Science, Technology and Society

Republic of the Philippines
NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

Old Sagay, Sagay City, Negros Occidental
(034)722-4120, www.nonescost.edu.ph
MODULE
2
SCIENCE, TECHNOLOGY
AND SOCIETY
1ST SEMESTER A.Y.2020-2021
COURSE GE 107: Science, Technology and Society

COURSE
Willyn D. Montaño
FACILITATOR
FB
Willyn Montano
Messenger
CONTACT
DETAILS Email ad willyn.montano@deped.gov.ph
Phone No./s 09504371525/ 09456637899
LESSON
HUMAN FLOURISHING IN
1
5 HOURS
SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY
INTRODUCTION
The progress of human civilizations throughout history mirrors the development of

science and technology. The human person, as both the bearer and beneficiary of
science and technology, flourishes and finds meaning in the world that he/she builds. In
the person‘s pursuit of the good life, he/she may unconsciously acquire, consume, or
destroy what the world has to offer. It is thus necessary to reflect on the things that truly
matter. Science and technology must be taken as part of human life that merits reflective
and-as the German philosopher Martin Heidegger says- meditative thinking. Science and
technology, despite its methodical and technical nature, gives meaning to the life of a
person making his/her way in the world.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are expected to: a.

Discuss what technology reveals
b. Examine modern technology and its role in human flourishing
c. Explain the role of art in a technological world.
d. Select and present an art that
reveals science and technology.
MOTIVATION
ACTIVITY #1: Picture Analysis.

Write your answer in your
assessment notebook.
What can
you see in
the picture?
Q: Can human be replaced by robots? Yes or No? And why?
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
______________________________________________________________________
PRESENTATION
In the lesson, you will learn how human developed machines to make works
easier and faster. The brilliant mind of humans became an asset in the world of
Science and Technology. Get ready to unlock new possibilities in you as a novice
scientist.
TEACHING INPUTS
A. Introduction
To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, they must be examined
not only for this function and instrumentality but also for their greater impact on
humanity as wholes are all tools that makes human lives easier because people with
a certain good, convenience, or knowledge. Meanwhile, medical research employs
the best scientific and technological principles to come up with cures for disease and
ways to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life.
TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
In his seminal work, Question of Technology, Martin Hleidegger usages us to question

technology and see beyond people‘s common understanding of it.
According to ancient doctrine, the essence of a thing is considered to be what the thing
is. We ask the question concerning technology when we ask what it is. Everyone
knows the two statements that answer our question. Our says: Technology is a
means to an end. The other says; Technology is a human activity. The two
definitions of technology belong together. For to posit ends and procure and utilize
the means to them is a human activity. The manufacture and utilization of
equipment, tools, and machines, the manufactured and used things themselves, and
the needs and ends that they serve, all belong to what technology is. The whole
complex of this contrivance is technology. Technology itself is a contrivance- in
Latin, an instrument tum. The current conception of technology, according to which it
is a means and a human activity, can therefore be called the instrumental and
anthropological definition of technology (Heidegger, 1997, p. 5).
This definition is correct but not necessarily true. The ―true‖ entail so much more
meaning and significance. Heidegger, however, asserted that the true can be
pursued through the correct. In other words, the experience and understanding of
what is correct lead us to what is true. Heidegger urged people to envision
technology as a mode of revealing as it shows so much more about the human
person and the world.
Technology is a way of
bringing forth, a making
something. By
considering technology as
a mode of revealing, then
truth is brought forth. For
instance, the truth that the Earth
is weeping could be revealed by
the information and data taken
by modern devices. Whatever
truth is uncovered, it will be
something more meaningful and
significant than the superficial or
practical use of technology.
Heidegger also put forward the ancient Greek concepts of aletheia, poeisis, and
techne. Aletheia means unhiddenness or disclosure. Poeisis is defined as bringing
forth. For Aristotle, it means making or predicting something for a purpose. It is
sometimes used to refer to poetry and composition. Finally, techne (the root word for
technology) means skill, art, or craft. It is a means of bringing forth something. Thus, in
Heigegger‘s work, technology is a poeisis the discloses or reveals the truth. On the
other hand, to think of technology as poetry takes a different mindset, a more
reflective and sensitive way of looking at the world. This perspective is not easy to
take especially in this era when instant knowledge is demanded and split-second
updates are the norm, and when the pursuit of fame and fortune is unceasingly
bannered on social media. There is so much noise in the world that would take a
disciplined stepping back to see what Heidegger meant and to appreciate how
technology could actually be poetry that brings forth truth. German philosopher Martin
Heidegger says- meditative thinking. Science and technology, despite its methodical
and technical nature, gives meaning to the life of a person making his/her way in the
world.
To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, they must be examined
not only for this function and instrumentality but also for their greater impact on
humanity as wholes are all tools that makes human lives easier because people with a
certain good, convenience, or knowledge. Medical Research employs the best
scientific and technological principles to come up with cures for disease and ways to
prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life. Most of the technologies developed
is base on the people major needs
WHY HUMAN FLOURISHING?
Human flourishing is define as an effort to achieve self actualization, and fulfillment

within the context of a larger community of individuals, each with the right to pursue
his/her own such efforts. Flourishing in human as stated by Aristotle it is as a results of
different components such as phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power
 Phronesis it is a common topic of Greek philosophy because of its practical
character.
 Wisdom or Intelligence
 Often translated as Practical wisdom
 Sometimes ―prudence‖ from latin word prudentia.
 Friendship is a state of being friends a relationship between to person. Wealth
state of being rich and material
prosperity
 Power ability to do something or act
in a particular way, ability to
influence others.
As times change, elements

that comprise human flourishing
changed, which are subject to the
dynamic social history as written by
human. People found means to live
more comfortably, explore more
places, develop more products, and
make more money, and then repeating the process in full circle. In the beginning,
early people relied on simple machines to make hunting and gathering easier. This
development allowed them to make grander and more sophisticated machines to aid
them in their endeavors that eventually led to space explorations, medicines
innovations and ventures of life after death. Our concept of human flourishing today
proves to be different from what Aristotle originally perceived then—humans of today
are expected to become a ―man of the world”.
Eudaimonia, literally ―good spirited‖, is a term coined by a renowned Greek

philosopher Aristotle (385-323 BC) to describe the pinnacle of happiness that is
attainable by humans. This has often been translated into ―human flourishing‖ in
literature arguably likening human to flowers achieving their full bloom. As discussed
in the Nicomachean Ethics, Aristotle‘s human flourishing arises as a results of different
components such as phronesis, friendship, wealth, and power. In the Ancient Greek
society, they believed that acquiring these qualities ill surely bring the seekers
happiness, which in effect allows them to partakes in the greater notion of what we call
Good.
In school, the scientific method is introduced in the earlier part of discussions. Even
though the number of steps varies, it presents a general idea of how to do science.
1.Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.

2.Determine the problem and identity factors involved.
3.Through past knowledge of similar instance, formulate hypothesis that could explain
the said phenomenon. Ideally the goal is to reject the null hypothesis and accept the
alternative hypothesis for the study ―to count as significant‖ (can also be separated
into additional steps such as ―to generate prediction‖ or ―to infer from past
experiments‖).
4.Conduct experiment by setting up dependent and independent variables, and
trying to see how independent one affect dependent ones.
5.Gather and analyze results throughout and upon culmination of the experiment.
Examine if the date gathered are significant results.
6.Formulate conclusion and proved recommendation in case others would want to
broaden the study.
Verification Theory
The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science is verification

theory. The idea proposes that a discipline is science if it can be confirmed or
interpreted in the event of an alternative hypothesis being accepted. In that regard,
said theory gives premium to
empiricism and only takes into
account those results which
are measurable and
experiments which are
repeatable.
A classic example is
astrology, whose followers
are able to employ the
verification method in
ascertaining its reliability. The
idea is that since one already
has some sort of expectations
on what to find, they will
interpret events in line with
said expectations. American philosopher Thomas Kuhn warned us against bridging the
gap between and theory by attempting to interpret the former according to our biases, that
is whether or not we subscribe to the theory. Below is a short story illustrating this point:
Falsification Theory
Perhaps the current prevalent methodology in science, falsification theory asserts
that as long as an ideology is not proven to be false and can best explain a phenomenon
over alternative theories, we should accept the said ideology. Due to its hospitable
character, the shift to this theory allowed emergence of theories otherwise rejected by
verification theory. It does not promote ultimate adoption of one theory but instead
encourage research in order to determine which among theories can stand the test of
falsification. The strongest one is that which is able to remain upheld amidst various tests,
while being able to make particularly risky predictions about the world. Karl Popper is the
known proponent of this view.
Science as a Social Endeavor

Due to inconclusiveness of the methodologies previously cited, a new school of thought
on the proper demarcation criterion of science emerged. Several philosophers such as
Paul Thagard, Imre lakatos, Helen Longino, David Bloor, and Richard Rorty, among
others, present an alternative demarcation the explores the social dimension of science
and effectively, technology. Science cease to belong solely to gownwearing,
bespectacled scientists at laboratories.
The new view perpetuates a dimension which
generally benefits the society. For instance, far-off
places in South America where many of the tribes
remain uncontacted, do not regard western science
as their science. Whatever their science is, it can
be ascertained that it is no way inferior to that
globalized peoples‘ science. Thus, it presents an
alternative notion that goes beyond the boundaries
of cold, hard facts of science and instead projects it in a different light, such as a
manifestation of shared experience forgoing solidarity over communities.
Science and Results
For the most part, people who do not understand
science are won over when the discipline is able to
produce results. Similar to when Jesus performed
miracles and garnered followers, people are sold over
the capacity of science to do stuff they cannot fully
comprehend. In this particular arguments, however,
science is not the only discipline which is able to produce result-religion, luck, and
human randomness are some of its contemporaries in the field. For some communities
without access to science, they can run to divination and superstition and still get the
same results. Science is not entirely foolproof, such that it is correct 100%
of the time. Weather reports, for one, illustrate fallibility and limitations of their scope, as
well as their inability to predict disasters. The best that can be done during an
upcoming disaster is to reinforce materials to be more calamity proof and restore the
area upon impact. It can be then concluded that science does not monopolize the claim
for definite results.
Science as Education
Aforementioned discussion notes that there is no such thing as singular
scientific method, offering instead a variety of procedures that scientists can experiment
with to get results and call them science. Discoveries in physics, specifically in quantum
mechanics, appeared to have debunked the idea of objectivity in reality, subscribing
instead to alternative idea called intersubjectivity. With objectivity gone, it has lost its
number one credence. Nevertheless,
there still exists as repressing concept
that comes about as a result of
unjustified irreverence of science-our
preference of scienceinclined students
over those which are less adept.
TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING
In his seminal work, Question of Technology, Martin Heidegger usages us to question

technology and see beyond people‘s common understanding of it.
According to ancient doctrine, the essence of a thing is considered to be what the thing
is. We ask the question concerning technology when we ask what it is. Everyone knows
the two statements that answer our question. Our says: Technology is a means to an
end. The other says; Technology is a human activity. The two definitions of technology
belong to get her. For to posit ends and procure and utilize the means to them is a
human activity. The manufacture and utilization of equipment, tools, and machines, the
manufactured and used things themselves, and the needs and ends that they serve, all
belong to what technology is. The whole complex of this contrivance is technology.
Technology itself is a contrivance- in Latin, an instrument tum. The current conception
of technology, according to which it is a means and a human activity, can therefore be
called the instrumental and anthropological definition of technology (Heidegger, 1997,
p.
5).
This definition is
correct but not necessarily true.
The
―true‖ entail so much more
meaning and
significance.
Heidegger, however,
asserted that the true can be
pursued through the correct.
In other words, the experience
and understanding of what is
correct lead us to what is true.
Heidegger urged people to
envision technology as a mode of
revealing as it shows so much more about the human person and the world.
Technology is a way of bringing forth, a making something.
By considering technology as a mode of revealing, then truth is brought forth. The
truth that the Earth is weeping could be revealed by the information and data taken by
modern devices.
Heidegger also put forward the ancient Greek concepts of aletheia, poeisis, and
techne.
Aletheia means unhiddenness or disclosure.

