DEFORESTATION IN INDIA

A PROJECT OF ENVS

SWARNAVA PODDER

CU ROLL.NO: 223017-21-0015

CU REGISTRATION.NO : 017-1111-0651-22

BHAWANIPUR EDUCATION SOCIETY COLLEGE

ECONOMICS HONOURS

SEMESTER: 2

YEAR: 2022-2023
 CONTENT
1. INTRODUCTION 1pg
2. OBJECTIVE 2 pg
3. AREA OF STUDY

(3.1) Deforestation In World 3-5 pg

(3.2) Deforestation In India 6-8 pg

(3.3) Case Study 9-11 pg

4. MEATHODOLOGY 12 pg

5. CAUSES OF DEFORESTATTION

(5.1) Natural Causes Of Deforestation 13-14 pg

(5.2) Man-made Causes Of Deforestation 15 pg

6. ENVIROMENTAL IMPACT ON DEFORESTATION

(6.1) Impact Of Deforestation On The Nature 16-17 pg

(6.2) Impact Of Deforestation On The Human 18-19 pg

7. OBSERVATION

(7.1) Physical Problems 20 pg

(7.2) Socio-economic Problems 21 pg

8. CONCLUSION 22-23 pg

9. BIBLIOGRAPHY 24-25 pg
 INTRODUCTION
Deforestation is purposeful clearing of forest land. Throughout history and in modern times,
forests has been razed to make space for agricultural purpose and gazing of animals also to
obtain wood as fuels also for the construction requirement. Deforestation has greatly altered
the land scape around the world. Deforestation in India is widespread destruction of major
forests in India. It is mainly caused by the environmental degradation by stake holders such
as farmers, ranchers and loggers and plantation corporations. In 2009 India was ranked as the
world 10th in the amount of forest loss, where the world annual deforestation is estimated 13.7
million hectares a year.
 OBJECTIVES
This is project works on “ Deforestation in India “ was directed with few important objectives
as below :

(i) To enquire about the environmental problem of deforestation in different countries

of the world as different Indian states.
(ii) A case study area has also been highlighted to take an interest analysis on the
local deforestation.
(iii) This study has qualified as well as quantified available data on the global and
Indian perspective in appropriate statistical measurement .
(iv) As a result , the problem of deforestation has been recorded with the impact on the
nature as well as on the human society
(v) The study has also attached to some effective remedial steps taken by different
countries for controlling worldwide deforestation .
 Area Of Study

Deforestation in the World

Deforestation is a global problem. Global annual deforestation is estimated at 13.7 million

hectares a year, equal to the area of Greece.

Half of this area consists of new forests or forest growth. In addition to direct human-induced
deforestation, growing forests have also been affected by climate change. Here are few of the
examples to know the effect of deforestation all around the world:

1.Brazil:

Brazil has experienced some of the highest levels of deforestation in recent years, particularly
in the Amazon rainforest. The country has lost approximately 24.8 million hectares of forest
cover between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in Brazil is primarily driven by agricultural
expansion, particularly for soybean production, cattle ranching, and logging.

2.Indonesia:

Indonesia has also experienced high levels of deforestation, primarily driven by the
expansion of palm oil plantations and other forms of agriculture. The country lost
approximately 7.9 million hectares of forest cover between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in
Indonesia has had significant impacts on biodiversity and local communities, as well as
contributing to climate change.

3.Russia:

Russia has also experienced significant deforestation, particularly in the boreal forests of
Siberia. The country lost approximately 6.8 million hectares of forest cover between 2001
and 2020. Deforestation in Russia is primarily driven by logging and the expansion of
infrastructure, such as roads and pipelines.

4.Mexico:

Mexico has experienced deforestation due to a combination of factors, including illegal

logging, agricultural expansion, and urbanization. The country lost approximately 1.9 million
hectares of forest cover between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in Mexico has had significant
impacts on biodiversity and water resources, as well as contributing to climate change.
5.Peru:

Peru has also experienced high levels of deforestation, particularly in the Amazon rainforest.
The country lost approximately 1.8 million hectares of forest cover between 2001 and 2020.
Deforestation in Peru is primarily driven by illegal logging, mining, and agricultural
expansion, and has had significant impacts on biodiversity and indigenous communities.

6.Democratic Republic of Congo:

The Democratic Republic of Congo has lost significant amounts of forest cover due to illegal
logging, mining, and agricultural expansion. The country lost approximately 1.8 million
hectares of forest cover between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in the Democratic Republic of
Congo has had significant impacts on biodiversity, carbon storage, and local communities.

