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SULASTRI (D1101191001)
TEKNIK PERTAMBANGAN
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DAFTAR ISI
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Original text (English)
Currently human activities are impacting negatively upon the health of ecosystems at
unprecedented rates worldwide. The generation of huge amounts of waste material
causes significant environmental harm and accelerates the loss of biodiversity.
Modern development relies heavily on the mining industry to maintain the
supply of materials to industry. During surface mining, 2–11 times more land is
damaged than with underground mining. The direct effects of surface mining activities
can be unsightly, but more seriously, these are responsible for the loss of
cultivated/arable land, pasture and native forest. The indirect effects can be equally
as serious as they include soil erosion, air pollution, pollution of surface and
underground water resources, the loss of genetic biodiversity and the impairment of
the local economic and general well‐being.
In describing the effects of mining and how these can be mitigated, the authors
have used India as their prime model. India is the seventh largest and second most
populous country, containing 17% of the world’s population, while covering 2.5% of
the surface of the world. India is 3214×2993km in size and has a land frontier of
15200km and a coastline of 7517km. In India, 306 Mha are associated with mining
activities, and of this 147 Mha can be considered as degraded land.
The population of India is currently 1.2Bn, rising to 1.6Bn by 2050 (State of
Environment Report, 2009; http://www.moef.gov.in, http://envfor.nic.in). The rapid
industrialization of India and the associated exploitation of natural resources have
rapidly accelerated the degrada-tion of natural habitats (Bradshaw, 1983).
However, degradation is not synonymous with disturbance; disturbance
becomes degradation when the natural resilience of an ecosystem becomes
exhausted. Land degradation is characterized by a loss of productivity through
negative impacts, including erosion, salt ingress, waterlogging, nutrient depletion and
the deterioration of soil structure. Land degradation occurs due to anthropogenic
pressures such as deforestation, mineral extraction, industrialization, overgrazing,
waste disposal and the excessive use of pesticides. Wind erosion and waterlogging
of soils are priority areas of concern.
2.1.1 The need for land reclamation
The practice of land restoration is a primary option for increasing levels of biodiversity
by modifying human‐altered ecosystems (Brudvig, 2011). The Committee of the
National Academy of Science, USA, defined restoration as:
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The replication of site conditions prior to disturbance; whereas the term
reclamation refers to rendering a site habitable to indigenous organisms; and
rehabilitation implies that disturbed land will be returned to a form and productivity
in conformity with a prior land use plan including stable ecological state that does
not contribute substantially to environmental deterioration and is consistent with
surrounding aesthetic values. (National Academy of Science, 1974)
The degradation of an ecosystem is caused by the loss of key ‘components’ of the
ecosystem. Therefore, in some cases, restoration, in the strict sense, may be
impossible. Cairns (1986) pointed out three options for restoration:
(1) Full restoration: restoration of a site to its pre‐damaged condition
(2) Partial restoration: restoration of selected ecological attributes of the site
(3) Creation of an alternative ecosystem type (although not strictly restoration)
Mining is a destructive activity and requires careful management and regulation to
reduce environmental harm. In developing countries, how-ever, the management of
adverse impacts can take second place to the need for economic growth. Thus, India
is a perfect case example of the impacts of mining on ecosystems as this extractive
activity is widespread throughout the country and environmental harm is widely
documented.
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◼ 4 types of fuel
◼ 10 metallic minerals
◼ 48 non‐metallic minerals
◼ 3 atomic minerals
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Terjemahan (Indonesia)
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Replikasi kondisi lokasi sebelum gangguan; sedangkan istilah reklamasi mengacu
pada pemmbuatan lokasi layak huni bagi organisme asli; dan rehabilitasi
menyiratkan bahwa lahan yang terganggu akan dikembalikan ke bentuk dan
produktivitas sesuai dengan rencana penggunaan lahan sebelumnya termasuk
keadaan ekologis yang stabil yang tidak berkontribusi secara substansial terhadap
kerusakan lingkungan dan konsisten dengan nilai estetika di sekitarnya. (Akademi
Sains Nasional, 1974)
Degradasi (kerusakan) ekosistem disebabkan oleh hilangnya 'komponen utama'
inti dari ekosistem. Oleh karena itu, dalam beberapa kasus, pemulihan, dalam arti
secara ketat, mungkin tidak mungkin. Cairns (1986) menunjukkan tiga opsi untuk
restorasi:
(1) Restorasi penuh: restorasi lokasi ke kondisi pra-rusak
(2) Restorasi parsial (sebagian) : pemulihan atribut ekologis yang dipilih dari lokasi
(3) Penciptaan jenis ekosistem alternatif (meskipun tidak sepenuhnya restorasi)
Pertambangan adalah kegiatan yang merusak dan membutuhkan manajemen dan
regulasi yang cermat untuk mengurangi kerusakan lingkungan. Di negara-negara
berkembang, rupanya, pengelolaan terhadap dampak buruk menduduki tempat
kedua untuk kebutuhan pertumbuhan ekonomi. Dengan demikian, India adalah
contoh kasus yang sempurna dari dampak penambangan terhadap ekosistem
karena aktivitas ekstraktif ini tersebar luas di seluruh negeri dan kerusakan
lingkungan didokumentasikan secara luas.
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India memproduksi 89 mineral termasuk (Kementerian Pertambangan,
Pemerintah India, 2014):
◼ 4 jenis bahan bakar
◼ 10 mineral logam
◼ 48 mineral non-logam
◼ 3 mineral atom
◼ 24 mineral kecil (termasuk bahan konstruksi)
'Distribusi nilai' menunjukkan bahwa bahan bakar menyumbang sekitar 66%,
mineral logam sekitar 20%, mineral non-logam sekitar 2% dan mineral kecil sekitar
12%. Dari mineral logam, bijih besi menyumbang sekitar 83% dari 'nilai' yang dibuat
(Indian Minerals Yearbook, 2011).
Pertambangan batubara menyumbang 80% dari aktivitas pertambangan,
dengan sisanya melibatkan emas, tembaga, besi, timah, bauksit, seng dan uranium
(www.cci.in/pdfs/surveys-laporan / Mineral-dan-Pertambangan-Industri-di-
India.pdf). Pertambangan adalah bisnis yang terus berkembang dengan basis
produksi saat ini sebesar 204,95 poin (2010-2011) relatif terhadap 1993-1994
(baseline 100). Nilai total produksi mineral (termasuk mineral kecil tetapi tidak
termasuk mineral atom) meningkat 17% pada 2010-2011 dibandingkan tahun
sebelumnya menjadi Rs. 232021 2 (US $ 3,74×1011).
Beberapa negara bagian India termasuk Rajasthan, Chhattisgarh, Orissa dan
Andhra Pradesh kaya akan mineral, terutama logam / mineral non-ferrous dan
ferrous. Ada deposit batubara lignit, bituminous dan sub-bituminous, bijih besi dan
bauksit yang cukup besar. Daftar mineral yang berbeda yang ditemukan di berbagai
wilayah geografis India diberikan dalam Tabel 2.1.