HAWASSA UNIVERSITY

COLLEGE OF BUSINESS AND ECONOMICS

SCHOOL OF HOTEL AND TOURISM MANAGEMENT

PROGRAM: REGULAR- MA IN HOSPITALITY MANAGEMENT

Course Title: Advance Research Methods in Hospitality and Tourism

Individual Assignment on Compilation of APA and Harvard Referencing Styles

Prepared By: ID:

Emshaw Kebede Merd……………………………. GPHosMR/0008/14

Submitted to: Instructor: Mr. Amare. Y (Assistant Professor)

Submission Date: April 22/2022 G.C

Hawassa, Ethiopia

April, 2022 G.C

Table of Content

s
1. Introduction to the American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style................................................................................................1
1.1. Books & Book Chapters................................................................................................................................................................................... 5
1.2. Dictionary / Encyclopaedia........................................................................................................................................................................ 11
1.3. Journal, Newspaper &Newsletter Articles......................................................................................................................................................11
1.4. Conference /Seminar Papers........................................................................................................................................................................... 15
1.5. Government Publications................................................................................................................................................................................ 15
1.6. Legislation...................................................................................................................................................................................................... 16
1.7. Images, Music & Audiovisual Media..............................................................................................................................................................17
1.8. Thesis or Dissertation..................................................................................................................................................................................... 19
1.9. University Provided Study Materials..............................................................................................................................................................20
1.10. Social Media................................................................................................................................................................................................. 20
1.11. Personal Communication and Email.............................................................................................................................................................20
1.12. Web Resources............................................................................................................................................................................................. 21
2. Harvard Referencing (AGPS 6th Edition)..............................................................................................................................................................22
2.1. Formatting....................................................................................................................................................................................................... 23
2.3. Common In-Text Citation Formats................................................................................................................................................................. 25
2.4. Harvard Referencing (AGPS 6th Edition).......................................................................................................................................................29
References................................................................................................................................................................................................................. 38

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1. Introduction to the American Psychological Association (APA) Referencing Style
The American Psychological Association referencing style (or APA as it is more commonly known) is used across a variety of
disciplines. The sixth and latest edition was published in 2010.

 In-Text References
APA uses the ‘author-date’ style of referencing. That is, in-text references (generally) appear in the following format:
(Author’s Last Name, Year of Publication).
Example: (Austen, 1813).
You are also permitted to include the Author’s name in a sentence, omitting it from the brackets.
Example: Austen (1813)
When directly quoting from a source, you must include page number(s) and enclose the quote in double quotation marks.
Example: “A woman must have money and a room of her own if she is to write fiction” (Woolf, 1929, p. 6).
Note: For multiple pages, use the abbreviation ‘pp.’ Include the full page range, i.e. ’64-67’.
Example: Woolf (1929, pp. 64-67) observes that…
When paraphrasing or referring to an idea contained in another work, the Publication manual of the American Psychological
Association advises: “you are encouraged to provide a page or paragraph number, especially when it would help an interested
reader locate the relevant passage in a long or complex text” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010, p. 171). It is
recommended you verify this advice with your unit of study coordinator, lecturer or tutor for each subject.
If you are referring to an entire work, include only the Author’s Last Name and Year of Publication in brackets. If you are
referring to part of a work, you must include Page numbers or their equivalent (see specific examples for more information).
When citing a source you have not read yourself, but which is referred to in a source you have read (also known as ‘secondary
referencing’), use the following method:Moore (as cited in Maxwell, 1999, p. 25) stated that…Important: You would cite
Maxwell, not Moore, in the Reference List.

Note: It is always preferable to cite the original source. “Use secondary sources sparingly when the original work is out of print,
unavailable through usual sources, or not available in English” (American Psychological Association [APA], 2010, p. 178).

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  Reference List
 The Reference List should appear at the end of your work on a separate page.
 Only include references you have cited in your work.
 All references should have a hanging indent. That is, all lines of a reference subsequent to the first line should be indented (see
examples in the tables below).
 In general, references should be listed alphabetically by the last name of the first author of each work.
 Special Reference List cases:
In the case of works by different authors with the same family name, list references alphabetically by the authors’ initials.
In the case of multiple works by the same author in different years, list references chronologically (earliest to latest).
In the case of multiple works by the same author in the same year, list references alphabetically by title in the Reference List.
 When referring to Books, Book Chapters, Article Titles or Webpages, capitalise only the first letter of the first word of
a title and subtitle, and proper nouns.
Example: Exploring gifted education: Australian and New Zealand perspectives
 When referring to Journal Titles, capitalise all major words (do not capitalise words such as ‘of’, ‘and’, & ‘the’ unless
they are the first word in the title).
Example: Journal of Exercise Science and Fitness


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3|Page
 IN-TEXT REFERENCE REFERENCE LIST

1.1. Books & Book Chapters

One Author – In-Text Reference
Placement
Note: There are two main ways to
use intext references. Firstly, to
focus on the information from
your source – ‘information
prominent’. Secondly, to focus on
the author – ‘author prominent’.
‘Information prominent’ (the Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban policy: A critical approach. Malden, MA:
author’s name is within Blackwell Publishing.
parentheses): The conclusion
reached in a recent study
(Cochrane, 2007) was that…
OR ‘Author prominent’ (the
author’s name is outside the
parentheses): Cochrane (2007)
concluded that…

One Author – When Fewer An interesting view was Cochrane, A. (2007). Understanding urban policy: A critical approach. Malden, MA:
Than 40 Words Are Quoted expressed that “the connection Blackwell Publishing.
Include the material in theof high profile developments
paragraph and include specific
to their surrounding
page number/s. environment has increasingly
Use quotation marks to show the
been questioned” (Cochrane,
exact words. 2007, p. 117). OR An
interesting view was
expressed by Cochrane (2007)
that “the connection of high
profile developments to their
surrounding environment has
increasingly been questioned”
(p. 117).
One Author – When 40 or more Much has been written about Finkelman, A. W. (2006). Leadership and management in nursing. Upper Saddle

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Words are Quoted
Begin quoting the material on a
new line, indent it 5 spaces (use
the indent tool to keep all lines of
the quote evenly indented), and
include specific page number/s.
Omit the quotation marks.
Use double spacing for both your
text and the indented quote.
Make sure the quote is exactly as
it was published.
Two authors
Three to Five Authors
For the first in-text reference, list VanPutte, Regan, & Russo,
all the authors’ family names, then 2011) concluded that…
5|Page
acute care. Finkelman (2006), River, NJ: Pearson Prentice Hall.
for example, points out that:
There are many changes in
acute care services occurring
almost daily, and due to the
increasing use of outpatient
surgery, surgical services have
experienced major changes.
Hospitals are increasing the
size of their outpatient or
Ambulatory surgery
departments and adjusting to
the need of moving patients
into and out of the surgical
service in 1 day or even a few
hours. (p. 184).
Recently, this trend has been
seen in some Australian
hospitals and research here…
When considering the Howard Palmer, G. R., & Short, S. D. (2010). Health care and public policy: An Australian
Government’s Indigenous analysis (4th ed.). Melbourne, Australia: Palgrave Macmillan.
health expenditure, Palmer
and Short (2010) maintain
that…
A recent study (Seeley, Seeley, R., VanPutte, C., Regan, J., & Russo, A. (2011). Seeley’s anatomy &
physiology. New York, NY: McGraw-Hill.
use the first author’s family name Subsequent in-text
followed by ‘et al.’ for subsequent reference/s: (Seeley et al.,
entries 2011).
Six to Seven Authors The Russian Revolution may Bulliet, R. W., Crossley, P. K., Headrick, D. R., Hirsch, S. W., Johnson, L. L., &
For all in-text references, list onlynever have succeeded if there Northrup, D. (2011). The earth and its peoples: A global history (5th ed.). Boston,
the first author’s family name hadn’t already been MA: Wadsworth.
followed by ‘et al.’ All authors is widespread discontent among
included in the Reference List. the Russian populace (Bulliet
et al., 2005).
Works by Different Authors These techniques have been Smith, C., & Laslett, R. (1993). Effective classroom management: A teacher’s guide
with the Same Family Name shown to improve test scores (2nd ed.). London,United Kingdom : Routledge.
For in-text references, include the among primary school aged
initials of the authors in question children (R. Smith, 2010). Smith, R. (2010). Rethinking teacher education: Teacher education in the knowledge
to enable readers to differentiate age. Sydney, Australia: AACLM Press.
between them. If funding were enhanced, it is
List references alphabetically by arguable these problems could
the authors’ initials in the be ameliorated (C. J. Smith &
Reference List. Laslett, 1993).
Several Works by the Same These techniques have Greenspan, A. (2000). Orthopedic radiology: A practical approach (3rd ed.).
Author in Different Years changed markedly in the last Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
When citing references separately, decade (Greenspan, 2000,
no special rule needs to be 2011).
observed. When citing references
collectively, separate years with a Greenspan, A. (2011). Orthopedic imaging: A practical approach (5th ed.).
comma and insert years earliest to Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.
latest. List references
chronologically (earliest to latest)
in the Reference List.

