WELCOME STUDENTS!

Name:
________________________________________________________
Last name:
________________________________________________________
School:
________________________________________________________
University:
________________________________________________________
Course:
________________________________________________________
City:
________________________________________________________
Address:
________________________________________________________
Phone number:
________________________________________________________

1
2
WH QUESTIONS ............................................................................................................................4
WAS WERE .................................................................................................................................11
SIMPLE PAST TENSE....................................................................................................................17
IRREGULAR VERBS. .....................................................................................................................19
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE .............................................................................................................23
THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ............................................................................................31
SIMPLE PRESENT VS PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE ..................................................................36
CAN AND CAN’T .........................................................................................................................37
FREQUENCY ADVERBS ................................................................................................................39
PAST CONTINUOUS TENSE .........................................................................................................43
PAST SIMPLE VS PAST CONTINUOUS ..........................................................................................45
USED TO AND DIDN’T USE TO ................................................................................................47
THE IMPERATIVE FORM .............................................................................................................49
WOULD YOU LIKE…?...................................................................................................................51
HOW TO USE THE VERB ‘GO’ IN ENGLISH. ..................................................................................55
HAVE TO .....................................................................................................................................58
THE MODAL VERB: MUST ...........................................................................................................59
THE MODAL VERB: SHOULD .......................................................................................................61
MIGHT AND MIGHT NOT, (POSSIBILITY) .....................................................................................64
THE ANIMALS .............................................................................................................................66
FRUIT ..........................................................................................................................................68
VEGETABLES ...............................................................................................................................69
FOOD ..........................................................................................................................................70
PRONOUN CHART .....................................................................................................................71

3
 Wh questions are a group of questions that are characterized by the start of their
name,
since almost all of these questions start with the letters “Wh-”

Wh
question How to use it: Examples:

Use it to ask information about a

What person, a thing or an action What's your name? / What are you doing?

Why is the street closed?

Use it to ask the reason something
Why happened Use “Because to answer the question”

Use it to ask about the time of an When is your birthday? / When can I see
When occasion/moment you again?

Use it to ask the place of an

occasion or to ask about the
Where position of a noun Where are the keys? / Where do you live?

Who Use it to ask about a person Who are you? / Who's at the door?

Use it to ask about the way How much is it? / How many apples are in
something has happened, use it to the fridge? / How old are you? / How does it
How talk about amounts work? How often do you go to school?

4
AFTER WH-QUESTIONS USE DO/DOES TO ASK AN OPEN QUESTION.

Do I get up every morning?

study every
Do you go to afternoon?
Does he go to work on Mondays?

What time Does she have breakfast at home?

Does the cat chase the mice
Do we get home every night?
Do you start classes at school?
Do they leave high school everyday?
When you answer the questions about the time of an event, always use the
preposition AT
Answer the following questions:
1.- What time do you usually brush your teeth?
__________________________________________________
2.- What time do you do your homework?
___________________________________________________
3.- What time does your mom cook the lunch?
___________________________________________________
4.- What time does your English class start?
___________________________________________________
5.- What time does your dad watch tv?
___________________________________________________
6.- What time do you do sports on weekends?
___________________________________________________

5
 My typical school day
Reading.
Hello, my name’s katty, I am going
to tell you about my school day. I get
up early in the morning at 5:30 in
order to go to school, then at 6
o’clock the school bus picks me up at
the corner.
I don’t like having breakfast at home
that’s why I have some milk and
chips at the bar of my school at 7:15
am.
After school about 12:45 pm I do
sports with my classmates until the
school bus takes us home.
In the afternoon I have lunch at 1:30
pm. My mom cooks delicious meal
for us.
My brother Jose and I take a nap from 3pm to 4:30 pm every afternoon.
When we wake up about 5 pm we do our homework.
At night we watch different TV series until 9:30 when it’s time to go to bed.

6
 QUESTIONS ABOUT THE READING.
What time does Katty get up?
_______________________________________
What time does she have breakfast?
__________________________________
What time does she do sports?
______________________________________
What time does she have lunch?
_____________________________________
What time do they take a nap?
______________________________________
What time do they go to bed?
_______________________________________

7
 Speaking exercise

Dialogues
On the telephone.
A: Hello, may I speak to Luccas?
B: Yes, of course. Hold on please.
C: Hi! It’s Luccas here! Who is this?
A: Luccas I am Amelia, just calling you
To say hello.

At the store.
A: Hello, can I get a bottle of water please?
B: Sure
A: How much is it?
B: It’s fifty cents.
A: Okay, thanks.

In the taxi.
A: Where do you want to go?
B: Please, take me to the airport.
A: Excellent! Let’s go
B: How much is it?
A: It’s twenty dollars.

With your friends.

A: Hi guys! What’s up?
B: There is a party tonight
Do you want to go?
A: Yes! Let’s meet at the mall at 8pm
So we can go together to the party.
B: Okay, see you tonight!

8
SHAKIRA’S BIOGRAPHY

Reading

Shakira (Isabel Mebarak Ripio) was born

on February 2nd, 1977 in Barranquilla –
Colombia. Her artist name comes from
Arabie.

At school she was good in Music and

composed her own songs.

In 1990 while she was on a play, an

artist’s manager offered her to be part of
SONY MUSIC.

In 1991 when she was 14, she recorded

her first album named “MAGIA”. This
album wasn’t a hit, but she showed
projection for future days.

Two years later, she recorded her second

album “PELIGRO” and then her third
album “PIEAS DESCALZOS” which were
hits in many countries.

