Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Digital Image Processing

    Uploaded by

    Neha Chogale
    25 views160 pages

    Original Title

    Digital image processing

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    25 views160 pages

    Digital Image Processing

    Uploaded by

    Neha Chogale

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 160
    co! Sigs ans Sot. To anfersand image funamentls and taasfoms| image enone! nus pail and eine domain To tay i ra cep gl inne proceing 9a. Ahmet revo value he techies for nage enbarcereat and images tt ass iage processing techniques for si Introduction to Image Processing ‘eying 0 aay them and dissing it wit bers the be, Refer Fi 121 > tena 20 signa ana Sysome-—~ A et snow defi wt we mean by an age. TH word eund is mensional, wie mages tied a Heace an image cn Be In this case, to locate the do. Al family piace, photographs on iy cane ‘© 2imensonal. is stent acer, ete single example ‘Bcamplof«Idimenonl an «2-dimensonl signal 1 ws ee why images are en onside te irage shown in Fig.133. Fig. 134 shown, went The sesromepetic secon cag be expel leewomgncis radiation. One cannot exist witout te | tn f wavelength nd quency. The weet (ad fer A ow of leaie comet sinaye proses Imagoetsm, and magetisn is wed w produce ec. leeuomagostc aan i propagated outwards om is source at 2 velosity of 300000000 meters per eco x10" whee, ee a emit to «spectrum etenting trom 380m 0 Most fhe mages hat we encounter incur ay ody |) ire take fom camers which ar sensitive to thi ngs ofthe electromagnetic pectum (380-760 nn), We mst ot fore hough, that tre re cameras which are cpale (te fen (0a reo ye expen ant aay Here ci te pest ght 3310! ee us fequecy of tcintons can be elated sing uation (14. a ndesand the chutes of the me, Fr ecient design of algorithns win r L ree stone the ge alc te Bnd se) 15 _Units of ntensi Weknow tat foran object to be seen, ome amount | eas foo Tee nit of Tumioos imensiy () candela (66) (SI ei) wich by cefaion, is (V50)* of & square center ofthe sue of 3 Bick body radio te | hole empera of 2045 K. [hte A Back boy enor sone a bso a ‘adeton der Joon and hae 90 reeceng power Te race tom a rasind Bick body sexe clas ck by con ai aways ‘he uni is called camila because inially was ened a + sancard cane baring pce amount of a per bur There is snter inp ni apr fran ‘tel tt we encounter. Tits cll a. aise. clea is the white potion of they Inside he chro i the etna which is composed of mo pes of photoreceptors Thee phokreepirs re Spelled io covert ght rays Ino receptor petals ‘These photoreceptors ee called ros and cones ound due 1o be shape, Rods ae long and slender wl cones ae sorter and thicker, Nerves consecting the sens lene he ‘eh dough the ope nerve bundle. Light entering the come i foci onthe retina surface by alent changes pe under muscular eal opefoem proper focusing of Cones provide colour vison an Ag vial city (shy of visio) a bight eh Cones eigen higher level of amine, tir apne clled Phonic ‘ison. nt interme sarge of lumii, bth rote sax come reacties prvi Meope Viin, a moon ight we camo seco bene only he ros ae functioning, Te distin of rode an cone in the ena estown Fg 162 be . Wen + ight sims sees 4 ra of» cove, & owoctemietanston cca, prodaing ane ip ‘The timer in Which te tere inpbes propee ‘trough te vial sytem a eb ally ude’ ty "be mea sty an ance et wed or dcusion oo e astomy of be humane ee. Ar ted eat Geo en oo way exhsive aed nero det, can refer modal jour, But at sade of nage rocesing hi informivon woud be cent. 116.1. Image Formation in Eye ee The bei atl ook hi as i, the op. At he cere of tis was ale, te ity ‘unaan is inetd tom 1101+ A. The eben row sed bere wheter He OF SE can dete incre he cere noo dette change, the nen is fbr incesed by another increment of AL Ty, procedure is continued il He observer detects gy trea, Ths is Known the Jt Nodceahe Dita, ov) fa 34mm The beight of erin nage 34 he same image is obser at sta 10m, laoet AS woud Wec ate ay Weve raio = 4h ‘Te human ee isa complex eaten andthe images ta we perceive ae ase equly comple. We al am) explain evisu phesoneat What the hamsn ee sees we i genera inesy image Ines, Baghoces nd Contat are dee irae phenomena. Intenso ht care deeds te ta aout of it ee by Hence ints ly propery and caste mes ihe she hand i eyo visual concept an ene seca 3 seo o ih meas. Cones maybe defied as he Atfereac in pecivd bigness. A) Coates Sensi: The respons ft buman eye {changes inthe nea of iui is kxown be nomtna Conse te single exernen: ‘0 time our discrimination quality also reduces whet here isto ch ight