L I S T O F I L L US T R AT IO N S

I . P ORTRAIT O F A D I G N I TAR Y Ff o n t isp i ec e

F AC N PA
I G GE

II. C Y CL O P EA N W ALL ,
PA LAC E OF THE I N CA
R O CCA CU" C O
,

III . M O N O L I T H I C G ATE WA Y ,
T I AHUAN AC O ,

B O LI V I A
I V . U P P ER TE R RACE ,
F O RTRESS OF O L L A N T AY

TAM B O
L OW ER TE R R A C ES " O LLANTA Y TAM B O
SU N C -
I R CLE ,
SI L L U STA N I

VI . T HE G REAT P Y RAM I D O F M O CHE

P RI N CI P A L F O RTRESS O F O LLA NTAY T AM B O

VI I . B R ID G E OF THE A P UR I MAC
V I II . L O O " I N G ACR O SS THE B RI D G E
IX . I N CA WALL W ITH N I C HE CU " C O
X . N I CHE I N TERRACE W ALLS OF TH E COL
C O M P ATA
I N CA DO O R W A Y CU " C O ,

XI . D OO R W A Y S
G ATE WAY A T C E M ETER Y " F R O NT V I E W
XII . MUM M Y F R O M T H E CO AS T A NCO N ,

P ER UV I A N M U M M I ES
V.

48648O
( a
 L I ST O F I LLUSTRATI O NS

XIII . CHUL P A O R BURIAL TO W ER -

X IV . P ERU V IAN P O TT ER Y
TAM B O URI NE P LA Y ER -

XV . P ERUV I A N P OTT E R Y ( 3 I LLUSTRATI O N S)

XVI . T R UM P ET BA " ED C L AY
,

F IS H O R NAM E N T S F R O M THE CH I N C HA
ISLAN DS
THE SER P EN T S Y M B O L
S NAIL F RO M C H I MU V ASE
XV I I . T WO VASES
PO TTER Y VASE AN D P O TTE R Y T R UM P ET
XVI I I . P O TTER Y ( I N T H E AUTH O R S CO LLECTI O N ) AT
’

T H E B RITI SH MUSEUM
'

XIX . P ERU V I AN P O TS
XX . PO TTER Y TY P ES
XXI . WARRI O RS F I G HTI N G
X XI I . TYP ES O F D W ELLI N G S O N TH E COAST ( F RO M

HUNT I N G SCEN E ( F R O M A VASE)

XX I I I F I SH I N G S CE N E F R O M A VASE
.
( )

I LLUSTRAT IO NS IN TE XT
P O I N TED F OO TED
-
"A R

SA N D AL S
H E AD D R ESSES

"AR P O R TR A I T OF A S O LD I E R
 CO NT E NTS

PA GE

I N CA RULE A ND S P AN ISH WA R FA RE

P H Y SICAL AS P ECTS

THE I N CA RULERS

LA W A ND RELI G I O N

A R C H I TE CTUR AL REMA I N S

I N DUST RY
T h e In c a s a n d t h e ir In d u s t r ie s

CHAPTER I

I N CA RUL E AN D S P AN I SH W A R F A RE

F we look backward across th e centuri e s lying

I
,

be hind us we notice that although the ways

, ,

di ffer all nations and their rulers try to arrive

,

at general prospe r ity by laws and regulations .

The ancient Hebrew system of s h ort leases O ffered

”
undoubtedly certain guarantees that families who had
“
waxed poor as L eviticus expresses it were n o t
, ,

condemned to everlasting poverty but able t o make a ,

fres h start in the j ubilee year .

Fo r the land is mine spake the L ord unto

,

Moses . Democracy o f o ur da y seems t o proclaim

the same principle and it tries to come to the rescue
of the poor by attacking landed property ac iu ir e d
generations ago by means alleged to be illegal a n d
, ,

, ,

held by generation after generation to th e p resent day .

The Incas of Peru followed another principle to

promote a certain equa lity among their subj e cts a n d ,

in the twelfth century issued an agrarian la w according ,

t o wh ich all the land was divided a mong the people

according to the size Of each family with p eriodical , ,

annual redistributions
I t was a re markable effort remarkable because s o
.

thinkers have sought t o attain a sim ilar result not

”
,

fo r la nd and agriculture b u t for all means O f

, _

“
I n hi s L oo king Backward a book ,

great impression about a quarter o f a

t h e a ut h or Ed wa r d Bell a m y ga v e 3
, , .
 2 THE INCAS AND THEI R I NDUSTRIE S

concise description of his system to n a tionalise wealth

as far as industry is concerned He assumes that " .

“
Th e nation organised as the one gr e at business
corporation in whi ch all other corporations were
absorbed it became the one capitalist the sole ,

employer the final monopoly in the profits and

,

economies of whi ch all citizens S hared In a word the .

,

people Of the United States concluded to assume the

conduct Of their o w n business just as they had a s ,

sumed the conduct of their own government o r ga n is ,

ing n o w for industrial purposes on precisely t h e same

grounds that they had organised for p Olit ic a l pur
poses .

Bellamy further asserts that entrusting commerce

and industry to private persons and irres ponsible
corporations and syndicates i s a folly si milar I n kind ,

"th ough va stly greater in magnitude to that of sur

”
,

rendering the functions O f political government to

kings autocrats and nobles
, ,
.

The Peruvians of the twelfth century probably

never dreamed of interfering with the ac t ion s o f th eir
Inca s but submitted to any regulations these kin gs
,

decided to make and a c c e pt e d t h a t about t h e e qu a l

”
,

partiti o ns Of the la nd Anyway this attempt t o

.
,
“
institute é galit é perhaps with fraternit é but
, ,
“
without libert é shows the sp i ri t by whi ch the
,

Incas were guided an d whi ch formed the basis Of

,

their government until they were conquered and

despoiled O f all power by the Spaniards many genera-
,

tions later who a l SO d estroyed Peruvian civilisation

,
‘

and wealth .

In con sequence of t hi s ruthless warfare it i s ex

t r e me ly di f
fi cult to investigate Peru S hi story her l a ws
’
, ,

her municipal o r communal government industries , ,

a nd custom s Th e I ncas left no written records

.

about the greater part O f their hi story the Peruvi a ns

being therefore SO far a prehistoric p e
, ,

W h om knowledge can only be arr i ved at b

'
 P l at e I I

YLP
C C O L PALAC
EA N W A L, E o r TH E IN CA CCA
RO ,
c uz c o

(F ro m S Q U I ’
ER S Pe ru )
 INCA RU L E AND SPANI SH WARFARE 3

Specimens o f their pottery textiles and other

, ,

objects have however been collected and these give

, , ,

here and there a clu e t o the wonderful civilisation Of

thi s r e markable people They came to light I n recent
.

times through excavations in Peru and fortunately

,

could be secured for the nation and are now in the

,

Br i tis h Museum accessible to the general public

,
.