She started dating Gerard Piqué on 2011, he is a soccer player, they have 2 sons, Sasha
and Milan Piqué

At present she lives in Spain and USA, but she never forgets that she is a Colombian
woman and loves her country.

9
 Questions about the reading.

1.- Where was Shakira born?

_________________________________________________________________

2.- Was she a good student in music at school?

_________________________________________________________________

3.- What happened to Shakira in 1990?

_________________________________________________________________

4.- Was her first album a hit?

_________________________________________________________________

5.- Were her second and third albums a hit in many countries?

_________________________________________________________________

6.- Where is she living now a days?

__________________________________________________________________

7.- Do you like her songs?

_________________________________________________________________

8.- What is the name of her husband?

_________________________________________________________________

9.- What is his profession?

_________________________________________________________________

10
 TO BE

WAS WERE

AFFIRMATIVE NEGATIVE
STATEMENTS STATEMENTS
Subject Be Subject Be
WASN'T /
I WAS I WAS NOT
WEREN'T/
WERE
YOU WERE YOU NOT
HE HE
WASN'T /
SHE WAS SHE WAS NOT
IT IT
WE WE WEREN'T /
YOU WERE YOU WERE
NOT
THEY THEY

YES/NO QUESTIONS
Subject Be Complement
WAS I a good driver?

WERE You a football player?

He born in USA?
WAS She Born in Loja on 1999?

It raining last night?

We in the house yesterday?

WERE You happy in the morning?

They in the stadium last night?

11
 AFFIRMATIVE ANSWERS
Subject Be
I WAS
YOU WERE

Yes,
HE
SHE WAS
IT
WE
YOU WERE
THEY

NEGATIVE ANSWERS
Subject Be
I WASN'T
YOU WEREN'T

No,
HE
SHE WASN'T
IT
WE
YOU WEREN'T
THEY

WH/ QUESTIONS
Wh- word Be Subject
Was I
What
Were You
He
Where Was She
It
We
Who Were You
They

Remember, Wh questions go before the verb to be/auxiliary verb

12
LOOK AT THE TABLE.
WRITE SENTENCES ABOUT EACH PERSON.
PLACE OF
NAME OCCUPATION BIRTH NATIONALITY
Vicente Rocafuerte President of Ecuador Ecuador
Frank Sinatra Singer New York
Carlos Julio
Arosemena Politician U.S.A
Commander in the
Augusto Pinochet army Ecuador
Roberto Gomez Actor Mexico

Vicente Rocafuerte was a

president of Ecuador

He was born in Ecuador

He was Ecuadorian

13
 Reading

Ben’s day.

When I woke up this

morning. I found my Dog Fox
waiting for me. He wanted
me to take him for a walk. I
was too hungry, so firs I had
breakfast. I had a glass of
milk and a piece of toast,
then I washed my teeth and
put on a track-suit and a
heavy coat, because it was
really cold outside. Fox was
already impatient. We both
went out, and walked to the
park near home. He ran and
jumped, and pursued some
passers-by. He also destroyed
some pieces of furniture
somebody left on the road. I
sat on a bench all the time,
wishing I could be inside my warm bed. When my hands were frozen, I decided it was
time to go back home. Fox didn’t want to, but I pulled hard and I managed to take him
back. When we arrived at the front door, I realized I didn’t have my keys with me, so
we stayed out in the cold for more than an hour! Fox was happy, but I was late for
work!

1.- Circle all the verbs you find in the past simple tense.

14
Which of them are regular?

Which are irregular?

Write 3 infinitive form of the irregular verbs:

_______________________________________

2.- Answer the questions:

A. Who was happy to stay outside?

______________________________

B. What did Ben do in the park?

______________________________

C. What did Fox do in the park?

______________________________

D. What did Ben have for breakfast?

______________________________

E. What was the weather like?

______________________________

F. What was Ben wearing?

______________________________

G. When did Ben decide it was time to go

home?

_______________________________

15
 EXERCISE.

COMPLETE THE QUESTIONS USING WAS/WERE + “WH” QUESTIONS.

EXAMPLE:

1.- WHERE WERE YOU BORN?

In Ecuador.

2.- ___________ ________ SELENA BORN?

In 1976

3.- __________ _________ HUSSEIN FAMOUS

FOR?

His revolution against U.S.A

4.- WHERE ________ PICASSO _________?

In Spain.

5.- WHAT ______ SHAKESPEARE FAMOUS FOR?

His romantic poems.

6.- _________ ________ JUAN PABLO II BORN?

In Poland.

7.- _________ ________ MARLON BRANDON

FORM?

U.S.A

8.- _________ ________ SIMON BOLIVAR BORN?

16
 Regular verbs rules
Spelling rules Examples
Just add -ed to the base form Walk -> Walked
Verbs ending in "e" just add -d Dance -> Danced

Verbs ending in a consonant + y,

change "y" to an "i" and add -ed Study -> Studied
Verbs ending in a vowel + y just
add -ed Play -> Played
One syllable verbs ending in
"consonant + vowel + consonant"
doble the last letter and add -ed Plan -> Planned
Two syllable verbs stress on the
last syllable doble the last letter Commit ->
and add -ed Committed

Grammar
Structures examples
Subject pronoun + verb (past tense) +
complement She ate a sandwich yesterday.
Subject pronoun + auxiliary verb (past
tense) + not + verb (base form) + She did not eat a sandwich
complement yesterday.
Auxiliary verb (past tense) + Subject
pronoun + verb (base form) + complement
+? Did she eat a sandwich yesterday?

