Агылшын.

international relations as a field for knowledge

1. International relations as an object of study.

international relations - "a set of economic, political, ideological, legal, diplomatic and other ties and
relationships between states and systems of states, between the main classes, the main social,
economic, political forces, organizations and social movements operating on the world stage, i.e. e.
between peoples in the broadest sense of the word.

Most often, one of the essential features of international relations is considered to be their
participants. Aron: “international relations are relations between political units. The content of
international relations are relations between states: an indisputable example of international
relations are interstate agreements. international relations in their very essence contain an
alternative to peace and war. Therefore, R. Aron considers international relations to be a “pre-civil”
or “natural” state of society. The sphere of international relations is dominated by a "pluralism of
sovereignties", so there is no monopoly on coercion and violence.

D. Caporaso: the main actors in international relations are not states, but classes, socio-economic
groups and political forces. D. Singer, a representative of the behavioral school: it is necessary to
study the behavior of all possible participants in international relations - from the individual to the
global community. the tendency to expand the number of participants in international relations at
the expense of non-state and private actors dictates the need for a careful analysis of their role in
changes, the analysis should be accompanied by a comparison of the "specific" weight of
participants in international relations.

2. what international relations are like now what they were like, the nature
of IR
this was the system of international relations before
In the heyday of the Westphalian system, interactions between countries are formed on the
basis of rivalry, the struggle to expand spheres of influence and increase power. The
regulation of international relations is implemented on the basis of international law. A
feature of the twentieth century was the rapid development of sovereign states and the
change in the system of international relations, which underwent a radical restructuring
three times. It should be noted that none of the previous centuries can boast of such radical
changes. The last century brought two world wars. The first led to the creation of the
Versailles system, which, destroying the balance in Europe, clearly marked two antagonistic
camps: the Soviet Union and the capitalist world. The second led to the formation of a new
system, called the Yalta-Potsdam. During this period, the split between imperialism and
socialism intensifies, opposing centers are identified: the USSR and the USA, which divide
the world into two opposing camps. The period of existence of this system was also marked
by the collapse of the colonies and the emergence of the so-called "third world" states.
this was the system of international relations before.
Nowadays.
The modern period of development of the world order is characterized by the formation of
a new system, the predecessor of which collapsed at the end of the twentieth century as a
result of the collapse of the USSR and a series of East European velvet revolutions.
According to scientists, the formation of the third system and the development of
international relations have not yet ended. This is evidenced not only by the fact that today
the balance of forces in the world has not been determined, but also by the fact that new
principles of interaction between countries have not been worked out. The emergence of
new political forces in the form of organizations and movements, the unification of powers,
international conflicts and wars allow us to conclude that a complex and painful process of
forming norms and principles is underway, in accordance with which a new system of
international relations will be built.
Special attention of researchers is drawn to such a question as the state in international
relations. Scientists emphasize that today the doctrine of sovereignty is being seriously
tested, since the state has largely lost its independence. These threats are reinforced by the
process of globalization, which makes the borders more and more transparent, and the
economy and production more and more dependent. But at the same time, modern
international relations put forward a number of requirements for states that only this social
institution can do. In such conditions, there is a shift from traditional functions to new ones
that go beyond the usual.

3. the role of diplomacy how it appeared, why succeed, why fails sometimes
The possibility of a quick and principled solution to the problem is the main reason for the
intensive development of high-level diplomacy today, but there are other reasons as well. In
particular, at such meetings there is an opportunity to quickly receive the necessary first-
hand information, exchange views and reach important agreements.
At the same time, diplomacy at the highest and highest levels also has a downside. First of
all, the scale of the decisions made sharply increases the responsibility for them, as well as
the cost of a possible mistake. This problem is especially acute in crisis situations, which was
clearly manifested, for example, during the Caribbean crisis of 1962. It should also be borne
in mind that if agreements reached at a high or top level are considered erroneous after
they are signed, then abandon they are much more difficult than from similar ones, but
signed at a lower level, since in this case the first persons of states are discredited.
The settlement of conflicts and crisis situations is one of the most urgent tasks of modern
diplomacy. This was highlighted with particular sharpness by the Caribbean crisis of 1962,
which threatened the destruction of all mankind.
Why diplomacy fails sometimes.
in my opinion, Diplomacy does not always work because the two sides cannot reach the
same consensus, that is, they cannot find a common language, or the interstates of the two
countries cannot agree on some issues. since we mentioned the history before this, i will
mention the situation with ukraine, for example they cannot come to a peace treaty as
russia puts forward deadly ultimatums for the ukrainian side, this is the abandonment of the
crimea and the luhansk and Donetsk regions, all these territories make up about 30 percent
of the territory Ukraine, as well as Russia puts forward many other ultimatums, if the
Ukrainian delegation agrees to such conditions, then the people of Ukraine will never
forgive the Ukrainian government. ending, my thought is that diplomacy does not always
work because the parties cannot reach a consensus