intensity incident ate aan ee. ‘Te care in the Big 164 repre the rnge of Intsies hat be human isl se can adap. ‘Wien ilunisatn i ow, i te Pays dominant cole wile fr i level of minaion sod ten ngs st geting isles aed, (©) Acaty and Contour (Mach Bands): Mich de tamed afer the Aun physct Et Mach mina. [As canbe sen fom he fg, the son fom seatpic vison to photopic vision is gradual and st ceraia eves of uintions bath fem pay le, To cat a lng sary sort, the dynamic ange of he stan i left. This eke Mach a effect ‘Teac and he peeved nest cars a shown lng. 168 @)ant 0, | ($) Integration : Anode important property of gy, ha it inegaes the Sene as a Whole, rope hi aiats proesmig, When tea pice, we dono 0k teach point, bt c et ssaviole Leta an example oe ing sg Wa ome matn by nae poeeng? | ee L (0 Atal itensty = a Dhnctin’ Aecodrng oa reste at an Blogs Unser, Cae eniacy nctaten ta ht Sronee drninaion ie poor fw eso inmaon Espa ts cater, petininay concep of i eee iy procesing ae oie, Difewnce srtormache perception. Ean o ne dimensional sd wos signs is x inspite of te speing mistakes. 2.8 wat coe ne te to (Peeve inensity You cn ead 0 Topics sucha eevosgstic pcm and ive eaeenaeeed Fie ba ‘eau of te integration proven ofthe ee. uw a dtcused with exanples. Elements of te taman | 0-2 What do Mach bonds inp? ve) isa stem ae presenied, Bas astm ofthe hana | 0.10 Wan oben ching an jc 2 ig are incase teed 40 overtook atthe sight hand ee 7 9€ explined with a few iourwions. Percept ince of 2m Fi et Pa trates each as righes adaptasion an lope ™ irguoh betioan nage proctting and aos 2.12 Enis to tem brane asgatn, ‘base requie io undentnd nage processing ‘Chapter Bas. aaa (thematic function) cy. Esch of he smal icles have the same intensiy, but fecase the surounding grey level ofeach of the From the Table 16.1, 21 _ Introduction 7 Basle slements of an image processing system Digi image rocesing i sll ean of Seo comp. Te a ee ge Plone + Pcoric devies comit of | 4 nln of CCD pie a cal otto be reg ym sown low, Quantum detectors sxmlondacer jc, Thay ae sit at ars | pect eter than 213 Tozer ee ‘compote dcr lize nag nents town | cups watage etl pepo! be omne ne eg aaa ntinractosducient 5 Fhomstm, Fame anes poe t mae "OW foe. One hig st te ay COD Image Sg. steed phat bang med nspenonceeeee ee, OAM ial ati popes weeny cee solo ie (ec oie}. re ©) nage Presi eae ear ae aes ane oe on cee oe ee acceee eee trie a eroding, th ae aray CD (©) Dp. Woenver tis cca, te properties ofthat maul pp ccf ponte doves ager tas bee cing device y vig sterd in some meatutle way, Plnc/Enstin came a score hc sone mechs avy. (6) Trannies ‘it clan erwen th wavelength of he nciar TH RSMO we in solid-state iging snot Perper bwsed penipaly on chapecowped devs, cmeny | Tay eetigr ir ed in ft bed seamen West cus ch oma et amecanel tow a Chard Conped Devies CCDs. Hesce tt | samen tat joe coos aca in your boy we a (21) imegng esos cae OCD sean exter ale Aline ray CCD st ve ayhigfm fow Te slid se aay (CCD) cn be araegd in to = Weer, 6 = ny cared ya photon a Pct cont, 626% 10% 5 (Lin ary CCD (2) Aes amay CCD. © = Speedof tig, 3% 10% mice (dL Arrays: The ine are eres he inp er so ha te ice he 4A = Waren oft incident raion pare ae Pig 21 Or collision, the photon ruasfers all or none of! ay of phone, ‘uantum ofeerz othe elec, mapa ets (0 mage Acq: ngs eso ite it tp U2 SY image procesing system. The general aim of | ___TH Equation (2.1.1) is very important a it tls LS ss vee pata i fe maxima wvelegth o which the goat ‘ i wil ipod is deermined by the coergy vest! t ene by te mal elec, citreus Ime etn witty |g MH mae pn we dfect cameras for dite applications I ve manana (9 Mande Pwemic Pe yes wth ne aye a (Aran Array : The pot rc only one ie, To get a teodimensnol HPA ees mechanically move te aay ve ee iver {UL Gh tft Fens Lp ‘Ara amays of music rays const of wo inensional any of poe ashe wives eal word sees wit toy mecbaial seaming. Trot much more information can be daluced from a single rea ine iaace tan would be posible with line args. Area “aryscan te see i al te dpi cameras that we se fox video imaging. Te ara aay ae more verti than the ie aay, a ee BS epg iis Area ays ne higher om co abd compli, presen come in Ee EES. 2565 6 “90 x 380, 640 x 480, 780% 575. CCD arrays ge icy pskaged as TV camer A sence, te ee a ery igh pet (10.00 sn ries tm lf appeaions im Which fei etn eu (a) mae Storage + Al video signals a een alg form ie, elec signals convey Huminay td exiour with cotavnsly variable Voge. Th ances ae lnerfced (© 2 computer where te poccsng algrthas ae wenea, This is dove by. frame grabber car. Usually fame