- UCSD RMMUGUN LONI SOAY OL 00: Sj tated POUL Ni eer eo rt rent es Pr for the awara Ra pron i ys i hicl In MOLINA Celis T sci) By Syed Haneef Uddin 16031873 6015 1603 1573 6039 BSB Eri ()a Rattle tre Mohammed Tajamul Hussain DEPARTMENT OP MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DECCAN COLLEGE OF TECHNOLOGY Nite ) Scanned with CamScannerERROR ESTIMATION IN REVERSE ENGINEERING AA project submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of ‘The degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING In MECHANICAL ENGINEERING By Syed Haneef Uddin 1603 1573 6015 Md Saifuddin 1603 1573 6039 Mohammed Tajamul Hussain 1603 1573 6051 DEPARTMENT OF MECHANICAL ENGINEERING DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGINEEERING AND TECHNOLOGY ( Affiliated to Osmania University ) Darussalam, Hyderabad - 5000001 Scanned with CamScannerPh,/ Fax. : 040-24802634 UNIVERSITY) SALAM EDUCATIONAL TRUST fampally, Hyderabad - 500 001, al CERTIFICATE This is to certify that the Project work entitled “ERROR ESTIMATION IN REVERSE ENGINEERING "is a bonafide work carried out by SYED HANEEF UDDIN 1603 1573 6015 MD SAIFUDDIN 1603 1573 6039 MOHAMMED TAJAMUL HUSSAIN 1603 1573 6051 In partial fulfilment of requirements for the award of degree of BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING IN MECHANICAL ENGINEERING by OSMANIA UNIVERSITY, Hyderabad, under our guidance and supervision. The results embodied in this report have not been submitted to any other university or institute for the award of any degree or diploma. ot Internal Guige Head of the Degiignent’* : 7c COU” ey Mrs. Habeeba Ahmed Dr. ChQhimselst, “SABER EK MED ME, PhD. Assistant Professor Dopt. of Mechanical Engingering DECCAN COLLEGE OF ENGG. & VECE Dar-us-Saiom Hyer": 00* Web : www.deccancollege.ac.in, e-mail : dcet@deccancollege.ac.in, principal@deccancollege.ac.in Scanned with CamScannerDECLARATION t entitled " ERROR This isto certify that the work reported in present p ESTIMATION IN REVERSE ENGINEERIN is a record af work done by us in the scean college of en} neering and technology « department of mechanical engineering , de based on project work done entirely by us and not copied ‘Osmania university, The report are from any other source. Syed Haneef Uddin 160315736015 ‘Ma Saifuddin 160315736039 160315736051 Mohammed Tajamul Hussain Scanned with CamScannerACKNOWLEDGEMENT White bringing out this major puoject to its Sinal fore, ve eaane serena of rereatch a8 they umber of penple ylwrve contributions in varies wnys belped my fie deserve special thanks, 1 is 4 plemure to convey my gratitude: to all of them. We would like to express our deepest yratitude to my advivor WA ALIMED, Assistant Profewar, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Mr HABE: Decean College of Lagincering and Technology for her yuidance and support. Her extreme eonerny, creativity and excellent skills have always been 4 constant source of motivation for me, We always are thankful 0 her, 1 gives us a great pleawure to express my deep sense of gratitude to DR.R.CHANDRASEKARAN Head of Department Mechanical engineering and production engineering, for their valuable support and encouraging mentality throughout the project, We are thankful © DR. M.A.MALIK, Director and principal, Deccan inspiration and support in the due course of College of engineering and technology for thi work .We thank also our management for providing the student of our college with the best lectures, laboratories and library .we feel privileged to be a part of Scanned with CamScannerABSTRACT Reverse engineering can be defined as the process of duplicating an existing component . subassembly or product , without the aid of drawing, documentation or computer model. Reverse Engineering is the process of acquiring 3-D data in the form of point-cloud using scanning systems (like coordinate measuring machine or laser scanners ). The geometry of, the part in terms of surface points is created by using either contact (CMM ) or non-contact scanning machines. The point cloud is used to create a poly mesh which in turns gives us the dimensional data of the component. Reverse engineering is used in industries to create geometric models from an existing physical partand moreover a man made object is deconstructed to reveal its design , architecture, or to extract knowledge from the object.AS the process is used to create 3D CAD models directly from physical part with little or no additional design documentation, ‘manufacturing systems based on reverse enginecring are beginning their implementation in the industry as a complement to fulfill some requirements that traditional engineering is not able to sort out. In our project we aim to find the errors in reverse engineering by comparing the designed component data from that of scanned component data. Thereby checking how much deviation will occur in the design data. Scanned with CamScannerCONTENTS, Chapter 1 Introduction VT Deli mn of Reverse Engineering 