Poeisis is defined as bringing forth. For Aristotle Poeisis it means making or
predicting something for a purpose. It is sometimes used to refer to poetry and
composition.
Techne (the root word for technology) means skill, art, or craft. It is a means of
bringing forth something. Thus, in Heigegger‘s work, technology is a poeisis the
discloses or reveals the truth.
To think of technology as poetry takes a different mindset, a more reflective and
sensitive way of looking at the world. This perspective is not easy to take especially in
this era when instant knowledge is demanded and split-second updates are the norm,
and when the pursuit of fame and fortune is unceasingly bannered on social media.
There is so much noise in the world that would take a disciplined stepping back to see
what Heidegger meant and to appreciate how technology could actually be poetry that
brings forth truth.
TECHNOLOGY AS POEISIS:
APPLICABLE TO MODERN TECHNOLOGY
 Age of switches
 Standing reserve
 Stockpiling for its own sake
The revealing that rules in modern technology is a challenging,
which puts to nature the unreasonable demand that it supply energy which can be
extracted and stored as such‖ Modern technology challenge nature and demand of
resources that are, most of the time, forcibly extracted for human consumption and
storage. It brings about a ‗setting upon‖ of the land.
Mining is an example of modern technology that challenge forth and brings about the
setting upon of land. It extract mineral from the earth and forcefully assigns the land as
a mean to fulfill the never-ending demand of people. With modern technology,
revealing never come to as end.
The revealing always happen on our own terms as everything is on demand.
Information at our fingertips, food harvested even out of season, gravity defied to fly off
to space –such is the capacity of the human person. We no longer need to work with the
rhythms of nature because we have learned to control it. We order nature, and extract,
process, make ready for consumption, and store what we have forced it to reveal.
Heidegger described modern technology as the age of switches, standing reserve, and
stockpiling for its own sake. This observation is manifest in the mechanization and
digitization of many aspect of our life–from agriculture to communications and
transportation, among many others.
“What kind of unconcealment is it, then, that is peculiar to that which results from this
setting upon those challenges? Everywhere everything is ordered .to stand by to be
immediately on hand, indeed to stand there just so that it may be on call for a further
ordering. Whatever ordered about on this way has its own standing-reserve (Heidegger,
1977, p.5)”
QUETIONING AS THE PIETYOF THOUGHT
In this stepping back and taking stock of things, we begin to wonder and question. One
may admire the intricacy of mechanism and the sophistication of mobile applications.
Another may marvel at the people and circumstances allowed for such technology.
There i s no much wealth insights that that can be gathered when people stop think and
questioned ―Questioning is the piety of thought,‖ stated Heidegger in The Question
concerning technology;
Normally, piety is associated with
being religious. For Heidegger, however,
piety means obedience and submission.
In addressing what technology has
brought forth, one cannot help but be
submissive to what his/her thoughts
and reflections elicit.
Sometimes, thinking brings forth insights
that the mind has not yet fully understood
or developed. There are times when one‘s
thinking brings forth eureka moments.
Whatever understanding found becomes significant because it is evoked by

questioning who or what we essentially are in the world. For example, it is known truth
that we, human being and everything around us, are made of same substance that
constitutes stars. Therefore, we actually are stardust. Do we just take this matter-
offactly or do we wonder at its significance? It is when we start questioning that we
submit ourselves to our thoughts. This king of questioning leads one to search for
his/her place in the universe and in the grand scale of things. It is through this process
that our builds a way towards knowing the truth of who he/she is a being in this world.
ENFRAMING: WAY OF REVEALING IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY

The way of revealing in modern technology is an enframing. This enframing that
challenges forth and sets upon nature is a way of looking at reality. In simpler terms it is
as if nature is put in box or in a frame so that it can be better understood and controlled
according people‘s desire. Poesis concealed in enframing as nature is viewed as an
orderable and calculable system of information.
In looking at the world, Heidegger distinguished between calculable thinking and
meditative thinking. In calculative thinking, as mentioned earlier, one orders and puts
a system to nature so it can be understood better and controlled. In in meditative
thinking, one let nature revealed itself to him/her without forcing it. One kind of thinking
is not in itself better than the other. The human person has the faculty for both and
would do well to use them in synergy.
However, people also want control and are afraid of unpredictability, so calculative
thinking is more often used. Enframing is done because people want security, even if
the ordering that happens in framing is violent and even if the Earth is made as a big
gasoline station from which we extract, stockpile, and put in standingreserve ready to
be used as we fit.
However, people also want control and are
afraid of
unpredictability, so calculative thinking is more often

used. Enframing is done because people want
security, even if the ordering that happens in
framing is violent and even if the Earth is made as a
big gasoline station from which we extract,
stockpile, and put in standing-reserve ready to be
used as we fit.
HUMAN PERSON SWALLOWED BY TECHNOLOGY
Though it is true that the individual takes part in the revealing of nature, limits must still
be recognized. Humans do not really call the shots on the Earth. If we allow ourselves
to get swallowed by modern technology, we lose the essence of who we are as beings
in this world. If we are constantly plugged online and so loner have the capacity for
authentic personal encounters, and then we are truly swallowed by technology. If we
cannot let go of the conveniences and profits brought about by processes and
industries that pollute the environment and cause climate change, then technology has
consumed our humanity.
Nevertheless, as expressed by the poet

Holderlih, ―But where danger is, grows
the saving power also.‖The saving
power lies in the essence of technology
as technology. Essence is the way in
which things are, as that which
endures. Heidegger further asserted
that the ―essence of technology is
nothing technological‖ (1977). The
essence of technology is not found in the instrumentality and functioned of machine
constructed, but in the significance such technology unfolds.
He also expressed that the various problems brought about by human‘s

dependence on the technology cannot be simply resolved by refusing technology
altogether. He stated:
Thus we shall never experience our relationship to the essence of technology so long
as we merely represent and pursue our technological, put up with it, or evade it.
Everywhere we remain unfree and chained to technology, whether we passionately
affirm or denied it. But we are delivered over to it in the worst possible way when we
regard it as something neutral; for this conception of it, to which today particularly like to
pay homage, makes us utterly blind to the essence of technology (1977, p. 1)
As expressed by the poet Holderlin, ―But where danger is, grows the saving power
also. ‖The saving power lies in the essence of technology as technology. Essence is
the way in which things are, as that which endures. Heidegger further asserted that the
“essence of technology is nothing technological” The essence of technology is not
found in the instrumentality and functioned of machine constructed, but in the
significance such technology unfolds. He also expressed that the various problems
brought about by human‘s dependence on the technology cannot be simply resolved
by refusing technology altogether.
ART AS WAY OUT OF ENFARMING
Enframing, as the mode of revealing in modern technology tend to block poiesis. The
poetry that is foundin nature can no longer be easily appreciated when nature is
enframed. If the Earthhas just become a gas station for us, then we have become
enfamed as well. In modern technology, the way of revealing is no longer poetic; it is
challenging. When instruments are observed linearly, its poetry can no longer be found.
For example, the watermill is a primitive structure compared to the hydropower plant; or
the first iPhone model is just an obsolete piece of machine. People no longer realize
how the watermill is more in tune with the rhythms of nature or how much genius went
into the building of the first iPhone.
Heidegger proposes art as a way
out of this enframing. With art, we
are better able to see the poetic in
nature in reality. It leads us away
from calculative thinking and
towards meditative thinking.
Through meditative thinking, we
will recognize that nature is art par
excellence; hence, nature is the
most poetic.
There was a time when it was not technology alone that hore the name techne. Once
the revealing that brings forth truth into the splendor of radiant appearance was also
called techne.
Once there was a time when the bringing-forth of the true into the beautiful was called
techne. The poiesis of the fine arts was also called techne.
At the outset of the destining of the West, in Greece, the arts scared to the supreme
height of the revealing granted them. They illuminated the presence (Gegenwart) of the
gods and the dialogue of divine and humans destining. And art was called simply
techne. It was a single, manifold revealing. It was pious, promos, i.e., yielding to the
holding sway and the safekeeping of truth.
The art were not derived from the artistic, Artworks were not enjoyed aesthetically. Art
was not a sector of cultural activity.
What was art-perhaps only for that brief but magnificent age? Why did not bear the
modest name techne? Because it was a revealing that brought forth and made
present, and therefore belonged within poiesis. It was finally that revealing which holds
complete sway in all the fine-arts, in poetry, and in everything poetical that obtained
poiesis as its proper name (Heidegger, 1977, p. 13).
When meditatively looking at technology, one will begin to question its significance in
his/he life more than in its instrumental use. Technology is normally thought of as that
witch solves problems, but Heidegger asserted that it is something that must be
questions. Again, it is in questioning that build a way to understand. In the nuclear age,
we view nature as a problem to be solved the calculative thinking in which we perceive
nature in a technical and scientific manner is becoming more important in the modern
world. On the other hand, it is meditative thinking that provides a way for us to remain
rooted in the essence of who we are. It grounds us so as not to let our technological
devices affect our real core and warp our nature.
Aristotle‘s conception of the four causes was mechanical. As explained by Heidegger:
For centuries philosophy has taught that there are four causes: (1) the causa Material,
the material, the matter out of which, for examples, a silver chalice is made; (2) the
causa formalis, the form, the shape into which the material enters; (3) the causa finalis,
the end, for examples, the sacrificial rite in relation to which the chalice required is
determined as to its form and matter; (4) the causa effeciens. Which brings about the
effect that is the finished, actual chalice, in this instance, the silversmith. What
technology is, when represented as a means, discloses itself when we trace
instrumentality back to fourfold causality (1977, p. 2).
Though correct in the four causes, Aristotle remained in the mechanical sense and did
not allow for a lager truth to disclose itself. The poetic character may be hidden but it is
there. For example, the ancient Greek experience of cause is aition or indebtedness,
not cause and effect. Thus, the Greeks revere the sun because they are indebted to it,
and not because the sun is the cause of energy on Earth. Aition is responsible for
bringing forth.
Though enframing happens, it cannot completely snuff out the poetic character of
technology. We ponder technology and question it. In so doing, we also become aware
of the crisis we have plunged the Earth into. The danger is made present and more
palpable through our art and poetry. Amid this realization, we remain hopeful because,
as the poet Holderlin put it, ―…poetically man dwells upon this Earth‖ (Heidegger,
1977, p. 13).
Enframing, as the mode of revealing in modern technology tend to block poiesis.
In modern technology, the way of revealing is no longer poetic; it is challenging.
Heidegger proposes art as a way out of this enframing. With art, we are better able to
see the poetic in nature in reality. In art as enframing Heidegger uses meditative
thinking that provides a way for us to remain rooted in the essence of who we are. It
grounds us so as not to let our technological devices affect our real core and warp our
nature.
Aristotle’s conception of the four causes was mechanical. As explained by

Heidegger: For centuries philosophy has taught that there are four causes:
 The causa Material, (the

materials) the matter out of which,
for examples, a silver chalice is
made
 The causa formalis, (the form) the
shape into which the material
enters.
 The causa finalis, (the end) for
examples, the sacrificial rite in
relation to which the chalice
required is determined as to its form
and matter
 The causa effeciens. Which brings about the effect that is the finished, actual
chalice, in this instance, the silversmith. What technology is, when represented
as a means, discloses itself when we trace instrumentality back to fourfold
causality.
-the ancient Greek experience of cause is aition or indebtedness, not

cause and effect.
-Aition is responsible for bringing forth.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Think about these
ACTIVITY # 2: Questions for Reflections
Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5-10 sentences. You may refer
to the rubrics provided on how your work will be graded.
1. How is technology a mode of revealing?

