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Works Cited

Andres, William. Earthrise, 24 Dec. 1968,

https://www.nasa.gov/multimedia/imagegallery/image_feature_1249.html. Accessed 8

May 2022.

Angelo, Joseph A. "Walt Disney and Space Travel." Science Encyclopedia: Encyclopedia of

Space and Astronomy, edited by Angelo, 2nd ed., Facts On File, 2017. Credo Reference,

search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofspace/walt_disney_and_space_travel/0.

Accessed 2 Mar. 2022.

This article focuses on Walt Disney's efforts to inspire and invigorate younger

minds about science and space travel possibilities. Disney's original intention for

devoting so many hours into "future technology" research was to put together

promotions for the grand opening of Disneyland's newest attraction,

Tomorrowland. Veering off course from previous advertisement strategies,

Disney and its production staff chose a factual and educational approach to their

"Man in Space" series launching in the mid-1950s. The show excelled at

garnering national attention for Tomorrowland and expanded the idea of what's

possible in space travel. Bringing on notable leaders in the field such as Wernher

von Braun and giving them a platform to broadcast such ideas gave the show

notoriety and credibility outside of the initial intention of publicity. "Man in

Space" had enough outreach to catch the eyes of President Eisenhower, who went

on to use the show as an introduction to the subject during a meeting at the

Pentagon. Disney released two more space-travel-centered shows throughout the

late 1950s, providing a catalyst to a program that continued to come up short of

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Russian competition. The article is usable for a wide range of scholars as it

provides information on both an interesting piece of space industry history, but

also one of the many endeavors of Walt Disney. Containing strong examples with

evidence and details, this article is a good source of information but may come

across as a little elementary with the lack of strong verbiage and adjectives. There

is no apparent bias in the article.

Conrad, Pete. Repeat Performance: Apollo 12 Achieves Second Moon Landing, 25 Nov. 2019,

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/repeat-performance-apollo-12-achieves-second-moon-

landing. Accessed 9 May 2022.

Courage, Katherine Harmon. "Space: The Final Medical Frontier. Are Overeager Space Tourists

Endangering Their Health?" Scientific American, vol. 310, no. 3, Mar. 2014, p. 32.

EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0314-32.

In the article, Katherine Harmon addresses various health concerns for future

travelers as space has become progressively more accessible in recent history.

One of space travel's most obvious and almost unavoidable aspects is acclimating

to a zero-gravity environment. When weightless, the fluids in the human body

that are normally stable due to gravity on Earth spread out more evenly inducing

nausea and vomiting - potentially leading to dehydration. This instability of fluids

can also burst blood vessels in the chest and brain and has been shown to

occasionally trigger asthma attacks, which can be deadly. Along with the erratic

shift of internal fluids, research has shown that "prolonged weightlessness

weakens the skeleton" (Harmon 2). Bone mineral density has been shown to drop

1-2 percent with each month in space and inherently increases the likelihood of
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kidney stones. Another glaring and, according to Harmon, one of the greatest

threats facing future tourists is radiation exposure. Celestial bodies such as stars

and black holes release considerable levels of radiation that are deflected by

Earth's atmosphere. However, in a space shuttle, passengers are exposed to a

much higher concentration of energy, capable of shredding DNA. Longer,

theoretical flights to Mars or other planets in the solar system are particularly

vulnerable as prolonged radiation exposure can cause genetic mutations and

cancer. Despite many obstacles to overcome, studies are being done in

preparation. A specific example of this is shown through Dorit Donoviel's work in

adjusting common medical practices to be more practical in space-like

environments. Donoviel has specifically been working on how to gauge sound

waves traveling through eye sockets and ear canals in relation to indicating

damaged or healthy tissue in the head. If successful and refined, experiments such

as these provide alternatives to large and power-taxing machines such as MRI or

X-ray machines for future spacecraft. This article has multiple in-depth examples

of health risks to astronauts supported by credible evidence and sources with no

apparent bias. Suitable for those researching space flight or new fields in

medicine, this article is a reliable source of information.

Courage, Katherine Harmon. "Space: The Final Medical Frontier. Are Overeager Space Tourists

Endangering Their Health?" Scientific American, vol. 310, no. 3, Mar. 2014, p. 32.

MEDLINE, https://doi.org/10.1038/scientificamerican0314-32.
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Doroshin, Andrei, et al. "Brain Connectometry Changes in Space Travelers After Long-Duration

Spaceflight." Frontiers in Neural Circuits, vol. 16, Feb. 2022, p. 815838. EBSCOhost,

https://doi.org/10.3389/fncir.2022.815838.