6|Page
Several Works by the Same Leadership and change in Fullan, M. (1996a). Leadership for change. In International handbook for educational
Author in the Same Year schools have been major leadership and administration. New York, NY: Kluwer Academic .
Arrange alphabetically by title in topics of discussion for
the Reference List. Place several years (Fullan, 1996a, Fullan, M. (1996b). The new meaning of educational change. London,United
lowercase letters (“a”, “b”, “c”, 1996b) and this conference… Kingdom: Cassell.
etc.) immediately after the year.
“Educational change” has
taken on a new meaning in
recent years (Fullan, 1996b)
…
Several Authors, Different The cyclical process (Carr & Carr, W., & Kemmis, S. (1986). Becoming critical: Education knowledge and action
Years, Referred to Collectively Kemmis, 1986; Dick, 2000; research. London,United Kingdom: Falmer Press.
in Your Work Kemmis & McTaggart, 1988; Dick, B. (2000). A beginner’s guide to action research. Retrieved from
List sources alphabetically by MacIsaac, 1995) suggests… http://www.scu.edu.au/schools/gcm/ar/arp/guide.html
family name in the in-text Kemmis, S., & McTaggart, R. (Eds.). (1988). The action research planner (3rd ed.).
reference in the order in which Melbourne, Australia: Deakin University Press
they appear in the Reference List.

Separate each reference with a

semicolon.
eBook – Online Book
- If the URL leads to information
about how to obtain the book, use
“Available from” instead of
“Retrieved from”.
- If the eBook has a DOI, add this
in.
An Article/ Chapter in eBook
We found helpful information Niemann, S., Greenstein, D., & David, D. (2004). Helping children who are deaf:
about deaf children (Niemann, Family and community support for children who do not hear well. Retrieved
Greenstein, & David, 2004) from http://www.hesperian.org/ publications_download_deaf.php
that meant we could… Schiraldi, G. R. (2001). The post-traumatic stress disorder sourcebook: A guide to
OR healing, recovery, and growth [Adobe Digital Editions version].
doi:10.1036/0071393722
Schiraldi (2001) offers
solutions to PTSD.
Screening is helpful to Williams, J., & Nieuwsma, J. (2016). Screening for depression in adults. In J. A. Melin

7|Page
If the article/ chapter has a DOI, identify major depression in (Ed.), UpTpDate. Retrieved from
add this in. adults (Williams & https://www.uptodate.com/contents/screening-fordepression-in-adu
Nieuwsma, 2016) …
Chapter in Edited Book A discussion about Australia’s Richards, K. C. (1997). Views on globalization. In H. L. Vivaldi (Ed.), Australia in a
place in today’s world global world (pp. 29-43). Sydney, Australia: Century.
(Richards, 1997) included
reference to…
OR
Richards (1997) proposed
that…
Brochure – Author is also The security of personal TransACT. (n.d.). Guide to equipment and service [Brochure]. Canberra, Australia:
Publisher information is addressed in the Author.
TransACT brochure
(TransACT, n.d.)
Editor In discussing best practice, Zairi, M. (Ed.). (1999). Best practice: Process innovation management. Oxford,United
Zairi (1999) identified… Kingdom: ButterworthHeinemann
OR
Best practice indicators in
management have been
identified (Zairi, 1999) and…
Compiler, or Reviser, or This novel by Gaarder Gaarder, J. (1994). Sophie’s world: A novel about the history of philosophy (P. Møller,
Translator (1991/1994) provides an Trans.). London,United Kingdom: Phoenix House. (Original work published
Use the following abbreviations appealing approach to… 1991).
after the person’s name in the OR
Reference List: Socrates has been described
Comp. as “enigmatic” (Gaarder,
Rev. 1991/1994, p. 50) which
Trans. provides us with…
Corporate Author – When the A recent study (Australian Australian Institute of Health and Welfare. (2009). Indigenous housing needs 2009: A

8|Page
Author is also the Publisher
Spell out the full name of the body
each time it is cited in-text, unless
it is long and has a familiar/easily
understood abbreviation. In the
latter case, give the full name with
the abbreviation for the first intext
reference. Use the abbreviation
only for subsequent references.
Corporate Author – The report prepared by the
Commissioned Reports
No Date of Publication
Second or Later Edition
Multi-Volume Work
9|Page
Institute of Health and multi-measure needs model (AIHW cat. no. HOU 214). Canberra, Australia:
Welfare [AIHW], 2009) Author.
highlighted …
Subsequent in-text
reference/s: The AIHW (2009)
found that…
South Australian Centre for Economic Studies. (2009). Local government’s current
South Australian Centre for and potential role in water management and conservation: Final report.
Economic Studies (2009) was Commissioned by the Local Government Association of South Australia.
discussed. Adelaide, Australia: Author.
Some aspects of forensic Browne, J. D. (n.d.). Forensic science as a career. London, England: Tower.
science are more challenging
than others (Browne, n.d.) and
for this reason…
Peters (2001, p. 6) argued that Peters, T. (2001). The elements of counselling (2nd ed.). Brisbane, Australia:
“...” Macmillan.
Inge, Duke and Bryer (1978, Inge, M. T., Duke, M., & Bryer, J. R. (Eds.). (1978). Black American writers:
p. 27) claim that there is much Bibliographical essays (Vols. 1-2). New York, NY: St. Martins.
to learn about these writers Clark, C. M. H. (1978). A history of Australia: Vol. 4. The earth abideth forever,
which results in… 1851-1888. Australia: Melbourne University Press.
OR
There is so much to learn
about our country (Clark,
1978, p. 42) that we kept
returning to…