They seem not only t o form a convincing and

rel iable confirmation Of previous conj e ctures as to the
idolatrous form O f the Peruvians religion but also give
’
,

an idea Of their warlike habits and peculiar customs It .

ma be considered useful to precede an account of this

collection o f pottery by some rema rks about the
country itself and the places wh ere the s e Obj ects were
,

foun d.
 CHAPTER I I

P H Y SI CAL A SP E CTS

S far as Peru s hi story iS k n o wn her frontier s

’ '

varied a good deal in the course o f time .

Originally the country was onl y two hundred '

and fift y miles long and S ixty wi de but the I ncas ,

conquered vast territories luntil in it h e S ixteenth

, ,

century their kingdom during the period Of its ,

hi ghest prosperity comprised the n o w indepe ndent

,

republics of Ecuador Bolivia and Northe rn Chile a s

, ,

well as the I mmense wooded tracts along the Amazon

and its tributaries o f which even now only little is
,

known .

Pe ru as we k now it covers about S ix h undred and

, ,

e igh ty thou s and square miles with a coast line al ong

,
-

the Pacific of some one th ousand three hundred and

fifty m iles and inland fronti ers giving a width varying
, ,

from thr e e hundred to seven hundred m iles Thes e .

latter frontiers were arranged at di fferent times and

by var i ous agreements frequently amended as gr a dii a ll y
,

the country becam e better known and was more

accurately surveyed The oldest of t h e se a gr e e me n t s
. a
'

is the frequently revised Treaty O f San Ildefonso

( 7 7 7)
1 between Peru and Brazil wher e as as recent l y ,

a s 1 9 1 3 British Offi cers Surveyed the bord e rs between

Peru and Bolivia Even thi s su
.

unsettled
repub lics .

o f course ,

dyked in these advantages are more or less theoretical

, ,

as floods Oft e n al ter its course and dens e forests

fr e qu e ntly make e xp l oration difficult .
 Pl a te I V

U PP ER T ER R AC E F T
,
OR R ES S O I" O L I A N T A Y T A M B O

L OW ER T E R R AC E S O LL A TAY T AM BO
N

( F r o m S o uth A me r ic a n A r ch a eo logy b y k i n d p e rmis i on

, s o fth e A u th o r , MR . T A " OY
. . C E
)
 P l at e V

SUN-C R I CLE , SILLUSTANI .

( F ro m Q
S UI E R
’
S Pe r u H a rp re c h B ro th r
e s, N ew Y or k )
 PH Y S I CA L ASPECT S

But howe v e r i mpos i ng these tr e m e ndous r iver s b e

, ,

Peru S outsta n di ng featur e d e termining t h e aspect o f

’
,

the country as well a s th e life and c h aracterist i cs Of th e

populati on are her mounta i n s the Andes that —
, ,

trem e ndous range runn ing across th e Wh ole continent

o f South America o n an average about t welv e t h ou s and
,

f ee t high and for th e gr e ater part cov e red wi th

, , ,

e t e rnal s now .

I t is inter esting in t hi s conn e cti on t o quot e th e

’
words of one o f Britain s prominent men I n hi s .

work , South America " O b s ervations and Im "

pre s sions ( L ondon . L td . .

Lord ( then Mr "ames) Bryc e says o n page 5 about

.
,

P e ru
“
Th e fo re gr o u n d o f wandering s a nd and black
'

'

s ton es the s ense Of s olitude and Of boundle s s spac c a

, ,

spac e useless t o man a n d a s olitud e h e can nev er

’

people the grimnes s O f t h ese bare walls Of rock and

,

pinnacles o f untrodden snow r i sing o u t Of a l and with

neither h ouse n o r field n o r flower no r animal life but ,

only t wo lines of steel r u nning across the d ese rt floor ,

would h ave been t errible w ere it n o t fo r the exquisite

richness and variety o f th e c o lo ri rs I n th e for egrou nd .

the black roc ks and the myriad glitt e r o fs and crystals

were s h arp and Clear The t i nts w e re more del icate .

o n the red h ills beyond and th e stern severity o f the ,

precip ic e s in th e far background was softened into

tendern es s by d i stance The su nl ight th at burne d .

upon the se lines o f iron and danced in waves o f he at

upon th e r ocks se emed t o bring o u t o n all t he nearer
hills and all the distant crags varieties Of hue some ,

tim e s contrasted som e times blending i nto o n e anoth er

, ,

for wh ic h one could find no names for pink mel t ed ,

into l ilac and Vi olet into purple Tw o month s later

, .
,

in the forests o f Brazil we we r e t o s e e what the sun o f

”
,

the tropics do e s in st iniula t in gan exuberant life he r e

we sa w wh at beauty he can gi ve t o s ter ili ty .

T h e An d e s div i d e i nto t wo l a rg e p ar a llel ar ms ,

6 TH E I NCAS AND THEI R I NDUSTRIE S
connected by transverse ranges SO called ,
-
Knots ” .

Wh ereas the main arms enclose the tablelands the ,

Knots form basins in these lands O ne Of th ese .

basins lies twelve thousand five hundred feet above the

sea between the Cuzco Knot in Peru a t
, SL ,
. .

and the Potosi Knot in Bolivia at 2 2 S L it is thr ee °

. .

hundred and S ixty miles long and o n e hundred wide ,

and contains the sacred lake Of Titicaca .

This is undoubtedly o n e Of the most rem arkable

freshwater s eas in the w orld and the largest lake in ,

South America Near the south ern bank are t w o

.

sm a ll islands O f which the one Titicaca was dedicated

, , ,

to the Sun and the other Coati to the Moon Many

, , ,
.

Inca remains are found here of wh ich a Convent o f the ,

Virgins of the Sun is still in good preservation The .

lake has not y et been surveyed and di fferent travellers ,

give different estimates varyi ng between one hundred ,

and S ixty fiv e and one h undred and twenty miles for

-

its length and between sixty th ree and thirty eight

,
- -

miles for its width H owever its size must have .

,

decreased considerably for the ruins Of Tiahuanacu , ,

the ancient C ity built on its S hore are n o w at some

, ,

distance from it and thi s may account for the di ffer e nce
,

in the measurements given above .

I t receives the water of several small r ivers and ,

discharges its own into the river Desaguadero Its .

water has a bad taste but contains a g reat var i ety of

,

fish and C onsequ ently l arge numbers Of waterfowl live

,

here Th ese form the main food for the s mall p o pul a
.

tion o f mountaine ers for cereals cannot ripen at t hi s

,

high altitud e o nl y green barley used for fodd er

, ,
.

North o f the Titi caca tableland and th e Cuzco

Knot is a t a distance of four hundred and forty miles
, ,

the Pasco Knot " Between these two knots and the
"

converging Andes chains lies over eleven thousand feet ,

above sea level the plateau o n whi ch Cuzco Peru s ’

~

, ,

anci e n t capita l i s built ,

.