grabber cri Prine ciel Board (PCB) Fite othe os comps (256 to 4056 gray level). Hence a frame grabber cet isan interface between the camera and the compe: bate) canon [0] 2 Fig 216 Simplified dagram ofa frame grabber card & aol athe Form bytes (write no frame gbber memory unde he compet sally by DMA tnasien, The cinents of the menexy are cotinuosly read ou a eo re (0 fees), ped hugh the DIA comer and spayed onthe mone. ‘The ouput bas color map of «cole Look Up ‘Tuble LUT to pei roo cooing. The ble coasts Wit he advent ofthe PCT bs, he hot compute memory could now be Wed a he Rane Baler emery ‘This is ecu he PCT bus faites ft common Hence te irage could nom dsnly be sored on the compete RAM Duet this, tb fae baer memory bas ecome or ores let Oly the vey igh nd fame or | Biber cade sl Save sol frame enbter memery ‘he grey level at hat pou. Suppose the image (mai) sof ine Ax B and spone we egie © bis to represent each elemear of te mat. Meniey space required fo sor this image i proximaly equal © AXB Cb Suppose we have D such images hen tol umber of 212) Fie 200) meled onthe. Iags being rw dimensional fntons, 0cpy aot of pace an ence is ave ove a compu With Sele ard is and ab a good RAM. Proesed images cull be soe oe mage Noes or CDs. Archival ta se od on maga pes (Image Procening + Systems engine from ricco 1 gener puro Ire compuien sae wed im image pressing. Debeaed image rossi systems comes te Bet ompues are ‘very poplar owas rcesng of iil images lnvole process tat ae wally expesed in ee —_ a oe — 63S ‘f= a) mee — ‘The image seacce forthe Aner sce it a concise representation a possible for transmission over coc Mos ssi i rds tlevison ae el in analog form ad analog cing ethos ae sed to make itz nsession hanes a cocoa pie incltig cable tea ato, slies, and opal fibres. amen: abe neg raison cin bere ae many elements which exit x noolinear behaviour, If xis ea sey pn tee yea? 1 Gans oft dese pe ee ey ee ee te nity peas we aie) Heme mae ZEEE EE te Gotu coms cesar new ao conpesaing orn Wetec tof igs fares vale at ths age to ne rnc agra ofthese topes 22 _ Image Types 1 was sated eater har images are mensional fictions Retr Fig 221 ages canbe classed as follows (0), Monoetome ges (Binary ines) (2) Grey scale images, @) Colour 249 images. © Hatranet aes Pig 2a images. I such images, we have nly back a white pines and no ober sbaes of ey. Refer Fig. 222. Feit (2) Grey Seale Image : Hee cach pie is ay sored hi fe sss Bey 8 e949 pas ‘hoe pt aac fom oar ig cb ey comer Lpseig sap seni) The has oes he te Mol) as it conmind ir convenicg im 8 ge en, Cine ‘Acute ta otc sinires | gay 20500 eh or te ga (Hat Toning: vis tw ey see image eiey oaks tener ane incon image snes mere grey ees. But er a oie in nd Mat of te pst tt we He Gj er, in Grotas cau spy en x ain ar al Sere devs, hey tae ely “ 2 bk cries ean only pce two eel che (lick a ne bck oud). fa mt of te a igh aoe ing vel devices. MATLAB cae orceering ok image ie mela matic of ee ew eating Peaay ey lee equi wef be mash whet pa teste so camp You tive all ad senspapers a some pot of ie opel). The images ook he ey level imagen my.228 ean be see hit os at ok he wey Me a smh tak oe. Hace Tes su te ‘oe whe cfg he mae, eli arcu tsi i ack fr ey evel, Fig 226 ‘Te fog to inpeent haloes age oa ey Pig 224 ispiven ow, rete ft bck represents white, last ck ‘ven the images ht you seein mos of the books | SEBGME hice ae psec wg Wack elu 4 ‘rie biclerund ln ite of his we d get an iio of Ye se of he hone mates bed ‘tuner of grey eves he oil irae we encour grey evel 0, iy ie | mgs can dy te efor O88 pig © an ater Howe BPS ies Be don conti pier. 0 te Poppe Exe O00) He a fe eames dt deep a ae fort ye et opin ai {0 images compre nase Wich cap, ery ite sce Hi ted che Dist Coe TawtomDCT (xpined io cher of Ig, efor) JPEG imps ae JOY compre Airis vio ein soe os of rgd ag ene te uly JPEG rage ct good as By Atop Free ern etnies, hy stare vasa, Tie Fig. 23:1 stows he opie opeiaion a eal pt comeing a eens he py sof he haem Inge 23 _Image Fle Formats tp ldo este ase ompnr ingles ee A fom ch fs ow neato edi te Ganon Mose 9 poms a een rap) Fp Son Tepe en) OE ngaero eB 203 Wha 2a fe ROB aes intra h vaes fne ary ok for al pat spe then te vale "he expiry clu owed yh ves the imay car. Ths he mage aa ee or, RRRR GOGO. BBB Bn ‘The comprsion pe ine hae nies wheter ‘te image din is compose ing lin ach Ra Jeng eeoding «Apu fom tee, re ae & few mare fonmas which we ome soe while dealing whim. POM (Prue Grey Map) -POM sed esa py evel images. 