7.Malaysia:

Malaysia has experienced deforestation due to the expansion of palm oil plantations and other
forms of agriculture. The country lost approximately 2.3 million hectares of forest cover
between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in Malaysia has had significant impacts on
biodiversity and indigenous communities, as well as contributing to climate change.

8.Bolivia:

Bolivia has also experienced high levels of deforestation, primarily due to agricultural
expansion and logging. The country lost approximately 1.5 million hectares of forest cover
between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in Bolivia has had significant impacts on biodiversity
and water resources, as well as contributing to climate change.
9.Argentina:

Argentina has experienced deforestation due to the expansion of agriculture, particularly

soybean production. The country lost approximately 1.4 million hectares of forest cover
between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in Argentina has had significant impacts on
biodiversity and indigenous communities, as well as contributing to climate change.

10.Paraguay:

Paraguay has also experienced high levels of deforestation due to agricultural expansion,
particularly for soybean production. The country lost approximately 1.3 million hectares of
forest cover between 2001 and 2020. Deforestation in Paraguay has had significant impacts
on biodiversity and water resources, as well as contributing to climate Change.
Deforestation in the India

Deforestation is a significant environmental problem in India, with the country losing an

estimated 1.5 million hectares of forest cover every year. This trend is particularly worrying,
given that India is home to some of the world's most biodiverse forests and wildlife. In this
report, we will explore the spread of deforestation in 10 major states of India.

Madhya Pradesh: Madhya Pradesh has one of the highest forest covers in India,covering
approximately 77,700 square kilometres. However, there has been a significant loss of forest
cover in the state over the years. According to the Forest Survey of India, between 1930 and
2013, Madhya Pradesh has gained 108% of forest cover.

Maharashtra: Maharashtra has a forest cover of approximately 61,939 square kilometres.

The state has experienced significant deforestation due to mining, infrastructure development,
and agricultural expansion. Between 1930 and 2013, Maharashtra has gained 33% of forest
cover.

Orissa: Orissa has a forest cover of approximately 58,136 square kilometres. The state has
faced significant deforestation due to mining, agricultural expansion, and industrialization.
Between 1930 and 2013, Orissa has gained 51% of forest cover.
Chhattisgarh: Chhattisgarh has a forest cover of approximately 55,586 square kilometres.
The state has faced significant deforestation due to mining, agricultural expansion, and
industrialization. Between 1930 and 2013, Chhattisgarh has gained 56% of forest cover.

Arunachal Pradesh: Arunachal Pradesh has a forest cover of approximately 67,248 square
kilometres. The state has a rich biodiversity and is home to many endangered species.
However, the state has experienced significant deforestation due to logging and infrastructure
development. Between 1930 and 2013, Arunachal Pradesh has gained 65% of forest cover.

Andhra Pradesh: Andhra Pradesh has a forest cover of approximately 21,575 square
kilometres. The state has experienced significant deforestation due to mining, agricultural
expansion, and urbanization. Between 1930 and 2013, Andhra Pradesh has gained 19% of
forest cover.

Jharkhand: Jharkhand has a forest cover of approximately 23,605 square kilometres. The
state has experienced significant deforestation due to mining, agricultural expansion, and
industrialization. Between 1930 and 2013, Jharkhand has gained 30% of forest cover.
Assam: Assam has a forest cover of approximately 26,832 square kilometres. The state has a
rich biodiversity and is home to many endangered species. However, the state has
experienced significant deforestation due to logging and infrastructure development. Between
1930 and 2013, Assam has lost 20% of forest cover.

Kerala: Kerala has a forest cover of approximately 10,336 square kilometres. The state has
experienced significant deforestation due to agricultural expansion, logging, and rbanization.
Between 1930 and 2013, Kerala has lost 44% of forest cover.