I t 18 cl ear from the a b ov e th at t he coun try may b e

 Pl at e V I I

B R I DG E O F
,
IH L A P UR IM A C

(F r o m SQ U ’
I r111 s Pe r u )
 PHY SI CA L ASPECT S
d ivi ded into th ree longitudinal regions " the sandy
coast the mountains and the Eastern Amazonian
, ,

S lopes O f the Andes .

The coastal region between the Andes and t h e

Pacific 13 a desert intersected by rivers running into the
sea About half of these do not reach the snow line
.
,

with the unavoidable result that except during the ,

rainy sea s on they are dry from "une to September

, ,

when there 13 also much fog called G arnua ,

‘‘
.
’

The heat and dryness are greatest from November

till April and next t o no vegetation is possible in the
,

deserts between the rivers deserts that have sometimes -

a width of seventy miles Fertility is only found in .

the valleys along the banks of those rivers that have a

,

constant supply of water because they o r rgl n a t e high ,

up in the Andes in the snow line Here one finds .

abundant sugar cane cotton vine Olives and large , , , ,

forests .

The second region o f the three that O f the moun ,

tains the Andes themselves forms about o n e fourth

, ,
-

Of the country It is called the Sierra and consists

.

Of enormous Chains O f mountains high lying tablelands ,

-

O f tremendous S ize deep fertile va l leys and rav i nes

, ,
.

The third and eastern part is the exact and com

p l e t e Opposite Of the first Although it is called the .

“
Montana it does not contain the mount ains
,

th emselves but only their slopes descending into the

, ,

plains O f the Amazon I t i s mo i st and fertile and .

absolutely tropical Its low lying plains are full Of

.
-

dense forests through which large rivers run all ,

ending in the Amazon that carries their water into ,

the Atlantic Here grow the rubber trees o n whose

.
,

account t h e boundary commissions are busy Cacao .

,

co ffee sugar cane and manioc are grown here Peru

,
-
.

is moreover the country from which two famous and

, ,

—for medi c al pur oses — useful drugs are Obtained

p ,

cocaine and quin i ne for the coca from wh ic li , ,

cocaine is extracted and the chinchona whose bark

.

, ,
,
8 THE I NCAS AN D THEI R INDUS TRI ES

provi des the nine grow her e Th e Indians wh e n

they are travelli ng also use the c oca leaves mixed with
.
, ,

, ,

a little lime thus providing a satisfying and s u s taining

,

food Whether they themselves o r the "e s uit mi s

.

s io n a r ie s
“ ”
discovered the benefic i al qualities o f the
Peruvian bark seems uncertain but at all event s , ,

th e latter were the first t o send it to Europe fo r which ,

we owe them a great deb t of gratitude .

The mineral wealth of Peru is well known a n d

excited European cupidity from the time the country
was first invaded by the Spaniards wh o possessed ,

themselves of the immense quantities o f gold of the

I ncas The silver mines Of Cerro de Pasco were the
.

richest of all " the Cordilleras de los Andes are rich

in veins of gold copper lead and bismuth whereas a
, , ,

considerable trade is going on in nitrate O f soda .

These mines might be wor ked to much greater

advantage if there were better roads in the mountains .

As it is they are only accessible by mule tracks and over

,

rather frail br idges so that the h eavy mining machinery

,

has no other means of transport than the b acks of

mules and llamas .

With regard to the climate it is O bvious th at it ,

v aries in the three regions At the coast it is unhealthy "

.

“
the tropical lowlands of the Monta n a are h ot " in
the higher regions it is mild " wherea s the hi ghest
mountains are covered wit h eternal snow .

The result is that nearly every crop European and ,

other can be and I s grown here All sorts o f domestic

,
.

stock can be r aised especially S heep o f Eu ropean

,

origin who multiply amazingly The llama i s th e

,
.

nat i ve S heep and also the native beast o f burden but ,

the vicunas and huanacos live in a Wild state These .

are however car efully preserved for th ey give th e

, , ,

most beautiful wool o f admirable finenes s from wh ich ,

the famous textiles of the Inca s wer e woven .

 CHAPTE R I I I

TH E I N CA R UL ER S

ANC O CAPAC and h is s ist e r wife O CCll O -

,

the first Inca King and Queen were said t o ,

b e Chil dren o f th e Sun wh o were ”

sent to ,

Peru by th eir father that they migh t teac h the ,

barbar ian nat ives t o plant maize breed fl ocks bu ild , ,

h ou se s found c i tie s w e av e w ool and other industrie s

, , ,

a nd arts .

Manco Capac wi th h is Q ue e n d es cended from

h eav e n o n th e Island o f Titicaca in th e lake o f that ,

name t he reby making it a sacred sp ot " and after

,

some time the t w o travell e d north acros s th e tab l e ,

land near Cu z co unt il th ey found land soft enough t o

,

drive in th e sc e ptr e o f gold whi ch th eir fathe r th e , ,

Sun h ad g iven them for thi s purpose

,
.

Here in a beautiful valley th ey founded Cu z co

, , ,

the ir capita l .

T hi s legend o n e o f th e many about the orig in Of

,

th e Incas may safely be taken to prove two things

,
.

The first is that the Incas when invading Peru found , ,

there advanc e d civil isation th e second tha t this ,

invas i on took p l ace in prehistor i c ages o f whi ch th ere

are n o records as t he s e are u s ually understood Proof .

fo r th e f i rst may be found in the immens e s tructure s ,

m e ga l it h iC a n d otherwi se on t h e mainl and n e ar t h e

'

Island o f Titicaca probably erected l ong b efor e th e

,

Inca rule .

And a s Spa n ish c hronic lers r elate t h e Inca s see m

, ,

t o have bu il t o n th e foundations o f C iv ili sat i on wh ich

t hey fou n d Th ey promot e d agr i cul ture introduc e d
.
,

t h e c ul ti v a ti o n o f u s eful crops ta ught t h e p e op le t o ,

to TH E I NCA S AND THEI R I NDUSTRIE S
bu ild terraces o n the slopes o f the mounta i ns and ,

ini tiated a system of irrigation co n veyin g the water by

,

extens ive aqueducts to the coast and other parts where

the soil suffered from drought and the dryness Of the
climate h indered vegetation .

These developments necessitated legislation and ,

the Incas became great la w givers as well They kept

-
.

“
in being the local village communities the Ayllu s ,

which they found in the c onquered country and ,

through these carried on husbandry in a more or less

communistic way The distribution of the land in
.

equal shares has already been referred to They .

rationed the allotment holders with regard to the

quantity of water each was allowed by the overseers .

These local overseers also sa w to it that no land was

left uncultivated and no t e rr a c e s a llo w e d m fall into
,
v

decay in the same way as during the l a t e w a r British

, .

farmers were controlled by government Officials and

—
if necessary punished .