1.2. Statement of Problems 1.3 Aims of the Research T 7 | 14" Research Methodology | | 1.4.1 Data acquisition and reduction | 3 | 1.42 Edge detection | 9 1.4.3 Segmentation aa 1.4.4 Free form surface ereation [3 | 1.4.5 Feature recognition [#2 1.4.6 Feature extraction | 3 1.4.7 CAD model exchange iia 1-5 Assumption of the Research 15 1.6 Thesis Outline 15 Chapter 2 Review of Reverse Engineering Technology 16 2.1 Why Use Reverse Engineering 17 2.2 The Scope of Reverse Engineering 2.2.1 Surface generation 19 2.2.2 Took-path generation 3 2.2.3 Feature analysis and inspection m4 23 Data Acquisition 5 2.4 Scanning Devices 72.4.1 Contact seanning devices 7 2.4.2 Non-contact scanning devices 30 2.4.3 Comparisons of contact and non-contact scanning method 36 2.5 Current Issues associated with Reverse Engineering Scanned with CamScannerTopic 2.5.1 Processing a large amount oF scanned data v 72.5.2 Automatic extraction of 3D CAD models from 2D data eal 2.5.3 Automatic extraction of 3D CAD models from 3D data | 254 Bdge detection a 72.5.5 Noise and missing data rie 7.5.6 Data exchange re 2.5.7 User Interface @ Chapter 3 Scanned Data Processing and Edge Detection B 3.1 Data Structure for Point Clouds 45 3.1.2 Mesh 48 3.1.3 Strip 8 3.1.4 Point 4B 3.2 Edge detection 0 3.3 Data segmentation 30 Chapter 4 Surface Fitting to Scanned Data using B-spline Techniques 3 4.1 The Basic of Surface Modelling 33 42 The characteristics of surface modelling 34 73 Surface interpolation and approximation 34 4A Surface modelling techniques 35 Chapter 5 Design methodology 36 3:1 Designing Procedure Of Component ( Spur Gear) 38 5.2 Reading STEP, IGES, and ACIS Files in solidworks 00 5.3 Comparing the two components @ 54 Result and Conclusion 6 55 References 7 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 1 Introduction Time-to-market considerations are becoming the key to economic survival in today’s global ‘markets. Competition and customer demands are increasing whilst time and resources are often limited. In order to remain competitive, many companies have focused on improving quality and reducing the time-to market using concurrent design, rapid prototyping and reverse engineering (RE). The design and prototyping of products in the manufacturing industry often involves the use of physical objects for inital functional and aesthetic design, performance testing and object modification. jided design (CAD) Hence, a robust methodology is required to acquire exact computer- models from an existing part in diminishing lead-times, which meet the functional and aesthetic requirements of the customer at the riht cost. Furthermore, quality control (QC) has become one of the most important issues in manufacturing because of increas demand of higher product quality. pection of pnts is essential for ensuring prodect. CAD is regardod as 2 els, and then feeds the computer- physical parts are scanned first, priate CAD models: from Geometric ins process that starts with ideas, progresses to geometric mod ‘aided manufacturing (CAM) of real parts .In RE, however, and then the resulting scanned data are transformed into appro which CAM techniques can be used to make more parts. In today’s intensely competitive global masket, product emesis #2 constantly seeking product developments that meet all customer has invested in CADCAM, rapid prototyping, le business benefits. Reverse engineering (RE) is provide business benefits in shortening the lepicts how RE allows the possibilities of new ways to shorten lead times for new expectations. In general, product enterprise and a range of new technologies that pro now considered one of the technologies that product development cycle. Figure !.1 below d closing the loop between what is “as designed” and whats “actually manufactured”. Scanned with CamScannerFig: Product development cycle 1.1 Definitions of Reverse Engineering Engineering is the process of designing. manufacturing. assembling, and maintaining products and systems. There are two types of engineering, forward engineering and reverse engineering. Forward engineering is the traditional process of moving from high-level abstractions and logical designs to the physical implementation of a system. In some situations, there may be a physical part/ product without any technical details, such as drawings, blls-of-material, or without engineering data. The process of duplicating an existing part, subassembly, or product, without drawings, documentation, or a computer model is known as reverse engineering. Reverse engineering is also defined as the process of obtaining a geometric CAD model from 3-D points acquired by scanning/ digitizing existing parts/products. The process of digitally capturing the physical entities of a component, referred to as reverse engineering (RE), is often defined by researchers with respect to their specific task Reverse Engineering is a process to create CAD models of a physical part from the scanned point data acquired using three