10

ADVANCED CHEMISTRY

Quarter 4 -Module 1

Republic of the Philippines

Department of Education
AGUSAN DEL SUR NATIONAL HIGH SCHOOL
San Francisco, Agusan del Sur
Pre-assessment

Multiple choice:

1. In the reaction of formation of magnesium oxide magnesium undergoes ________

a reduction b. oxidation c. hydrogenation d. decomposition

2. Removal of oxygen from a compound is an example of ________

a. oxidation b. reduction c. oxygenation d. dehydrogenation

3. Reduction involves in __________ oxidation number.

a. decrease b. increase c. independence d. remain constant

4. Oxidation is the same as __________

a. addition of hydrogen c. addition of oxygen
b. removal of oxygen d. removal of Nitrogen

5. Formation of zinc sulphide is an example of ___________

a. reduction b. oxidation c. removal of oxygen d. addition of hydrogen

6. SnCl2 + 2FeCl2 → SnCl4 + 2FeCl2 is an example of _______________ reaction.

a. only oxidation c. redox
b. only reduction d. neither oxidation nor reduction

7. SnCl2 + 2FeCl2 → SnCl4 + 2FeCl2. Which of the following element undergoes

oxidation in the reaction given?
a. iron b. tin c. chlorine d. ferrous

8. Which of the following do you think is a correct statement?

a. oxidation is caused by a reducing agent
b. the oxidation reaction is a Redox reaction
c. addition of electropositive element is a type of oxidation
d. reduction is the addition of hydrogen

9. Oxidation-reduction reactions occur because of the competition between

particles for
a. Proton b. Electron c. Neutron d. Nucleus

10. What is the oxidation number of manganese in the KMnO4

a. +1 b. +2 c. +5 d. +4
 MODULE
Oxidation-Reduction
5 Reaction

What I need to know

a. Define oxidation and reduction;

b. Assign oxidation numbers to reactant and product species;
c. Explain what an oxidation-reduction reaction (redox reaction) is;
d. Explain what must be conserved in redox equations;
e. Balance redox equations by using the half-reaction method;
f. Relate chemical activity to oxidizing and reducing strength;

What’s In

In the past lesson, you have learned the history of the periodic table and
how the elements arranged according to increasing atomic number. You had learned the
known the people behind the success of the modern periodic table we used today.

What’s New

Oxidation state

Oxidation number, also called oxidation state, the total number of electrons that
an atom either gains or losses in order to form a chemical bond with another atom.

Oxidation numbers are bookkeeping numbers. They allow chemists to do things

such as balance redox (reduction/oxidation) equations. Oxidation numbers are
positive or negative numbers, but don’t confuse them with positive or negative
charges on ions or valences.
Oxidation numbers are assigned to elements using these rules:

Rule 1: The oxidation number of an element in its free (uncombined) state is zero
— for example, Al(s) or Zn(s). This is also true for elements found in nature
as diatomic (two-atom) elements
H2 , O2 , N2 , F2 , Cl2 , Br2 , or I2 and for sulfur, found as: S8

Rule 2: The oxidation number of a monatomic (one-atom) ion is the same as the
charge on the ion, for example:

Rule 3: The sum of all oxidation numbers in a neutral compound is zero. The sum
of all oxidation numbers in a polyatomic (many-atom) ion is equal to the charge on
the ion. This rule often allows chemists to calculate the oxidation number of an
atom that may have multiple oxidation states, if the other atoms in the ion have
known oxidation numbers.

Rule 4: The oxidation number of an alkali metal (IA family) in a compound is +1;
the oxidation number of an alkaline earth metal (IIA family) in a compound is +2.

Rule 5: The oxidation number of oxygen in a compound is usually –2. If, however,
the oxygen is in a class of compounds called peroxides (for example, hydrogen
peroxide), then the oxygen has an oxidation number of –1. If the oxygen is bonded
to fluorine, the number is +1.

Rule 6: The oxidation state of hydrogen in a compound is usually +1. If the

hydrogen is part of a binary metal hydride (compound of hydrogen and some metal),
then the oxidation state of hydrogen is –1.