SO idleness unemployment and poverty were

,

unknown and certainly not encouraged or endowed

,
.

If c alamities destroyed crops the victims were sup

port ed from the village stores to which each inhabitant
,

had to give part of his harv e st If illness or Other

.

causes prevented a man from doing his work his neigh ,

bours were obliged to come to the rescue and till ,

the land for him .

To S how how great an importance the government

attached to agriculture and husbandry the Inca ,

ploughed the land on the day of the great festival of

the Sun O n these occasions he used
.

and thereby S howed that tilling the ea

worthy O f the Chil dren Of the Sun .

I t was perhaps only natural that these Children o f

the Sun considered themselves a superior race being ,

o f divine descent forming a separate caste who a c

,

quired su "e r io r learning and thereby secluded them

selve s still more from the common population they
,
 P l a t e V I 1I

L OO" I NG A C
R OSS TH E BR IDGE .

(F ro m S Q UI ’
ER S Pe r u )
 P l at e IX

(Ph t o o , Un d e r wo o d

IN CA W A LL I VI T II NI C H E " CU C " O

(F ro m S o th A m r i c
u e an A rc ha ’
o lo
gy ,
by M T A
R . . . "O YC E )
 CHAPTER IV

LAW AN D RELI C I O N

G RAR IAN and oth er So c Ia l laws give the

measure of a nation s civilisation " the
’

criminal laws a n d the punishments prescribed

t h erein indicate h o w far it has progres se d from
savagery and barbarity .

A very important soc i al law obliged every Peruvian

t o marr y at a certain age wh ereas t h e community
,

provided the
M couple with a house and a plot f
‘

y o

land wh i ch increased o r decreased annually according

,

t o the n u mb e r o f childr e n born or leaving the paternal

‘

roof The Incas did not believe in q I a l rights for

'

m e n and w om e n for the allotment for a so n was

’

double Of tha t a ll owed for a daughter Wher ea s .

,

monogamy wa s the rule it was not co mpulsory the

,

Incas and Nobles were allowed to have a great many

wives and had in consequence SO many C hildren that
,

th e se marr i a ges not only must have b ecome agrar i an

qu e stion s but als o made them a considerable f a ct o r o f
,
’

the community in other ways There a r e a c c o h n t s O f

.
'

famil i es of seven hundred wives a n d t w o t o thr e e

hundred c hil dren .

Probably there was a sufficient fixit y o f t e nure ,

notwithstanding the annual redistributions for as ,

neglect Of th e land was a criminal

o f ev i ction must have occurr e d 0

and it may be a s sumed th at th e

fact a tenant for life .

The cr i minal law wa s a much cruder product o f

,
”
l egi slature and m i h t h a ve s atisfied the Q ueen in
Al i c e i n Won de rland Capital p unish ment w a s
.
 P l at e X

N ICH E I N TER R A CE WA LL S OF TH E COL COMPA TA .

I NC A DOOR -W A Y, C U" CO.

r m S Q UI E R r )
’

( F o S Pe u
 Pl at e X I

DOOR-W AY S .

G A TE W A Y
- T Y—F
AT C EME ER RONTV I EW .

(F r o m S Q UI E R S P r u )
’
e
 L AW AND RE L I G I O N

th e greate s t d e terr en t from rep e ated crime " theft ,

adul tery murder burning o f a bridge o r a house

, , ,

turning a neighbour S wa ter into o n e s o wn irrigation

’ ’

—
sy s tem th ey w e r e all puni s hed by los s Of life .

Rebelli on in town o r provinc e wa s followed by

deva s tation o f t h e place o r d is trict a n d ext ermin a ti on
o f t h e population .

L ife was primitive " every fam il y wa s self susta i ning -

o r nearly so there wa s n o trade n o coinage and

, ,

hardly any real estate SO n o laws were n e c e s s ary

.

regulating those matters .

The j udicature was equall y simple Each town .

and community had its o wn tribunal wi th j urisdiction ,

o n small O f fences imp ortant cases were dealt with by

superior j udges But every case had to be settled
.

Withi n fi ve days and returns sent to Cuzco th e seat

, ,

Of the ce n tral government At regular intervals the

.

local courts were visited by inspectors wh o Che ck e d ,

these returns and exa min e d th e magistrate s or judge s ’ ’

find i ngs a nd sentences Any member o f the Benc h

.

wh o wa s found t o have made a j udicial mistak e was

subj ected to the sentence th at h e ought t o hav e pro
n o unc ed and in such a cas e th e criminal went scot
,

free Thi s may h ave induced th e judg e frequ e ntl y t o

.

gi ve defe n dant the benefit of the doubt .

SO much fo r the law .

No t much more is know n o f the Incas religi on and

’
,

it may be doubted wheth er th e accounts given by

— —
Spaniards perb a s bigoted are entirely r eliable .

Fo r an a gr ic u tural com munity it was onl y natural

t o worsh ip the Su n a s the Supreme Deit y the source ,

o f light and warm t h the ultimate director Of t h e fate

,

of man the father o f the f ounders o f the Inca empire

,
.

Every village and ever y C ity h ad its temple o r temples

dedicated t o the Sun with their altars on which i t is
,

asserted even human beings wer e burnt a s o fi e rin gs .

Next to t h e Sun came his sister wife the Moon -

, ,

and furthe r the Star s T hu nd e r L ight ning a n d the

, ,
14 TH E I NCAS AND THEI R I NDUSTRIE S

Rainb ow the royal emblems w orked in the banners o f

,

the Kings as the beautiful em a nation from the Sun and

h i s divin e glory .

Minor meteorological and physical p h enomena a l s o

came in fo r their share of worship " the Winds the ,

Mountains the Rivers but not nearly so much as the

, ,

Sun .

Blasph e my agai nst the Sun and cursing t he Incas ,

the deity S offspring were sins punished with deat h

’
, .

There was Of course a clergy whose head was the ,

H u illa c Umu o r High Priest the next in rank and

1
, ,

status to the Inca from among Whose brothers o r next

,

o f kin he was usually c hosen Th e minor clergy were .

also descendants o f the sacred race of Incas 3and in ,

1
Cuzco alone it is said there were over four thousand of
these priests .

The church rituals seem to have been very complex

and elaborate and there were religious festivals in eac h
,

month O f these the grandest was the R a ymi t h e

.
, ,

festival O f the L ongest Day the Solstice and next , ,

came those Of lt h e two e quinoxes in March (and Sep

tember Sundials lo f var i ous sorts were used by the
.

priests t o watch the Sun and as a rule they used a ,

column o n a platform to observe wh en exactly t he

Stonehenge ”
Sun rose due east and set due west Very l i k ely the
arrangement near Tiahuanaco was
.

also erected in connection with these o r Sim ilar

astronomical Observations .

I n how far th e educated and learned among t h e

I nca priests had a conception O f a Creator wh o made
the Sun and wors hi pped the latter as a symbol o f the
,

former is a matter for conj ecture but the masses

, ,

probably saw the Cr e ator in t h e Sun itself .

