` Assosa Agricultural TVET College b) Intermediate
next 3 to 5 years. They are keyed to the
FDU Level III
Unit of Competence: Prepare participatory
management plan
1.1 Preparing Forest management plan
 To prepare a forest management plan which
is economically viable, environmentally sound
and socially acceptable, we should take
account the principles of forest management
planning and basic information such as
finance, economic, environmental and social Forest management plan must contain the
information. following components in general:
Effective forest management plan should
comprise basic information relevant to the
management of a forest, a long-term
management goal, and specific prescription to
achieve each of the objective
A management plan structure should be
flexible depending up on the characteristics of
the for which long term management is being
planned
In contrast to traditional working plan, a forest
management plan is a written statement of how
the landowner hopes to manipulate the forest to
achieve objectives and is made at different levels.
These are:
a) General plan:- Plans for the overall
management of a forest. These are necessarily
long-term plans extending one or more
rotations into the future.
They are least detailed plans.
plans: Plans made to cover the
continuous forestry inventory cycle and are
written after completing the inventory based
on the new data. They are more detailed and
specific. They may, for example, include lists
of stands to be harvested, in order of priority
during the planning period.
c) The long-term plans: Simply contain a
statement of allowable cut and estimate of
total growing stock existing at the end of the
period.
 Forest description
 Forest organization and subdivision
 Forest inventory data
 Growth and yield functions
 Maps-subdivisions &compartments,
roads
 Narrative description: physiographic,
soils
 Economic expectation in harvesting and
demand for forest product recreation,
hunting and fishing, water, etc.
 Supply labor, capital, materials
 Other external factors: legal
restrictions, public policy
 Analysis and synthesis
 Silvicultural analysis
 Reputation analysis
 Cutting budget
 Multiple use analysis and plans
 Protection: Fire, insect, disease
The first major component is a statement of and others who will be involved in the task of
implementation. It also requires:
management objectives and policies.
A firm commitment to allocate funds, staff and
The objectives define the endpoint that is desired
other resource for the duration of a plan to
and the policies state at least some of the
enable prescriptions to be implemented.
constraints within which the objectives must be
An appropriate organizational structure and
attained.
the appointment of people having appropriate
The forest description presents the physical knowledge and experience for specific, well-
context within which the management plan is defined position that are relevant to plan
written and includes forest inventory data, which implementation.
describe the species involved and timber volume Training to insure that people appointed to all
present and projected. As means of projecting position are up-to date with procedures,
growth and yield of the timber species formulas techniques and practices.
and tables can also be developed. Maps of the A commitment to regularly monitor progress
area which show clearly the compartment in plan implementation and to adjust annual
number, boundary and area and firebreaks and programs when necessary.
roads are also included. The management social-
economic concepts are also presented which 1.3 Reviewing Plan for improvement
details the economic expectations and external 1. Management of the protection forests
factors. In those areas where protection forests are well
The analysis and synthesis section is where all the defined they generally form part of a working plan
planning components are brought together in area in which the soil is vulnerable to erosion, e.g.
thorough and complete description of the forest very steep slopes or along water courses or
management plan. The silvicultural analysis is alternatively areas which are inaccessible to
essential because the forest cover must be normal harvesting methods.
manipulated to obtain management objectives. Objectives:- 1. To protect steep slopes and
The protection aspects of the forest and some catchment areas and to regulate water supplies.
limitations to the management must also be 2. To produce minor forest produces
addressed 2. Management under the selection felling system
 Under the selection felling system the object is
1.2 Prepare management plan Implementation
to harvest mature and over-mature trees of
Effective implementation depends upon a good commercial value.
level of understanding and acceptance by  Some arrangement efforts have to be done (to
government officials, forest managers, forest add, expand, enhance, grow) natural
workers, machinery operators, rural communities regeneration where it is sparse or absent and
 to maintain the protective function of the
forest.
 Trees harvested are selected on the basis of