'PBM (Pore Bit Map -PBM is wed erst iney PPM (Ponale Pel Me) - PPM ie wed represen RGB These fomats are dingsitied ty 2 charter MP ie i ery gd ut ey xy of wenory space. PICT is 4 genta pape ows es Sit cour and 24.81 color imagen. TH! fs th erin whic pine valet Stomtre | ime ype _ | trae pe me P| Biowycran | asc 72 | oreyseie Pav] _ascu The age omits ow = a PB ROB, ASCTL (Beaks 2) tage ts piel | caveman ‘het he ie ofthe image 8 x8 ad eam have 255 grey Peer levels ach ales eps by Bt +e se inrmaion aout te Kin fail ocean Ee Inthe row ampli) we th tet pe level 5% aig an i “encprimciinst era Now, comes te obvious question As we krow, moe fe sal ad eB Deter hems, What tn shoul be the eal valbes of sampling and quanta, ‘This aver wil vary fom image to image. Given below ‘ampling and the quantization vals. Aste te qumization increase, the numberof Hs rth image increases tremendously ‘The clanty increases, but sorage space requind We ence need o et a uade-off between he Mig. 332, For simplicity, we consider a square mati of st Comparing the images, we se tht “ls contouring” Fi=(255jmaxime(F); % sorting ‘ake place at we rece the number of grey levels, MATLAB code for edcing spi resolution ‘46 Down sampling pa ‘%P%To se the llc of reducing he nner of wpe 5% imahowinB(F)) leo - RE easement J= 19 Thin ah eae he ae on E Rae eaee nei fhe second image asa “Checker Boar” PAE fe pis doco of amples. ~ 34__Isopreterence Curves We hve see te effect of ceding pi. We sil dono know OF N Gamplingrescuton) ad m by TS. Huang i 1965 steopes, 3.5 Physical Resolution ly the effects on imsge quay Sar and By 00 we know data digi! imag, or image for shor, is composed of discrete pixels. T \ ‘A 640% 480 image woul measure 646 aces by itches when delayed jective quay ere summarised in the form of isoprene ee ‘Ts 23% 2 ich image at 4 relation of 30 pinls ‘Per inch would ave anal of $4000 pixel) a Aitowh tis coavetin mies it mle) ig | pape 0 0 oudepene Sc ee 249i porn peo cing oy —_— eae rear 1 Tae on ai pie nese et a engl ina, a ea chile stdin son Wetsow ence theese image wl be 60048. mies ‘commer mea of rae fr itl da is te ba defies 6 ember of Bs sated per sod. (0) Now if we tse faster wansmisin ie of 7: tse Bi, we a BV 8 ag +2) etl N= tone 1004010 1 = 1osssrensie ‘Tes ie anid 56 avd. ‘Time taken = 1872510 ‘Time taken totus the imate ‘Terfore to represeat this image, we 2as2 20m pita 2.4 expan nonar srtng 8 compute me pry! when pnt ya tr tease ‘Weta 4CT image wich we was wit ro elon in. The CT age sf siz S12 312 a a 256 gyros Dui tnaeision each ble peel: a and scented by 4 wp Bt How many mt wi ew tani ine? (ole pase eps nes an ent 9600 ice) Sole: 256 grey level required mean bit sini “£ 4.1 _ Introduction Image nhac one of te fs sp ne merely improves the subject qual of the images by working with be exsing data. Imag enhancement ca be doen to dais. () The spatisl dooain 2) The feguecy domain, Image Enhancement in Spatial Domain 42 _ Spatial Domain Methods _ em pa doa ans wii Be ng Meo ge nls ee wh | Slower wre wig Se i em 1a fa 99 ig mie wf Be st ven (9a ape conti For tng an ewes fom 0 255 we Oe tte 285 mpc well Be emi Ya rpms. 8626 sown in F421 ry” ew he igi image ad T is te (© © ae anew meio image {8 9-Fer al pido einge t sol ps ‘hinge. The seer equsin remit ae, ‘To sumtin, spl dowain tgs a toe, which Grey work wit te pel vas to gota von Image based on Eaton (42), Spatial domain caancemeat aa be cared ot in two feet ways (Point processing @)Neighboutond processing Ho) (256,256) Leto stat with expaing wha is meant by the ‘pail domain, sass the vain metods of sail domain enancement sed tan move on to dices the frequency domuia techague ia chaper of image etanceneat in Frequency Doi. Pipa Note : We always consider the axis a6 shown is Fig 421, The rani is taken in the downward ved ction, while the y-aris is taken in the hore irction. The reason for taking this inverted coor sytem isto make sue tat the image uses the stnitt ‘mtrx coordinates that We have been using right fom ‘shool. You will remember te fist vale ofthe mai? ‘ways atthe top let corer while the last value of ‘matin isthe ight botom carer. Fiend 43 Point Processing point processing, we work with sale pixels Tis 151 operate. It means ta the new vale fa, ) deeds (on the operator T and the preset 9). Ti sitemet wil be clearas west giving ome exan ‘Some of te common examples of pint processing re (1) ig nezaive an | oxgeus, native simply means ivering the grey levels lack Ooi graylovers 85 Fig 4.2 = 0.54 255and when = 255.8 #0. Inger, fe aepr aay Here Lis te namber of prey eves. (256 in isos) (MATLAB program fr Ring te gal negative I MATLAB cet excl naive 5% se-red (not e=dinbefan) £255 ora Bi mage = Seu) crm) Snot) ee nag