Dictionary / Encyclopaedia –
print Include information about
editions, volume numbers and
page numbers in parenthesis
following the title in the Reference
List.
Dictionary / Encyclopaedia –
Online
Include information about
editions, specific volume numbers
or page numbers in parenthesis
following the title in the Reference
List.
Journal Article with One
Author – Separated Paging
(Paginated by Issue)
If each issue of a journal begins
on page
1, include the issue number in
parenthesis immediately after the
volume number in the Reference
List. If the journal article has a
DOI, add this in.
Journal Article with Two
Authors – Continuous Paging
Throughout a Volume.
10 | P a g e
1.2. Dictionary / Encyclopaedia
According to one definition of VandenBos, G. R. (Ed.). (2007). APA dictionary of psychology. Washington, DC:
“bivalence” (VandenBos, American Psychological Association.
2007, p. 123)…
A psychological overview of Arcus, D. (2001). Attention deficit / hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). In B. Strickland
ADHD (Arcus, 2001)… (Ed.), The Gale encyclopedia of psychology. Retrieved from
http://www.gale.cengage.com/
Note: If retrieved from a database, do a Web search for the home page of the publisher
of the encyclopaedia and use the URL in the reference.
1.3. Journal, Newspaper &Newsletter Articles
In an earlier article, it was Jackson, A. (2007). New approaches to drug therapy. Psychology Today and
proposed (Jackson, 2007)… Tomorrow, 27(1), 54-59.
Dempsey, I. (2012). The use of individual education programs for children in
Australian Schools. Australasian Journal of Special Education, 36(1), 21-31.
doi:10.1017/jse.2012.5
Kramer and Bloggs (2002) Kramer, E., & Bloggs, T. (2002). On quality in art and art therapy. American Journal
stipulated in their latest of Art Therapy, 40, 218-231.
article… OR
If the journal volume page
numbers run continuously
throughout the year, regardless of
issue number, do not include the
issue number in your Reference
List entry. If the journal article has
a DOI, add this in.
Journal Article with Three to
Five Authors
For the first in-text reference, list
all the authors’ family names, then
use the first author’s family name
followed by ‘et al.’ for subsequent
entries.
If the journal article has a DOI,
add this in.
Journal Article with Six to
Seven Authors
For all in-text references, list only
the first author’s family name
followed by ‘et al.’ All authors is
included in the Reference List. If
the journal article has a DOI, add
this in.
Journal Article with Eight or
more Authors
For all in-text references, list only
the first author’s family name
followed by ‘et al.’ In the
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This article on art (Kramer &
Bloggs, 2002) stipulated
that…
A recent study to investigate Elo, A., Ervasti, J., Kuosma, E., & Mattila, P. (2008). Evaluation of an organizational
the effects of an organisational stress management program in a municipal public works organization. Journal
stress management program of Occupational Health Psychology, 13(1), 10-23. doi: 10.1037/1076-
on employees (Elo, Ervasti, 8998.13.1.10
Kuosma, & Mattila, 2008)
concluded that… Subsequent
in-text reference/s: (Elo et al.,
2008)
A simple ALMA is described Restouin, A., Aresta, S., Prébet, T., Borg, J., Badache, A., & Collette, Y. (2009). A
in a recent study (Restouin et simplified, 96-well–adapted, ATP luminescence–based motility assay.
al., 2009). BioTechniques, 47, 871–875. doi: 10.2144/000113250
Traumatic injury is the leading Steel, J., Youssef, M., Pfeifer, R., Ramirez, J. M., Probst, C., Sellei, R., ... Pape, H. C.
cause of death and disability (2010). Health-related quality of life in patients with multiple injuries and
worldwide (Steel et al., 2010). traumatic brain injury 10+ years postinjury. Journal of Trauma: Injury,
Infection, and Critical Care, 69(3), 523-531. doi:
10.1097/TA.0b013e3181e90c24
Reference List, include the first
six authors’ names, then insert
three ellipsis points (...), and add
the last author’s name.
If the journal article has a DOI,
add this in.
Journal or Magazine Article Wychick and Thompson Wychick, J., & Thompson, L. (2005, November 24). Fallen for a scam lately?
with No Volume or Issue (2005) foreshadow that scam AustraliaToday, 54-60.
Number will still be enticing… OR An
If the journal article has a DOI,
interesting approach to scam
add this in (Wychick & Thompson, 2005)
suggested that…
Journal Article Retrieved from A study examining priming Johns, E., & Mewhort, D. (2009). Test sequence priming in recognition memory.
a Database – with a DOI (Digital (Johns & Mewhort, 2009) Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory and Cognition, 35, 1162-
Object Identifier) discovered … 1174. doi: 10.1037/a0016372
Journal Article – in Press Influence of music in running Lee, S., & Kimmerly, D. (in press). Influence of music on maximal self-paced running
performance (Lee & performance and passive post-exercise recovery rate. The Journal of Sports
Kimmerly, in press) … Medicine and Physical Fitness.
Journal article – Cochrane Overweight and obesity are Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological
Review with DOI increasing throughout the interventions for overweight or obesity. The Cochrane database of systematic
industrialised world (Shaw, reviews (2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2
O’Rourke, Del Mar, &
Kenardy, 2005) …
Journal article – Overweight and obesity are Shaw, K., O'Rourke, P., Del Mar, C., & Kenardy, J. (2005). Psychological
Cochrane Review with DOI increasing throughout the interventions for overweight or obesity. The Cochrane database of systematic
industrialised world (Shaw, reviews (2). doi:10.1002/14651858.CD003818.pub2
O’Rourke, Del Mar, &
Kenardy, 2005) …

12 | P a g e
Journal Article Retrieved from The effects of climate change Ramalho, M., Da Silva, G., & Dias, L. (2009). Genetic plant improvement and climate
a Database – without a DOI on agriculture are studied by changes. Crop Breeding and Applied Biotechnology, 9(2), 189-195. Retrieved
Ramalho, from http://www.sbmp.org.br/cbab
Da Silva and Dias (2009)…
Book Review in a Journal In his review of Thomas Marson, S. M. (2009). How big should we be? A Herculean task accomplished
Samaras’ latest book, Marson [Review of the book Human body size and the laws of scaling: Physiological,
(2009) identifies… performance, growth, longevity and ecological ramification, by T. Samaras].
Public Health Nutrition, 12, 1299–1300. doi:10.1017/S1368980009990656

Newspaper Article – with an The notion of a Bill of Rights Waterford, J. (2007, May 30). Bill of Rights gets it wrong. The Canberra Times, p. 11.
Author may be inappropriate in the
Australian context (Waterford,
2007).
Newspaper Article – without an The redesign of the Internet Internet pioneer to oversee network redesign. (2007, May 28). The Canberra Times, p.
Author (“Internet pioneer”, 2007) is 15.
said to…
Newspaper Article Retrieved In an attempt to save the tiger, Darby, A. (2002, August 20). Rarest tiger skin a rugged survivor. Sydney Morning
from a Database Darby (2002) provided… Herald. Retrieved from http://www.smh.com.au

Article in an Online Newsletter
Australia’s casualty rate was Australians and the Western Front. (2009, November). Ozculture newsletter. Retrieved
almost 65 per cent - the from http://www.cultureandrecreation. gov.au/ newsletter/
highest in the
British Empire (“Australians
and the Western Front”, 2009)

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 1.4. Conference /Seminar Papers

Conference or Seminar Papers In a paper about conservation Edge, M. (1996). Lifetime prediction: Fact or fancy? In M. S. Koch, T. Padfield, J. S.
in Published Proceedings – Print of photographs (Edge, 1996), Johnsen, & U. B. Kejser (Eds.), Proceedings of the Conference on Research
the proposition that… Techniques in Photographic Conservation (pp. 97-100). Copenhagen,
Denmark: Royal Danish Academy of Fine Arts.
Conference or Seminar Papers Tester (2008) points to the Tester, J. W. (2008). The future of geothermal energy as a major global energy
in Published Proceedings – value of using geothermal supplier. In H. Gurgenci & A. R. Budd (Eds.), Proceedings of the Sir Mark
Online sources for power and energy. Oliphant International Frontiers of Science and Technology Australian
Geothermal Energy Conference, Canberra, Australia: Geoscience Australia.
Retrieved from http://www.ga.gov.au/image_cache/ GA11825.pdf