Gujarat: Gujarat has a forest cover of approximately 11,832 square kilometres. The state has
experienced significant deforestation due to industrialization, urbanization, and agricultural
expansion. Between 1930 and 2013, Gujarat has lost 61% of forest cover
Case study

Madhya Pradesh is a state in central India, and it is known for its rich biodiversity and dense
forests. However, deforestation has been a major concern for the state for several years, as it
has led to the loss of natural habitats and disrupted ecological balance. The Forest Survey of
India (FSI) is responsible for monitoring the forest cover and changes in forest cover in the
state, including areas under deforestation. In this essay, we will explore the areas under
deforestation in Madhya Pradesh according to the FSI. According to the FSI's State of Forest
Report 2019, Madhya Pradesh has a total forest cover of 77,414 sq km, which is 31.52% of
the state's geographical area. The state has recorded a slight increase in the forest cover from
the previous report in 2017, which is a positive sign. However, despite the increase in the
forest cover, the state still faces significant challenges due to deforestation. The FSI has
identified several reasons for deforestation in Madhya Pradesh. One of the primary causes is
the expansion of agricultural land, as farmers often clear forests to make way for their crops.
This practice has been prevalent in the state for several years and has led to the loss of natural
habitats, including those of endangered species. Another significant factor contributing to
deforestation in Madhya Pradesh is mining. Mining activities, including both legal and illegal
mining, have caused extensive damage to forests in the state. The FSI has identified several
areas in Madhya Pradesh that are under deforestation. One of the most affected regions is the
SatpuraMaikal landscape, which is one of the largest forested landscapes in India. The region
covers several districts, including
Balaghat, Mandla, and Chhindwara. The area has seen extensive
deforestation in recent years, primarily due to mining and
encroachment by farmers. The FSI has reported a significant decline
in forest cover in the Satpura-Maikal landscape, which is a cause for
concern.
Another area that has seen significant deforestation in Madhya
Pradesh is the Vindhya Range. The Vindhya Range covers several
districts, including Sidhi, Singrauli, and Shahdol. The region has
seen extensive mining activities, including coal mining, which has
caused significant damage to the forests in the area. The FSI has
reported a decline in forest cover in the Vindhya Range, which is
alarming.
The Panna National Park, which is known for its tiger population,
has also seen significant deforestation in recent years. The park
covers an area of 542.67 sq. km, and it is in the Panna and Chhatarpur
districts. The FSI has reported a decline in forest cover in the park,
primarily due to mining activities and encroachment by farmers.
The FSI has also identified several other areas in Madhya Pradesh
that are under deforestation. These include the Amarkantak region,
the Betul-Bhind landscape, and the Kanha-Pench landscape. These
areas have seen a decline in forest cover due to various factors,
including mining, agriculture, and illegal logging.
The government of Madhya Pradesh has taken several measures to
address deforestation in the state. The state has implemented several
afforestation and reforestation programs to increase the forest cover.
The government has also introduced several policies to regulate
mining activities and prevent illegal mining. The state has also
implemented several programs to provide alternative livelihoods to
farmers and reduce their dependence on forested lands.
In conclusion, Madhya Pradesh has been facing significant
challenges due to deforestation. The state has seen a decline in forest
cover in several regions, including the Satpura-Maikal landscape, the
Vindhya Range, and the Panna National Park. These areas have been
affected by various factors, including mining, agriculture, and illegal
logging. The FSI's State of Forest Report 2019 has highlighted the
need for immediate action to address deforestation in Madhya
Pradesh. The government's efforts to increase forest cover and
regulate mining activities are steps in the right direction, but more
needs to be done to protect the state's biodiversity and ensure the
sustainability of its forests. Public awareness campaigns and
community participation in forest conservation efforts can also play
a significant role in addressing deforestation in the state. It is
essential to take urgent action to protect the state's forests and ensure
the well-being of its people and wildlife.
 MEATHODOLOGY
To achieve the specific objectives of the project, some methodological steps followed as
bellow,

(i) Literature survey on the deforestation of India has been completed under the target
of understanding the environmental problem very well sufficient statistical data
has been collected on the spread of deforestation in different parts of the world as
well as in India.
(ii) Adequate location and maps from different recognised sources has been studied
on the occurrence and the causes of the deforestation in the different part of the
world as well as in India.
(iii) Statistical data table has been converted into bar diagrams and pie graph in order
to quantify the available statistics properly.
(iv) In order to document the already taken numerical measures in different areas, a
few studies have also been attached here.
(v) Some of the website which had helped to gather information on the following
project is being stated here –

1. https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation

2. https://www.dw.com/en/how-deforestation-can-lead-to-more-infectious-diseases

3. https://www.globalforestwatch.org/dashboards/country/IND

https://earth.org/how-does-deforestation-affect-the-environment/
 Causes Of Deforestation

Natural causes of deforestation

(i) Forest fire – another valid example of the deforestation is to be forest blaze; hundreds of
trees are lost each year due to forest fire in various portions of the world. It happens due to
extreme warm summer or mild winters. It is mainly caused naturally but sometimes human
perform these activities for their own benefit.

