h e U n c o n sc io u s M in d

T b y A L F RE D T . SC H O F I E L D M D
. .

A u t ho r o f “ T he Spri n g s o f
C har ac t e r

N EW Y O RK : F UN K AN D

WA G N A LLS CO M PA N Y

30 LA F A YE T T E P LA C E 1 90 1
 CO N T E N T S

I N T R O D U CT O RY

CH AP T E R I .

O N MI N D B EL O W

CH AP T E R I I .

S c opm o r M I ND IN M AN

CH AP T E R III .

CO NSCI O US MI N D

CH AP T E R I V.

UN CO N S O I O US M I ND

CH AP T E R V .

RE L A TI O N S O F TH E U N CO N S CI O U S AN D TH E CO N S CI O US

CH AP T E R VI .

UN CO N S CI O U S M I ND AN D H u m .
 C ON T E N T S

C H APT E R VI I .

THE U N C O N S C I O US MI N D AN D I TS Q UA LI T I E S— M E M O RY AN D

S LE E P

C H AP T E R VIII .

TH E U N C O N S CI O US M IND IN TH E C H LD
I

CH APT E R I X .

G E N E RA L P RI N CI PL ES OF U N CO N S C I O U S E D U CA T I O N

CH APT E R X .

TH E U N C O N S CI O US M IND AN D I TS D E T L AI E D E D UCA T ON
I

CH AP T E R XI .

TH E U N CO N S C I O U S M IN D AN D SEN SA T I O N

CH AP T E R XII .

TH E U N C O N S CI O US M IND AN D TH E BO D Y G E NE R A LL Y

CH APT E R XI II .

TH E U N C O N SCI O U S M I N D AN D TH E S PE C I AL S E N SE S—I . SI G HT 26 6

CH AP T E R XIV .

TH E U N CO N S CI O U S M IND AN D TH E S P E CI AL SE N S E S AN D S P E E CH

—I I . H E A RI NG . E T C.
 CO N T E N T S

C H AP T E R X V .

TH E U N CO N S CI O US M IN D AN D TH E M US C U L A R S Y S TE M

CH AP T E R XVI .

TH E U N CO N S CI O U S M IND AN D I T S AC T IO N ON TH E H EA R T , L UN G S,

SK IN , S T O MAC H; AN D IN SE X AN D P
RE RO D UC T I O N

CH APT E R XV II .

TH E U N C O N S CI O U S M IND AN D D I SE A SE

CH A P T E R X VIII .

TH E U N C O N S CI O US M IND AN D T H E RA P T
E U I CS , I .

CH A PT E R XIX .

TH E U N CO N S C I O U S M IND AN D T H E RA P UT
E I CS , II .

CH APT E R XX .

TH E VA L U E OF TH E U N CO N S C I O US M IND

LI S T OF S O ME OF TH E BO O KS Q U O T E D WH I C H A RE H E L PF UL IN

S TUDY N I G TH E S UBJE C T OF
“
TH E UN CO N S C I O US M IND ”
 I N T RO D U CT O RY

TH E ob ect
j of th i s w o rk i s to e stab li sh th e fac t
o f an un c o n sc o u s i mi n d in man , an d t o t ac e
r in
brie f so me its po w e r s an d th e
of va r i o us w ays

in w h i c h the y ar e e x h i b i te d We . sh a l l h O pe to
Sh o w that th i s mi n d is th e se at o f c h arac te r an d
o f c o n sc i e n c e an d th e S i r i t li fe ; th e so u r c e o f
-
p
c o n duc t o f i n sti n c t o f tac t an d th e tho usan d
, , ,

quali ti e s that mak e u s w hat w e are ; the h o me

o f me mo r th u l t i mat ve r n o r an d r u l e r o f
y e
, e g o

all ac ti o n s an d fun c ti o n s of th e b o dy, an d

in e ve ry mo st i mpo r tan t fac to r in o ur

w ay a

py
s c h i c al an d physi c al li fe .

A n atte mpt w i l l b e fir st made to t r ac e so me

th i ng of the daw mi n d amo ng st Pla of
n of n

l o w e r an i mal s an d th e n b r i e fly to w i de n
,

an d de e pe n th e r ad i c al c o n c e pti o n o f T h e me an

ing o f the w o r d mi n d as appl i e d to man so

”
,

as de fi n i te ly to i n c l ude all unc o n sc i o u s s ch c i

py
po w e s r .

We shal l th e n i de r i
c o ns c o n sc o usn e ss — so l o ng
the g o d o f psyc h o l o g i sts— w hat i t i s an d w hat i t
xii IN T RO D U CT O R Y

is n o t ; an d th e n tu n o ur atte nt i o n to the un c o n
r
sc o u s an d S h o w
i that it is pr o b ab l y th e g r e ate r

pa t orf mi n d c o n sc i o usn e ss b e i n g b ut th e illumi

,

n ate d d i sc o n w h i c h atte n ti o n i s r i v e te d o n

ac c o un t o f i ts b r i g htn e ss as if it w e r e all
, ,

w h e r e as w e sh all se e i n th e sh ade s ar o un d

st r e tc h me n tal fac u l ti e s de e pe r w i de r l o fti e r

-
, , ,

an d t u e r r .

We l th e n t r ac e the c o n n e c ti o n o f th e n u
shal

c o n sc i o u s w i th th e c o n sc i o us an d th e b e ar i ng s
,

o f th e o n e o n th e o th e r ; an d Shal l n e x t spe ak o f

un c o n sc i o u s mi n d an d hab i t an d i ts fo r mati o n ,

th e v ar i o u s q uali ti e s o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d ,

an d its ac ti o n in me mo r y an d in l
s eep; an d th e n

w e must c o ns i de r th e g r e at q u e sti o n of th e
e du c at o n o f
i th e un c o n sc i o u s mi n d in man ,
an d

se e k to Sh o w that the t r u e st educ ati o n an d

fo r mati o n o f c ha ac t e
r i ldr e n must in e vit
r in ch

ab l y b e b ase d upo n it an d n o t o n th e c o n sc i o us ;

an d that th e v al u e o f th e u l ti mat e man o r w o man

ac tuall y de e n ds upo n th e c har ac ter an d e x te n t

p
o f th i s e duc ati o n .

We S hall th e n to uc h b rie fly upo n th e c o nn e c w

ti o n o f the un c o n sc i o u s mi n d w i th se n sati o n an d ,

its r u l e o v e r the b o dy g e n e r all y an d the n in de ,

tai l its c o nn e c ti o n w i th spe c i al se nsati o n , th e

 I N T RO D U CT O RY xi ii

musc ular syste m an d th e va ms

r i o us o the r syste

an d o r g an s o f the b o dy i n c l ud i n g th e qu e sti o n
,

o f se x an d r e pr o duc ti o n ; an d l astl y w e mu st ,

l o o k so me w hat c ar e ful l y at it as a g r e at po w e r
in d i se ase an d as a g r e at ag e n t in th e r ape uti c s ,

to uc h i n g h e r e o n th e q u e sti o n o f fai th an d m i n d
h e ali ng so c l o se ly c o nn e c te d w i th i t an d c o n ,

c l udi ng th i s mo n o g r aph w i th a su mmary o f i ts

o w e r s as e stab li sh e d b y e v i d e n c e an d o b se r v a
p
ti o n .

I f it is ask e d w hy i s th i s b o o k w r i tte n an d
,

th i s i n qu i ry i n sti tute d ? th e an sw e r i s 3 th s
221;
1 i .

1s

tw o fo l d
-
F i r st o f all o n ac c o un t o f
.
,
itt wr en .

the g r e at b e ar i ng o f th e qu e sti o n o n man y d i ffe r

e nt b r an c h e s o f sc e n t i i fi c r e se ar c h that ar e of

pr ac ti c al i n te r e st . S e c o n d l y b e c ause th e w h o l e
,

subj e c t matte r o f
-
it is h o tl y c o n te ste d an d v ig o r
o usly d e n i e d b y many sc i e n ti sts at l e ast ,
in thi s
c o un try A s to i ts i mpo r tan c e th e tr ue de fi n i ti o n
.
,

of mi nd is th e c o rn e r -
sto n e o f th e fo un dati o n , or

the k e y-sto n e of th e a c h,
r w hi c h suppo r ts th e
sc e n c e s o f
i p h i l o so h
p y,
m e ta h
p y s i c s a n d ps c h o
y
l og y . I ts e n l arg e d c o nc e pti o n a s h e r e atte mpte d
has mo st prac ti c al b e ar i ng o n at le ast tw o
a

o th e r g r e at sc i e n c e s w i th w h i c h th e w h o l e w e l

far e o f th e r ac e is b o und up : the sc i e n c e o f

xiv I NT RO D UCT O RY

e duc at o n i an d c h i l d t ai n i ngr fo r th e fo r mati o n

o f c ha ac te r r , an d th e sc i e n c e o f th e ape uti c s r .

T ho se wh o have th e pati e nc e to r e ad th e pag e s

w h i c h fo ll o w w il l n atu r all a k h a
Eg g
x ot s w
e
y y
be f
o re .
sub e c t j So g r e at an d so mo me n to us
sh o uld li ttl e di sc u sse d an d tr e ate d
have b e e n so ,

h i th e r to as o f suc h small i mpo r tan c e T he an sw e r .

appe ar s to b e th i s : S o man y psyc h o l o g i sts— th e

h i g h pr i e sts o f th e r e l i g i o n o f mi n d— b e i ng c o m
mitte d so g e n e ral l y t o de ny an d r e fuse any e x
te n si o n o f it o u tsi de c o n sc i o u sn e ss th o ug h the y ,

c ann o t r e fr ai n fr o m w hat Ri b o t c all s

“
a sly
”
lan c e a t th e fo r b i dde n fr u i t c o n si ste n tl i n r
g y g o e ,

the i e x ste n c e of th e U n c o n sc i o u s, the i r pupi l s

natu r all y t r e ad i n g in th e i r ste ps ; w h il e the
h
p ysi c i an of th e pe r i o d, r e v e lli ng in th e mu l ti
l i ati o n an d e l ab o rat i o n o f physi c al me th o ds o f
p c

d i ag n o si s an d e x pe r i me n t is le d to de spi se an d ,

mptu o usl y se t
”
c o n te asi de as o nl fa nc th o
y y se

psyc h c a i l ag e nc i e s w hi c h c an c ur e , if th e y c ann o t

di ag n o se .

I t may b e ask e d, w hy w as n o t an atte mpt

Pre v i o u s mad e S oo n e r t o g i v e th e se un c o n sc i o u s
attempts ‘

fac u l ti e s th e i r pr o pe r pl ac e ? It w as

made d e te r mi n e dl y ye ar s ag o in G e r many, an d

i
s nc e th e n in E n g l an d by me n w h o , to the i r
 I N T RO D UCT O RY xv

ho no ur, un de te rr e d by r i di c ule an d c o n te mpt,

made nob e l an d a
p rt i al l y suc c e ssfu l e f
f o ts t o r
e stab li sh the tr uth . B ut it is on ly n o w that the

m
e n du u
l — S O l o n sw a e d o ve r to the mate r i al
p g y
istic S i de o f th e w o r l d s c l o c k un de r th e pr e ssur e
’

o f H ux l e y an d T yn dall an d o th e r s w h o se g r e at ,

w o rk s o n th i s si de le d all me n fo r a t i me t o fo r

g et a
l mo st th at th e r e w as an o th e r — has b e g u n to
sw i ng b ac k ; an d me n s e ar s are n o w
’
o pe n to
he ar ,
an d th e i r h e ar ts to b e li e v e Spi r i t tru th s,
i lly w he n
e spe c a the y ar e suppo r te d as th e y n o w

are fr o m th e o th e r si de b y th e b e st physi o lo g i sts .

T he psyc h o l o g i c al mo me n t h as w e t r ust arr i v e d , ,

fo r e stab l sh ng
i i th e U n c o n sc i o us on a fi rm an d

l asti n g b asi s , i th the r e su l t that psyc h o l o g y

w

w il l b e r e sc ue d fr o m the c o nte mpt i n to w h i c h it

has fall e n at th e c e n t e s o f r l e ar n i n g , a c o n te mpt

r e al ly due to adh e e n c e
r to an o b so e tel Sh ib
b o le th ; that me di c i n e w i ll o c c upy a hig he r an d

mo r e ph i l o so ph i c al po si ti o n as it co mpr e h e n ds
an d g i ve s du e l
v a ue to the psyc h i c al fac to r in
di se ase an d c u e r fir st ti me ; w h i l e c h il d
fo r th e
c ul tu r e w i l l n o l o ng e r r e mai n th e ha h az ar d
p
-
,

c apr i c i o u s an d c o n t r ad i c to r ta s k i t h a s b e en
y ,

g o v e r n e d ma i n l b
y y t h e m a t e r n al r ul e o f th um b ,

b ut a r e aso nab l e an d n atur al sc i e n c e as it re ,

xvi I N T RO D UCT O RY

i
c o g n se s w hat it i s that has to b e t r ai n e d, an d

th e me th o ds g i ve n us fo r i ts ac c o mpli shme n t .

T he l ast q ue sti o n i ll b e ask e d i s w hy

th at w

th e au tho r a me di c al man un de r tak e s

m
, ,
Why m
th e all th i s T he i mpo r tan c e o f th i s qu e s
.

ti o n w i l l si nk t o in sig nifi c an c e w h e n
'

o nc e th e b o o k is r e ad fo r it w ill th e n b e se e n
,

h o w l ab o r i o usl y i t has b e e n so ug h t to e stab

li sh
e ve ry po i nt an d e v e ry state me n t o n th e au tho r i ty

o f o th e r s w i th th e e ffe c t th at th e b o o k w e ll
,

n i g h appe ar s t o b e li ttl e mo r e than a c o ll e c ti o n

o f e x tr ac ts .

T h e w r i te r h i mse l f c l ai ms n o au th o r i ty H e .

h as b e e n b u t th e ag e n t to c o ll e c t an d arr an g e th e
fac ts h e r e g i v e n in an i n te l li g i b l e se qu e n c e an d ,

h e has b e e n d r i v e n t o th i s task fr o m th e si mpl e

fac t th at b e i ng ,
ah
p y si c i an in c o n stan t c o n tac t

w i th n e ver d i se ase s an d me n tal ph e n o me na he ,

saw ,
fo r man y ye ar s th e man i fe stati o n, o f unc o n

i
sc o us p ow e s r he w as fo r c e d t o rec o g n i se as

me n tal ,
an d ye t fr e qu e n tl y h e fo un d th e state

me n t th at th e y w e r e so w as r e c e i v e d w i th do ub t
an d r i di c u l e H e w . as d r i v e n the r e fo r e to the
, ,

fu r th e r stu dy of the h e n o me n a o f u n
p c o n

i
sc o u s mi n d an d al so o f w r i te r s i n psyc h o l o g
y
an d k i n dr e d i
sc e n c e s, w i th the r e sul t that he
 I N T RO D U CT O RY xv i i

fo un d th e j w ho l e v i g o r sub e c t
o u sly in c h ao s,

d e n i e d an d sc o u te d o n th e o n e han d g r av e l y ,

asse r te d an d as it appe ar e d t o h im pr o v e d u po n
, ,

the o th e r .

A fte r mu c h th o ug h t th e , w r i te r t h e r e fo r e ca me
to th e c o n c us o n l i that i t mi g h t b e so me s li g h t
r i
se v c e t o his day an d g e n e r ati o n if h e w r o te a

b ri e f re vie w of th e e nt i re j
sub e c t in , as far as

po ss ib l e , o th e r an d m o re sc e n t
i i fi c l an g uag e than
his o w n, so as to b r i ng b e fo r e th o ug htful an d

p r a c ti c al m en e s e c i al l y i n his o w n pr o fe ssi o n
p , ,

th e qu e sti o n as to w h e th e r th i s w as n o t i n d e e d
a stu dy w o r thy o f th e i r se r i o u s th o ug h t an d

fu r th e r atte n ti o n .

I f th i s pr e se n t c rude atte mpt th e r e fo r e l e ads t o

th i s an d ab o v e all to th e pr o d uc t i o n o f so me
, , ,

sc i e n ti fi c w o r k o n th e subj e c t b y a mo r e c o m e
p
te n t han d th e w r i te r w ill b e w e l l r e w ar de d
, .

1 41 WE ST B O U R N E T E R R AC E ,

H YD E PA R K , W.
,
1898 .
 C HAP T E R I .

ON MI N D BE L O W M AN .

A CL E AR c o n c e p t o f mi n d mu st b e th e b asi s o f all tr ue
h
p y si o lo g i
-
c o p syc h ic al e duc at i o
,
n an d al so
E la g d n r e

h as a dir e c t b e ari n g i n i ts i ssu e s o n e ve ry pt c onc e

f mmd O
stag e o f lif e ; m o re p ar ti c ul arl y o n th o se
e arli e r p e r i o d s w h e n th e c h ar ac te r i s fo r m e d I t is n o t
.

to o mu c h to say th at tru e e duc ati o n o r tru e c h i ld

cul tur e mu st b e b ase d o n a full an d br o ad c o n c e p t o f
mi n d A n d th i s i s b e c o mi n g o f i n cr e asi n g imp o rtan c e
.

fro m th e gr e at i n te r e st th at i s b e i n g tak e n in th e
d e v e l o pm e n t o f c h ildre n.

T h e re c an b e n o d o ub t th at am o n g st p sych o l o gi sts
th e c o n c e p t i s c h an gi n g an d e n l argi n g T h e c au sal
.

f o rc e at w o rk i s at pr e se n t l arg e l y G e rm an wh e r e th e ,

“
i s pe rh ap s ac c e p te d as th e tru e wi th a gr e ate r
“ ”
ne w

f acili ty th an wi th E n gli sh sci e n ti sts w h o c arry all

,

th e ir n ati o n al sto lidi ty an d d o gg e d n e ss i n to th e i r

studi e s an d still m o v e o n ste r e o typ e d li n e s wi th p r o p e r
,

re v e re n c e fo r e stabli sh e d au th o ri ty .

I n v e stig at i o n s an d i n fe re n c e s are m o re b o ldly pu sh e d

an d m o r e r apidly m ad e abr o ad an d p e rh ap s n o t un
,

fre q u e n tly suppl e m e n te d by th at i n n e r c o n sci o u sn e ss

who se di c ta are alik e i n c ap abl e o f v e ri fic ati on or pr oo f .
2 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D

We h av e , h o w e v e r , i n E n gl an d bl e e xc e p ti o n s to
n o ta

th e r ul e o f
“
f o ll o w my l e ad e r wh o m w e sh all O fte n
- -
,

qu o te b u t wh o m at pr e se n t i t i s n e e dl e ss to n am e
, .

Hi sto ri c ally di sti n gui sh e d me n h av e fro m tim e to

,

tim e striv e n to e n l arg e o ur c o n c e p t b ut wi th i n di ffe r e n t ,

succ e ss fr o m th e w an t o f su pp o r t fr o m th e ph ysi o
,

l o g i cal sid e w h i c h o n l y o f l ate y e ar s h as m ad e much

,

adv an c e an d o n wh i c h all f u tur e p syc h o l o gy mu st

,

b e i n cr e asi n g l y b ase d A d e c id e d imp e tu s fr o m an

.
,

i rre gul ar b u t pro lifi c so urc e h as u n d o ub te dl y b e e n r e

,

c e n tly giv e n i n th e p h e n o m e n a l aid b ar e b y h yp n o ti sm ,

an d i t i s so m e wh at sig n ific an t th at all m o d e r n p syc h o

lo g i sts fe e l c o n str ai n e d se ri o u sly to di scu ss an d e x ami n e

th e se m an if e stati o n s .

A t th e sam e tim e d e lib e r ate e ffo r ts h av e n o t b e e n

,

w an ti n g to c h e ck an d ridicul e all c o n c e p ts o f mi n d th at
e xc e e d e d th e o ld tim e h o n o ur e d d e fi n i ti o n s
-
l e st th e ,

n ew wi n e sh o uld bu r st th e o ld b o ttl e s ; wh il e m an y
p h ysi o l o gi sts so far fr o me x te n di n g o u r h o ri z o n h ave
, ,

so ugh t gr adu ally to limi t all id e a o f mi n d to a fun c tio n

o f m atte r T h u s wh il e th e r e i s g e n e r ally a c o n se n t to
.
,

e x te n d o ur id e as i n m an y qu ar te r s th e y are limi te d in ,

o th e r s e i th e r b y fl at d e n i al o f a n on po ssumus ki n d
, ,

o r b y ph y si o l o gi c al m ate ri ali sm — b o th th o ugh th e o ff ,

spri n g o f di ffe r e n t S c h o o l s b e i n g pr o b abl y e xpr e ssi o n s

,

o f th e n ar r o w n e ss o f o ur th o u g h ts c o mp ar e d wi th th e ,

b re ad th o f o ur subj e c t .

Wi th o u t fur th e r pre fac e th e r e fo re w e will pr o c e e d

, ,

to c o n sid e r th e r e l ati o n s o f mi n d an d m atte r S uch .

u e sti o ns b ri stl e wi th di ffi c ul ti e s an d, lik e u n pr ac ti se d

q ,
4 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

B ut wh ate v e r im age w e may ad o p t w e mu st h o ld fast

to th e tru th th at mi n d an d m atte r are di sti n c t e sse n c e s ,

irre c o n c il abl e i n th e i r n atur e th o ugh m yste ri o u sly ,

acc o rd an t in th e i r o p e r ati o n s th at o n l y i n th e e l e men t

ary pr o c e sse s o f mi n d m ad e up o f se n so ry an d m o to r,

e l e m e n ts h as c o r r e sp o n d e n c e wi th p h ysi c al c h an g e s i n
,

th e br ai n b e e n tr ac e d o ut 1
O r sh all w e fo ll o w P r o .
”

fe sso r W J am e s w h e n h e says :
“
.
,
T h e simpl e an d
r adic al c o n c e p ti o n d awn s up o n th e mi n d th at m e n tal
ac ti o n m ay b e u n i fo rml y an d ab so lu te ly a fun c ti o n o f

br ai n ac ti o n as e ffe c t to c ause
T h i s c o n c e p ti o n h e c o n ti n u e s i s th e w o rki n g
, ,

h yp o th e si s w h i c h u n d e rli e s all th e p hysi o l o gi c al

’ ‘

p syc h o l o gy o f r e c e n t ye ar s’
T o ad o p t o n e th e o ry i s .
”

to b e pr o c l aim e d a d u al ist to ad o pt th e o th e r a ,

m o n i st an d th e f o rm e r po si ti o n i s c e r tai n ly to b e
, .

p r e fe rr e d o f th e tw o ; b ut n e i th e r c o n tai n s th e wh o l e
o f th e tru th th o ugh e ac h c o n tai n s a p ar t
, .

F o r i n stan c e th e ab ysm al di stan c e b e tw e e n mi n d an d

,

“
m atte r i s sho w n in th at w h il e p h ysic al ,
D ta
is a d
nc e n
p h e n o m e n a are p h e n o m e n a I n sp ac e p syc h
£3 222
0”
,

mi d a d
n n ic al p h e n o m e n a are p h e n o m e n a in tim e
matt ” e ”
o n ly
3
fo r it i s a fu n d am e n tal th o u gh t to
,

gr asp th at mi n d c an n o t h av e a se at as i t h as n o t an y
“
,
”

e x te n si o n i n sp ac e h avi n g n o r e l ati o n wi th i t th at w e
,

k n o w o f I t d o e s n o t c o v e r a surfac e o r fill a v o lum e

. .

I t i s o n ly r e l ate d to tim e I n th i s w e fo ll o w o f c o ur se
.
, ,

th e p o pul ar assump ti o n th at tim e an d spac e ar e e sse n ti

1 Sir J C Bro w n e , B ri t M ed i cal J ow mal, 9th O c to b er, 1 897
. . . .

2 W James, P sycholog y, p 6
. . .

3 James Sully, H uma n M i n d , p 7 . .

 ON M I N D BE LO W MAN 5

a lly di ffe re n t n e gl e c ti n g c e r tai n wild sp e cul ati o n s as to

,

tim e b e i n g afte r all a Sp ati al e x te n si o n ( in a fo u r th

, ,

dim e n si o n ) .

T h e e x te n t o f th e c o nn e c ti o n b e tw e e n mi n d an d
m atte r i s i n d e e d still un k n o w n th o ugh it h as furn i sh e d
,

m ate ri al fo r di scu ssi o n fo r c e n turi e s S o m e lik e P r o .

,

fe sso r C liffo rd m ak e p syc h i c al ac ti o n u n iv e r sal in

,

m atte r o th e r s lik e D e sc ar te s limi t i t to man o n l y

, , , ,

wh il e Sch o p e n h au e r fro m a br o ad e r stan dpo i n t says

, ,

T h e m ate ri ali sts e n d e av o ur to sh o w th at all m e n tal

p h e n o m e n a are p h ysic al an d righ tly so o n ly th e y do
, ,

n o t se e th at o n th e o th e r h an d e v e ry p h ysic al i s at th e
, ,

sam e tim e m e tap h ysic al

L e st h o we v e r w e sh o uld b e c o m e d o gm atic o n th e se
, ,

r e l ati o n s w e are r e mi n d e d th at th e wh o l e O ig
, ur n or

m ate ri al u n ive r se m ay b e afte r all b ut an 23523222

, , 8
9

th i g
i n fe r e n c e o f mi n d an d th at m atte r an d mi n d
,
n s

may n o t b e tw o but o n e th e fo rm e r b e i n g i n th i s
, ,

vi e w a p r oj e c ti o n o f th e l atte r r ath e r th an the l atte r

,

a f un c ti o n o f th e f o r m e r .

P r o fe sso r H e rb e r t say s : T h e c o mm o n supp o si ti o n ,

th e n th at th e m ate ri al u n iv e r se an d th e c o n sc i o u s
,

b e i n g s ar o u n d u s ar e di r e c tly an d i n dubi tably k n o wn ,

an d c o n sti tu te a w o rld o f p o si tiv e f ac t i n w h i c h

‘ ’

r e aso n c an c e r tai n ly pr o n o u n c e wi th o u t an y e x e rci se o f

f ai th i s an e n tir e mi stak e b ase d up o n asto n i sh i n g
,

ign o ran c e o f th e e sse n ti al limi tati o n s o f h um an kn o w

l e dge o f wh i c h th i n k e r s w h o liv e d in th e v e ry d awn o f
,

ph il o so ph y w e r e p e rfe c tl y aw are T he f ac t i s w e ar e .
,

e qu ally o blig e d to tr an sc e n d p h e n o m e n a an d to put ,

6 TH E U N CON SCI O U S M I N D

f ai th v e n ts an d p o w e r s an d r e ali ti e s wh ich do n o t
in e

appe ar wh e n w e r e c o g n i se th e p ast o r th e di stan t o r

, , ,

th e m ate ri al u n iv e r se o r th e mi n d s o f m e n as wh e n w e
, ,

”
i n fe r th e e xi ste n c e o f G o d an d o f th e u n se e n w o rld
‘
1
.

T h at life i n v o lv e s mi n d h as o f c o ur se lik e all e l se , , ,

Li f a d
e n
b e e n vig o r o u sl y di spu te d an d e qu ally v ig o r
”i d
‘ n ‘

o u sly affi rm e d L i fe says P r o f e sso r B as

.
,
”

c om i s n o t f o r c e ; i t i s c o mbi n i n g p o w e r
, I t is .

th e pr o duc t an d pr e se n c e o f mi n d
”
2
N o m e c h an i c al .

pro c e ss c an i n d e e d e ve r ad e qu ate l y r e pr e se n t o r ao
c o u n t fo r th e pr o c e sse s o f lif e an d ye t lif e i s n o t in ,

i tse lf a fo rc e ; i t i s a c ap aci ty to u se fo r c e fo r u n i qu e
e n ds .

T h e e x te n t to wh ic h th e w o r d mi n d may b e e m
pl o ye d as th e i n h e re n t c au se o f purp o siv e m o ve m e n ts
i n o rg an i sm s i s a v e ry di fficul t q u e sti o n to so lv e .

T h e r e c an b e n o d o ub t th at th e ac tu al ag e n ts in such
m o v e m e n ts ar e th e n atu ral f o rc e s b ut b e h i n d th e se th e ,

dir e c ti n g an d star ti n g po w e r se e m s to b e p syc h ic

, .

F r o m th e fi r st m o v e m e n t Says D r R D u n n in th e
”
, . .
,

Jour n al of M en tal S c i en ce w h e n th e prim o rdi al c e ll

,

g e rm o f a h um an o rg an i sm c o m e s i n to b e i n g th e ,

e n tir e i n dividu al i s pr e se n t fi tte d fo r h um an d e sti n y, .

F r o m th e sam e m o m e n t m atte r lif e an d mi n d are , ,

n e v e r fo r an i n stan t se par ate d th e i r u n i o n c o n sti tu ti n g

,

th e e sse n ti al w o rk o f o ur p r e se n t e xi ste n c e A g ai n .
,

o n e c an n o t f o rb e ar assumi n g i n th e vi tal pr o c e ss o f

e ac h in dividu al o rg an i sm an id e a wh i c h c o n ti n u ally
,

1
Pr o f H erb ert, R eali sti c A ssu mp ti on s of M odem Sci ence E xami n ed, p 455 . .

f
.

Basc o m, Comp arati ve P sycho log y, p 58

2
Pro . . .
 ON M I N D BE L O W M A N 7

su pp o r ts an d re n e w s th e o rg i m C arp e n te r g o e s an s
”
.
1

fur th e r still T h e c o n v e r ti bili ty o f p h ysi c al f o r c e s

an d c o rr e l ati o n o f th e se wi th th e vi tal an d the i n tri c ac y

o f th at n e xu s b e tw e e n m e n tal an d b o dil y ac tivi ty w h i c h

c an n o t b e an al yse d all l e ad s upw ard s to w ard s o n e an d

,

the sam e c o n c lu si o n — the sou r c e of all pow er i s mi n d .

A n d th at p h il o so p h ic al c o n cl u si o n i s th e ap e x o f th e
p yr amid wh i c h h as i ts f o un d ati o n in th e primi tiv e
2 ”
i n sti n c ts o f h um an i ty .