1.5. Government Publications

Government Department as The need for guidelines to Department of Finance and Administration. (2006). Delivering Australian Government
Author manage and use multiple services: Managing multiple channels. Canberra, Australia: Author.
channels to deliver e-
government services
(Department of Finance and
Administration [DOFA],
2006) presents Australian
Government agencies with…

Government Publication – with Recently released statistics Australian Bureau of Statistics. (2007). Australian social trends (Cat. no. 4102.0).
Identifying Number from the Australian Bureau of Canberra, Australia: ABS.
Includes report numbers, Statistics
catalogue (ABS) (2007) reveal
numbers, etc. interesting changes in

14 | P a g e
 Australian society.
Subsequent in-text
reference/s:
The ABS (2007) reported that
…
Government Report – Online First in-text reference: Department of the Prime Minister and Cabinet. (2008). Families in Australia: 2008.
A recent government report Retrieved from
(Department of the Prime http://www.dpmc.gov.au/publications/families/index.cfm#contact
Minister and Cabinet
[PM&C], 2008) examines a
selection of key topics …
Subsequent in-text
reference/s:
Families in Australia were
highlighted (PM&C, 2008)…
Government Approved …and “including data in Standards Australia. (1996). Australian Standard AS 4390: Records Management.
Standards computer systems, created or Sydney, Australia: Author.
received and
maintained by an
organisation” (Standards
Australia, 1996, p. 7) as well
as…

1.6. Legislation

Act – Print According to s. 8.1 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) s. 8.1 (Austl.).
Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 Follow this convention:
(NSW), it is unlawful for an Short Title of the Act (in italics) Year (in italics) (Jurisdiction abbreviation) Section
employer to discriminate number Subdivision, if relevant (Country abbreviation).

15 | P a g e
 against a person on the ground
of race.
Bill – Print The Mental Health Bill 2013 Mental Health Bill 2013 (WA) (Austl.).
(WA) prohibits… Follow this convention:
Bill Name (no italics) Year (Jurisdiction abbreviation) (Country abbreviation).
Act & Bill – Online According to s. 8.1 of the Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 (NSW) s. 8.1 (Austl.). Retrieved from
Anti-Discrimination Act 1977 http://www.legislation.nsw.gov.au/maintop/scanact/inforce/NONE/0
(NSW), it is unlawful for an
employer to discriminate
against a person on the ground
of race.
Case According to Ellis v. Wallsend Ellis v. Wallsend District Hospital 1989 17 NSWLR 553 (Austl.).
District Hospital (1989)… Mabo v. Queensland 1988 166 CLR 186 (Austl.).
…in a land right case (Mabo Follow this convention:
v. Queensland, 1988)… Case Name (in italics) Year Volume number Reporter abbreviation First page number
(Country abbreviation).

1.7. Images, Music & Audiovisual Media

CD Recording
DVD / Video Recording
Lyrics from Paul Kelly’s song Kelly, P. (1997). From little things big things grow. On Songs from the south: Paul
“From Little Things Big Kelly’s greatest hits [CD]. Melbourne, Australia: Mushroom Records.
Things Grow” (Kelly, 1997,
track 10) were used in recent
television
Jane Austen’s world came Lee, A. (Director). (1995). Sense and sensibility [DVD]. Australia: Columbia TriStar
alive in Sense and sensibility Home Video.
(Lee, 1995)

Image – online The effective use of light in Monet, C. (1890). Haystacks, midday [Painting]. National Gallery of Australia,
Monet’s ‘Haystacks’ (Monet, Canberra. Retrieved from http://artsearch.nga. gov.au/ Detail-LRG.cfm?

16 | P a g e
 1890)…
Liner notes The American jazz
trombonist, bandleader and
composer Jack Teagarden
(Weiner, 1995)…
Score Craig Scott is one of
Australia’s leading bassists
(Scott, 2013)
Streamed Music An analysis of the jazz piano
style of “What’s Your Story
Morning Glory” (Williams,
1978, track 8) reveals…
Interview – on Radio In a recent interview with the
Prime Minister (Mitchell,
2009)…
Interview – on Television He demonstrated his
professionalism and
sensitivity in an interview
with Raelene Boyle (Denton,
2006) and…
Motion picture (movie) Jackson and Pyke (2003)
provide evidence that belief in
a world…
Podcast (audio) Listening to the news on my
MP3 player (Nolan, 2007) was
a new
experience and I decided…
Radio Program – Broadcast When discussing how people
write about music, Koval
17 | P a g e
IRN=29073&View=LRG
Weiner, D. J. (1995). [Liner notes]. J. Teagarden (Composer), Big ‘T’ jump [CD].
USA: Jass Records.
Scott, C. (2013). C minor waltz: For jazz quintet [Score]. Sydney, Australia: Craig
Scott
Williams, M. L. (1978). What’s your story morning glory. On Mary Lou Williams:
Solo recital, Montreux Jazz Festival [CD]. Fantasy. Retrieved from Naxos
Music Library Jazz.
Mitchell, N. (Presenter). (2009, October 16). Interview with the Prime Minister, Kevin
Rudd. In Mornings with Neil Mitchell [Radio broadcast]. Melbourne, Australia:
Radio 3AW.
Denton A. (Producer and Interviewer). (2006, September 25). Interview with Raelene
Boyle. In Enough Rope with Andrew Denton. [Television broadcast]. Sydney,
Australia: Australian Broadcasting Corporation.
Jackson, P. (Director), & Pyke, S. (Producer). (2003). The lord of the rings: The return
of the king [Motion picture]. New Zealand: Imagine Films.
Note: Give the country where the movie was made – not the city.
Nolan, T. (Presenter). (2007, April 28). AM: News & current affairs [Audio podcast].
Retrieved from http://abc.net.au/news/ subscribe/amrss.sml
Koval, R. (Presenter). (2009, November 19). The Book Show [Radio broadcast].
Melbourne, Australia: ABC Radio National.
 (2009)…
Radio program – Transcript The views of the Mascall, S. (Reporter). (2005, February 14). Are we hardwired for creativity? In
internationally renowned Innovations [Radio program] [Transcript]. Melbourne, Australia: ABC Radio
author and public speaker, De Australia. Retrieved from
Bono, prompted me to follow http://www.abc.net.au/ra/innovations/stories/s1302318.htm
up one of the interviews
(Mascall, 2005) which…
Speech – online In her ANZAC Day speech Clark, H. (2007, April 25). Prime Minister’s 2007 ANZAC Day message [Transcript].
(Clark, 2007), the Prime Retrieved from http://www.anzac.govt.nz
Minister of New
Zealand referred to…
Television Advertisement The problems of teenage Beyondblue (Producer). (2009, November 29). Beyondblue: Anxiety [Television
anxiety were graphically advertisement]. Canberra, Australia: WIN TV.
captured (Beyondblue, 2009)
…
Television Program – Broadcast Examining future plans for Kimball, C. (Presenter). (2009, September 4). Stateline [Television broadcast].
Canberra’s city area (Kimball, Canberra, Australia: ABC TV.
2009)… Note: Always check the television station’s website and use the transcript, if one is
available, for direct quotes.
Television Program – Transcript Cyclones often affect McLaughlin, M. (Presenter). (2004, November 7). Cyclone Tracy. In Rewind
Australia, especially in the [Television program] [Transcript]. Sydney, Australia: ABC TV. Retrieved from
north (McLaughlin, http://www.abc.net.au/tv/ rewind/txt/s1233697.htm
2004) and it is worthwhile…

1.8. Thesis or Dissertation

Thesis or Dissertation – print Nurses working in an acute Duddle, M. (2009). Intraprofessional relations in nursing: A case study (Unpublished
care environment tend to doctoral thesis), University of Sydney, Australia.
experience a high degree of

18 | P a g e
 workplace conflict (Duddle,
2009).
Thesis or Dissertation – The field of engineering has Hector, D. C. A. (2008). Towards a new philosophy of engineering: Structuring the
Retrieved from a Database largely developed around the complex problems from the sustainability discourse (Doctoral thesis). Available
positivist philosophical from Australasian Digital Theses database. (Record No. 185877)
position (Hector, 2008). Note: End the reference with the unique number or identifier assigned to the
thesis/dissertation.