17
 What is a voiced sound?
Is the sound that is produced by the vocal cords (they produce a vibration or humming
sound in the throat)
The following letters are produced by the vocal cords:
/L/ /N/ /R/ /G/ /V/ /Z/ /B/ /M/ /E/ /I/ /J/ /Y/ /U/ /W/
With a voiced sound we need to pronounce -D at the end of the verb:
Called -> Calld Cleaned -> Cleand
What is an unvoiced sound?
Is the sound that is produced by the mouth (the sound resonates in the front of the
mouth)
The following letters are produced by the mouth:
/P/ /K/ /F/ /GH/ /SH/ /CH/ /SS/ /C/ /X/
With an unvoiced sound we need to pronounce -T at the end of the verb:
Kissed -> Kisst Looked -> Lookt
If our regular verb ends with T or D we will use the -id pronunciation.
Needed -> Needid Wanted -> Wantid

Circle the right pronunciation.

Cooked (T) (D) (ID)
Changed (T) (D) (ID)
Talked (T) (D) (ID)
Dated (T) (D) (ID)
Passed (T) (D) (ID)
Prayed (T) (D) (ID)
Stopped (T) (D) (ID)
Committed (T) (D) (ID)

18
 IRREGULAR VERBS.

LOOK AT ALL THE VERBS IN THE DICTIONARY AND WRITE THE CORRECT
MEANING OF EACH VERB IN THE TABLE BELOW.
Present
Verb Past tense Past participle Progressive Meaning
Be Was/were Been Being
Become Became Become Becoming
Begin Began Begun Beginning
Bite Bit Bitten Biting
Break Broke Broken Breaking
Bring Brought Brought Bringing
Build Built Built Building
Choose Chose Chosen Choosing
Come Came Come Coming
Cut Cut Cut Cutting
Do Did Done Doing
Draw Drew Drawn Drawing
Drink Drank Drunk Drinking
Eat Ate Eaten Eating
Fail Fell Fallen Falling
Fly Flew Flown Flying
Forget Forgot Forgotten Forgetting
Get Got Gotten Getting
Give Gave Given Giving

STUDY ALL THESE VERBS

19
 Go Went Gone Going
Have Had Had Having
Lose Lost Lost Losing
Make Made Made Making
Meet Met Met Meeting
Put Put Put Putting
Read Read Read Reading
Run Ran Run Running
Ride Rode Ridden Riding
See Saw Seen Seeing
Sit Sat Sat Sitting
Speak Spoke Spoken Speaking
Swim Swam Swum Swimming
Stand Stood Stood Standing
Take Took Taken Taking
Teach Taught Taught Teaching
Tell Told Told Telling
Think Thought Thought Thinking
Understand Understood Understood Understanding
Wake up Woke up Woken up Waking up
Win Won Won Winning
Write Wrote Written Writing

STUDY ALL THESE VERBS

20
 Change the following sentences to simple past tense.
I speak English ________________________________

You watch tv ________________________________

We go to school ________________________________
They have dinner ________________________________
I practice Spanish ________________________________
He walks to home ________________________________
You go to bed early ________________________________
Mr. Lee and I work here ________________________________
Jane plays the violin ________________________________
She studies French ________________________________

Change the following sentences to the negative form

They read the paper at home yesterday
_____________________________________
Joel & Paul hated soccer
_____________________________________
Henry talked in class early today
_____________________________________
Peter had a big lunch two hours ago
_____________________________________
She ran in the park
_____________________________________
Luis wrote a letter for his friend
_____________________________________
We saw a squirrel on a tree last week
____________________________________
I did my homework
_____________________________________
Lucy talked with Pablo
_____________________________________
I took a picture of the sky
_____________________________________

21
 The teacher taught us a new topic
_____________________________________

Write questions with the following verbs in simple past tense

(Eat)
___________________________________________________
(Draw)
___________________________________________________
(Wake up)
___________________________________________________
(Bring)
__________________________________________________
(Get)
__________________________________________________
(Lose)
__________________________________________________
(Fly)
__________________________________________________
(Work)
__________________________________________________
(Put)
__________________________________________________
(Dance)
__________________________________________________
(Clean)
__________________________________________________
(Learn)
__________________________________________________

(Cook)
__________________________________________________

22
SIMPLE PRESENT TENSE

The simple present tense is used for repeated actions, as for example talking
about habits. In the time line the representation is as follows.

I go to the church every Sunday. I like hamburgers. My mother buys

food every two weeks.

Past Present Future

Let’s analyze the sentences above. I go to church every Sunday. It means that in the past,
in the present,and in the future, I repeat the action. If we see the second example, I like
hamburgers, it means that I have always eats hamburgers and that I will always eat them.
The same things happen with the sentence, my mother buys food every two weeks. It
means that she has the habit of buying it every two weeks.

Simple Present is also used for talking about real facts. It is to say that all people in the
world know a real truth. For example:

Lions eat meat. The full moon is round.

Ecuador is in South America.

So let’s keep in mind that the Simple present is used as mentioned above.

23
 The simple present tense has three main structures:

Affirmative form Negative form Interrogative form

The boy eats a hamburger. The boy doesn’t eat hamburger Does the boy eat hamburger?
I go to the church every I don’t go to the church Do I go to the church
every every
Sunday.
Sunday. Sunday?
They go to the They don't go the Do they go to the
supermarket supermarket supermarket
each week. each week. each week?