2.In your daily experience of Technology, what else is revealed to you aside from its
function?
3.Why should technology be questioned?
4.How is Questioning the piety of thought?
5.How does art provide a way out of enframing?
ACTIVITY # 3 : Tech in a Pic
Form five groups and pick a work of art that you feel best revels technology. Reflect and
discuss among yourselves how the artwork describe and reveals technology. Ground
your discussion from the concept learned in this chapter.
Note: In forming your groups please try to contact your classmates via messenger or
email etc. and plan out the said activity. (Online communication must be observed)
ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer
in your assessment notebook.
1. A German philosopher who question technology and see beyond people‘s common
understanding of it.
a.Aristotle c. Martin Luther
b.Horlins d. Martin Heidegger
2. It is employs the best scientific and technological principles to come up with cures for
disease and ways to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life.
a.Medical Research c. Respirator
b.Incubator Invention d. Hospitals
3. A Philosopher who urged people to envision technology as a mode of revealing as it

shows so much more about the human person and the world.
a.Martin Luther c. Martin Heidegger
b.Aristotle d. Leonardo Da Vince
4. It is a way of bringing forth or making something.

a.Technology c. Society
b.Science d. none of the choices
5. The following are Heidegger‘s ancient Greek concepts EXCEPT?

a. Techne b. Aletheia c. Poeisis d. Truth
6. What does Aletheia means define by Heidegger?

a. means unhiddenness or disclosure.
b. Defined as bringing forth.
c. Means skill, art, or craft
d. It means making or predicting something for a purpose.
7. What does Poeisis means define by Heidegger?

8. What does Poeisis means define by Aristotle?

9. In Heigegger‘s work, technology is defined as _________ that discloses or reveals

the truth.
a. Techne b. Aletheia c. Poeisis d. Truth
10. Is an example of modern technology that challenge forth and brings about the
setting upon of land. It extract mineral from the earth and forcefully assigns the land as a
mean to fulfill the never-ending demand of people.
a.Mining c. Cellphone
b.Computer d. iPhone
11. A German philosopher, Martin Heidegger introduces a way of thinking in order

for a human person to reflect on something. What way of thinking is this?
a. Calculable Thinking c. Reflective Thinking
b. Developmental Thinking d. Meditative Thinking
12. With modern technology, revealing never come to as end. The revealing always
happen on our own terms as everything is on demand EXCEPT?
a. Information at our fingertips c. Gravity defied flying off to space
b. Food harvested even out of season d. Work with the rhythms of nature
13. The progress of human civilizations throughout history mirrors the development of
science and technology. The human person should play the ______ science and
technology.
a. Bearer and beneficiary c. Holder and bearer
b. Bearer and holder d. Beneficiary holder
14. To be able to appreciate the fruits of science and technology, we must examined not
only for this function and instrumentality, but for the?
a. Greater impact on humanity as whole c. Greater contribution to humanity
b. Greater influence to humanity d. Greater benefits for human
15. Field of Science that employs the best scientific and technological principles to come
up with cures for disease and ways to prevent illnesses to ensure a good quality of life.
a. Medical Nanotechnology c. Medical Research
b. Medical Technology d. Medical Science
16. With modern technology, revealing never come to as end. The revealing always
happen on our own terms as everything is on demand EXCEPT?
a. Information at our fingertips
b. Food harvested even out of season
c. Gravity defied to fly off to space
d. Work with the rhythms of nature
17. The following are modern technology described by Heidegger EXCEPT?

a. Age of Switches c. Standing reserve
b. Food harvested even out of season d. Stockpiling for its own sake
18. The way of revealing in modern technology is an _________ that challenges forth
and sets upon nature is a way of looking at reality.
a. Enframing b. Revealing c. Training d. Giving
19. It is one orders and puts a system to nature so it can be understood better and
controlled.
a. Calculable Thinking c. Controller Thinking
b. Meditative Thinking d. Personal Thinking
20. It is one let nature revealed itself to him/her without forcing it. One kind of thinking is
not in itself better than the other.
a. Calculable Thinking c. Controller Thinking
b. Meditative Thinking d. Personal Thinking
21. In his seminal work, Martin Heidegger usages us to question technology and see
beyond people‘s common understanding of it.
a. The Piety of Science c. The question of Science
b. The Piety of Technology d. The question of Technology
22. The way of revealing in modern technology is an?

a. Poeises c. Questioning
b. Enframing d. Revealing of truth
23. What will happen if we allow ourselves to get swallowed by modern technology?
a. we lose the essence of who we are as beings in this world.
b. It will boost our self towards reality identity?
c. The more technology we had the more friends we gain?
d. None of the above
24. Art as a way out of Enframing the mode of revealing in modern technology tend to
be?
a.Block Poeisis c. Block Alethiea
b.Block techne d. Block propaganda
25. The following are the Aristotle‘s conception of the four causes was mechanical and
explained by Heidegger EXCEPT?
a.the causa naturalis c. the causa finalis
b.b. the causa formalis d. the causa effeciens
26. In modern technology, the way of revealing is define as?

a.no longer poetic c. no longer Epic
b.no longer dramatic d. None of the above
27. Flourishing in human as stated by Aristotle it is as a results of different components

EXCEPT?
a. phronesis b. friendship c. wealth and power d. Family
28. Sometimes it is used to refer to poetry and composition.

a. Poiesis b. Aiton c. Aletheia d. Techne
29. Characterize by Martin Heidegger as a challenging forth since it is very aggressive.

a.Science Technology c. Modern Technology
b.Biotechnology d. Technology in Society
30. A Causa that brings about the effect that is the finished, actual chalice, in this
instance, the silversmith. What technology is, when represented as a means,
discloses itself when we trace instrumentality back to four fold causality.
a.the causa naturalis c. the causa finalis
b.b. the causa formalis d. the causa effeciens
c.
31. A term coined by renowned Greek philosopher Aristotle to describe the pinnacle of
happiness that is attainable by humans, often translated into ―human flourishing‖?
a. Eudaimonia b. Phronesis c. Ethics d. Good work
32. In Ancient Greek Society, they believe that acquiring these qualities will surely bring
the seekers happiness. What are those four qualities? a.Friendship, Phronesis,
Wealth and Power
b.Friendship, Health, Wealth and Power
c.Wealth, Health, Phronesis and Friendship
d.Power, Health, wealth and Friendship
33. The following is the reason of people live more comfortably EXCEPT?
a.Explore more places
b.Develop more products.
c.Wasting time and money for self satisfaction
d.Makes more money and repeating the process in full circle
34. What theory is the earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science?
a.Falsification Theory
b.Verification Theory
c.Holins Theory
d.Big Bang Theory
35. Consider as one of the most poetic.

a.Mining b. art c. nature d. Robots
LESSON
HUMAN FLOURISHING AS REFLECTED
2
4 HOURS
IN PROGRESS AND DEVELOPMENT
INTRODUCTION
The quest for human progress and flourishing has always been at the center of
civilization. People always seek to live better lives and provide a better life for their kids.
In the process, they seek to live lives of meaning and aspire to fulfill their potential.
Although societies are made up of heterogeneous individuals with different preferences,
people reliably organize themselves in groups, communities, or nations in an effort to
improve the status quo (progress).
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are expected to:

1. Critique human flourishing vis-à-vis the progress of science and technology
2. Explain Hickel‘s paradigm of ―de-development‖
3. Differentiate it from the traditional notions of growth and consumption
MOTIVATION
ACTIVITY # 1. Name that country.
Instruction: Match column A with column B to name the country based of their
flag. Write your answer in your assessment notebook.
Column A
Column B
1. 5.
a. UAE
b. Qatar
2. c. Ireland
d. Singapore
e. Norway
3.
4.
PRESENTATION
Rich countries around the world are something to

emulate for. As
they develop more and more, progress is visible. Even though the Philippines is
not included in the list but it is growing as time goes on. What should be the best
step for the poor countries to grow? Lets find it out as we dig deeper in this
lesson.
TEACHING INPUTS
How do we know that we are progressing?

What are the indicators of development? What are the indicators of development? More
often than not, development is equated with growth and greater consumption. The more
that a population is able to consume, the wealthier it is. Likewise, the more that a person
is able to buy stuff, the planet, however, is already overburdened with human activities. It
is about time that we rethink our standards of development if we truly want to live the
good life. Jason Hickel, an anthropologist at he London School of Economics, challenges
us to rethink and reflect on a different paradigm of ―de-development.‖
FORGET ‘DEVELOPING’ POOR COUNTRIES,

IT’S TIME TO ‘DE-DEVELOP’ RICH COUNTRIES
Jason Hickel
Heads of state are gathering in

New York to sign the UN‘s new sustainable
development goals (SDGS). The main
objective is to eradicate poverty by 2030.
Beyoncé, One Direction and Malala are on
board. It‘s set to be a
monumental international celebration.
Give all the fanfare, one might
think the SDGs are about to offer a fresh plan
for how to save the world, but beneath all the
hype it‘s business as usual. The main
strategy for eradicating poverty is the
same growth.
Growth has been the main object of
development for the past 70 year, despite the fact that it is not working since 1980, the
global economy has grown by 380%, but the number of people living in poverty on less
than $5 (£3.20 ) a day has increased by more than 1.1 billion. That‘s 17 times the
population of Britain. So much for the trickledown effect.
Orthodox economies insist that all we need is yet more growth. More progressive
types tell us that we need to shift some of the yields of growth from the richer segments
of the population to the poorer ones, evening things out a bit. Neither approach is
adequate. Why? because even at current level of average global consumption, we‘re
overshooting our planet bio-capacity by more than 50% each year.
In other words, grown isn’t an option ant more-we’ve already grown too much. Scientists are
now telling us that we’re blowing past planetary boundaries at breakneck speed. And the
hard truth is that this global crisis is due almost entirely to overconsumption in rich countries
Right now, our planet only has enough resources for each of us to consume 1.8 “global
hectares” annually- a standardized unit that measures resources use and waste. The figure is
roughly what the average in Ghana or Guatemala consumes. By contrast people in the US and
Canada consume about 8 hectares peer person while Europeans consume 4.7 hectaresmany
times their fair share.
What does this mean for our theory of development? Economist Peter Edward argues
that instead of pushing poorer countries to “catch up” with rich ones, we should be thinking of
ways to get rich countries to “catch down” to more appropriate levels of development. We
should look at scientist where people live long and happy lives at relatively low levels of income
and consumption not as basket cases that need to be developed towards western models, but
as exemplars of efficient living.
How much do we really need to live long and happy lives? In the US, life expectancy is
79 years and GDP per capita is $53,000. But many countries have achieved similar life
expectancy with a mere fraction of this income. Cuba has a comparable life expectancy to the
US and one of the highest literacy rate in the world with GDP per capita of only $6,000 and
consumption of only 1.9 hectares-right at the threshold of ecological sustainable. Similar claims
can be made of Peru, Ecuador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Tunisia.
Yes some of the excess income and consumption we see in the rich world yields
improvements in quality of life that are not captured by life expectancy, or even literacy rates.
But even if we look at measures of overall happiness and wellbeing in addition to life
expectancy, a number of low and middle income countries rank highly. Costa Rica manage to
sustain one of the highest happiness indicator and life expectancies in the world with per capita
income on fourth that of the US.
In light of this, perhaps we should
regard such countries not
as underdevelopment, but
rather as appropriately. And maybe
we need to start calling on rich
countries to justify their excesses.
The
idea of ―de-developing‖ rich
countries might be prove to be a
strong rallying cry in the global
south: but it will be tricky to sell to
westerns. Tricky but not impossible.
According to recent consumer to reach, 70% of people in middle- and high-income
countries believe overconsumption is putting our planet and society at risk. A similar
majority also believe we should strive to buy and own less, and that doing so would
not compromise. People sense there is something wrong with the dominant model of
economic progress and they are hungry for an alternative narrative.
The problem is that pundits promoting this kind of transition are using the wrong language.
They use terms such as de-growth, zero growth or-worst of all-dedevelopment, which are
technically because but off-putting for anyone who’s not already on board. Such terms are
repulsive because they run against the purpose of life itself, it’s like asking people to stop
moving positively thorough life, to stop learning, improving, growing.
“Development” is equated with growth and greater consumption
Negative formulation won’t get us anywhere. The idea of