1.9. University Provided Study Materials

Lecture / Tutorial notes, etc. – Septicaemia is one of many Maw, M. (2010). NURS5082 Developing nursing practice, lecture
online infections commonly acquired 2, week 1: Healthcare-associated infections and their prevention [Lecture PowerPoint
in hospitals (Maw, 2010) … slides]. Retrieved from http://learn-on-line.ce.usyd.edu.au/

1.10. Social Media

Facebook update $52 million will be provided Rudd, K. (2009, October 24). Australian civilian corps to help in crises [Facebook
List the author’s name as it is to deploy Australian civilian update]. Retrieved from http://www. facebook.com/note.php?
written troops (Rudd, 2009) note_id=200124043571&ref=mf
(including nicknames).
Blog Post The plight of the flapper skate Keim, B. (2009, November 18). ID error leaves fish at edge of extinction [Blog post].
was recently highlighted Retrieved from http://www.wired. com/ wiredscience/2009/11/extinction-error/
(Keim, 2009)…

1.11. Personal Communication and Email

Personal Communication
Includes private letters, memos,
email, telephone conversations,
personal interviews, etc. These are
cited in-text only, not in the
J. Francis (personal Not included in Reference List. Cite in-text only.
communication, August 6,
2007) was able to confirm that
the floods had not reached
their area.

19 | P a g e
Reference List.
Email – NEVER Cite Addresses Ms Coleman (personal Not included in Reference List. Treat as personal communication and cite in-text only.
without communication, July 11,
Permission of the Owner of the 2007) provided details in an
Address email and we acted on that
information.

1.12. Web Resources

given, dated
Note: A web document is a file
(e.g. a Word or PDF file) found on
the Web. Often there are links to
Web documents from Web pages.
A Web document is not the same
as a web page.
Web Document – Author or
Sponsor Given but not Dated
A BA paper (Simon, Smith, & Simon, J., Smith, K., & West, T. (2009). Price incentives and consumer payment
West, 2009) found that behaviour. Retrieved from the Reserve Bank of Australia website:
participation in a loyalty http://www.rba.gov.au/ PublicationsAndResearch/RDP/RDP2009-04.html
program and access to an
interest-free period…
The Commonwealth Scientific Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation. (n.d.). Reducing
and Industrial Research Australia’s greenhouse emissions factsheet. Retrieved from
Organisation http://www.csiro.au/ resources/ps282.html
(CSIRO) is designing several
energy-efficient electric
machines to reduce
greenhouse gas emissions
(CSIRO, n.d.).

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2. Harvard Referencing (AGPS 6th Edition)
Referencing is a standard convention used by academic and professional communities to inform readers of the sources of information
used in a piece of written work. There are many referencing formats (e.g. Harvard, APA, MLA, Vancouver) and it is critical that you
use the one prescribed by the people you are writing for. Check what style your College / topic requires.

This quick guide covers how to reference common source types using the Harvard Australian Government Publishing Service (AGPS)
6th edition. For more examples of Harvard AGPS 6th, consult the Style Manual: For Authors, Editors and Printers 6th edn by Snooks
& Co, 2002 or The Standard for Australian Government Writing and editing guide here https://www.stylemanual.gov.au/

It is important to note that Harvard AGPS 6th is a referencing style specific to the Australian Government and is different to other
Harvard referencing styles. It is important to note that in Endnote, ‘Harvard style’ is not ‘Harvard AGPS6’ style.

When referencing, you must cite all your sources in order to:

 acknowledge your sources

 allow the reader to verify the data / information
 allow the reader to consult your sources independently for their own purposes
 show the reader the depth and breadth of your reading

References must be provided wherever you quote (use exact words), paraphrase (use other people's ideas using your own words),
summarise (use main points of someone else's opinions, theories, or data), or use other people’s data or figures. Your references may
be sources of information such as books, periodicals, websites, newspapers, government reports, legal cases, electronic recordings
(CD, DVD, television), or brochures. Note that some of these sources are considered more credible than others. The main elements
that need to be recorded in the Harvard AGPS 6th system are the author, date, title and where the source is found.

The Harvard AGPS 6th referencing system consists of two components, both of which are required:

The In-Text Citation

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This is the short in-text reference to the source of the information e.g., Maguire (2018, p.35) or (Maguire 2018, p.35).

The Reference List

This is a list at the end of the written text of all references cited within. It contains all the details of the reference rather than the short
version used in the in-text citation. One item might look like this:

Maguire, E 2018, Girls, autobiography, media: gender and self-mediation in digital economies. Palgrave Macmillan, Cham,
Switzerland.

2.1. Formatting
Formatting instructions in the style manual: for authors, editors and printers 6th edn suggest that decisions regarding line spacing, font
style and size are made with the intended audience in mind.

It is advised that you check for specific formatting requirements in your assignment instructions and rubric or ask your marker for
further clarification.

The purpose of an in-text citation is to show the reader where the idea you are using has been sourced. This serves two purposes.
Firstly, it shows how you have used the literature to inform and support your statements and, secondly, it provides enough information
that the reader can find this reference (with full reference details) in your reference list.

A Harvard AGPS 6th in-text citation includes:

 The author’s last name (or authoring body or organisation).

 The year of publication (if no date can be found, use n.d. (meaning ‘no date’).
 The page number(s) when you’re using a direct quotation, referencing images, figures or data, or referring to multi
volume works. While not mandatory, you are often expected to include page numbers when paraphrasing, particularly
when the information is from one or multiple specific pages. Use p. for one page and pp. (e.g., pp. 34-5) for more than
one page. Page numbers are not required when referring to the general theme of a work.

If there are no page numbers, include only the author’s last name and year of publication in-text. When an electronic
source lacks numbered pages, your citation should include (if possible) information that will help readers locate the

22 | P a g e
 particular passage being cited. When a document has numbered paragraphs, use the paragraph number preceded by the
abbreviation "para." (or “paras.” – plural).

The location of these citations within the sentence will depend on the form of in-text citation being used.

In-text citations can take one of two forms:

Author prominent citation: this is when the citation is a necessary part of the sentence. The author or work is
introduced using a signal phrase and the brackets go around the year only.
Information prominent citation: this is when the citation stands separate from it in brackets.

For example (author prominent citation):

Smith (2003, p. 4) emphasised the need for an understanding of soil condition.

For example (information prominent citation):

There is a critical need to understand soil condition (Smith 2003, p. 4).

WHEN TO USE ‘AND’ OR ‘&’ WITH MORE THAN ONE AUTHOR

If you’re using an author prominent citation (the authors’ names are part of your sentence), use the word and between the last two
authors. If you’re using an information prominent citation (the authors’ names are inside the brackets), use an ampersand, ‘&’.