(ii) Climate imbalance and climate change – deforestation is also affected by the climate in
many ways. Forest are the huge lungs in our planet. Trees take in carbon dioxide in order to
release oxygen and water vapour in the air, that is why many rainy forest experience a humid
climate.

(iii) Soil erosion – trees are very much crucial for our local water cycle as they keep on
returning water vapour in the atmosphere. The soil remain moist and rain water seeps through
the soil. The fertile soil held in the place by intricate roots structures of many layers of trees.
With the clearance of the tree cover the land is directly exposed to the sun, making it dry.
(iv) Floods – when it rains, trees absorb and store a large amount of water with the help of
their roots. When they are cut down, the flow of water is disrupted, the soil loses its ability to
retain water. It leads to floods in some of the drought areas.

(v) Loss of biodiversity – deforestation is the huge loss of biodiversity. About 80% of the
global bio diversity is located in tropical rainforests forests not only provide habitats for
wildlife but also foster medicinal conservation.
Man made causes of deforestation

(i) Agricultural activities – as we all know that agricultural activities plays a major role
around 80% cause of deforestation around the world. Due to overgrowing demand for food
products, a huge amount of trees fell down about 33% f or the subsistence agriculture. As we
can see in our given data that about 17% of forest or green cover are being destroyed due to
agricultural activities. In Latin America it is form 3.5 to 4.5 Mha, South East Asia 1.5 to 2.1
Mha, Africa 0.1 to 2.4 Mha, North America 0.1 Mha, Others 0.2 to 5 Mha.

(ii) Livestock ranching – livestock ranching is believed to be responsible for about 14% of
global deforestation. Farmers often clear land by cutting down trees and burning them to raise
livestock and grow food. They continue to use their property until the soil is degraded and
continue to new woodland. According to our given we can see that about 0.2% of forest loss
is being done in Asia, in Latin America the rate is 0.5%, in Arica it is 10 %. And others part
of the world it is about 10%

(iii) Illegal logging – apart from this, wood-based industries like paper, match-sticks,
furniture, etc. these product also needs a substantial amount of wood supply. Wood is used as
fuel both directly and indirectly. Therefore trees are chopped to meet the following demand.
According to our given data 80% of deforestation by illegal logging is being made by Asia,
60% by Latin America, 25% by Africa and in remaining world the rate is about 60%.

(iv) Urbanization – almost all places forest are being removed essentially for the construction
purpose like building multiplex, highway and bridges for easy communication and
transportation of people. Now overpopulation play a major role in urbanization as due to this
cause cities to be expanded and enlarged for housing and settlement. According to our given
data from 0 to 3.4 Mha of deforestation in the world is being caused by the Latin America, 0
to 1.6 Mha of deforestation is being taken place in Southeast Asia, 0.1 Mha in Africa which is
the least, 0.3 Mha in North America, 0.4 in almost rest of the world

(v) Mining – oil and coal mining requires a considerable amount of forest land. Apart from
these highways have to be built for truck and other purposes. Now the waste that comes out
while mining pollutes the environment and affect the new species.
 Environmental Impact On Deforestation

Impact of deforestation on the nature

1. Wildlife extinction and habitat loss – due to massive felling down of trees, various
animal species are lost. They lost their habitat and also forced to move to a new location. Our
world has lost innumerable species of plant and animals in the last couple of decades. A study
of Brazilian forecasts that up to 90% of the predicted extinctions will occur until next 40
years.

2. Acidic ocean – the increased level of the carbon dioxide in the atmosphere due to
deforestation and the burning of the fossils fuels make our ocean more acidic. Since the
Industrial Revolution, beaches are already 30% more acidic, posing ocean species and
ecosystem at extreme risk.
3.Soil Erosion: Deforestation can cause soil erosion, as the removal of trees and other
vegetation exposes the soil to erosion by wind and water. This can lead to soil degradation,
which can have long-term impacts on the environment and the ecosystem. When the topsoil
is eroded, it can result in a loss of nutrients and reduced soil fertility. This, in turn, can impact
the ability of the soil to support plant growth and ecosystem functioning. Estimates suggest
that soil erosion is responsible for 30-35% of the impacts of deforestation. Addressing soil
erosion is crucial for preserving the health and productivity of the land and ensuring that it an
continue to support the needs of both humans and the natural world.