B e si d e s attribu ti n g vi tal c e ll ac ti o n to mi n d at ,

te mp ts h av e r e c e n tl y b e e n m ad e d e fi n i te l y to V i t al ll ce
“ ti
i n dic ate th e e x ac t l o c ati o n if n o t o f mi n d , ,
on :

whi c h h as n o sp ac e e x te n si o n at an y r ate o f i ts -
,

ac ti vi ty T h e g e n e r al i d e a u n d o ub te dly i s th at th e
.

sp h e r e o f p syc h ic ac ti o n i n c e ll s i s th e n ucl e u s T he .

se at o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss o r at l e ast o f mi n d , i s th e ,

n ucl e ar pl asm i s th e c h r o m ati c g r an ul e s are e n

, . .
,

“ ”
d o we d wi th p syc h ic p o w e r T h e br ai n o r so ul o f .

th e c e ll i s th e Ch r o m ati n as i s n o w wid e l y b e l i e v e d ,

am o n g cy to l o gi sts I n i t i n h e r e s th e p syc h i c an d
.

he r e di tary p o w e r s an d if i t b e r e m o v e d fr o m a c e ll th e
, ,

r e st o f th e pr o to pl asm b e h av e s au to m ati c ally T h e .

c e ll m o v e s m e ch an i c ally c an n o t r e c o n stru c t i tse lf an d

, ,

fi n ally w e ar s d o w n an d d e c o mp o se s Ch r o m ati n h as .

th e p o w e r O f i n te rpr e ti n g stimuli an d i ts r e ac ti o n s ,

are i n te llig e n tly dir e c te d to w ard s th e pr e se rv ati o n o f

i ts o w n life C h r o m ati n o r c h r o m o pl asm i s th e

3 ”
.

1 F K irc h e n er , P sycho log y p 1 41

. . .
,
2 W B
Car pe nte r , M en tal P hysi olog y 4th e ditio n
f
. . .
,
3 Pro N e lso n i n A mer ic an J o u r n al of P sycho log y, vo l iii , p 3 6 9
. See . . .

also G r inb e n , B e i tr a en no n K an n tn is s d en P hysz o log ie a n d B i olo i c de n

g
r
g
z
P r oto o en , v o l i . S e e also S toln i lc o w vorg ang s i n de n L eb enze llen
. .
8 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

i d p ar t o f the n ucl e u s wh ic h i s m ade up al so o f a

sta n e ,

c h ro m atic an d a n ucl e ar m e mbr an e .

T h i s ac ti o n i s app are n tl y i n h e re n t an d in virtu e o f ,

T h mi n d i
e
i t e v e ry o rg an ic b e i n g h as th e app e ar an c e o f
n ,

pm t Pla m
o s
b e i n g se lf c o n struc te d th e r e b e i n g an in
'
-

dw e lli n g p o we r n o t o n l y fo r purp o siv e ac ti o n in e ac h

,

c e ll b u t fo r e n dl e ss c o mbi n ati o n s o f c e ll ac tivi ti e s fo r

'

c o mm o n e n d s n o t at all c o n n e c te d wi th th e m e re
n u tri ti o n o f th e si n gl e c e ll b ut fo r th e g o o d o f th e ,

c o mpl e te d o rg an i sm .

E v e n e mpiric all y say s S c h o p e n h au e r

, e v e ry ,

“ ”
b e i n g stan d s b e fo re i tse lf as its o w n h an diw o rk B ut .

“
i s n o t u n d e r sto o d
”
th e l an gu ag e o f N atur e h e add s , , ,

b e c au se it i s to o simpl e .
”

I t w o uld app e ar th u s w e c an n o t d e fi n e wh e r e p sych ic

ac ti o n b e g i n s fo r h o w e v e r far w e tr av e l d o w n in th e
, ,

E n ti re l y ign o ran t
“
sc al e o f lif e p syc h ic ac ti o n i s se e n
, .

as w e are M aud sl e y r e m ark s w e c e r tai n ly c an n o t

,
” “
,

v e n tur e to se t b o un d s to i ts p o w e r o v e r th o se i n tri c ate

m
i n vi sibl e m o l e cul ar o v e m e n ts wh ic h are th e b asi s o f all
o ur vi sibl e b o dily fu n c ti o n s T h e re are m an y m o re .

th i n g s i n th e r e cip r o c al ac ti o n o f mi n d an d o rg an i c e le
1 ”
m e n ts th an are ye t dr e am t o f in o ur p h il o so ph y .

Un c o n sc i o u s pr o c e sse s o f k n o wl e dg e say s So u ry
”
, ,

are w h at w e di sc o v e r as th e di stan t o rigi n o f th e

h um an u n d e r stan di n g I h o ld wi th P aul B e r t th at
.
, ,

th e p sych o l o gic al p o w e r s i n th e i r m o st e l e m e n tary

,

f o rm s mu st b e studi e d in th e m o l e cul ar m o v e m e n t o f
,

p ar ticle s o f p ro to pl asm all p syc h ic al p ro c e sses

Maudsley, M i nd and B ody, v ol. i

.
p 39.
.
 ON MIND BE LO W MAN 9

are ultim ate ly re ducible to p h e n o m e n a o f m o l e cul ar

1 ”
m e c h an i sm s Bi n e t c o n clud e s th at th e se ac tio n s are
.

n o t th e r e sul t o f c e llul ar ( o r p r o to pl asmic) ir ri tabili ty ,

but h ave e ve ry app e ar an c e o f ch o ic e

“
th e n ucl e u s ,

b e i n g th e fo c al se at o f life in all its f o r m s 2

All ”
.

atte mp ts o f m e ch an i c al o r c h e mi c al e xpl an ati o n o f

th e se m o v e m e n ts are m e re ly v e rb al T h e e n tire c e llu .

lar b o dy e mb o di e s in i tse lf all th e fu n c ti o n s th at i n ,

c o n se qu e n c e o f an ul te rio r divi si o n o f l ab o u r am o n g st
le uri c e llul ar o r g an s
-
h av e b e e n assig n e d to di sti n c t
p ,

e l e m e n ts .

D esc arte s o n th e o th e r han, d as G H L e w e s p o i n ts ,

. .

o ut
3
,
c o n sid e r s an im al s m e re ly m ac h ine s an d ,
A imal n s
m an y o th e rs c o n si d e r all Vi tal p h e n o m e n a n t m o e re
m mm m ec s s'
b e l o w c o n sci o u sn e ss as m e re ly m e c h an ic al ,

p ro b ably be c au se to the m mi n d o r p sych ic ac ti o n an d

, ,

c on sc i o u sn e ss are id e n tic al E v e n R o m an e s r e quir e s

.

c o n sci o u sn e ss as a p r o o f o f th e pre se n c e o f mi n d H e .

say s : T w o c o n di ti o n s r e qui r e to b e sati sfi e d b e f o r e w e

e v e n b e gi n to im agin e th at o b se r v e d ac tivi ti e s are an

i n dic ati o n o f mi n d .

“
1 T h e y mu st b e di spl aye d by a livi n g o rg an i sm .

2 T h e y mu st b e o f a ki n d to sugg e st th e pr e se n c e
.

o f e l e m e n ts w h ic h w e re c o g n i se h av e th e di sti n c tiv e

ch arac te rs o f mi n d as suc h c i z c o n sci o u sn e ss an d ,

.
,

ch o ic e “ 1
.

We tru st ho we ve r to be able to sh o w th at c o n sc i o u s
, ,

l “
J ule s So ury o n the Ph ysio lo g ic al Psyc h o lo g y o f th e Pro toz o n i n Revue
”
,

Philosophiq uc J an uary, 1 89 1
f
. .

it Bi ne t “ Ps c hic Li e o f M ic ro -o r an isms M i nd , vo l xiv , p 454

, y g , . . . .

1‘G r H . Le w e s, Stud ies i n P sycho log y, p 2 3

. . .

‘G Ro manes, A n i mal I n tellig en ce , p 2

. . .
 10 TH E UN CO N SC I OU S M I N D

n e ss is n o t an i l q u ali ty o f mi n d an d c e rtai n ly
e sse n t a ,

am o n g th e se l o w e r o rg an i sm s th e m e c h an ic al th e o r y

d o e s n o t c o v e r th e gr o u n d e v e n wh e n c o n sci o u sn e ss
c an n o t b e assum e d .

T h e c o n c e pti o n o f m e c h an i sm as V o n H ar tm an n ,

says , d o e s n o t e x h au st th e fac ts ; b ut th e p e rfo rm an c e

o f th e m e c h an i sm w h e n i t e xi sts alw a s l e av e s so m e
, y ,

th i n g o v e r to b e pe rf o rm e d b y psyc h i c ac ti o n M o re .

o v e r th e fi tn e ss o f th e m e c h an i sm i n c lud e s th e fi tn e ss
,

o f i ts o rigi n an d th i s ag ai n alw ay s r e m ai n s th e w o rk
,

1 ”
o f th e so ul .

T h e u n i ty an d c o n n e c ti o n s o f th e o rg an i sm c ann o t
b e i n th e i n dividu al sub stan c e o r pro c e sse s b ut o n l y in ,

th e p o w e r th at h arm o n i se s th e m Wh e th e r th i s vi tal
.

p o w e r b e c all e d pl astic so ul o r vi tal f o r c e its e xi ste n c e ,

i s as li ttl e to b e di spu te d as th at o f th e m e ch an ic al an d
c h e mi c al f o rc e s
2
M i n d ! a v e ry g e n e r al te rm ] may
.
”

b e p r e di c ate d o f all an im al lif e in o n e se n se o r an o th e r ;

—
an d w e m ay al so f av o u r th e vi e w o f Ag assiz an d o th e r s

th at a spiri tu al e l e m e n t i s th e o rg an i si n g c au se i n e v e r y
e mbr yo c e ll d e te r mi n i n g its d e v e l o pm e n t
”
- 3
, .

Ag ai n I t i s a p syc h i c al p o w e r w hic h aid e d by the ,

u n c o n sc i o u s r e pr e se n tati o n o f th e typ e an d th e m e an s “

r e qui si te fo r th e e n d o f se lf pr e se rv ati o n bri n gs ab o u t

-
,

th e se cir c um stan c e s in c o n se qu e n c e o f wh ic h th e pe r
,

p e tu ati o n o f th e n o rm al c o n di ti o n mu st e n su e a cc o rdi n g

to g e n e r al ph ysi c al an d c h e mi c al l aw s I n e v e ry dis
.

1 E d v H artmann , P hi losophy of th e Un con sci o us, vol i p 1 99

. . . . . .

2 K irc h e n e r P s c h o lo
y g y, p 142 .

f ,
k k
.

3 Pro Bar er ( N e w Yo r ) , F or ma tion Of H abi t i n M an , p 34, Vi c to ri a

. .

I nstitute .
12 TH E U N CO N SC IO U S M I N D

is o f a cupp p r o vid e d wi th a v e ry ac tiv e tail arm e d

sh a e ,

wi th stro n g f o rc e p s I h av e se e n a sm all sp e cim e n o f

.

th i s r o tife r attac h i tse lf to a muc h l ar g e r o n e wi th i ts

fo rc e p s th e l arg e r o tif e r at o n c e b e c o mi n g v e ry ac tiv e
, ,

an d spri n gi n g ab o u t wi th i ts burd e n till i t c am e to a

pi e c e o f w e e d I t to o k fi rm h o ld o f th e w e e d wi th its
.

o w n f o r c e p s an d b e g an a m o st e x tr ao rdi n ary se r i e s o f
,

m o v e m e n ts to r id i tse lf o f th e e n cumbr an c e I t d ash e d .

fro m sid e to sid e i n all dir e c ti o n s ; b ut n o t l e ss sur

p ri si n g w as th e te n ac i ty wi th wh i c h th e sm all e r ro tif e r
r e tai n e d its h o ld al th o ugh o n e migh t th i n k it w as b e i n g
,

alm o st j e rk e d to pi e c e s T h i s l aste d se ve r al mi n ute s

.
,

till e v e n tu all y th e sm all r o tif e r w as th r o w n vi o l e n tly

'

aw ay .I t th e n r e tur n e d to th e c o n flic t b u t did n o t ,

su c c e e d a se c o n d tim e in e stabli sh i n g i ts h o ld T he .

e n tir e sc e n e w as as lik e i n te llig e n t ac ti o n o n th e par t

o f b o th an im al s as c o uld w e ll b e im ag in e d S o th at if .

w e w e r e to d e p e n d up o n app e ar an c e s al o n e th i s o n e ,

o b se rv ati o n w o uld b e su ffi c i e n t to i n duc e o n e to im pu te

”
c o n sci o u s d e te rmi n ati o n to th e se micr o o rg an i sm s - 1
.

W on d e rful i s th e i n sti n c t o f th e h o lo th uri ae wh i c h

liv e in th e P h ilip pi n e I sl an d s o f th e S o u th S e a T h e se .

d e v o u r c o r al san d ; an d if th e y b e tak e n aw ay fr o m
th e i r n ativ e h au n ts th e y o f th e i r o w n acc o rd e j e c t th e
,

wh o l e o f th e dig e stiv e c an al wi th all o th e r o rgan s c o n

n e c te d th e r e wi th i n o r d e r to f o rm n e w vi sc e r a m o r e in
”
2
h arm o n y wi th th e al te r e d m e di a .

Sir Wi lli am D aw so n says A n am oe b a sh o w s v o li

1 G Ro mane s A n i ma l I n tellig en ce p 1 8
.
, , . .

1“ d v H artmann P h iloso h 1 40
E . ,.
p y of the Un con sci ou s, v o l. iii .
,
p
. .
 ON MIND BE LO W MAN 13

ti o n , pp e ti te an d p assi o n
a O n e tryi n g to sw all o w a
.

o n e c e ll e d pl an t as l o n g as its o w n b o d y e vid e n tl y
-
,

h u n gry an d e ag e r to d e v o u r i t str e tc h e d i tse lf to i ts

,

full e x te n t tryi n g to e n v e l o p th e pl an t I t f ail e d ag ai n .

an d ag ai n b u t r e p e ate d th e atte mp t u n til at l e n gth

, ,

c o n vi n c e d o f i ts h o p e l e ssn e ss it flun g i tse lf aw ay an d

, ,

m ad e O H in se ar c h o f so m e th i n g m o r e m an age abl e .
”

“
T h e r e is n o t a si n gl e livi n g b e i n g wh i c h wh e th e r ,

it k n o w s it o r n o t d o e s n o t in so far as i t li v e s an d
, ,

m o v e s an d k e e p s up i ts b e i n g e x h ibit s th e fun d am e n tal

,

qu ali ty o f r e aso n I n sti n c t m e an s o rg an ic e xp e ri e n c e

.
,

wh il e r e aso n i s i n sti n c t in th e m aki n g An i n sti n c tiv e .

cre atu re i s a c r e atur e f o rm e d wi th fun c ti o n s wi tho u t

f ur th e r n e r v e str uc tur e to u n d e rg o furth e r f o rm ati o n ,

h e n c e is n o t c ap abl e o f p r o gr e ss 1 ”
.

H o w e v e r stro n gly suc h illu str ati o n s as th e se p r o v e

th e p re se n c e o f p syc hi c f o rc e all may n o t b e agr e e d as
‘

to th e qu e sti o n o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss By so m e it i s assum e d
.
,

as w e h av e said to acc o mp an y all p syc h ic ac ti o n

, .

P fl ii g e r c o n sid e r s c o n sc i o u sn e ss o f so me so r t h o w
2
’

e v e r o b scure mu st b e asc rib e d to th e l o w e r

,
I th s e re

an im al s w h e n it i s se e n h o w i n th e m ac ti o n i u c o n sc o s
n ess
v ari e s wi th c ircum stan c e s for th e gr e ate r
'

“
p o ssibl e b e n e fi t o f th e sy ste m Wh e th e r b e pro
.
,

e v e r y c e ll i n th e b o dy h as i ts b e n e fi c i al or
“
c e e ds ,

purp o siv e w o rk guid e d by so m e fai n t glimm e r o f c o n

sc io u sn e ss i s a qu e sti o n n o t to b e an sw e r e d
”
H art .

m ann say s : T h e c e n tr al c o n sci o u sn e ss i s by n o m e an s

“

1
M aud sle y, M i n d v o l xiL , p 512
W
. . .
,
3 Pfi ii g er, T eleolog i cal M echa nism of e.
14«
TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

th e l c o n sc i o u sn e ss o f th e an im al T h e sub o r di n ate
so e .

n e rv e c e n tr e s mu st al so h av e a c o n sci o u sn e ss b ut o f a
-

v agu e r d e sc rip ti o n fo llo w m g fr o m th e C o n ti n uity o f th e

1 ”
an im al se ri e s P r o fe sso r S c h mid t b o ldl y state s th at
.

u n c o n sci o u s mi n d i s in pl an ts c o n sci o u sn e ss in an im al s , ,

an d se lf c o n sci o u sn e ss in m an
-
F e c h n e r S c h o p e n h aue r
.
, ,

E d v o n H ar tm an n an d m an y o th e r s al so sp e ak o f th e
.

u n c o n sc i o u s p syc h ic al ac tivi ty o f pl an ts .

T h at u n c o n sci o u s p syc h ic ac ti o n i s to b e attribute d

to pl an ts se e m s a li ttl e star tli n g an d n e e d n o t b e h e r e
pr e sse d b ut o n th e o th e r h an d w e th i n k it mu st b e
, , ,

admi tte d i n all an im al s .

D r N o ah P o r te r says
. T h e fir st ac ts o f li fe ,

wh e th e r th e y p e r tai n to b o d y o r so ul ar e u n c o n sci o u s 2
, ,
”

an d wh e n H e rb e r t S p e n c e r says
“
R e fl e x ac ti o n is th e
l o w e st f o rm o f psyc h i c al li fe h e th e r e by taci tly admi ts
3
,
”

un c o n sc i o u s mi n d ac ti o n in an im al s -
.

Vh e n w e pr o c e e d h igh e r in th e sc al e an o th e r qu e s
T
v

Ins ti t a d
nc
ti on
n ari se s wi th r e g ard to i n sti n c t an d i n ‘

i t 111g e 11 ° e
te llig e n c e ; b ut agai n w e are c o n fr o n te d wi th
n e °

th e i n scru tabl e p r o bl e m o f th e c o n n e c ti o n o f th e tw o ,

an d th e o rigi n o f th e f o rm e r
,
.

I n th e Revu e S c i e n tifi que 4th M ay 1 889 an acc o u n t i s

, ,

“
giv e n o f th e f o rm ati o n d un i n sti n c t to th e e ffe c t ’

th at e v e ry e v e n i n g fo r te n y e ar s ( b e yo n d w h ic h th e
n arr ato r s o b se rv ati o n did n o t g o ) a fl o ck o f g e e se
’

m an if e ste d wild te rro r at a pl ac e an d twil igh t h o ur

c o i n c i d e n t wi th a mu r d e r o u s attack th at h ad o n c e b e e n

1 E d v H artman n P h i losophy o
. .
, f th e Un cous i o u s
‘

, vo l. i .
, p 60. .

2 D r N o ah P o rt e r, T he H uman I n telle c t, p 1 00
. . .

H e r b e r t Spe n c e r , P ri n ciples of P sych olog y, VO L i p 428

3 . .
, .
 ON MI N D BE LO W MAN 15

m ade on th e mby d o g s al th o ugh all th e o ld e r m e mb e r s

,

o f th e fl o c k h ad b e e n kill e d o ff e v e r y y e ar fo r m ar k e t .

Co n sid e r an illu str ati o n giv e n us by R o m an e s fr o m

a cl ass by n o m e an s r e n o w n e d fo r i n sti n c t o r fo r i n

te llig e nce
“
. Sti c kl e b ack s swim qui e tly ab o u t amid st
rap aci o u s pike wh ich do n o t atte mp t to attack th e m ;
fo r if by o v e rsi g h t a pik e e v e n ac tu ally atte mp ts to
‘

sw all o w a stickl e b ack th e l atte r wi th i ts p ro j e c ti n g

,
.

d o r sal Spi n e s sti c k s in h i s th r o at ; an d th e pik e mu st

i n fallibly die o f h u n ge r an d ac c o rdi n gly c an n o t tr an smi t
,

h i s p ai n ful e xp e ri e n c e to p o ste ri ty 1 ”
.

P r o c e e di n g o n e ste p h igh e r to i n se c ts th e i r i n sti n c t ,

o r i n te lli g e n c e i s summ e d up by P r o f e sso r In s ti n cts

” i ts“
L i n d say in th e f o ll o wi n g fifte e n p sych ic nse c

ph e n o m e n a — 2

1 C O o pe rati o n fo r a g i v e n purpose
.
-
.

2 D i v i si o n o f lab o u r w o r k i n g b y tu r n s an d re li e f par ti e s
.
, , .

w O b e d i e n c e to au th o r i ty, i n c lu d i n g lan g u ag e of c o m m an d .

e U n d e r stan d i n g a lan g uag e (o fte n of to u c h ) .

r
w O rg an i sati o n o f an k s an d m i li tar y d i sc i pli n e .

a K n o w le dg e o f po sse ssi o n o f po w e r an d u se o f i t ; sub

j e c ti o n o f th e w e ak b y th e stro n g
°

7 J ud i c i al pu n i sh m e n t
. of
'

d i so b e d i e n c e
‘

or re b e lli on .

8 . F o re th o u g h t, re al o r appare n t .

9 P rac ti c e
. o f ag r i c u ltu re , h av e st an d r
sto ag e .

10 Re spe c t fo r an d i n te
. rm e n t o f d e ad .

11 M o ur n i n g i n b e re ave m e n t, o r i ts r e se m b lan c e
. .

1 2 F u n e ral c e re m o n i e s, i n c lu d i n g pr o c e ssi o n s
. .

13 . U se o f n at u r al to o ls, i n str ume n ts an d w e apo ns.

14 P assi o n s
. o f r ag e an d an g e r .

15 . I mag i n ati o n an d i ts d e ran g e m e n t b y h ypn o ti sm .

1 Ro man es, A n i ma l I n tellig ence , p 99 . .

9 Lin dsay, M i nd i n A n i ma ls, c h ap vi . .

16 T H E U N CO N SC IO U S MI N D
”

N ho w far the se ph e n o me n a of instin c t

’ ’

ow , ar e an d

I n ti n ct a
s nd
ho w far o i i n te llig e n c e ? R o m an es as s , k
intemg e nc e '

D o th e y . s eap k to u s of a l apse d i n te lli

ge n c e th at h avi n g bylo n g use fo rm e d all n e e ded h abits
,
-

h as c e ase d to ac t Wh e n th e se h av e b e e n c rystalli se d i n to
“
T h i s qu e sti o n h e says i s un an sw e r
'

i n sti n c t ? , .

,
'

abl e in o ur pr e se n t state o f k n owl e dg e I t h as h o w

'

.
,
.
,

e ve r b e e n vig o r o u sly an sw e r e d b y P r o fe ssor W :

, .

P ark e r o f N e w Y o rk .

I w o ul d pr o te st th at i n sti n c ts
.
,

sp o k e n o f d o ub tfully as v o lu n taril y acquir e d h abi ts o r , ,

as R o m an e s sugg e sts; sp e aki n g to u s o f l ap se d i n te lli

ge n c e o ffe r n o e vi den c e o f so o rigi n ati n g

,
"
I t se e m s .
”
.

to m e th at th e f atal l ac k o f p r o o f o f an y su c h O rigi n ,

an d th e imp o ssibili ty o f i t in th e ligh t o f b oth m e n tal

an d bi o l o gic al sc i e n c e i s ju st w h at o u r pre se n t k n o w
,
.

M audsle y s sugge sti o n i s h e lpful i n th e

”
l e dge gi v e s ! ’

di fficul ty H e says : I t i s a qu e sti o n w h e th e r i n tui

.

ti o n fu n d am e n tal i d e as m e n tal ap ti tud e s

, hav e , ,

n o t b e e n acquir e d by e xp e ri e n c e n o t o f th e i n di v idu al , ,

b ut o f fiche rac e
,

D arw in s v ie w i s th at i n sti n c t b e gan in c h an c e ac ts

'
’

'

f av o u ra b l e to t h e p e rp e tu ati o n o f sp e c i e s th o ugh th i s
an d all so lu ti o n s b e sid e s h e r e di tary tr an smi ssi o n h ardly

c o v e r su c h a c ase as th at w e h av e adduc e d am o n g fi sh .

W e will gi ve o n e o r tw o m o re .

Pfl ii g e r tou c h e d wi th ac e tic acid th e th ig h o f a de

c api tate d fro g I t wip e d i t o ff wi th th e f o o t o f th e
.

sam e si d e H e th en c ut o ff th e fo o t an d r e appli e d th e
.
-

acid . T h e fr o g tri e d to wip e i t o ff wi th th e stump b u t ,

c o uld n o t A f te r so m e fruitl e ss e fi o r ts i t c e ase d but

.
,
 O N MI N D BE LO W MAN “
17

se e m e d un qui e t an d at l ast m ad e use o f th e f o o t o f th e

,

o th e r le g an d wip e d o ff th e ac id
1
.

Wi th r e g ard to th i s Vo n H ar tm an n r e m ark s : T h e
,
“

ph y si o l o gi st c au se s th e b e h e ad e d fr o g to m ak e a m o v e
m e n t o f c o n trac ti o n an d th e r e by o b tain s e vid e n c e th at
th e simpl e r e fl e x ac ti o n r e sts o n a m e c h an i sm an d th e
p sych o l o gi st se e s th e r e fl e x ac t an d h as a c o n vic ti o n
th at re fl e xio n i s a p syc h ic al pr o c e ss i n w h i c h v o li ti o n
un ifo rmly fo ll o w s o n se n sati o n 2 ”

D u B o i s R aym o n d say s : Wi th aw e an d wi th
wo n de r mu st th e stud e n t o f n atur e r e g ar d th at mic r o
sc o pic m o l e cul e o f n e rv e sub stan c e w h ic h i s th e se at o f
-

th e l ab o r i o u s c o n struc tiv e o r d e rly l o y al an d d au n tl e ss

, , , ,

so ul o f th e an t

H ub e r says : O n th e vi si t o f an o v e r se e r an t to th e
w o rk s wh e r e th e l ab o u r e r s h ad b e gu n th e r o o f Ill u strati o n s
f 1 t1 1
to o so o n b e e x ami n e d it an d h ad it tak e n
° 11 3 11 ° '

d o wn th e w all r ai se d to th e pr o p e r h e igh t an d a n e w
, ,

c e ili n g c o n struc te d w ith th e fr agm e n ts o f th e o ld o n e ”

.

R o m an e s sh o ws th e sph e x w asp s pr o vid e an im al f o o d

fo r th e i r y o u n g wh i c h th e y p ar aly se b ut d o n o t kill .

Cr ick e ts h av e th r e e n e r ve m o to r c e n tr e s to b e p ar al yse d ;
o n e b e h i n d th e n e ck w h ic h h as t o b e str e tc h e d to g e t at
,

it an d tw o i n o th e r mi n u te p o i n ts i n th e b o d y ye t all
, ,

th e se are u n e rri n gly pu n c tu r e d by th e w asp H e ad .

“
duc e s th i s as a sp e cim e n o f supp o se d l ap se d in te lli
ge n c e
A spid e r wi th a big fl y c o uld n o t se c ur e it so b it o n e ,

1 Maudsle y, P hysi olog y of the M i nd p 1 3 8 , . .

Ed . v. H art man n , P hilosop hy f

o the Un co nscw us, vol. ui . , p 226
.
- .

2
1& TH E UN CO N SC I OU S MI N D

of its l e gs an d as th e fl y sto o p e d i ts h e ad to its le g at

, ,

o n c e se cu r e d i t wi th c o rd s th r o w n o v e r i t .

Bird s g o th r o ugh e l ab o r ate dr am atic p e rf o rm an c e s

wh e n th e ir n e sts are app ro ach e d an d i n se c ts o f te n simu ,

l ate d e ath .

S o m e j ackd aw s tri e d to build a n e st o n a sl o pi n g

wi n d o w sill o utsid e a c h ur c h b ut th e sti c k s all slipp e d
,

d o wn so in fi ve d ays th e y c o n struc te d a pyr ami d o f

,

stick s r e st in g o n a ste p S ix fe e t b e l o w an d r e ac h i n g up

to th e sill to supp o r t th e n e st o n w h i c h th e y buil t it .

Vo n H ar tm an n giv e s th e f o ll o wi n g wh ic h h as h o w ,

e v e r w e b e li e v e b e e n qu e ri e d
, , T h e c uck o o l ays e gg s
.

in c o l o ur an d m arki n g r e se mbli n g th e o th e r e gg s in th e
( str an g e ) n e st I t m ay b e th o u g h t thi s i s b e c au se th e
.

c u c k o o se e s th e o th e r e g g s b u t th e e xpl an ati o n d o e s
,

n o t m e e t th e c ase o f n e sts h idd e n in h o ll o w tr e e s

S ylvia phoen ix) I n th i s c ase th e c uck o o c an n e i th e r

.

slip in n o r l o o k in I t mu st e v e n d e p o si t its e g g o ut
.

sid e an d put i t i n wi th i ts b e ak I t c an th u s n o t at all

.

c o n c e iv e b y i ts se n se s h o w th e o th e r e g g s in th e n e st
l o o k T h i s c an o n ly be due to u n c o n sc i o u s c lairv o y
.

an c e
1”
.

T h e se i n stan c e s sufli c e to sh o w wh e n n e r v e ,

c e n tr e s e xi st h o w much th e ac ti o n s w e l o o se l y te rm
,

i n sti n c tiv e r e se mbl e th e r e sul ts o f hum an r e aso n .

P o ssibly wh e n n o n e r ve c e n tr e wh ate v e r e xi sts th e

-
i
,

ac ti o n s are pu r e ly r e fl e x o r au to m atic b ut c lo se oh ,

se rv e r s fi n d i t h ar d to b e li e ve th i s i s so in h igh e r

an im al s .

1 Ed . v. H artmann Philosophy cf the Unco nsci ous, vol. iii , p 106

. .
 20 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S MI N D

N atural H i story . We se e a so l th e Kallima i nac hi s, a

br o wn bu tte rfly so lik e th e br o wn tre e l e af wh e n
, ,

fo ld e d up th at e v e n w h e n w arn e d th e e ye i s d e ce iv e d
, , ,

by th e tri ck ; o r th e P hasmida ju st lik e dry stick s ; ,

or th e P yrops ten ebr osus e x ac t ly re se mbli n g the

,

c url e d d e ad f o li ag e ; o r th e GZdipoda fasc i ata w h i c h ,

pr e c i se ly imi tate s th e b ark o f th e tr un k o n wh i c h it

re sid e s th u s e sc api n g all its k e e n e n e mi e s ; o r t h e
,

c ate rpill ar o f E un omys ti llar i a so cl o se l y r e p r o duci n g

'

th e se mbl an c e o f a twig th at a bi r d p e r c h i n g cl o se by
i s b e guil e d .

Re tu rn i n g to i n sti n c t g e n e rally I n sti n c t say s ,

D r P o r te r i s a bli n d u n c o n sc i o u s f o r c e ;
“

M e n ta l
.
,

it i s n o t k n o wl e dg e 1
H e r b e r t Sp e n c e r ”

233251a
3 1
1
1
r e g ar d s i n sti n c t as c o m po u n d r e fl e x ac ti o n ,

th e p r e c ur so r o f i n te llig e n c e R e fl e xe s an d in sti n c ts.

are i n h e ri te d m e n tal tr ai ts r e aso n i s acquir e d an d i s

”
n o w h e ri tabl e .