“steady-state” economics is a step in the right direction and is growing in popularity, but still
doesn’t get the farming right. We need to reorient ourselves toward a positive future, truer
from of progress. One that is geared toward quality instead of quantity. One that is more
sophisticated than just accumulating ever increasing amount of stuff, which doesn’t make
anyone happier anyway. What is certain is that GDP as a measure is not going to get us there
and we need to get rid of it.
Perhaps we might take a cue from Latin Americans, who are organizing
alternative vision around the indigenous concept of buenVivir, or good living. The west has own
tradition of reflection on the good life and it’s time we revive it. Robert and Edward Skidelsky
take us down this road in his book How Much is Enough? Where they lay out the possibility of
intervention such as banning advertising, a shorter working week and a basic income, all of
which would improve our lives while reducing consumption.
Either we slow down voluntarily or climate change will do it for us, we can’t go on
ignoring the laws of nature. But rethinking our theory of progress is not only an ecological
imperative; it is also a development one. If we do not act soon, all our hard-own gains against
poverty will evaporate, as food system collapse and mass famine re-emerges to as extent not
seen since the 19th century.
This is not about giving anything up. And it’s certainly not about living a life of voluntary
misery or imposing harsh limit on human potential. On the contrary, it’s about reaching a
higher level of understanding and consciousness about what we’re doing here and why.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5-10 sentences. You may
refer to the rubrics provided on how your work will be graded. Write the letter of the
correct answer in your assessment notebook.
Think about these
ACTIVITY #2: Questions for Reflection
1.Why must we change our paradigm of growth and consumption to that of

―dedevelopment‖?
2.Why are the terms de-development, de-growth, and zero growth seemingly
unacceptable to the usual framework of human progress?
3.How have we been enframed by the nation of growth?
4.How do we improve our lives and yet reduce consumption?
5.What are the similarities and differences between Heidegger‘s Question Concerning
technology and Hickel‘s article?
You can do it guys!
ACTIVITY #3: Reading Exercises
Instruction: Explain each of the following questions briefly (1-2 sentences). You may
correct answer in your assessment notebook. After reading the article, answer the
following questions on the spaces provided
1. What is the main objective of the sustainable Development Goals of the United
Nation?
____________________________________________________________________
2. What is the standardize unit that measures resource use and waste?
____________________________________________________________________
3, What is the standard response to eradicating poverty?

___________________________________________________________________
4. What is the threshold of the Earth for adequately sustaining life?

___________________________________________________________________
5. According to the majority of people in middle-and high-income countries, what puts

the planet and society at risk?
____________________________________________________________________
6. How many hectares should each of us consume annually based on the resources
available in the planet?
____________________________________________________________________
7. What are two indication of the quality of life given in the article?
_____________________________________________________________________
8. What crisis in the planet would force us to slow down if we do not do so voluntarily?
_____________________________________________________________________
9. According to Hickel, what must be done instead of urging poor countries to ―catch
up‖ With rich ones?
___________________________________________________________________
10. How would the different areas of the world react to the idea of ‖de-development‖?
_____________________________________________________________________
Think about these questions
ACTIVITY #4: Video Reaction

Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 3-10 sentences. You may refer
to the rubrics provided on how your work will be graded. Write the letter of the correct
answer in your assessment notebook.
Watch the video clip entitled The Magician’s Twin: CS Lewis and the Case against
Scientism. Reflect on the nations of development that may evolve into scientism. In
pairs, discuss and take note of your thoughts on the video clip with the following guide
questions.
1. What is scientism?
2. How is science comparable to magician?
3. Why is science more dangerous than magic?
4. What is the presented essence of modernity and the consequence?
5. what do we need for the science to be good?
ASSESSMENT
Direction: Read the following questions carefully. Write the letter of the correct answer in
your Assessment notebook.
1.What is attributed mainly changes brought about by technology?
a.Generation gap c. Generation transfer
b.Generation speed d. Generation goal
2. A way of thinking which perceive nature in a technical and scientific manner that
is becoming more important in modern world.
a.Calculative thinking c. Over thinking
b.Meditative thinking d. Develop thinking
3. According to Hickel, what must be done instead of urging poor countries to

―catch up‖ with rich ones?
a.Eradicate Poor countries c. Growth and Development
b.Zero Unemployment d. rich country would ―catch down‖
3. Economist that stated that Forget ‗developing‘ poor countries, It‘s time to ‗de-develop‘
rich countries.
a. Aristotle b. Heiddeger c. Jason Hickel d. Peter Edward
What crisis in the planet would force us to show down if we do not do so voluntarily?
a.Poverty c. climate change
b.Tidal Wave d. Earthquake
6. Economist states that instead of pushing poorer countries to catch up with rich
ones, we should be thinking of ways to get rich countries to ―catch down‖ to more
appropriate levels of development.
7. The idea which rich countries might be prove to be a strong rallying cry in the global
south: but it will be tricky to sell to westerns. Tricky but not impossible.
a. De-developing. b. De-growth c. De-decline d. De-demote
8. What is the main objective of the sustainable Development Goals of the United
Nation?
a. Is to eradicate poverty by 2030 c. Is to eradicate poverty by 2025
b. Is to eradicate poverty by 2020 d.Is to eradicate poverty by 2023
9. What is the indicator of the quality of life?

a. Power b. Happiness c. Contentment d. Efficient living
10. Who give the definitive distinction between the theoretical and practical?
11. In the eighteenth century, a philosopher who declared the Greatest

Happiness Principle by saying that the action is right ad far as it maximizes the
attainment of happiness for the greatest number of people.
a. Peter Edward. b. Heiddeger c. Jason Hickel. d. John Stuart Mill
12. What is the standardized unit that measure resource use and waste?
a. Geology b. global meter c. global unit. d. global hectare
13. What virtuous actions require in taking care of the environment through proper
waste management which results in a clean environment and adds people‘s well-being
and happiness.
a. Discipline and practice c. Greatness and discipline
b. Happiness and choice d. Practice and reward
14. What is the standard response to eradicating poverty?

a.growth c. employment
b.development d. Family planning
15. Hectares of threshold ecological sustainable of the Earth for adequately sustaining
life?
a.1.6 hectares b. 1.7 hectares c. 1.8 hectares. d. 1.9 hectares
16. According to the majority of people in the middle – and – high income countries, what
puts the planet and society at risk?
a. poverty c. overpopulation
b. corruption d. overconsumption
17.Hectares should be each of us that consume annually based on the resources available
in the planet?
a. 1.5 hectares. b. 1.6 hectares c. 1.7 hectares d. 1.8 hectares
18. What activities that contrary virtues which do not result happiness?
a. The lack of discipline in eating healthful food eventually makes one stick
b. The lack of concern for the environment destroys the Earth we live in.
c. Letter A and B are both correct
d. None of the above
19. What book written by Robert and Edward Skidelsky where they lay out the possibility
of interventions such as banning advertising, shorter working weeks and a basic income
that would improve our lives while reducing consumption?
a. Questioning of thoughts c. How Much is Enough?
b. Piety of Thoughts d. First as Tragedy, Then as Farce
20. What is Poiesis according to Aristotle?

a.making or predicting something for a purpose.
b.disclosing or revealing the truth
c.bringing forth the truth
None of the Above
21. What is the main objective of the sustainable development goals of the United
Nations according to the article entitled ― Forget developing poor countries, its time to
dedevelop rich countries by Jayson Hickel?
a. Reduce Employment by 2030 c. Eradicate Poverty by 2020
b. Eradicate Poverty by 2030 d. Eradicate Poverty by 2040
22. How many Hectares should each of us consume annually based on the resources
available in the planet?
a. 8 hectares b. 4.7 hectares c. 1.9 hectares. d. 1.8 hectares
23. In the article written by Hickel, according to the majority of people in middle and high
income countries, what puts the planet and society at risk?
a.Overpopulation c. Overconsumption
b.Climate Change d. Overproduction
24. What crisis in planet would force us to slow down if we do not do voluntarily?
a.Overpopulation c. Overconsumption
b.Climate Change d. Overproduction
25. According to Hickel‘s article, what must be done instead of urging poor countries to
―catch up‖ with rich ones?
a. Think of ways to get rich countries to catch down to more appropriate levels of
development.
b. Make ways to get poor countries compete with rich countries.
c. Create strategy like producing robot so that poor countries will become progressive.
d. Negotiate with rich countries to share of their resources.
LESSON
THE GOOD LIFE
3
4 HOURS
INTRODUCTION
What is ―the good life‖? This is one of the oldest philosophical questions. It has been
posed in different ways—How should one live? What does it mean to ―live well‖?—but
these are really just the same question. After all, everyone wants to live well, and no one
wants ―the bad life. "But the question isn‘t as simple as it sounds. Philosophers
specialize in unpacking hidden complexities, and the concept of the good life is one of
those that needs quite a bit of unpacking.
In this lesson, you will realize what ‖good life‖ really means to you. Open your mind and
broaden your understanding as you learn more in this chapter.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are expected to :

1. Evaluate contemporary human experience to strengthen the human person
functioning in society.
2. Discuss the importance of human rights in the face of changing social conditions and
technological development
3. Identify laws or policies in the country that protect the well-being of the person in
technological advancement and ethical dilemmas
4. Create a flow chart on the national policies or laws that addresses the ethical and
moral concerns in the technological era .
MOTIVATION
ACTIVITY # 1: Pick JUAN

Instruction: Select a picture and give your own opinion into 5-10 sentences. You
may refer to the rubrics provided on how your work will be graded.
Poor but HAPPY Rich but SAD
PRESENTATION
―It's not what we have in life but who we have in our life that matters‖. Indeed,
Margaret Laurence has a point. But the meaning of life varies from person to person.
This module will enlighten you what life is according to philosophers. Lets jump on it,
and learn something new.
TEACHING INPUTS
Everyone is in pursuit of the good life. We do

certain things because we
want to achieve a life which will make us happy and content. By studying and working
hard, we try to attain this goal not only for ourselves but also for our loved ones and the
rest of humanity. People‘s definition of the good life may vary and differ in the
particulars. In general, however, we recognize universal truth that cut across our
differences.
Aristotle, an important ancient Greek philosopher whose work spans from natural
philosophy to logic and political theory, attempted to explain what the good is. His
definition may be useful in our pursuit of the truth. In Nichomachinean Ethics. Aristotle
stated:
All human activities aim at some good. Every art and

human
Inquiry, and similarity every action and pursuit, is thought to aim
at some good; and for this reason
the good has been rightly declared
as that at which all things aim
( Nicomachean Ethics 2:2)
Everyone is moving towards the good. Thus, completing one‘s studies, training for a
spot, or taking a rest is a good. The good is expressed and manifested in many various
ways for different person and circumstances. The good life, however, is more than these
countless expressions of what is good. It is characterized by happiness that springs from
living and going well.
…both the many and the cultivated call it happiness, and suppose that living well and
doing well are the same as being happy ( Nicomachean Ethics 1:4)
The ancient Greek called this concept of ―living well and going well‖ as eudaimonia.
The word came from the Greek word cu meaning ―good‖ and daimon meaning
―spirit.‖ Taken together, it generally refers to the good life, which is marked by
happiness and excellence. It is a flourishing life filled with meaningful endeavors that
empower the human person to be the best version of himself/herself. If is a student, then
he/she act to be the best version of a student by studying well and fulfilling the demand
of school. If one is an athlete, the he/she strives to be the best version of an athlete by
training hard as well as joining and winning in sports competitions.
Furthermore, according to Aristotle, happiness the ultimate end of human action. It is