This article provides access to multiple experiments with statistically significant

results regarding the relationship between long-duration space travel and

structural change in astronaut brain connectometry. The human brain holds a level

of neuroplasticity long into adulthood in preparation for injury recovery and

rewiring neuropathways. In a study approved by the European Space Agency

Medical Board, scientists analyzed 12 Roscosmos cosmonaut's MRI scans on

three separate occasions, then compared the scans to the control group, which

were examined in similar frequency. The first exam took place 90 days before

mission launch, the second once the cosmonauts returned from their respective

missions to the ISS, and then the third 230 days after landing as a follow-up. The

study found compelling evidence to suggest a relationship between extended

space flight and microstructural changes in the brain. Numerous important

components of the brain such as cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) and other ventricle

liquids increased in total volume by 12%. Spinal fluid is the primary source of

nutrient flow between the body and the brain and is integral to human function.

However, an overabundance of CSF and other neural fluids can damage brain

tissues and cause a range of brain function complications if not addressed. The

study and article have no apparent bias and were conducted solely for educational

value; a trustworthy source of information for those interested in space travel or

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neural science with minor prior knowledge of astrophysics and the biology of the

brain as some concepts may be hard to understand without a background.

The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica. "Spacecraft." Encyclopædia Britannica, Encyclopædia

Britannica, Inc., https://www.britannica.com/technology/spacecraft#ref741330.

Erickson, Andrew S. "Lessons from the Lunar Module Program: The Director's Conclusions."

Acta Astronautica, vol. 177, Dec. 2020, pp. 514–36. EBSCOhost,

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actaastro.2020.06.030.

Garcia, Mark. "50 Years Ago: The Apollo Lunar Module." NASA, NASA, 18 Jan. 2018,

https://www.nasa.gov/feature/50-years-ago-the-apollo-lunar-module.

Gorn, Michael H. "Space Program." The Oxford Encyclopedia of the History of American

Science, Medicine, and Technology, edited by Hugh Richard Slotten, Oxford UP, 2014.

Credo Reference, search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ouposmat/space_program/0.

Accessed 30 Mar. 2022.

This article gives an in-depth history of the National Aeronautics and Space

Administration (NASA). Initially inaugurated as the National Advisory

Committee for Aeronautics (NACA) in 1915, NACA remained stagnant apart

from success in the Mach 1, Mach 2, and hypersonic flight tests at the Langley

Laboratory in Virginia throughout the 1940s and 50s. It wasn't until October 1st,

1958, that President Eisenhower and Congress discontinued the ladder, and

enacted the successor in NASA. The author thoroughly dives into many notable

examples of trials and tribulations the space program endured throughout the

space race; then shifts to more recent history such as the tragedy of Challenger

and the finalization of the James Webb Telescope in 2018. This source is very
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good for researchers looking to find an all-in-one summary of many of the key

factors in NASA's history. The article features a very detailed timeline of the

formation of the space program while also providing additional pieces and stories

to further engage the reader, therefore, helping it become more captivating. There

are no outstanding weaknesses or biases in the article, making it a great source of

information.

Hache, Valery. "Close-up of the Moon." Why Do People See Faces in the Moon?, 2014,

https://www.nationalgeographic.com/culture/article/140412-moon-faces-brain-culture-

space-neurology. Accessed 8 May 2022.

Hawking, Stephen. The Universe in a Nutshell. London, Bantam, 2001.

Krishen, Kumar. "Technology Needs for Future Space Exploration." IETE Technical Review,

vol. 26, no. 4, July 2009, pp. 228–35. EBSCOhost, https://doi.org/10.4103/0256-

4602.52992.

In the article, Krishen addresses the importance of pushing the boundaries in

areas of technology that will help further aerospace science and engineering's

approach to future exploration. Currently deployed both on the moon and Mars,

NASA's rover expeditions have expanded and increased human knowledge in

robotics and engineering by requiring innovation to combat new challenges

presented by space travel. Such as figuring out how to map the Moon not only led

the way to similar methodologies for mapping Mars and changes the way certain

topographical maps are constructed on Earth. In conjunction with engineering, the

medical sector also benefits from aeronautics through extensive research

conducted in environments The International Space Station (ISS) can provide

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instead of a gravity-centered Earth. Krishen emphasizes how far away the

aspirations of human exploration on Mars are due to current space flight

techniques' costly drawbacks as efficiency is universally not present in current

space programs. With expansive ideas on theoretical and realistic aspirations for

space travel, this commentary is in partnership with NASA Johnson Space Center

making it a reputable source with no bias.