 P lat e XI I

M UM M Y F ROM T II E COA T A C
S ,
N ON "
a ft e r R e is s a nd S t u b e l"

o mS o th A m r i c n A rch o logy b y k i
u e a ae ,
nd pe r mi ion
ss f
o t h e A u th o r ,
MR . T . A "O
. YC E )

P VIAERU N MUMMI ES .

( F ro m S QU ’
IE R S Pe r u )
 Plat e X I II

LA
CH U P , OR B UR
. IAL T- OW ER .

(F ro m S Q U I ER S
’
Pe r u )
16 THE INCAS AND THE I R I NDUSTRIE S

from wh at might h ave b ee n th e cons e qu e nc e O f the

c ivil war wh ic h probably w ould hav e resulted in a
,

d ivision o f the country eac h par t following its o wn ,

O me n t that would most lik ely have carri e d

p ,

Peruvian civ ilisa t ion to the hi gh est point o f Am er i can

abor iginal culture .

But t his was not to b e d evastati on took the place

Of C ivilisation Of which Peru s architec tural remains are ’

t h e surviving proofs .

There are two sorts of these r e mains in Peru ,

the older ones from the times before the Incas ,

m ilestone s on t h e road o f progress pla c ed there i n an ,

early and comparatively rude past .

—
Besides the elab orate remains o f Tiahuanaco that ,

are almost as admirable as those o f Assyria Egypt , ,

G reece or Rome there are analogous structures t o

,

those of Stonehenge in England and Carnac i n

Br i ttany remains occupying the r e mote s t place in
,

monumental history .

The rude sun c ir c l e S o f Sill u st a n i almost under th e

‘

-
'

sha dow O f the finest Inca structure ar e very like ,

those in England Denmark and Tartary ,

.

There are only v ery fe w o f t h e s e ol d er rema i ns

l eft for the I ncas ruled over a steadily inc reasin g
,

population occupying a very restricted inh abitable

,

and ara ble area Necessity compelled t h em t o use

.

every square foot for food production and h e nce they ,

were oblig e d t o disrega rd utterly the traditions and

monument s t h e te mples a nd cemeteries that stood in
,

the way o f land development .

I t is a c o u n t ry o f whi ch the fert ile part is sur

,

rounded by deserts and m ountain s wh ere ,

o f grass ever y stalk of corn is valuable "

‘
-

that t h e Inca s did not respect the rude st r uc t ufe s ,

u b lic o r private O f thei r predecessors

,
about Wh om ,

it t l e is known in consequenc e Th e wonder i s th at .

n o t everyt h ing h a s disa pear ed

p .

Ga r c ila sso is t he pr i nc ipal Spani s h a ut h orit y wh o ,

 Pl at e X I V

P ER U V A N P TT Y
I O ER

( I n th e A u th or co lle c ti on )
'

TABIBOURI NE- PLAY ER .

(F ro m S Q U IER S
’
Pe r u )
 P l at e X V

P E RU VIA N

P F R IIV IA N I’ OI T F R Y P VIAN POTI ERY

ER U
’

( I n th e A u th or ’
s c o ll c t o
e i n )
 ARCH I TECTURA L REMAI NS
recorded what he was told b y th e son o f an Inca
.

moth er about their ancient history customs traditions , , .

But there is no possibility Of checking either the relia

bilit y of his sources o r his o w n as a chronicler It is .

“
known that the SO c a lled Ama u t a s taught t h e
-

ancient history in the sc h ools o f Quito but it is

”
'
,

also known how carefully su Ch O r a l records must be

sifted They used quipus 0 1 knotted cords prob
.
,
"
,

ably for recording o f dates and numbers but even

"

this is n o t certain and these qu ipus were decidedly

,
‘

inferior t o th e a in t e d records o f the Mexicans o r

the probably sylla b O phonetic wr itings of the in h a bi
,
-
, ,

tants o f Central America .

In no way d o they provide reliable evidence an d ,

since written or graphic documents d o n o t exist ,

architectural monuments become O f the greatest valu e

fo r the knowledge o f Peruvian history .

The remains o f the great fortresses at Olla n t a y

tamb o and Pisac give an indication Of the mil itary
positions " ruins o f towns confirm the tradition t hat
they were founded o r destroyed by some Inca These .

t w o fortresses and to wns and remains o f great public

, ,

works S how that the Incas must have rul ed a population

both numerous and industrious They also give an .

insight into their profici e ncy in t h e sciences .

The ruins o f the v illages and th eir sites i ndi cate

h o w dense the populations must have been aqueducts
and reservoirs point t o th e effi ciency o f their agr i
, ,
“
c ul tural system as bridges roads and tambos o r , ,
”
stores tell the story Of intercommunications There
,
.

a re some prisons ,
telling their Own tale and ruins o f ,

str uctures indicating that they may have been built

fo r the purp o se o f executions and gi ving a clear idea
,

o f th e way in which these were performed .

W ith regard to the conditi on o f the masses there ,

is eloquence in the absol u te absence o f any rema ins o f

the dwell i ngs o f the common people These dwellings .

w ere evide n tl y n o t bu il t fo r th e ages an d even n o w ,

18 TH E I NCAS AND THEI R IN D UST RIE S
‘

Bryce found in Cu z co mud huts wi th grass roofs .

The ruins of the i r c h ul p a s and tomb s prove their

belief in a future life and resurrection What is found
.

there gives an idea Of their household utensils and

implements and the texture Of their garments There
.

were found also the various specimens o f pottery n o w

,

placed in the British Museum .

 CHAPTE R VI

IN DU ST R Y

NLY a few more remarks are neces sary befor e

proceeding to deal with some urns vases and, ,

bowls found in Peruvian cemeteries pyra ,

mids and palace s I t was explained tha t Peru s coas t al

.
’

region i s inte r sected by Valley s and rivers where i s ,

found the clay the raw material fo r t h e potter s in

,
’

du st r y
. That industr y could n o t exist and dev el op in
the eastern mountainous and roc ky part a s clay is n o t
,

found in those regions .

Thi s explains how the ancient buil dings along and

near th e coast are built o f sun drie d bricks ( adobes)
'
-

and also proves that the i r arc h itects were not th e Incas ,

but the Chi mus w h o in h abited the coastal regi on long

,

before t h ey were conquer e d by t h eir more warlike

eastern neigh bours .

Whether the Incas r e mov e d the pott ers th e ms elve s

t o th e i nland , to let t h em d o t heir work there o r h ad ,

the fin i sh ed articles s e nt up i s a matter o f conj ecture

,
.

Possibly the bulk Of th ese art i sans stayed where they

found an abundance o f raw mater i al t o Work o n ,

wh ereas a fe w cam e t o Cuzco and these few may h ave

been th e best and able st workmen among th e m wh o ,

wou l d find th ei r craft more highly valued in th e ar is

t o c r a t ic C ircles o f the Inca s capital tha n among the
’

sii n l e r dw el l e rs a l ong the coast

p .