minimum girth limits and merchantability
2.1 Preparing Long and short term financial plan
FINANCIAL CONSIDERATION
COSTS
Costs should be recorded or derived for all forest
operations formatting apart of the annual forest
budget or where required for economic and
financial studies on specific aspect of forest
management. They are usually made up of several
components including labour, equipments
purchase and operation materials supervision and
other overheads.
Costs are important in forest management and
are used for :
 Decision-making involves expenditure on
possible alternative course of action.
 Monitoring actual costs against budgets.
 Evaluating alternatives economic options in
management planning
 Calculation of financial returns.
 Budgeting.
 Detection of fraud.
1.1TYPES OF COSTS
There are several ways of classifying costs as
follows
A)Absolute and opportunity cost
Absolute costs: Measures the loss in value of
assets
Opportunity costs: Is the value of the next
beast alternatives that is foregone
 Machines cost
 Chainsaws
 Labour costs
 Transport cost
by directing resource in to a particular
investment.
B) Prime costs and over heads
Prime costs: direct wages and salaries, direct
material and direct expense costs
Overhead: all costs, which are not direct cost.
C)Fixed and variable costs
Fixed costs: It accumulate with the passage of
time it includes, capital purchase, equipment
depreciation in forest on borrowed funds,
taxes and insurance.
Variable costs: operating cost vary directly
with the rate of work or production.
Example: Costs per km for road construction
Cost per m3 for logging
D)Total and unit cost
There is almost always more than one way of
under taking particular forest operation and it
usually has both fixed and variable cost
component.
DAILY COST OF OPERATIONS
Calculation of the total daily cost of a forest is an
important aspect of the business management of
tropical forest Identify the separate elements that
make up on operation, calculate or estimate their
costs and transforms this to a total per work day.
The element that should be include in the total
daily cost are:-
 Operating costs and overheads  profit
REVENUE
It can be expenditure of income or money spent
or received from row materials or other items
intended for re sale, which benefit a business.
Forest fees:- Are payment that are set at levels to
reflects the value of a forest resource and provide
economic incentives for utilization. Forest Fees
can be
 Stump price of the logs harvested
 Fees and charges applied by forest owners
on forest concessions
 Export taxes and other fees that are
applied to forest products by
governments.
3 WORK STUDY
It is a generic term for those techniques
particularly method students and work
measurements which are used in the examination
of human work in all its contexts.
It I includes systematic investigation of all factors
which affects the efficiency and economy of the
situation being reviewed in order to effect
improvement.
METHOD OF STUDY: Is the systematic
recording and critical review of existing and
proposed ways of doing work as a means of
developing and applying easier and more
effective working method and reducing cost.
WORK MEASUREMENTS: Is the application of
techniques for measuring the time taken for a
qualified worker to carry out a specified job at
defined level of performance.
The main type of work-study in forestry has
often been work measurement. There are 5 main
steps in this process.
1) Develop work standard for forest operation.
2) Develop the procedures, which identify the
main forest variables, which may then be
applied to work standard.
3) Introduce monitoring or quality control;
arrangement that is ensured the work is
carried out in line with agreed standard.
4) Make workable arrangements to resolve
problems that might arise during a forest
operation.
5) Introduce incentive systems that provide
adequate rewards for workers or team of
works who exceed work standards at
acceptable quality level. Tree main incentive
systems are:_
i) Piece work:-
payment for each item of work
ii) Task work:-
payment for satisfactory completion of a
whole task or job.
iii) Bonus payment:-
pavement of a bonus in addition to
wages, for satisfactory compilation of
work above an agreed production target.
2.2 Revising financial resource management plan
and report
ECONOMIC VARIABILITY OF SUSTAINABLE
FOREST MANAGEMENT.
Economic issues that can influence sustainable
management of forest for wood production are:-
 Values of land covered by forest, if the land
converted to another uses.
 Forest location, topography accessibility, soil
and forest type climate and weather patterns
and harvestable volumes.
 Stumpage values, price of processed wood
products, interest rate on borrowed funds
length of cutting cycle and a recognition of
and reliability of operational cost.
 None market environmental value of water
shade including the value of water following
in streams the significance of biological
diversity land scope and recreation, wiled life
conservation and gene polls.
 Traditional community dependency and other