that which people pursue for its own sake. Financial stability for one‘s family, the power
achieved from winning the election, or the harmony and peace as reward for taking care
of the environment-all these and more are pursued for the sake of happiness.
Mow such a thing as happiness above all else. Is held to be; for this we choose always
for itself and never for the sake of something else, but honor, pleasure, reason, and
every virtue we choose indeed for themselves, but we choose them also for the sake of
happiness, judging that by means of them we shall be happy. Happiness, on the other
hand. no one choose for anything other than itself
(Nicomachean Ethics 2:7)
Happiness defines a good life. This happiness however is not the kind that comes from
sensate pleasure. It is that which comes from living a life of virtue, a life of excellence,
manifested from the personal to the global scale.
It is the activities that express virtue that control happiness, and the contrary activities
that control its contrary ( Nicomachean Ethics 1:10)
For example, making sure that one avoids sugary and processed foods to
keep healthy is an activity that expresses virtue. The resulting health adds to one‘s
wellbeing and happiness. Another example is taking care of the environment through
proper waste management which results in a clean environment and adds people‘s well-
being and happiness. These virtuous actions require discipline and practice. On the
other hand, activities contrary to virtue are those which do not result in happiness. The
lack of discipline in eating healthful food eventually makes one stick. The lack of
concern for the environment destroys the Earth we live in. Thus, disregard for virtuous
actions, especially for sake of convenience and gratification, does not contribute to
happiness. The good life is marked by happiness brought about by virtuous human
actions and decision that affect the individual self and the greater community. It is
characterized by a life flourishing of one self and others. The good life does not happen
in a bubble where only one person is flourishing; other have to be it, too.
Virtue plays a significant role in the living and attainment of the good life. It is the
constant practice of the good no matter how difficult the circumstances may be. Virtue is
the excellence of character that empowers one to do and be good. Such virtues is
cultivated with habit and discipline as it not a one-time deed, but a constant and
consistent series of actions. Everyone has the capacity within himself/herself to be
good, but he/she also has to be disciplined to make a habit of exercising the good.
Virtue, then, being of two kinds,

intellectual and moral intellectual
virtue in the main owes its birth
and growth to teaching (for which
reason it requires experience and
time), while moral virtue comes
about as a result of habit
( Nicomachean Ethic 2:1).
In Ancient Greece, long before the
word ― science‖ has been coined, the need to understand the world and reality was
bound with the need to understand the self and the god life. It was Aristotle who gave a
definite distinction between the theorical and practical sciences. Among the theoretical
disciplines, Aristotle included logic, biology, physics, and metaphysics, among others.
Among the practical one, Aristotle counted ethics and politics. Whereas ―truth‖ is the
aim of the theoretical sciences, the ―good‖ is the end goal of the practical ones.
Happiness as the goal of a Good Life

In the eighteenth century, John Stuart Mill declared the Greatest Happiness Principle by
saying that the action is right ad far as it maximizes the attainment of happiness for the
greatest number of people. At a time when people were skeptical about claims on the
metaphysical, people could not make sense of the human flourishing that Aristotle
talked about in the days of old. Mill said that individual happiness of each individual
should be prioritized and collectively dictates the kind of action that should be endorsed.
Consider the pronouncement against
mining. When an action benefits the
greatest number of people, said action is
deemed ethical. Does mining benefit
rather than hurt the majority? Does it
offer more benefits rather than
disadvantages? Does mining result in
more people getting happy rather than
sad? If the answers to the said questions
are in the affirmative, then the said
action, mining, is deemed ethical.
Materialism
The first materialists were the
atomists in Ancient
Greece. Democritus and Leucippus led a
school whose primary belief is that the
world is made up of and is controlled by the
tiny indivisible units in the world called
atomos or seeds. For Democritus and his
disciples, the world, including human
beings, is made up of matter. There is no
need to post immaterial entities as sources
of purpose. Atomos simply come together
randomly to form thins in the world. As
such, only material entities matter. In terms
of human flourishing, matter is what makes
us attain happiness. We are this at work
with the most people who are clinging on
the material wealth as the primary source of
the meaning of their existence.
Hedonism
The hedonists, for their part, see end goal of life in
acquiring pleasure. Pleasure has always between
the priority of hedonists. For them, life is about
obtaining and indulging in pleasure because life is
limited. The mantra of this school of thought is the
famous, ― Eat, drink and be merry for tomorrow
we die.‘ Led by Epicurus, this school of thought
also does but buy any notion of afterlife just like
materialists.
Stoicism
Another
school of thought led by
Epicurus, the stoics espoused the idea that to
generate happiness, one must learn to
distance oneself and be apathetic. The
original term, apatheia, pricesely means to be
indifferent. For th stoics, happiness can only
b e attained by a careful practice of apathy.
We should, in this worldview, adopt the fact
that some things are not within our control. The sooner we realize this, the happier we
can become.
Theism
Most people find the
meaning of their lives using God as a
fulcrum of their existence. The Philippines,
as a predominantly Catholic country, is
witness to ho w people base their life goals
on beliefs that hinged on some form of
supernatural reality called heaven. The
ultimate bases of happiness for theists is
the communion with God. The world where
we are in is only just a temporary reality where we have to maneuver around while
waiting for the ultimate return to the hands of God.
Humanism
Humanism as another school of thought espouses
the freedom of man to carve his own destiny and to
legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of God
that monitors and controls. For humanists, man is
literally the captain of his own ship. Inspired by the
enlightenment in seventeenth century, humanists
see themselves not merely as stewards of the
creation but as individuals who are in control of
themselves and the world outside them. This is the
spirit of most scientists who thought that the world is
a place and space for freely unearthing the world in
seeking for ways on how to improve the lives of its inhabitants.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Instruction: Explain each of the
following questions in 5-10 sentences. You may refer to the rubrics provided on
how your work will be graded. Write the letter of the correct answer in your
assessment notebook.
Think about these
ACTIVITY #2: Questions for Reflection
1.In your opinion, what constitute a good life?

2.What does Aristotle say about the good life? Does it sill
3.Stand in the contemporary world?
4.How is the progress of science and technology a movement towards the good life?
You can do it!
ACTIVITY #3: Reading Exercise
_________1. It is that which all things aim.

_________2. It is an ancient Greek word which means living and doing well.
_________3. It is said to be the ultimate end of human action.
It is pursued for its own sake
_________4. He is the Ancient Greek philosopher known for nicomachean Ethics.
_________5. The good life means that I make sure I prove without necessarily taking
the others into consideration. True or false?
_________6. One does not need to eat healthfully to live the good life. True or false?
_________7. Excellence of character is innate. It does not have to be practiced.
True all false?
_________8. It is the constant practice of the good.
_________9.For item 9 and 10, give Aristotle‘s two kinds of virtue. _________10.
You can do it guys!
ACTIVITY #4: Video Reaction

Form group of four members each. View the short documentary film titled The sugar
film. Discuss among yourselves and report on how production and consumption of
sugar affect your journey towards the good life. How does unreflective consumption of
good-in this case, sugar-affects human life?
ASSESSMENT
in your Assessment notebook.
1. What is that which all things aim?

a. Good Life b. happiness c. Virtues d. Good Spirit
2. Who was the ancient Greek Philosopher known for Nicomachean Ethics?
a.Martin Heidegger c. Nicolar Carr
b.Aristotle d. Jason Hickel
3. Which is said to be the ultimate end of human action? It is pursued its own sake.
a.Virtuous of life c. Happiness
b.Good Life d. Eudaimonia
4. Which is referring to the constant practice of the good?

a.Happiness c. Eudaimonia
b.Virtue d. Discipline
5. What is the ancient Greek word which means living and doing well?
a. Eudaimonia b. Aition c. Poiesis d. Daimon
6. Which among the following statements is NOT true?

a. Happiness defines a good life. It is not the kind comes from sensate pleasure.
b. Virtue is a constant practice of the good no matter how difficult the circumstances.
c. Virtue is utmost cultivated with habit and circumstances.
d. The lack of discipline in eating healthful food eventually makes one sick.
7. Which is an ultimate core value of our existence?

a. Human Rights c. Human Dignity
b. Human Freedom d. Human Life
8. Which thing may compare us to robot because of at par action and decision?
a. Performance Task c. Thinking and Production
b. Artificial Intelligence d. Recognition of Human Rights
9. Virtue is acquired by?

a. Practice and Habit c. Though and reflection
b. Instinct and Action d. Instruction and Memory
10. Pleasure and Happiness are alike in that both are?

a. Distinctive of man c. Aimed in all activities
b. Sought for themselves d. Concerned with living well
11. Aristotle‘s concept of happiness is closest to?

a. Wisdom b. Pleasure c. Well being d. Enjoyable Experience
12. In acting morally, the virtuous person derives?

a. Reward b. Pleasure c. Happiness. d. reciprocity from others
13. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is
a.Most people agree that it is pleasure
b.There is no agreement about the answer
c.Nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness
d. No objective answer to this question
14. Aristotle divides the virtues into?

a. Human Virtues and Divine Virtues c. Positive Virtues and Negative Virtues
b. Natural virtues and artificial Virtues d. Moral Virtues and Intellectual Virtues
15. Is the marked by happiness brought about by virtuous human actions and
decision that affect the individual self and the greater community?
a.The Good Life c. The Good Creator
b.The Good Human d. The Good Son
16. It plays a significant role in the living and attainment of the good life, It is the
constant practice of the good no matter how difficult the circumstances may be, It is
the excellence of character that empowers one to do and be good.
a. Virtue b. Love c. Discipline d. Culture
17. According to Aristotle what is the ultimate end of human action?

a. Virtue b. Love c. Happiness d. Money
18. What book written by Robert and Edward Skidelsky where they lay out the
possibility of interventions such as banning advertising, shorter working weeks and a
basic income that would improve our lives while reducing consumption? a.
Questioning of thoughts c. How Much is Enough?
b. Piety of Thoughts d. First as Tragedy, Then as Farce
19. A school of thought believed that life is about obtaining and indulging in pleasure
because life is limited.
a. Materialism b. Hedonism c. Stoicism d. Theism
20. A school of thought led by Epicurus believed that stoics espoused the idea to
generate happiness; one must learn to distance oneself and be apathetic.
a. Humanism b. Hedonism c. Stoicism d. Theism
21. School of thoughts believed the find of meaning of their lives using God as a
fulcrum of their existence, and the ultimate basis of happiness for them is the
communion with God.
a. Humanism b. Hedonism c. Stoicism d. Theism
22. Another school of thought espouses the freedom of man to carve his own destiny
and to legislate his own laws, free from the shackles of a God that monitors and
controls.
a.Humanism c. Stoicism
b.Hedonism d. Theism
23. Is an ultimate core value of our existence, fully recognize and appreciate this
truth in ourselves and in all the person around us, regardless of their status in life,
then we pave the way for a just and progressive society
a.Huma Respect c. Human Dignity
b.Human Love d. Human life
24. Aristotle states that if we ask what the highest good of human action is
a.Most people agree that it is pleasure
b.There is no agreement about the answer
c.Nearly everyone agrees that it is happiness
d. No objective answer to this question
25. Aristotle divides the virtues into?

a.Human Virtues and Divine Virtues
b.Natural virtues and artificial Virtues
c.Positive Virtues and Negative Virtues
d. Moral Virtues and Intellectual Virtues
LESSON
WHEN TECHNOLOGY AND
4
5 HOURS
HUMANITY CROSS
INTRODUCTION
Our world is entering a period of truly transformative change, and many of us will be
surprised by the scale and pace of developments we simply hadn‘t anticipated.
Tremendous potential lies in these exponential technological advances, yet with these
new opportunities also come tremendous new responsibilities. An avalanche of
technological changes will reshape the very essence of humanity and touch every aspect
of life of our planet. In the past, each radical shift in human society has been driven
primarily by one key enabling shift factor – from wood, stone, bronze and iron to steam,
electricity, factory automation and the Internet. Today, however a combinatory set of
science- and technology-enabled mega shifts are coming together that will redraw not
only commerce, culture and society but also our biology and our ethics.
LEARNING OUTCOMES
At the end of this module, you are expected to :