Anothe r poi nt s h ould n o t be l ost sight o f a n d t ha t

,

is the s i m il arity betw e e n Chimu and Peruvian art a nd

tha t o f var ious anc ient re ma ins in th e so c a lle d O l d
.
a-
 TH E I N CAS AND TH EI R I N D UST R I ES
‘

20

The re are the truncated pyramids bu ilt o f bricks "

t here is t h e absence o f th e arch in their architectural
co n struct i ons in consequence o f which for instance
, , ,

doorways gates and n iches in O lla t a yt a mb o Co l

, ,

compata and oth er places re s emble Old G reek s t r uc

tur es such a s th e famous gate at Argos Further the
,
.
,

ornamentations o f vases and b owls resemble s o strongl y

those Of th e G reek that it is d ifficult t o believe that the
t w o c a me into ex i stence and developed independentl y
o f each ot h er .

And t h en t h ere are t h e faces into whi ch some o f t h e

vases are moulded The s e h ave more often than n o t a .

Caucasian type where as in some cases the expression

, ,

0 1 lack of expr ession a n d a t t it u d e of arms and h ands

" '
x
,

re mind o n e of Buddha images

"

'

. .

A n other peculiar fe a t u r e o f t h e vases an d j ars in

'
r

the shap e o f huma n forms is that the artist gave

,

great attention to t h e face The same may be .

noticed in t h e a ii c ié n t Egyptian images o f t h e var i ous

gods and godde s es " the face is treat ed with great
-
s

care b u t t h e arms and l egs a s well a s the trunk ar e

,
.
, ,

dealt With i n a more o r less S ketchy manner .

All t hi s seems t o point t o the possibility if n o t even ,

probabil i ty o f a lively intercourse between Peru and

,

2,
ot h er parts Of the O ld W orld wh i ch O ld W orld ,

may have appeared a new o n e t o the Ch imus wh os e ,

civ ili sation is considered by a rc h a o lo gist s t o be some

(
2 ”
,
yea rs older t h an Our .

Be t h a t a s it ma y " it is obv i ous th at t hr ough t h e

‘
"

pottery we get an idea o f the p e o p le t h e mselv e s by '

whom and for whom it was made " in it we find

faithful records o f nat i onal manne rs and customs
.

mod e lled o n t he vas e s There are depi c t ed .

sp o rtsm e n sa ilors fish erm e n mod es o f punishme nt

, , , ,

c o stum e s o f all sorts t h e p e rson a l orname nts t h e y

‘

,
.

a dorn e d t h emsel ves with t h e fo o d rt h e y used t h e a rms , ,

'
—
th e y fought with nothi ng se e ms it o hav e e sc a pe d t he .

o t t e r s eye
’
T h e y s h ow a ll s ort s o f b i r ds fru i t se a 7
-
p , ,
 P l at e X V II

( F ro m E ls e z i e r
‘
’
s Ge i llu s t re e r d h I a a n a s c h r i a t
’
b y p r mi i on )
e ss

P O T T Y VA
ER SE, P O TT Y T ER R UM P T
E ( S c a le II
I

) ( B r i t ish M use u m)

( F r o m S o u th A me ri n A
ca r c h a z o lo gy by k i d p e r mis s i
,
n on fth e A th or
o u , MR . T A " OY
. . CE)
 I NDUSTRY
f
lio n s, monkey s p e ngu ins fro m th e Sou th , parrots
, ’ ,

llamas lizards frogs and many o t h e r o b j e c t s ever y

, , ,
’
touch by the potter s finger of the soft clay is the
expression of a though t Modern pl ates and dishes .

of uniform pattern and with stereotyped orna

mentation tell o n e v e r y little but the burial mounds ‘

o f P e ru her pottery and her mumm i es , enable one to

,
'

form an idea o f a c ivil isa t io n which h a s n o w p as se d

’ ’

away . r
Ther e is n o doubt that a sim ple vessel made solel y
.

t o hold wat e r gi ves the earlie s t form o f industry s uch

,
-

as a j ar found at Ancon o n the coast n o t far from ,

L ima L ater t h e forms became much more el aborate

.
,

but the first ornamentation was evidently moul ded ,

a s many o f the earlier vases are Stamped wit h Sh el ls

and other obj ects found o n t h e sh o r e Thus some ,

.

h ave a h elix into whic h the c l ay h as been press e d a n d ,

anoth er with a scallop shell which forms the body o f ,

the j ar and makes a simple ornament o f some b ea u ty

after thi s the potters went further and produced j ars
in gr ea t variety in the S hape o f fish A fish being a .
,

more o r less hard obj ect could be easily moulded in ,

the clay but they w e re n o t so successful wi th birds

, ,

and it is d i ffi cult t o know which birds t h e j ars are

intended t o r epresent Although by their fau l ty .

workmans h ip th ese pr i mitive bird j a r s imp r e ss o n e as

'

a step downwards they are really a step ii wards as ,

the pot t er has given up the s t a m e d j mo u d i ng and

-

taken t o mod el ling by h and The pr s t resul ts are n o t .

v e ry good but they ar e a grea t advance towards the

,

l a ter elaborate designs .

Many of the j ars found in the coastal r e gion have a

‘

bifurcated spout whi ch is in fact a distinctive mark o f

,

t h e coast pottery The s e j ars are also very S imple

. ,

but even h ere o n e finds a small animal sitting in the

"

angle o f the S pout it sh o ws h o w e v e n in those early h

d ays they loved t o ornament everyth ing" I t h a s been

,

t h o u
gh t t h a t t h e mor e in tr i cate s p outs we r e t h us m a d e
22 TH E I NCAS AND TH EIR I NDUSTR I E S
.

o f c r ee ping anim als finding th e ir w ay i nto the

j ars and
, also for the purpose of stopping evaporation .

Thi s Coast pottery appear s t o have led to an

alt eration o f th e form of the j a r from the fla t o r round
b ottomed t o the point footed shape as many have
-
,

been found in t hi s form As the Peruvians were .

usually squatting o n the ground near ly a ll j ars r e p r e

,

senting human figures have this form and even the

.
,

mumm i es have a similar attitude I t i s probable that .

th e nativ e wh en resting had Such j a r fill ed with some

, ,

b ev erage b efore him t o quench his t h irst and as the

,
'

c oast region was all S a nd a point footed j ar would

,
-

stand even better than a fi at bottomed o n e I n the .

rocky ground o f the Sierras t hey would be o f little use ,

and yet some h ave been found inland whi ch sugges ts ,

that there the point foote d j ar was put to some oth er

-

use I t is also possible that t h e p o in t e d fo r m w a s

.
‘ "

useful for heating the contents over a fire -

.