Exhncemann Ste Don, (@)Digal negative Fig433 2) Contrast stretching ¢ Many times We obtain Ing ctrat images doe 10 por uminations OF doe wrong sting of the lens aperture. Te Ide behig contrast stetching ist inrease the contrast of mages by making the dark portions darker and Iwi portions brie. Fig. 634 shows he transformation used 1 achiew comma steching. In the Fig. 4.3.4, the doted Ine depending onthe input image and the application, As was mentioned, image enhancement is & subjective mn et ing en 43 ‘Wore £m and m a the slopes. is ler fon the ‘igre tat and nae es ha one whem ie peter ta one. The contastsueching tsirmation inreses the “ami range ofthe mode nage. MATLAB program forconts srehing 59 Co ting a anise 6 5 Slopes ake es 0.5, 2nd 0.5% earl, as ev immead¢ apr) ada Low catenseo, LE-input( eth wer toatl vale’); ‘UT~ inp Ene the upper thea vale) mUELN, Is (0) Contrast stretched mage Maas ©) Thresholding : Exeme costa sbeching yisks ‘treshoding. WF we observe the coats suciching ‘Gingram loely we note tht if the fr andthe Tsk ‘slope ae made zr, and he cent lope is icresed, (Original tmage ‘The forma for sieving threshing ia follows rsa} ifr>a) mas igi gry leva Fla 4246: Original grey bevel ‘Where Lis the numberof grey level ‘As meatoned eater, image entancement being & subjective phenomena, te valve of a will vary tom image to image and from person to person. The abecive 6 0 iesity the region tat he or she i ineresed ia. An Iimporan hing o ote i hata hesolded image has the maximum contrast at it as only back and whe grey ves oan! yore (a) Sting without background os aig=o, gure (1); 9 — ginal igs, imshowio) ot gare) Mom ry ee acing with agra = gu (15% gia ings imahow (p) Figure 2), 9 gry level scing without background 43.9 imshow (ii) This metod is known as Grey eve slicing witht Wekgun This is because in this process, we ve ‘comple os the background. In some applications, tony eto enancea band of grey levels but also se! () Gray eel sticing —— voreda, es ree a ene me aed — ‘ bk td) ‘means 28 or 256 grey levels, si SESH as settee eT pacity to “ clear all ‘example black is represemied as 00000000 and white is. ed pln sein. | eh a a ae Te ere a he 8 ages | ine il ot ilo ings | ssemio wae tt 3 v5 Since 7 te mama py level met iy i | end a mpmaet ne ey i ace we iv 38 ps, Corin eae | toting Wg, Biny image LSB ise Mie it pie plane | Eeggah 0 MAT AB ol ect g K — "Se 4 hee : £ jo | Ned a Pi 42.11: gh igs, each ry a | ‘onto seat Observing the images we come tthe conchsio |e thr oner tis coin maoriy of te nad) Gente in while the lower bits comin test Si te age. Bit pane sing can tence ve vel? Caee Pip 431s [MATLAB program for dysamic range compression 9% Dynan range comprestion 8 D0 Nea te cer he 436) low al coed ang image peri. Se Sano cpm De | sang i Ng Once ets 9 i aed, we it he ma by one sep wo ‘te Fh to the tp Now WS einer theqvncies in ‘imeesonl signa. Given two signs, we can eaily Singh Yetcen the ower feuecy sgn and the ‘Ther ae 4 et of things that can be achieved by | she foueey signal ReerFg 4, ‘ighouroodpiceaig which nt posible with pit 4 mask oF a window =a | SN Soccer Sx Sor a7 x 7..) mask nae nthe image, malipy each component of corresponding vale of he image ad hem vp. Sa, ‘This operation isthe same as convolation, In the aes Where we consider one piel 188 J cob ato wea 5.004737... neigh te voltages change i an ndtion ofthe frequeney, ‘The same concepts can be appli to images. i images, "stead of vues, we have grey levels. If the grey levels , | change sow hangs, ar high regueacy areas. Always reser i, 7 sts asa ove ity com ii 442 Noise sony oft ie, ey acids Raise Expense OF tee, chen, We lexi the Gaus asa ad pepe oi itis caper, 1) Gwsineie—(@)_ Satan pepe po Gayle! a Mean average va of co Sad devon vein BERETA.) oti val it ABE 20), 435 sin noe hs 8 BAKINED VAIS Aan ar lig of (uc) Some books ee totes peck noe ‘Toke te same igs the one taken fr the Guan | rom the pa regen we geet he mask that camp the low past fiwing eration. One i gt te rm he epi reponse it hata — ; | | sre ere conon an th T b Grey level Fig 4.410(0) When ak and pepper creeps ie the imae looks ike | re Aas ‘Thee ar mo constant regions in the image Pig, 44100) noi ceen i. Che BPE St and paper ise res $: Gas oe ee qu tame ch aay swing tke ple | 488 se inact hat he mae hs Sn wooo en® 09 9 9 5 Jomonnn 0 0 ‘hi ema twa eight il we ec te line and ten ove downed. Some of te mst sos we so be. [pelniniaiaiss) [esesseee) neem eny, pee mony, ey may serene, || 02 2m ee, won nenn, lonuonwe benwenee nooeeeea| [n20 22989) | Mow: The estrous be win wa vow mame | ‘Theat ow inte seven bing he poy ea changes © 23.33 ar rounding of, fom Bitetangst0 366 (6 ate runt off ant fly fom 2 hangs Wo 50, Heoce we can sy th the ap ge ar tecme lure. Chek for yourself wha wu happen you took a bigger sy, 55. (ou wil ave ake bigger nage ote youre) ‘Tes kindof eran ies a excl’ when the Image cosine Gain oie. K ashieve fkesing by uring te sie. Some of the ct lw atk averaging sks a shove. 