Affirmative form:
Subject Verb Complement
I Work for a company.
You work for a company.
He works for a company.
She works for a company.
It works in a company.
We work in a company

You work in a company.

They work in a company.

Subject Verb Complement.

24
Pay special attention to the chart, the structure of how to form the Simple Present in
affirmative form. In this tense, it is important to remark that the conjugation of the third
person singular, which is he, she, it, adds an “S” or “ES” in spelling in affirmative form
according to certain rules.

RULE # 1

Verbs that end in “ss” “ch” “sh” or “x” add “es” to the end of the verb:

Luana brushES her hair with a new hair brush. (to brush)

The principal crossES by the aisles of the institution every morning. (to cross)

I relax she relaxes

I mix he mixes
I kiss she kisses
I miss he misses
I stress she stresses
I floss he flosses
I fix she fixes
Sa relaxes every day after lunch. (to relax) I guess he guesses
I brush she brushes
I wash he washes
I wax she waxes
I push he pushes
I touch she touches
I reach he reaches
I teach she teaches
I wish he wishes
I watch she watches
I catch he catches
I punch she punches
I crash he crashes

25
 Rule # 2
The second rule states that verbs ending in a consonant followed by 'y', we remove the
'y' and add 'ies' to the end of the verb. This does not apply to verbs ending in a vowel
followed by 'y', which are conjugated normally.

My uncle fries chicken. (to study)

I wish my daughter marries someone rich. (to marry) I cry He cries

We fly It flies

They try She tries

We hurry He hurries

I imply He implies

I don't care where he stays, I’m good here. (to stay)

EXCETPIONS:
But with verbs
ending in
vowel + y, we
just add –s as
usual. I play –
he plays

Examples:

She pays her credit card.

26
It plays old long plays.

I say She says

You pay He pays
They play It plays
I buy She buys
You stay He stays
They enjoy He enjoys
We destroy She destroys
He enjoys the party. They display It displays
We employ He employs

RULE # 3

We add –s to the verb to form

I drink He drinks
the third person singular (he,
I run He runs
she, it). I drink – he drinks I argue She argues
I clean She cleans
I run – he runs
I fight He fights
I wonder She
wonders
My mother argues with my father.

Let’s practice…

27
 Change to the third person singular of the following verbs.

play go wash teach drive

carry fly start help kiss

watch tidy enjoy cry mix

More practice:

Write the third person singular form of the following verbs:

He the dog. She ____________juice. He the

street.

She her clothes. She you.

He______videogames.

He _______really hard. He the TV.

She desperately.

28
He ______out loud. He her He_________soccer,

Negative form:

Negativ
Subjec e Verb Complement
t word
I don’t work for a company.
You don’t work for a company.
He doesn’t works for a company.
She doesn’t works for a company.
It doesn´t works in a company.
We don’t work in a company
You don’t work in a company.
They don’t work in a company.

Verb Complement

Take into account that don’t and doesn’t are the contracted forms for the negative form.
All we need to do is to add the existing structure the negative words: don’t or doesn’t,
according to the pronoun itself.

29
 Complete these sentences using DON’T or DOESN’T, then choose the
right picture for each one.

He ___________ play soccer at the beach.

We ___________ do the chores.
They __________ rent that apartment.
You ________ walk to school every day.

He ________ wash the dishes every night.

His cat _______ eat any cheese.
We _______ eat dessert on Mondays.

Remember for the interrogative form we write the auxiliary verb first, and for the third
person singular we don’t need to conjugate the verb since we have already done it in
the auxiliary verb.
Ex:
He washes the dishes every night
Does he wash the dishes every night?

Write questions using the following verbs:

(Read)
____________________________________________________________________
(Jump)
____________________________________________________________________
(Speak)
____________________________________________________________________
(Smell)
____________________________________________________________________
(Eat)
___________________________________________________________________

30
 THE PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE
The PRESENT CONTINUOUS or PRESENT PROGRESSIVE is used to show
that action is happening at the time of speaking. It can be used to express
an action is happening in a near future. Keep reading for checking on
some examples and exercises.

I AM EATING an ice cream now. In this example, the boy is talking

while the action is happening.

In this example, the girl

is listening to the
The girl IS LISTENING to the teacher.
teacher when the action
is ongoing.

They ARE
PLAYING soccer.

We ARE READING books in

Spanish.
We ARE READING

books in Spanish.

The examples above, show how the Present Continuous tense is used, while the action
is happening. We have three different structures to form the present continuous tense.
The affirmative form, the negative form, and the interrogative form.

31
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE AFFIRMATIVE FORM

SUBJECT VERB TO
PRONOUN ING VERB COMPLEMENT 1.MATCH THE LETTER TO CORRECT PICTURE
BE

A I AM SINGING A SONG.
Singular

B YOU ARE LAUGHING HARD.

C HE IS COOKING THE LUNCH
D SHE IS WRITING A LETTER.
E IT IS JUMPING HIGH.

F WE ARE PAINTING A WALL.

Plural

G YOU ARE WATCHING A TV SHOW.

H THEY ARE SPEAKING JAPANESE.

TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO SPANISH.

A .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E. _____________________________________________.
F. _____________________________________________.
G._____________________________________________.
H._____________________________________________.

32
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS TENSE NEGATIVE FORM HERE IS THE NEGATIVE FORM
STRUCTURE:
SUBJECT VERB TO NEGATIVE
PRONOUN BE ING VERB COMPLEMENT
WORD

I AM NOT SINGING A SONG.