Another t e of j ar h as two openings conn ec ted

by the m in some of the vases with only o n e
—
openi ng the b od y is double the t w o vases b eing
connecte d at the bottom the upper pa rt serving as a
,

han dl e O ne o f these known as the man eatin g his

‘

.
,

lunch i s n o w in the Smithsonian Coll e ction at W ash

,

in gt o n .
 Pl at e X V II I

CA V R ED S T ONE V L C
ESSE ,
L A C P TT Y T U X LL
U AC O . 2 —5 , B " O
’

ER " R I O .

6 ,
7 , 8, R ED P TT Y T U LL ( I t h A th or co ll c tion t t h
O ER " R XI O n e u
’
s e a e

B r i ti h M u u m ) s se

( F ro m S o th u A me r ic n
a A r c h wo l o gy , by k i d p n er m i s s ro n f
o th e A u th or ,

MR . T . A . " YC )
O E
 Plat e X I X

P ER U V AN P T S
I O

A u th or col le ti on h owi g i ncr i g r ti ti c b il ity

’
s a
( In th e s c ,
s n ea s n a

of th e ma k e rs )
 IN D UST RY

There are a great many o f these double j ars with a

great variety o f figures Some o f these known as .
,

whistling j ars are so constructed that the handle

,

passes from the spout o n o n e side t o a similar proj ection

o n the other o n whi ch the head o f a bird o r other
,

animal is represented The filling o r emptying of the .

ves s el produces a sound like the piping of a bird the ,

cry o f some animal o r the human voice according to

, ,

the head on the j ar In the death like stillness of the

.
-

desert regions even a W histling j ar was probably a

desirable companion .

The Peruvians n O d o ub t h ad a taste for music

,
'
, ,
like the natives o f all tropical countries The sun .
,

setting soon after six o clock is gone for about twelve .

’
,

h ours and this all th e year round this gives rather a

,

long evening and music song and an occasional dance

, , ,

w ould vary the monotony In an y case there are ma ny

musical instru m
.
,

ents represented on the j ars such as ,

tambourines beaten with a stick and trumpets ,

.

Fo r the purpose of dancing the y had various

instruments There wa s the drum or caj as made of
.
, ,

”
llama skin the gwena a sort of flute " Pandean
ipes made of reeds " the lyre a stringed instrument
,

like a guitar or banj o " and on grand occasions they

, ,

used the clarion a long reed instrument with a sort of

,

bag at o n e end and holes in the mouth s end for fin ger ’

ing in fact a sort o f bagpipe though a Scots piper

, ,

might n o t recognise it as such The Incas evidently .

ruled over a pleasure loving people who liked play -

,

acting and were fond of poetry and recitations They

,
.

used many obj ects for personal adornment necklaces

o f gold silver copper bands for the h ead and bracelets
, , , , ,

ear —rings and finger rings all found in the tombs where
-
,

the mummies o f great people also had precious stones

pierced and strung to necklaces They seemed par .

t ic ul a r ly fond o f turquoise of which a great number ,

are found among the mummy j ewels

Th e j ars a n d t om b s t el l u s a ls o whi c h s h o es they
24 TH E I NCAS AND TH EI R I NDUSTRIE S

wore Probably they mostly went about on bare feet

.
,

but some sort of protection was needed on the stony

ways in the mountains They used sandals o f which
.
,

one was found at Ancon o n the coast It se rv e d a s

.
,
.
’

sole fo r most o f the foo t wear but there were many

,

ways o f fastening them o n Some were quite dres sy

. ,

while the soldiers wore a very strong shoe

1 .

)The general dres s was the poncho,a square piece

o f cloth o r blanket with a hole in the middl e fo r the

he a d t o pass t hrough These p onc h os were of various

.
 26 TH E INCAS AND THEI R I N D USTRIES

Th e j ar s give a lso some id e a o f the dr e s s o f soldiers .

A soldier o n a j ar found at Moche o n the c oast wears

, , ,

a sort of helmet and carries a sma ll shield in his left

han d " he has apparently n o weapon Another j ar
‘

.
,

also found at Mo che shows a warrior fully ready fo r

,

the fray armed with a very form idable club and what
,

would appear t o be heavy ston e s in his left hand and

s—
forearm a forerunner o f o u r pre sent bomb thrower -

o r grenadier .

W e a l so find sporting s cenes o n the j ars O n a

w .

b eautiful j ar found at Santa the sportsman wears th e

, ,

plu med helmet o f a chief H e is running after a .

sp otted animal which looks like a hind bu t m ay be

someth ing else he is apparently about to give it a c o up
d e gr a ce with his spear holding h is club in his other ,

h and ready to str ike I t would rath e r seem as t h ough

.

th e animal were previously driven into a pit o r tra p '

.

H owever it gives us an idea of the weapons they used

, ,

the dress t h ey wo r e and the gam e they went aft er fo r

‘

food .

The Incas may o r ma y not have had much t o d o

wit h the se a but th e coast region was inhabited by an
,

earlier r ace about whom a legend existed that they

ca m
,

e t o Peru on rafts So we find that th e se people.

I had b oats for fishing o r voyages to the gu ano islands

,

t o get manure for the land A j ar found at C hi ma .

“
tells us what the boats and sailors were like By the .

Spaniards these boats were called caballitos they

were made of bundles of rods across whic h t h e boat ,

man sits astride and rowed with a double addle

,
'
.

T h e prow is turned up in front O ther s i m ar j ars .

have been found o n the coast s e ttlements but the ,

Chima j ar shows a rather more solid boat alt h ough the ,

shape is the same Two sailors are seated in this o n e "

.

the man in front is apparently paddling the man ,

beh ind appears to be doing noth ing but there is a ,

r owlock in front o f hi m so p e rhaps he is resting The ,

.

s p out and h a n dl e o f the j ar s urmoun t t h e c e n tral par t

 P la te XX

P T T Y T YP
O ER ES

T R U X I LL O th e Au th or o c ti on
’
lle t th e B r iti h s M u s eu m )
1 2 3 (In s c a .

5 ,
A CA
RI . 6, RE C U A Y N A T U X LL O
E R R I . 7 ,
8, 9, T T CACA
I I .

( F ro m S o th u A m rie ca n A rc h o logy b y
ae ,
MR . T . A . "O YC E )
 Pl at e

W AR R I O R S FI T GH IN G (F r o m a V a se Tr ux il lo )

( F ro m Suo th A mer iac n A r c h wo l o gy , b y k i n d p r i i on

e m ss f
o t h e Au th or ,
T . A "O
. YC E )
 IN DUSTRY
of the boat which gives it mor e o r less the app earance
,

o f a steamer with her funnel .