4. history of international relations

Scientists associate its beginning with the appearance of the first signs of statehood. First of
all, there are relations that develop between foreign states and peoples. There are many
such examples in history: Byzantium and Slavic tribes, the Roman Empire and German
communities. To a large extent, the significance of international relations was that they did
not develop between states, as is the case today. Their initiators were, as a rule, influential
persons of the then powers: emperors, princes, representatives of various dynasties. They
signed an agreement, assumed obligations, unleashed internal conflicts, replacing the
interests of the country with their own, identifying themselves with property as such.
As society developed, so did the features of interactions. The turning point in the history of
international relations is the emergence of the concept of sovereignty and the development
of the nation state in the late 18th and early 19th centuries. During this period, a
qualitatively different type of relations between countries was formed, which has survived
to this day.
The first system of international relations was formed in the middle of the 17th century
(Westphalian), its appearance was due to the development of the doctrine of sovereignty
and the emergence of nation-states. It lasted three and a half centuries. Throughout this
period, the main subject of relations in the international arena is the state.
A feature of the twentieth century was the rapid development of sovereign states and the
change in the system of international relations, which underwent a radical restructuring
three times. It should be noted that none of the previous centuries can boast of such radical
changes. The last century brought two world wars. The first led to the creation of the
Versailles system, which, destroying the balance in Europe, clearly marked two antagonistic
camps: the Soviet Union and the capitalist world. The second led to the formation of a new
system, called the Yalta-Potsdam. During this period, the split between imperialism and
socialism intensifies, opposing centers are identified: the USSR and the USA, which divide
the world into two opposing camps. The period of existence of this system was also marked
by the collapse of the colonies and the emergence of the so-called "third world" states.

5. UN’s role, it’s accomplishments, fails, biggest problems, structure, the

main institutions
The role of the UN.
The United Nations (UN) is an international organization established to
maintain and strengthen international peace and security, as well as to
develop cooperation between States. The UN is considered a universal forum
endowed with unique legitimacy, the supporting structure of the international
system of collective security, the main element of modern multilateral
diplomacy.
Achievements of the UN.
There is a lot to say about the achievements of the UN, but I will now note the
most important ones, in my opinion. 1. Maintaining peace and security
Over the past six decades, the UN has created and sent 69 peacekeeping and
monitoring missions to the "hot spots" of the planet. Thanks to this,
normalization of the situation was achieved, which allowed many countries to
overcome the consequences of conflicts. Currently, there are 16 peacekeeping
operations in the world, involving about 125,000 brave men and women from
120 countries of the world who go where others cannot or do not want to go.
4. Preventing the proliferation of nuclear weapons
For more than five decades, the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) has
been acting as the world's nuclear inspector. The IAEA experts ensure that the
nuclear materials subject to control are used exclusively for peaceful purposes.
At the moment, the Agency has safeguards agreements with more than 180
States.
Fails of UN.
Of course, the UN has its own failures and problems, just like any organization.
For example, from the failures of the UN, it can be assumed that the
organization has not stopped many military conflicts, including in Ukraine.
biggest problems of UN.
The most important problem facing the organization can be defined as follows:
insufficient effectiveness of the UN in solving the main task for which it was
created — the preservation of peace, the prevention of aggression.
6. forms of government, how effective it is, are there discussions of changing
it, political changes, branches of power, how power is exercise, система
сдержек
7. states and known state actors in IR, roles, examples,
In my opinion, among the many participants in international relations, the main, the main
participant is the state. It is both the main subject of the State and the subject of
international law. It is the foreign policy of states that mainly determines the nature of
international relations in this or that era, in that or that segment of the historical period.
Moreover, the very existence and activities of other participants in international relations
depend on the attitude and policies of the State towards other participants in international
relations. It is the State that creates and regulates the political life of a person and the whole
society and influences the entire humanity of the globe.
Other objects of the International System include intergovernmental organizations (IGOs),
non-governmental organizations (NGOs), transnational corporations (TNCs) and other social
forces and movements operating on the world stage. The increase in their role and influence
is a relatively new phenomenon in international relations, characteristic of the post–war
period.
1. states and known state actors in IR, roles, examples,
State – a social organization, a primary entity, a central actor in IR.Four necessary conditions
should be met (Mingst, 1999):
A territory, geographical borders;
A certain population within boundaries;
A government which the population accepts as own (or owes allegiance to);
Diplomatic recognition by other states.

