR A Comparing and contrasting Read the words and examples. Make additional examples using each word or phrase, OVERVIEW Word or phrase Example Smiarity (between) _There are many similarities between painting and photwyrapty. both ... and Both painting and photagranhy share smveral similaritis have in common (One feature that they have in common is that they can both exoress emotion, in the same way, Painting is sometimes used to record historic events, similarly, tkewise, In the same way, ptiotographyy Is also often used to document history, ike Like painting, photography can express the subj viewpoint of the artist. Photography, lke painting, can express the subjec viewpoint ofthe artist be similar to/ resemble Eighteenth century portraits were similar to photogrephy ‘because they aimed to present an accurate picture of realty neither. nor Neither painting ner photography is completely objective difference (between) _| One major difference between photography and Painting is that we generally think of photography as being more realistic whereas / while Whereas / While a photograph is taken ina single ‘moment, a painting ueually takos much longer to create. To express | 07th other hand ‘A photograph captures an image of actual material things. difference | NOWeVEr/ by Contrast” | A painting, on the ather hand, can depict images from me the artist's imagination, nike /in contrast to/ | In contrast to painting, its easy to produce multiple pompared ta. copies of a photograph, be different trom (than) / Painting is different from / differs from photography 1 mng) imagination (imag) ‘materials and tools (mats + tools) product or service (orc or serv) take action (— take actn) visible (vsble) visual compositions (vis. comps) 3.dse, B Using points and examples from the lecture, explain how art and graphic design are similar and ifferent. Write your spoken response here (or record your response and wite the transcript ere). ete N TOWNS eT) Read the words, definitions, and examples. Use your dictionary to find additional word forms for each word. OVERVIEW Word distinguish (9) evolved (ad) estimate (0 or v) all (n) vary (v) ‘genetic (ac) factor (-) identity () DNA (Geoxytibonucleic acid) (n) process (r) ratiant (ni) adept ‘system fn) sunve W) layer in) assity ) characteristic (norad) ‘organism (n) microscopic (a) Tak Gro y) a Definition tel the difference developed overtime guess, judge, predict ‘sales part of an animal or plant that can function independently

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