social values of forests for food, medicinal
plants and other products.
 Cost of recognition management and interest
rates cost of each year until it reach maturity.
COMPOUNDING AND DISCOUNTING OF
COSTS AND BENEFITS
Compounding finds a future value of present
payment or value that is compounded annually
for a specified number of years. The value may be
a cost or an income.
The basic formula for compounding is:-
FVn= PV(1+I)n
Where PV= the present value
I= discount rate eg 6% is 0.06
FVn= future value of years in n
n= The number of years until a
future value occurs.
Discounting adjust a future value to the present
time .The adjusted value is the present value and
can be calculated using the following formula.
PV= FVn (1/(1+i)n)
DISCOUNTING CASH FLOW ANALYSIS
Cash flow is the flow of cash payments to or by
an organization. Costs may be regarded as
negative cash flows, revenues as positive cash
flows.
Discount cash flow is a cash value defined as the
present value to allow for the time factor.
The most acceptable method for evaluating long
term forest management programmes and
specific short term operations is discounted cash
flow analysis involving the computation of net
present value. The key feature discounting DCF
from other method is recognition that money has
a time value.
Comparative valuation uses current price, costs
and interest rates for comparing forest
management. It assumes that the present is
knowable and the future is not, so comparative
valuation can be justified with the use of known
data to compare alternatives as being more
attractive and less attractive, not to drive their
absolute value.
NET PRESENT VALUE
The sum of the present value of a series of
individuals cash flows. It is synonymous with net
present worth. Land exception value is a variant
of the NPV used in plantation forestry it is a
theoretical price, which may be paid for land so
that an investment programme breaks even at a
given discount rate.
NPV= Bt-C1/(1+r)t
Where Bt is total value of benefits for period of
year, t
C1 is total value of costs for period of
years t
r is discount rate
In general a positive NPV can be
interpreted as an immediate return while
a negative NPV indicates the loss. The
general rule is to accept an investment if it
is positive at pre determined discount rate
and to reject if it is negative.
INTERNAL RATE OF RETURN (IRR)
The discount rate at which discounted cost
equals with revenues or the present value of cash
flows is zero.
Bt-Ct/(1+r)t =0
BENEFIT COST RATIO
The benefit cost ratio is the present value of
benefits divided by the present value of costs.
Benefit cost ratio analysis is a method of
evaluating a proposed investment in term of all
relevant forest costs and benefits associated with
it, including social costs and benefits.
If benefit cost ratio is grater than 1, it mean that
an investiment could be economically worth
while but if it is less than one then it means that
the investment should be redesigned or
abandoned.
2.3 Monitoring and evaluation of financial plan
Monitoring is important for timely and proper
project implementation. Monitoring provides
feedback so that necessary adjustments can be
made in the work plan and budget. Therefore,
monitoring schedules are often based on the
project work plan. It is essentially a tool that
helps both project-implementing and funding
agencies.
Monitoring parameters
  Time schedule; Large number of people lives in or near forests
 Cost; and and at least partially dependent on forest
 Process. resource live in tropical forest localities.
The social and economical importance that the
These are already specified in the work plan.
communities get from forest is: -
Monitoring reports must be reviewed by the
Forest for religious, ceremonial
project implementation committee, focusing on
activities
information about delays - the extent and
Food supply
implications, needed corrective action and the
Medicine
person or agency responsible for it. This not only
points out the source of the fault but also Cultural and economical use
protects project management from blame for the Sustainable forest management should be lead to
delay. An honest assessment of the implications social and economical development of local
of delay, under or over-utilization of funds, leads communities, including the provision of basic
to timely corrective action. It also helps in needs and to income generation and
building a reasonable case for additional funds in employment.
case the delay is caused by the late release of Social surveys using rural appraisal method are
funds and results in escalation of project costs. intended to acquire practical information on
development issues in local community quickly.
Periodic monitoring format
Two common reasons for understanding rural
Nam D Act O Implicati Actio By appraisals are: -
e of ue ual n ons of n who - So that villages can create plans to make
activ on on ti delay requi m better use of forest recourse available to
ity me red them.
- To inform and influence national policy and
leglation concerning forest recourse
management.