0 0 0 0 0 0 2 ” 0 10 0 w 0 0 10 10 10 1 10 wo 10 10 2 0 9 90 » 9 0 0 0 so 50 0|0 9 0 0|9 9 ‘The reat of convolving the image wid the 3x3 eraging as i how, nm © wo w w op ww w 0 w oe ow w 0 as ma moms ms m3 ms HS me Ms O68 Be oss oe ae © » w oo 2 0 © 2 » soe » w so ajo MATLAB program fr low pa fering he images with Guise 5 Lo ps filer wed ona image with Gumi sie neal os tained) sn 0% 00, doubles: imma puta) ding cine eon prerer} [fs] » (Orn! ag ith (0) Lom psd ise reas Genera MATLAB progas rio paseid sing sy mk soe 15 Lowy erg a image ig verging asym bleyh sable (91.2) inn ” ‘ie (Low Pas Peed Inge); | ecamziams Mle oP Fier a ing MATLAB, 44.5, Low Pass Median Fitering ‘The merging fer eover te se by Hung it ‘10 Jager sen. Bain th rcs aloo rs es. Big th averaging mack meres te Nanay. ‘Ther ce times when the img conti Sl and pepre se. we wo an averaging tert remove the sane it wil rte ete butt would lo rine edge Hee ‘when we asd to eliminate at nd pepper aie, ve wee ith nonincr fier known the Median fier They we ho called orders iter bctise thie pone sel onthe onering oF ranking of the pixels conned dh he mask 4 this case, we we x mak smart the eveaging ‘ier except th te musk as 9 valu So ier ke ‘working rectly with te 8sghbous fhe cen pte, ‘Theses to perio median tering te flows: (1) Assume 43%: empty mas. @) Place te empty mask athe ef hand comer, (©) Araage the 9 piel in ascending or descending or (4) Choos the median fom tee nine values (Pace thie medina te ceo, (6), Move the ras ina slr fahion othe aveceing fier 1m median tering, the grey level ofthe cet pine is ‘replaced bythe media vale ofthe neighbourhood. Always rit the resultant ina new matrix (image) We stall etplain ‘median fering wit an example, Inte image shown below et 250 be the salt nd peper nose. I we us an weraging fier, tbe nose would yread out andthe edges would aso cod up geting bured. I we only want to remove the noise Without dsurbing the ees, we use a median fe 0 10 0 0 0 9 0 0% 0 20 0 on 20H 9» 9 0 50 0 50 50 50 50 500 50 50 50 50 50 50 on he th ean cae, we tat by acing he mask 1 10 0 0 © 0 0 20 © 50 00 990 % 5 0 0 5050 0 © 0 50 0 0 9 0 0 0 3 50 0 10 29 90 0 0 0 0 no DDH 0 0 0 00 0 50 50 o 9 09 0 9 0 0 lunonn 00x ee eanonern = me au te edges. Median fiers give See yhee the amoant of mise i ee ow 0 0 0 0 50 50 50 ad wo f-101), pera ee ino te ne of be mk i 1% 3 ad te term O indicates the poston from whe = (10 1 singly ens a te ie ‘sng stars Ci ooven emmy 4 [EET] onion toss syoeuen? Me 1 wv vo Brot “2 fee eRe e aKa | pear ———— ? 7 pea = i fk fom) ima (py 5 | Imtonsin priest mine eum) i ate) Ibe td SL (Original image with) Medan fered image ine ‘at aod pepper mine Jed) he ith aan ibe re paaieeeememne re Pe 4a 45 _Highpass Filterin Fig. 45. ‘As seen fom the spatial respons, it clear tha the mask coefficients have wo be sah hat they the centre and negative values a the periphery. (One ofthe high pass masks is shown ia Fig. 45.1, ‘The important thing to pote i thatthe sum of the coefficients of he high pass mask has 10 be equal wo aero, Tiss ‘because, when we place this mask over the low frequency regions, the result shoul be zr. cornea eigen rch a To Semen tee ee ema isi ati per tnscaag na tm een ia mone te Seo mn ts uk x wold se OE OBES 2 2701 2 ata i ya oni isnot ter tng 8 nee. 2 fe 0 ak te Md alas Conve 7 i ey een va Wt Wl hen ema a wl we rege! wig 8 EE Yb tee = A WO a rien 0 al pve vale be yj Flt wes ea of fe ri OHS eee ag nt ir 1 4 IY Fe gt rae dhe we ere WR 8. We cocounter this problem in practice. To eliaay 4 rose, weet amastWi AsaingFincn, ence fr pastel PUOSES WE SE mag 0 0 0 0 0 OOO oo 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 oO O -20 270-2 -20 -2m0 -210 270 -20 am mo || Nt 19 is simply scaling fonction wes 20 210 2m Mm m0 70 ° o low pass mask in which the 19 term is & pat? oe oe © © || averaging operation. In this case we could also wt # 0 0 0 0 o © 0 | | U8 017 depending on the image. Some of the oe eee ae Seeoneere| (elle) flat renee : lafefa] [afals nwentemupenaoet tne ‘nee Pil aes comet be neu. Tey ays San wih 260. Here We sed 6 ged of te Te rel ing the fist mask and pune (0) High pas tered image Fig 452" 4.8 _High-Boost Filtering (4 Original image MATLAB on