I n sti n c tiv e ac ti o n s i n c lud e all in w hi c h th e re is a

p sych ic al strivi n g to w ard s th e pr e se rv ati o n o f th e sp e ci e s
3 ”
wi th o u t c o n sc i o u sn e ss o f th e e n d o f th i s strivi n g .

I n D rfiR o m an e s curi o u s c h ar t o f m e n tal e v o lu ti o n in

’

an im al s th e r e ar e fif ty pr o vi si o n al ste p s o r l e v e l s On .

“
th e tw e n ty fi rst w e h av e fi sh an d lsatr ac h ia wi th as
-
,

S o c i ati o n b y simil ari t e n ty se c o n d th e

”

y ; o n th e t w -

h igh e r c r u stac e a wi th r e aso n ,

o n th e tw e n ty fo ur th -
,

li ym e n O pter a wi th c o mm un i c atio n o f i de as
”
, ; o n th e
tw e n ty six th c arn iv o r a e tc un d e r stan di n g o f
“
-
, w i th ,
.
,

1 Re id , P r esen t E vo lu ti on of M an
f
.

2 Pro S c h n e id er, M i n d , vo l v i i i , p 128

. . . . .

3
D r N oah Porter, H uman I n tellec t, p 1 76
. . .
 O N M I ND BE LO W MAN " '

21

mch a e i m n s o n th e tw e n ty e igh th ape an d do

g
-
wi th , ,

“ n e n e
i d fi i t m o r ali ty ”
Ab str ac ti o n b e gi n s j u st b e l o w
.

th e tw e n ty se v e n th g e n e r ali sati o n at th e t w e n ty n i n th
-
,
-
,

a n d r e fl e c ti o n at th e th ir ty f o ur th B ut e v e ry o n e o f
-
.

th e se i s impli e d in th e tw e n ty fi r st if th at b e a n o ti n g -
,

an d n o ti o n o f qu ali ti e s by c o mp ari so n in o th e r w o rd s , ,

by ab str ac ti n g th e se .

“
T h e r e i s n o t says M aud sl e y
, a si n gl e m e n tal ,

qu ali tywh ic h m an p o sse sse s e v e n to h i s m o r al fe e li n g

, ,

th at w e do n o t fi n d th e g e rm in m o r e o r l e ss full d i s
pl ay in an im al s M e m o ry atte n ti o n appre h e n si on
.
, , ,

f o r e sigh t o f e n d s c o ur ag e an g e r di str e ss e n vy r e ve n ge
, , , , ,

1 ”
an d l o v e o f ki n d .

W e al so g e t a qu ali ty u n c o n sc i o u sly e x e r c i se d in
an im al s w h i c h i s pr ac ti c all y u n k n o w n am o n g st m e n ,

th at i s th e se n se o f dir e c ti o n We h av e n o r o o m fo r .

do g sto ri e s h e r e b ut o n e illu str ati o n o f th i s mu st b e

,

giv e n M y o w n do g a B o rz o i w as br o ugh t fr o m Sh o e
.
, , ,

b uryn e ss to m y h o u se i n W e stb o u r n e T e rr ac e n e ar
H yd e P ark an d k e p t th e r e tw o o r th re e d ays H e w as
,
.

th e n tak e n d o w n b y my c o ac h m an to H an w e ll by tr ai n ,

an d c h ai n e d i n a yar d N e x t day h e br o k e l o o se an d
.

c am e str aigh t b ac k to th e T e rr ac e n e v e r h avi n g tr av e ll e d

-
,

th e r o ad o r di stri c t e x c e p t w h e n h e w e n t d o w n b y tr ain .

O f c o ur se su ch sto ri e s ar e i n n um e r abl e W e will gi v e .

an am azi n g i n stan c e o f an im al i n te llig e n c e

I t llig n e enc e

fr o m an ac c o u nt o f th e e l e p h an t in th e L ao i hig h n er
a m l ni a s '

S tate s o f N o rth e r n S i am e n g ag e d in timb e r

w o rk asr e c o rd e d in th e S tr an d M ag az in e fo r April 1 89 7
, , .

1 M audsle y, P hysio log y of the Bli nd , p 512 . .

 22 TH E U N C O N SC IO U S M IN D

O th e r l ph an ts ac tu all y f e e d th e circ ular saw s in

e e

th e mill an d so m arv e ll o u s i s th e ir i n te llige n c e th at an

,

ast u te li ttl e tu sk e r w as o b se r ve d to c e ase th e p r e ssur e

o n h i s lo g wi th draw it an xi o u sly an d the n o fl e r an

, ,

o th e r p ar t to th e r e v o lvi n g saw w h ic h w as fo rm e r ly
,

go i n g c r o o k e dl y th r o ugh th e lo g .

“
I t so u n d s str an g e to say th at th e se e l e p h an ts are
v e ry h um an b ut it c o n ve ys e x ac t l y w h at w e m e an
, .

We are assur e d th at at th e so u n d o f th e di nn e r b e ll th e
sawmill e l e p h an ts Wi ll i n stan tl y dr o p th e i r l o g s an d

sc amp e r o ff sc r e ami n g wi th gl e e at th e w e l c o m e re
,

spi te. T he y will r e f u se ab so l ute l y to tac kl e a lo g wh ic h

th e y c o n sid e r to o h e avy b ut if th e m ah o ut i n si sts th e y
,

may p o ssibl y c all o n e o f th e ir m ate s to l e n d a h an d

T h e stac ki n g o f th e squ ar e d l o g s i s w o n d e rfully
i n te r e sti n g to wi tn e ss An e l e ph an t h as br o ugh t hi s
.

lo g n e ar th e stack an d i s pi c ki n g up o n e e n d to pl ac e
,

it o n to p H e fi n d s h e h as n o t br o ugh t i t qui te n e ar
.

e n o ugh h o w e v e r
,
L ik e th e skill e d l ab o u re r th at h e i s
.
,

h e r e qui r e s n o o rd e r s fro m th e fo r e m an ab o v e h im H e .

c alcul ate s the di stan c e wi th h i s e ye H e w alk s r o un d .

to th e e nd o f th e lo g appli e s h i s tru n k an d tu sk s
,

th e r e to an d giv e s a migh ty pu sh
,
.

O n c e m o r e h e go e s b ac k to j udg e th e di stan c e .

Ju st righ t H e n e x t pl ac e s o n e e n d o f h i s lo g o n th e
.
’

stac k an d th e n g o e s to th e o th e r e n d o n th e gr o u n d
,
.

T hi s to o i s lif te d an d th e w h o l e lo g pu sh e d h o m e
, ,

triu mph an tly .

“
A h e avy tr aili n g c h ai n i s so m e tim e s fixe d to e le
h a n ts th at ar e tur n e d l o o se to f e e d in th e ju n gl e at
p
 O N M IN D BE LO W M AN 23

n igh t ; th i s i s in o r d e r th at w an d e re r s m ay b e tr ac e d
by th e trail l e f t by th e Ch ai n in th e jun gl e W e ll it .
,

h as b e e n k n o w n th at w h e n an e l e p h an t h as m ade
‘

’
up h is mi n d to b o l t he has c ar efu lly g ather ed up the
,

for miles
”
te ll- tale c hain an d c arr i ed it on hi s tusks !
We fe ar lu ti o n th at will m e e t all di ffi cul ti e s wi th
a so

r e gard to th e e xte n t to wh ic h th i s am azi n g I tmt i ns c s

1 “
“
i n sti n c t m ay b e c all e d r e aso n h as ye t to 52521 5 5
1 11
1
0

b e di sc o v e r e d M e an whi l e w e m ay acc e p t th e
.

bro ad state m e n t th at i n sti n c t i s u n c o n sci o u s p sy c h ic

” “
ac ti o n . A s i n h um an id e ati o n says K ir c h e n e r , w e ,

fi n d in i n sti n c t th e sam e ac ti o n un c o n sci o u s an d ye t

,

purp o siv e w h o se c o n se qu e n c e is i n d e e d muc h m o r e

,

”
c e r tai n th an th at o f h um an id e ati o n 1
.

“
H ar tm an n d e fi n e s i n sti n c t as P urp o siv e ac ti o n
with o ut c o n sci o u sn e ss o f th e purp o se H e p o i n ts
o ut to o in th e spiri t o f p h il o so p h ic al p o e try i ts se xu al
, , ,

ch ar ac te r as f o ll o w s in a state m e n t th at w e fe ar r e sts
’

, , ,

o n a v e ry sl e n d e r fo u n d ati o n o f f ac t an d th at th e ,

m o d e rn d e v e l o pm e n t o f w o m an i s rapidly re n d e ri n g
wh o lly un tru e “
.Wo m an i s r e l ate d to m an as in
stin c tiv e o r u n c o n sci o u s to r ati o n al an d c o n sci o u s
ac ti o n . T h e r e fo r e th e ge n ui n e w o m an i s a pi e c e o f
n atur e o n w h o se b o so m th e m an e str an g e d fr o m th e

u n c o n sci o u s m ay r e p o se h im se lf an d ag ai n ac quir e ,

re sp e c t fo r th e d e e p e st pu r e st sp ri n g o f all lif e !
,
”

A c h o ic e e x ampl e o f G e rm an my stic se n tim e n talism l

1
Kirche n er, P syc o h y, p 1 38
. .

2
Ed v H artmann,
. . hi losop hy f the Un consci ous,
o vol. xi. , p 79. .
 C HAP T ER I I .

T H E SCO P E O F M I N D I N M AN .

L E AVI N G n ow p
th e serpl e xi
e n g an d ye t u n so lv e d
p r o

b le m s th at surr o u n d th e th r e sh o ld o f o ur i n qu iry le t ,

u s p au se fo r o n e m o m e n t to c o n sid e r th e pr e se n t p o si

ti o n o f th e sc i e n c e k n o wn as p syc h o l o gy to o ur subj e c t .

T h e wor d .
p syc h o l o gy is i tse lf c o mpar ativ e ly a
Wha t i s n e w w o rd I n .th e se v e n te e n th c e n tu r y t h e
“
sc i e n c e w as alw ays c all e d m e taph ysi c s an d ,

n o o th e r w o rd i s u se d b
y D e sc ar te s M al e br an c h e an d
,

L e ib n i tz T h e w o rd p syc h o l o g y w as r e all y i n v e n te d
.
”

b y an o b sc ur e wri te r c all e d G o e le mu s .

I ts d e fi n i ti o n giv e n b y P r o f e sso r L add an d qu o te d by

P r o fe sso r J a “
m e s i s th e d e sc ri pti o n an d e xpl an ati o n
“
o f state s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss as su c h I n th i s d e fi n i ti o n
it assum e s as tru e tw o p e culi ar d ata ( 1 ) T h o ugh ts an d
, ,

fe e li n gs o r w h ate v e r o th e r n am e s tr an si to ry state s o f
c o n sc i o u sn e ss m ay b e k n o w n b y ( 2 ) Kn o wl e dge by.
,

2 ”
th e se state s o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss o f o th e r th i n g s .

T h e tr o ubl e i s th at th e se d ata o n w h i c h all i s bui lt

“
ar e n o t th e m se lv e s se c ur e E v e ry o n e assum e s th at
.

w e h av e dir e c t i n tr o spe c tiv e v u ain tan c e wi th O ur

th i n ki n g ac tivi ty as su c h Ye t I mu st c o n fe ss th at
.

1 W; J ame s, P sycho log y, p 1 . .

2
lbid .
, p 2 . .

(2 4)
 T H E SC O PE O F M I N D I N MAN 25

fo r my p ar t I c an n o t fe e l su re o f th i s c o n clu si o n .
.

I t se e m s as i f c o n sc i o u sn e ss as an i nn e r ac tivi ty w e r e
r ath e r a postulate th an a se n sibly give n fac t th e p o stu ,

l ate o i z o f a kno w er as c o rr e l ative to all th e kn ow n

, .
, .

W h e n th e n w e talk o f p sych o l o gy as a n atur al

, ,
‘

Sc ie n c e w e mu st n o t assum e th at th at m e an s a so r t o f
’

p syc h o l o gy th at stan d s at l ast o n so li d gr o un d 1

.
”

P r o fe sso r E d M o n tgo m e ry g o e s e v e n fur th e r c o n

.

de m n in g i n to to L add s d e fi n i ti o n o f th e w o rd
’

, , P sy .

c h o lo g y as a sci e n c e o f se lf o ri gi n ate d an d se lf ac ti n g- -

c o n sci o u s e xi ste n c e re sts o n e mi n e n tly fic ti ti o u s as ~

sump ti o u s an d c an o n ly l e ad to n i h ili stic r e sul ts S uc h .

a sci e n c e c o n struc te d wi th o u t r e f e r e n c e to an abid i n g

,

ex tr a c on sc i o u s so ur c e o f ac tu ati o n an d e m an ati o n will

-
,

e n d i n v ac an cy ; o ur o w n c o n sci o u s c o n te n t b e i n g

br o ugh t i n to e xi ste n c e by e x tr a c o n sci o us p o w e r s an d -

p ro c e sse s 2
.
”

So impre sse d h av e so m e p sych o l o gi sts b e e n wi th

th e i n spir ati o n o f u n c o n sc i o u sn e ss in th e ir e xpl an ati o n
o f th e m e n tal p h e n o m e n a th at b u t fo r th e ir acc e p tan c e
,

o f th e tr adi ti o n al d e fi n i ti o n o f p syc h o l o g y as th e sci e n c e

o f th e f ac ts o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss i t se e m s to m e th e y c o uld

h ardl y h av e fall e n as th e y h av e d o n e i n to th e c o n tr a
, ,

3 ”
di c ti o n s an d c o n fu si o n s w h i c h b e se t th i s qu e sti o n .

P syc h o l o g y i s i n d e e d ( un til l ate l y) so f e tte r e d an d

, ,

b o u n d by i ts a rbi tr ary limi tati o n s in th e di sc u ssi o n o f

state s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss th at it i s th u s d e scrib e d ( o r

1 W James, P sych olog y, p 46 7

. . .

2 Ed M o ntg o mer y, M i n d , vo l xiv , p 499

. . . . .

G H Le w es, P r oble ms of L ife and M i nd , third p 1 60

0
3 sen se, . .
. .
26 TH E UN C ON SC IO U S MI N D

d e c ri e d ) by J am e s : P syc h o l o gy i s b ut a strin g o f
“

I t pr ese n t
s
r aw fa c ts a li t
,tl e g o s s ip a n d wr an gl e ab o u t
11t1
O pi n i o n s ; a li ttl e cl assi fi c ati o n an d g e n e r ali
2 ° 11‘ 011 '

sati o n o n th e m e r e d e sc ri p tiv e l e v e l a str o n g pr ej udic e

,

th at w e ha ve state s o f mi n d an d th at o u r br ai n c o n di
,

ti o n s th e m ; b ut n o t a si n gl e law in th e se n se in wh i c h

p y h sic s sh o w s u s l aw s A t p .r e s e n t p sy c h o l o,g y i s i n

th e c o n di ti o n o f p h ysi c s b e f o r e G alil e o an d th e l aw s o f
m o ti o n o r o f c h e mi stry b e fo r e L av o i si e r
,
1
.
”

We h av e purp o se ly p au se d o v e r th i s w o rd p sy c h o
l o gy ” an d giv e n the se e xtrac ts in o rd e r th at o ur
te m e ri ty m ay n o t b e d e e m e d so e xc e ssiv e i n e n d e av o ur
i n g to o v e r th r o w i ts m o st c h e ri sh e d d o gm a an d to e n ,

l arge o ur c o n c e p t o f th e w o rd mi n d
Afte r all n o t o n ly h av e w e a h o u se divid e d ag ai n st
i tse lf b ut o n e in a state o f c h ao s : a sc i e n c e bri stli n g
wi th c o n tr adi c ti o n s its gre ate st agr e e m e n t b e i n g in
,

th e g e n e ral pr o p o si ti o n th at c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d mi n d
ar e o n e an d th e sam e ; th e sp h e r e o f th e l atte r b e i n g

e n tir e l y d e fi n e d b y th e e x te n t o f th e f o rm e r so th at to ,

sp e ak o f u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal ph e n o m e n a i s said to de

str o y th e m e an i n g o f w o rd s to b e tr ay c o n fu si o n o f
,

th o ught an d as a m atte r o f f ac t to talk n o n se n se

, , , I t .

i s th i s pr o p o si ti o n an d n o l e ss th at w e se e k to o v e r
th r o w i t i s th e se b o n d s th at w e h 0pe to bur st in th e
, ,

firm b e li e f th at it i s m ai n ly fo r w an t o f a br o ad e r b asi s ,

an d o n ac c o u n t o f th i s r igid ad h e r e n c e to th i s n arr o w

an d w e m ay say e ffe te Sh ibb o l e th th at p syc h o l o gy h as

, ,

1 W. J ame s, P sycho log y, p 46 8

. .
28 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S MI N D

a r e sul t o f a p h y sic al fo r c e T h i s
'

fe ste d s ve as th e .

pri n c ipl e will b e f o r e l o n g b e a sc i e n tific c o mm o n

”
pl ac e 1
.

H avi n g th u s
m ark e d th e i n tim ate c o n n e c ti o n an d
D i s ti n cti n i n te rd e p e n d e n c e o f mi n d an d br ai n w e
m
o ,

st to k e e p th e b al an c e o f tru th
Efi gfid mu e qu all y
e
, ,

i n si st o n th e r adic al di sti n c ti o n b e twe e n th e

T h e i n te llig e n c e o f man
”
tw o . says C al d e rw o o d
, ,

as kn o w n i n p e r so n al c o n sci o u sn e ss i s o f a n atur e ,

e n tir e l y di sti n c t fr o m an y se n so r y app ar atu s M i n d is .

2
n o t a pr o du c t o f c e r e br al e vo lu ti o n
”
.

Agai n H e rb e r t Spe n c e r so un d s a tim e l y n o te o f w arn

“
in g . H e r e i n d e e d w e arrive at th e b arri e r wh i c h n e e d s
to b e p e rp e tu all y p o i n te d o ut alik e to th o se w h o se e k
m ate ri ali stic e xpl an ati o n s o f m e n tal p h e n o m e n a an d ,

to th o se w h o are al arm e d l e st su c h e xpl an ati o n s m ay

be fo un d T h e l ast c l ass pr o v e by th e ir f e ar s alm o st as
.

much as th e fir st pr o v e b y th e i r h o p e s th at th e y b e ,

li e v e th at mi n d m ay p o ssibly b e i n te rpre te d in te rm s o f
matte r wh e r e as ,
th e r e i s n o t th e r e m o te st p o ssi
b ili ty o f so in te rpr e ti n g i t F o r th e c o n c e p t w e f o rm
.

o f matte r i s b u t th e symb o l o f so m e f o r m o f p o w e r

ab so lu te ly an d fo r e v e r u n k n o w n to u s M i n d is al so .

un k no w abl e an d th e simpl e st fo rm u n d e r wh i c h w e
,

c an th i n k o f i ts sub stan c e i s b u t a symb o l o f so m e th i n g

th at c an n e v e r b e r e n de r e d i n to th o u gh t N e v e r th e .

l e ss w e r e w e c o mp e ll e d to c h o o se b e tw e e n tr an sl ati n g
,

m e n tal p h e n o m e n a i n to p h y sic al p h en o m e n a o r o f
-
,

1
H e rb e r t Spe nc er F i r st P ri n cip les of P sycho log y .

f
,

2 Pro Cald er w o o d , Relati ons of M i nd a nd B od y, p 307

. .
-
. .
 T H E SC O PE O F M I N D I N MAN 29

tr ansl ati n g p h y sic al p h e n o m e n a i n to me n tal ph e n o

men a th e , l atte r al te r n ativ e w o uld se e m th e m o r e
’ 1
acc e p tabl e .

I t m ay n o t b e o ut o f
pl ac e h e re h avi n g to uch e d up o n
,

th e c o n n e c ti o n o f mi n d an d br ai n to giv e a D i i i , f v s o ns o

th ” ai ”
b ri e f d e sc r ipti o n o f th e l atte r as far as it e r l
‘

th r o w s ligh t o n m e n tal ac tivi ti e s .

F o r th i s pu rp o se th e n b e sid e s th e o bvi o u s divi si o n s

o f th e br ai n i n to gr e ate r an d l e sse r o r c e r e brum an d ,

c e r e b e llum an d i n to tw o h alv e s righ t an d l e ft w e may

, ,

divid e th e c e re b rum i n to th r e e r e gi o n s c o n si sti n g fr o m,

ab o v e d o w n w ard s o f c o r te x o r surf ac e br ai n b asal ,

g a n gli a o r mid —br ai n an d m e dull a o r l o w e r br ai n e ac h

, ,

o f th e se c o ntai n i n g a l arg e pr o p o r ti o n o f th e ac tiv e

ag e n t i n b r ai n w o rk k n o w n as gr e y m atte r wh ic h c o n ,

si sts o f m asse s o f br ai n c e ll s .

T h e m e dull a o r l o w e r br ai n c o n ne c ts th e spi n al c o rd
“
b e l o w wi th th e mid br ai n ab o ve an d i s th e c o o rdi
-
,
-

2 ”
n ati n g c e n tr e o f m o st asso ci ate d m o v e m e n ts I t is .

in f ac t th e o rg ani si n g c e n tr e fo r c arr yi n g o n all th e

pr o c e sse s c o n n e c te d wi th th e p assiv e o r v e ge tativ e life
o f th e b o dy as c o n tr aste d wi th th e ac tiv e o r an im al lif e .

All th e pr o c e sse s c arri e d o n h e r e are far b e l o w th e l e ve l

o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

T h e b asal g an gli a of th e mid b r ai n are pri n cip ally

-

th r e e in n umb e r ; th e co rpor a q u adr ig emi n a c o n n e c te d ,

wi th sigh t th e c o rpora stri ata u n d o ub te dl y wi th m o ti o n

, ,

an d th e opti c thalami pr o b abl wi th se n sati o n

y ,
.

1 H e rb e rt Spe n c er , F i rst P ri n cip les of P sycholog y, 2n d e dition, p 6 3 . .

2 D . F e rri er, F u n c ti on s of the B r ai n

.
 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M IN D

I n mid br ai n w e se e th e o r gan i sati o n o f th e

th i s -

fu n c ti o n s o f an im al li fe subj e c t to o r o f an i n fe ri o r
o rd e r to th e h igh e st c e n tr e s an d c o n du c te d wi th o u t

c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

L astly w e c o me to th e c o rte x o r surfac e br ai n th e

, ,

se at o f c o n sci o u s m e n tal lif e an d th e S o u r c e o f all

v o lu n tary ac ti o n s .

T h e c o r te x is th e se at o f c o n sc i o u s se n sati o n th o ug h ,

w e ar e b y n o m e an s c o n sc i o u s o f all th at tak e s pl ac e

e v e n in th e c o r te x ; fo r i n n um e r abl e se n sati o n s m ay an d ,

pr o b abl y do c o n ti n u all y r e ach it o f wh ich w e are wh o lly

,

o r p ar ti ally u n c o n sc i o u s ; i n m an y c ase s o f c o ur se
, ,

th i s i s acc o u n te d fo r by n o n atte n ti o n -
O n th e o th e r
.

h an d i t wo uld app e ar fro m r e c e n t r e se arc h e s th at it i s

,

n o t p o ssibl e to b e c o n sc i o u s o f an y cu rr e n ts th at do n o t

re ac h th e su r f ac e o f th e br ai n ( See di ag r am )
. .

Wi th r e g ar d to th e re b e i n g tw o h e mi sp h e r e s righ t
an d l e f t G all S pur z h e im D r A
, ,
L Wig an Sir H
,
. . .
, .

H o ll an d H ug hlin g s J ack so n an d Bro w n S equ ar d c o n

,

clu de w e h av e tw o br ai n s u n i te d fo r c o mm o n ac ti o n ,

an d th at w e h av e pr o b ably tw o mi n d s ac ti n g n o r m ally

i n p e rf e c t h arm o n y b ut wh ic h c an an d do ac t se p a
,

r ate ly in m a n y c o n di ti o n s .

Wh e n a n e rv e c e ll ac ts ( wh ate v e r thi s m e an s) i m ,

pul se s te n d to p ass o ff fro m it al o n g i ts vari o u s

C ll t
e ac i o n s
a d
n n erve c o n n e c te d n e r v e fibr e s an d th e ,fo r c e an d
paths "

n umb e r o f th e se impul se s d e p e n d o n th e
vi o l e n c e o f th e c e ll ac ti o n ; if th i s is g e n tl e th e re may
b e o n l y a sligh t impul se passi n g o ff thr o ugh th e l arg e st
c o n n e c t i n g fibr e ( th e f r e e st c h ann e l ) ; if th e ac ti o n i s
 T H E S C O PE O F M I N D IN MAN 31

vi o l e n t it m ay o v e rfl o w th ro ugh th e v ari o u s c o n n e c ti n g
fibr e s in an y dir e c ti o n 1
.

F ur th e r r e g ardi n g th e n e ur o n o r th e c e ll an d i ts
, ,

fibr e s th e fo ll o wi n g i s n o w k n o w n
,
.

I t h as b e e n h i th e r to b e li e v e d th at th e y ( th e n e rv e
“

fibr e s pr o c e e di n g fr o m th e br ai n c e ll s) j o i n N d i , ew s
,

an d j o i n i n g c o n sti tu te c o n ti n u o u s p ath s
, ,

th r o ugh th e gr e y m atte r by w h i c h th e n e rv e impul se s

p ass fr o m c e ll to c e ll fro m gr o up to gr o up an d ul ti
, ,

m ate ly fr o m o n e far r e ac h i n g fibr e to an o th e r

-
And .

th at wh i c h th i s m e th o d (o f G o lgi ) h as sh o w n i s th at
u n i o n c an n o t b e tr ac e d b ut wh at i s e v e rywh e r e to b e
,

p e rc e iv e d is th at th e se br an c h i n g pr o c e sse s de n ‘ ’

,
‘

’
dro n s o r d e n dri te s as th e y ar e te rm e d e n d in th e
‘ ’
, ,

gro u n d sub stan c e o r m atrix as it m ay b e te rm e d in , ,

wh i c h th e c e ll s lie I n th i s m atrix o n ly th e dimm e st

.

tr ac e o f stru c tu re c an b e se e n an d ye t th e r e mu st ,

”
be an arr an g e m e n t o f i ts e l e m e n ts T h e re i s .

th u s di sc o n ti n u i tyw h e r e th e r e w as supp o se d to b e
c o n ti n ui ty All n e rv e fibr e s as yo u k n o w ar e pro
.
, ,

lo n g atio n s fr o m n e rv e c e ll s T h e y b e l o n g to th e .

c e ll an d are p ar t o f i t so th at n o w th e r e ari se s b e f o re
,

us th e vi si o n o f a se ri e s o f di sc o n ti n u o u s e l e m e n ts ,

e ach c o n si sti n g o f a c e ll w i th i ts pr o c e sse s an d th e ,

appe ars t hat b y me an s o f G o lg i s me th o ds o f silv er stain in g b rai n c ells

’
1 It
f f
th e o llo w i ng ac ts are e stab lish e d E ac h c e ll h as a mass o f small b ran c h ing
.

fi b re s c alle d d e n dr ite s, an d o n e larg e axial fi b r e c alle d a n e ur axo n , w h ic h so o n b e

c o mes me d ullate d T h e c e ll w ith its fi b re s i s c alle d a n e uro n , an d w ith re g ard t o
.

i t i t appears that the mo le c ular mo v e me nts in th e d e nd rite s ar e to w ar ds t h e c e ll

f f
an d i n th e n e uraxo n r o m i t , or a fe r e n t an d e fl e r e n t ; an d i t is g e n e r ally t h e
'

ter mi nal o f a n e ur axo n th at i s c o nn e c te d w ith a d e n dr ite T his g i v e s an

f
.

an ato mic al b asis fo r th e psyc h ic ac ts o f e e lin g , vo lun tary mo tio n an d asso e is

tio n , etc .
(See Sir M F o ste r in B r it M ed J ournal, 2lst A ug ust ,
. . .
 32 TH E U N CON SC IO U S M I N D

pro c e sse s do n o t j o i n T o e ac h o f th e se e le me n ts
.

th e w o r d n e u r o n h as b e e n appli e d
’
Ye t th e n e rv e
‘
.

impul se s p ass fr o m o n e to an o th e r ; th e y p ass th e r e ,

fo re by so m e u n se e n p ath th r o ugh th e m atrix in wh ich

,

”
th e pr o c e sse s e n d .

“
M ax S c h ul tz e o b se rv e d al so th e p assage o f th e
fibril s ( o f wh ich th e supp o se d h o m o ge n e o u s
N e r e fi b res
v

ass
p th ug h axi s cyli n d e r o f n e rv e s i s n o w p r o v e d to b e
ro
th
e ce ll s.
c o mp o se d ) th r o ugh th e ( br ai n ) n e r ve c e ll s
wi th o ut an y i n te rr up ti o n T h at h as al so b e e n se c ur e ly
.

d e m o n str ate d an d pr o v e d b y th e n e w m e th o d o f G o lgi .

S o th at w e h av e th i s asto u n di n g tr an sf o rm ati o n i n th at
wh ich w e k n o w o f n e rv e m e c h an i sm w e h av e i n e ve ry
axi s cyli n d e r a bu n dl e o f se par ate c o n duc ti n g fibril s an d ,

w e h av e th o se fibril s p assi n g u n i n te rrup te dl y th r o ug h

th e n e rv e c e ll s to th e br an c h i n g p ro c e sse s an d e n di n g
,

at th e te rmi n ati o n s o f th e ir br an c h e s F r o m th at dis

.

c o v e r y th e r e f o ll o w s a m o st m o m e n to u s f ac t w h i c h i s

o f sig n al imp o r tan c e to u s an d ye t w h i c h se e m s im

,

e rf e c t ly r e c o g n i se d b y th o se w h o ar e w o rki n g at th e
p
subj e c t T h o se fibril s p assi n g c o n ti n u o u sl y th ro ugh
.

th e c e l l b o d y c an o n l y c o n d u c t th r o u gh th e c e ll b o dy .

O ur o ld c o n c e p tio n so simpl e so attr ac tiv e th at th e

, , ,

n e rv e impul se s o r i gi n ate i n th e c e ll s— f asci n ati n g fr o m

th e an al o gy o f th e c e ll b o d y to a ti n y b atte ry o r i g in at
n e n —
i g a c urr t all th at e n tir e l y di sapp e ar s M o re
.

o ve r ,i f w e fi n d th i s c o n ti n ui ty o f th e fibril s di sti n c t
i n so m e c ase s w e fe e l at o n c e th at i t i s o n e o f
,

th o se fu n d am e n tal struc tur al arr an g e m e n ts w h ic h

mu st b e u n iv e r sal an d w e mu st o n c e fo r all g iv e up
,
 T H E SC O PE O F M IN D IN MA N 33

th e id e a th at th e n e rve c e ll s are so ur c e s o f n e rv e
1 ”
impul se .