1. Evaluate contemporary human experience to strengthen the human person
functioning in society
moral concerns in the technological era. Evaluate contemporary human experience to
strengthen the human person functioning in society
moral concerns in the technological era.
MOTIVATION
ACTIVITY #1:
Instruction: Explain your thoughts into 5-10 sentences. You may refer to the
rubrics on how your work will be graded.
Somebody very close to you, like a parent or a sibling,

is a victim of a massive stroke. The doctors say that
he/she is “brain dead”, and therefore, he/she is only
alive because of life support machines; and only a
miracle can make him/her recover. The doctors are
making you decide whether to keep the life support
going or to turn it off. What would be your decision and
why?
PRESENTATION
It is amazing to think how technology makes our life easier and convenient. But in
the long we just rely on it and we became slaves of our own technology. In this
lesson, you will learn how to value yourself and the people around you. Let‘s go and
discover new things.
TEACHING INPUTS
The good life entails living in a just and

progressive society whose
citizens have the freedom to flourish. The human person has the autonomy to make
choice which may enable the flourishing of his/her self and society.
The United Nation General Assembly proclaimed the Universal
Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) on December 10, 1948 as the global standard of
fundamental human rights for universal recognition and protection. The UDHR begins,
―Whereas recognition of the inherent dignity and of the equal and inalienable rights of
all members of the human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the
world‖(UDHR Preamble).
As implied, everyone has absolute moral worth by virtue of being human. Human
dignity is an ultimate core value of our existence. When we fully recognize and
appreciate this truth in ourselves and in all the person around us, regardless of their
status in life, then we pave the way for a just and progressive society. It is in this kind of
society that we are able to become fully human- more free, more rational, and more
loving.
Human beings become more free when we are empowered to make choice for our
flourishing. We become more rational when we are able to value and apply the
principles of logic an d science in our lives. We become more loving when we ensure
that human dignity lies at the foundation of our endeavors, whether scientific or not. It
entails knowing one‘s fundamental human rights that must always be protected in the
face of changing conditions.
UNIVERSAL DECLARATION
OF HUMAN RIGHTS
The UDHR explicates the fundamental
human rights in 30 articles. It outlines
inalienable human rights that are vital
and necessary in the pursuit of the
good life. These are the freedoms
everyone is entitled to and guaranteed
by virtue of being human. The first
articles state the essential principle of
being human in a just, free, and rational
society.
Everyone is born free and equal in
dignity and rights, the common
experience, however, does not always
manifest such truth. More often than
not, those who have more to offer are given special treatment, the good
life, nevertheless, as a life of justice, demand not just equal treatment of human
beings but also preferential treatment to those who have less or are disadvantaged.
The first seven articles of the UDHR encapsulate the spirit of this so-called ―milestone
document in the history of human rights.‖ They are as follow:
ARTICLE 1
All human being are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with
reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit brotherhood.
ARTICLE 2
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without
distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other
opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no
distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status
of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust,
non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.
ARTICLE 3
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person.
ARTICLE 4
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and thee slave trade shall
be prohibited in all their forms.
ARTICLE 5
No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment
ARTICLE 6
Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.
ARTICLE 7
All are equal before the law and are entitled without any discrimination to equal
protection of the law. All are entitled to equal protection against any discrimination in
violation of this Declaration and against any incitement to such discrimination.
The Universal Declaration of Human Rights has a long, bloody history. Crafted in 1948,
after World War II, the UDHR now serves as a common understanding of what each
person‘s fundamental rights are. These rights apply to everyone, everywhere. It is
imperative that we all know and live these rights to prevent injustice and oppression
HUMAN VS ROBOTS
The rise of the machines accompanying the progress in science and technology may
render humans useless. Manual labor is gradually being replaced by machinery.
Computers become more and more sophisticated. Robots, usually design like human
beings, are created to perform complex repetitive, or dangerous task. With the
development of artificial Intelligence (AI). Robots may also eventually act and decide
like humans
In the possibility that machines adopt
the nature of humans, there is need to
reflect on the ethical problems posed
by such development.
Through the Philippines has not yet
reached the point of producing robots
on a commercial scale for household
use, it still behooves us to ponder the
ramification of replacing person with
machinery . Much as the BBC News
has reported the experts in South
Korea are crafting ethical guidelines to
prevent humans form exploiting robots
and vice versa ( Evans, 2007), and
that roboticists in
Europe are lobbying for government legislation, such reality is generally unheard of in
the Philippines.
To Filipinos, artificial Intelligence seems like the stuff of science fiction movies. Be
that as it may, its use in the country is surely gaining ground, especially in the
business process outsourcing (BPO) industry.
Technology enables the growth of the BPO industry but it seems that it is also
technology what will kill the industry as we know it. Investors and business people
find as a sure return of investment the use of business analytics is a means by which
consumer and industry data are used to come up with better decision-making. With
the help of AI, decisions now arise from sophisticated statistical analyses made from
massive data. As of August 2017, it is estimated that a million Filipino BPO workers
may be affected and lose their jobs with the adoption of artificial intelligence (Santos,
2017).
Unemployment is only one of the many ethical considerations in the widespread
use AI. What does this mean for human beings who can be replaced by machines? Is
the value of the person inversely proportional to that of a machine exhibiting artificial
intelligence? How do we guard against mistakes committed by machines? These
point are but a sample of the questions that should be solved when faced with
technology that my become a threat to human dignity and security. In the future,
when machines and robots become more human-like, with all the at tender feelings
and thoughts, people may also have to consider the ethical treatment for AI.
It is interesting to note
that as machine and
robots approach having
a human-like nature,
humans may also have
the tendency to
become
machines-like. Since
many of the things
people need, from
conveniences to
information, are
available with just the
touch and swipe of the
fingertips, human begin to function more like automatons.
The internet has become an instant go-to tool for answer to questions. More often
than not, people accept what the search engine, like Google, spews, out in bytes size
and forget how to process, read, think further, or put things is context. As the internet
gets more intelligent, we are in danger of becoming less so. In the article,
―is Google making us stupid?‖ Nicolas Carr (2008) asserted that ―as we come to
rely on computers to mediate out understanding of the world, it is our own intelligence
that flattens into artificial intelligence‖
The development of society along with science and technology gives rise to more
and complex issues. What is vital is that, at the very least, we are able to protect and
exercise human rights for everyone in our pursuit of the good life. It is important that
amid these developments, human being become more free, more rational, and more
living in our practice of science and technology.
As we examine contemporary issues vin science and technology-
information, genetically modified organism, nanotechnology, and climate change-we
keep in mind that the building of a just progressive society entails the constant
practice of the good. It may be exhibited in exceptional scientific methodologies,
personal virtue, social responsibility, and global concern.
WHY THE FUTURE DOES NOT NEED US

Chief scientist and corporate executive officer of Sun Microsystem, Bill Joy, wrote in
200 a controversial easy, ―Why the future does not need us.‖ In his work, he
contended that our most powerful 21st-century technologies-genetics, nanotech, and
robotic (GNR)-are threatening to make human an endangered species. This possible
extinction of the species may largely come out about due to the unreflective and
unquestioning acceptance of new technology by human. Joy also asserted that:
Accustomed to living with almost
routine scientific breakthroughs, we
have yet to come to terms with the
fact that the most compelling
21stcentury technologies-robotics,
genetic engineered organisms, and
nanobots share a
dangerous amplifying factor:
they can selfreplicate. A bomb is
blown up only once- but one bot can
become many, and quickly get out
of control.
Humans should have learned the
lesson in the atomic bombing of the
Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945 that killed over a hundred
thousand people. Brilliant physicists, led by J. Robert Oppenheimer, brought into
existence a deadly nuclear weapon.
A definite testament to the success of science and technology, the atomic bomb was
also a fatal reminder of its destructive power. Now with GNR, we are called to be
circumspect and questioning of technology. Again, as Heidegger (1977) propounded,
it is in questioning that we build a way. GNR today is accessible to small group and
individuals and does not require funding and facilities as huge as those needed by
the nuclear weapons of mass destruction.
This makes GNR more prone to accident and abuses. It is scary to imagine that such
accidents and abuses may self-replicate and spin out of control, especially when
placed in the hands of extremist group and individuals.
Science and technology may be the highest expression of human rationality. People
are able to shape or destroy the world with it. Theoretical physicist and
mathematician Freeman Dyson, in the documentary The Day after Trinity (1981),
shared his thoughts and sentiment as scientist taking part in the developing of
nuclear power.
“I have felt. The glitter of nuclear weapon. It is irresistible if you come to them as a
scientist. To feel it’s there in your hands, to release this energy that fuels the start, to
let it do your bidding. To perform these miracles, to lift a million tons of rock into the
sky. It is something that gives people an illusion of illimitable power, and it is, in some
ways, responsible for all our troubles-this, what you might call technical arrogance,
that overcomes people when they see what can do with their minds”.
Human nature may be corrupted when the powers of our mind, our rationality, and
our science and technology become manifest. If we are not able to rein in the vanity
and arrogance that such power unleash, then we are on the way to destroying the
world.
“The wasteland grows; woe unto him who harbor the wasteland within”. -
Friedrich Nietzsche.
Television Sets, Mobile Phones, Computers and Humanity
A number of technological devices can be easily found inside the home, the most
accessible place to anyone. Having said that, it can also be easily inferred that these
technological devices are some of the most popular and most commonly used types
of devices across all age groups. Almost all households, if not all, own these types of
devices. To be more specific, these ―celebrities‖ in the field of technology are
television sets, mobile phones, and computers. People all over the world use these
technologies e very day to accomplish different purposes.
First, according to Kantar Media,
one of the most trusted television