The legal criteria are not absolute as peoples may have different goals regarding their
status: separate state; entity within a federation; quasi-state…
Most of the people share a common history, language, traditions, and lifestyles.
People are driven by nationalism – belief that nations should form own governments.
Nation – state = coincidence between nation and state, foundation for national self-
determinationNation-states: France, Italy, Denmark Opposing examples*: US, India, Russian
Federation, Canada, South Africa
The state is not an autonomous actor but has sovereignty, is a process which functions to
maintain rules of political game.
The state reflects governmental and societal interests.
Has different changing national interests which reflect the interests and power positions of
groups within the state and outside of it.

Sources of State Power:

Natural sources of power:
¨ Geographic position and size;
¨ Natural resources;
¨ Population.
They are increased, constrained, or modified at different periods by
¨ Tangible sources of power: industrial development, class differences (Marxism),
military might;
¨ Intangible sources of power: national image, public support, leadership;
¨ Soft power – to attract, rather than coerce (acc. to Nye (2005): sources – attractive
culture; political values; legitimate and moral foreign policies), and public diplomacy.

8. Information, it’s role, why it is important for IR to be well informed, be

able to talk about how it excerpts power
Information plays a huge role in the 21st century. a person lives in the era of the
information explosion, the rapid development of the process of mass communication, the
widespread penetration of information technology in all social spheres. Humanity needs to
solve the question of how to enter the phase of sustainable development for the long term.
The search for an answer to this question has become possible thanks to the development
of information technology, modern society is very close to obtaining a possible solution.
As I said, the current century is the age of technology, and the current wars are not only in
the fields, but also on the Internet. Information warfare is a type of warfare in which the key
object of influence is information stored or circulating in the control, intelligence, combat
and other systems of the enemy

9. the role and challenges of International organisations

International organization, institution drawing membership from at least three
states, having activities in several states, and whose members are held together
by a formal agreement. IGOs range in size from three members to more than
185 (e.g., the United Nations [UN]) International organizations are divided into
international intergovernmental (interstate) organizations and international non-
governmental (non-governmental, public) organizations.
International intergovernmental (interstate) organizations are associations of
States or state institutions established on the basis of an international agreement
between States or their authorized institutions.
International non—governmental (non-governmental, public)
organizations - associations whose members (on the basis of joint activities to
protect common interests and achieve statutory goals in civil, political, cultural,
social and economic spheres) are entities from different countries and registered
in a state whose legislation allows foreign individuals or legal entities to create
public organizations and to be elected to the governing body of such an
organization.
International organizations serve many diverse functions, including collecting
information and monitoring trends (e.g., the World Meteorological
Organization), delivering services and aid (e.g., the World Health
Organization), and providing forums for bargaining (e.g., the European Union)
and settling disputes (e.g., the World Trade Organization). By providing
political institutions through which states can work together to achieve common
objectives, international organizations can help to foster cooperative behaviour.
IGOs also serve useful purposes for individual states, which often use them as
instruments of foreign policy to legitimate their actions and to constrain the
behaviour of other states.
Although the daily operations of most international organizations are managed
by specialized international bureaucracies, ultimate authority rests with state
members. IGOs often work closely with other organizations, including NGOs