Rule 7: The oxidation number of fluorine is always –1. Chlorine, bromine, and
iodine usually have an oxidation number of –1, unless they’re in combination with
an oxygen or fluorine.

These rules give you another way to define oxidation and reduction — in terms of
oxidation numbers. For example, consider this reaction, which shows oxidation by
the loss of electrons:
Notice that the zinc metal (the reactant) has an oxidation number of zero (rule 1),
and the zinc cation (the product) has an oxidation number of +2 (rule 2). In general,
you can say that a substance is oxidized when there’s an increase in its oxidation
number.

Reduction works the same way. Consider this reaction:

Cu2+ + 2e-  Cu(s)

The copper is going from an oxidation number of +2 to zero. A substance is reduced

if there’s a decrease in its oxidation number.

Oxidation

Oxidation is the loss of electrons during a reaction by a molecule, atom or ion.

Oxidation occurs when the oxidation state of a molecule, atom or ion is increased.

An example of a reaction is that between hydrogen and fluorine gas to

form hydrofluoric acid:

H2 + F2 → 2 HF

In this reaction, hydrogen is being oxidized and fluorine is being reduced. The
reaction may be better understood if it is written in terms of two half-reactions.

H2 → 2 H+ + 2 e-

F2 + 2 e- → 2 F-

Reduction

Reduction, any of a class of chemical reactions in which the number of electrons

associated with an atom or a group of atoms is increased. The electrons taken up by
the substance reduced are supplied by another substance, which is thereby
oxidized

Consider the behavior of fluorine in its reaction with hydrogen. Each fluorine
atom accepts an electron and becomes a fluoride ion. The oxidation state of fluorine
decreases from 0 to -1 for the fluoride ion.
F2 + 2e-  2F-
A species that undergoes a decrease in oxidation state is reduced. The fluorine
atom is reduced to the chloride ion.
Oxidation and Reduction as a Process

Electrons are produced in oxidation and acquired in reduction. Therefore, for

oxidation to occur during a chemical reaction, reduction must occur
simultaneously. Furthermore, the number of electrons produced in oxidation must
equal the number of electrons acquired in reduction.

A transfer of electrons causes changes in the oxidation states of one or more

elements. Any chemical process in which elements undergo changes in oxidation
number is an oxidation-reduction reaction. This name often shortened to redox
reaction. An example of a redox reaction in which copper is being oxidized and NO3–
from nitric acid is being reduced. The part of the reaction involving oxidation or
reduction alone can be written as a half-reaction. The overall equation for a redox-
reaction is the sum of two half-reactions. Equations for the reaction between nitric
acid and copper illustrate the relationship between half-reactions and the overall
redox reaction.
0 +2
3Cu  3Cu2+ + 6e– (oxidation half-reaction)
+5 -2 +1 +2 -2 +1 -2
2NO3– + 6e– + 8H  2NO + 4H2O (reduction half-reaction)
0 +5 +2 +2
3Cu + 2NO3– + 8H+  3Cu2+ + 2NO + 4H2O (redox reaction)

Notice that electrons lost in oxidation appear on the product side of the
oxidation half-reaction. Electrons are gained in reduction and as reactants in the
reduction half-reaction.

Section Review
1. How are oxidation numbers assigned?
2. Label each of the following half-reaction as either an oxidation or a
reduction-half reaction:
a. Br2 + 2e–  2Br –
b. Na  Na+ + e–
c. 2Cl –  Cl2 + 2e–
d. Cl2 + 2e–  2Cl–
e. Na+ + e–  Na

Balancing Redox Equations

Equations for simple redox reactions can be balanced by inspection, which

you learned to do in balancing chemical equation. Most redox equations, however,
require more systematic methods.

Half-Reaction Method

The half-reaction method, or ion-electron method, for balancing redox equations

consists of seven steps. Oxidation numbers are assigned to all atoms and
polyatomic ions to determine which species are part of the redox process. The
oxidation and reduction equations are balanced separately for mass and charge.
These seven steps are applied to balance the reaction of hydrogen sulfide and nitric
acid. Sulfuric acid, nitrogen dioxide, and water are the products of the reaction.