4.Water Cycle Disruption: Trees play a crucial role in the water cycle, and deforestation can
disrupt this cycle by reducing the amount of moisture that is returned to the atmosphere
through transpiration. This, in turn, can lead to changes in precipitation patterns, which can
impact water availability for ecosystems and human communities. Deforestation can also lead
to changes in river flow patterns, which can have significant impacts on the surrounding
ecosystems and communities. Estimates suggest that deforestation is responsible for 10-15%
of water cycle disruption impacts. Addressing deforestation and promoting reforestation is
critical for preserving the health and functioning of the water cycle and ensuring that water
resources are available for all.
Impact of deforestation on the humans

1. The decline of the quality of life of the people : people in millions all over the world
depend on forest and hunting, small scale of agriculture, gathering, and medicine. Everyday
materials we use such as latex, cork, natural oil, nuts and resin are all found in the tropical
forests. Deforestation disrupts the life of millions of people. In the Southeast Asia
deforestation had led to migration and also social conflict. Poor people of Brazil have been
lured from their villagers to soy plantations where they are abused and forced to work under
in an inhuman conditions.

2. Food insecurity in future : deforestation for foods may result in food insecurity in the
future. Currently 52% of all the land that are used for the food production is moderately or
severely impacted by the soil erosions. In the long term, the lack of fertile soil can lead to the
low yield of food insecurity.

3.Poverty The impacts of deforestation on poverty are complex and multidimensional, and
can vary depending on the specific context and the nature of the forest resources being lost. n
some cases, deforestation can lead to increased economic opportunities and growth,
particularly when forests are converted to agricultural or industrial land. However, in many
cases, deforestation can lead to a loss of income and livelihoods, particularly for marginalized
communities that depend on forest resources for their survival. Moreover, the impacts of
deforestation on poverty can be intergenerational, as the loss of forests and natural resources
an limit opportunities for future generations and perpetuate cycles of poverty and
marginalization.

4.Culture and Identity: The loss of cultural heritage and identity can also impact the ability
of communities to participate in decision-making processes related to forest management and
other environmental issues. When communities are disconnected from their cultural heritage
and identity, they may be less likely to mobilize and advocate for their rights and may have
less trust in government and other stakeholders. This can lead to a lack of representation and
voice in decision making processes, and can perpetuate inequalities and marginalization.
Moreover, the loss of cultural heritage and identity can have broader impacts on social
cohesion and unity, as it can lead to a fragmentation of society and a loss of shared values
and traditions.
 OBSERVATION
Over here we are choosing two countries in to consideration Brazil and Indonesia.

Physical problem

1.Brazil:

Deforestation in Brazil has had a significant impact on the Amazon rainforest, which is the
largest tropical rainforest in the world. The Amazon is home to a vast array of plant and
nimal species, and it plays an important role in regulating the Earth's climate. However,
deforestation in the Amazon has led to increased soil erosion, which has in turn led to more
frequent and severe flooding. When trees are removed from an area, the soil is left exposed to
the elements, and rainfall can quickly wash away the top layer of soil. This can result in the
loss of nutrients and organic matter in the soil, making it less fertile and less able to support
plant life. In addition, the loss of tree roots can lead to increased runoff and erosion, as the
soil is no longer held in place by the roots. Deforestation has led to more frequent and severe
flooding, which can damage homes, crops, and infrastructure. The loss of tree cover also
contributes to climate change by releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide into the
tmosphere.

2.Indonesia:

Deforestation in Indonesia has had a significant impact on the country's environment and
wildlife. Indonesia is home to some of the most biologically diverse forests in the world, and
its forests provide habitat for many threatened and endangered species, such as orangutans
and Sumatran tigers. However, deforestation in Indonesia has led to severe soil erosion,
which has in turn led to landslides and flash floods. When forests are cleared, the roots of
trees that hold soil in place are removed, and the soil is exposed to the elements. This can
lead to increased runoff and erosion, as well as a loss of soil fertility. In addition, the loss of
forest cover can disrupt local weather patterns, leading to more extreme weather events, such
as floods and droughts. The increased soil erosion caused by deforestation can have serious
consequences for local communities and the environment Deforestation has led to severe
landslides and flash floods, which can damage homes, crops, and infrastructure. The loss of
forest cover also contributes to climate change by releasing large amounts of carbon dioxide
into the atmosphere
Social problem