3.2 Revising the prepared human resource plan

Two main types of rapid appraisals:
3.1 Preparing Long and short term human 1) Rapid rural appraisal(RRA):- The study
resource plan process mostly managed by outsiders often
comprising a team of specialists who
 determine the study objectives, conduct field
4.1 Preparing Production management plan
inquires in community, undertake analysis &
Elements of Forest Management:
determine what happens to the result.
1 Prescriptions
2) Participatory rural appraisals (PRA):- The
Developing evaluating, and implementing
community manages the study process. An
prescriptions - a schedule of activities for some
outsiders role is limited at least initially to
stand or parcel of forestland is the central activity
providing training in study method and later
of applied professional forestry. The specified
in the use of the result local and analysis
prescription for a given type or parcel of land
information and how the result will be used.
along with the quantitative estimate of timber
yields and the results expected when this
In practice the situation is often not as strictly
prescription is implemented is the building block
defined as this and there can be a mix of the two
of virtually all modern forest planning and
broad approaches.
harvest scheduling models.
3.3 Recruiting the required personnel
Involvement of local communities.
Prescription formulation Integrates:-
Involvement of local communities in sustainable
forest management can be secured depending up
on local prevailing conditions as follows.  the strategies of land classification;
2) By adapting the conventional technical  the basic and applied biological knowledge
tools and methods of land use planning of silvicultre;
(participatory approach of rural  the growth predication techniques of
development) mensuration;
3) By incorporating nutrition, population  economic values, and
and gender analysis in to the development  the decision analysis techniques of the
of balanced management programme
management economist.
4) By using participatory tools adaptation to
local condition through out the analysis
Getting specific, consider this prescription and
design, management and development
prediction:
programmes to increase mutual learning
For existing small saw timber, mixed fir stands on
opportunity for local people and their
erosive soils having slopes less than 30%, site
technical partners.
indices over 30, and basal area greater than
By encouraging local community participation in
25m2/ha, implement, using tractor logging, a
forest products marketing
commercial thinning to reduce basal area to
20m2/ha followed in 30 years by a final harvest, Physical characteristics: The set of attributes
site preparation, and planting to improved used to characterize the permanent, physical
Douglas fir. The expected yields/ha from this nature of forest land, including topography, soils,
prescription are 500m3 of saw timber and 800 bedrock, climate, hydrology, etc.
m3 of pulp wood, this year through the thinning Vegetation characteristics: - Vegetation currently
10 m3 of saw timber and 100 m3 of pulpwood in growing on forestland, including height, age,
30 years at final harvest from the current stand, basal area, volume, diameter, etc.
and, eventually 65m3 at final harvest from the Development characteristics: -The organization,
regenerated stand. development and accessibility of
This terse (concise) statement illustrates the forest land for human use, including ownership
three essential elements for a land type or forest. roads, building etc.
1. A land-type classification Stands type: All forestland that has the same
-Which describes parcels or types of defined combination and attribute range of the
land by location, timber size, stocking, physical, vegetation, and development
species, and soils, slope and other land characteristics chosen to classify the forest into
attributes . homogeneous types with regard to some basic
2. A management “activity schedule” land characteristics in order to predict timber
describing the timing, methods and yield and other responses of the land to
conditions by which the vegetation and treatments with confidence. e.g., Land type, site
other resources will be manipulated to type, forest type
achieve desired outcomes, including:
Logging rules; Stand: A homogeneous, geographically
 A timber thinning & harvest schedule contiguous parcel of land, all of the same stand
& type and larger than some defined minimum size.
 Regeneration techniques for the next e.g., Capability unit, ecological land unit, logging
tree crop unit.
3. A quantitative growth and yield projection , Management unit: A geographically contiguous
which numerically describes how much parcel of land containing one or more stand types
timber is expected for commercial harvest. and usually defined by watershed, ownership, or
administrative boundaries for purposes of
Definitions of terms locating and implementing prescriptions. A
management unit is usually larger than a stand
and typically contains many stand types.
2 Growth, yield and stand structure: Concepts  The net change in the stand between
2.1. Stand growth and yield concepts inventories shows the 8, 10, 12, 14 and 20
Stand growth is measured as the change in a diameter classes loosing trees and the 16, 18
selected stand attribute over some specified time. and 22 diameter classes gaining trees. Overall,
As an example, a stand might increase in volume there are fewer total numbers of trees and the
3
by 2000m over 10 years. Its average periodic average stand diameter is larger.
annual volume growth equals 200m3/ year.  Dynamically, we expect most of the trees in
Yield: has a dual meaning, namely, either the the first inventory to have grown enough to
amount of some selected stand attribute that can rise into the next larger DBH class.
be harvested and removed per period, or the  Trees are lost to mortality throughout the
total amount that could be removed at any time.
size classes between inventories but at a
Growth: is a biological production rate concept
higher rate in the smaller classes, which are
and yield is a harvest or removal concept
likely to be the less vigorous, suppressed and
measured as either as a rate or an amount at a
intermediate trees.
specified time.
Multiplying the number of trees in each diameter
In general, the maximum that a forest can yield at
class by the appropriate volume per tree permits
any time is the growth that has accumulated up
a volume comparison of the two inventories.
to that time, and the maximum yield that can be
Through the comparison, volume growth can be
removed perpetually per period equals the
measured. Ingrowth, mortality, and cut
growth per period.
complicate growth comparisons and accurate
use requires careful definition.