T o r e tur n T h e w i ll de te rmin e s b ut th e au to m ati c

i
,

ap par atu s e x e cu te s F i r st th e i d e al an d m o to r c e n tr e s
.

i n th e c o r te x ; th e n th e au to m atic ac ti o n o f th e c o rpor a
str i a ta Imp u l se i s tr an smi tte d th e n c e th r o ugh th e an
.
,

te r i o r tr ac ts o f th e c rur a c e r e br a th e an te ri o r pyr amid al

,

c o lum n s an d an te ri o r po r ti o n o f th e o li v ary b o di e s an d
,

2 ”
an te ri o r c o lum n s o f th e spi n al c o rd .

I t app e ar s th at ap ar t fr o m th e c o r te x th e n e rv e
, ,

p ath s in th e l o w e r p ar ts o f th e br ai n c o n si st
S i e n sor

o f se n so ri m o to r arc s -
th e n e rv e curr e n ts m t
,
o or n erv e
” 08
arr ivi n g at th e b in de r p ar t o f th e br ai n by
°

th e p o ste ri o r p ar t o f th e c o rd , an d l e avi n g th e an te ri o r
g an gli a n o tabl y th e c orpor a str i ata an d d e sc e n di n g d o w n
, ,

th e fr o n t o f th e spi n al c o rd in th e r e sul ti n g m o to r im
,

pul se T o u se n o w th e w o rd s o f D r H ill
. O n th e se .

ar c s wh ic h c o ll e c tiv e l y m ak e up th e l o w e r syste m are

, ,

sup e r add e d arc s th e 100 s o f wh i c h li e i n th e h igh e r gr e y

p ,

m atte r (o f th e c o r te x ) A t th e sam e tim e th e re fo r e th at

.
, ,

an impul se fl o w s ac r o ss th e spi n al c o rd as a simpl e r e fl e x

ac ti o n a c e r tai n p ar t o f th i s imp u l se i s al so div e r te d to

,

th e br ai n al o n g fibr e s w h i c h asc e n d in th e o u te r p ar t o f
th e spi n al c o rd ; an d fr o m th e br ain d e sc e n d in g fibr e s
c arry th e im pul se b ac k ag ai n to th e l o w e r arc O ne .

th i n g i s qui te c e r tain n am e l y th at th e r o u te s w h i c h
, ,

are th e m o st fr e qu e n tl y u se d ar e th e m o st O pe n an d ,

th e r e f o r e th e m o st e asil y tr av e r se d ( S ee diag r am )
3 ”
. .

1 Sir W R G o w er s i n B ri t M ed J ou rn al, 6 th N o v e mb er , 1 89 7, p 1 359

k
. . . . . .

2 H ac T uk e , I nfl uen ce of the M i n d on the B od y, vo l ii , p 1 45

f fl
. . . .

3 Pr o A H ill, Cantab , Pape r o n

. . .
”
Re e x A c ti o n , Vi c tor ia I nsti tute P m ,

cced i ng s, 1 898 .

8
34 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S MI N D

All th i s m e an s Sp e aki n g ge n e r all y th at a n e rv e

, ,

cu rre n t arrivi n g at th e br ai n m ay tak e o n e o f th re e

c o u r se s— e i th e r di re c tly o ri gi nati n g un c o n sc i o u s ac ti o n
in th e l o w e r b r ai n o r tr av e lli n g in a sh o r t arc b y th e
,

mi d b r ai n pr o duc e u n c o n sci o u s ac ti o n th e r e ; o r pr o
-
, ,

c e e din g fu r th e r i n a l o n g are b y th e c o r te x ,e n d in

c o n sci o u s ac ti o n I n c o n n e c ti o n wi th th i s i t m ay be
.

o b se r v e d th at th e c r an i al n e rv e s h av e all tw o d e e p

o r i gi n s th e o n e i n th e b asal g an gli a o f th e mid o r

,

u n c o n sci o u s b rai n an d th e o th e r i n th e c o r te x o r upp e r

,

c o n sc i o u s br ai n .

T h i s i s gr ap h ic ally an d simply sh o wn by th e l e tte r

A wh e re 1 an d 1 a are re sp e c tive ly th e o ri gi n o f th e
,
”

r
affe e n t cu rr e n t an d th e te rmi n u s o f th e e ffe re n t 2 an d,

2a th e affe r e n t an d e ffe r e n t u n c o n sc i o u s mid br ai n -

c e n tr e s an d 3 an d 3a th e c o n sc i o u s c o r tic al c e n tre s
,
.

T h e mid br ai n sh o r t circui t i s sh o w n by th e b ar fro m

-

2 to 2x .T h u s a curr e n t m ay tr av e l fr o m 1 to I n by 2
an d 2a u n c o n sc i o usl y o r b y 3 an d 3 a c o n sci o u sly It ,
,
36 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

dimi n i sh i n g th e p o w e r o f th e wi ll N o d o ub t h o w ,

e v e r a l arg e p ar t o f th e mi n d ru n s in gr o o v e s w h ic h
, , ,

th o ugh th e y m ay b e u n k n o w n an d u n f e l t ar e n o n e th e ,

l e ss r e al T h e li n e s o f m e n tal fu n c ti o n are in m an y
.

re sp e c ts as d e fi n i te as th e li n e s o f i n sti n c t in b e e s o r
an ts .

gr e at divi si o n s o f th e mi n d g e n e r ally l aid

T h e th r e e
d o wn by p sych o l o gi sts o f fe e li n g k n o wi n g an d willi n g , , ,

2
fir st c am e fr o m G e rm an y b e f o r e th e d ays o f K an t .

P r o fe sso r D un n tr ac e s th e e v o lu ti o n o f th e th r e e .

A t bir th th e n asc e n t c o n sc io u sn e ss b e c o m e s aw ak e n e d ,

pur e l y se n sati o n al at first ; an d e m e rg e s ste p by ste p

fro m se lf —c o n sc i o u sn e ss to w o rld c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d -
,

th r o u gh th e id e ati o n al an d e m o ti o n al up to th e i n te l
l e c tual .

T h i s h o w e v e r pr ac ti c all y tr ac e s th e r i se o f o ur
, ,

Unc n s c i ous
o
mi n d to u n c o n sci o u s o rigi n s an d i n d e e d all ,

£33232 willi n g th i n ki n g an d f e e li n g ar e ul tim ate ly

, ,

P W ° er s°
b ase d o n u n c o n sci o u s spri n g s an d tr ai n s o f
th o ugh t an d m o ti o n E v e n wh e n d e v e l o p e d m an y
.
,

m e n tal qu ali ti e s se e m p ar tly o r wh o lly u n c o n sci o u s .

L e t u s e num e r ate a fe w I n tu i ti on m ay b e c o n sc i o u s
.

o r u n c o n sc i o u s P er c epti o n i s an e x ampl e o f c o n sc io u s
.

i n tui ti o n G en er al syn thesi s m

. ay b e c o n sc i o u s o r n u

1 Car pe n ter , M en tal P hysi olog y .

2 B y th e se an d b y th e se alo n e , w dire c t an d c on tro l th e main e xpe nditur e

e
f
o f li e an d o rc e f ,

T h i s ho w e v e r , i s n o t d o n e so muc h b y re aso n as b y e e ling

. ,
f
i t i s in th e h e ar t , n o t i n th e h e ad as D r M aud sle y po ints o ut th at o ur d e e pe st
f f
, . ,

e eling s ar e roo t e d an d h e d o e s ill ser vi c e to th e re lig io us aith s w h o str ive s to

f
,

b ase the m o n th e e e ble appre h e n sio ns o f h uman re aso n ; th e d riv i ng i mpulse

f
b y w h i c h me n are mo v e d to ac t c o me s ro m e e li ng r ath e r th an re aso n f .

w h ic h fi nd s th e mo ti v e po w er in re aso n mig h t
”
A psyc h o lo g y, h e says
k
,

b e li e n e d to a S c i e n c e w h i c h fi n ds th e po w e r fo r th e tid al mo ve me nts no t in
th e moon b ut in the moo n sh i ne
”
.
 T H E SC O PE O F M I ND I N M AN 37

c o n sci o u s ; so m e c an say w h y th e y th i n k so an d so ,

o th e r s c an n o t

K an t says : I n n um e r abl e are th e se n sati o n s o f pe r

c e ptio n o f w h i c h w e ar e n o t c o n sci o u s al th o ugh w e ,

m u st u n d o ub te dl y c o n clud e th at w e h av e so m e o b scur e
id e as as th e y m ay b e c all e d ( to b e f o u n d in an im al s as
,

w e ll as in m an ) T h e c l e ar id e as i n d e e d are b u t an
.

i n fi n i te l y sm all fr ac ti o n o f th e se sam e e xp o se d to c o n
sc io u sn e ss T h at o n ly a fe w sp o ts i n th e g re at c h ar t
.

o f o ur mi n d s ar e illumi n ate d m ay w e ll fill u s wi th

”
am az e m e n t in c o n te mpl ati n g th i s n atur e o f o ur s
1
.

T o pr o c e e d : T ac t th e p syc h ic an al o gu e o f to uc h i s a
, ,

f acul ty o f u n c o n sc i o u s o r igi n .

T h e w i ll i tse lf m ay b e u n c o n sci o u s T h e c o n sci o u s

.

an d u n c o n sci o u s will s are e sse n ti all y di s U i u n c o n sc o s

tin g ui sh e d b y th i s th at th e id e a w h i c h f o rm s
,

th e o bj e c t o f will i s c o n sci o u s in th e o n e c ase nu ,

”
c o n sci o u s in th e o th e r 2
.

I f i t i s d e sir e d fur th e r to di sti n gui sh th e tw o ki n d s

o f will fo r c o n sc i o u s wil l l an gu ag e alr e ad y o ffe r s th e
,

te rm e x ac tl y c o v e ri n g th e c o n c e p ti o n — fr e e will wh il e
’
th e w o rd will mu st b e r e tai n e d fo r th e ge n e r al
‘

,
—
pri n c ipl e wh i c h e xi sts in u s all u n c o n sci o u s will 3
.
”

W e m ay r e g ard it as se ttl e d th at th e l ab o r ato ry o f

v o li ti o n i s h idd e n in th e u n c o n sci o u s T h at w e c an .

o n l y g e t to se e th e fi n i sh e d r e sul t an d th at th e gl an c e s,

w e suc c e e d in th r o wi n g i n to th e l ab o r ato ry n e v e r r e v e al

1
K ant, sec tio n v A n thr op olog i ca
.
, .

2
Ed v . . H artmann , P h i losop hy of the Un conscious, vol. i
. , p 253
. .

3 I bid , . vol. ii .
, p 69. .
38 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M IN D

th o se un c o n sci o u s d e p th s o f th e soul wh e r e o ccu r th e

re ac ti o n o f th e will o n m o tiv e s an d its p assag e i n to
”
d e fi n i te v o li ti o n 1
.

T he se n se of th e beau tiful i s
un c o n sci o u s o ri gi n of .

T h e cr e ati o n o f th e b e au tiful b y man pr o c e e d s fr o m

u n c o n sc i o u s pro c e sse s w h o se r e sul ts th e f e e li n g an d th e
di sc o v e ry o f th e b e au tif ul r e pr e se n t in c o n sc i o u sn e ss ,

an d fo rm th e star ti n g p o i n t o f f ur th e r c o n sci o u s w o rk
-

wh ic h h o w e v e r at e v e ry stage n e e d s m o r e o r l e ss th e
, ,
.

2
supp o r t o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s T h i s se n se o f b e au ty
.
”

i s o n e o f th e m o st m yste ri o u s o f o ur u n c o n sci o u s
facul ti e s T h e m o re it is c o n sid e r e d th e m o r e w o n d e r
.

ful an d arbi tr ary d o e s it app e ar .

T h e o r di n ary ar ti st d o e s e v e ryth i n g wi th c o n sci o u s

e niu s c h o ic e th e g en i u s ac ts o n impul se s fr o m un
G a d n ,

1 11 1
113 11 C '

c o n sc i o u s so urc e s T h e re i s a l ack in th e
.

f o r m e r o f divi n e fr e n zy th e p o w e rful bre ath o f th e n u

,

c o n sci o u s wh ic h app e ar s to c o n sci o u sn e ss as h igh e r an d

,

i n e xplic abl e sugg e sti o n s w h ic h it i s f o r c e d to ap pr e h e n d

as f ac ts wi th o u t e v e r b e i n g abl e to u n r av e l th e ir so u r c e
2 ”
,

T h e di ffe r e n c e b e tw e e n tal e n t an d g e n iu s i s th e di ffe r

e n c e b e twe e n th e c o n sci o u s an d th e u n c o n sc i o u s”
1

I n sti n c t i s n o t th e r e sul t o f c o n sci o u s r e fl e c ti o n n o t a ,

c o n se qu e n c e o f b o dily o rg an i sati o n n o t m e r e r e sul ts o f ,

th e m e c h an ic al fo un d ati o n o f th e o rg an i sati o n o f th e
brai n b ut th e i n dividu al s o w n ac tivi ty sp ri n gi n g fr o m
,
“ ’

h i s i n m o st n atur e an d c h ar ac te r

1 E d v H ar tmann , P hi losophy of the Un con sci ous, vo l i , p 26 3

. . . . .

11 I bi d p 2 9 1 3 I bid 2 78
, p
. . . . . .

E Rib o t , H er edi ty, p: 229

. .

5 E d v H ar tmann , P hi losop hy of the Unconsci ous, vol 1 p 11 3

. . . . . .
 T H E SC O PE O F M I N D I N MAN 39

T he l m e n t i n m an l i e s i n th e d e e p e st n igh t
e thi c al e e

o f th e u n c o n sci o u s C o n sc i o u sn e ss m ay p e rh ap s
.

i n fl ue n c e ac ti o n s by pr e se n ti n g m o tiv e s to r e ac t o n th e
u n c o n sc i o u s e th i c al b ut wh e th e r th i s r e ac ti o n f o ll o w s
, ,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss mu st c alml y w ai t 1
M ysti c s i n e v e ry
.
”

c o un try an d ag e put f ai th o n ly in th e ir u n c o n sci o u s

2
k n o wl e dge
as d e fi n e d b y H e r b e rt
“
O u r eg o o r p e r so n ali ty
, ,

Sp e n c e r i s th e p e rm an e n t n e xu s w h i c h i s
“
, ,
ou

m
r

n e v e r i tse lf i n a state o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss b u t m"

33 ,

”
w h ic h h o ld s state s o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss to g e th e r .

I th i n k h o w e v e r w e all f e e l th at th o ugh th e c o n sc i o u s
, , ,

mi n d w o uld fai n arr o g ate th e p e r so n ali ty to itse lf th at ,

p e r so n ali ty h o ld s a gr e at d e al m o r e th an m e r e state s
o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss to g e th e r .

I n d e e d as S pe n c e r impli e s th e e g o se e m s to h av e
, ,

i ts o rigi n o r so ur c e in th e u n c o n sc i o u s r e gi o n .

P r o f e sso r B arr e tt (D ubli n ) says : I t i s to th e e xi st

“

e n c e an d vi tal f acul ty o f th i s l arg e ar e a o f o u r p e r so n

ali ty wh ic h i s subm e rg e d b e l o w th e l e v e l o f c o n sc i o u s
,

n e ss th at I wi sh to dr aw
,
atte n ti o n fo r p syc h o l o gi sts
,

ar e ag r e e d th at i ts r an g e mu st b e e x te n d e d to i n clud e
'

so m e th i n g m o r e th an i s c o v e r e d b y o ur n o rm al se lf

c o n sci o u sn e ss W h at w e c all o ur se lf i s a so m e th i n g
.
’

wh i c h li e s in th e b ackgr o u n d o f o ur c o n sc i o u sn e ss ,

e n abli n g u s to c o mbi n e th e se ri e s o f impr e ssi o n s m ad e

up o n u s o r th e state s o f f e e li n g wi th i n u s in to a c o n
, ,

tin uo u s p e r so n al id e n ti ty .

1 Ed v H artmann P hilosophy of the Unconsci ous,

. .
, vol. i .
, p 26 5
. .

9 E Rib o t, H ered i ty, p 2 2 9

. . .
40 TH E U N C ON SC I O US M I N D

We are n o w bri e f surv e y o f mi n d

pr e p ar e d b y th e
fro m v ari o u s sid e s an d in its v ari o us d e v e l o pm e n ts to
, ,

se e th at i t e v e ryw h e r e te n d s to bur st th e c o n fi n i n g w all

o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss th at h as so l o n g i n te r o se d as an ir o n
p
b arri e r b e twe e n it an d th e v ast p syc h i c al r e gi o n wi th
o ut wh i c h w e d e sir e to se e in c l ud e d u n d e r th e o n e
,

“ ”
w o rd , mi n d L e t us th e n in th e fir st pl ac e se e
.
, ,

Wh at c an b e said i n favo ur of the limi tati on of mi nd “ ”

to c on sc io usn ess fo r to u s th e limi tati o n i s so tr an s

,

ar e n tly ar tifi c i al th at i t i s w e ll to k n o w i t i s still

p
se ri o u sly an d sto u tl y m ai n tai n e d .

T h u s M i n d i s to b e u n d e r sto o d as th e subj e c t o f
,

th e v ari o u s i n te r n al ph e n o m e n a o f w h ic h w e
M in d m u te d
t i u
o c o nsc o sar e c o n sc i o u s C o n smo usn e ss 1 8 to th e m i n d
n ess
.

w h at e x te n si o n i s to m atte r We c an n o t
.

c o n c e iv e mi n d w ith o ut c o n sc i o usn e ss o r a b o dy wi th
'

1 ”
o ut e x te n si o n .

P o si tivi sm d e fi n e s mi n d as ( 1 ) th e sum o f c o n sci o u s

n e ss at an y i n stan t in an i n dividu al o r as ( 2 ) th e su m

o f th e c o n sci o u sn e ss du r i n g th e lif e o f an i n dividu al ,

c o n sci o u sn e ss b e i n g n o t an attribu te o f mi n d b u t m in d ,

i tse lf Ag ai n w e g e t th e e x tr e m e state m e n ts All an d

.
,

2 ”
o n l y th e p h e n o m e n a th at are c o n sc i o u s ar e p syc h ic al

Wh e r e v e r c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s imp o ssibl e m e n tal ac ti o n ,

i s imp o ssibl e P r o f e sso r B r e n tan o d e c l ar e s th e r e ar e

3 ”
.

n o su c h th i n g s as u n c o n sci o u s p syc h ic al ac ts Ag ai n .
,

p syc hi c al an d c o n sci o u s are fo r u s at l e ast at th e ,

1 Sir W H amilton , L ectur es on M etap hysi cs, ix .

f
.

2 Pro Zieh e n , P sycho log y, p 4 . .

f
.

3 Pr o Calderw o o d, R ela ti on of M i nd and B ody, p 26 9

. . .
 T H E SC O PE O F M I ND I N M AN 41

b e gin n i n g o f o ur i n
v e stig ati o n id e n tic al T h e c o n c e p
, .

ti o n o f u n c o n sci o u s p syc h ic al pr o c e sse s i s fo r us an

e mp ty c o n c e p ti o n
1
H e r e w e fi n d a li ttl e h e dgi n g b ut
”
.
,

Wh at i s curi o u s o n th e sam e p age w e g e t an illu str a

,

ti o n giv e n o f p assi n g a fri e n d u n c o n sc i o u sly w h e n

ab so rb e d i n th o ug h t c o mi n g to o ur c o n sci o u sn e ss
,

af te r P ro f e sso r Z i e h e n ac c o u n ts fo r th e u n c o n sc i o u s
2
.

imp re ssi o n by sayi n g th at m o r e i n te n se id e as ab so rb e d

th e th o ugh ts an d th at o n ly as th e se w an e d did th e
,

p sych ic al p e r c e p ti o n o f th e fri e n d app e ar o r h e says ,

th e sigh t o f a fr i e n d m ay b e acc o mp an i e d by a se n sa
ti o n w h ic h h o w e v e r i s n o t v e r y i n te n se i n c o n se qu e n c e
, ,

o f th e pre d o mi n an c e o f o th e r i d e as T h i s th e o r y i s
p artly n e gativ e d by th e simpl e f ac t th at th e se un
c o n sci o u s imp r e ssi o n s do n o t r i se t o c o n sci o u sn e ss as

o th e r id e as l e sse n b u t are fl ash e d i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss

,

o fte n at l o n g i n te rv al s af te rw ard s ; th o ugh o f c o ur se , ,

an imp r e ssi o n w as m ad e at th e tim e u n c o n sc i o u sly .

Agai n ,
“
T h o ugh in a l o o se se n se o f th e te r m c o n
sc io usn e ss so m e m e n tal e v e n ts m ay b e said to b e o ut

sid e i t i n an o th e r an d stric te r se n se o f th e w o rd all

,

th at i s m e n tal i s at th e sam e tim e an e l e m e n t o f c o n

sc io u sn e ss C o n sci o u sn e ss i s th e wid e st w o rd i n o ur
.

vo c abul ary an d e mbr ac e s e v e ryth i n g th at mi n d e m

,

b r ac e s ”
. T hi s may b e tru e as use d by M r M ill b ut .
,

if so it e mb r ac e s un c o n sci o u sn e ss an d b e c o m e s a w o r d
,

wi th o u t m e an i n g P r o f e sso r Al e x an d e r ( Oxfo rd ) says

.

“
M i n d an d c o n sci o u sn e ss are c o e x te n siv e th o ugh n o t ,

1 Prof Zieh en, P sycholog y, p 5

. . .

James Mi ll, A nalysis of the H uma n M i nd , p 227 . .

42 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

y
s non ym o u s I tak e mi n d to b e c o n v e r tibl e wi th c on
.

sc i o u sn e ss Ari sto tl e M ill H amil to n an d War d

.
”

, , ,

g e n e r ally c o n sid e r th at c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s th e c au se an d
n e c e ssar y f o rm o f m e n tal state s an d th at m i n d c an n o t ,

b e c o n c e iv e d wi th o u t i t an d ye t as w e sh all se e m o r e
, , ,

th an o n e o f th e se c o n tr adic t th i s p o si ti o n i n th e i r o w n
wri ti n gs .

R e id Ste w ar t Jo uffro y c o n sid e r c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s a

, ,

f acul ty o f mi n d T h e sc h o o l o f D e sc arte s
Le i b n it
.

x
z e

p thi
o se s s an d L o ck e i e th e w h o l e o f th e se v e n te e n th
, . .
,
6 mm
an d e igh te e n th c e n turi e s e xpr e ssl y h e ld th at ,

p syc h o l o gy h as th e sam e limi t as c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d ,

e n d s wi th i t Wh at i s wi th o u t c o n sc i o u sne ss i s r e
.

m an de d to p h y si o l o gy an d b e tw e e n th e tw o sc i e n c e s
,

th e li n e o f d e m arc ati o n i s ab so lu te C o n se qu e n tl y all .

th o se p e n umbr al p h e n o m e n a w h ic h f o rm th e tr an si ti o n
fro m cl e ar c o n sc i o u sn e ss to p e rfe c t u n c o n sci o u sn e ss
w e re f o rg o tte n an d h e n c e c am e sup e rfi c i al e xpl an ati o n s
,

“
an d in su ffi c i e n t an d i n c o m pl e te vi e w s B ut th e .

na tur e o f th i n gs c ann o t b e vi o l ate d wi th impun i ty .

L e ib n i tz al o n e in th e se v e n te e n th c e n tury saw th e im
p o r tan c e o f th i s L e ss w as n o t to b e e xp e c te d o f th e
.

i n v e n to r o f th e i n fi n i te sim al c al c ulu s By h is di sti n o .

ti o n b e tw e e n p e rc e p ti o n ( c o n sc i o u s) an d appe r c e p ti o n

( un c o n sc i o u s) h e o p e n e d up a r o ad in wh i c h in o ur
ti m e m o st p h ysi o l o g ists an d p syc h o l o gi sts h av e so m e
wh at tar dily e n te r e d T h e re is n o c o m pl e te d w o rk o n
.

th e subj e c t S uc h a w o rk w o uld n e e d to sh o w th at
.

m o st if n o t all the o p e r ati o n s o f th e so ul may be pro

duc e d u n d e r a tw o f o ld fo rm th at th e r e are in us tw o ,
44 TH E U N C O N SC IO U S M IN D

a ll y i n th e b a se n e o f c o n sc o u sn e ss
c i A B ai n th i n k s .

th at
“
M i n d mu st b e u n d e r sto o d to c o v e r th e e n tir e
sto r ag e o f m e n tal imp r e ssi o n s ( e v e n ) w h e n ab so l ute l
y
i n ac tiv e an d e x e r c i si n g n o m e n tal age n c y T h e te rm .

c o n sci o u sn e ss r e f e r s pur e ly to th e m o m e n ts o f m e n tal

w ak e ful n e ss o r m e n tal e ffi c i e n c y fo r d e fi n i te e n d s 2

.
”

T o affi rm th at th e c e r e br u m m ay ac t up o n im pr e s
si o n s tr an smi tte d to i t an d m ay e l ab o r ate i n te ll e c tu al
,

r e sul ts such as w e migh t h av e attai n e d b y th e in te n

tio n al dir e c ti o n o f o ur mi n d s to th e subj e c t wi th o u t an y
c o n sc i o u sn e ss o n o ur o w n p ar t i s h e ld by m an y m e ta
,

p h y sici an s m o r e e sp e c i ally in E n gl an d to be an al to
, ,

ge th e r i n to l e r abl e an d e v e n m o st o bj e c ti o n abl e d o c tri n e .

B ut th i s affirm ati o n i s o n l y th e p h ysi o l o gi c al e xpr e ssi o n

’

o f a d o c tri n e w h i c h h as b e e n c urr e n t am o n g st m e ta

p h y sici an s in G e rm an y fro m th e tim e o f L e ib n i tz to

th e pr e se n t day an d w h i ch w as syste m ati c all y e x
,

p o u n d e d by Sir Wm H mil a .t o n — th at th e mi n d m ay
u n d e rgo m o dific ati o n s so m e tim e s o f v e ry c o n sid e r abl e
,

imp o rtan c e wi th o u t b e i n g i tse lf c o n sc i o u s o f th e pro

,

c e ss u n til i ts r e sul ts pr e se n t th e m se lv e s to th e c o n

sc i o u sn e ss in th e n e w
, id e as o r n e w c o mbi n ati o n s o f
“
id e as w h i c h th e pr o c e ss h as e v o lv e d
,
T h i s Un c o n
.

s c i o u s c e r e br ati o n or L ate n t m e n tal m o dific ati o n is

th e pr o c e ss p ar all e l i n th e h igh e r sp h e r e o f c e r e br al
o r m e n tal ac tivi ty to th e m o v e m e n t o f o u r limb s ,

an d to th e dir e c ti o n o f th e se m o v e m e n ts th r o u g h o u r

vi su al se n se wh i c h w e put in tr ai n v o li ti o n ally wh e n

y in M i nd , vo l x11 , p 489
l Maudsle . . . .

Pro f A Bain in M i nd , n e w serie s, vol iii

3 353
. . . .
,
p
. .
 T H E SC O PE O F MI N D IN MAN 45

w e se t o ut o n so me h abi tu all y r e p e ate d

w alk b ut wh ich ,

th e n pr o c e e d n o t o n l y au to m atic all y b u t u n c o n sci o u sl y ,

so l o n g as o ur atte n ti o n c o n ti n u e s to b e u n i n te r rup te dl y

div e rte d fro m th e m .

I n 1 88 8 th e A ri sto te li an So ci e ty h e ld a sp e ci al m e e t
i n g to d e c id e if M i n d is syn o n ym o u s wi th M in d i t s no

y ym u s no n o s
C o n sc i o u sn e ss I t w as d e c i d e d i n th e n e g a ith w c on ,

“h m
tive . P r o f e sso r Sh adw o r th H H o dg so n ,
u e ss'

P r e sid e n t o f th e S o ci e ty said : I t se e m s to me th at
,

b o th u sag e an d ac c ur acy o f d e fi n i ti o n alik e c o n cu r in

d e c idi n g th e qu e sti o n in th e n e g ativ e fo r if w e id e n tify ,

mi n d wi th c o n sc i o u sn e ss wh at are w e to do wi th th o se
,

state s c o mm o n l y c all e d m e n tal w h ic h are b e l o w th e

th r e sh o ld o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d so m e ki n d s o f w hic h
,

n e v e r r i se ab o v e Wi th th i s D r G R i tc h i e ( Oxfo rd ) . .

an d m an y o th e r s agr e e d We c o n sid e r th i s d e lib e rate

.

di scu ssi o n an d d e ci si o n o n th i s subj e c t c arr i e s c o n sid e r

ab le w e i gh t p ar ticul ar ly w h e n th e argum e n ts adduc e d
,

ar e c o n si d e r e d .

T o pr o c e e d wi th o ur r o ll o f wi tn e sse s .

P r o f e sso r B e n e k e says : I n th e d e v e l o p e d so ul th e r e
i s a p e rp e tu al al te rn ati o n o f c o n sci o u sn e ss an d un c o n
sc io u sn e ss Wh at h as o n c e b e e n pr o du c e d in th e so ul c o n
.

tin ue s still to e xi st e v e n w h e n it h as c e ase d to b e e x c i te d .

T h at wh ic h w as c o n sc i o u s m e r e ly b e c o m e s u n c o n sci o u s
o r liv e s in th e i n te r n al sub stan c e o f th e so ul T hi s n u .

c o n sci o u s c o n ti n u ati o n o f w h at h as o n c e e xi ste d in th e

so ul i s m e m o ry Sir W H amil to n pr ac tic all y admi ts
1 ”
. .

un c o n sci o u s p sy c h i c al ac ti o n in h i s illu str ati o n o f a c h ai n

1
Pro f
. Be ne k e, E lemen ta r
y P syc ho log y ,
p . 1 90,
46 TH E UN C O N SC IOU S M I N D

of th o ugh t of w h i c h th e fi r st
l ast li n k s al o n e are an d

re c o g n i se d b e i n g lik e a r o w o f billi ard b all s wh i c h if

, ,

str uc k at o n e e n d o n l y th e l ast o n e m o v e s th e vibr ati o n ,

b e i n g o n l y tr an smi tte d th r o u gh th e r e st H e gi ve s an .

i n stan c e o f sudd e n l y w h e n o n B e n L o m o n d th i n ki n g
, ,

o f th e P ru ssi a n syste m o f e du c ati o n T h e se w e r e th e .

fir st an d l ast li n k s th e i n te rm e d i ate o n e s o f wh i c h w e r e
,

r e c all e d afte r w e r e th at pr e vi o u sl y o n th e m o un tain h e

,

h ad m e t a G e rm an an d th i s G e rm an w as a P ru ssi an
,
.