audience measurement providers, in the
Philippines, 92 percent of urban homes
and 70 percent of rural homes own at
least one television set. It is for this reason
why television remains to be the ultimate
medium for advertisement placements
(The manila Times, 2014}. This survey
simply shows that almost all Filipinos use
this particular type of device. In fact,
Filipinos are believed to have this big
fascination for television.
Most of the time, they watch television during their free time or any time of the day
when they have nothing important to do. In addition to this, Kantar Media also
reported that in the Philippines, the current count of households with television set
already reached 15.135 million (Noda, 2012}. This number signifies something, that
is, television plays a great role in the lives of the people or in this case, the Filipinos.
Television is product of different experiments by various people. Paul Gottlied
Nipkow, a German student, in the late 1800s was successful in his attempt to send
images through wires with the aid of a rotating metal disk. This invention was then
called the ―:electric telescope‖ that had 18 lines of resolution. After some time, in
1907, two inventors, Alan Archibald Campbell-Swinton who was ang English
scientists and Boris Rosing who was a Russian scientist, created a new system of
television by using the cathode ray tube in addition to the mechanical scanner
system. This success story gave rise to two types of television systems, namely,
mechanical and electronic television (Jezek, n.d.}. these experiments inspired other
scientist to improve the previous inventions, which led to the modern television
people now have. However, it is important to remember that several scientist and
several experiments were performed first before finally achieving the modern
television at present.
Second, Filipinos love to use their mobile phones anywhere, anytime. They use it for
different purposes other than for communication. More than a half of the Filipino
population own at least one mobile phone regardless of type. In 2010, global
research agency Synovate conducted a survey and declared 67 percent product
ownership in the country. In fact, it was also claimed that mobile phones are
considered a must-have among young Filipinos (ABS-CBN news, 2010}. To prove
that Filipinos cannot live without a mobile phone. In other words, 30 percent of the
Philippine urban population nationwide said that mobile phones are necessities in life
(Roa, 2012}. Philippine streets are full of people using their mobile phones. Not only
this, there some Filipinos who even own more than one mobile phone.
Mobile phones have a very interesting background story. On April 3, 1973, Martin
Cooper, a senior engineer of Motorola, made the world‘s first mobile phone call. He
called their rival telecommunications company and properly informed them that he
was making the call from a mobile phone. The mobile phone used by Cooper
weighed 1.1 kilograms and measured 228.6 x 127 x4.4 mm. This kind of device was
capable of a 30-minute talk time. However, it took 10 hours to charge. In 1983,
Motorola made their first commercial mobile phone available to the public. It was
known as the Motorola Dyna TAC 8000X (Goodwin, 2016).
Lastly, computers and laptops have become part of many or the Filipino households.
There are some Filipino
families who own more than
one computer or laptop while
some own at least one
computer or laptop. However,
the number of computers or
laptops sold per year may not
be as high as the number of
mobile phones and television
sets. This is because of the
relatively higher cost of
computers and laptop. While it
is true that almost all Filipino
families own at least one television set and a mobile phone, it is not possible for all
Filipino families to own at least one computer of laptop.
In fact, most of the profits gained by computer and laptop manufacturers come from
the offices, business, or schools where such devices have become part of their
necessities.
In 2010, 3.6 trillion was the estimated total value output of all manufacturing
establishments. Semi-conductor devices and other electronic components took more
than half of the total value output of all manufacturing establishments. To be more
specific, 5.4 percent of the total value output came from computers and peripheral
equipment and accessories (PSA, 2013). In line with the growing number of
computer and laptop sales, there has also been a growing number of Internet users
in the Philippines. Although there have been problems regarding the Internet
providers, this never hindered Filipinos from continuously using the Internet. Here
are some facts about Filipinos and their use of gadgets and the
Internet (Rappler, n.d.):
•Mobile phone subscription is at 119 million.
•Filipinos spend approximately 3.2 hours on mobile and 5.2 hours on desktop daily.
•Currently, the Philippines have one of the digital populations in the world.
•There are now 47 million active facebook accounts in the Philippines
•The Philippines is the fastest-growing application market in Southeast Asia.
Roles Played by These Technological Advancements
Televisions sets, mobile phones, and computers or laptops have all different
functions and roles played in the lives of the people, although some may be a little
similar. These roles have become so essential that people, more specifically
Filipinos, developed a strong inclination toward techno logy and its products.
For instance, a television is
mainly used as a platform for
advertisements and
information dissemination. In
fact, television remains to be
the most used avenue by
different advertising
companies not only in the
Philippines but also all over
the world. Various
advertising companies trust
that a television is still one of the most used technological devices up until today.
However, it is important to note that these are just some of the roles played by
televisions. Aside from the ones mentioned above, it also serves as a recreational
activity and good stress reliever to most families, specifically to Filipino families.
Televisions also are a good platform for different propagandas and advocacies.
Lastly also is a good way to bond with one‘s family members.
Mobile phones, on the other hand, also have their own roles in the lives of the
people. They are primarily used for communication. Mobile phones offer services like
texting and calling. In the past, these were the only functions of the mobile phone but
as technology progressed, there have been many additional features included on
mobile phones. For example in the present, people use their mobile phones to surf
the Internet and to take pictures more than to text or call people. This is the reason
why more and more people all over the world prefer to buy smartphones over the old
models where such features are not available. Other applications include music
player, calendar, radio, television, and photo editor, among others. These are just
some of the additional features of mobiles phone in the present. These make this
particular technological device very appealing to the masses. It is like an all-in-one
device. In addition, it is very portable and convenient because it can fit into any
spaces, may it be inside the pocket or bag.
Ethical Dilemma Faced by These Technological Advancements
While it is true that these technological devices are useful and beneficial the fact
remains that there are several dilemmas faced by these
―necessities.‖ First, most parents would argue that these devices make their
children lazy and unhealthy. This is because of the fact that people who are fixated
on these technological advancement
start and end their day by using such
devices. They have a great tendency
to sit and chill all day long without
doing anything productive in their
homes, thus making them unhealthy
because they do not just skip meals
sometimes but also lack exercise or
any bodily movements. Here, it can
be inferred that these types of people are already overly dependent on these
technological devices. For example, those who love to watch television shows stay
in front of the television for more than six hours a day while those who love to surf the
internet or play computer games stay on their laptops, computers, or mobile phones
for more than half a day. These people have the tendency to be unaware of the time
because they are so engrossed with the use of technological device.
In fact, if they get disturbed, there is a great chance that they will get mad or annoyed.
Moreover, these are the same peop[le who are more likely to experience alienation
because they no longer take time to get out of their houses and mingle with other
people.
Another dilemma faced by the technological devices is the moral dilemma. People,
especially the children who are not capable yet of rationally deciding for themselves
what is right or wrong, are freely exposed to different things on television, mobile
phones, laptops, or computers. Because of the availability and easy access to the
Internet, they can just easily search the web and go to different websites without
restrictions. This allows them to see, red, or to hear thing which are not suitable for
their very young age. This makes them very vulnerable to character change and can
greatly affect the way they view the world and the things around them.
On the first dilemma, it really concerning to know that there are people who develop
different kinds of sickness because of too much use of technological devices. Not only
this, it also causes them to become reclusive, alienating themselves from the people.
Although some would argue that technology brings people together, it can also be
argued that this is not alw3ays the case in the real world because it may bring
them virtually closer but not physically or personally. In fact, there are people w ho are
friend, for example, only on social media but not in real life. This just shows that there
are thing that technology claims to do but in reality, does not. It is for the reasons why
there are people who call for the establishment of ethics of technology. This
subcategory of ethics will in one way or another guide people on how technology
ought to be used in order to prevent abuse and other unfortunate results.
Digging deeper, it can be said that these reasons make such devices somewhat
unethical because they bring undesirable consequences to people. However, it can
also be argued that it is not the fault of the technological devices but the agents using
them or the ones making them. The classic deontological and teleological approaches
to ethics are already too old to be applied in such cases.
The ―responsibility‖ in the sense of being accountable for and accountable to is very
appropriate to the ethics of technology because it makes each and every person in
the scientific-technology development a proxy with reference to one another. In other
words, each person must indicate the priorities, values, norms, and principles that
constitute the grounds for one‘s actions and define one‘s contribution to the scientific
and technological event. The ethics of responsibility focuses on the positive rather
than the negative.
However, it is also important for the
people in the scientific world to
inform the masses of the dangers of
their contribution/s to the world of
technology. In this way, the people
will be sufficiently aware of what to
do and what not to do. In addition to
this, the agents using the devices
should also be accountable to and
accountable for their use of their
gadgets.
Going back to the first dilemma, it can be said that the agent using the devices are
the ones to be blamed for the undesirable consequences, namely, laziness and
unhealthiness. However, it is assumption that the people in the
scientifictechnological world have properly informed the public of the positive tenor of
their action in technology and the possible dangers of the misuse of their
technological contribution., thus, the undesirable consequences are brought about by
the misuse of the agent. Now, talking about alienation, it can be concluded that the
people in the scientific-technological world are blameworthy because they tell the
people something that seems positive but when examined closely, brings more bad
than good.
On the second dilemma, the people in the scientific world nor the children are
blameworthy because first, the children are not yet capable rationally deciding for
themselves what is good and what is bad. Second, even if creators of these
technologies went out ofr their way to inform children of the pros and cons of these
technological contributions, it would still be useless because the children have no
capacity to understand them yet. So in this dilemma, the ones to be blamed are the
adults who allowed the children to have access to such devices in the first place
without any supervision.
Robotics and Humanity
Another great product of the innovative minds of the people is the robot. Robots are
now widely used. For example, there are the so-called service robots. These
particular robots do specific tasks but focus mainly in assisting their masters in their
everyday tasks. The International Federation of Robotics (IFR) and United Nations
Economic Commission for Europe (UNECE) made it their task to formulate a working
definition for service robots. A preliminary extract of the relevant definition is (IFR,
2012):
A robot is an
actuated mechanism
programmable in two
or more axes with a
degree of autonomy,
moving within its
environment, to
perform intended
tasks. Autonomy in
this context means
the ability to perform
intended task based
on current state and
sensing without
human intervention.
•A service robot is a robot that performs useful tasks for humans or equipment
excluding industrial automation application. Note: A robot may be classified
according to its intended application as an industrial robot or service robot.
•A personal service robot or a service robot for personal use is a service robot used
for a noncommercial task, usually by laypersons. Examples are domestic servant
robot, automated wheelchair, personal mobility assist robot, and pet exercising robot.
•A professional service robot or a service robot for professional use is a service
robot use for a commercial task,, usually operated by a properly trained operator.
Examples are cleaning robot for public places, delivery food in offices or hospitals,
fire-fighting robot, rehabilitation robot, and surgery robot in hospitals. In this context,
an operator is a person designated to start, monitor, and stop the intended operation
of a robot or a robot system.
Germany was one of the first countries to develop service robots. As part of the
German Federal Ministry of Education and Research‘s ―Service Robotics
Innovation Lead Initiative,‖ it sponsored a collaborative project called DESIRE
(Deutsche Servicerobotik Initiative-Germany Service Robotics Initiative) which was
launched on October 1, 2005. DESIRE has the following individual objectives
(DESIRE, 2009): To achieve a technological edge toward attaining key functioning
and components that are suited for everyday use
To create a reference architecture for mobile manipulation
To promote the convergence of technologies through integration into a common
technology platform
To conduct pre-competition research and development activities for new product and
technology transfer in start-up enterprises in the field o f service robotics.
Some of the expected work to be perform by DESIRE are the following: (1) ―Clear
up the kitchen table‖ – all objects on top of the kitchen table will be moved to where
they belong; (2) ―Fill the dishwasher‖ – the dirty dishes will be sorted correctly into
the dishwasher; and (3) ―Clear up this room‖ – all objects that are not in their
proper places will be moved to where they belong (Mock, n.d.).
The earliest conception of robots can be traced around 3000 B>B from the
Egyptians. Their water clocks used human figurines to strike the hour bells. This
mechanical device was built to carry out a specific physical task regularly. From that
time on, different machines were already built that displayed the same mechanism
and characteristics as the robots in the present.
For example, there

was a
wooden pigeon that
could fly, a talking
doll, steam-powered
robots, and
hydraulically-
operated
statues that could
speak and
gestures. However,
the earliest robots
ad people know them
were created in the
early 1950s by
George Devol.
―Unimate‘ was his first invention from the words ― Universal Automation.‖
Unfortunately, his attempt to sell his producr to the industry did not succeed. After
Unimate, several robots were also invented which were better versions of the
previous ones (Standford, n.d.). evr since, people never stopped their quest in the
field of robotics.
Roles Played by Robotics