10. the important and less important levels of analysis

1. the important and less important levels of analysis
The many actors involved in IR contribute to the complexity of competing
explanations and theories. One way scholars of IR have sorted out this
multiplicity of influences, actors, and processes is to categorize them into
different levels of analysis. A level of analysis is a perspective on IR based on a
set of similar actors or processes that suggests possible explanations to “why”
questions.
The individual level of analysis- Basic or ‘lowest’ level Impact of actions,
behavior, attitudes of people, personalities. Great leaders influence the course of
history, as do individual citizens, thinkers, soldiers, and voters. Example:
Genghis Khan in the world history;George Washington’s giving up power to
successor; Nazarbayev’s role in the independent Kazakhstan’s history; Bill
Gates’ (or Warren Baffet’s) influence;A Tunisian student burning himself, thus
bringing forward the Arab spring.
The domestic (or state or societal) level of analysis - regards aggregations of
people that influence a state’s behavior in the international arena. Such
aggregations include interest groups, political organizations, and government
agencies. These groups operate differently (with different international effects)
in different kinds of societies and states. For instance, democracies and
dictatorships may act differently from one another, and democracies may act
differently in an election year from the way they act at other times.
The interstate (or international or systemic) level of analysis- Influence of
international system on events;Focus on interactions between states without
considering their internal political makeup (structure) or leaders;Power
positions in the international system;Considered the most important level of
analysis. This level of analysis therefore focuses on the interactions of states
themselves, without regard to their internal makeup or the particular individuals
who lead them. This level pays attention to states’ relative power positions in
the international system and the interactions (trade, for example) among them.
THE global level of analysis- which seeks to explain international outcomes in
terms of global trends and forces that transcend the interactions of states
themselves. The evolution of human technology, of certain worldwide beliefs,
and of humans’ relationship to the natural environment are all processes at the
global level that reach down to influence international relations

11. globalisation, how my life is affected by globalisation

Globalization is a process of worldwide economic, political, cultural and
religious integration and unification.Globalization is a characteristic feature of
the processes of changing the structure of the world economy, understood as a
set of national economies connected to each other by the system of international
division of labor, economic and political relations, through inclusion in the
world market and the close interweaving of the economy on the basis of
transnationalization and regionalization.
irst, globalization gives me an opportunity to be closer to my relatives and
friends. In our big country it is very important. For instance, I can wish my
friends happy new year using the internet, wherever they are. We can ask each
other for help, cheer each other up if we have any problems.
On the other hand, since I got the Internet I have had less communication
personally with people. I have forgotten how to give a hearty welcome to my
friends. Furthermore, it had been much easier for me to reach an understanding
with any person before I got the computer than today.
Second, globalization helps me in education at all points. I suppose I have never
had such a good chance to be well-educated as in the era of globalization. If I
lived thirty years ago I would not be able to participate in international
education programs andcompetitions, to have practice in specialization abroad,
to apply to my foreign colleague for advice through the Internet. All this things
are so common today that I can’t imagine my life without them.
Of course, globalization gives me an opportunity to get a good education. In
particular, the Internet makes my studying at the University easier. But I have
noticed that sometimes I forget the proverb “A cat in gloves catches no mice”
and rely on the internet too much. But it’s not a big problem. We should just
remember that if we wanted other people to make our work instead of us we
would have no chance to achieve our aim.
Third, globalization gives me freedom. No one can clip my wings. I choose
everything myself: my living place, a place for holidays, and the country which
produces the products I consume.
This fact gives us more opportunities to develop ourselves in any direction we
want. Using the experience of the specialists all over the world I can become a
good professional. Then, if I am really good at my deal I will be able to work
where I want. So, in the era of globalization I can make a very good career.
But globalization means competition as well. There are a lot of people who
want to achieve the same aims as I want. Unfortunately, the number of places
under the sun is limited. This fact means that it may be difficult even for a good
specialist to find the work he or she likes.
So, globalization is very ambivalent process. It makes my life much more
interesting and comfortable. Thanks to the Internet I am so close to my relatives
as never before. I can get any information I need. I can stay in any place I want.
On the other hand, if we rely on the advantages on globalization too much, there
are several negative aspects of this process.