Luhmann, J.g. "Space Weather." Encyclopedia of the Solar System, edited by Doris Breuer et al.,

3rd ed., Elsevier Science & Technology, 2014. Credo Reference,

search.credoreference.com/content/entry/estsolar/space_weather/0. Accessed 31 Jan.

2022.

Mammarella, Nicola. "Can Space Tourism Boost Sustainable Behavior?" Frontiers in

Psychology, vol. 12, Nov. 2021, p. 771936. EBSCOhost,

https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.771936.

With space tourism becoming less theoretical and more reality, Mammarella

compares the benefits and drawbacks of condensed, low orbit space flights for the

general population. As current methods of space travel are inefficient and

expensive, experiments and studies have been conducted to justify the valuable

time and resources expended on such efforts. In 2018, Barbra Fredrickson and her

colleagues concluded that space tourism can effectively boost sustainable

behavior in humans by providing the passengers with an alternative perspective

on Earth's crippling climate, waste, and other humanitarian issues from an off-

world lens. According to Mammarella, sustainable behaviors are actions that are

voluntary and directly contribute to the betterment of humanity and Earth's

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natural environment. This change in the schema has been documented on

professional astronauts and now, tourists, with Jeff Bezos quoted as saying

"When you go to space and see how fragile it (Earth) is, you want to take care of

it even more." However, this field of study has drawn criticism from other experts

such as Messerotti Benvenuti, who questioned the validity of such studies as

journeys to space require hours of onerous physiological and psychological

training and depend on flight length, confinement, and sensory deprivation.

Arguing that an astronaut's tendency to express sustainable behavior would be

concealed under the immense stressors around them. The article, "Can Space

Tourism Boost Sustainable Behavior" by Nicola Mammarella provides a brief,

but credible source of information regarding certain psychological applications to

space exploration. While optimistic, there is no glaring bias making this a useful

source of reference.

NASA. View of Apollo 14 Lunar Module on the Moon, 2 July 2018,

https://moon.nasa.gov/resources/209/view-of-apollo-14-lunar-module-on-the-moon/.

Accessed 9 May 2022.

NASA. "LM 5." LM 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12 (LEM 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10, 11, 12), 1969,

https://space.skyrocket.de/doc_sdat/lem-3.htm. Accessed 8 May 2022.

NASA. "Apollo 15 Lunar Module Falcon." Four Out of Six Apollos, 23 Dec. 2008,

https://www.nasa.gov/topics/moonmars/features/alhat20081223.html. Accessed 9 May

2022.

NASA. Lunar Module, 1969, https://www.discoverspace.org/exhibit/lunar-module/. Accessed 9

May 2022.
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NASA. "Apollo 17 Moon Landing." PHOTOS: Apollo 17 Is NASA's Last Moon Landing

Mission, 15 Oct. 2019, https://www.krqe.com/photo-galleries/photos-apollo-17-is-nasas-

last-moon-landing-mission/. Accessed 9 May 2022.

NASA. "LM 17." Apollo 17's Gene Cernan Flying the Lunar Module Ascent Stage, 1970,

https://www.flickr.com/photos/jurvetson/49570305726. Accessed 9 May 2022.

"PRIVATE SPACE TRAVEL." National Geographic Answer Book: 10,001 Fast Facts about

Our World, edited by National Geographic, National Geographic Society, 2015. Credo

Reference, search.credoreference.com/content/entry/ngeolgpf/private_space_travel/0.

Accessed 30 Mar. 2022.

This article shares a brief timeline of milestones in private space travel. Breaking

ground in just 2001 with the first "space tourist" to visit the International Space

Station followed by the first privately developed spacecraft in 2007 and

commercial ships in 2011; the private sector is very new but is gaining a lot of

traction with exponential increasing popularity in recent years with the emergence

of Richard Branson's Virgin Galactic and Elon Musk's SpaceX. Despite facing

many setbacks early on just as NASA once did, the private sector has made

astounding breakthroughs in the field such as SpaceX's monumental reusable

rocket launch in late 2021, the first rocket ever to complete a return landing. The

article shares a timeline on private-sector space travel and could be useful to

students looking to gain an extremely condensed background in the subject. The

examples used by the author are good but would require more research or a

decent foundation of prior knowledge to apply or fully comprehend the

information in this article.

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"space exploration." World History: A Comprehensive Reference Set, edited by Facts on File,

New York, NY, USA, Facts On File, 2016. Credo Reference,

search.credoreference.com/content/entry/fofworld/space_exploration/0. Accessed 18

Mar. 2022.

Williams, David. "The Apollo Program (1963 - 1972)." Apollo 11 Lunar Module / EASEP,

NASA, https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/lunar/apollo.html.