dimensional (3D) position scanners such as coordinate measuring machines (CMMs), Laser scanners, Optical scanners, and so Scanned with CamScannerfor the process was defined by many researchers with respect to their specific application. ‘The definition of RE is broad and it encompasses any engincering approaches in which an existing partis analysed either prior to or during the reconstruction process. Rec off, J. R. (1985) described Reverse Engineering as the action that create a set of specification for a part by someone other than the original designer, based upon analyzing and dimensioning the part. Abella, R. et al (1994) considered RE as the basic concept of producing a part based 1g model without the use of an engineering drawing. His research was on n of the geometry using human intervention for feature and relationship definition - Yau et al.(1993) define RE, as the “process of retrieving new geometry from a ‘manufactured part by digitizing and modifying an existing CAD model”. Green, P. etal (1994) addressed that Reverse Engineering enables designers to reuse ing existing parts and to rapidly capture the mathematical representation of forms for reducing the product development cycle. ‘Sarkar and Men (1991) also described RE as a process of retrieving new geometry from the manufactured part by scanning and modifying the existing CAD model. ns describe specific functions covered within the global term ‘These concise definit “reverse engineering’. Physical Digital ss a) Scanned with CamScannerReverse enginecri now widely used in numerous applications, such as manufacturi 1B industrial design, and jewelry design and reproduction For example, when a new car is taunched on the market, competing manufacturers may buy one and disassemble it to lear how it was built and how it works, In software engincering, good source code is often a variation of other good source code. In some situations, such as automotive styling, designers give shape to their ideas by using clay, plaster, wood, or foam rubber, but a CAD ‘model is needed to manufacture the part. As products become more organic in shape, designing in CAD becomes more challenging and there is no guarantee that the CAD representation will replicate the sculpted model exactly. Mutple Scan ‘Aligment Fig : Reverse Engineering ~ the generic process Scanned with CamScannerReverse engineering provides a solution to this problem because the physical model is the source of information for the CAD model. This is also referred to as the physical-to-digital process depicted in Figure. Another reason for reverse engineering is to compress product development cycle times, In the intensely competitive global market, manufacturers are constantly secking new ways to shorten lead times to market a new product. Rapid product development (RPD) refers to recently developed technologies and techniques that assist ‘manufacturers and designers in meeting the demands of shortened product development time, For example, injection-moulding companies need to shorten tool and die development time drastically. By using reverse engineering, a three-dimensional physical product or clay ‘mock-up can be quickly captured in the digital form, remodeled, and exported for rapid prototyping/tooling or rapid manufacturing using multi-axis CNC machining techniques. Scanned with CamScanner1.2 Statement of Problem Advancements in CAD and CAM related technologies have helped to reduce product introduction costs and lead-times, However, need to physically i at some stages of design process, designers still tcract with their design for testing the design performances and ‘obtaining an optimal product modification, This means that many design processes strongly rely on physical models, and th ‘crucial means of testing a design the problem of reconstructing 3D shapes has received a huge amount of attention in manufacturing engineering in the past decade. Most of previous work deals with fitting and machining of free form surface models (Sarkar,1991; Bradley, 1993; Lai, 1996; Seiler, 1996). On the other hand, very litle research work of 3D solid model reconstruction (Motavalli, 1996,1998; Chivate, 1993,1999) from scanned point data has been reported. Reconstructing, solid models directly from scanned point clouds is of paramount importance since the resulting reconstructed solid models can be directly imported into commercial solid ‘modelers without loss of any geometric and topological information (Thompson, 1995). Once a solid model has been generated, it can be used for a variety of applications such as stress analysis using finite elements process planning, integral property computation, assembly analysis, and numerical control (NC) machining. Furthermore, constructing a solid model from scanned point data is useful for the comparison between the original solid model and a manufactured object in solid modelling system (Chivate, 1993). Prismatic shapes such as block; pocket, step, slot, hole, and boss are