12. history of 20th century COLD WAR, how it is still influencing the IR
The Cold War was a global geopolitical, military, economic and ideological
confrontation in the period from 1946 to the end of the 1980s between two
blocs of states, one of which was centered on the USSR and the other on the
United States. This confrontation was not a war in international legal
terminology. One of the main components of the confrontation was the
ideological struggle — that is, the struggle of the USSR and the USA for a
dominant position in world public opinion.
The internal logic of the confrontation required the parties to participate in
conflicts and intervene in the development of events in any part of the world.
The efforts of the USA and the USSR were directed, first of all, to domination in
the political sphere. The USA and the USSR created their spheres of influence,
consolidating them with military-political blocs — NATO and the ATS. Although
the United States and the USSR did not officially engage in a direct military
clash, their rivalry for influence led to outbreaks of local armed conflicts in
various parts of the third World, which usually proceeded as mediated wars
between the two superpowers
"Cold War" is a term that became widespread after World War II to denote the
confrontation of the USSR and its allies on the one hand and the United States
and their allies on the other. It was discontinued in the late 1980s and early
1990s, mainly due to political and social changes in the USSR and other
countries of the former socialist camp.
The term “cold War” itself was coined by Churchill during his speech in Fulton
(USA) on March 5, 1946. The Cold War completely changed the situation in
Germany, dividing it in two by the Berlin wall, the Korean War, half of Europe
was in the Soviet zone of influence, and pro-Soviet regimes were feverishly
emerging there. Secondly, there was a powerful wave of liberation movement
in the colonies against the metropolises. Thirdly, the world quickly polarized
and turned into a bipolar one. Naturally, this has affected the world so much
that we still have the fruits. Russia, as one of the heirs of the USSR, decided not
to particularly leave the old policy and continues to "race forces" with the
NATO Bloc, which is partly the reason for the new conflict in Ukraine.

13. WW2
World War II, also called Second World War, conflict that involved virtually
every part of the world during the years 1939–45. The principal belligerents
were the Axis powers—Germany, Italy, and Japan—and the Allies—France,
Great Britain, the United States, the Soviet Union, and, to a lesser extent, China.
The war was in many respects a continuation, after an uneasy 20-year hiatus, of
the disputes left unsettled by World War I. The 40,000,000–50,000,000 deaths
incurred in World War II make it the bloodiest conflict, as well as the largest
war, in history.
Along with World War I, World War II was one of the great watersheds of
20th-century geopolitical history. It resulted in the extension of the Soviet
Union’s power to nations of eastern Europe, enabled a communist movement to
eventually achieve power in China, and marked the decisive shift of power in
the world away from the states of western Europe and toward the United States
and the Soviet Union.
By the early part of 1939 the German dictator Adolf Hitler had become
determined to invade and occupy Poland. Poland, for its part, had guarantees of
French and British military support should it be attacked by Germany. Hitler
intended to invade Poland anyway, but first he had to neutralize the possibility
that the Soviet Union would resist the invasion of its western neighbour. Secret
negotiations led on August 23–24 to the signing of the German-Soviet
Nonaggression Pact in Moscow. In a secret protocol of this pact, the Germans
and the Soviets agreed that Poland should be divided between them, with the
western third of the country going to Germany and the eastern two-thirds being
taken over by the U.S.S.R.
Having achieved this cynical agreement, the other provisions of which stupefied
Europe even without divulgence of the secret protocol, Hitler thought that
Germany could attack Poland with no danger of Soviet or British intervention
and gave orders for the invasion to start on August 26. News of the signing, on
August 25, of a formal treaty of mutual assistance between Great Britain and
Poland (to supersede a previous though temporary agreement) caused him to
postpone the start of hostilities for a few days. He was still determined,
however, to ignore the diplomatic efforts of the western powers to restrain him.
Finally, at 12:40 PM on August 31, 1939, Hitler ordered hostilities against
Poland to start at 4:45 the next morning. The invasion began as ordered. In
response, Great Britain and France declared war on Germany on September 3,
at 11:00 AM and at 5:00 PM, respectively. World War II had begun.