2.2. Components of forest growth

Assume that we wish to measure growth
Living trees make increment, but its assumption
between two successive inventories of a stand.
does not give stand increment because some
Tree number, basal area, or volume could be
trees die, rot and are cut. For example, consider
measured to indicate growth, but volume is
an even-aged stand measured at two succeeding
closely related to value. To estimate the growth
inventories 10 years apart. The distribution of
or increment of the volume over successive time
stem number changes from time to time as time
a number of growths parameters must be known,
passes. In most cases as a result of low selective
clearly understood and estimated. These are:
thinning and death due to high competition, the
shift is to wards the bigger diameter classes .
Ingrowth:- is the volume of new trees growing
The changes took place over the two successive
into measurable size during the
inventories can be verbally described as follows:
 measurement period.
Mortality:- is the volume of measurable trees The appropriate definition depends on the user's
dying during the measurement period. purpose: The forest owner who simply wants to
Cut:- is the volume of cut timber felled know how much wood is actually being produced
during the measurement period . would use definition 3, net increment, including
ingrowth. A system ecologist interested in total
Combining these three measures of stand change biomass would include small trees and use
with the volume of living trees at the end gives definition 1. The forest researcher concerned
the components normally used to estimate stand with thinning and reduction of mortality would
growth. Symbolically, the stand components can look to definition 2, while the national
be represented by : accountant monitoring the condition of the forest
resource might use definition 5.
V1 = Volume of living trees at beginning
of measurement period 4.3. Growth of Stands
V2 = “ “ “ end The way we predict and describe the growth of a
“ stand depends in part on the silvicultural system
VM = Volume of mortality over period used in even - or uneven aged stands. Even aged
C = Volume of cut “ “ stands are stands where all the trees are born or
I = “ “ ingrowth over period initiated at about the same point in time, and
while tree sizes will increase as the stand ages.
Given these components, five different  They have definite beginning and
measurements of increment over the growth endings and are easy to conceptualize
period can be defined by equations. and schedule for cultural practices and
harvest
1. Gross increment including ingrowth  Clearly defined stand age is used to
= V2 + VM + C - V1 guide decisions about when to treat
2. “ “ of initial volume and harvest.
= V2 + M + C - I - V 1 It is a common practice to know the
3. Net increment including ingrowth characteristics of such stands in order to
= V2 + C - V 1 understand the structure, growth and yield
4. Net increment of initial volume potential for their effective management. The
= V 2 + C - I - V1 basic characteristics of even and uneven aged
5. Net change in growing stock stands are briefly given hereunder:
= V2 - V1
4.3.1. Even -aged stand characteristics: 4.3 Reviewing the production plan
Even-aged stands have several characteristics. 1. Timber harvesting and regulation of the yield
The following are the most peculiar ones: The harvesting of timber on a sustained yield
basis from a natural stand requires that the yield
1. The number of trees decreases continuously should be regulated to prevent over-cutting.
due to mortality as the stand ages. Conceptually, harvesting is linked to the idea of
2. The height of dominant and co-dominant rotation; but when trees are harvested as they