1. Brazil:

In Brazil, deforestation in the Amazon rainforest has led to the loss of income for indigenous
communities and small-scale farmers who depend on the forest for their livelihoods.
Deforestation has also resulted in the loss of income for the timber industry and reduced
revenue from ecotourism. Brazilian agribusiness is losing up to $1 billion dollars a year as
rising deforestation cuts rainfall in the southern Amazon – a problem set to expand if forest
loss continues, a group of Brazilian and German researchers have warned. Losses of tree
cover seem to delay the start and shorten the length of the rainy season. As Brazilian Amazon
Forest destruction continues, drier conditions could put a massive strain on the region’s
mainly rainfed agricultural industry. Unless Brazil’s government quickly shifts its
prodevelopment policies, which favour economic growth over conservation, agribusinesses
could become victims of the measures many of them support.

2. Indonesia:

In Indonesia, deforestation has led to the loss of income for local communities who depend
on the forest for timber, non-timber forest products, and agriculture. Deforestation has also
led to the loss of income for the palm oil industry, which has been criticized for its role in
deforestation. Land and forest fires in Indonesia cost the country $5.2 billion in damage and
economic losses this year, equivalent to 0.5% of its economy, according to a new analysis
from the World Bank. The World Bank calculated the figure based on the fires’ impacts on
the nation’s agriculture, transportation, trade, industry and environmental sectors. The fires
burn annually across Indonesia’s vast peat swamp zones, which have been widely drained
and dried for planting. They produce a toxic haze that blankets parts of Indonesia as well as
neighbouring countries. This year’s fires had burned nearly 10,000 km2 (3,861 mi2) of land
as of October, according to the environment ministry.
 CONCLUTION
(i) Plant trees – the most straight forward personal strategy to fight against deforestation is
to plant a tree. Planting a tree could be considered a lifelong investment into the environment
and a good mental health.

(ii) Use recycled products – you may have noticed a little label “made from recycle paper”
On your notebook. The same level can be formed on many other daily use items like books,
paper bags, egg packing and even toilet paper. By choosing items made recycled paper, you
make a conscious effort for lower the demand for timber.

(iii) Reduce meat consumption – to produce same amount of protein from animal agriculture
requires much larger areas of land compared to plant based farming. For example nearly one
third of the land is being converted in to pasture for domestic animals and 30% of available
arable land is used to grow livestock feed rather than our food for our direct consumption.

(iv) Don’t burn fire woods extensively – more than two billion people around the world rely
on firewood to cook and heat their homes. Unfortunately this often happen in poor areas
where already vulnerable forests near villages and town are cut for fuel well before they can
regenerate. Such mismanagement slowly leads to their disappearance.

1.Brazil: Brazil has experienced significant deforestation in the Amazon rainforest, which is
a critical ecosystem that is home to many indigenous communities and supports global
biodiversity. The Brazilian government has implemented a range of initiatives to address this
problem, including strengthening environmental laws and regulations, increasing funding for
forest conservation programs, establishing protected areas and indigenous territories,
providing incentives for sustainable land use and agriculture practices, enforcing laws against
illegal logging and deforestation, and monitoring and mapping deforestation with satellite
technology. One of Brazil's most significant initiatives is the Amazon Fund, which is a
financial mechanism that provides resources for projects and programs that promote
sustainable development, forest conservation, and biodiversity preservation in the Amazon
region. Brazil has also established a network of protected areas in the Amazon rainforest,
which includes national parks, ecological stations, and indigenous territories.
2.Indonesia: Indonesia is another country that has experienced significant deforestation,
particularly in its rainforests, which are home to endangered species like orangutans and
tigers. The Indonesian government has implemented a range of measures to address this
problem, including establishing a moratorium on new concessions for forest conversion and
peatland development, providing financial incentives for forest conservation and
reforestation, implementing sustainable forest management practices, strengthening law
enforcement to combat illegal logging and deforestation, and supporting community-based
forest management and land tenure rights for indigenous communities. One of Indonesia's
most significant initiatives is the REDD+ program, which stands for Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Forest Degradation. This program aims to reduce greenhouse gas
emissions from deforestation and promote sustainable forest management by providing
financial incentives to countries that reduce their deforestation rates. Indonesia has also
established a network of protected areas and national parks, which are critical for preserving
biodiversity and supporting the livelihoods of local communities.
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1.https://ourworldindata.org/deforestation

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Search engines

1.GOOGLE CROME

2.MICROSOFT EDGE