H e says : S o m e h o ld th at th e se h idd e n li n k s r i se i n to
c o n sc i o u sn e ss m o m e n taril y b ut are f o rgo tte n ,
B ut
“
a fe w p ag e s pr e vi o u sly h e says : T h e w h o l e w e are
c o n sci o u s o f i s c o n str uc te d o ut o f wh at w e are n o t
c o n sci o u s o f
“
I t i s n e c e ssary to r e ali se qu o ti n g G F S to u t ,
. .
,

“
E id
v f
en c e o c le arlv th at p syc h ic al di sp o si ti o n s o ut o f ,

$233 c
8,
o n s c i o u sn e ss f o rm a n i n di sp e,
n sabl e f a c to r i n

$233 a d
”
3 ,
m e n tal pr o c e sse s th r o ugh o u t c o n sc i o u s lif e
n
3
.

3 am“
T h e se p syc h o l o g i c al wri te r s o f adv an c e d
vie w s all f e e l it n e c e ssar y to state th e m as te n tativ e
an d n o v e l sim pl y b e c au se th e bulk n o t al o n e o f m e ta ,

p h ysi c i an s, b u t p syc h o l o gi sts h av e u n d o ub te dly h e ld ,

th at mi n d i s c o n sc i o u sn e ss S o m e u si n g as w e h av e
.
, ,

“
se e n a ,
wid e se n se h av e i n c lud e d u n d e r th e te rm
”
, ,

state s th at m ay b e c o m e c on sci o u s if su ffi c i e n t at

te n ti o n i s dir e c te d to th e m B ut to talk o f u n c o n sc i o u s
.

m i n d w as di sti n c tly h e ld to b e a c o n tr adic ti o n in te rm s ,

1 W .B Car pe nte r , M en tal P hysi olog y, 4th e dition , p 51 5

. . . Sir W . H amil
to n , L e c tu r es i n M e taph ysi cs , v o l i , p 354 . . . .

2 Sir W H amilto n , L ectu r es i n M etap hysi cs, v o l i , p 3 48

. . . . .

3
G , F , Sto ut, A nalyti c P sych olog y, 1 896 , p 23 , .
 T H E SC O PE O F M I N D I N MAN 47

“
an d e ve n u n c o n sci o u s c e re b r ati o n o f th e brain
th e ,

whi c h i s n o w n e arly un iv e r sally ack n o wl e dge d w as ,

c o n sid e r ed as l ate as 1 8 7 6 a m o st o bj e c ti o n abl e d o c tri n e .

P r o fe sso r L az ar u s say s : We h av e fir st o f all to

re m e mb e r th at o ur p syc hic life i s m ad e up o f c o n
sc i o u s an d u n c o n sci o u s e l e m e n ts We th i n k o f c o n
.

sc io usn e ss as a brig h tl y illum i n ate d sp ac e su rr o u n d e d

wi th wid e ly e x te n d e d d ark n e ss wi th th e di m e l e m e n ts
, ,

th o ugh o u tsid e c o n sci o u sn e ss c c o p e r ati n g wi th th o se

,
-

wi th i n in a state o f c o vib r ati o n- 1 ”

T h at w e c an h ave
.

th o ugh ts an d n o t b e c o n sci o u s o f th e m p e rfo rm ac ti o n s ,

an d n o t b e c o n sci o u s o f th e m are f ac ts W ,
h ic h p ro v e
th at a th e o ry o f th e mi n d wh ic h i s limi te d to c o n sci o u s
state s mu st b e v e ry imp e r f e c t u n l e ss th e m e an i n g
,

o f th e te r m c o n sci o u s b e so e x te n d e d as to i n clud e
2 ”
un c o n sci o u s state s .

“
T h e te stim o n y o f p h y si o l o gy i s as f o ll o w s : T h e
f ac ts o f p hy si o l o gy h av e at l e n g th le d p syc h o l o gi sts to
se e th at state s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss f o r m o n l y a p o r ti o n o f

th e m e n tal li f e an d h av e as b ac kgr o un d sub c o n sci o u s

,
-

n e ss an d un c o n sci o u sn e ss A t fi r st it se e m s li k e a
.

c o n tr adic ti o n to sp e ak o f fac ts o f u n c o n sci o u sn e ss as

b e l on gi n g to p syc h o l o g y b ut wh e n it is c o n sid e r e d th at
,

th e sam e c h an g e s in th e n e r v o u s sy ste m may b e

ac c o mp an i e d by c o n sci o u sn e ss o r so m e sub c o n sci o u s
,
-

c h an g e it i s e vi d e n t th at mi n d mu st c o n si st o f o th e r
,

e l e m e n ts th an th o se w h ic h app e ar in c o n sci o u sn e ss .

T h e study o f p h y si o l o gy w as n e c e ssar y to b r in g o ut

1 f
. z
Pro La ar us in M i nd , D as Le be n d e s Se e le , vo l. W p 599
.
,
. .

1 G H Le w es, P roblems
. .
f e and M i nd , 3rd
of L i se ri es, p 1 44
. .
48 TH E UN CON SC IO US M IN D

cl e arly th e c o n c e p ti o n o f u n c o n sci o u s f e e li n g s as fac ts

”
in m e n tal p h e n o m e n a 1
T h e e xi ste n c e o f u n c o n
.

sc i o u s pr o c e sse s in th e r e g io n o f th o ugh t o r o f ac ti o n i s

i n di spu tabl e an d fo rm s by far th e l arg e r p ar t o f o ur

,

2 ”
p sy c h i c al ac tivi ty .

Ag ai n T h e m e tap h y sic al vi e w th at mi n d an d c o n
,

sc i o u sn e ss fo rm an i n di vi sibl e u n i ty will n o t h arm o n i se

wi th th e f ac ts o f p h ysi o l o gy ; fo r wh o l e tr ac t s m ay b e c ut
o ut o f th e te r ri to r y o f i n te ll e c tu al c o n sc i o u sn e ss w i th ou t

i n te rf e ri n g wi th th e i n te gr ity o f u n c o n sci o u sn e ss an d ,

w e ll may b e ab o li sh e d w h il e c o n sc i o u sn e ss r e m ain s 3 ”
.

C o n sci o u s an d sub c o n sci o u s state s are admi tte d by

-

all w r i te r s U n c o n sc i o u s state s ar e pr o v e d to h av e an
.

e qu al cl aim b e c au se th e y n o t o n l y tak e pl ac e i n th e
,

sam e o r g an an d u n d e r th e sam e e sse n ti al c o n di ti o n as

s b
in th e c o n sc i o u s o r u c o sc i o u s state s
n
4 -
.

We will n o w sum up th e e vid e n c e in th e w o r d s o f

M a i g f
e n n B asti an
o I f w e are as so m an y ph il o so ph e r s ,
"

mg i ga
n
te ll u s t o r e g ard th e s h e r e o f mi n d as c o
, p
en mg d
r e ‘

e x te n siv e wi th t h e sph e r e o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss ,

w e sh all fi n d mi n d r e duc e d to a m e r e imp e rfe c t di s

j o i nte d se ri e s o f aggl o m e r ati o n s o f fe e li n g s an d c on ,

sci o u s state s o f v ari o u s ki n d s— wh il e a mul ti tud e o f

i n i ti al o r i n te rm e di ate n e rv e ac ti o n s w o uld h av e n o
cl aim to b e i n c lud e d u n d e r th i s c ate g o ry F o r th e se .

an d o th e r r e aso n s w e f e e l o ur se lv e s dri v e n to th e c o n

c lusio n th at th e c o mm o n n o ti o n as to w h at sh o uld b e

1
T . Wh ite in M i nd , v o l vi
p 506 . .
, . .

G H L e w es, P r oblems of L if e an d M i n d , prob 11 , p 129

. . . . .

3 D F errie r, F un c ti o n s of B r ai n
. .

G H Le w es, P roblems of L if e an d M i nd , 3rd serie s, p 1 57

. . . .
 T H E SC O PE O F M I N D I N MAN 49

i n c lud e d u n d e r th e te rm mi n d is o n e wh ich i s al to
‘ ’

1 “
ge th e r e rr o n e o u s I f w e ar e c o mp e ll e d to b e li e v e
.
”

th at c o n sc io u sn e ss i s n o t c o e x te n siv e wi th th e S p h e r e
-

o f mi n d in f ac e o f th e n o w
,
admi tte d fac t c o n c e r n i n g

th e f r e qu e n t i n te rp o l ati o n o f u n c o n sci o u s n e rv e ac ti o n s
as i n te gr al p ar ts o f m e n tal pr o c e sse s o n ly o n e c o ur se ,

li e s o p e n to u s W e mu st wi d e n th e sig n ific ati o n o f

.

”
th e te rm mi n d i tse lf
’
1
.

T h i s i s n o qu e sti o n o f c h o ic e b ut o n e o f ab so lu te ,

n e c e ssi ty T h e m e an i n g o f th e w o r d mi n d mu st b e ‘ ’
.

c o n sid e r ab ly e n l arg e d so as to i n clud e as m e n tal ,

p h e n o m e n a th e fu n c ti o n al r e sul ts o f all n e r v e ac ti o n s
,

w h e th e r th e se n e rv e ac ti o n s are acc o mp an i e d b y a
r e c o g n i se d c o n sci o us ph asi s o r n o 2 “
L e t u s e n l arg e .
”

o u r c o n c e pti o n an d d e fi n i ti o n o f mi n d L e t us O p e n l y .

pr o f e ss th at w h ich h as alr e ad y b e e n tac i tly impli e d b y

m an y I n ste ad o f supp o si n g th at mi n d an d c o n sc i o u s
.

n e ss ar e c c e x te n siv e le t u s m ak e mi n d i n clud e all

-
,

u n c o n sc i o u s n e rv e ac ti o n s We mu st i n e vi tabl y c o m e
.

to th i s an d th e d o c tri n e o f u n c o n sci o u s c e r e br ati o n

‘ ’

! C arp e n te r ] h as se rv e d to p av e th e w ay fo r it 3 ”
.

T h e c ase fo r th e e n l arg e m e n t o f th e sc o p e o f mi n d
h as n o w b e e n pl ac e d b e f o r e o u r r e ad e r s th e ,
C lu i o nc s on
wr ite r h avi n g so ugh t all th ro ugh to e stabli sh
.

th e v ari o u s p o i n ts by o th e r v o ic e s th an hi s o w n an d it ,

1 C Bastian , B r ai n as an O rg an of M i nd , p 1 46
.
. .

2 I bid
, p 1 48
. . .

3 C B ast ian i n th e
J ou r n al of M e n tal S c ien ce , v o l xv , p 522 I f anv
j
.
. . . .

o b e c t t o t h e te r m as b e i n g a mater i alist i c v ie w o f mi nd , i t
“
n e r v e ac t io n s
m ust b e un de r st o o d th at t h e d oc tr in e o f “ th e un c o n sc io us min d so far ro m , f
re le g at i n g i c hi c
ph e no me na to th e ph ysic al is th e so le me ans o f resc uing
,

th e m fr o m i t .
50 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S MI N D

i s fo r o ur r e ad e rs to judg e w h e th e r th ro ugh o u t th e hi sto r y

o f mi n d fr o m i ts e ar li e st d awn i t i s n o t e v e r ywh e r e ih
.

se p ar abl y c o n n e c te d w i th u n c o n sci o u s p syc h ic ac ti o n s

an d fi n all y w h e th e r w h e n sp e aki n g o f th e mi n d th at i s

in m an it i s n o t n o w h igh tim e d e fi n i te l y to i n c lud e

th o se u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal p o w e r s th at w e tr u st w e h av e
pro v e d to e xi st .

I n sh o r t th e qu e sti o n r ai se d h e r e i s th i s : Ar e w e to
,

c o n ti n u e to li mi t th e w o r d mi n d to th at p art m ad e
‘ ’

vi sibl e to us b y c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d i n tro sp e c ti o n ; o r is
th e w o rd h e n c e fo r th to i n c lud e all th e p o w e r s i n us th at
w e k n o w an d r e c o gn i se by v ar i o u s m e an s are
’
m e n tal ,

wh e th e r th e y b e se e n o r u n se e n
F o r i t ap pe ar s i n d e e d to th e w r i te r th at th e c o n

C i u
o n sc o
ss
ci o u s mi n d i s a v e r y sm a ll p ar t o f th e w h o le
1 1 p s c h ic f o rc e wi th i n A c o r al i sl an d in th e
23211 3552}
8 8
y .

11 1 1
S o u th P acific i s a m e r e ri n g o f r o ck in th e
'

1 9 111 11

wate r o f i n sign ifi c an t siz e to th e sail o r ; b ut to th e

, ,

bi o l o gi st o r ge o l o gi st i t i s th e h igh e st p e ak o f a
stu pe n d o u s struc tur e th at r i se s fr o m th e b o tto m o f th e

o c e an as a m o u n tai n mil e s h ig h C o mm e n ci n g as i t
.

d o e s in th e v e ry sm all e st b e gin n i n g s it r e m ai n s un re
,

c o gn i se d un til i t ri se s ab o v e th e surf ac e o f th e se a We .

o n ly se e th e to p o f th i s str uc tur e an d c all it an i sl an d

i n d e e d it is all w e are c o n sc i o u s o f e xc e p t by so u n di n g s
,

o r o c c asi o n al glimp se s o f w h at is b e n e ath o n c alm d ays

,

o r at lo w tid e s I n th e sam e w ay it app e ar s to th e au th o r

.

th at o f th e sum o f th e p syc h ic f o rc e s w h i c h w e m ay c all

me n tal an d wh ic h c o n sti tu te mi n d o n l y a v e ry sm all po r
, ,

ti o n are fi tfullyillumin ate d by w h at w e c all c o n sci o u sn e ss .

 CH AP T E R III .

TH E CO N SCI O U S M I N D .

I N ch ap te r j u st c o n c lud e d w e h av e e n d e av o ure d
th e
to di sc u ss im par ti all y th e qu e sti o n s as to
Th p f
e sc o e o

w h e th e r o u t8 1 de c o n smo u sn e ss p r o c e sse s ar e
113 23
1
3 253
,
.

“
,

”
n o t c arr i e d o n as pur e l y m e n tal as an y
wi th i n an d if suc h b e th e c ase sh o uld n o t th e w o r d
, ,

”
“
mi n d i n c lud e all pr o c e sse s an d ac tio n s th at e x h ib it
th e qu ali ti e s w e r e c o g n i se as m e n tal
“ ”
or p syc h ic al ,

w h e th e r th e y b e c o n d uc te d in c o n sc i o u sn e ss o r un c o n
sc i o usly o r p ar tl y th e o n e an d par tl y th e o th e r
,

We fo un d th e fir st qu e sti o n an sw e r e d in th e affirma
tiv e an d wi th r e g ard to th e se c o n d w e c am e to th e
, , ,

c o n c lu si o n w h e th e r w e c arri e d o ur r e ad e r s wi th us o r
,

n o th at if th e wh o l e sci e n c e o f th e stud y o f mi n d c all

, ,

i t wh at yo u will i s to b e r e scu e d fr o m th e p ar al ysi n g

,

i n flu e n c e o f a n arr o w Sh ibb o l e th an d pl ac e d up o n
r ati o n al gro un d s th at ac c o rd wi th th e r e sul ts o f m o d e rn
re se ar c h th e w o r d mi n d mu st e qu all y i n c lud e all
,
“ ”

syc hi c alpro c esses r e g ar dl e ss w h e th e r th e ph e n o m e n o n o f

p ,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e p r e se n t o r ab se n t ; an d th e n ar r o w
S h ibb o l e th to w h i c h w e h av e allud e d ( still mu tte r e d

wi th r e v e r e n c e in so m e E n gli sh an d al so fo re ign
p sych o l o gi e s th o ugh m o r e o f te n th an n o t c o n tr adic te d
,

(592)
 T H E C ON SC IOU S M I ND 53

i n th e m e w o rk ) th at c o n sci o u sn e ss is mi n d an d mi n d
sa ,

i s c o n sci o u sn e ss b e at l ast an d fo r e v e r se t asi d e

,
.

I n th i s p r e se n t c h ap te r w e pr o p o se wi th gr e at ,

br e vi ty to p ass i n r e vi e w th e l e adi n g id e as as to c o n
,

sc i o u sn e ss b e f o r e p r o c e e di n g in o ur n e x t to c o n sid e r
,

th e wh o l e qu e sti o n o f u n c o n sc i o u s m e n t al ac ti o n .

“
C o n sc i o u sn e ss th e n i s w e ll sp o k e n o f as p e rh ap s
, ,

th e m o st p r o te an o f p syc h o l o gi c al te rm s
”
1
Wh at i s c on

M an y wri te r s i n d e e d as w e h av e alr e ad y i u ? s sn e g s
pW t
o
,
IG S O
se e n l o g i c all y f o r c e d to ack n o wl e dg e u n c o n
,
Wa d r ,

L e w es,
soi o u s m e n tal pr o c e sse s th o u gh pro fe ssm g M h, a ers,
L k OC e’
rigidly to ad h e r e to th e ir an ci e n t b e li e f o f
c o n sci o u sn e ss an d mi n d b e i n g syn o n ym o u s m ak e th e ,

w o rd su ffici e n tl y pr o te an o r e l astic to e mbr ac e un

c on sci o u sn e ss i tse lf ; th u s d e p r ivi n g it o f all m e an i n g .

“
Wh o e ve r r e fl e c ts says L e w e s o n th e n um e ro u s
“
, ,

ambigui ti e s an d mi sappr e h e n si o n s to w h ic h th e te rm

c o n sci o u sn e ss giv e s ri se will r e gre t th at th e te rm c an

,

n o t b e b an i sh e d al to g e th e r 2 ”
.

P r o f e sso r M ah e r s do e s n o t d e fi n i te ly u se th e w o r d
to m e an u n c o n sc i o u sn e ss b u t d e c l ar e s it i n clud e s o ur
,

Wh o l e p sych ic al e xi ste n c e H e says : I n its wid e st

“
.

se n se ,
c o n sci o u sn e ss as O pp o se d to u n c o n sci o u sn e ss
, ,

d e n o te s all m o d e s o f m e n tal lif e I t i s i n f ac t , ,

syn o n ym o u s wi th th e sum to tal o f o ur p syc h ic al e x

” 3
i ste n c e !
Con sci o u sn e ss me an s e ty m o l o gic ally an c mp an y
a co

1 J as War d , M i n d v o l viii , p 476

. , . . . .

2 G H L e w e s, P r o blems of L ife and M i n d , 3rd ser i e s,

p 1 43
f
. . . .

1 Pro M ah er s, P sycho log y, p 25

. . .
54 TH E U N CO N SC I OU S M I N D

in g kn o wl e dge . T he s ch o l astic d e fi n i ti o n w as P erc eptio

mens de pr esen ti ad mon e tus th at
”
u a su o statu ; o ne
q ,

w h o lly e sc ap e s th e Shibb o l e th i n to which so m an y

m o d e m s h av e f alle n .

Ag ai n C o n sci o u sn e ss i s th e p e rc e p ti o n ( n o t th e
,

to tali ty) o f w h at p asse s i n a m an s o w n mi n d

’

O r C o n sc i o u sn e ss i s a sp e ci al f ac ul ty o f mi n d
“
,

( R e id S t e w,
a r t B u r n Hu tc h e so n
, , B o th o f th e se ,

e sc ap e th e f atal d e fi n iti o n C o n sc i o u sn e ss i s mi n d
P l ato Ari sto tl e L o c k e L e ib n itz K an t an d H amil
, , , , ,

to n in v ari o u s w ays r e g ard c o n sci o u sn e ss

Plato ’

A i t tl
r s o as th e g en us o f w h i c h o ur v ari o u s facul ti e s
e.

L i b itz
e n
Ka t H i mil
n ar e th e spec i es wh i l e P r o f e sso r L ayc o ck i n , ,
to n, Lay k c oc ,

D id
av c o mm o n W i th m an y o th e r s say s C o n sol ous
so n , , ,
M aud l y se
n e ss i s b e st d e scri b e d as a suc c e ssmn o f
.

state s o f e xi ste n c e ; c h ar ac te ri se d by f e e li n g s th o ugh ts , ,

2
vo li ti o n an d the lik e ”
a state m e n t th at se e m s to
,

re qui r e a g o o d d e al o f e xpl an ati o n to m ak e i n te lligibl e .

I n d e e d th e e xp re ssi o n state s o f e xi sten c e wh ic h i s

,
“
,
”

such a f av o ur i te in a c e r tai n sc h o o l i s to o r di n ary ,

min d s c o n fu se d an d mi sl e adi n g .

P ro f e sso r D avid so n says o f state s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss

A m o r e un fo r tun ate p h r ase w as n e v e r c o i n e d I n .

th e fi r st pl ac e c o n sci o u sn e ss h as n o state s b e i n g a
, ,

p e r fe c tly simpl e n e v e r c h an gi n g ac t 3
Ag ai n
- “
To .
”

m ak e state s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss syn o n ym o u s wi th state s

o f mi n d as so m e h av e h ee dl e ssly d o n e is sc ar c e l
,
y l e ss ,

1 k
Loc e , E ssay on H uma n Und er stand i ng , vol i p 220, sec . 19
k
. .
, . .

, M i nd an d B r ai n , vo l
1 T La c oc
y i , p 1 40
f
. . . . .

1 Pro D avi dson , M i nd , vo l x , p 127

. . . . .
 T H E C ON SC IOU S M I ND 55

un w arr an tab l e th an it w o uld b e to asse r t all b o dily

“
ac ts to b e c o n sci o u s ac ts H e w h o th i n k s to
illumi n ate th e w h o l e ran ge o f m e n tal ac ti o n by th e
ligh t o f his o w n c on sci o u sn e ss is n o t un lik e o n e w ho
sh o uld g o ab o u t to illumi n ate th e un iv e r se wi th a

r u sh ligh t .
2 ”

M aud sl e y p o i n ts o ut : c o n sci o u sn e ss may b e di re c t

o r tr an sc e n d e n tal e mpi ric al
” “
; an d state s th at psy
c h o lo g y i s f o u n d e d o n th e o n e m e tap h y sic s up o n th e ,

Co n sci o u sn e ss h o w e v e r c an n o t b e affi rm e d
” 8
o th e r .
, , ,

o r assum e d o r p r e dic ate d i t mu st b e te stifi e d to by th e

, ,

i n divi du al .

C o n c e rn i n g c o n sci o u sn e ss th e n but tw o h ypo th e se s

, ,

are p o ssibl e .
W e
h ym‘h es
1 T h at i t is a c omm o n th o ugh n o t in
es '

.
,

di sp e n sabl e acc o mp an im e n t o f m e n tal life ; a se c o n d ary

,

ph e n o m e n o n th o ugh o f th e h ighe st imp o r tan c e

, .

2 T h at c o n sc i o u sn e ss m ay b e r e gar d e d as pr e
.

e mi n e n tly the o n e p syc h o l o gic al f ac t an d as mi n d i tse lf ; ,

an d w h at w e c all th e un c o n sci o u s mu st b e r e g ar d e d if ,

p sych ic al as th e mi n imum o f c o n sci o u sn e ss

, .

T o u s th e fir st i s th e tr u e p r o p o si ti o n ag r e e i n g wi th
all m o d e r n r e se arc h ; w hi l e th e se c o n d app e ar s to sac ri

fi c e th e v e ry m e an i n g o f w o rd s in o r d e r to m ai n tai n an
arbi tr ary d e fi n i ti o n th at d o e s vi o l e n c e to th o ugh t .

P sych o l o gic al i n g e n ui ty h as h o w e v e r di sc o v e r e d a
, ,

fur th e r re aso n w hy th e u n c o n sc i o u s may b e te rm e d th e

“
éo n sc io us D r N o bl e says
. . M an y c all pr o c e sse s
1M audsle y, P hysi olog y of M i nd p 310 , . .

UM p. 44
, . .
1 I bid
, p 15 . . .
56 TH E UN CON SCI O U S M I N D
un c o n sci o u s whi ch are c o n sc i o u s but wi th o u t attention
o r will Ag ai n Atte n ti o n is th e c o mm o n
,

m e an i n g o f th e w o rd c o n sc i o u s w h e n u se d in
a l o o se an d p o pul ar w ay
1
Co n sci o u sn e ss
i s aw ake n e ss atte n ti o n is aw ar e n e ss
, .

T h e b e st an sw e r to th i s i s giv e n i n th e w o rd s o f D r .

M au d sl e y : I t m ay b e said w e are c o n sc i o u s o f m an y
“

th i n g s b u t do n o t atte n d to th e m ; to wh ich I am
,

te mp te d to r e ply th at i t i s th e atte n ti o n w h ic h i s th e
,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss ; an d th at un c o n sc i o u sn e ss wh ich i s n o t
c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e c au se it d o e s n o t atte n d is n o t pr o p e rly ,

3
A f te r all i t m ay b e th at th e “
”
c o n sc i o u sn e ss l o o se
an d po pul ar m e an i n g giv e n to c o n sci o usn e ss i s th e
m o r e c o rr e c t sc i e n tific ally .

T h e r e c an b e n o d o ub t h o we v e r th o ugh w e mu st , ,

d e fi n i te ly r e fu se to str e tc h th e w o rd c o n sci o u sn e ss
“

so as ac tu all y to c o v e r u n c o n sci o u sn e ss th at i t d o e s ,

an d mu st d e sc rib e a v e ry wid e r an g e o f c o n di ti o n s

di ffe ri n g in v ari o u s w ays .

I n th e fi r st pl ac e th e subj ec t o f c o n sci o u sn e ss i s n e v e r
.

th e sam e C o n sc i o u sn e ss i s in a state o f
Co n s ci o u s
.

i
n e ss v ar es a c o n stan t ch an g e T h e r e i s n o pro o f th at an
s .

t
o su bj t
ec .

i n c o m i n g cur r e n t e v e r g i v e s u s ju st th e sam e

b o d ily se n sati o n twic e .

A p e rm an e n tly e xi sti n g id e a wh i c h m ak e s its ap

e a r an c e at p e ri o di c al i n te rv al s i s as m th o l o gic al an
p y
e n ti ty as th e J ack o f Sp ad e s
“ ”
4
M r Su tto n an d . .

1 Pro
3 M audsle
f
S ully, P essi mi sm p 1 8 6
.
, . .
2 W
. L D avi dso n
. .

y P hysio log y of M i nd p 96
4 W J am s
, , . .

e , P sycho log y, p 1 57
. . .
 T H E C ON SC I O U S M IN D 57

P r o fe sso r Huxl e y h av e m ad e a ste p in adv an c e in

e xpl o di n g th e ri dicul o u s th e o ry o f Hum e an d B e r k e l e
y
th at w e c an h av e n o im ag e s ( c o n sci o u s) b ut o f p e rfe c tl y
d e fin i te th i n g s F e e li n g s o f te n d e n cy are o f te n so v agu e
.

w e are u n abl e to n am e th e m at all Wh at mu st b e .

admi tte d i s th at th e d e fi n i te i mag e s o f d e fi n i te p syc h o

l o gy fo rm but th e v e ry sm all e st p art o f o ur mi n d s as

”
th e y ac tu all y li v e 1
.

T h e n as r e g ard s i n ten si ty an d deg r ee

I t admi ts o f n o d o ub t th at c o n sci o u sn e ss i s n o t a
c o n stan t qu an ti ty b ut th at th e r e are gr ad a
A s t in
,
o .

ti o n s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss fr o m its m o st vivid t ity a d e ns n

d g e re e .
m an i fe stati o n s th r o ugh stag e s o f l e sse n i n g
sub c o n sci o u sn e ss d o w n to ac tu al u n c o n sci o u sn e ss
-
.

C o n sci o u sn e ss i s n o t a c o n stan t qu an ti ty but v ar i e s

“
,

fr o m th e gr e ate st i n te n si ty d o w n to z e r o
”
3
.

“
I n so m e c ase s c o n sci o u sn e ss appr o ac h e s a v an i sh
in g p o i n t an d o fte n r e ac h e s an d p asse s i t ( i) I f n o w
, .

’
w e c h o o se to c all th i s state u n c o n sci o u sn e ss an d re
‘
,

se rv e c o n sci o u sn e ss o n ly fo r cl e ar c o n sci o u sn e ss w e ,

sh o uld say th at v e r y m an y m e n tal state s e xi st b e l o w

c o n sci o u sn e ss T h e l o w e r li mi t o f c o n sci o u sn e ss d o e s
.

n o t admi t o f b e i n g d e fi n i te ly fix e d
”
1
F o r i n stan c e
‘

.
,

I n m an w e w o uld n o t supp o se g e n e r al c o n sci o u s

n e ss e x ti n gui sh e s all th e l o w e r g an gli o n ic c o n sc i o u sn e ss

fr o m w h ic h an d by w h ic h it ar o se We mu st e xpe c t in .

man a v ast am o u n t o f surviv al sub me n tally w h i c h , ,

1 W . Jame s , P sych olog y i x p 20

, . . . .

2 M aud sle y , P h ys i olog y of M i n d p 242 , . .

3 M aud sle y, M i nd , v o l xii p 491

. . . . .

4 Maudsle y, Physi o log y of M i nd p 2 40 , . .

58 TH E U N CO N SC IO U S M I N D

wh il e n o t th e mi n d of th e m an i s ye t mi n d i n th e man ,
.

A c e ll o r gro up o f c e ll s may b e in p ai n an d ye t th e re ,

b e n o p ai n k n o wn to th e g e n e r al c o n sci o u sn e ss
1
We
quo te th i s n o t as e n d o r si n g i ts vi e w s b ut o n acc o un t o f ,

th e f e li c i to u s di sti n c ti o n b e tw e e n th e mi n d o f man
an d th e mi n d in m an ”
.

O n c e m o re Wh e n I try to th i n k th e id e as b e fo r e
“
, ,

my full c o n sc i o u sn e ss se e m to at tr ac t o f th e i r o w n
acc o rd th e m o st appr o pri ate o f a n umb e r o f o th e r i deas

l yi n g cl o se at h an d T h e r e se e m s to b e an an te ch amb e r
.

full o f m o r e o r l e ss alli e d i d e as wh i c h are ju st b e y o n d

th e full ke n o f c o n sci o u sn e ss T h e th r o n gi n g o f th e
.

an te c h amb e r i s I am c o n vi n c e d al t o g e th e r b e yo n d my
, ,

c o n tr o l
2
T h i s o f c o ur se r e f e r s to app e rc e p ti on an
.
”
,

u nc o n sci o u s p ro c e ss .

O n c e m o r e as to deg rees o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss P r o fe sso r .