trees increases throughout the life of the approximate to maturity (eg. in a polycyclic
stand equaling the site index at a reference system in which the area is cut over at periodic
age. intervals to harvest trees which have reached
3. The diameter at breast height of the average maturity since the previous harvesting) the
tree increases throughout the life of the Stand rotation age has little relevance in deciding the
and the smaller trees within the stand suffer a time to harvest.
disproportionately higher mortality rate.
4. The basal area increases throughout the life The period of the felling cycle is generally
of the stand in some species such as pines, the determined by the time taken by the pre-
normal basal area rises to a plateau and exploitable classes to reach the exploitable girth
remains fairly constant from then on. set for each calss of marketable species although
5. Gross and net yields both rises throughout where there are many over-mature trees the
the life of the stand, with net yield gradually period may be shortened. The cycle can be 15
falling below gross yield as mortality years or more.
accumulates. Eventually both gross and net  The area cut annually in each felling
yields will peak and decline as the stand series (the anual coupe) is calculated
begins to fall apart due to aging. by dividing the area of the felling
6. Net yield reflects the amount of yield available series by the period of the cycle.
for removal at any age while gross yield  Further precautions are excerised in
reflects the total produced on a particular the number of trees which may be
site. removed/area unit and although
methods exist which depend upon
4.2 Implementing the plan detailed knowledge of growth rates,
A plan that includes financial resources, human motality.
resources management plan and production
management plan
Rules have been laid down for selection Class II b 1.5m - 2m
felling that no tree within a radius of 20m 30 “
of a marked tree should be felled, marking
should be restricted to sound trees, felling The exploitable yield was calculated by dividing
should progress systematically through a the total hoppus basal area of all trees
coupe and that felling practices should above 1.5m girth by the time of passage.
aim at obtaining maximum output with
least damage to the crop.Viewed Annual coupe = area of the felling series
objectively, the selection system practised by the period of the cycle
in the ever greenforest amounts to
nothing more than the selective removal The yield was selected from the upper
of commercial species having an circumerence class down wards until the
immediate demand or an extensive system prescribed yield was reached, minimum
of mining timber which takes no account circumerence limits being enforced.
of obtaining a noraml forest with Class I
supportive regeneration of the Species
commercial species. Species
The yield was regulated under a system in Chlorophora excelesa
which trees of more then 1.5m girth Net productive area
(48cm dbh) would give equal annual 2678ha
yields for the period upto the time when Felling cycle
the current immature trees attain 25 years
exploitable girth. Annual coupe
The time which trees take to pass from, 107 ha
1.5m girth to exploitable size has been Girth(m) 0.91 1.53- 2.15 2.75 3.36 3.97 >4.5
estimated as follows. - 2.14 - - - - 8
1.52 2.74 3.35 3.9 4.57
6
Class Ia 1.5m - 3m No of 43 554 414 525 137 137 32

60 years trees on 9
1018ha
Class Ib 1.5m - 3m Basal 147.4 195. 240. 145. 198. 60.9
2
50 years area(m ) 8 2 8 5
Total 988.
Class IIa 1.5m - 3m basal 6
45 “ area(m ) 2
Estimated basal area of approximtely on 2678ha is surpassed and felled beyond that limit, the
= 988.6 x 2678 m2 forest is not being managed on sustainable way.