1. Write the formula equation if it is not given in the problem. Then write the ionic
equation.

Formula equation: H2S + HNO3  H2NO4 + NO2 + H2O

Ionic equation: H2S + H+ + NO3–  2H+ + SO2-4 + NO2 + H2O

2. Assign oxidation numbers. Delete substances containing only elements

that do not change oxidation state.

+1 -2 +1 +5 -2 +1 +6 -2 +4 -2 +1 -2
H2S + H+ + NO–3  2H+ + SO2–4 + NO2 + H2O

The sulfur changes oxidation state from -2 to +6. The nitrogen changes
oxidation state from +5 to +4. The other substances are deleted.

+1 -2 +5 -2 +6 -2 +4 -2
H2S + NO-3  SO2-4 + NO2

3. Write the half-reaction for oxidation. In this example, the sulfur is being oxidized.

-2 +6
HSS  SO2-4
 Balance the atoms
-2 +6
HSS + 4H2S  SO2-4 + 10H+

 Balance the charge

-2 +6
H2S + 4H2S  SO2-4 + 10H+ + 8e-
The oxidation half-reaction is now balanced.

4. Write the half-reaction for reduction. In this example, nitrogen is being reduced
from a +5 state to a +4 state.
+5 +4
NO–3  NO2
 Balance the atoms
+5 +4
NO–3 + 2H+  NO2 + H2O

 Balance the charge

+5 +4
NO–3 + 2H+ + e–  NO2 + H2O
The reduction half-reaction is now balanced.
5. Conserve charge by adjusting the coefficients in front of the electrons so that
the number lost in oxidation equals the number gained in reduction. Write the
ratio of the number of electrons lost to the number of electron gained.

e– lost in oxidation 8
=
e– gained in reduction 1

-2 +6
1 (H2S + 4H2S  SO2-4 + 10H+ + 8e- )

+5 +4
8 (NO–3 + 2H+ + e–  NO2 + H2O)

6. Combine the half-reaction, and cancel out anything common to both sides of
the equation.
-2 +6
H2S + 4H2O  SO2-4 + 10H+ + 8e-
+5 +4
8NO–3 + 2H+ + e–  NO2 + 8H2O

+5 6 -2
8NO–3 + 16H+ + 8e– + H2S + 4H2O 
+4 4 +6
8NO2 + 8H2O + SO2-4 + 10H+ + 8e-

Each side of the above equation has 10H+, 8e-, and 4H2O. These cancel each other
out and do not appear in the balanced equation.
+5 -2 +4 +6
8NO–3 + H2S + 6H+  8NO2 + 4H2O + SO2-4

7. Combine ions to form the compounds shown in the original formula equation.
Check to ensure that all other ions balance.

8NO–3 + H2S  8NO2 + 4H2O + SO2-4 + 2H+

The sulfate ion appeared as sulfuric acid in the original equation. The hydrogen
ions added to the right side are used to complete the formula for sulfuric acid.

8NO–3 + H2S + 6H+  8NO2 + 4H2O + H2SO4

A final check must be made to ensure that all elements are correctly balanced.
Sample Problem:

1. Write a balanced equation for this reaction. A deep purple solution of

potassium permanganate is titrated into a colorless solution of iron(II)
sulfate and sulfuric acid. The products are iron(III) sulfate, manganese(II)
sulfate, potassium sulfate, and water—all which are colorless.

2. Copper reacts with hot, concentrated sulfuric acid to form copper(II)

Sulfate, sulfur dioxide, water. Write and balance the equation for this
reaction.

What I Can Do

Activity 1.

“ Clean Me “

This chemistry experiment uses an acid, vinegar, and, a base, salt, in one
bowl to clean copper old coin, and in another bowl, just vinegar to turn a old
coin green! When dirty old coins are placed in vinegar and salt, the copper
oxide on and some of the copper on the old coin dissolve in the water and is
removed from the old coin surface. When the old coin is rinsed off and wiped
clean, it looks brand new! When an old coin is soaked in just vinegar, it speeds
up the process of oxidation and over a few hours the old coin will be greener.