B aldwi n giv e s a di agram illu str ati n g th e ar e a

o f c o n sci o u sn e ss w h i c h p asse s fr o m th e o u te r

ci rcl e o f th e un c o n sc i o u s ( as th e fir st d e g r e e )
thr o ugh th e sub c o n sc i o u s p assive c o n sci o u sn e ss ac tiv e
-
, ,

c o n sci o u sn e ss o r p e r c e p ti o n up to app e rc e p ti o n ! 3
,

“
T h o se n e rv e ac ti o n s atte n d e d b y c o n sci o u sn e ss (to
whic h p h il o so p h e r s h av e b e e n ac c u sto m e d to r e stric t
th e w o rd s mi n d an d m e n tal p h e n o m e n a ) c o n sti
‘ ’ ‘ ’
.

tute in r e ali ty o n ly a v e r y sm all fr ac tio n o f th e sum

”
to tal o f o ur n e rv o u s state s o r ac tio n s 4
.

“
T h e id e as th at h av e d o n e mu c h to m ak e c o n te m

1
D r H M S tanle y
. . . S tudi es i n E vo lu ti on ar y P sycholog y, p 33 . .

2 F G alto n , I n q u i r y i n to H u man F acu lty, p 2 04

f
. . .

3 P ro Bald w in , H an dboo k of P syc ho log y, p 6 8

. . .

1
C B as t i an , B r a i n as a n O rg a n q/ M i n d p 1 43
‘
.
, . .
60 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

fro m m o m e n t to m o m e n t as a n e w c r e ati o n fro m

un c o n sci o u s d e p th s o f b e i n g I t i s o f th e
C n s c i o u s n ess
.

o
u tm o st i mp o r tan c e to r e al i se th e sp e e dy
$ 23?11
”
e v an e sc e n c e o f c o n sc i o u s state s
1
.

I t w e r e str an ge w e r e an y i n c o n si ste n c y in h um an
,

th o ugh t str an g e h o w p e r si ste n tl y w e talk o f th e c o n

,

tin u i ty o f c o n sci o u sn e ss wh e n th e tru th i s th at a ,

c o n sc i o u s state i s n o t c o n ti u o u b ut tran si e n t
n s
2
, .
”

C o n sc i o u sn e ss d o e s n o t e xi st fr o m th e fir st in an y
”
so ul i t mu st c o m e i n to e x iste n c e gr adu ally
3
.
,

I t i s all v e ry w e ll fo r o ur o pp o n e n ts to say th at th e
te rm u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d i s as m e an i n gl e ss as w o o d e n
i ro n ( L add ) e tc T o av o id th e e xp r e ssi o n b y talki n g
”
,
.

o f u n c o n sc i o u s c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s w o r se
“
A fl agr an t .

vi o l ati o n o f th e fir st te rm o f e xp e ri e n c e i s th e e x te n si o n
o f state s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss b e yo n d th e te stim o n y o f

c o n sc i o u sn e ss as i f c o n sci o u sn e ss c o uld b e o th e r th an
,

O n th e o th e r h an d w e mu st re m e mb e r th at
1 ”
con sc io us
‘
.

th e c o n sc i o u s o fte n b e c o m e s th e u n c o n sc i o u s an d vi c e ,

versd .

“
C o n sc i o u sn e ss, ly w o v e n
says S ull y, is a c o se l
te xtur e i n w h ic h th e e ye f ail s to tr ac e th e se v e r al
th r e ad s o r str an d s M o r e o ve r th e r e i s th e f ac t th at
.
,

m an y o f th e se i n gr e di e n ts ar e e xc e e di n gly sh ad o wy
‘

b e l o n gin g to th at o b sc ur e r e gi o n o f sub c o n sc i o u sn e ss -

wh i c h it is so h ard to p e n e tr ate wi th th e ligh t o f di s

c rimi n ati n g tte n ti o n
a
5
.
”

1 Ed Mo n tg o mer y M i nd v o l xiv , p 49 8 2 I bid p 507

k
. . . .
, , . . . . .

1 Be ne e E leme n ts
of P sycho log y p 1 85
f
, , . .

‘ Pr o B as co m, C n axrati ve P sych olog y p 20

J zg
. , . .

‘ ames Sull
y, M
'

v o l vi , p 1 1 . . . .
 T H E C ON SC I OU S M IN D 61

Un c o n sci o u s p o w e r s p o sse ss th e i n h e r e n t c ap aci ty

o f b e c o mi n g c o n sci o u s w h i c h c ap aci ty b e c o m e s ac tu al
1
as so o n as th e y ar e e xci te d b y stimul an ts
”
.

N o ti o n s e xi stin g i n th e so ul c an b e e x c i te d i n to
c o n sci o u sn e ss by e x te r n al se n se stimul an ts an d by in
2 ”
te r n al stimul an ts .

We all k n o w h o w w e are at tim e s c o n sc i o u s o f o rg an s

(ph ys ic al c o n sc i o u sn e ss) o f wh o se e xi ste n c e w e are as a
r ul e u n c o n sci o u s .

A s to th e v alu e o f th e p ar t pl ay e d by c o n sci o u sn e ss ,

it i s i n te r e stin g to o b se rv e h o w i t i s at tim e s Valu f m e O co

“1
i n d e e d a gr e at h e lp b ut at o th e r s n o l e ss truly
,
2 011 3 11 3 8

a h i n dr an c e .

I n th e fi r st pl ac e th e v al ue o f r e aso n an d c o n sc i o u s
,

ch o ic e o v e r i n stin c t an d u n c o n sc i o u s c e r e br ati o n i s u n
d o ub te d ; an d th e l o ss o f v alu e i n ac tio n s an d w o rd s th e
m o m e n t th e y b e c o m e h abi tu al an d so sub c o n sc i o u s ( as -

in pr aye r s spe e c h e s e tc ) i s we ll kn o w n
, , . O n th e .

o th e r h an d

F i r st T h e tr adi ti o n al o pi n i o n cu rr e n t o f th e l e adi n g
,

p ar t pl aye d by c o n sc i o u sn e ss in m e n tal fu n c ti o n h as
b e e n an i n sup e r abl e b ar to tru e o b se rv ati o n an d ,

app r e ci ati o n o f w h at th e n e rv o u s syste m c an an d d o e s

ac c o mpli sh o f i tse lf wi th o u t an y h e lp fr o m c o n sci o u s

” 3
n e ss .

“
S e c o n dl y c tiv e (se lf ) c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s alw ay s
, An a -

d e trim e n tal to th e b e st an d th e m o st su c c e ssful

th o ugh t T h e th i n k e r w h o i s ac tiv e l y atte n tiv e to th e
.

1
Be ne k e, E le me n ts of P syc holog y, p 2 1
3 M audsle
. .
2 I bid .
, p 29
. .

y, M i n d , v o l xi i
. .
, p 511
. .
62 TH E U N C O N SC IOU S M IN D
“
u c e ssi o n o f his id e as th i n k s to li ttl e pu rp o se
” 1
s c T he .

i n te rfe r e n c e o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss is o ften an ac tu al h i n dran ce

to th e asso ci ati o n o f id e as
2
We all kn o w wh e n e ase
.
”

h as b e e n acquir e d in an y ac ti o n by h abi t h o w c o n ,

sc io u sn e ss o r will in its p e r f o rm an c e h i n d e rs r ath e r

th an h e lp s i t .

T h e pl ac e o f c o n sci o u sn e ss in th e min d i s w e ll se t
'

fo rth by Sull y .

C o n sci o u s mi n d stan d s in r e l ati o n to l o we r c e n tr e s

as th e h e ad o f an o fli c e stan ds in r e l ati o n to h i s sub

o r di n ate s T h e m e c h an ic al r o u ti n e o f th e o ffic e i s
.

c arri e d o n by th e m H e i s c all e d o n to i n te rfe re o n ly

.

wh e n so m e u n u su al ac ti o n h as to b e c arri e d o ut an d ,

re fl e c ti o n an d d e ci si o n ar e n e e d e d M o re o v e r j u st as .
,

th e p ri n cip al o f an o ffic e i s abl e to h an d o v e r w o r k to h i s

sub o r di n ate s wh e n it c e ase s to b e u n u su al an d b e c o m e s ,

m e th o di se d an d r e du c e d to rul e s so th e c o n sci o u s mi n d,

i s abl e to wi th d raw f r o m ac ts th o r o ugh ly famili ar 3 ”

.

A c api tal d e sc ri pti o n o f th e fo rm ati o n o f h abi t .

T hi rdly c o n sci o u sn e ss is n o t i tse lf alw ays a tru e

,

C i u
o n sc o s
a n d a ccur a te wi t n e ss o f w h at tak e s pl ac e
t
W i th i n i ts o w n sp h e re ; b e c au se fe w are abl e
;fi i g
’

11 1 1
12 3 2
to o b se rv e accur ate l y ; an d i n th e v e r y e ffo r t
to o b se rv e a p ar ticul ar state o f mi n d i t i s r e n d e r e d un
n atur al an d th i s b e c au se o f c au se s c o n stan tl y at w o r k
,

to p e r ve r t f e e lin g an d vi ti ate r e aso n i n g T h e r e sul ts .

are th e r e fo r e m o st c o n tr adic to r y am o n g st o b se rv e r s an d ,

th e v e r aci ty o f c o n sci o u sn e ss c an n o t alw ays b e r e li e d o n .

1 Maudsle y, P hysi olog y of M i n d p 308 2 I bid

, .
, p 30
. 7 . .

1 J as Sull
y, H an dbook of P sycho log y, 4th editi on , p 3 1
. . .
 T H E C ON SC IO U S M IN D 63

M o re o ve r , a c ts may b e att ribu te d to c o n sci o u s v o li ti o n

e rr o n e o u sly .

I t is v e ry w e ll k n o wn says M ye r s th at i f a
n ow , ,

man in th e h yp n o tic state b e o rd e r e d to p e rfo rm a

c e rtai n ac t af te r h e h as b e e n aw ak e n e d h e will do i t in ,

th e full b e li e f th at h e i s ac ti n g fr o m h i s o w n c h o ic e an d
1 ”
wi th c o mpl e te fre e d o m o f will .

T o sum up th e r e f o r e as far as w e h av e go n e w e fi n d
, , ,

“ ”
th at th e w o rd c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s a w o rd o f m o st pr o te an
an d d o ub tful m e an i n g i n th e l an gu ag e o f mu c h cu rr e n t

p syc h o l o gy ; in wh ic h i t i s o f te n u se d so as to b e de
p r i v e d o f all se n se T h at it i s a qu ali ty o r state o f mi n d
.

an d n o t mi n d i tse lf o r e v e n th e g r e ate r p ar t o f mi n d
, .

C o n sc i o u sn e ss i s g e n e r ally o f th e gr e ate st valu e to us ,

th o ugh at tim e s a p o si tiv e h i n dr an c e I t v ari e s i n .

d e fi n i te ly in i n te n si ty an d d e g r e e an d i s m o st e v an e s ,

c e n t E v e n wh e n accur ate ly o b se rv e d its te stim o n y is

.

o fte n far fr o m tr u stw o r th y .

L e t us n o w c o n sid e r fo r a m o m e n t i ts p h y sic al b asi s .

L ayc o ck ask s : I s c o n sc i o u sn e ss a c au se Ph ysical

“

or a r e sul t o f c h an g e s in br ai n ti ssu e an d i tse lf

333535
-
, 11 3

due to an imm ate r i al c au se ? 2 ”

I n r e pl y C o n sci o u sn e ss ac c o mp an i e s th e str e am o f
,

i n n e rv ati o n b e i n g m ai n ly o f th i n g s seen if th e stre am i s

,

str o n g e st o c c ipi tally o f th i n g s h ear d if i t i s str o n g e st

,

te mp o r ally o f th i n g s fe lt i f th e str e am o ccupi e s m o st

,

i nte n se ly th e m o to r z o n e 3
T h e r e is n o c o n sci o u s
”

1 F W H M ye rs, P r oceed i ng s o f P sych i ca l R esearch S oc ie ty v o l vii

.
,
p 302 .

k
. . . .

2 T Layc o c , M i nd and B r ai n , vol i , c hap i v

. . . . .

3 W . J ame s, P s cholo y,
y g p 1 18 . .
64 TH E U N CO N SC I OU S M IN D

m e n tal c tivi ty
a o u tsid e or b e y on d th e c e r e b r al fun c
1 ”
ti o n .

“
T he c on sci o u sn e ss o f th e m o m e n t may b e c o n
c e iv e d to b e th e c o mpl e x pr o duc t o f an i n fi n i te mul ti

tud e o f simpl e an d c o mp o u n d vibr ati o n s c o mi n g fr o m

th e e x te r n al an d i n te r n al o r g an s o f th e b o dy
2 ”
.

C o n sc i o u sn e ss i s a sh ad o w o f th e c o rr e sp o n di n g
“

n e r ve ac ti o n T h e am o un t o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss v ari e s
.

i n v e r se ly wi th th e an tiqui ty o f th e ac ti o n S c e n e s .
,

sigh ts an d so u n d s m ak e l e ss vivid impr e ssi o n s o n

c o n sc i o u sn e ss b y u se an d r e p e ti ti o n 3
.
”

“
All v o li ti o n al i n i ti ativ e o f ( c o n sci o u s) m o v e m e n t
“
tak e s i ts star t in th e c o r te x .

T h e imm e di ate c o n di ti o n o f a state o f c o n sc i o u s

n e ss i s an ac tivi ty o f so m e so r t in th e c e r e br al h e mi

sp e r e
5 ”
h .

We may re m ark h e r e th at c o n sci o u sn e ss is n o t as ,

far as w e k n o w an i n h e r e n t qu ali ty o f th e c o r te x o r o f
,

th e mi n d by i tse lf b u t app e ar s to b e th e r e su l t o f th e
,

i n te r ac ti o n o f th e tw o ; fo r w h e n th e ac tiv i ty o f th e

c o r te x an d h e n c e th e h arm o n y o f th e tw o are di sturb e d ,

as by n ar c o tic s o r a vi o l e n t bl o w i t i s l o st , .

O n th e o th e r h an d a gl ass o f wi n e m ay do m o r e to
,

ar o u se id eas th an th e str o n g e st e ffo r t o f atte n ti o n c an

P r o fe sso r H uxl e y wi th ch ar ac te ri stic b o ld n e ss

, in
1
M audsle y, P hysi o log y of the M i n d , p 3 74 . .

2 E d v H artmann , P h i losophy of the Un con sci ous vol xi , p 73

. .
, . . . .

3 See C M e r c i er, in T ulce s D i cti on ar y of P sycholog y, 1 8 92, pp 2 49, 2 54,

’
. .

4 Jas S ully, T he H u ma n M i nd , p 49
. . .

5 W J ame s, P sycho log y, p 5

. . .

6
Maudsle y, P hysio log y of M i nd , p 30. .
 T H E C O N S C I OU S M I N D 65

“
m ate ri ali sm says : I b e li e v e th at w e sh all arri v e at a
,

m e c h an ic al e quiv al e n t o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss ju st as w e ,

h av e arriv e d at a m e c h an i c al e quiv al e n t o f h e at 1
”
.

Wh il e B ai n ac tu all y r ai se s th e qu e sti o n o f th e c o st
“ ”
o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss D o e s subj e c tivi ty (c o n ph i al s c
y
1 11
sc i o u sn e ss) c o st an yth i n g p h ysi c all y ? A 1 8 1 2 011 8 011 3 ‘

p o u n d o f c arb o n c an b e c o n v e r te d i n to C 02 in th e d ark
wi th o u t bur n i n g an d a c e r tain am o un t o f h e at pr o
duc e d . I t c an al so b e bur n e d to g iv e o ff ligh t an d h e at .

I t w o uld se e m th at th e h e at o f th e l atte r sub tr ac te d

fr o m th e h e at o f th e f o rm e r m e th o d sh o uld giv e th e
am o u n t o f f o r c e sp e n t in lig h t ; so w e h av e n e r v e

ac ti o n s wi th o u t subj e c ti vi ty ( c o n sc i o u sn e ss) an d o th e r ,

ac ti o n s wi th subj e c tivi ty I n b o th c l asse s th e r e is an

.

e xp e n di tur e o f f o rc e wi th ph y si c al r e sul ts T he po in t .

w o uld b e to o b se rv e w h e th e r th e p h ysic al r e sul ts w e r e

n o t i n th e c ase o f subj e c tivi ty ac c o mp an yi n g th e full
, ,

2
e quiv al e n t o f th e f o rc e s e x pe n d e d
”
.

T h e fo ll o win g fr o m a w e ll k n o w n au th o ri ty i s pe r
-

h ap s m o r e o f an in te r e sti n g sc i e n tifi c gu e ss th an a
pr o v e d f ac t .

“
H e state s th at C o n sci o u sn e ss i s du e n o t o n ly to
n o v e l ty ,
b u t to n arr o w n e ss o f th e n e rv e c h an n e l as ,

e l e c tri c i ty o n l y pr o d u c e s ligh t w h e n th e curr e n t i s o b

str uc te d u n d e r h igh pr e ssur e an d g r e at fric ti o n In .

te n si ty o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s as th e v o lum e o f n e rv e
c urr e n t . H e n c e vivid c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s fo u n d i n y o u th
fr m v l y ) n d i n gr e at d an g e r s ( fr o m v o lum e )
( o n o e t a .

1 H uxle y, M acmi llan ’

Alag az i n e ,
s vo l. xx1 i .
, p 78. .

2
A B ain ,
, bl i n d , v o l v iii , p 405
. . . .

5
66 TH E U N C O N SCI O U S M IN D

T he l de st ( raci al) f o rm ati o n s are in th e m e dull a

o

( u n c o n s ci o u s) a n d u n d e r br ai n ( su b c o n s ci o u s ) a n-
d are ,

un c o n sci o u s ; n e we r o n e s are in th e c o r te x an d are ,

1 ”
c o n sci o u s .

Agai n st such sp e cul ati o n s P r o fe sso r E d M o n tgo m e ry

e n t e r s h i s e mp h ati c pr o te st T h e sigh t o f
C i us
o n sc o ,
.

f
3 a fl am e d o e s n o t bri n g up fr o m i ts e x tr a c o n
2 °
32515
1

1 6
15 1
sci o u s h idi n g pl ac e th e asso ci ate d id e a o f
01 11 -

h e at th r o ugh an yth i n g li k e m e c h an ic al c o n tigui ty o r

fri c ti o n Atte mp ts to i n t e rpr e t th e c o n sci o u s c o n te n t
.

an d i ts c h an g e s b y appl yi n g stati c al o r d yn amic al

pri n cipl e s to its p syc h i c al fac ts an d o ccur r e n c e s mu st

e v e r r e m ai n a futil e u n d e r taki n g
”
2
.

T h at c o n sc i o u sn e ss g e n e r all y ar i se s fr o m se n sati o n s
c o n v e y e d to th e c o r te x i s n o t h o w e v e r di spu te d T h e
, , .

f o ll o wi n g tw o po i n ts are o f i n te re st
Co n sci o u sn e ss i s i n se p ar abl e fr o m fe e li n g b ut n o t , ,

as i t app e ar s to me fr o m v o li ti o n o r th o ug h t
, Tru e .
,

o ur ac ti o n s a n d th o ugh ts ar e u su all
y c o n sc i o u s

b ut c o n sci o u sn e ss o f an ac t i s m an if e stly n o t th e ac t ,

an d al th o ugh th e asse r ti o n i s l e ss o bvi o u s I b e li e v e th at ,

th e c o n sci o u sn e ss o f a th o ugh t i s di sti n c t fr o m th e

3 ”
th o ugh t .

“
S o m e o b se rv e r s supp o se th at tac til e se n sati o n s
tr av e l u n c h an g e d fr o m th e ski n to th e c o r te x an d th e n ,

sudd e n l y bl o sso m i n to se n satio n s We m ay ask wh at .

is th e m e an i n g o f th e c o n stan t r e l ays o f gr e y m atte r

1 Se e 0 Merc ier in T uke s P sycho log i cal D i cti onary’ 1 892 pp 256 257
’
.

Ed M o ntg o meiy, M i nd , v o l vii , p 499

.
'
. . .

2 A. Bai n, Senses and I n tellect, p 1, .

68 TH E U N C ON S C I O U S MI N D

i
o f atte n t o n . b e st w ay i s to r e ad th e p assage pro
T he ,

n o un c in g th e w o rd s di sti n c tl y wi th th e m o u th th e n to
c l o se th e e ye s an d fix th e mi n d o n th e w o rd s in th e br ai n ,

till c o n sc i o u s th at yo u h av e gr aspe d th e ir full m e an i n g .

T h at c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s as Sp e n c e r asse r ts an al te rn a
, ,

ti o n o f tw o state s m ay b e ill u str ate d i n gr e at gri e f If .

th e r e i s o n l y th e o n e state o f o v e r w h e lmi n g so rr o w af te r ,

a tim e i t c e ase s to b e f e l t so acu te ly o r to ri se i n to full ,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss . B ut an y c h an g e o f surr o u n di n g s suc h ,

as fr o m g o i n g o u t o r se e i n g fr e sh p e o pl e bri n g s b ack ,

th e gri e f at o n c e i n to f ul l c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

W e will c o n c l ud e th i s bri e f r e vi e w o f c o n sci o u sn e ss

by c o n sid e ri n g its r e l ati o n to th e e g o
Cog i to e r g o su m ,ac c o rdi n g to M aud sl e y
, ,

m e an s I ( w h o am ) th i n k th e re fo r e I ( w h o
‘
,

th i n k ) am . T h i s impli e s th at c o n sci o u sn e ss i s n o t th e
fu n dam e n tal f ac t o f b e i n g T he r e i s th e c o n sc i o u s I
.

’ ’
an d th e u n c o n sc i o u s I T h e c o n sci o u s I d o e s n o t
‘ ‘

1 “ ”
in clud e th e wh o l e T h e u n c o n sc i o u s I
. li e s d e e p ‘

buri e d b e n e ath all c o n sci o u s m an if e stati o n s T he y .

ar e lik e w av e s o n i ts surf ac e so m e o f w h ic h r e ac h ,

d e e p e r d o w n th an o th e r s b ut n o n e o f w h i c h r e ac h th e
,

l o w e st d e p th s .I n e vi tabl y th e axi o m o f D e sc ar te s
( qu o te d ab o v e ) assum e s th e f ac t o f u n c o n sci o u sn e ss
b e n e ath c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e i n g th e I w h o am as th e
,
‘ ’

’
b asi s o f th e I w h o th i n k C o n sc io u sn e ss e xi sts
‘
.

wh il e fr e sh n e r v e tr ac ts ar e b e i n g ad ap te d fo r f r e sh
m e n tal c o mbi n ati o n s (h abi ts) ; wh e n th e se are pe r
fe c te d c o n sci o u sn e ss l ap se s
, T h e e l e m e n ts o f m e n tal
.

1 Maudsley, M i nd , vol. m .
, p 491
. .
 T H E CO N S CI O U S MI N D 69

a c ti o n are c ap M e o f ac ti n g to g e th e r b e fo r e c o n sci o u s
n e ss d aw n s (r e fl e x ac ti o n ) an d af te r it h as se t ( ac q u ir e d

r e fl e x e s) ; c o n sc i o u sn e ss pl ai n ly is n o t an e sse n ti al par t
o f th e m e c h an i sm o f th e min d b ut a so m e th i n
g s up e
, r
1 ”
add e d .

S ully an d B ai n p o i n t o ut th at c o n sci o u sn e ss i s n o t
sy n o n ym o u s wi th se lf c o n sc i o u sn e ss -
.

F r o m all th i s w e se e th at o ur c o n sci o u s se lf i s n o t o ur .

e n tir e se lf an y m o r e th an th e vi sibl e o r e ar th
,
S da y ec on r

tur n e d f ac e o f th e m o o n i s th e w h o l e m o o n i c o n sc o us
n ess
.

N o t o n l y o ur e g o h o w e v e r c an b e spli t up
, ,

i n to c o n sc i o u s an d u n c o n sc io u s b u t c o n sc i o u sn ess i tse lf,

i s by n o m e an s o n e an d i n divi sibl e P r o f e sso r Bi n e t .

( S o rb o n n e ) sa y s i n t h e
, c o n c lu si o n o f h i s A l ter ati o ns de

th at th e r e m ay e xi st i n th e sam e
’

la P erson ali te ,

i n dividu al a plu r ali ty o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d e ac h o f ,

th e se c o n sc i o u sn e sse s i so n ly aw ar e o f th at wh ic h p asse s
wi th i n its o w n sp e c i al r e alm O u tsid e o f o ur h abi tu al s

c o n sc i o u sn e ss th e re m ay e xi st wi th i n u s c on sci o u s
”
tho u gh ts o f wh i c h w e k n o w n o th i n g ( i) .

P r o fe sso r M ye r s says :
“
I sug g e st th at th e str e am
o f c o n sci o u sn e ss in w h i c h w e h abi tu all y liv e i s n o t th e

o n l y c o n sc i o u sn e ss w h ic h e xi sts i n c o n n e c ti o n wi th o ur

o rg an i sm .I h o ld it i s pe rfe c tl y p o ssibl e th at o th e r
th o ugh ts f e e li n g s m e m o ri e s m ay n o w b e ac tiv e ly c o n
, ,

sc i o u s as w e say wi th i n m e in so m e k in d o f c o ’

o rdi n ati o n wi th my o rg an i sm an d fo rmi n g so m e p art

2 ”
o f my to tal i n div i du ali ty .

1 Maudsle y, M in d , v o l xn p 494 . .
, . .

2 F W G M yer s, J our na l
. . . P syc hi cal R esear ch S oci ety, vol. vu . , p 301
. .
70 TH E UN C ON SC I O US M I N D

I nc e r tai n p e r so n s th e to tal p o ssibl e c o n sci o u sn e ss

m ay b e sp li t up i n to p ar ts wh ich c o e xi st b ut mu tu ally -
,

i gn o re e ac h o th e r 1
.
”

“
T h e p h e n o m e n a o f h yp n o ti sm mu st o fte n tak e
pl ac e b e l o w th e th r e sh o ld o f o rdi n ary c o n sci o u sn e ss
p o ssibl y i n o n e o f th o se spli t o ff se lv e s o r se c o n d ary -

state s w h o se e x i ste n c e w e h av e so o fte n to r e c o gn i se

2 ”
.

Gur n e y Bi n e t an d J an e t h av e sh o wn th at m an y
,

i gn o r e d e l e m e n ts o f o ur c h ar ac te r s are pr e se rv e d as ,

th e y say in spli t o ff p o r ti o n s o f th e c o n sci o u sn e ss

,
-

wh i c h c an b e tapp e d i n c e rtai n w ays .

We w o uld r ath e r acc o un t fo r such ph e n o m e n a by

sayi n g th e se e l e m e n ts are d o rm an t in th e u n c o n sci o u s

mi n d b u t c an be b ro ugh t i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss by sp e ci al
,

m e an s .

M ax D e sso n i n D as D oppel I c h sp e aki n g o f se mi

, ,

un c o n sci o u s ac ts says : T h e y mu st b e l o n g to a sub

,

c o n sci o u sn e ss w h ich in r e l ati o n to th e far m o r e

,

p o te n t upp e r c o n sci o u sn e ss c an b e b e st un d e r sto o d ,

”
as a se c o n d c o n sci o u sn e ss .

I n th e ab o v e as w e l l as in o th e r p ar agr ap h s w e h av e
,

qu o te d th e re i s mu c h wi th w h ich w e do n o t w h o lly
,

ag r e e ; b ut i t i s su ffi c i e n tl y o bvi o u s th at th e o n l y so lid

gr o u n d amid st th e qu ag m ir e o f m ay he s an d o th e r -
”

“
sp e cul atio n s i s to h o ld f ast to th e
”
, l o o se an d p o pul ar
m e an i n g o f c o n sci o u sn e ss an d to u n d e r stan d by th e ,

w o rd th at o f w h ic h w e as i n dividu al s are p e r so n ally

c o n sci o u s an d n o t th at o f wh i c h o ur c e ll s o r o r g an s
,

may o r may n o t b e c o n sci o u s ; an d ab o v e all n o t th at ,

1 W . J ames, P sycho log y, p 206 . .

2
1 bid . vol. ii . , p 6 11
. .
 T H E C O N SC I OU S M I N D 71

( str an ge it sh o uld b e c e ssary to pre ss th i s) o f whic h

ne
1
w e are w h o lly u n c o n sci o u s E v e n wh e n th e sc o p e o f
.

th e w o r d i s th u s saf e ly limi te d w e k n o w n o th i n g o f th e
,

c au se o f th e p h e n o m e n o n o f c o n sci o u sn e ss F o rtu .

n ate ly it i s n o t n e c e ssary fo r us i n th i s m o n o gr ap h to
, , ,

m ak e an y e x te n d e d i n quiry i n to th e c o n sci o u s o ur ,

subj e c t b e in g th e u n c o n sci o u s ; an d w e h av e th e r e f o r e

m e re ly giv e n a bri e f su rve y o f cu rr e n t vi e w s o n the

l e adi n g fac ts c o n n e c te d wi th it as a u se ful an d n e c e s
,

sar y in tr o duc ti o n to th e subj e c t o f o u r n e x t c h ap te r .

1 f
Pro Calde rw oo d asse rts c o n sc io usn e ss in sle e
. R elation s of M i nd and
B ody, p 19 ; Vic t I nstitute , A pril, 1 898
. . . Se e also 0 ap vii for
. . f ll q
u uo tatio n.
 C HAP T E R I V .

T H E U N CO N SCI O U S M I N D .

B E F O RE di scu ssi n g in th i s c hap te r th e e xi ste n c e an d

“
m o d e o f ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d w e will
bri e fly pass in r e vi e w a fur th e r c o ll e c ti o n o f th e str o n g
e st state m e n ts ag ai n st i t th at w e h av e b e e n abl e to

g ath e r fro m th e wri ti n g s o f p sy c h o l o gi sts an d o th e r s .

We h av e alr e ady d o n e th i s at so m e l e n g th in c h ap te r
ii an d w e m e r e ly giv e th e se in addi ti o n as w e d e sir e
.
, ,

i n thi s w o rk to state as f airly as m ay b e b o th sid e s o f

th e qu e sti o n r ath e r th an pr e se n t a m e r e l y o n e sid e d
,
-

state m e n t e xcludi n g all c o n tr adi c to r y e vid e n c e .

I t will b e o b se rv e d in th e qu o tati o n s w e giv e th at th e

T est im o n i es wr i te r s are r e m ark abl e r ath e r fo r vigo ur th an

iiit igis
t ns
nsc
fo r m o d e r ati o n o f l an gu ag e ; fo r d o gm atic
1 1
asse r ti o n an d th e arbi tr ary use o f w o r d s
111 11

( wh ich i s i n d e e d th e o n ly m e th o d n o w l e ft th e m ) r ath e r
th an fo r f air ar g um e n t .