arth pu ig Wis ang TTS fou ‘As can be sen the high ps ier gives great ess, But ther is one problem. ges id of the complete backround, There af tmes, When We eed oeahance te ‘ges bot a retin some ofthe background. To dota, we se & movi veson of the igh pus fier known as igh Bos ering Jn High Boos ering, we pass some of the ‘wcground along wih he high reuency cote. ‘Weknow tat High pas = Orginal —Low pass ‘To pas some of the background, we mulily the igh Boost = High pass A> 1 then some ofthe original signal iad back ‘background into the high passed image. This technique it tno known as unsarp masking. ‘Te mask coetiients for igh bost tering ae show beow, Hee X= 9-1 Henceif A= 1,X=8 whichis highpass mask, ENN ete weld edna ater, MATLAB program for high bons iting {1 Hi oe ering erat Heh be (Ore at to fiero sng ay mask sizes given next 5: High pe hing an iage 5% He | ara ‘he geerined MATLAB program for th as) mab tiga 3) od tay) <0 bi=0 bow(it) eH Pe Pier Tage) 47 Zooming Acoter ingorant spin in image eahacemest ‘woes the sual domain neighbourtond operation wed image zoming. Zoomlag of mages snot someting that "ew you. Ifyou have used Mir pint or Phctoshop editor, you would be aware a there is an option which allows 0s to z00m an image by 25%, $O%, and 100% Have you ever imaged at bow at iage that, ‘ook small can soealy look so big The technige is ‘uit simple and ater eading the next couple f page, you ‘woul be ale o doi youre Zooming cn be cared out wing two feet methods, (Replication (2) tmepoaion ‘We wil discon both these metho in deta, We shall, St start with zooming ung replication. ears ATA Replication 4 replication, we simpy replicate cach pine and thea 10203040 io own #820 interlacing [ 4.7.2. Linear interpolation In tis method, insead of repiaing each inc, average ofthe to adjacent pitts log the rows i ken and placed between the two pitel. The sue operation ia ‘hen performed slong the colames. Tis operation i one nthe intetaced mage, $00 a he ep ane cour of oe 4 eae othe a raced age ee ‘As encond err, rong by meplion ive we ‘ ‘ial img «phy ok ce cates apy lr ae fore. This cnt thal de, ‘todo toning kao inl 472 Linear interpolation ing wheter 1 ts etd, asad of mpeg each pve, se of he 80 ace sog te er ster 2 np ng, eta rraapon i en evap taslis sacs crane ntuneiinte os toma 11 YW 10 Uh had Rec the a ie in & Zooming by (Org) Zoom re 472 44_savetssempies an te a sie BO nowt ti tage Hence te Soin. © Contrast stretching r,= 5,15 #3 26,8, =2: aii toy =[s[ifale slifel2 ala|sle ‘The conta wweching esfomation it shown in Pe F483, ‘Rom be ates of and, we ca id te slope of eves that is image can Bold ie 2? a3 256, eae he isin prey evel is 0 ‘he be maimam prey eels 255, 1a inlar mune, we can find te vale of Busing he vest 068 A») (2) Bit plane ateing ‘soc te image si, = 2? = 8 We convert the given imags into Waky ad chee ‘epante he ple. Since the given images 3.8, he ley 4 1 i Lf [os [os] (0) Treaoling wie T= 4 - : we 1 1 7 Eee Te tresdig futon i shown blow aba ° Wee mt ot ae ELEY ei a ofol fo} [efits [a] [ifololi 7 ‘ ieee An MsB plane —Cenerbitple LSB plane ‘ tap ; (W) Clipping with r, = 2,195 * Tre ciping wamsornaion is shown in t Fe Pana), SMT © Fig. F485 Continued... | RBS rete Th be el ig te Gey lng ‘rman wich ive by, “alsel a] ‘When we rely he LPF on he nag, he cee pia changes Witou tkgrine nae Witton Hae K + Origa numberof grey levels - Moitied suber of grey ees pent nr arn tnenents) ey His ing mp 1S We ea iy aye de ay gece 255 Ge imma vee san nis, we 270 pa the image before petoming te th tsnsien, | ferns option Th 66 age Original - Low pass = ne mask overs image tartng IF cordiin 0 Be ving ing, cen nen co see on ose fa ae im, H ten nis we mpi te Dk i © eH WAN EEG (mein. 2-) oeaier - a ttm, np Qs: | a T ™ T 7 = Far. 42100) Theta it eos tenn enn i tin i | 7 Me Pao) ‘ony Low nd gh Ps Spt soe he owing Fi, P4812 mai Prove ha High pn = Onin - Low pt. Asse ita Rows a Colm, SN tape Leh ath mmf coo methine | meraaiia Newmar meoeifan re | | ‘Zero ping F, and F, so tat both are of at (0444-1) x(0, 4-1) 934 e ° fax = [0 ° ° gages) BO) ed ih patty) = i= fOg BN) = ‘Wesel High pss = Tee gh pas ea Teco, Hays = aut | m7 | -0667 [esi [ ta | 2238 Onin Low pas x] [x] [an 1066 | 2366 = [33 | 0 | 90/-| sos | 41.22 | 30.66 sofa {a} [ae | soae | 23.667 CS Fd ner conv pt ime, 3) th eo 9 Lette opt step (he ctr methodist rahi tecig), We zero pad fy and, 9) a ach way both of bem eof sa, ewosoncsets san er =r @ ‘Tefal image wou, for itensiy level sig ise ey © ei el gm i, (pe et 88 lS je 0) Ne | Usa us eves 2 and $e mae ‘ait Bening ves remain uachaneo 3" fea 1 ofofolr ‘The LSB and MS planes ae ston below. ofolsfo tfolofo ifs fof ° ofthis LSB plane SB pane s{s[alo 2{als[e s}a}ilo 49 Comparison of Contrast Stretching and Thresholding Sr Na. ‘Contrast Stretching ‘Threshokiing Contrast srtching increas tbe dynamic | ten te tiveshld are made black wile ‘Treesolding ako increase that dynamic ‘ange by setting a tvesbold. Al values ess Values greater than the theaold are made qua to white, The formula of the contras-stetching ‘Uzi sven below ‘The formula for achieving thresholding is as f 17 Low pater is soning fe Explain 10 lve be scout of enhancement ter athe tal domain, |Belkn why modan Mer et stab for guslan roe, What se timton of mean hor ivan a kage, what i he ovpet ung a 8x 3 sroragh fer end a medin ther? Catan te How Js image subracton carted cut ? Gh an ‘ample of image sutvecion in the Yea ot ‘redtine. (2.26 Exclain the majo erence betwen hgh pas and ‘woh boost rng win an example, (G27 Dacre arn oat of rpenedy apn Prepares beittesntccony 7 | 2.90 The gey levis nan mage range om 10 0 50 an \we wah pie helmage on Soviet has & {20y lovl rang of Ot 265. Wine tanstormeton 2.31 Fotowing io Is an nage wih 8 gry level ‘This i known as & nomalied istogrum, Toe stvanag f te sctnd maths i tat te matin aes tobe plots wil aye he L. Gane ick i coed 1 ey lve! Oa whe ah matin uty king te hisogrm ofthe nage re! dato latomation cm be obi Some of he pial hogan ar stows ve guy of see Be ri ge Homan of nie ca be pte nde sent mt oF Plt eg, Oy met i DAY of am level present, Fig 51.44) a ih conta image. Of ‘he 4 istprams shown, tbe ast histogram epee he est imag, (so in is chapter would be otras he Fes tee histograms in te fourth histogram, Ia oer words, ‘we ty fincas he dynamic rang of he ing. Though MATLAB code for iting he istogeam oan nag, A Pop for bitgran form=stia italagn}==0 abe et Wee ae Matin py ne opt ings ‘+ Minus oye ot inage a0 s=2 Modes isogram ie 27 Grey [oi] a Nember ot pies | 50 0 | 60 is and tes the "epi image to occupy the eine aay cay [ice aaa sts Mier ater nar rchag (ae NEN cig al wages ye mer sa mec = ete a he pete hig rein bart oo, a iepret ctr sein ar ah Let Whe anes example of hsp ina “lense mcing donne Mee re? seo a | anassateserm mt ne 6 Hiegran archon a, | thy ys ccamaoe ate yh)oe) emg 9 Pciog haga othe anna! mag | baat ny, ges g 3 ob BE Carre (eat Fig S23 sae 90 ol a aati Tass pm orl ey We se tat CDF ives us 8 at respon rat te supe of he cipal histogram gS Sota; ne doped he etait, vain wing cotinous doin mae For ine poseig We eed 0 werk inns ori, eae if i the total numberof pines in at te he PDR nae Weknow, se THe f ae ° Inte discrete domain, A TeeS pio. masiewec oF o Werake 1,2 andthe ls column Otd ere evel Equalized grey eel We see tat 9) wich pe Mer rantomed on aia sopra, 11,3.5,6.7. Thre a0 pie ine Rune rye | Naber of ps ° ° 1 1 2 ° 3 1m ‘ ° 5 ss ‘ 2 So bere weave. A dat histogram becomes an evealy ‘pce histogram. Bat wat We had started ou o No etn Ss UUM ake ig stew eat steady quid sagan t sy ca we elie image 7 = ); nurse net eck) Bch same a wha we bad gor ater iain, eee es RE, equliing spun gives alii tialting so aay equalized is te histogram. Go abet, They wi es 8 the same reat ie, inna id uty, 7 Youcan ry the program with "posi adobe) big=mesmasia)s Gives maximum ral lo colli) (Crrontool 5% Gives the tl number never 200); ee 54 _ Additional Examples on Histogram Modeting Histogram of he rig image HL We conver the ciginat presentation, 180200350 (Original bsogeam NES © itay image Since We maxinui grey evel Is 15, we need 4:bits for its Fie.P.542() tetsces teehee level rece, But one mga hing tt hype thatthe image comes much dak. — 84d ‘The modified image is = J Commence np er lye bea gy | zeae nen hein py eed a Histogram of the orignal and modified iomges is Pate teen wim elie sownia Pig P4344) - ™ Peo mu 34a he anni, we gs 5 orig try ‘uss a sam of histogram linear stretching. By cy bles, we mean bislogram. From the image ita 2.6 fy and 27 12 8 4 ee “Gray Original histogram vel te len From the above formulation m=z, m3, ners cen ign ei ip te WH GLE. BE py og iether, 7 arama aaa SE Sapa a ei pl Fig P.54200) acer tess ce tote ey levels ec. Bu one nora hing tht happens i athe image becomes mich exaas ese i ope taoraos tlh inte. rae egy eso Oil eg. Ae gg =O aad 2 [stale sis[s[s ‘This i a sum of histogram linear seching. By feomncy tube, we mean histogram. From the image i eth = 2, ag = 6, = 804g =. sige oats awa From the above formulation When, mana, med, m4, mes, mes a7 Te modified images an Prexine or image ehunceoea contin high ee cov mt top epulzaton Wo where wpe _-

    You might also like