very common and crucial in mechanical en jeering products. In the geometric modelling view, some researchers (Meerut, 1992; Thompson, 1995; Zhang, 1997; Jain, 1998) define above shapes as features. This is because they have a simple representation in terms of a few geometrically meaningful parameters, i.e. length, top radius, bottom radius, centre position, and orientation are enough to describe a cylindrical feature. These applications ean be automated in the computer based down-stream activities ifa feature-based product description is available (Shah, 1995). Scanned with CamScanner1.3Aims of the Research There are many reasons for performing reverse engineering in various fields. Reverse ‘engineering has its origins in the analysis of hardware for commercial or military advantage. elP'is not concerned with creating a copy or However, the reverse engineering process some way; it is only an analysis in order to deduce design features changing the artifact from products with little or no additional knowledge about the procedures involved in their ‘original production. In some cases, the goal of the reverse engineering process can simply be a redocumentation of legacy systems. Even when the product reverse engineered is that of a ‘competitor, the goal may not be to copy them, but to perform competitor analysis. Reverse engineering may also be used to create interoperable products and despite some narrowly tailored United States and European Union legislation, the legality of using specific reverse ‘engineering techniques for this purpose has been hotly contested in courts worldwide for more than two decades. “The aim of this research is to develop a RE system that can be used to support the entire industrial development of a manufacturing process from conceptual design to manufacturing, by capturing more high level semantics. The system will reconstruct solid models of ig artificial neural networks In prismatic features directly from a set of scanned points us order to design and develop a generic methodology for the exact Reverse Engineering of ‘components, the following six main tasks were investigated: (1) develop a point data reduction; (2) develop edge point detection strategies; (3) develop point cloud data for deriving geometric attributes from a scanned dataset; (4) develop a feature extraction module from the detected edge points of parts; (5) develop a reconstructed CAD model exchanger into other CAD/CAM systems via IGES. Scanned with CamScanner1.4.1 Data acquisition and reduction ‘Asa modem design method that contrary to traditional design, RE technology use of special | measuring apparatus to get dimensional data and enables one to start a design from an | existing production model by combining computer technology, measurement technology | and CAD/CAM technology. ‘A target partis first measured by a scanner using an appropriate scanning strategy, and the acquired scanned points are downloaded to the proposed system, re tool the initial scanned points normally contain many redundant and erroneous points, which are not used for model reconstruction. For the system efficiency consequently, iti essential to intelligently reduce the data volume by removing measurement error and the redundant points. The point data ccan be sampled within pre-defined tolerances by the proposed data reduction module. DATA ACQUISITION METHODS TACTILE METHODS /™ ROBOTIC ARMS CMMs NON-CONTACT METHODS | Ne cle MAGNETIC A IMAGE. Sa RANGING STRUCTURED LIGHTING INTERFEROMETRY Scanned with CamScanner1.4.2 Edge detection ‘To reconstruct CAD models dircetly from a set of point data, a mediator is required as @ bridge between the point data and corresponding CAD model. It is because a point by itself is Just a discrete 3D entity having no topological to any other points. In this research work, ‘edge points are detected and adopted as the bridge since it is much straightforward to recognize CAD models from detected edge points rather than from initial raw point data. ‘Therefore, all outer and internal edge points of corresponding features are detected first by developed edge detection! Edge points represent either the outer boundary between two different regions in the part with relatively distinet discontinuities, or internal boundaries in region, modules. Edge point is a crucial entity inthis feature-based RE algorithm since features are recognized and extracted with the detected edge points ofthe part. Scanned with CamScanner1,4.3 Segmentation Many products from household appliances to automobiles, contains apart and distinet regions: both prismatic and free form. Segmentation is to logically divide the original point cloud set into subsequent regions, so that each region can be mapped with a free form surface or a prismatic feature. step towards the interpretation of discrete scanned data since fitting- level of ‘Segmentation is a vital surface or extracting-feature can be carried out only onthe given region. The tation of input point