P r o f e sso r B o u n e o f B o sto n says : C o n sci o u sn e ss i s

, ,

th e sp e cific f e atur e o f all m e n tal state s U n c o n sc i o u s .

k n o wi n g an d willi n g are p h r ase s w h ich d e fy all i n te r

p re ta ti o n I t i s i n d e e d p o ssibl e th at th e so ul m a e r
.
yp
fo rm m an y u n c o n sci o u s fun c ti o n s b ut th e y w o uld h ave ,

1 ”
n o m e n tal c l aim .

1 Pro f
. B oun e (Boston), I n tr od uc tion to P sycho log i cal T heor y, p 23 7
. .

( 73 )
 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S M IN D 73

O ur ne x t qu o tati o n s sh all be fr o m P r o fe sso r L add s ’

m o st r e c e n t w o r k We will fir st giv e his un

qu alifi e d d e n i al o f all u n c o n sci o u s mi n d an d th e n h is ,

asse r ti o n (in th e sam e w o rk ) o f i ts ac ti o n E l se w h e r e .

w e sh all giv e o th e r qu o tati o n s fr o m th i s p syc h o l o gy

in p r o o f ( giv e n n o d o ub t by th at v e ry u n c o n sci o u s
mi n d P r o fe sso r L add so vig o r o u sly d e n i e s in th e o ry)
o f th e e xi ste n c e o f w h at i n th e fo ll o wi n g w o r d s h e

ri dicul e s
T o sp e ak o f u n c o n sci o u s p syc h ic al o r me n tal state s
as be lo n gi n g to mi n d i s to use w o rd s th at are P f La dd i ro s

11225112
1
qui te u n i n telligi ble T h e atte mp t to f o rm a
.
2 1
1
3

1 19
m e tap h y sic al c o n c e p ti o n o f mi n d wh ich d o es 12

n o t i n clud e c o n sci o u sn e ss as th e o n e c h ar ac te ri stic th at

di stin gui sh e s mi n d fro m n o t mi n d mu st alw ays r e m ai n

,

1 ”
a v ai n atte mp t .

T o talk o f u n c o n sci o u s m e n tal state s i s to talk o f

th e i n c o n c e iv abl e — O f w o o d e n ir o n o f th e
‘ ’ ‘
un c o n
,

sci o u s c o n sci o u s as i t w e r e
2 ”
N O d o ub t thi s i s so to
’
.

M r L add s c o n sci o u s mi n d th o ugh n o t at all o bvi o u s

’
.
,

to th at o f o th e r s .

T h e te r m p syc h o si s i s n o t to b e e mpl o y e d for an y

so r t o f p r o c e sse s th at ar e n o t pr o c e sse s i n c o n sc i o u s:

n e ss . T he p syc h ic al i s th e c o n sc i o u s ; an d thu s th e

p sych ic al i s di sti n gui sh e d fr o m the p h ysi c al whic h w e ,

do n o t c o n c e iv e o f as c o n sc i o u s C o n sci o u sn e ss
.
,

th e o n e u ni v e r sal c h ar ac te ri stic O f all true min d states

.

an d r e al m e n tal e xi ste n c e s as far as k n o wn

11 ”
C o uld .

1G T Ladd, P hilosophy of M i nd , p 395

m
. . . .

3
fil
, p 385 . 1 bid p 384 . .
74 TH E U N CON SC I OU S M IN D

l an gu age b e m o re e mp h atic o r th e an ci e n t sh ibb o le th ,

mo r e r igidly ad h e r e d to P
‘

B ut i t w o uld app e ar th at e v e n th e se p h r ase s do n o t

c arry c o n vic ti o n to th e u n c o n sci o u s j udgm e n t o f th e i r
au th o r ; fo r to o ur asto n i sh m e n t h e th e n wri te s as

f o ll o w s sp e aki n g o f u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal ac ti o n such as

, ,

i n sti n c t in an im al s d e e d s o f g e n iu s an d pr o digi e s e tc
, , , .

T h e r e c an b e no do ubt ! sic ] th at all e xpl an ati o n s w h i c h

do n o t r e c o gn i se th e pr o o f o f mi n d in suc h p e rfo rm
P r o f e sso r
1 ”
an oe s as th e se are q u i te u n sati sf ac to ry .

L add th u s app e ar s alm o st e qu ally e mph atic up o n b o th

sid e s .

A w e ll k n o wn w r i te r in M in d P ro f e sso r E d M o n t
-
, .

go m e ry O f C alifo r n i a ad ds h i s te stim o n y
, , E v e ry o n e .

fe e l s th at to sp e ak o f u n c o n sci o u s m e n tal state s i s n o t

o n ly to b e u tte ri n g a par ad o x b u t to b e alm o st as pr e ,

p o ste ro n s as if we w e r e to asse rt n o n e xi ste n t e xi st -

”
2
ence .

W e will n o w giv e a fe w qu o tati o n s fr o m P r o fe sso r

S al i
o so s
S ull y s w o rk s w h o a ffo
’
rd s an o th e r ,i n te r e st i n g
P 2 8 111"
e x ampl e o f h o w a m an c an u n c o n sci o u sly o r
10 11
(
wi th his un c o n sci o u s mi n d ) c o n tradic t h is c o n sc i o u s
asse r ti o n s .

'

“
I h o ld th at it i s a c o n tr adi c ti o n to talk o f an y
men tal O p e r ati o n as al to ge th e r u n c o n sci o u s 3 “
M o d e rn .
”

sci e n c e p h y si o l o gi c al as w e ll as p syc h o l o gic al i s n u

, ,

abl e to adv an c e an y p r o o f o f u n c o n sci o u s e l e m e n ts o r

1 G T . Ladd , P h i lo sop hy of llli n d , p 381

f
. . .

2 Pro Ed M o ntg o me ry, M i nd , v o l v ii , p 53 1

f
. . . . . .

2
Pro . S ully, I llusi on s, p 335 . .
 fi

76 TH E U N CON SC I OU S M I N D

U n c o n sc i o u s pr o ud se e T h i s is a fi n e Cali
ms so .
” 1

fo rn i an sp e c im e n O f th e vig o r o u s d o gm atic styl e .

T h e r e is a l o n g ar ti c l e ag ai n st th e u n c o n sci o u s
mi n d b R H Hu tto n i n t h e C o n tempo r ary
R y
o H M
c e, y . .

£23 £ 132 2 R evi ew in w h i c h h o w e v e r w e f ail to fi n d o n e

1
, , ,
1 1
“21 °

c o n vi n c in g se n te n c e T o th i s it m ay b e r e .

p li e d th at w e ar e pr o b ably n o t o p e n to c o n vi c ti o n W e .

will th e re fo re gi v e o n e o r tw o o f h i s stro n g e st u tte r

an oe s .

“
I do not th i n k yo u r e sul t o f th i n ki n g
c an et th e
g
w i th o u t th o ug h t ; o f j udg in g wi th o u t ju dgm e n t ; o f

cr e ative e ffo r t wi th o u t th e c o n sc i o u s ad ap tati o n o f

m e an s to e n d s 2 “
I se e n o th i n g lik e l ate n t o r u m
.
”

th o ugh t th o ugh t b ut o n l y u n th o ugh t p h y sic al c o n di

,

ti o n s o f th o u g h t 2 ”
.

“
I s i t n o t f air to c o n c lud e w h e n w e r e tur n to a ,

subj e c t af te r a ti me an d fi n d it taki n g muc h cl e ar e r

sh ape in o u r mi n d s th at th e pr o gr e ss i s pr o b abl y du e
, ,

n o t to u n c o n sc i o u s c e r e br ati o n b u t to f o rg o tte n i n te r ,

v al s o f c o n sc i o u s i n te ll e c tu al w o rk 4
T h e r e ad e r will
say if h e se e s m u c h f o r c e in th e se argum e n ts .

D r I r e l an d say s
. T h e th e o ry o f u n c o n sc i o u s c e r e
br ati o n d e riv e s n o su pp o r t fr o m p h ysi o l o gy I t i s a .

c h ild o f th e O ld m e tap h ysic s to b e br o ug h t f o rw ard an d

re p e ll e d by the study an d an al ysi s o f m e n tal O p e r ati o n s

c o gn i sabl e b y i n te r n al se l f e x ami n ati o n
5 ”
-
.

N o te sp e ci all y th at th e m ai n r e aso n s w h y th e un c o n

1 f
Pro Ro yc e, M i n d , vo l vi ii , p 33
. . . . .

2 R H . H utto n , Con temp orary R ev iew , July, 1 8 74, p 2 01

. . .

3 I bid 20 3 4 I bi d
, p . . .
, p
21 1 . . .

5
D r I relan d, B lot o n the Brain , an d in th e J our na l of M ental S cience,
.
 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D 77

s ci o u s min d is d e n i e d by all th e se w ri te r s i s b e c au se
th e y do n o t app e ar to r e c o g n i se an y m e th o d o f i n
v e stig atio n b ut i n tr o sp e c ti o n a pr o c e ss n e c e ssari l y
,

c on sci o u s .

We c o n clud e th i s adv e r se te stim o n y wi th th e f o ll o w

i n g fr o m K i r c h e n e r
An u n c o n sc i o u s c o n sci o u sn e ss ! w e u n d e r stan d by
c o n sci o u sn e ss th e se lf p e r c e p ti o n wh ich acc o mp an i e s
-

all p syc h ic ac ts T h e qu e sti o n th e r e f o r e i s A r e th e r e

.
,

u n c o n sci o u s p syc h ic ac ts M an y p syc h o l o gi sts si n c e

L e ibn i tz h av e d e c l ar e d th e m se lv e s in fav o u r O f an
affirm ativ e an sw e r S till th e p r o o f o f u n c o n sc i o u s
.

p syc h ic al p h e n o m e n a i s di fficul t fo r in o rd e r to b e e x
,

pe r ie n c e d th e y mu st b e k n o w n B ut th e ir d e fe n d e r s
.

asse r t th at c e r tai n f ac ts o f e x pe ri e n c e c o mp e l u s to ac

c e p t u n c o n sci o u s state s as th e ir c au se o r as th e ir e ffe c t .

B ut wh at i s adduc e d in pr o o f fail s i n c e r tai n ty T h at .

a w ai te r w as f ast asl e e p i n a n o i se an d c o uld n o t b e

aw ak e n e d by a c all o r b y h i s n am e b u t o n l y by th e

w o r d w ai te r pr o v e s n o th i n g but th at it w as th at
‘
,
’

wh ich w as so j o i n e d wi th hi s accu sto m e d id e as an d

f e e li n g s as to b e abl e to o v e r c o m e h i s d e e p sl e e p .

C e r tai n ly id e as an d fe e li n g s c all f o r th b o di l y m o v e
m e n ts u n acc o mp an i e d by an y di r e c t e xp e ri e n c e o f will .

B ut th e se ar e p r o c e sse s w hic h o n ly b e l o n g to a p ar t
o f th e p syc h ic lif e A s li ttl e i s pr o v e d b y th e e x ampl e s
.

fr o m w h ich i t h as b e e n d e sir e d to c o n clud e th at n u

c o n sci o u s p sych ic al ac ts ar e th e e ffe c t o f c o n sci o u s
” 1
o ne s.

1 Ki rchener , P sycho log y, p 6 1. .

78 TH E UN C ON SC IO U S M IN D

H vi ng
a iv nth u s
t h e di r ec t n e g ativ e su ffi ci e n t
g e

Unc n sc i ous
o
h e ari n g w e w i ll fur n i,sh illu str ati o n s o f so m e
1
e sid e wi n d s by w h ic h th e d o c tri n e o f
523323“
2 12
o f t h
111 2 "
11 8 2
th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d i s so ugh t to b e bl o wn
aw ay an d an indi r ec t n e g ativ e e stabli sh e d
,
the c h i e f ,

o n e b e i n g to c all i ts ac ti o n s p h y sic al .

C o n sci o u sn e ss i s th e n e c e ssary c o n di ti o n o f mi n d .

U n c o n sci o u s m e n tal state s m ay b e acc o u n te d fo r

‘ ’

p ar tly f ro m th e p h ysi c al sid e as e x c i tati o n i n ad e qu ate ,

to a m e n tal e ffo rt an d p ar tly fr o m th e m e n tal sid e as

, ,

1 ”
a state o f l e ast c o n sci o u sn e ss .

I n sh o r t i t app e ar s w e may sugge st an yth i n g or

, , ,

supp o se an yth i n g so o n e r th an admi t th e h e r e tic al i d e a

, .

A n d ye t th e id e a h as an irr e sistibl e f asci n ati o n fo r

o ur O pp o n e n ts as i s so i n imi tabl y e xpr e sse d b y R ib o t
, .

“
Wh e n th e p sych o l o gi st h as r e so lv e d p syc h o l o gi c al
p he n o m e n a i n to simpl e e l e m e n ts h e c asts a sly g lanc e ,

al so up o n th e m e c h an i sm th at e l ab o r ate s in th e un

c o n sci o u s d e p th s o f so ul th e impul se s d e r iv e d fro m

2 ”
e x te r n al impr e ssi o n s .

P ur sui n g th e p h y sic al th e o ry M uch o f th e brain s ’

,

ac tivi ty i s b e l o w th e d o m ai n o f c o n sci o u sn e ss
“
H amil to n an d a l arg e n umb e r wi th h im p artly
o bli te r ate th e di vidi n g li n e b e tw e e n m atte r an d mi n d

by in si sti n g o n sub c o n sc i o u s state s o f mi n d 4

-
.
”

T h e h appy p h r ase i s th at o f u n c o n sci o u s c e r e b r a

ti on F e w are aw ar e h o w muc h a d o c tri n e i s i n d e b te d
.

$ 33?
1
1
1 58
° °

3 DF err ier, F un c ti on s of the B r ai n , p 2 94

. . .

4
Pro f Basco m (Bo sto n), Comparati ve P sycho log y,
.
p 22
. .
 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S MIN D 79

to a f o r tu n ate p h r ase an d h o w mi sl e adi n g such

ph r ase s o f te n am ”
.

By th i s w e u n d e r stan d th at th e p h r ase
.

sati sfi e s th e p r o f e sso r by givin g a p h ysic al o ri g i n to

un c o n sci o u s mi n d ; b ut th e f allacy o f th i s i s sh o w n as
fo ll o w s
L ayc o ck c all s u n c o n sci o u s c e r e b r al c h an ge s id e a
g e n o u s ( apt to b e ge t id e as) an d ki n e tic ( p r o duc tiv e o f
m o ve m e n t) .

D r I r e l an d say s
. T o b e li e v e th at u n c o n sc i o u s c e r e
br ati o n is r e ally due to un re c o gn i se d c h an ge s in th e
sub stan c e o f th e br ai n an d to h e si tate to c all th e m
,

m e n tal c h ange s i s as Sir H e n ry H o ll an d h as r e m ark e d

, , ,

to supp o se i n te ll e c tu al O p e r ati o n s i n wh ic h c o n sci o u s

n e ss h as n o p ar t o r an e xclu si o n o f mi n d f r o m th e
,

h igh e st fun c ti o n o f mi n d T o c all th o ugh t c e r e br ati o n

.

i s n o t w arr an te d by tru e p h il o so p h y A man b r e ath e s

.
,

H e al so o b se rv e s th at A m an
2 ”
d o e s n o t pulm o n ate .

c an b e c o sci o u s a d n t c f
i u o b i g c o sci o u s ! ”
n n o o n sc o s e n n 3

D r I r e l an d it may b e r e m ark e d i s r e all y a str o n g

.
, ,

O pp o n e n t O f u n c o n sc i o u s c e r e br ati o n T h e l ast se n te n c e
.
,

to g e th e r wi th o th e r s w e qu o te fr o m o th e r wri te r s i s ,

a cl e ar i llu str ati o n o f th e p h r ase s w h ic h a m an w ill u se

w h o n e c e ssar ily aw ar e o f th e e xi ste n c e o f th e un c o n

,

sci o u s r e fu se s to r e c o g n i se i t as O f m e n tal qu ali ty

4
, It .

w o uld b e b e tte r fo r m an y o f th e se w ri te r s to sub sti tute

fo r suc h state m e n ts th e o ld c o upl e t
1 f
Pro Basc o m ( Bo sto n ) , Comp ar ati ve P sycho log y, p 23
. .

3 I bid
.

2 D r I r e lan d B lo t on th e B r ai n
, pp
21 6 23 2 .
p 22 1
f f
. .
, .
, , . .

D r I re lan d s ph rase , h o w e ver, r e e rs t o t he ac tio ns o f a e nc er, and th e

’
.

“
h e re is r ath er mor e i n tellig i ble th an in
”
use o f un c o nsc io us c on sc i o usn e ss
o th er w ri ter s .
80 TH E UN CON SC I OU S M I N D
I do not li k e th e e , D r . F e ll,
T he re aso n w hy I c an n o t te ll .

F or b o ld n e ss p e rh ap s th e fo ll o wi n g i s u n surp asse d
M atte r an d th e u n c o n sc io u s are th e sam e B ut
th is i s r e buk e d b y L e w e s .

Wh e n w e are u n c o n sc io u s o f a f e e li n g i t d o e s n o t
“

i m pl y th at i t i s a p ur e l y ph ysic al pr o c e ss 2
.
”

Ag ai n A r e th e pr o c e sse s o f i n fe r e n c e s wh i c h lie o ut
,

si d e c o n sc i o u sn e ss m e n tal e v e n ts at all ? T h at th e r e
ar e c e r e br al pr o c e sse s i n v o lv e d i s fairl y c e r tai n b u t th at ,

th e se ar e ac c o m pan i e d b y an yth in g m e n tal i s wh o ll y

gr atui to u s an d sin c e it c o n tr ad ic ts o ur r adic al p syc h i c al
,

c o n c e pti o n i s to b e r e j e c te d
2 ”
.

Ye s ! th at i s th e r e aso n ; th e r ad i c al p syc h i c al c o n
c e ti o n mu s t b e r e se rv e d at all c o sts
p p .

I am m yse lf i n c l in e d to agr e e wi th Sir Willi am

U i u
n c o n sc o
H a m i l to
s
n a n d t o admi t , h i s u n c o n sc i o u s

231 32532
3
5
m e n tal m o difi c ati o n s
0
i n th e o n l y sh ap e i n ,

b P Y11 1
e S
wh ic h I c an attac h an y v e r y di sti n c t m e an i n g
2 1 22 °

to th e m n am e l y u n c o n sc i o u s m o difi c ati o n O f th e
, ,

n e rv e s
4 ”
.

H o w suc h c o ul d b e m e n tal M r M ill d o e s n o t say ,

b e sid e s all m o d i fi c atio n s o f n e rv e s ar e u n c o n sc i o u s .

H avi n g assum e d to m ak e o u t a sc i e n c e b y d e al in g
wi th state s o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss w e ar e aw ar e th at the
l atte r ar e c o n tr o ll e d m o r e o r l e ss by sub c o n sc io u s o r -
,

1
Pro f
. H e ring , Uber d es G edach tn i ss, 1 876 .

2
G H L e w es, P r oblems of L ife an d M i nd
f
. . .

3 Pr o . Sully, P essi mi sm, p 1 90 . .

4 .
1 0hn Stuart M ill, E xam of Si r W H amilton s P hilosophy, last
’
. . ed itio n ,
p 2 85
.
 TH E U N CON SCI OU S M I N D 81

un c o n sci o u s p r o c e sse s o f p r e ci se ly th e sam e ki n d as

th o se w h ic h w o r k at c o n sci o u s r e di n te gr ati o n T he .

u n c o n sci o u s ac ti o n s i n clud e dr e am s sl e e p talki n g so m,

-
,

n amb uli sm an a
, e sth e si a an d h yp n o ti sm an d lik e wi se ,

th e u n c o n sci o u s c e r e br ati o n th at tak e s pl ac e du ri n g

th e se state s I n all th e se state s as w e ll as in n o rm al
.
,

c o n sci o u sn e ss th e r e ar e ac tivi ti e s o f th e n e r v o u s syste m

,

1 ”
at w o rk w h i c h are w h o ll y o u tsid e o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

“
T h e pr e te n si o n th at th e r e ar e u n c o n sc i o u s id e as
ari se s in th i s w ay : th at i n m an y pur e ly m e n tal ac ts

p h y si o l o gi c al pr o c e sse s c o m e i n to pl ay I n o ur .

O pi n i o n th e r e i s al so n o state o f m an w h ic h i s n o t

acc o mp an i e d b y so m e f e e li n g o f pl e asu r e o r p ai n We .

ar e i n d e e d accu sto m e d to sp e ak o f th i s f e e li n g w h e n i t

attai n s to a c e r tai n d e gr e e T h e h e al th y m an h as
.

so m e c o n sci o u sn e ss o f h i s o rg an s (h e ar t sto m ac h h e ad , , ,

2 ”
e tc ) w h e n h e d o e s n o t n o tic e th e m o th e rwi se
. .

“
Si n c e c o n sc i o usn e ss h as b e e n alm o st u n if o rmly
tak e n as th e b asi s o f all stric tl y m e n tal
T h o mp o n s
ac tivi ty ,
i t se e m s c o n v e n i e n t to state as K i h rc e n er,
’

0 2 1
fun c ti o n s o f th e n e r v o u s syste m all th o se 21 2 11 2 1 "

21 3 21
11
1 2 ,

O p e r ati o n s w h i c h lie b e l o w th at l e v e l
1
T he 2 .

’
d e sign ati o n u n c o n sci o u s c e r e br atio n i s p e rh ap s as
‘

u n o bj e c ti o n abl e as an y o th e r an d h as b ee n f o un d
,

re adily i n te lligibl e 2
.
”

I t is c o m p ar ativ e ly u n imp o r tan t wh e th e r th e do c

tri n e o f un c o n sci o u s c e r e br ati o n o r in th e l an gu ag e o f
‘ ’
, ,

1
D r G T h ompson , System of P sycho log y, p 42 8
. . . .

2
K ir c h e n e r , P sycho log y, p 6 8 . .

2 W B Car enter M en tal P h si olo

. .
p , y g y, 4th e di tio n , M . 51 6 , 51 7 .
 82 T H E UN CO N SCI O US MI N D

th e G e rm an p sych o l o gi sts th e pre c o n sci o u s ac ti vity ,

‘
-

b e e xp r e sse d in te r m s o f p h y si o l o gy o r in
’
o f th e so ul ,

te rm s o f m e tap h ysic s i f th e pri n cipl e b e duly r e c o g

,

ni se d an d th e e n o rm o u s pr ac ti c al imp o rtan c e o f dir e c t

in g th e pre c o n sc i o u s ac tivi ty th r o ugh th e p h ysic al
-

n atu r e b e admi tte d an d ac te d o n e sp e c i ally in th e ,

1 ”
e d u c ati o n o f c h ildr e n .

T h e w e ll k n o wn argum e n ts u se d by P r o f e sso r
-

Huxl e y in hi s L ay S ermons fo r d o ub ti n g th e m e n tal

, ,

o ri gi n o f m an y purp o siv e ac ti o n s an d b ase d o n P r o ,

’
fe sso r G o l tz an d Pfl ii g e r s e xp e rim e n ts o n fr o g s ar e all ,

“
fo un d e d o n th e assump ti o n n o c o n sci o u sn e ss no , ,

mi n d H e sh o w s th at wh e n th e upp e r p art o f th e
br ai n ( c o n sci o u s c e n tre s) i s d e str o ye d mo v e m e n ts ,

o rdi n aril y acc o u n te d v o li ti o n al ar e acc o mpli sh e d su c h ,

as sw all o wi n g m o vi n g wi th ligh t e tc an d b e c au se
, , .
,

un c o n sci o u s c o n clud e s th e y are pur e l y p h ysic al All

, .

are ,
h o w e v e r acc o u n te d fo r by un c o n sci o u s m e n tal
,

ac ti o n .

T h e o b se r v ati o n o f th e fr o g d e priv e d o f its br ai n

sh o w s th at it c an ad ap t i ts m o v e m e n ts to th e c h an g e d

c o n di ti o n s in a w ay w h i c h i f c o n sci o u sn e ss an d will ,

w e r e c o n c e r n e d w o uld m an ife stly pr e supp o se a p e rf e c t

,

kn o wl e dg e o f t e p o si ti o n o t w o l b o dy
h f h e h e
2
.
”

A s a sp e cim e n o f th e assum p ti o n o f pur e ly p h ysic al

c o n n e c ti o n s b e t w e e n m e n tal state s w e giv e th e fo ll o w ,

in g
F ar d o wn , so to p
s ea k be lo w
, th e u r fac e
s of di sti n c t
1 W B Car penter , M en tal P hysi olog y, 4th e ditio n , pp 332, 3 33
. . . .

2 Ed v H artmann, P h i losophy of the Un co n sci ou s, vo l i ii p 235

. . . . . .
84 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S M I N D
“
ti o n s K an t say s th i s i s by pur e i n tui ti o n Wh e w e ll
.
,

“
b y i n sti n c tiv e i n du c ti o n P r o f e sso r C li ffo rd ag r e e s
wi th H e rb e r t Sp e n c e r 1
All th e se e xpr e ssi o n s impl y
.

u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal ac ti o n an d th o se w h o u se th e m
cl e arly u n c o n sc i o u sl y admi t it .

I t will b e o b se rv e d th at th e n am e s o f p syc h o l o gi sts ,

m e taph ysi c i an s ph il o so p h e r s an d o th e r trai n e d o b

,

se rv e r s are all giv e n pr o mi scu o u sl y as th e d o c tri n e i s ,

to o br o ad an d th e r e su l ts o f i ts applic ati o n to o v ast an d

m o m e n to u s to b e se ttl e d b y th e d o gm ati sm o f an y o n e
sc h o o l o f th o ugh t N ati o n all y th e d o c tri n e o f a n c o n
.
,

sc i o u s ac ts o f mi n d i s g e n e r all y r e f u se d in F r an c e an d
“
Bri tai n th e p o si ti o n b e i n g n o m o dific ati o n o f mi n d
,

d e v o id o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss th o ugh as w e h av e se e n th i s
,
”
, ,

p o si ti o n i s un c o n sc i o u sl y c o n stan tl y c o n tr adic te d I n .

G e rm an y o n th e c o n tr ar y th e d o c tri n e i s alm o st u n i
, ,

v e r sally ac c e pte d n o p h il o so p h e r o f n o te r ej e c ti n g it
, .

We pr o c e e d to giv e bri e f e xtr ac ts .

“
T h e i n se n sibl e pe rc e pti o n s are as imp o r tan t in
p n e um ato l o gy as c o r u sc l e s are in p h si c s
”

L ib itz
e n
p y .

H lmh ltz
,

e o T h e se u n c o n sc i o u s ac ts o f mi n d c all e d
,
,
G lt
a on ,
”
o b scur e id e as i n se n sibl e p e r c e p ti o n s
Le w e s,
2
, .

H milt
a o n,
T uk e, H e lm h o l tz sp e ak s o f u n c o n so lo us i n f e r
H h ll
e r sc e ,
H lm
o en c e s
e s, i n r e fe r e n c e to o p ti c al i llu si o n s .

Lay k
c oc
L e i b n i tz i n
S c h e ll i n g says W i th appr o v al
.

, ,

A ls den kbar w as th e fir st to asse r t th e e xi ste n c e o f un

,

c o n sci o u s p e r c e p ti o n s as id e as 3 ”

1 ff
Se c W K Cli or d m th e Co n temp or ar y R evi ew , O ct 1874, pp 712 -71 7
z
. .
,
2
See Le i b ni t , N ouveaux E ssai s, vo l i i , c hap i . . . .

3 G Sc h elling , pp 1 08 1 1 5
. . .
 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M IN D 85

P e rh ap s th e r
g e st o f th e impr e ssio n s l e f t b y
st o n

th e se e xp e rim e n ts ( o n m i n d ac ti o n ) i s th e v al i d
r e aso n th e y affo rd fo r b e li e v in g i n th e e x iste n c e o f still
d e e p e r str ata o f m e n tal o p e r ati o n s su n k w h o lly b e l o w
th e l e v e l o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss 1 ”
.

T h e v ast mul tipl ici ty o f m e n tal o p e r ati o n s th at are

in simul tan e o u s o p e r ati o n o f w h i c h o n l y a mi n u te p ar t
2 ”
f all s w i th i n th e ke n o f c o n sc i o usn e ss .

T h e e xp e rim e n ts (in i n tr o sp e c ti o n ) g av e m e an
“

i n te r e sti n g vi e w o f th e o b sc ur e d e pth s o f th e mi n d
o f w h ic h I h ad b e e n b u t li ttl e c o n sc i o u s b e f o r e
”
3
.

“
T h e r e are n umb e rl e ss i n d ic ati o n s o f a m e n tal
ac tivi ty o n l y r e c o g n i sabl e as a n e ur al pr o c e ss n o t at ,

“
all as a c o n sc i o u s pr o c e ss .

We cl ass th e ch an g e s in th e se n so rium u n d e r th re e
h e ad s o f v ar yi n g r e lativ e i n te n sity an d c all th e m c o n,

sci o u s sub c o n sc i o u s an d u n c o n sc i o u s state s

,
-
T h e tw o .

fir st are admi tte d b y all wri te r s T h e l ast ar e pr o v e d

.

to h av e an e qu al cl aim ; fo r th e u n c o n sc i o u s pr o c e sse s
n o t o n l y tak e pl ac e i n th e sam e o r g an s as th e o th e r s ,

b ut ar e sh o wn to h av e th e c ardi n al c h ar ac te r o f se n
ti e n t state s b y th e i r i n flu e n c e i n d e te rm in i n g i d e as an d
5”
ac ti o n s .

“
T h e f ac t o f u n c o n sc i o u s i n te ll e c tu al pr o c e sse s n o
l e ss th an th at o f u n c o n sc i o u s se n su al an d v o l itio n al
pr o c e sse s c arri e s tw o imp o r tan t c o n se qu e n c e s F ir st .
,

i t di spr o v e s th e n o ti o n th at p syc h o l o gy c an b e lim ite d

1 F G alto n , I n quiry i n to the H uman F ac u lty, p 2 02

. . .

2 I bid 3 3 I b id
, p
. 3 3. .
, p
1 86 . . .

4 G H Le w e s, P r o blems of L if e and M i n d , pr o b i , p 20
. . . . . . .

5 I bi l
l , pro b xi , p 1 57
. . . .
 86 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I ND

to th e fac ts o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss ; fo r th i s w o uld e xclud e th e

gr e ate r p ar t o f o ur m e n tal lif e ; it w o uld imply th at a
judgm e n t o r a tr ai n o f r e aso n in g w as n o t a p syc h o
l o gi c al f ac t wh e n i t p asse d u n c o n sc i o u sl y Se co n d .
,

i t pr o v e s th at psyc h o l o gy c an n o t b e div o rc e d f r o m
h si o l o g wi th o u t e x c lu d i n g all th e pr o c e sse s kn o wn
p y y
”
to b e p h ysio l o gic al an d k n o w n to b e u n c o n sc i o u s 1
.

