Part II

Manual Transmission
• Definition
 Transmission or Gearbox is an assembly of gears and shafts to transmit
the torque of the engine to the driveline or final drive.

• GEAR TYPES BEVEL GEAR

 GEAR RATIO
• Gear ratio is determined by dividing the number of teeth
of the driven(2) gear by the number of teeth on the
driving gear(1).
 GEAR REDUCTION
• Where driven gear speed is slower than drive gear
speed, provides gear reduction.

• Gear reduction may also be called under drive.

• Gear reduction is used for the lower gears in a

transmission.
 DIRECT DRIVE
• If two meshed gears are the same size and have
the same number of teeth, they will turn at the
same speed.
• Since the drive gear turns once for each revolution
of the driven gear, the gear ratio is 1:1.
• When a transmission is in direct drive, the engine
and transmission turn at the same speed.
 OVERDRIVE
• Overdrive occurs when a driven gear turns faster than its
drive gear.
 TORQUE AND SPEED RELATIONSHIP

• Torque and speed have an inverse relationship: as one goes

up, the other goes down.
• With a constant input speed, transmission torque decreases
as output speed increases.
• The opposite also applies assuming a constant input speed,
transmission torque increases as output speed decreases.
 Functions of Transmission

• To provide a means to vary the torque ratio between the

engine and the road wheels as required.

• To provide a neutral position so that the engine and road

wheel are disconnected even when the clutch is in engaged
position

• To provide a means of reversing the car by reversing the

direction of rotation of the drive.
 Types of Transmission

• Manual Transmission (MT)

 Sliding Mesh Gearbox

 Constant Mesh Gearbox

• With Dog Clutch

• With Synchromesh

• Automatic Transmission (AT)

 Manual Transmission
• Major components of a manual transmission
• Transmission Case (20)
• Extension Housing (21)
• Transmission Shafts
 the input shaft or clutch shaft (1)
 the countershaft, or cluster gear shaft (12)
 the reverse idler shaft (14)
 the main shaft or the output shaft (5)
• Transmission Gears
 input gear, countershaft gears(11), main shaft gears(4,6,7,8), and the reverse idler
gear(13)
• Shifting Linkage and Levers
• Transmission Oil
Manual Transmission
 Sliding Mesh Gearbox
• Is the simplest type of Gearbox.

• Gears on the main shaft are moved right or left for meshing
them with appropriate gears on the counter shaft.
Sliding Mesh Gearbox…
Sliding Mesh Gearbox….
Sliding Mesh Gearbox….
Sliding Mesh Gearbox….
Sliding Mesh Gearbox….

2nd Gear
1st Gear A F D
A F D

B E C G
B E C G

A F D A F D

B B E C G
E C G

Top Gear Reverse Gear

 Sliding Mesh Gearbox….

• The limitations
• Low mechanical efficiency.

• It is noisy.

• The driver is required to have considerable skill in

changing the gear.
 Constant Mesh G/Box (Dog Clutch)
• Is also known as the collar shift
transmission
• In this types, all the gears on the output
shaft are in constant mesh with the
corresponding gears on the lay
shaft(counter shaft)

1st Gear Position

1st Gear Position
 Constant Mesh…
• Five-speed manual transmission
 Constant Mesh…
• Advantages
• It permits the use of helical gear. Hence, it has
smooth & silent operation.

• There is no clashing of gear tooth, hence less

chance of teeth failure.

• Load per tooth is less.

 Synchromesh Gearbox
• Manual transmissions in modern passenger cars use
synchronizers to enable smooth gear engagement.
• A synchro's purpose is
to allow the collar and the gear to make frictional
contact before the dog teeth make contact.
lets the collar and the gear synchronize their speeds
before the teeth need to engage and lock the main
shaft gear to the main shaft.
SYNCHRONIZER COMPONENTS
 SYNCHRONIZER OPERATION
• When the outer sliding sleeve is centered on the hub, the
synchronizer is in its neutral position.
• To shift into gear, the driver disengages the clutch and moves the
shift linkage.
• As the shift is selected, the sliding sleeve moves towards the
speed gear.
• The sleeve overcomes the force of the detent key springs as the
shift linkage continues to move it toward the gear.
• This allows the stop ring to relax and move slightly so that the
sleeve splines begin to engage the coupling teeth on the stop
ring.
• At this point, the coupling teeth on the stop ring and the speed
gear may not line up with each other. However, friction
continues to build between the ring and the cone, so the gear
continues to slow down.
 SYNCHRONIZER OPERATION….
• Once the sleeve, stop ring, and gear are all
turning at the same speed, it takes just a small
movement between the stop ring and gear to
align the coupling teeth and allow the sleeve to
slip completely over both sets.
• The speed gear is now locked to the output
shaft through the synchronizer stop ring and
sleeve.
SYNCHRONIZER OPERATION….
 Synchromesh Gearbox…
• Advantages

• Simplifies the operation of changing gears without

the occurrence of clashes b/n the gear tooth &
consequent damages.

• Smooth shifting

• Less noise
 TRANSAXLES
• A transaxle is a transmission and differential
combination in a single assembly.

• Transaxles are used in front engine front-wheel or

rear engine rear wheel drive vehicles.
 Part III
Automatic Transmission