Singular

YOU ARE NOT LAUGHING HARD.

HE IS NOT COOKING THE LUNCH
SHE IS NOT WRITING A LETTER .
IT IS NOT JUMPING HIGH.

WE ARE NOT PAINTING A WALL.

Plura

YOU ARE NOT WATCHING A TV SHOW.

l

THEY ARE NOT SPEAKING JAPANESE.

You can form the contracted forms of the verb be and the negative word.
SINGULAR PLURAL
I am not: I’m no We are not: we aren’t

You are not: You aren’t You are not: you aren’t

He is not: He isn’t

She is not: She isn’t

It is not: It isn’t They are not: They aren’t

33
 LET’S PRACTICE:

CHANGE THE SENTENCES INTO THEIR OPPOSITES. USE THE CONTRACTED

FORMS.

Affirmative Negative

Example: I am watching TV. I'm not watching TV.

He is riding a bike.

We aren't eating right now.

They are driving nice cars.

I'm not singing that song.

You are fooling around.

34
 PRESENT CONTINUOUS INTERROGATIVE FORM

The interrogative form of the present continuous is used to ask about something that is
happening at the time of speaking. Remember this tense is used at the time of the
speech. The following chart
will describe how to form VERB TO SUBJECT QUESTIO
PRONOUN ING VERB COMPLEMENT
the following interrogative BE N
MARK
structure. AM I TALKING TOO FAST ?
ARE YOU LISTENING TO ME ?
IS HE DRINKING SODA ?
HER
IS SHE PRINTING HOMEWORK ?
IS IT MAKING THAT NOISE ?
ARE WE WALKING THE RIGHT WAY ?
ARE YOU RUNNING LATE ?
ARE THEY WASHING DISHES AT ?
HOME

TIP: Whenever you want to make the interrogative form you should invert the verb to
be and the subject pronoun and then you have the interrogative
form, as in the chart displayed above.

READING TIME:

Everyone is tied up with activities today at home. My father ____________on the

computer. My sister TV in her room. I
________________ the lawn in the garden. My mother_____________a cake, it
smells nice. My grandmother____________her with the cake. My two
brothers___________________ a wall outside. The only one doing nothing is Snoopy. He
__________________careless at the front door of our house. We asked for a pizza, and
it home in twenty minutes.
COMPLETE THE READING WITH THE VERBS IN THE BOX

Arrive
sleep
Paint
help
watch
bake
mow

work

35
 Simple Present vs Present Continuous Tense

The simple present and present continuous can be used indistinctly in paragraphs to
describe actions according to their use.

Analyze and put the verbs in Simple present or present continuous.

Do
a. Paul golf every weekend. Play
b. Nowadays, children Facebook more than ever. Play
c. Children __________doing chores at home. Use
d. Listen! Someone ______________the electric guitar Be
near here.
Work
e. My uncle _____at the hospital. He a doctor.
Eat
f. The baby his meal right now.
Go
g. Is he coffee at this moment?
Write
h. My father______ to the supermarket every Monday.
i. My sister__ in her notebook now.

36
CAN and CAN’T

In English, can is a MODAL verb, it can express ability, permission or possibility.

As a modal verb, it doesn’t take the third person singular form, and at the time it can be
used together
with other verbs. Example:

ABILITY: Can is used to express a physical ability of doing something.

The bird CAN fly far away. (In this sentence the verb can expresses a
physical ability of the bird of doing an action)

I can stay over at Pete’s when he is not working. (In this sentence, can is
used as permission, the sentence expresses that only when Pete is at home,
the person has the permission of staying at his house).

You can earn good money if you work hard. (In this sentence, the possibility
of making good money will come if the person works hard.

37
 Put in order the following sentences under each column
She can speak three languages.
They can come if they behave.
I can play videogames if I finish my homework.
Can I go to the park?
He can run very fast.
Can you get here before eight?

Permission Possibility Ability

Complete the following exercise using CAN and CAN’T properly. Match

with lines the correct drawing. A rabbit hop, but sing.

Tomas sing, but he cook. Elaine swim fast.

A photocopier take copies, but it scan.

To answer questions with can, you can do it in

two ways:

affirmative and negative. Can you come?

Yes, I can. OR No, I can´t.

NOTICE that CAN’T is the contracted form or CANNOT. Now let’s answer these
personal questions.

38
Can you run fast?

Can you speak English?

Can you cook?

Can you sing nicely?

Can you write in Chinese?

Can you ride a bike?

Can you whistle?

NOW LET’S PUT THESE QUESTIONS ABOVE IN PRACTICE IN CLASS. ASK

THESE QUESTIONS TO YOUR PARTNERS.

Frequency Adverbs
This new topic refers to the frequency with which we develop the repletion of actions
frequently. See the chart to associate the frequency each word encloses.

The first frequency we use is the frequency ALWAYS which represent a 100%. It means
the action is repeated every day.
Example:

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 I always study at home.

As you can see the action is repeated every day. It represents a 100%.

I usually study at home.

As you can see the action is repeated every day except on Monday, this will represent
USUALLY a 90%.

I frequently study at home.

As you can see the action is repeated most of the days but not on Mondays, nor
Wednesdays, this represents, FREQUENTLY an 80%.

I often study at home.

We can observe that in the picture above the action is repeated four days out of seven,
which will represent OFTEN a 70%.

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 Sometimes I study at home.

Sometimes expresses that half of the whole time, we perform an action, as you can see
in the picture above, SOMETIMES represents a 50%.