Jones and Chan (2002, pp. 30-1) have shown that …

A recent study (Jones & Chan 2002, pp. 30-1) has shown that …

2.3. Common In-Text Citation Formats

Quotation - Quotes should appear word-for-word the same as the original and be enclosed in quotation marks (“…”). For an author

23 | P a g e
Basic prominent citation, introduce the quotation with a signal phrase that includes the author's last name followed by the
Format date of publication and "p." for one page or “pp.” for two pages in parentheses.
Hart (1996, p. 109) wrote that some primatologists "wondered if apes had learned Language, with a capital L".
For an information prominent citation, place the author's last name, the year, and the page number in parentheses after
the quotation. Use commas between items in the parentheses:
Some primatologists "wondered if apes had learned Language, with a capital L" (Hart 1996, p. 109).
If the quote is longer than 30 words, you DO NOT need quotation marks. Instead, it must be presented as an indented
block on a new line below the text. Acknowledge the author, year, and the page number in parenthesis after the final
full stop.
If the quotation runs across two pages in the original text, use “pp.” and a dash for a range of pages (pp. 126-7). If the
text has no page numbers, use only the surname and date.
Chen (2006, pp. 21-2) claims “the optimal time for using coffee beans is between 2 and 4 weeks after roasting”.
Summary Include the author's last name and the date either in an author prominent citation introducing the material or in
Or a parentheses following it.
Paraphrase According to Hart (1996), researchers took Terrace's conclusions seriously, and funding for language experiments
– Basic declined.
Format Researchers took Terrace's conclusions seriously, and funding for language experiments soon declined (Hart 1996).

Work with Name both authors in the signal phrase or parentheses each time you cite the work. In the parentheses, use "&" between
Two Or the last two authors' names; in the signal phrase, use "and".
Three Greenfield and Savage-Rumbaugh (1990, p. 44) have acknowledged that…
Authors Kanzi's linguistic development was slower than that of a human child (Greenfield & Savage-Rumbaugh 1990, p. 44).
Work with When identifying work done by more than three authors, for the first and all subsequent citations use the first author’s
more than surname followed by “et al.” The phrase “et al.” is Latin and means “and others”.
Three The chimpanzee Nim was raised by researchers who trained him in American Sign Language by moulding and guiding
Authors his hands (Terrace et al. 1979).
Terrace et al. (1979) trained the chimpanzee Nim in American Sign Language by moulding and guiding his hands.
Organisatio If the author is a government agency or organisation, name the organisation in an author prominent citation or in the
n as Author parenthesis for an information prominent citation in the same way you would if it were a person.

24 | P a g e
 According to the Language Research Centre (2000), linguistic research with apes has led to new methods of treating
humans with learning disabilities such as autism and dyslexia.
If the organisation has a familiar abbreviation, you may use this in the in-text citation instead of the full name. Only use
a shortened form of an agency’s name if the agency uses it regularly.
The national guideline for alcohol consumption is for no more than two standard drinks per day (NHMRC 2009).
Personal Interviews, letters, e-mail, and other person-to-person communications should be cited with the type of communication
Communica included. Note that in this case, initials precede the author’s surname. For example:
tion One of Patterson's former aides, who worked with the gorilla Michael, believes that he was capable of joking and lying
& in sign language (E Robbins, personal communication, 4 January, 2000).
Personal Robin Tierney (personal communication, 25 July 2020) wrote …
Photographs A personal photograph is cited using the photographer’s details
(Photographer Initial Surname Year, personal photograph, Day Month)
(T Nguyen 2021, personal photograph, 7 March).

Unknown If the author is unknown (and there is no organisation name), use the name of the blog, newspaper, journal, or
Author/ magazine in the place of the author’s name.
Anonymous Australian Broadcasting Corporation (2020) states that…
In the rare case when "Anonymous" is specified as the author, treat it as if it were a real name: (Anonymous, 2001). In
the list of references, also use the name Anonymous as author.
Two or When your information prominent citation names two or more works, put them in the same order that they appear in the
More Works reference list (i.e., alphabetically), separated by semicolons: (Author #1 Year; Author #2 Year)
in the Same Researchers argued that the apes in the early language experiments were merely responding to cues (Sebeok & Umiker-
Parentheses Sebeok 1979; Terrace 1979).
Chapters some books are put together by an editor or editors and consist of chapters written by different authors. In this case, cite
Written By the author(s) of the chapter, not of the book. So, if you used a particular chapter that was written by Facelli and
Different published in a book edited by Conran and Duckhouse in 2015, the reference would be Facelli (2015).
Authors in
an Edited

25 | P a g e
Book
Secondary If you use a source that was cited in another work (a secondary source), you must cite both the original and secondary
Sources source. If the date of the original work is known, include that too. List only the secondary source (the source you have
used) in your reference list.
When deciding whether to use a primary or secondary source, you should consider the ideas being used. If the original
idea has not been changed or interpreted, it is advised to read and reference the primary source. However, if the
secondary source has interpreted the idea in a way you wish to reference then citing both the primary and secondary
source is necessary (see examples below).
Jones 2018 (cited in Smith 2021, p. 104) determines the importance of …
… (Jones 2018, cited in Smith 2021, p. 104).
Traditional The manner of citing Traditional Knowledge or Oral Traditions of Indigenous Peoples varies depending on how the
Knowledge information has been accessed. If the information has been recorded (e.g., book, audio, interview transcript), cite in-text
or Oral and include a reference list entry according to the appropriate source type.
Traditions If the information has not been recorded, a variation of personal communication may be used. As much as possible,
of provide: full name, Indigenous nation or group, location, personal communication, and date of correspondence.
Indigenous We spoke with Anna Grant (Haida Nation, lives in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada, personal communication,
Peoples April 2019) about traditional understandings of the world by First Nations Peoples in Canada. She described . . .
Be sure to maintain the integrity of Indigenous perspectives. Ensure information is accurate and appropriate to share
before citing. Terms related to Indigenous Peoples must be capitalised (e.g. Kaurna, Wurundjeri, Traditional
Custodian).
Dictionaries For dictionaries and encyclopedias, only include an in-text citation. Don’t include a citation in the reference list.
and The Australian Concise Oxford dictionary (2017) defines it as ...
Encyclopedi
as
Other Where possible, use the author-date style, as you would with any other source. For audio-visual material the author is
Electronic usually the director, producer, or host. If the name of the author is not given, you may also use the name of the
Sources organisation, company, or website as the author (see Organisation as Author above).
Legislation, In-text citations of legislation, acts and bills do not include an author. Instead, the short title is given, followed by the
Acts and year and jurisdiction (if applicable) in brackets. If possible, refer to the section of the legislation. In contrast to general

26 | P a g e
Bills in-text citation formatting, the year is included in the title. The title of the legislation should be cited exactly.
The name of the case and year is given in italics, followed by jurisdiction and section number (if applicable (Title of the
Act Year (Jurisdiction), s. #):
‘Framework for environmental reporting’ … (Yarra River Protection (Wilip-Gin Birrarung Murron) Act 2017 (Vic), s.
67). The name of a bill is not italicised (Title of the Bill Year):
There have been efforts to legislate against the offence of intentional membership of an organisation outlined in the
criminal code act (Anti-Terrorism Bill 2004).
Legal Cases In-text, the name of the case party, year, reference details, volume number and page number are required. (Case Party
v. Case Party (Year) Reference Details Volume Number at Page No.)
In a citation of criminal cases where the Crown is the prosecutor, ‘R’ is used.
(R v. Australian Broadcasting Tribunal (1980) 144 CLR 13)
If the Crown is the respondent in a criminal appeal, the order is reversed, and The Queen is written in full.
In HT v The Queen (2019) HCA 40, the respondent argued that …
The authority should always be mentioned in full the first time, but if there is a commonly known name or abbreviation
this can be given in parenthesis at the end of the reference and used in subsequent in-text citations.
Mabo v. The State of Queensland (1992) 175 CLR 1 (the Aboriginal Land Rights Case)