Robots play different roles not only in the lives of the people but also in the society
as a whole. They are primarily use to ease the workload of mankind. They were
invented to make life more efficient and less stressful. On one hand, they perform
complicated activities which human beings are incapable of doing. On the other
hand, they perform the simplest tasks at home so that their masters can perform the
complex ones without stressing themselves over the simple tasks. There are also
robots which are made for pleasure. To be more specific, these types of robot
perform activities to entertain people. They can usually found in amusement parks or
exhibits. In addition, there are also some robots which were made to serve as toys.
They also perform different activities but they are usually child-friendly. Other
example of robots are very famous is because of movies. A number of local and
national movies were inspired by robots. This goes to show that people have
developed a distinct fascination over robots.
Just like people living in the society, robots also have their own set of rules and
characteristics that define what a good robot is. These laws were formulated by Isaac
Asimov back in the 1940s, when he was thinking of the ethical consequences of
robots. These are the following (Stanford, n.d.):
Law One:
A robot may not injure a human being or through inaction, allow a human being to come
to harm.
Law Two:
A robot must obey the orders given it by human beings except where such orders would
conflict with the First Law.
Law Three:
A robot must protect its own existence as long as such protection does not conflict with
the First or Second Law.
Ethical Dilemma/s Faced by
Robotics
Just like any other
technological advancements, robotics
also faces different problems and
dilemmas. Although the idea is to help
people and make their lives a lot easier
than before, it is still not immune to
different ethical dilemmas and possible
undesirable outcomes. One of the
dilemmas faced by robots is safety.
Who should be held a accountable if
someone‘s safety is compromised by a
robot? Who should be blamed, the
robot, the agent using the robot, or the
maker/inventor of the robot? It is important to know who should be blamed and who
should be held responsible if such things happens.
Another ethical dilemma faced by robots is the emotional component. This may
seem a little absurd as of the moment, but looking at how fast technology progresses
nowadays, it is not completely impossible for robots to develop emotions (Evans,
2007).
So here, the questions become, ―What if robots become sentiment?
Should they be granted robot rights? Should they have their own set of rights to be
upheld, respected, and protect5ed by humans?‖ it is interesting to know how people
would react if the time comes when robots can already feel pain and pleasure. Would
they act different or not at all?
In the field of robotics, there are so-called-partial autonomy and full autonomy.
Partial autonomy includes active human-robot interaction while full autonomy
excludes active human-robot interaction. In other words, a robot with full autonomy
can perform actions or activities even without a master telling it what should be done
or what should be performed next (IFR, 2012).
In moderns times, there are different technological advancements in all forms and
sizes may it be inside the home, the workplace, the learning place, or simply on the
streets. It is now very accessible to almost anyone in the world. It is not completely
impossible to say that each person in the world owns at least one technological
device. Besides, technology is not enclosed to expensive and high-end devices.
Simple types of machines that can perform simple task regularly can already be
considered a form of technology. However, despite its usefulness and beneficial
characteristics, there are still some problems faced by the different technological
advancements. To be more specific, these problems are ethical in nature that
involves not only the machine but also mankind. it is now impossible for technology
and humanity not to cross paths because as some would argue, technology has
become a necessity for people. At the end of the day, ethics should still be enforced
in the field of technology so as to ensure the safety and morality of these devices to
people.
LEARNING ACTIVITIES
Instruction: Explain each of the following questions in 5-10 sentences. You may
correct answer in your assessment notebook.
in your Assessment notebook.
1. Which of the following article of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights states
that all humans have an innate freedom and equality?
a.Article 1 c. Article 3
b.Article 2 d. Article 4
2. What is an Artificial Intelligence?

a. An Intelligence demonstrated by machines which is programmed by humans
b. An Intelligence demonstrated by humans unconsciously
c. An Intelligence developed by certain animals with the help of humans
d. An Intelligence shared by both animals and human
3. According to Controversial Essay of Bill Joy which of the following 21st century
technologies are threat to human existence?
a. Genetics, nanotech and Robotics c. GMO, Biotech and Robotics
b. Microchips, Computers and Robotics d. Genetics, Biotech ad Robotics
4. .Which of the Following article of UDHR that stresses on Banning of Slavery?

a. Article 4 b. Article 5 c. Article 6 d. Article 7
5. Which of the following UDHR that stresses on the banning of torture?
6. Which of the following article of UDHR that stresses on equality before the law?
7. Which of the following is not belong to the lay out possibility of intervention in the
book ―How Much Is Enough‖? by Robert and Edward Skidelsky.
a.Banning Advertising c. Basic Income
b.Shorter Working Week d. Basic needs
8. Which of the following is the highest Literacy rates in United States?

a. Costa Rica b. Cuba c. Canada and US. d. Europeans
9. It states that ―no person shall be deprived of life, liberty, or property without due
process of law, nor any person be denied the equal protection of the laws.‖
a.Article VI d. Court Order
b.Bill of Rights c. Republic Act
10. What is the only one of the many ethical considerations in the widespread use AI?
a.Unemployment c. Laziness
b.Employment d. All of the above
11. It is gradually being replaced by machinery. Computers become more and more
sophisticated. Robots, usually design like human beings, are created to perform
complex repetitive, or dangerous task.
a.Manual Labor c. Laziness
b.Unemployment d. All of the above
12. When we fully recognize and appreciate this truth in ourselves and in the entire
person around us, regardless of their status in life, then we pave the way for a just
and progressive society. What does it means that talks about the ultimate core
values of our existence?
a.Human Dignity c. Human Core
b.Human Existence d. Values
13. How many articles are in the universal Declaration of Human Rights?
a. 25 b. 30 c. 35 d. 40
14. The following is the reason why UDHR written EXCEPT?

a. As a global standard of fundamental human rights for universal recognition and
protection.
b. As basis for comprehensive statement of inalienable human rights.
c. Make ways to get poor countries compete with rich countries.
d. All of the Above
15 How do we protect our human rights in the face of technological advancements and
ethical dilemmas?
a. Knowing one‘s human dignity and civil rights on the use and function of technology.
b. Know and live the UDHR to prevent injustice and oppression.
c. Make ways to get poor countries compete with rich countries.
d. All of the above
16 What does singularity means according to Gerd Leonhard?

a. The point in time when machine will equal and then surpass humans and brain
powers.
b. It is the point of all magical algorithms that change our lives.
c. These are the mega shifts that might happen in the future.
d. It is the present and future digital world, where all are equal.
17. Which of the following statements support the declaration of the universal human
rights?
a. it was proclaimed by United Nations General Assembly dated December 10,
1949
b. UDHR was the basis of human rights for national recognition and protection.
c. recognizes the inherent dignity and of the equal rights of all the members of the
human family is the foundation of freedom, justice and peace in the world.
d. it was declared that human has equal rights to do whatever they want as long as it
alleviates them rom the poverty line.
18. What will happen if human will most likely make use of their time in searching for
answers in the internet?
a. it will make humans dull and lazy
b. it will make humans Intune in the world
c. it will allow human to discover new technology
d. make human productive
19. The ethics of technology should be identified?

a. Not sure, since they never become never exist in the real world.
b. Maybe, because they needed and it is necessary to human
c. Yes, to ensure the safety and morality of these devices to people.
d. No, they do not have life and it is not affected by UDHR
20. Technology devices is helpful are helpful and beneficial to human, Which of the
following dilemmas most experienced now a day by most parents?
a. Most people are not capable yet of rational deciding for themselves what is right or
wrong due to frequent used of technology
b. Create virtual entertainment more interesting
c. Create gap between people and lack of socializations
d. Most people would argue that frequent used of technology make their individuals lazy
and unhealthy.
21. What would happen if human will be replaced by machines?

a. makes the lives of human easier
b. human will only facilitate robots
c. work will be done with perfection
d. threat to human dignity and security
22. The development of society along with science and technology gives rise to
more and more complex issues. What is vital is that, at the very least, we are able
to protect and exercise ________________. a. good life
b. human rights
c. our existence
d. our essence as human
23. What was the name of the chief scientist and corporate executive officer of Sun
Microsystems who wrote a controversial essay entitled ―Why the future does not
need us‖? a. Bill Joy
b. Bill Gates
c. J. Robert
d. D. Robert
24-30. List all the remaining Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR)
RUBRICS
References:
R1 – Copy of Syllabus
R2 – Feyman, R. (1999). The Best Short Works of Richard Feyman. Perseus Book.
R3 – Griplaldo, R. (2009). The Concepts of the Public Good: A View from Filipino
Philospher. National Bookstore
R4 – Maboloc, C. R. (2010). Eudaimonia and Human Flourishing Ethics and Human
Dignity. Rex Bookstore. Manila City
Textbook:
T1 – McNamara D, Valdere V, Beleno, R. (2018). Science, Technology and Society. C &
E Publishing, Inc. Quezon City
Online References:
OR1–https://www.youtube.com/watchv=YXh9RQCvxmg&noredirect=1
OR2 – https://explorable.com/scientific-reductionism
OR3 – https://explorable.com/what-is-a-paradigm
OR4 – https://www.history.com/topics/enlightenment/videos/mankind-the-story-ofall-us-
scientifc-revolution
OR5 – https://www.flowofhistory.com.readings
OR6 – https://www.flowchart/revival-west/the-age-enligntenment
OR7 - https://www.theguardian.com/global-development-
professionalsnetworks/2015/sep/23/developing-poor-countries-de-develop-rich-
countries-sdgs
OR8 – https://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/technology/6432307,stm
OR9 – https://www/theatlatic.com/magazine/archive/2008/07/Is google make us
stupid/306868?
OR10 – https://www.cc.gatech.edu/computing/nano/documents

Science, Technology and Society

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Science, Technology and Society

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Republic of the Philippines

NORTHERN NEGROS STATE COLLEGE OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY

COURSE GE 107: Science, Technology and Society

The progress of human civilizations throughout history mirrors the development of

At the end of this module, you are expected to: a.

ACTIVITY #1: Picture Analysis.

TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING

In his seminal work, Question of Technology, Martin Hleidegger usages us to question

WHY HUMAN FLOURISHING?

Human flourishing is define as an effort to achieve self actualization, and fulfillment

As times change, elements

Eudaimonia, literally ―good spirited‖, is a term coined by a renowned Greek

1.Observe and determine if there are unexplained occurrences unfolding.

The earliest criterion that distinguishes philosophy and science is verification

Science as a Social Endeavor

TECHNOLOGY AS A MODE OF REVEALING

In his seminal work, Question of Technology, Martin Heidegger usages us to question

Aletheia means unhiddenness or disclosure.

QUETIONING AS THE PIETYOF THOUGHT

Whatever understanding found becomes significant because it is evoked by

ENFRAMING: WAY OF REVEALING IN MODERN TECHNOLOGY

unpredictability, so calculative thinking is more often

HUMAN PERSON SWALLOWED BY TECHNOLOGY

Nevertheless, as expressed by the poet

He also expressed that the various problems brought about by human‘s

ART AS WAY OUT OF ENFARMING

Aristotle‘s conception of the four causes was mechanical. As explained by Heidegger:

Aristotle’s conception of the four causes was mechanical. As explained by

 The causa Material, (the

-the ancient Greek experience of cause is aition or indebtedness, not

Think about these

ACTIVITY # 2: Questions for Reflections

1. How is technology a mode of revealing?

ACTIVITY # 3 : Tech in a Pic

3. A Philosopher who urged people to envision technology as a mode of revealing as it

4. It is a way of bringing forth or making something.

5. The following are Heidegger‘s ancient Greek concepts EXCEPT?

6. What does Aletheia means define by Heidegger?

7. What does Poeisis means define by Heidegger?

8. What does Poeisis means define by Aristotle?

9. In Heigegger‘s work, technology is defined as _________ that discloses or reveals

11. A German philosopher, Martin Heidegger introduces a way of thinking in order

17. The following are modern technology described by Heidegger EXCEPT?

22. The way of revealing in modern technology is an?

26. In modern technology, the way of revealing is define as?

27. Flourishing in human as stated by Aristotle it is as a results of different components

28. Sometimes it is used to refer to poetry and composition.

29. Characterize by Martin Heidegger as a challenging forth since it is very aggressive.

35. Consider as one of the most poetic.

At the end of this module, you are expected to:

Rich countries around the world are something to

How do we know that we are progressing?

FORGET ‘DEVELOPING’ POOR COUNTRIES,

Heads of state are gathering in

“Development” is equated with growth and greater consumption

Negative formulation won’t get us anywhere. The idea of

Think about these

ACTIVITY #2: Questions for Reflection

1.Why must we change our paradigm of growth and consumption to that of

ACTIVITY #3: Reading Exercises

3, What is the standard response to eradicating poverty?

4. What is the threshold of the Earth for adequately sustaining life?

5. According to the majority of people in middle-and high-income countries, what puts