14. Theories of international relations which theory the most effective on

viewing the situation
Realism
Realism is a straightforward approach to international relations, stating that all
nations are working to increase their own power, and those countries that
manage to horde power most efficiently will thrive, as they can easily eclipse
the achievements of less powerful nations. The theory further states that a
nation’s foremost interest should be self-preservation and that continually
gaining power should always be a social, economic, and political imperative.
Liberalism
Also called “liberal internationalism,” liberalism is based on the belief that the
current global system is capable of engendering a peaceful world order. Rather
than relying on direct force, such as military action, liberalism places an
emphasis on international cooperation as a means of furthering each nation’s
respective interests. Liberalists believe that the negative consequences of force
—such as economic losses and civilian casualties—far exceed its potential
benefits. Therefore, liberal politicians generally prefer the use of economic and
social power in achieving their national goals

Constructivism

Constructivism rests on the notion that rather than the outright pursuit of
material interests, it is a nation’s belief systems—historical, cultural and social
—that explain its foreign policy efforts and behavior. For example, since
German aggression served as the primary catalyst for the Second World War,
Germany deploys its armed forces outside of German borders only when its
government is certain of the need to intervene in instances of genocide or
conflict that threatens to spill over into other nations. This has been
demonstrated by the country’s foreign policy following the first and second
Gulf War (the latter of which Germany refused to participate), as well as its
reluctant participation in United Nations-led operations in Somalia and
Yugoslavia.

Constructivists also argue that states are not the most important actors in
international relations, but that international institutions and other non-state
actors are valuable in influencing behavior through lobbying and acts of
persuasion. For this reason, constructivism has become a popular and important
theory in recent decades as non-state actors like international organizations such
as Amnesty International, OXFAM, and Greenpeace gain political influence.
International organizations play a role in promoting human rights and making
them an international standard to which countries are expected to conform.

Marxism

Karl Marx was a Prussian philosopher and economist whose works posited that
societies could escape the self-destructive nature of capitalist socioeconomic
systems by implementing socialist theory into their policies, both locally and
abroad. Marxism, a theory that closely analyzes social classes, aims to
dismantle the capitalist structure of the international system, as it states that
capitalism is no longer practically sustainable in the modern world. Marx
believed that private property should be replaced by cooperative ownership,
with the emphasis placed entirely on satisfying human needs for consumption,
rather than creating private profit. Under an ideal socialist international regime,
societies would work together to ensure that basic human needs were met on a
global scale

Feminism

Gender issues are a significant concern within global politics, and feminism as
an international relations theory seeks to regulate the power derived from (or
denied on the basis of) an individual’s gender. Feminists are mostly interested
in tracking political and social developments that inhibit success in female
populations. When systems of power subtly or overtly tell women they can only
fulfill certain roles, those limitations become social norms and perpetuate the
cycle. The significance of feminism in international relations is evidenced by
the role women play in promoting more just and fair international relations
policies. 

15. which theory i like. theories of international political system,

Realism is a straightforward approach to international relations, stating that all
nations are working to increase their own power, and those countries that
manage to horde power most efficiently will thrive, as they can easily eclipse
the achievements of less powerful nations. The theory further states that a
nation’s foremost interest should be self-preservation and that continually
gaining power should always be a social, economic, and political imperative.

The nature of realism implies that seeking a moral high ground is a goal that
governments cannot always achieve and that deceit and violence can be highly
effective tools for advancing national interests. With homeland defense elevated
to the highest priority, remaining morally righteous in the eyes of international
organizations can take a backseat to enforcing foreign policy that will improve
the nation’s global stature.

16. multinational companies

Multinational Corporations or Multinational Companies are corporate
organizations that operate in more than one country other than home country.
Multinational Companies (MNCs) have their central head office in the home
country and secondary offices, facilities, factories, industries, and other such
assets in other countries.
These companies operate worldwide and hence also known as global
enterprises. The activities are controlled and operated by the parent company
worldwide. Products and services of MNCs are sold around various countries
which require global management.

human rights 30 basic human rights

List of 30 basic human rights

Human rights is moral principles or norms that describe certain standards of

human behaviour, and are regularly protected as legal rights in municipal
and international law. Everyone born in this world have human rights that
must be protected by the law. According to United Nations, there are 30 basic
human rights that recognized around the world.
Basic human rights recognized around the world delacred by United Nations
through Universal Declaration of Human Rights. These declaration held by
United Nations General Assembly at the Palais de Chaillot in Paris, France
on 10 December 1948. Of the then 58 members of the United Nations, 48
voted in favor, none against, eight abstained, and two did not vote.
This declaration consists of 30 articles affirming an individual’s rights. Those
30 articles currently known as 30 universal declaration of human rights or 30
basic human rights, including rights to life, rights to education, rights to
organize and rights to treated fair among others things. The 30 universal
human rights also cover up freedom of opinion, expression, thought and
religion.