Unknown When the date is unknown, Harvard AGPS 6th recommends using the abbreviation ‘n.d.’ (for ‘no date’).
Date Attempts to return sign-language-using apes to the wild have had mixed results (Smith, n.d.).
Two or When your list of references includes more than one work by the same author in the same year, use lowercase letters
More ("a", "b" and so on) with the year to order the entries in the reference list. Use those same letters with the year in the in-
Sources by text citation:
the Same While there are many methods to manufacture these materials, the molecular level mechanisms remain unknown
Author in (Quinton 2021a) …
the Same The corrosion induced degradation of these structures is an essential, but not well understood process (Quinton 2021b)
Year …

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 2.4. Harvard Referencing (AGPS 6th Edition)

In the Harvard AGPS 6th style, the alphabetical list of works cited at the end of the paper is titled "References”. The purpose of the
reference list is to provide the reader with enough information that they could find that source for themselves. Therefore, there is
specific information required for each reference type and this must be formatted according to the reference style required.
Every work cited in-text must be listed in alphabetical order; if a work has no author, list it alphabetically by its title. Each reference
usually contains four main elements: author(s), year of publication, title, and source/publishing data, in this order. Note, personal
communications are not included in the reference list.
If you are citing more than one publication by the same author, list that author’s publications chronologically.

Books (Print and Online)

Generally, the Harvard AGPS 6th format for a book reference is as follows:
Author Surname, A. Year, Title of book: subtitle, Edition, Publisher Name, Place of publication, DOI or <URL either full location
details or just the main site details>.
Note: an accessed date is not required for online books as they are still published in editions.
Follow the rules in the examples given below, but generally:
 Capitalise all proper nouns, the names of periodicals and the first word of titles
 Use lower case for all other words
 Use commas to separate elements after the title
 Use a full stop at the end of the reference
 Use italics for the formal title of a complete published work
 Use the original spelling for all titles and periodical names
Don't use italics if the reference is:
 a book chapter
 an article
 a poem
 an episode

28 | P a g e
  a page that is part of a series or a similar division.
If it’s part of a publication, use single quotation marks around the title and use italics for the name of the series, book or periodical.

Articles and Periodicals

Generally, the Harvard AGPS 6th format for a journal article or periodical reference is as follows:
Author Surname, A Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #-#, viewed Day Month Year, DOI or <URL either full
location details or just the main site details>
When giving the name of a journal, avoid using the abbreviated name and provide the full journal name. For example, Medical and
Biological Engineering not MED BIOL ENG.
If both a DOI and URL are available, use the DOI. A URL will only link to the website host you have accessed the article from, and
this may change over time. A DOI will direct the reader to the online article irrespective of the website host and is therefore the
preferred online reference identifier.
Electronic Sources & Websites
Generally, the Harvard AGPS 6th format for a website reference is as follows:
Author Surname/Organisation, Initial Year, Title of website, Company/Sponsor Name, Company/Sponsor Location, viewed Day
Month Year, <URL>.
When referencing a website, the author, publication date and title are required as they are with books and journal articles. However,
sometimes this information is not obviously available on the website:
Author – if this is not given, use the organisation or website host responsible for the media as the author.
Publication year – use date the website was last updated or the copyright date if this can’t be found. The date is often found at the
bottom of the page. If no date is given, use n.d. to signify ‘no date’.
Title – Use title of the specific webpage you are referencing.
If you are citing information from more than one page within the same website, you must create a separate reference for each of these
in your reference list – they will have different page titles.

29 | P a g e
The Reference List

Print Book Author, A Year, Title of book: subtitle, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
with Highmore, B 2001, Everyday life and cultural theory, Routledge, UK.
Author(S)
Listed

Online Author, A Year, Title of book: subtitle, Publisher Name, Place of publication, <URL either full location details or just
Book with a the main site details>.
Url Shapiro, NR & Pastuchiv, O 2015, Fe-Lines: French cat poems though the ages, University of Illinois Press, Baltimore,
https://www.jstor.org/stable/10.5406/j.ctt17w8grd.
Online Author, A Year, Title of book: subtitle, Publisher Name, Place of publication, DOI.
Book with a Renck Jalongo, M 2018, Children, dogs and education: caring for, learning alongside, and gaining support from
Doi canine companions, Springer, Cham, Switzerland, doi: 10.1007/978-3-319-77845-7
Edited Editor, A (ed/s) Year, Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Book: Duncan, GJ & Brooks-Gunn, J (eds) 1997, Consequences of growing up poor. Russell Sage Foundation, New York.
Editor
Prominent
Edited Author, A Year, Title of book: subtitle of book, ed. Editor, A, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
Book: Shakespeare, W 1600/1967, The merchant of Venice, ed. Moelwyn W, Penguin Books Ltd, Harmondsworth.
Author
Prominent

30 | P a g e
Chapter in Author, A Year, ‘Title of chapter: subtitle of chapter’, in Editor B (ed) Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of
an Edited Publisher, Place of Publication.
Book Drisko, TW 2004, ‘Case study research’, in DK Padgett (ed.), The qualitative research experience,
Wadsworth/Thomson Learning, Belmont, USA., pp. 100-114.
Organisatio Organisation Name or Abbreviation Year, Title of book: subtitle of book, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
n As The Oxford University Press 2016, New Oxford style manual, Oxford University Press, Oxford.
Author

Translation Author, A Year, English title of book: subtitle of book, trans. Translator A, Name of Publisher, Place of Publication.
of a Book Backman, F & Hall, F 2015, A man called Ove: a novel, trans. Koch H and Zimmer K, Washington Square Press, New
York.
Articles and Periodicals
Print Author, A Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #.
Journal
Article Gleason, B & Von Gillern, S 2018, ‘Digital citizenship with social media: participatory practices of teaching and
learning in secondary education’, Journal of Educational Technology & Society, vol. 21, no. 1, pp. 200–212.
Online Author, A Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #. Viewed Day Month Year, DOI:#
Journal
Article with Lewandowsky, S, Cook, J, Fay, N & Gignac, G E 2019, ‘Science by social media: attitudes towards climate change are
Doi mediated by perceived social consensus’, Memory & Cognition, vol. 47, no. 8, pp. 1445–1456, viewed 10 June 2021,
DOI:/10.3758/s13421-019-00948-y.
Online Author, A Year, ‘Article title’, Journal Title, vol. #, no. #, pp. #. Viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Journal
Article with Newnham, EA, Titov, N & McEvoy, P 2020, ‘Preparing mental health systems for climate crisis’, The Lancet
Url (No Planetary Health, vol. 4, no. 3, pp. e89-e90, viewed 21 March 2021,
Doi) <https://www.cci.health.wa.gov.au/Research/Publications>.
Newspaper Author, A Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper Title, Month, Day, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
or Magazine
Article Harris, R 2020, ‘Conflict threatens global health security as children miss out on life-saving vaccines’ Sydney Morning

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(Online) Herald, November 12, viewed 4 December 2020, <https://www.smh.com.au/politics/federal/conflict-threatens-global-
health-security-as-children-miss-out-on-life-saving-vaccines-20201111-p56dn7.html>.