Materials:

 White Vinegar
 Iodized Salt
 Paper Towels
 Small transparent glass Bowls
 A Few Old Coin

Procedure:

1. Rip a paper towel to fit into your small containers and line the bottoms. Place your
old coin in each small bowl.
2. Pour the vinegar and salt into one small non-metal bowl and stir to dissolve. Pour
just vinegar into the other small bowl.

3. After just 30 seconds you should start to notice the old coin in the bowl with the
vinegar and salt will start to lose their outside dirty layer. Flip the old coin over and
let them soak for another 30 seconds. Then rinse the old coin in water and wipe
clean. Shiny new pennies.

4. Check back on your old coin in the vinegar and salt about one hour later. They should
be developing a green layer. Keep checking back on your old coin, 2 hours, 3 hours,
1 day, etc, to see the changes.
What’s going on?

Questions:

1. What will happen to the old coin after soaking in the vinegar? And in soaking
with salted vinegar?

Oxidizing and reducing Agents

A reducing agent is a substance that has the potential to cause another substance
to be reduced. Reducing agents lose electrons; they attain a more positive
oxidation state during an oxidation-reduction reaction. Therefore, the reducing
agent is the oxidized substance.

An oxidizing agents is a substance that has the potential to cause another

substance to be oxidized. Oxidizing agents gain electrons and attain more negative
oxidation state during the oxidation-reduction reaction. The oxidizing agent is the
reduced substance.

Cl2 + 2Br– (aq)  2Cl– (aq) + Br2

-1 0
2Br–  Br2 + 2e- (oxidation)
0 -1
Cl2 + 2e–  2Cl– (reduction)

Autooxidation is a process in which a substance act as both an oxidizing agent

and a reducing agent.
An example peroxide, H2O2 -1 -2 0
2H2O2  2H2O + O2
Post Assessment

Worksheet: Redox

I. Determine what is oxidized and what is reduced in each reaction. Identify the
oxidizing agent and the reducing agent, also.

1. 2Sr + O2  2SrO

2. 2Li + S  Li2S

3. 2Cs + Br2  2CsBr

4. 3Mg + N2  Mg3N2

5. 4Fe + 3O2  2Fe2O3

6. Cl2 + 2NaBr  2NaCl + Br2

7. Si + 2F2  SiF4

8. 2Ca + O2  2CaO

9. Mg + 2HCl  MgCl2 + H2

10. 2Na + 2H2O  2NaOH + H2

11. Give the oxidation number of each kind of atom or ion.

a. sulfate b. Sn c. S2- d. Fe3+ e. Sn4+

12. Calculate the oxidation number of chromium in each of the following.

a. Cr2O3 b. Na2Cr2O7 c. CrSO4 d. chromate e. dichromate

13. Use the changes in oxidation numbers to determine which elements are
oxidized and which are reduced in these reactions. (Note: it is not necessary
to use balanced equations)

a. C + H2SO4 CO2 + SO2 + H2O

b. HNO3 + HI NO + I2 + H2O

c. KMnO4 + HCl MnCl2 + Cl2 + H2O + KCl

d. Sb + HNO3 Sb2O3 + NO + H2O

14. For each reaction in problem 13, identify the oxidizing agent and reducing
agent.

15. Write half-reactions for the oxidation and reduction process for each of the
following.

a. Fe2+ + MnO4- Fe3+ + Mn2+

b. Sn2+ + IO3- Sn4+ + I-

c. S2- + NO3- S + NO

d. NH3 + NO2 N2 + H2O

16. Complete and balance each reaction using the half-reaction method.

a. Fe2+ + MnO4-  Fe3+ + Mn2+

b. Sn2+ + IO3-  Sn4+ + I-

c. S2- + NO3-  S + NO

d. NH3 + NO2  N2 + H2O

e. Mn2+ + BiO3-  Bi2+ + MnO4-

f. I2 + Na2S2O3  Na2S2O4 + NaI