I occasionally study at home.

Occasionally will represent a 30% of a repeated action.

I seldom study at home

As you can see in the picture above, seldom represents a 10% of the repeated action.

I never study at home.

In this last example you can see the action is not performed at all, which will represent
NEVER, a 0%.

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 Let’s practice:
According to the following grid, write the correct adverb of frequency to complete
the sentence.
Always
Usually
Frequently
Often
Sometimes
Ocassionally
Seldom
Never

My father ______eats bananas.

Robin ___uses the boomerang.

I go to the dentist.
My friend goes to the supermarket.

My uncle takes bus.

Past time words, are used in tenses related to the past, actions that are over, or not
happening anymore. Past time words include the following expressions.

Let’s form some combinations from the following expressions:

An hour ago, I went to the mall to buy a pair of shoes.

Yesterday morning, we watched new series on the internet.
Last week, Professor Charles visited us in our classroom.
Three days ago, my mother cooked filet mignon.
Yesterday afternoon, it rained cats and dogs.

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Above, you could clearly see how to create some sentences.
CLASS ACTIVITY:
Divide your class into two teams. Then give them the four cards to each one from the
chart below. Tell them to create sentences. For each accurate sentence, you will give
one point. The winner will be the most accurate group.

The Past Continuous is a tense that is used in past to express progression of actions
that happened in the past. For example:
It was raining yesterday. (At certain time in the past an action in progression occurred).
We need to take into consideration that as in any tense it has three main structures
which are:
Affirmative, negative and interrogative form.

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 The affirmative form is as follows:

SUBJECT VERB TO
ING VERB COMPLEMENT
PRONOUN BE IN PAST

A I WAS WRITING A LETTER.

YOU WERE STUDYING HARD.
Singular
B
C HE WAS BAKING A CAKE.
D SHE WAS WASHING HER CLOTHES.
E IT WAS DOING A LOT OF NOISE.
F WE WERE BREAKING A WINDOW.
Plural

G YOU WERE TALKING ABOUT A MOVIE.

H THEY WERE PLAYING PS4.

Negative form
SUBJECT VERB NEGATIV
ING VERB COMPLEMEN
PRONOU TO BE E
T
N WORD
I WAS NOT SINGING A SONG.
Singular

YOU WERE NOT LAUGHING HARD.

HE WAS NOT COOKING THE LUNCH
SHE WAS NOT WRITING A LETTER.
IT WAS NOT JUMPING HIGH.
WE WERE NOT PAINTING A WALL.
YOU WERE NOT WATCHIN A TV SHOW.
G
Plural

THE WERE NOT SPEAKING JAPANESE.

Y
Interrogative form
SUBJECT QUESTIO
VERB TO PRONOUN ING VERB COMPLEMENT
N
BE MARK
WAS I TALKING TOO FAST ?
WERE YOU LISTENING TO ME ?
WAS HE DRINKING SODA ?
WAS SHE PRINTING HER HOMEWORK ?
WAS IT MAKING THAT NOISE ?
WERE WE WALKING THE RIGHT WAY ?
WERE YOU RUNNING LATE ?
WERE THEY WASHING DISHES AT HOME ?

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 These were the structures used to form the past continuous form.
The past continuous tense, which represents an action in progression in the past. Pay
attention to the next example:
My aunt Rosaline, lives in Pascuales Avenue, near to very big Public School.
Yesterday, she was in her house. She cooked early for all of us. While she was
cooking, the telephone rang. She ran to answer it, but unfortunately, she fell
down. She was crying in a lot of pain, but fortunately, my cousin quickly took her
to the hospital. Luckily, she was assisted immediately, and now she is stable at
home.
In the paragraph above, you could see there was exact information such as: She was in
her house. She cooked early for all of us. She rang to answer it. She fell down. My
cousin took her to the hospital. She was assisted. All these sentences started in the
past and ended in the past. The following sentences, she was cooking, she was crying
in a lot of pain. These sentences show a progression of actions that were happening in
the moment of the event.

Past simple vs Past continuous

We can combine the two tenses, the simple past to express an action that started and
ended, and the past continuous to decorate, or to describe what was happening in that
moment of speaking.

It ______(rain), when I _________(woke) up this morning.

Now in this example we need to take into consideration which action was in
progression, in other words, which action takes longer the action of raining or the
action of awaking from sleep? If you take this into consideration, the longer action will
be the one of the raining. So, our sentences will be set up like this:
It was raining, when I woke up.

Now its your turn, analyze the following sentences and write the correct
tense. Moreover, write the correct letter for each sentence in relation to the
picture.

A) When my father (arrive) home, We __________(have) dinner.

45
 B) She __________(hurt) her leg, while she_______________(run) at the park.

C) While they________(watch) a horror movie, they _________(hear) a strange noise.

D) I (do) the laundry, when the lights ____________ (go) out.

E) My dog_____________(play) with his bone, while a bird __________(sing).

F) They ________(install) the cable tv, when the power ________(go) off.

G) My cat_____ , when the mailman arrived.

Write two sentences using the past continuous and simple past
combined.

46
 We use the modal verb “used to” to indicate something
that happened in the past in a habitual way. Also, it is
used for something that was true but is no longer true. As
with the other modal verbs, "used to" is followed by the
base form of the verb (the infinitive without "to").

Example: I used to like William Shakespeare poems. In

this sentence, it means that in the past this person liked
William Shakespeare, but he doesn’t like his poems any
longer.