Примеры:
1. All human beings are free and equal
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are
endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another
in a spirit of brotherhood.

2. No discrimination
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms, without distinction of any
kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion,
national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no
distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or
international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs.

3. Right to life
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of person
4. No slavery
No one shall be held in slavery or servitude; slavery and the slave trade shall
be prohibited in all their forms.

5. No torture and inhuman treatment

No one shall be subjected to torture or to cruel, inhuman or degrading
treatment or punishment.

6. Same right to use law

Everyone has the right to recognition everywhere as a person before the law.

information
Information has become one of the most important resources, along with
human, financial and material resources, because for humans the need to obtain
information is constant. In learning about the world around us, we are
constantly dealing with information. It helps a person to evaluate correctly the
events occurring, to take a considered decision, to find the most successful
variant of his actions. Intuitively we understand that information is what each of
us replenishes our own baggage of knowledge, and the media is one of the main
sources from which we get information, media in the modern world is provided
to us in various forms such as: news on tv, radio, articles in social networks and
so on.

The media enable people to keep informed of all current events happening in
the country and in the world. In this regard, information and the media are
considered the fourth power, and who controls information controls everything
else (proof of this are many countries where the media and everything else is
controlled by the state, which is a violation of natural human rights). Sometimes
it seems to me that the news presents not an objective picture of events, but
propaganda of one's own views or views of government policy, censorship and
distortion of facts. Political views are shaped by the media because many people
do not want to think critically and believe everything the media says and are
susceptible to propaganda. For example, journalists whose views differ from
those of the government are currently persecuted.

mass media
Information has become one of the most important resources, along with
human, financial and material resources, because for humans the need to obtain
information is constant. In learning about the world around us, we are
constantly dealing with information. It helps a person to evaluate correctly the
events occurring, to take a considered decision, to find the most successful
variant of his actions. Intuitively we understand that information is what each of
us replenishes our own baggage of knowledge, and the media is one of the main
sources from which we get information, media in the modern world is provided
to us in various forms such as: news on tv, radio, articles in social networks and
so on.

The media enable people to keep informed of all current events happening in
the country and in the world. In this regard, information and the media are
considered the fourth power, and who controls information controls everything
else (proof of this are many countries where the media and everything else is
controlled by the state, which is a violation of natural human rights). Sometimes
it seems to me that the news presents not an objective picture of events, but
propaganda of one's own views or views of government policy, censorship and
distortion of facts. Political views are shaped by the media because many people
do not want to think critically and believe everything the media says and are
susceptible to propaganda. For example, journalists whose views differ from
those of the government are currently persecuted.

state and stability of international law

In modern international law the State is the stable legal organisation of a
territorial political community in a form which enables it, along with other
similarly organised communities, to form part of the international community of
States. States are the basic, primary components of the international community.
First of all, international law has its main purpose and role to promote justice, prosperity,
and peace all around the world. It is the most powerful weapon to prevent armed conflicts
between countries and help them strengthen their mutual relations. Due to the fact that the
majority of countries conclude bilateral or multilateral agreements and special treaties
between themselves, International law is a path to governing the relationship between
countries worldwide. Furthermore, international law is a crucial way to ensure the
prosecution of war crimes and gravest breaches of international humanitarian law.

The main limitation of international law is that there are no enforcement

mechanisms. International law is used to keep the peace and to create rules for
environmental maintenance, but it can only do this through a consensus of
nations. Nations are free to decide whether or not to sign on to agreements.

realist approach
Realism is one of the dominant schools of thought in international relations
theory, theoretically formalising the Realpolitik statesmanship of early modern
Europe. Although a highly diverse body of thought, it is unified by the belief
that world politics is always and necessarily a field of conflict among actors
pursuing wealth and power. The theories of realism are contrasted by the
cooperative ideals of liberalism in international relations.