Newspaper Author, A Year, ‘Article title’, Newspaper Title, Month, Day, pp. #.
Or Shorten, K & Maguire, T 2014, ‘Honouring the stories of those who served us’, The Advertiser, 15 April, p. 9.
Magazine
Article
(Print)
Electronic Sources & Websites

Webpage Author, A Year, Title of website, Company/Sponsor Name, Company/Sponsor Location, viewed Day Month Year,
with A <URL>.
Single Cherry, K 2021, Tips for overcoming procrastination, Verywell Mind, United States, viewed 2 January 2019,
Author <https://www.verywellmind.com/tips-for-overcoming-procrastination-2795714>.
Webpage Organisation Year, Title of website, Company/Sponsor Name, Company/Sponsor Location, viewed Day Month Year,
with <URL>.
Organisatio World Health Organization 2021, Asthma, World Health Organisation, Geneva, viewed 14 May 2021,
n as Author <https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/asthma>.
Webpage – Author, A/Organisation n.d., Title of website, Company/Sponsor Name, Company/Sponsor Location, viewed Day
no Date Month Year, <URL>.

South Australian Museum n.d., Fossils, South Australian Museum Adelaide, viewed 27 November 2020,
<https://www.samuseum.sa.gov.au/fossils>.
Documents A document from a website should contain as much of the following information as is applicable:
within Author, A/Organisation Year, Title, Version No., Company/Sponsor Name, Location, viewed Day Month Year,
Website <URL>.
(E.G. Pdfs)
World Health Organisation 2007, Global surveillance, prevention and control of chronic respiratory diseases: a
comprehensive approach, World Health Organisation, Geneva, viewed 11 June 2020,

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 <https://apps.who.int/iris/bitstream/handle/10665/43776/9789241563468_eng.pdf;jsessionid=6F512A96178B4E6F71C
C6486715BC719?sequence=1>.
Image from If you are reproducing the image, reference it as you would a direct quote, including the page number(s). If you are
a Website mentioning an image but not reproducing or adapting it in your paper, follow the referencing guidelines for the type of
source the image was published in.
Author, A or Organisation Year, Image Title, Image description, Company/Sponsor Name, Location, viewed Day
Month Year, <URL>.

Nickolls, T 1981, Machine time Madonna, Painting, Art Gallery of South Australia, viewed 5 September 2020, <
https://www.agsa.sa.gov.au/collection-publications/collection/works/machine-time-madonna/23950/>.
Blogs & Author, A or Username Year, ‘Blog Title’, Blog Name, description, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>.
Social
Media Furber, G 2020, ‘What is an exam wrapper and how might it improve your performance?’ Student Health and
(Twitter, Wellbeing, weblog post, October 6, viewed 1 July 2021, <https://blogs.flinders.edu.au/student-health-and-well-being/>.
Facebook Gillard, J 2011, Facebook update, 11 November, viewed 24 November 2012,
Etc.) https://www.facebook.com/juliagillard/posts/263639040354656

Lecture Author, A Year, Title, lecture recording/notes, Topic CODE, University Name, University Location, delivered Day
Recording Month Year, <URL>.
or Notes Washington, A 2021, Entropy – The True Chaotic Neutral, lecture recording, CHEM1234, Flinders University,
Adelaide, delivered 23 May 2021, <https://flo.flinders.edu.au/>.
Online The author is often the course coordinator or lecturer however, if the author is unknown use the institute as the author.
Topic/Cours Author, A Year, Title, Course CODE, Description of the material, University Name, University Location, viewed Day
e Materials Month Year, <URL>.
School of Education, Flinders University 2014, Approaches to research, EDUC9761, semester 1 (FLO version),
Flinders University, Adelaide, viewed 16 June 2021, <https://flo.flinders.edu.au/>.
Online Look for the author’s name in the first instance but if this is not known, it is acceptable to use the username of the
Video (Eg. content creator as the author.

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Youtube). Author, A Year, Weblog post title, format, Day Month, viewed Day Month Year, <URL>
Urban, T 2016, Inside the mind of a master procrastinator Tim Urban, online video, 7 April, viewed 16 June 2021,
<https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=arj7oStGLkU>.
Podcasts Author, A Year, Title: subtitle, type of medium, Day Month (of podcast), Publisher (if applicable), accessed/viewed
Day Month Year, <URL>.
Butterworth, L & Carter, A 2020, Deviant women: Marie Laveau, podcast, 27 February, Lipp Media, accessed 24 June
2021, <https://deviantwomenpodcast.com/2020/02/27/marie-laveau/>.
The host is often cited as the author however, if this is not known, the title may be used in place of the author.
Closing the gap in a generation 2008, podcast, 15 September, ABC Radio National, viewed 16 October 2019,
<http://www.abc.net.au/rn/healthreport/>.
Legislation & Legal Authorities
Acts and Title of the Act Year (Legislative Body)
Bills Yarra River Protection (Wilip-Gin Birrarung Murron) Act 2017 (Vic) Title of the Bill Year (Legislative Body)
Anti-terrorism Bill 2004 (House of Representatives)
Legal Cases The name of the case is given in italics, followed by the publication year and the relevant jurisdiction abbreviation/
legislative body.
Case Party v. Case Party (Year) Reference Details Volume Number at Page No.
Dutton v Republic of South Africa (1999) FCA 2
The State of South Australia v. The Commonwealth (1915) 20 CLR 54.
Other Sources
Conference Author, A Year, ‘Title of paper: subtitle’, Title of conference, Place, Date (if available).
Paper Hay, B 2016, ‘Drone tourism: a study of the current and potential use of drones in hospitality and tourism’, CAUTHE
2016: the changing landscape of tourism and hospitality: the impact of emerging markets and emerging destinations,
Blue Mountains, Sydney, 8-11 February.
Report by Author, A or Agency Name Year, Title of report: subtitle of report, Name of Agency, Name of Government, accessed
an Day Month Year.
Australian
Government Baslum, S 2000, Payments to Vietnam veterans: a summary, Department of Veterans’ Affairs, Australian Government.
Agency Department of Conservation 2000, Hydrogen-powered cars: progress to date, Sustainable Energy Branch, Department

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 of Conservation, Northern Territory Government.
Report (Part Author, A or Agency Name Year, ‘Title of report: subtitle of report’, Name of Series, catalogue number, Name of
Of A Series) Agency, Name of Government, accessed Day Month Year.

Australian Institute of Health and Welfare (AIHW) 2019, ‘Australia’s welfare 2019 data insights’, Australia’s Welfare
Series 14, catalogue number AUS 226, AIHW, Australian Government, accessed 5 February 2020.
Thesis Author, A Year, ‘Title of thesis: subtitle’, PhD/masters thesis, Organisation Name, Location.

Trout, N A 2006, ‘Spectroscopic, stereochemical and reactivity studies in the adamantane ring system’, PhD thesis,
Flinders University, Adelaide, Australia.
Unpublishe For unpublished works such as internal documents, include the year the work was written where you would usually
d Works / have the year the work was published.
Internal Author, A Year, Title of document: subtitle of document [unpublished type of document], Organisation Name, Writing
Documents Location.

Ethos, C R S 2018, Business writing: letters and emails [unpublished

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References
DCU Library, (2017). APA Style of Citing and Referencing 6th Edition, Latest Version

Library and Learning Services, (2016). Harvard Referencing Guide 6th Edition, The University of North Amphton.

Mackay J, (2020). Referencing and Citing an Introduction, University of Aberdeen, Library Guide.
http://wwwabdn.ac.uk/library/documents/guides/qgcit001. Pdf.

Shibly, A, (2016). Referencing and Citation South Eastern University of Sirlanka, Research Gate. http://www.research gate. net/
publication/305911163.

Student Success. (2017). A Guide to APA Referencing Style; 6th University of Collage of Laerning.

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