data was ly used to select enough subdivision depends on the complexity of the part. The segme manually accomplished by RE operators. The mouse is norma points on the displayed image. Fig: point cloud data of ‘scanned gear 10 Scanned with CamScanner1.4.4 Free form surface creation RE has been used extensively in the field of surface model generation, The shape of final products today exhibits an emphasis on free form shape. Whether it is a car, household equipment or injection moulded plastic product, all have free form surfaces in their design. Free form surfaces are being more and more into the design of new parts for many reasons including aerodynamic advantages and improved aesthetic. In this research, a B-spline modelling module has been designed and developed for creating free form surfaces from a point data set. Fig: Free form surface creation using point cloud data Fig: 1 Scanned with CamScanner1.4.5 Feature recognition ACAD system for feature recognition ig required to be fast and robust (Burman, 1990); otherwise recognising features is often error prone and time consuming. Most research works for extracting geometric features are intended to work with existing CAD models using a graph relationship among vertex , edge, feature has never been developed directly and face. A complete solid model or a from the real scanned data (Thompson, 1995). It is because there is lack of work regarding automatic feature extraction algorithm directly from the imperfect scanned data, so the feature identification is usually let to the RE operator (Chivate, 1993) -A main difficulty in the RE process comes from the lack of geometric information among scanned point data. This is because each individual point does not carry any information beyond pure 3D position coordinates. Points do not contain any additional important geometric information like tangents or curvatures. In addition, points do not capture design history, functionality and aesthetic aspects or the stylist’s intentions that would dramatically ease part reconstruction. In this research, a learning process based on the general philosophy of the standard back-propagation (BP) processor are employed to recognize a feature directly from a real scanned data set. 2 Scanned with CamScanner1.4.6 Feature extraction If the user selects some portion of the scanned data that can be reconstructed into a surface ora feature, the system. automatically create the corresponding CAD model with pre-trained ANN module and MLE theory. During reconstruction, the user can modify the dimension of extracted features by varying the feature Parameters under the parametric design scheme. There have been some attempts to extract quadric entities from random point data. Among them, the most reliable method is based on the MLE theory (Bolle, 1986). In this research, the MLE theory is used to extract the dimensional data of recognised features. 13 Scanned with CamScanner1.5Assumptions of the Research -e RE is a rather complex process, a set of assumptions has to be established. ‘The fundamental assumptions of the research include: "The input scanned point clouds are structured data, not irregularly spaced data”. "The accuracy of scanner must be within acceptable tolerances”. "The part is composed of some prismatic engineering features that can be defined”, "No excessively entangled compound feature exists in the part”. " Non-manifold2 objects are ignored in this research”. 1.6 Thesis Outline In the following chapter, a brief survey of previous related work is presented in order to introduce the state-of-the-art RE process and to put the problems involved into perspective. In chapter 3 filtering and sampling modules developed are discussed and the novel method for edge detection is described. B-rep and feature-based modelling techniques implemented in the application are presented in the upcoming chapters, respectively. ‘The detailed feature recognition algorithms using ANNs are explained in the chapter 7and pre-processing method for deriving attributes is also precisely discussed. Chapter 8 describes edge extraction methods using MLE theory, and developed AGES neutral file exchanger is introduced and discussed. 35 Scanned with CamScannerChapter 2 Review of Reverse Engineering Technology Reverse engineering is the general name of digital technology of CAD model, reconstruction technology of geometric model and manufacturing technology, which is Then selecting sktech of extrude it to 15 mm. » Now on the same face make a drawing as shown in the back view of the gear and extrude cut through all. Scanned with CamScannerNow on another face ofthe gear draw a circle " of 34mm dic up to 4mm and click ok, "im dlameter and extrude cut it On that new face of extrude cut gear draw a circle extrude cut upto 8mm, ‘Then generate a plain at 6.5mm from rear face ofthe drawing sheet and then revolve cut Give the appearance as desire, Given spur gear model is ready. 