Let’s see some other examples: Draw a line from the

sentence to the correct picture. My father used to work late at night when he was
younger.

I used to like candies when I was a kid.

I used to go to the pool every Sunday three years ago.

My cousins used to collect bottles in the past, now he has a recycling company.

I did not used to eat avocado, now I like it

the past I used to go by bus to school.

KEEP IN MIND, that the phrase used to, is affirmative.

Remember used to… elicits things that someone had
the habit of doing. In the grammar context we employ
used to… and a base form verb. As for example:

I used to EAT lollipops.

The sense of this sentence means that it is something I liked in the past, but that now, I
don’t do anymore.

47
 For the negative form, we use the auxiliary did + not (didn’t) and the base form of

the verb.

I didn’t use to SING, now I like to sing.

Pay attention that the auxiliary is in past, and the verb USE goes in base form and
then infinitive.

The sentence expresses that in the past the action was not performed, but now it is
something the person enjoys doing.

Choose the correct letter to answer the statement.

I chubby when I was a kid.

a. Used be
b. Used to be
c. Used
We in New York when we were young.

a) Used lived
b) Used to live
c) Use living

Jamie speaks Italian now, but he _____ speak it when he was younger

a) Didn’t used
b) Didn’t using to
c) Didn’t use to

People watch more programs on tv in the old

days, now they only use internetplatforms.

a) Using to
b) Used to
c) Used

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 Can you believe grandpa run marathons when he was young?

a) Use running
b) Used to
c) Using

The imperative form

The imperative form is used to give a command, a warning, or an advice. When you use
please, you soften the statement and you make it a request. To form the imperative, you
need to use the verb without (to) at the beginning of the sentence.

HOW DO WE USE IMPERATIVE

USES EXAMPLES
Make suggestions or proposalTo Walk everyday for 30 minutes.
give instructions Wash the oranges, cut them in halves and squeeze them. Take
To give orders out the garbage.
Advertisements Come and enjoy of our sales.
Grant permission Come in !

Match the imperative sentence to the correct picture.

A) Speak louder.
B) Sit down.
C) Open you book.
D) Make silence.

To make a negative imperative form, write don’t or do not before the verb.

49
 Match the correct negative imperative form to the picture.

A) Don’t read aloud.

B) Don’t erase the board.
C) Don’t ask silly questions.

Read the following paragraph.

Mateo and his parents visited a zoo last weekend. There were some rules of do’s and
don’ts to follow. To start with, they were asked not to feed the animals. Other thing
they cannot do was to take pictures with flash to the animals. The zookeepers
requested Mateo´s family, not to step on the grass areas. Another recommendation
was not to touch the animals or stand any close. Help Mateo out creating a chart of
the rules of the zoo.

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 Negative imperative form: Complete the zoo rules using the negative
imperative form.

__________________________________ _______________________________

_________________________________ _______________________________

Would you like…?

Make sentences putting the word in the correct order

you / like / an / ice / Would / cream?

like / Would / some / lollipop? / you

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 Would / a / pizza? / you / like

Would / you/ / to / take / a / walk / on / the/ beach? / like

hand? / would / like/ you / to / hold / my

Would You Like?

Complete the conversations.
A.Would you like a coffee?
(a coffee)

B. Yes, I would.
A.
(to listen music)

B. Yes, he would.
A.
(some dessert)

B. Yes, she would.

A.
(some balloons)

B. Yes, they would.

A.
(to have lunch)

B. Yes, we would.

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Answer the Questions.

A. Would Maria like juice?

B. Yes, She would.

A. Would your sister like a rose?

B.
A. Would you like some dessert?
B.

A. Would he like to help me in the workshop?

B.

A. Would your brothers and you like to play soccer?

B.

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 Formula
A You To eat a coconut?
Singular B He A candy?
C would She Like Some flowers?
Plural D You To go to the
beach?
E They Some balloons?

TRANSLATE THE SENTENCES INTO SPANISH:

A. .
B. .
C. .
D. .
E. .

54
 How to Use the verb ‘Go’ in English.
The verb ´GO´ is one of the most important and used in English; It is an irregular verb (ITS
FORMS ARE GO – WENT – GONE), it has different uses and meanings dependingon its
complement and context, although its most common meaning in sentences is, for
example, "GO TO THE PARK" or "GO TO THE GYM". Keep reading, its main uses are
explained later with some examples and exercises.

55
 VERB ´GO´ EXERCISES
Complete the next sentences with:
Go Go to Gone Went Went to Going to

1. We had gone to the mall yesterday.

2. Are you ________your family’s house next week?

3. My mom _________shopping every weekend.

4. The kids _________the park last Friday.

5. I will ___out with you next Sunday.

6. My brother and I running to the marathon in the

morning.

7. I have _________________swimming in the Olympic pool.

8. My family and I are Canada next year.

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 Let's keep practicing with the verb ¨GO¨.
Match the parts of the sentences with the corresponding picture.

we will go to The tomorrow.

I go running in the .

You went last Saturday.

We went

They had
gone To play in the morning.

My family and I
To the yesterday.
going to

57
 Have to

‘HAVE TO’ is used to demonstrate the need to do an action, it is used

(normally) as a requirement from the outside, that is, as an imposed
obligation. Ex: ‘Children have to dohomework’.

Complete the Sentences with:

Have to Don’t have Has To Doesn’t have to

to

❖ Doesn’t your mom Have To cook the lunch?

❖ You hurt the others.

❖ She have dinner early.