Realism entails a spectrum of ideas, which tend to revolve around several

central propositions, such as:

State-centrism: states are the central actors in international politics, rather than
leaders or international organizations;
Anarchy: the international political system is anarchic, as there is no
supranational authority to enforce rules;
Rationality and/or egoism: states act in their rational self-interest within the
international system; and
Power: states desire power to ensure self-preservation.

liberal approach
Liberalism is a school of thought within international relations theory which
revolves around three interrelated principles:

1.Rejection of power politics as the only possible outcome of international

relations; it questions security/warfare principles of realism.
2.Mutual benefits and international cooperation.
3.The role of international organizations and nongovernmental actors in shaping
state preferences and policy choices.

This school of thought emphasises three factors that encourage more

cooperation and less conflict among states:

International institutions, such as the United Nations, who provide a forum to

resolve disputes in non-violent ways

International trade because when countries' economies are interconnected

through trade they are less likely to go to war with each other

Spread of democracy as well-established democracies do not go to war with one

another, so if there are more democracies, interstate war will be less frequent.

Liberals believe that international institutions play a key role in cooperation

among states via interdependence.There are three main components of
interdependence. States interact in various ways, through economic, financial,
and cultural means; security tends to not be the primary goal in state-to-state
interactions; and military forces are not typically used.
Liberals also argue that international diplomacy can be a very effective way to
get states to interact with each other honestly and support nonviolent solutions
to problems.With the proper institutions and diplomacy, Liberals believe that
states can work together to maximize prosperity and minimize conflict

control of mass media

Information has become one of the most important resources, along with
human, financial and material resources, because for humans the need to obtain
information is constant. In learning about the world around us, we are
constantly dealing with information. It helps a person to evaluate correctly the
events occurring, to take a considered decision, to find the most successful
variant of his actions. Intuitively we understand that information is what each of
us replenishes our own baggage of knowledge, and the media is one of the main
sources from which we get information, media in the modern world is provided
to us in various forms such as: news on tv, radio, articles in social networks and
so on.

The media enable people to keep informed of all current events happening in
the country and in the world. In this regard, information and the media are
considered the fourth power, and who controls information controls everything
else (proof of this are many countries where the media and everything else is
controlled by the state, which is a violation of natural human rights). Sometimes
it seems to me that the news presents not an objective picture of events, but
propaganda of one's own views or views of government policy, censorship and
distortion of facts. Political views are shaped by the media because many people
do not want to think critically and believe everything the media says and are
susceptible to propaganda. For example, journalists whose views differ from
those of the government are currently persecuted.

political economy
Political economy, political economy is one of the social sciences, the subject of
the study of which is the relationship between the market and the state, the
individual and society. If the subject of economics is associated with the
objectification of human economic activity (behavior), the subject of political
economy is associated with the socialization of this activity, as any human
activity (people) is carried out within the framework of certain social relations.

principles of international relations

As we have said, there are three basic principles of international relations, such
as dominance, reciprocity, and identity. The dominance principle deals with the
problem of collective goods by setting up a hierarchy of power in which those at
the top control those at the bottom - a bit like government. Then social conflicts
such as obtaining resources are automatically resolved in favor of whoever
holds the higher position.
The principle of reciprocity solves the problem of collective benefits by
rewarding behavior that promotes the group and punishing behavior that
pursues self-interest at the expense of the group. The principle of reciprocity is
very easy to understand and can be "enforced" without any central authority,
making it a reliable way to get people to cooperate for the common good.
A third potential of the collective goods problem lies in the identity of the
participants as members of the community. Although the principles of
dominance and reciprocity operate on the idea of achieving individual interests
(by taking what you can or by mutually beneficial arrangements), the identity
principle does not rely on self-interest. On the contrary, members of the identity
community look out for the interests of other members of that community to
such an extent that they sacrifice their own interests for the good of others. The
roots of this principle lie in the family, extended family, and kinship group. But
this potential is not limited to the immediate family; it can be extended to any
identity community of which one feels a part.