59 Scanned with CamScannerading STEP, IGES, sand ACIS ri 5.2 Re ACIS Files in soy IDWor ‘DWoRKs, gouIDWORKS 3D Inlereonnest can send Srp, 1 aS, : VIGES, and ACIS fie f formats gouIDWORKS 3D Interconnect can read reference : Planes an stom properties from these neutral formats, \d user-defined attributes or ‘To open STEP, IGES, and ACIS files in SOLIDWORKS, lick Open (Standard toolbar) or File > Open, in the dialog box, in Files of type, select the desired file format: STEP (*.step; *.stp). i: IGES (*.igs; *-iges) ACIS (*.sat) Inthe dialog box, browse to the desired file, Click Options. In the System Options dialog box, set options including: Entities to Import 1. Solids and Surfaces Imports the data as solid and surface entities. Select one of the following options: Try forming solid(s). Tries to form solids. Do not knit. Imports as surfaces and prevents surfaces from knitting. Free Curves and Points as Sketch Imports data as 2D or 3D sketch data with free curves and points. ¢ Reference Planes Imports all the reference planes from the file. * User Define Attributes $ custom properties. Reads user-defined attributes and writes them into SOLIDWORKS cu: 60 Scanned with CamScanner2, Assembly Structure Mapping Select one of these options: «Default (As per the file). Keey ). Keeps the assembly stru ae ly structure of the file and does not © Import multiple bodies as parts, Cre: - Creates an yi is it : assembly if a multibody part is imported * Import assembly as multiple body part. Ignores the assembly structure and creates a multibody part if an assembly is imported in SOLIDWORKS. 3. Automatically run Import Diagnostics (Healing) When importing a file, Import Diagnostics runs automatically. When cleared, a prompt appears for each import action prompting you to run Import Diagnostic. NOTE : Import diagnostics options such as Heal Gap, Repair Face, Delete Face, or Remove Gap is available only after you apply Dissolve Feature to neutral CAD files or Break Link feature to the third-party native CAD files. 4. Unit of Import Select the unit of measure for the imported file: .¢ unit of the imported file. File specified unit. Uses th unit, Uses the unit specified in the SOLIDWORKS template Document template specified files under Tools > Options > System Options > Default Templates. 61 Scanned with CamScanner5,3 Comparing the (wo components To run the Compare utility: 1. Click a utility from the Tools toolbar oF Tools > Compare menu: + Compare Documents . Compares the properties of two SOLIDWORKS documents (or two configurations of the same document). This utility identifies the following property types: # File properties. Click File > Properties > Summary. ‘+ Document-specific properties. Click File > Properties > Custom. + Document properties. Click Tools > Options > Document Properties. SOLIDWORKS Uti DimXpert for parts. ies does not support comparison of Document Properties of * Compare Features . Identifies the differences in solid features, including appearance properties (colors, optics, and textures) between two versions of the same part (or two configurations of the same part). Features are compared by name and type. If features in the two parts have the same name and type, this tool pairs the features and compares their individual parameters. © Features are classified into three categories: 1. Identical features. Same name and type with identical parameter values. 2, Modified features. Same name and type with different parameter values. 3. Unique features. Unique name and type. © Compare Geometry : Compares two pars (o two configurations ofthe same part) and identifies differences between two versions of the same part. Compare Geometry performs 62 Scanned with CamScannermetry only i geometry only in volumes, and for surface models in faces. + YOU can compare geometry only When you comj y Pare volumes, you can display volume common to bot material you can add 10n to both versions, y Or remove from either version. Different colors hi ions, and iati 7 lors highli variations between the reference and modified model in th hi ighlight the \¢ graphics area. You can save comparison volumes in the reference document, in the modified : i document, or in both. You can then use the Intersect tool to merge any combinat nation of the added and removed volumes into the reference or modified model. When you compare faces, you can display faces common to both versions, faces that have been modified between versions, and faces that are unique to the versions. The face types are highlighted in different colors. You can save the documents with colors highlighting the common, unique, and modified faces. Compare BOMs (Assemblies or drawings) : Compares Bill of Material (BOM) tables from two SOLIDWORKS assembly or drawing documents. You can compare BOM tables from two assemblies, 10 drawings, or an assembly and a drawing. extra columns and rows, and failed rows. ‘The results list missing columns and rows, ‘ed BOM is not supported. This utility finds all BOM tables lect the BOMs to