❖ You come back at seven o’clock.

❖ your brother the school?

❖ Your friends bother you.

❖ Your Brother help you with your homework.

❖ Your girlfriend be mean to you.

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The modal verb: must
Is one of most used verbs in English, similar that with 'have to' shows an
obligation to do something, it is (normally) used to give orders; but, with its
negative form 'mustn't to', we express prohibition, that is, we use it to say
that you cannot do something, unlike with 'don't have to' you can say no
"if you don't want to"

Must
Complete the sentences with

. Mustn’t.

You Mustn’t park in the striped stalls.

We listen to your parents.

We all take care of the planet.

We disrespect others.

You smoke in public places.

Parents do their children’s homework.

Everyone comply with the law.

The rules be broken.

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 Affirmative
I Have to Do The homework
1
She Has to
You Must Declare The income tax
2
They
Negative
He Doesn’t have to Go In the opposite
3
You Don’t have to direction
She Mustn’t break The law
4
We

Interrogative
Do You
5 Have to Cook The Dinner?
Does He
Does She
6 Have to listen To our parents?
Do We

Match the sentences with the respective images

60
In English we use Should as a modal verb, that intends to express situations such as:
recommendations and giving advice. It can have the sense of expressing obligation and
expectation too.

You should visit The Strip, when you go to Las Vegas. (recommendation)

You should walk at least 30 minutes daily. (advice)

I should have all my material ready for the class. (obligation)

By now, they should be in Los Angeles. (expectation)

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 For the negative form we use the modal SHOULD+NOT, which makes
SHOULDN’T.
Affirmative Negative Form
Modal Use
Form
Present
People with high glucose Sarah shouldn't smoke so
shouldeat sugar free much.It's not good for her
Recommendat foods. health.
ion,
advisability
I should be at school before NO NEGATIVE FORMS
Obligation 7:00.

Susan should be in Susan shouldn't be in

Guaranda by now. Guaranda yet.
Expectation

Write should or shouldn’t for each of the examples

below.

You exercise every day. You go to bed late. You eat too much chocolate.

You brush your teeth every You should water daily. You walk under the hot sun.
day.

You play You turn on the a/c. You your hands before
videogames eating.
for too long.

62
 Write should or shouldn’t and the appropriate verb to complete
the exercise.

Visit Cover eatx2 be See Shout

You look sick.

You the doctor You drive too fast. You with your
father.

You rude to people. You your grandparents. You eat vegetables.

You shout in You too much. You your mouth to

class sneeze.

63
 Might and might not, (possibility)
Might is a modal verb that can express possibility of something happening. To study

furtherinformation of the modal verb might we are going to use the table below:

Affirmative Form Negative Form

Modal Use
1. = Present 1. = Present
1. She might not be on the bus. She
might
1. She might be on the bus. I think her car mightbe walking home.
possibility ishaving problems.

We can find another modal verb with a similar meaning, the modal verb “May”.
• May is much more common to ask permission since it sounds more natural:
May I go to the bathroom? – Yes, you may

• We can also use may for possibility, there’s a small difference between might
and may for possibility.
• We usually use “May” when we have a 50% or up chances that something can
happen.
• While we use “Might” when our chances are 40% or below that something can
happen
• Use “may” to express a wish
May this Christmas be your best Christmas ever.

64
Choose the correct option

______ I go to my best friend’s party?

A) May
B) Might
It _______ rain tomorrow but I’m not so sure.
A) May
B) Might
You ______ not be ready on time, we don’t know if there is a lot of traffic.
A) May
B) Might
It _____ be hot today, the sun is shinning.
A) May
B) Might
____ your life be long and happy.
A) May
B) Might
You ______ not go out until you finish your homework.
A) May
B) Might
There’s a very low possibility that you ____ see him again.
A) May
B) Might
____ I have a little of water, please?
A) May
B) Might
The chances that the team ____ win are high.
A) May
B) Might

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 Vocabulary

Crocodile Hippopotamus

Lion Elephant

Giraffe Tiger

Horse Donkey

Sheep Turkey

Bull Cow

Cat Dog

66
 Parrot Chicken

Rooster Hen

Goose Duck

Pig Mouse

Bee Butterfly

Bear Monkey

Frog Fish

Crab Spider

Snake Bat

67
 Apple Lemon

Raspberry Grape

Orange Coconut

Pineapple Strawberry

Banana Blackberry

Lime Watermelon

Pear Cherries

Tangerine Blueberry

Mango Peach

Tomato Melon

68
 Vegetables
Corn Potato

Pepper Garlic

Pumpkin Broccoli

Avocado Cucumber

Carrot Cabbage

Mushroom Onion

Lettuce Pea

69
 Milk Cheese Butter Cream cheese Coffee

Tea Hot cocoa (chocolate) Noodles Jelly Peanut butter

Crackers Cookies/ Biscuits Ice cream Cake Cupcake

Fried egg Milkshake Bacon Onions rings Bread

Honey Olive oil Oatmeal Pancakes Donut

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 Subject Object Possessive Possessive Reflexive
Pronouns Pronouns Adjectives Pronouns Pronouns
1st person I Me My Mine Myself

2nd person You You You Yours Yourself

3rd person He Him His His Himself

(male)

3rd person She Her Her Hers Herself

(female)

3rd person It It Its (not used) Itself

1st person We Us Our Ours Ourselves

(plural)

2nd person You You Your Yours Yourselves

(plural)

3rd person They Them Their Theirs Themselves

(plural)

71
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