1018 4.4 Managing Coppice, enrichment and planting

Enrichment planting
= 2600.6 m2

Annual yield with 50 divisor Enrichment planting is the planting of seedlings

in gaps within the natural vegetation cover.
= 988.6 x 2678
In Tigray, the extent of enrichment planting
depends upon existing vegetation cover in any
1018 x 50 afforestation site. Generally speaking:
= 52.0m2
Apportionment of yield  >70% shrub ground cover: the area is
enclosed without enrichment;
 40 - 70% shrub ground cover: the area is
Circumferen 1.53 2.15 2.75 3.36 3.97 4.58 enclosed and will have enrichment planting;
ce (m) - – - - - +  <30% shrub ground cover: the area will be
2.14 2.74 3.35 3.9 4.57
considered as an afforestation site.
6 Vegetation cover will vary widely from one site to
No of trees 58 44 34 14 14 3 another, but on most afforestation sites there will
per coupe of be some existing vegetation that should be kept
107 ha for soil and water conservation.
Basal 15.4 20. 25.1 14.9 20.3 5.67 Additionally, on most enclosure sites there will be
area(m2) 9 81 9 0 4 large gaps in the vegetation cover that will need
Yield of 52.0 11.1 14.9 20.3 5.67 filling, so the planting site will be enriched with
some seedlings.
m2 from 0 4

Managing Coppice
Coppicing system:
The numbers of trees falling in different Coppice is a forest crop raised from shoots
diameter classes in the 107 ha forest are produced from the cut stumps (called stools) of
presented in the table. The basal area calculated the previous crop. Coppice system involves
for each class is also given. Cutting starts from reproduction by stool shoots or suckers. When
the bigger diameter class and goes down until felled near the ground most deciduous species
the allowed basal area is harvested fully in one (up to a certain age) will send up shoots from the
year. This implies that if the allowable basal area old stump (stool). Suckering involves putting up
shoots from the root system surrounding the is four crops in 22 years at 7, 12, 17 and 22 years
original tree rather than the stump. There is after which time the stools are replaced and the
much variation between species as to how easily process starts again or the site may be rotated
they coppice and whether they coppice with a different species to help restore site
indefinitely or whether they will stop coppicing fertility.
after a certain age. A plantation site suitable for Eucalyptus coppice
Conifers should be;

Generally, conifer species are less able to coppice, i) Good nutrient and water (greatest
but there are exceptions, including Casuarina sp limitation in Tigray)

to some extent. But this is the reason that there is ii) Good seedling stock of suitable species
no widespread conifer production under the and provenance

coppice system. iii) Sound planting methods

iv) Effective weed control

Stool age
With most species large stools tend not to Planting
coppice vigorously, so after a certain period of Re-Planting
time (40 years or so-varies according to species)
Re-planting should be carried out as described by
the stools are replaced
the following steps:
Cut Low
 The seedling is planted so the collar is even
Coppice stems are cut low to the ground to
with the ground surface. If the collar is
encourage the new shoots to develop their own
misplaced this can cause increased mortality.
root systems, rather than relying on the original
The collar is the point on the seedling where
roots. It is also important that cutting is carried
it emerged from the ground.
out with sharp tools to avoid tearing the bark
 The collar should be clearly identified; this
from the wood as this will cause death and decay.
will not be so obvious with bare-rooted
Products
seedlings. Obviously with container stock the
Poles/ posts, fuel wood; medium sized round
whole root ball should be planted so the collar
wood, (suitable for pulp or chipboard) but not
will remain at the soil surface.
large timber.
 Carefully backfill by hand. Put soil from the
top of excavated soil around the bottom of
Eucalyptus Coppice
the root structure. Air pockets should be
In most Eucalyptus coppice the first 'maiden'
removed from the soils by tamping the soil
crop is felled after 7-10years. A common sequence
 with your hand palms or heel, tamping is
done diagonally.
 After the hole is filled, the remaining soil
should finally be shaped into a shallow
depression. This depression is called a micro-
basin. Its purpose is to collect water during
rains (water harvesting).