I t must also be remembered in this c onnection that

Inca Yupanqui is said t o have made an expedition by
sea and to have reached the G alapagos Islands in the
,

Pacific O cean He had a number W . e constructed

'
o f in flated sealskins fastened together and t o o k wi t h ,

him a large detachment o f his army The Inca and .

his men sailed away and disappea r ed below the

horizon It must have been an exciting adventure
.
,

but he returned in safety after an absen c e of n ine

month s Sarmiento believes that he even reached the
.

Solomon Islands but this is doubtful It shows at any

, .
,

rate that the Incas h ad boats fit for a s e a voyage o u t

, ,

and home of at least ,

mil es .

Besides all these dé fi fls the j ars tell us also what ,

sort o f people the Incas were and how they looked , .

There are no pictures left if an y ever existed and we , ,

have only a few rather vague descriptions by Spanis h

writers of the race they conquered and practically
d estroyed Still we know that they were a fine race
.
, ,

brave and hardy and of great intellectual powers t o

,

h ave produced such statesmen and generals and suc h

v ic t o r io u s e r m ie s Fortunately a favou rite form of
.
’

Peruvian pottery wa s like the G reek drinki ng cup the ,

-
,

human head and these are evidentl y not o nly life like
,
-
,

b u t also show much character .

There is for instance such a j ar found at S a nta

, , ,

obviously the portrait of a man of strongcharact er ,

fi e r c e looking and with a hard cruel mo u th

-
,
His ,
.

ears are pi e rced and he Wears ear rings probably o f -

,

gold and he evidently belonged t o the warrior class

,
.

I n another the head is thrown back and t o balance

‘

this weight the face is thrust forward " the nose is

,

well formed " and the lower j aw is strong The s yphon .

handle runs from forehead to crown .

Anothe r even finer head wears a close fit t in g cap -

with heavy fla p s be hind T h e face full o f str e ng th.

,
'
,
28 TH E I NCAS AND THE I R I N D USTR I ES

v igour and d e ter mi nation i s th at o f a ruler o f m e n

, .

Th e s h ap e o f the j ar shows t hat it probably was made

a t Cuzco and it may be the portrait o f some e min e nt
,

personage If he wa s o n e o f the rulers o n e can n o

.

long er wonder at t he moral force they exerci s ed over

the p e ople and the wisdom o f their laws .

Th ere i s another j ar in t he Smithsonian In s ti tuti on ,

obviously the portrait o f a soldier " evidently a b orn

figh ter and determin e d lead e r He wears a h ead dress
.
-

whi c h ma indicate som e hi gh military rank H e

w ea rs t he y
.

arge ear ornaments o f the ruling cla s s and ,

per ha ps h a d l e d t h e Inca s tr 00 ps t o victory But

’
.

ev e n more b ea utifu l and lifelike head s ar e some of

t h o se in t h e Br i tish Mus eum colle ct i on They w ere .

photographed at the Mus eum t o illu s tr a te an art icl e

in the Burlingt on Ma ga z in e fo r April 19 10 Th e ,
.

face s se e m familiar as if o n e might recognise th es e men

,

in the s tre e t if o n e met them o n e fe els th at they a r e

,

lik e somebody o n e knows o r has seen .

5

Most o f them came from the Tombs i n the Chi cam a

Valley in the Chi mu country .

But from the fact that the j ars etc were found
.
, .
,

l o w do wn in the bur ial places o n e must conclud e ,

that n o t many w ere m ade after the Spanish conqu es t

some in d e ed must h ave be e n ma d e t wo
, ,
 Pl at e XX I I

T YP E S OF DWE LL I N GS ON TH E C O AS T r
( f o m Va s e s " T r u x illo )

H UN T I N G S CE N E ( f r
o m a V a se " Tr u x il l o
y )

(F ro m S o th A m r i n A
u e ca r c h ce o lo gy , by in
k dpe r m is s i on f
o t h e A u th or ,
MR . T . A "O YCE )
.
30 TH E I NCAS AND THEI R IND USTRIE S

bla c k w ar e grap hi te wa s us e d T o thes e adm i xtur es a

.

great d eal o f the di fference in colour o f the ware is due ,

but som e thing must be attributed t o the way o f

baki ng the fineness of the paste and its homogeneity
, .

H o w the vases were baked is not known Monsi eur .

Wien er member Of the French expedition in 1 87 5

, ,

records a Peruvian tradition that t h e vases w ere placed

in the mi ddle o f a wall of taqu ia a sort o f dried llama
,

dung whi c h burns with a ver y fierce flam e and t hat

, ,

about h al f a dozen Indians sat round th e fir e blowing ,

th rough long reeds thus producing the required

,

intense heat I t is said that even n o w Indians are

.

occasionally s e en using this process fo r small clay

obj e cts made by themselves for domestic u s e some
, ,

t i m e s simply covering the article they want t o dry with

a fire wh ich i s kept burning for some hours and whi c h ,

seems t o answer the purpose For painting the ir .

vases the potters are said to have mi xed a mineral

colour wi th a li ttle clay which they then stirr e d in a
,

larg e quantity o f water thus acqu i ring a very thi n

,

colouring matter . W hen the j ar w a s half baked a

th in coating w a s applied and the baki ng w a s then
,

fin ish ed In this wa y the colour assim ilat e d itself

.

wi th t h e j ar .

Th e Peruv i ans d o n o t s ee m t o h av e us ed glaz e but ,

w e r e able t o g e t a very fine polish by burni shi ng the

j ars wi th a piece o f wood suitably shaped But the .

favour i t e way o f obta in i ng a pol i sh wa s by rubbing t h e

s urface with the t humb na il a process n o t unknown
-
,

t o sc h oolboys when part o f their e xe r c i s e s r equires

’

era sur e and th e pap er ha s lo s t i ts smoot hn ess i n

,

cons e qu e nc e .

T he pott er s at Cu z co se em t o h ave e xc elled i n

’

giv in g a very fine surfac e t o th eir war es but in t h e ,

coast r egi on o nly th e black wa r e wa s so p o lish e d T h e . .

c o a s t va ses w ere v ery ligh t and del ic a t e whil e t h e ,

inl an d v a se s wer e haps fin er in sh a p e b u t a ll mu c h

~
,

he a v i er it is di cul t t o g ive any re a s o n fo r t his

. ,
 INDUSTRY

difle r e n c e , but it assists to decide in which particular

region it was manufactured Some of the patterns o n .

the commoner vases wer e no doubt applied by moulds ,

many o f which have been found in e xc a vation s in

variou s parts o f the country .

Thi s rapid survey of Peru and h er pottery is in

t e nded t o excite a desire in th e visitor t o th e coll e ction
in th e British Museum for more i nformati on ab out
thi s inter es ting country The literatu re about Peru
.
,

al r eady e xtensive is rapidly growing and the present

, ,

writ e r owe s a debt o f gratitude t o the var i ous authors

o fs c i en t i fic works from which h e gleaned the preceding

r e ma r ks .

P R I N TE D B " TH E A N CH OR P R E S S L TD TI P T B D E , E S S E X , E NG LA
ND .