compare in BOM 1 and BOM 2. You ria for failed rows. Failed rows have identical data column, but nonidentical data in the other Comparison of Excel-bas in the documents. You can sel can also select a column for Crite in both BOM tables for the selected columns. document and a Modified document. You can select from the list of nts, or Browse to a document. nn, click Browse and select a document. In th inder Configurations, then click Open. When you 2. Select a Reference already opened docume! To specify a configuratio 1e Open dialog box, select a configuration 63 Scanned with CamScanner3. compare two configurations of the same document, the ile name fs renamed t , 1amed to _,sld*. Under Items f0 compare, sclet additonal items to compare if necessary. The Compare ple items simultaneously. utility can compare mul Ifyou are comparing geometry, select Align parts to compare geometrically similar bodies located in different positions, relative tothe origin, Click Options atthe top of the Task Pane to open the Compare Options dialog box. You can use this to change units, feature display colors, report options, and so on. You can also change these options after Compare runs. Click Run Comparison to begin the comparison. Open the Compare Task Pane to view the results. If you compare multiple items, select the tabs to toggle between results . Click and at the top of the Task Pane to navigate between the results and parameters panes. DimXpert DimXpert is used to find the tolerance limits and geometric tolerances Scanned with CamScannerRESULTS and CONCLUSION ; Fig : Geomettic comparison of components 65 Scanned with CamScannerFig : Curvature comparison of components 66 Scanned with CamScannerSabie: += g : e = s inane : a iain = sae r P2205 : 9 219, ean Rt mas i I ane hhan 22mm9 mn mu ben! seme peed isinielonle' Fig ; Tolerance limits of scanned gear a7 Scanned with CamScannereen a: 922s homies Scanned with CamScannerEte teense sain hese ; ; lent “1 8 a fi SAX, 5 ee ; = i oa % | ; jay pai 0 eirnene IWeehlarennss ho ese ' eve tage 2812 FE ee 7 m= Fig : Drawing sheet of scanned gear 69 Scanned with CamScanner‘The following are the comparison list of design data Project Gear ‘Scanned Gear Pitch circle diameter 48.00 mm 47.86 mm ‘Addendum circle diameter 54.00 mm 353.94 mm Rear circle diameter 38.00 mm 37.95 mm Tnner circle radius 6.00 mm 5.99 mm Total width 25.00 mm 25.20 mm Front big circle diameter 34.00 mm 33.88 mm Front small circle diameter 26.00 mm 26.12 mm ‘Slot distance from center 7.80 mm 7.86 mm Hole center from rear face 650 mm 654mm that the “Therefore, from the experi process has deviation: where we have 70 mental study of reverse engineering we conclude sin the order of some 10%mm and maximum free-form surfaces like that on fillets and fla errors are seen ink surfaces. Scanned with CamScanner[11] Weiyin Ma, J P Kruth, "Parameterization of randomly measured points for least squares fitting of B-Spline curves and surfaces", Computer-Aided Design, Vol. 27 No.9 ,PP663-675, 1995. [12] Ma W, Kruth JP, "NURBS curve and surface fitting for reverse engineering", International Advanced Manufacturing Technology, Vol 14 No. 12, PP918-27, 1998. [13] Djordje Brujic, lain Ainsworth, Mihailo Ri reverse engincering, Int J Adv Manuf Technol, Vol. 41 No. 9-10, PP 948-959, 2009. [14] Aziguli Wulamu, Goetting Mare, Zeckzer Dirk, "Approximation of NURBS Curves "Fast and accurate NURBS fitting for and Surfaces Using Adaptive Equidistant Parameterizations", Tsinghua Science And Technology, Vol. 10 No. 3, [15] Kunal Soni, Daniel Chen, Terence Lerch, "Parameterization of prismatic shapes and reconstruction of free-form shapes in reverse engineering”, Int [16] Mohammed Riyazuddin, "Visualization with NURBS using simulated annealing optimization technique", M.Se Thesis, King Fahd University Of Petroleum and Minerals, 2004. [17] Merja Huma, "Evolutionary heuristic optimization for digital curves and surfaces", MSe Thesis, King Fahd University Of Petroleum and Minerals, 2005. [18] Akemi Galvez, Andrés Iglesias, Angel Cobo, Jaime Puig-Pey, "Jess Espinola. BBézier Curve and Surface Fitting of 3D Point Clouds Through Genetic Algorithms, Functional Networks and Least-Squares Approximation", Lecture Notes in Computer Science, Vol. 4706, PP680-693, 2007. [19] Akemi Gélveza, Andrés Iglesias, Jaime Puig-Peya, "Iterative two-step genetic- algorithm-based method for efficient polynomial B-spline surface reconstruction", Information Sciences, In Press, Available online 8 October 2010. ‘Simple Method for xd Points", Proceedings of the 19th {20} Nallig Leal, Esmeide Leal, and John William Branch, Constructing NURBS Surfaces from Unorga International Meshing Roundtable 2010, Part 3, [21] Akemi Galvez, Andrés Iglesias, "Particle swarm optimization for non-uniform rational B-spline surface reconstruction from clouds of 3D data points", Information Sciences, In Press, Available online 13 November 2010. 2 Scanned with CamScannerSRI DATTA SAI | MULTI COLOUR XEROX