“
We are c o n strain e d to adm it as m o d ifi c ati o n s o f
mi n d w h at are n o t in th e m se lv e s p h e n o m e n a o f c o n
2
sc i o usn e ss
”
.

S ir Wm H amil to n f ur th e r asse r ts ( l e c t xviii )

. . .

th at th e mi n d e x e r ts e n e rg ie s an d i s th e subj e c t o f
m o difi c ati o n s o f n e i th e r o f wh ic h i s i t c o n sc i o u s
, .

“
U n c o n sc i o u s c e r e br ati o n — th at ac tivi ty o f i n te l
‘ ’

l e c tu al an d m e n tal m o dific ati o n w h ic h g o e s o n wi th o u t

”
th e c o n sci o u sn e ss o f th e subj e c t 3
.

“
N o g e n e r al f ac t i s so w e ll e stabli sh e d by th e e x
e r i e n c e o f m a n ki n d o r so u n iv e r sally acc e p te d as a
p
guid e in th e affair s o f life as th at o f u n c o n sc io u s m e n tal
li fe an d ac ti o n 4
.
”

B e l o w th e th r e sh o ld o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss says H e r ,

b ar t all p e r c e p ti o n s b e l o n g to th e un se e n p e rc e p ti o n s
,

o f L e ib n i tz
”
.

I n suc h c ase s w e h av e e vid e n c e o f a th o ugh t o r i n

te llig e n c e w o r ki n g wi th i n o ur o rg an i sm di sti n c t fr o m
5 ”
th at o f o ur p e r so n ali ty u n c o n sci o u sly) .

I t i s a gr e at so urc e o f e r r o r to b e li e v e th at th e r e i s
1
'
G H Le w e s P r oblems of L ife and M i n d , pr o b i , p 1 9
. .
, . . . .

V
i
sir W H amilto n , L ec tur es o n M etap hysic s v o l i , p 3 48 .

k k
. , . . .

8 H ac T u e , D i et of P sych o log i c al M ed i c i n e e d 1 8 92 vo l
. , .
, . xi .
, pp 13 3 , 136
. .

yg o ck M i n d and B rai n , vo l i , p 1 6 1
4 D r T La . . . .
. .
,

5 Sir J o h n H e rsc h e ll L ectur es o n S ci en ti c S ub ects 412

, fi j , p
. .
88 TH E UN CO N SC I OU S MIN D

se e th at th e ri e s o f state s o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss
se o n ly

f o rm s a p o r ti o n O f th e m e n tal lif e ; th at d e fi n i te c o n
sc i o u sn e ss h as a b ac kgr o u n d o f sub c o n sci o u sn e ss an d -

u n c o n sc i o u sn e ss A t fir st it se e m s lik e a c o n tr adic ti o n
.

to sp e ak O f f ac ts o f u n c o n sci o u sn e ss as b e l o n gi n g to
p syc h o l o gy T h e stud y o f ph ysi o l o gy w as n e c e ssary to
.

bri n g o ut c l e arly th e c o n c e p ti o n o f u n c o n sc i o u s fe e li n gs
as f ac to r s in m e n tal p h e n o m e n a
1 ”
.

M an y O f th e id e as c o n n e c te d wi th th e g e n e r al c o n
c e pt O f u n c o n sc i o u sn e ss h av e acquir e d n e w imp o rtan c e
l ate l y . P syc h o l o gi sts n o l o n g e r b e li e v e th at all th e
fac to r s O f m e n tal ph e n o m e n a c an b e di sc o v e r e d by m e n tal
i n tr o sp e c ti o n R e c e n t th e o ri e s O f th e o rigi n O f th e pe r
.

c e ptio n o f sp ac e th at O f L o tz e fo r e x ampl e d e p e n d o n
, , ,

th e admi ssi o n th at th e r e ar e u n c o n sci o u s e l e m e n ts in pe r

c e pti o n d e r iv e d fr o m th e mu sc ul ar an d o rg an i c se n se
2 ”
.

T h e pr o c e sse s th at g o o n o u tsid e O f c o n sc i o u sn e ss
ar e n o t in th e ir i n te ll e c tu al b e ari n g s v e ry u n lik e th o se
”
th at g o on in i t .
3

T h e h ypo th e si s O f u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal m o di fi c a
“ ‘

ti o n s, as i t h as b e e n u n f o r tu n ate ly te rm e d , th e h yp o
’

th e si s of i u sn e ss av o i d s th i s c o n tr adic ti o n
su b c o n sc o
‘ ’
-
.
,

T h e h yp o th e si s o f su b c o n sc i o u sn e ss h as b e e n str an g e ly
-

mi sun d e r sto o d an d i t w o uld b e h ard to say at wh o se

,

h an d s it h as su ffe r e d m o st— th o se O f i ts e xp o n e n ts o r
its O p po n e n ts H alf th e di ffi c ul ti e s are due to the
.

ambigu i ty o f th e w o rd c o nsci o usn e ss 4 ‘ ’ ”

1 Pr o f Wh ittak e r
E ssa ys on P sych o log y, p 4 8 2 I bid
, p 49
f
. . . . . .
,
3 Pr o .B asc o m (B o sto n ), Comp ar ati ve P sycho log y, p 3 8 . .

4 J as . Ward o n C onsc iousn ess, E n cyclop oedia B ri tann i ca, 9th e dition,
”

vo l . xx.
, p 47. .
 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I ND 89

F W; G M y e r s r e c o g n i se s b e sid e s sub an d un
. .
,
“

c o n sc i o u s supr a c o n sc i o u s o p e r atio n s H i s th e o ry o f
,
-
.

u n c o n sci o u sn e ss wh i c h h e c all s sub limi n al c o n sc i o u s

,
-

n e ss i s b e st giv e n i n h i s o w n w o rd s
, .

“
I sugge st th at e ac h o f u s h as an abidi n g p syc h o
l o gi c al ac tivi ty far m o r e e x te n siv e th an h e k n o w s All .

i s I h o ld c o n sc i o u s ; all i s i n c lu de d i n an ac tiv e o r
, ,

p o te n ti al m e m o ry b e l o w th e r e st o f o ur h abi tu al c o n
sc i o u sn e ss F o r all wh i c h li e s b e l o w th i s th r e sh o ld
.
,

sub limi n al-

se e m s th e fi tte st w o rd U n c o n sc i o u s o r .

sub c o n sci o u s w o uld b e

-
dir e c tly mi sl e adi n g I h o ld .

th at th e sp e c trum o f c o n sci o u sn e ss if I m ay so c all ,

i t i s in th e sub l imi n al se lf i n d e fi n i te l y e x te n d e d at
, ,
-
,

b o th e n d s A t th e i n fe ri o r o r p h ysi c al e n d ( su b) i t
.

i n clud e s muc h th at i s to o rudim e n tary to b e r e tai n e d

in th e o rdi n ar y c o n sc i o usn e ss o f an o rg an i sm so ad
v an c e d as m an s A s to th e sup e ri o r o r p syc h i c al e n d
’
.

(supr a) i t i n c l u d e s an u n k n o wn c ate g o ry O f i m pr e ssi o n s

,

wh i c h o rdi n ary c o n sci o u sn e ss i s i n c ap abl e o f r e c e ivi n g

sav e as m e ssag e s fr o m th e sub lim in al c o n sc i o u sn e ss -
.

V aryi n g o ur m e tap h o r th e r an g e o f se n sati o n c o v e r e d ,

by o ur o rdi n ary c o n sc i o u sn e ss r e se mbl e s th e r an g e o f

te m pe r atur e i n an o rdi n ar y th e rm o m e te r T h e r an g e .

i s b u t a sm all se gm e n t O f th e te mp e r atur e — th e
C o sm o s .

“
D r T h o mp so n admi ts th e f ac t b ut n o t th e sci e n c e
.

of it .

“
T hat th e r e i s an u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d th e r e fo re w e , ,

are fo rc e d to assum e at th e v e ry th r e sh o ld o f m e n tal

1 F . W . G . M yers, J our n al of P sych i cal R esear ch S oci ety, v o l vii
. .
, p 306
. .
90 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S M IN D

s ci e n c e B ut w e c an h av e n o sc i e n c e o f u n c o n sci o u s
.

mi n d an d w e c an o n ly thi n k o f it in te rm s o f c o n
,

1 ”
sci o u sn e ss .

F o r tu n ate ly i n vi e w o f th i s l ast se n te n c e th i s i s n o t
, ,

a stri c tl y sci e n tific w o rk b u t w e w o uld p o i n t o u t t o D r

,
.

T h o m pso n an d o th e r s th at i n ign o ri n g un c o n sci o u sn e ss

,

i n mi n d an d pr o c l aimi n g its v e ry e xi ste n c e imp o ssibl e

,

as so m an y do ; an d i n sayin g th at e v e n if i t did e xi st
“

, ,

th e r e i s n o p o ssibili ty o f de m o n str ati n g i t as D r , .

T h o mp so n d o e s ; th e y al1 r e st up o n a fall ac y w e h av e.
'

alr e ad y e xpo se d n am e l y th at th e o n ly m e th o d o f i n
, ,

v e stig atin g mi n d i s b y c o n sc i o u s i n tr o sp e c ti o n — a
m e th o d O bvi o u sl y i n appli c abl e to m o st u n c o n sci o us
ph e n o m e n a th o u gh as w e sh all se e n o t to all ; to tally
, , ,

ign o rin g th e m an y o th e r c h an n e l s o f O b se r v ati o n O p e n

to u s b e sid e s th e r e sul ts O f i n di r e c t m e th o d s o f de duc
,

ti o n an d i n f e r e n c e .

We will p ro c e e d to giv e o n e o r tw o illu str ati o n s O f

p a ti al
r c c
th e ac ti o n O f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d an d fo r ,

th i s purp o se will quo te th e v e ry sam e D r .

mi d t
st c ri ti c i se d
n o
T h o mp so n w h o m w e h av e
j u
p y h
s c o ,

l gi t“
o s s
fo r n o th in g i s str o n g e r p r o o f o f th e e xi ste n c e
o f u n c o n sci o u s mi n d th an to n o te h o w r e ad ily n e arly
e v e ry str o n g o pp o n e n t O f u n c o n sc i o u s p s c h i sm if w e
y (
m ay c o i n th e w o r d) h im se lf giv e s e vid e n c e in its
'

f av o ur .

I h av e had a f e e li n g o f th e u se l e ssn e ss o f all vo lun

tary e ffo r t an d al so th at th e m atte r w as w o rki n g i tse lf
,

c l e ar in my mi n d I t h as m an y tim e s se e m e d to me
.

1 Dr G. . Th ompson, System of P sycholog y

.
92 TH E U N CO N SC IO U S M IN D

v e ry p sych o l o gy th at state s th at th e r e c an b e n o sci e n c e

o f u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d i s i tse lf l arg e l y wri tte n c o n f e sse dly
,

b y i ts ag e n c y .

W h e n th e c o n sci o u s mi n d i s i n ab e yan c e as in a
dr e am o r re v e ri e o r ar ti fi c i all y as in hyp h o
It l
s v a ue m ,

ti sm o r n arc o ti sm th e u n c o n sc i o u s m i n d
.

pi itu l
iii:
s r a
,

e m e rg e s fr o m i ts O b sc uri ty an d imp r e ssi o n s

,

u n c o n sci o u sly f o rm e d up o n th e br ain ar e se e n an d

n o tic e d fo r th e fir st tim e ; j u st as a r e c e di n g tid e l ay s

b ar e th e san d s I n d e f e c tiv e i n te ll e c ts w h e n th e
.

c o n sc i o u s m in d i s w e ak th e p o w e r o f th e su b c o n sc i o u s
,
-

i s r e m ark abl y se e n M i ss M ar tin e au te ll s u s o f an idi o t

.

w h o h ad h i s h an d s w ash e d an d h i s n ail s c u t at

A M
. an d w h o c am e O f h i s o w n acc o rd e x ac tl y at th e
.
,

sam e h o u r e ac h day to h av e th e o p e r ati o n r e p e ate d ,

th o ugh h e k n e w n o th in g c o n sc i o u sl y o f tim e .

I n all Sp ir itu al an d r e ligi ou s e x e rci se s wh e th e r ,

an c ie n tl y am o n g m o n k s an d o th e r asc e ti c s o r i n th e ,

pr e se n t day th e gr e ate st r e sul ts ar e o b tai n e d as c o n

,

sc i o u sn e ss i s w h o ll y o r p ar tl y i n ab e yan c e .

P r o f e sso r B arr e tt say s T h e m yste r i o u sn e ss o f o ur

b e i n g is n o t c o n fi n e d to sub tl e p h ysio l o gi c al pr o c e sse s
’

w h i c h w e h av e in c o mm o n with all an im al lif e T h e r e .

are h ig h e r an d m o r e c apac i o u s p o w e r s wr a p e d up i n
p
o ur h um an pe r so n ali ty th an ar e e xpr e sse d e v e n b w h at
y
w e k n o w o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss will o r r e aso n
,
T h e r e are
.

su pe r n o rm al an d tr an sc e n d e n tal p o w e r s o f w h i c h at ,

pr e se n t w e o n l y c atc h o cc asi o n al g l im pse s an d b e h i n d

,

an d b e y o n d th e sup e r n o r m al th e r e are fath o ml e ss

D ivi n e gr o u n d o f th e so ul th e ul tim ate
‘ ’
aby sse s th e
‘
, ,
 T H E L N CO N SC I O US M I ND 93

re al ity of wh ic h o ur c o n sci o u sn e ss i s b u t th e r e fl e c ti o n
o r f ai n t r e p r e se n tati o n
’
I n to suc h l o f ty th e m e s I do
.

n o t pr o p o se to e n te r th e y mu st b e fo r e v e r b e yo n d th e
,

S C O pe o f h um an i n quiry ; n o r i s i t p o ssibl e w ith i n th e

limi ts o f th i s p ap e r to giv e an y ad e qu ate c o n c e pti o n o f

th o se m yste ri o u s r e gi o n s o f o ur c o mpl e x p e r so n ali ty ,

w h i c h are O p e n to an d b e g i nn i n g to b e d isc l o se d by
, ,

”
sc ie n tifi c in v e stig ati o n .

I n r e l ig io u s se r vic e s fo r th e d e e p e n i n g o f th e
spi ri tu al lif e
”
it i s to b e n o te d h o w pr o mi n e n t R
g i d ec o n se
11 1 2“ ”
a pl ac e i s g i v e n to th e
1
c e ssati o n o f e ffo r t
92 0
,

“ “
to th e c asti n g o u t o f se lf to l yi n g p assiv e an d ,
”

“ ”
yi e ldi n g up o u r p o w e r s e tc T h e l arg e r an d m o r e
, .

p o te n t p ar t o f o ur S piri tu al as o f o ur p h ysi c al life i s

, ,

b e h i n d th e v e il o f o ur n o rm al c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d b e y o n d ,

o ur h igh e st i n te ll e c tu al c ap ac ity
“
Ki n g sl e y say s : I t .

l e ad s to th e mi staki n g c o n sc i o u s e m o ti o n s fo r th e
Wo
” rki n g
s o f th e Spiri t w h ic h mu st b e ab o v e c o n sc i o u s
,

n e ss A w e ll k n o w n C h ri sti an te ach e r th e R e v D r
-
, . .

An d r e w M urr ay wri te s , D e e p e r d o w n th an w h e r e th e
so ul wi th i ts c o n sc i o u sn e ss c an e n te r th e r e i s Spir it ,

m atte r li n ki n g m an wi th G o d ; an d d e e p e r d o wn th an
th e mi n d an d f e e li n g s o r will — in th e u n se e n d e pth s o f
th e h idd e n life — th e r e dw e ll s th e S piri t o f G o d
”
.

O ur c o n sc io u s mi n d as c o mp ar e d wi th th e un c o n
,

sci o u s mi n d h as b e e n lik e n e d to th e vi sibl e

Sup r a a n d
,
-

sp e c tr um o f th e su n s r ays as c o mp ar e d to
’
ub s c on
-
,
i sc o u sn e ss .

th e i n vi sibl e p ar t wh ic h str e tc h e s i n d e fi n i te ly
o n e i th e r sid e . We k n o w n o w th at th e ch i e f p ar t o f
L ife of Char les K i ng sley, vol. i p 1 02
1 .
.
, .
94 TH E UN C ON SC IO U S MI N D

h e at c o m e s fr o m th e ul tr a r e d r ay s th at Sh o w n o ligh t
-

an d th e m ai n p ar t o f th e c h e mi c al c h an g e s in th e

v e ge tabl e w o rld are th e r e sul ts o f th e ul tr a vi o l e t r ays -

at th e o th e r e n d o f th e sp e c trum w h i c h are e qu ally ,

i n vi sibl e to th e e ye an d ar e o n l y r e c o gn i se d by th e ir
,

p o te n t e ffe c ts I n d e e d as th e se i n vi sibl e r ays e x te n d

.
,

i n d e fi n i te l y o n b o th sid e s o f th e vi sibl e sp e c trum S o w e ,

m ay say th at th e mi n d i n clud e s n o t o n ly th e vi sibl e o r

c o n sci o u s p ar t an d w h at w e h av e te rm e d the sub
,

c o n sci o u s th at li e s b e l o w or at th e r e d e n d b ut th e
, ,

supr a c o n sc i o u s mi n d th at li e s b e yo n d at th e o th e r e n d
-

—all th o se r e gi o n s o f h igh e r S o ul an d spiri t li fe o f ,

w h i c h w e are o n l y at tim e s v ag ue ly c o n sc i o u s b ut ,

wh ic h alw ays e xi st an d li n k u s o n to e te rn al v e ri ti e s
, ,

O n th e o n e sid e as sur e l y as th e sub c o n sci o us mi n d

,
-

li n k s u s to th e b o d y o n th e o th e r .

T h e min d in de e d r e ac h e s all th e w ay an d wh il e
‘

, , ,

o n o n e h an d i t i s in sp r e d by th e Almigh ty
?
A cti i t i es
v
i
a d
n or a
g n o n th e o th e r i t e n e rgi se s th e b o dy all w h o se ,
ms
We may c all
Is "

pur p o siv e life i t o ri g i n ate s .

th e supr a c o n sci o u s mi n d th e sp h e r e o f th e spiri t lif e

-
,

th e sub c o n sci o u s th e sp h e r e o f th e b o dy li fe an d th e
-
,

c o n sc i o u s mi n d th e middl e r e gi o n wh e re b o th m e e t .

T h e Spiri t o f G o d i s said to dw e ll in b e li e v e r s an d ,

y e t
,
a s w e h a v e se e n H is pr e se n c e i s n o t th e subj e c t o f
,

dir e c t c o n sci o u sn e ss We w o uld i n clud e th e re fo r e in

.
, ,

th e supr a c o n sc i o u s all suc h S p iri tu al id e as to ge th e r

-
, ,

wi t h c o n sc i c
e n e — th e v o ic e O f G o d as M ax M u ll e r c all s
,

i t— w h i c h i s sur e l y a h alf c o n sc i o u s f ac ul ty -
M o re .

o v e r th e sup r a c o n sci o u s lik e th e sub c o n sci o u s i s as

,
- -
,
, ,
96 TH E UN C ON SC IO U S M I N D
’

h as o f te n b e e n h i s c o n so l ati o n wh e n c o mp e ll e d to sit
o ut v apid di sc o ur se s T h e id e a o f an .
“
i n duc e d cu r
”
r e n t i s m o st f e li c i to u s .

G H L e w e s po i n ts o u t th at th e sam e p h ysio l o gic al

. .
“

e ffe c ts ac c o m pan y th e c o n sc i o u s an d u n c o n sc i o u s state .

E v e ry se n se o f im pu l se w h e th e r di sc rimi n ate d o r n o t
, ,

e ffe c ts c ir c ul ati o n an d d e v e l o p s h e at

D r H M un ste r b e rg s i n te r e sti n g e xp e ri m e n t o n ap
’
. .

p e r c e p ti o n S h o w s w o rk p e rfo rm e d u n c o n sci o u sl y wh i c h
h as all th e c h ar ac te r o f w o k w h i c h b e f o r e th e f o rm a r
,

ti o n o f h abi t c o n sc io u sn e ss c an al o n e e ffe c t ; an d al so
,

th e pr ac ti c all y c o n stan t t im e i n w h i c h i n te llig e n t ac ts

o f v aryi n g c o m pl e xi ty are p e rf o rm e d u n c o n sci o u sly
c o n tr aste d wi th th e v aryi n g tim e th e y r e quir e if pe r
f rm d
o e c o n s ci u l y T e w o l e s w e ll w o r th re adi n g
o s h h i .
1
.

“
T h e br ai n n o t o n l y r e c e iv e s impr e ssi o n s un c o n
sc i o u sly r e gi ste r s im pr e ssi o n s wi th o u t th e c o O p e r ati o n
,
-

o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss e l ab o r ate s, m ate ri al u n c o n sci o u sly ,

c all s l ate n t p o w e r s i n to ac tivi ty wi th o u t c o n sci o u sn e ss ,

but it r e sp o n d s al so as an o rg an o f o rg an ic li fe to th e
i n te rn al stimuli wh i c h it r e c e iv e s u n c o n sci o u sly fr o m
th e b o dy 2 ”
.

“
T h e so c all e d pr e c o n sci o u s so ul o f w h ic h so m e
- -

ph il o so ph e r s h av e wri tte n i s tr ul y th e pre c o n sc i o u s

-

m e n tal life o f th e r ac e 3
.
”

I t d o e s i n d e e d se e m pr o b abl e th at u n c o n sci o u s
k n o wl e dg e is n e v e r ac quir e d sav e as r e sul t o f h abi t an d
vo li ti o n in o n e se lf o r o n e s an c e stry
,
’
.

See M i n d, vo l. xv .
p 240
. .
2 M audsle y, P hysi olog y 0f M i n d, p 35 .

3 I bid .
, p 36 6
. .
 TH E UN C ON SC IO U S MI N D 97

M an y e duc ate d p e r so n s k n o w fo u r l an gu age s . T hi s

will give w o rd s o r fo r e ac h W d “ ,
, , on er
11 m mmy
wh i c h i s an u n d e r e stim ate T h e se w o rd s 1°
’
e '
.

ar e as ar bi tr ary symb o l s as sig n s i n alg e b r a Th en .

c o n sid e r th e c o un tl e ss fac ts an d id e as b o un d up wi th
th e se w o rd s in a w e ll i n fo rm e d mi n d-
S uc h a mi n d i s.

far m o r e ric h ly sto ck ed wi th w o r d s an d id e as th an th e

B ri tish M u se um i s w i th b o o k s T h e Bri ti sh M use um .

will pr o duc e af te r a h u n t i n c atal o gu e s an d sh e lve s o f

,

p e rh ap s te n mi n u te s an y b o o k w an te d B ut th e si n gl e
, .

u n c o n sci o u s li br ari an w h o w ai ts o ur o rd e r s in th e
cr o wd e d ch amb e r s o f o ur m e m o ry is far m o r e S p e e d y
an d skilful in h i s se r vic e A stud e n t r e ad s a p age o f
.

F r e n c h o r G e rm an in a mi n u te an d fo r e ac h o f th e 200 ,

o r 300 gr o up s o f h i e r o g l yp h ic s p r i n te d o n i t th e u n c o n ,

sci o u s i n stan tl y fu r n i sh e s u s wi th w h ate v e r w e c all fo r ;

its m e an i n g its e tym o l o g y i ts E n gli sh e quiv al e n t o r an y

, , ,

asso ci ate d id e as c o n n e c te d wi th i t W e h av e n o c o n
.

sci o u s clu e to dir e c t th e se ar c h I t i s e n o u g h w e w an t

.

th e p o i n t to b e r e m e mb e r e d an d i n stan tly i t i s pr o duc e d

,

o ut o f th e v ast r e p o si to r y I thi n k th i s si n gl e illu str a

.

ti o n su ffici e n t pr o o f o f th e pr e se n c e an d ag e n cy o f th e
un c o n sc i o u s F o r wh at m e ch an ic al o r c h e mic al ac ti o n
.

i s c o n c e iv abl e as a p o ssibl e e xpl an ati o n o f th e ph e

n o me n o n in qu e sti o n ?
1 ”

Wi th thi s i n te r e sti n g illu str ati o n w e c o n clud e th i s

ch ap te r.

1 Pro f
. Bo w en , M odern P hilo sophy p 457 . .
 CH AP T E R V .

T H E RE L AT I O N S O F T H E U N CO N S CI O US AN D T H E
CO N SCI O U S .

I N ch ap te r w e will give a fe w f ac ts r e l ati n g to

th i s
d e gr e e s o f un c o n sc i o u sn e ss to th e m an n e r in wh ic h ,

th e u n c o n sc i o u s b e c o m e s r e v e al e d c o n sc i o u sl y to th e ,

w ay in w h i c h c o n sc i o u s s e n sati o n an d ac ti o n an d

th o ugh t ar e b ase d o n th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d an d l astly , , ,

fur th e r e vid e n c e as to th e im po r tan c e o f th e l atte r .

A s to d e gr e e s o f u n c o n sci o u sn e ss .

D g e r ees of
u i u
n c o n sc o sT h e r e ar e th r e e d e gre e s o f l ate n cy o f
ness ’

c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

1 T h e i n fi n i tel y gr e ate r p ar t O f o ur spiri tu al ( mi n d )

.

tr e asur e s ( o rd in ary k n o wl e dg e ) li e alw ay s b e yo n d th e

S p h e r e o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

2 E x tr ao rdi n ar y k n o wl e dg e o f wh ic h w e are w h o lly

.

u n c o n sc i o u s in o rdi n ary state s is b ro ugh t to l i gh t in

S i c k n e ss f e v e r m adn e ss fi ts e tc
, , , , .

“
3 M e n tal ac tivi ti e s o f w h ic h w e ar e u n c o n sc i o u s
.
,

b ut wh i c h m an ife st th e ir e xi ste n c e b y e ffe c ts o f wh i c h

”
w e ar e c o n sci o u s
1
.

“
M e n tal c h an ge s o f wh o se r e sul ts w e sub se qu e n tly
,

1 Si r W . H amilto n , L ec tur es on M etaphysi cs an d L og i c, vo l . i .

, p 34 . .

( 98 )
1 00 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

Are th e r e not in o r di n ary m e n tal m o di fic ati o n s

m e n tal ac tivi ti e s an d p assivi ti e s) o f wh ich w e are
u n c o n sc i o u s b u t w h ic h man if e st th e i r e xi ste n c e b y
,

e ffe c ts o f wh ic h w e ar e c o n sci o u s ? I do n o t h e si tate

to affirm th at w h at w e are c o n sc i o u s o f i s c o n stru c te d
o u t O f w h at w e ar e n o t c o n sci o u s o f T h u s th o se .

m e n tal m o d i fi c ati o n s are n o t in the m se lv e s r e ve al e d to

c o n sci o u sn e ss an d w e are th u s c o n str ai n e d to admi t as
,

m o difi c ati o n s o f mi n d what are n O t p h e n o m e n a o f c o n

”
sc i o u sn e ss
1
.

“
C o n sc i o u sn e ss ri se s midw ay b e tw e e n an c e str ally
a

o rg an i c u n c o n sci o u s n e rv e m o v e m e n ts an d e xpe ri ,

m e n tally o rg an ic u n c o n sc io u s n e rv e m o v e m e n ts T h e .

di ffe re n c e b e tw e e n u n c o n sci o u s an d c o n sc i o u s n e rv e
ac ti o n i s n o t o n e O f qu ali ty b ut o f qu an ti ty an d i n te r

ac ti o n All v e r te b rata n o rm ally h av e c o n sci o usn e ss

.
2
.
”

We n o w pro c e e d to giv e e vid e n c e in th e w ay in

wh i c h th e un c o n sci o u s mi n d r e v e al s i tse lf in
c o n sci o u sn e ss .

C ardi n al N e wm an Sh o w s th at asse n t may

die d o w n to i n f e r e n c e o r ri se to asse r ti o n by i n tan gi bl e
,

r e aso n s an d p r o c e sse s o r in o th e r w o r ds u n c o n sci o u s

, ,

m e n tal o p e rati o n s al te r o ur b e li e fs .

“
A n asse n t so m e tim e s di e s o u t w i th o u t tan gibl e
r e aso n s su ffic i e n t to ac c o u n t fo r i ts f ai lur e 3
.
”

We ar e O f te n m aste r e d b y a f e e li n g wh i c h h as
alr e ad y struck firm r o o ts i n o ur i n m o st b e i n g wi th o u t

1 Sir W
H amilto n , L ectur es o n M etap hysi cs an d Log i c,
. vol. i
.
, p 348
. .

2 Dr G T h o mpso n, System of P sycho log y, p 295

. . . .

3 Car di nal N ew man G r ammar

, of A ssen t, p 1 6 0 . .
 PH E UN C O N SC I O U S AN D
’

lH E C O N S C I OU S 1 01

o ur s uspe c ti n g it an d sudd e n l y th e r e f all s as it w e r e

, , ,

sc al e s fr o m o ur e y e s O n e h as o n l y to r e m e mb e r h o w
o f te n th e so ul s o f pur e girl s ar e c o mpl e te l y p o sse sse d

by a fir st l o v e wh i c h th e y w o uld w i th a g o o d c o n sc i e n c e
d e n y ; b u t sh o uld th e u n c o n sc i o u sl y l o v e d o n e i n c u r a
d an g e r th e n sh e k n o w s at th at sam e m o m e n t th at sh e
,

1 ”
l o v e s an d h o w sh e l o v e s .

P fl ii g e r i n th e T e le olog i c al M ec h ani sm of L ife says

, ,

AS a m atte r o f fac t, m an y pr o c e sse s g o o n i n th e

c e n tr al r v o u s syste m wh i c h wh il e e i th e r u n kn o wn to
ne ,

th e eg o o r at an y r ate p e rf o rm e d wi th o u t f o r e sigh t an d
,

c alcul ati o n h av e ye t as th e ir d ir e c t an d n e c e ssary

, ,

r e sul t c o n sci o u s p e rc e p ti o n an d v o li ti o n wh i c h th e
, ,

wi se st re fl e c ti o n c o uld n o t m ak e m o re e ffe c tiv e fo r

th e ir en ds
T he n ot on of i
u n c o n sc i o u s h as b e e n r e c o g n i se d
th e
by P e r ty w h o fi n d s h im se lf dr aw n o n to a
W u dt n

d e riv ati o n o f i n sti n c t fr o m u n c o n sci o u s m o v e th on e

u m n c o n sc s'
m e n ts An d lik e wi se Wu n d t w h o admi ts
.
,

th e n e c e ssi ty o f re fe rri n g th e o rigi n o f se n su o u s pe r

‘

c e ptio n s an d o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss i n g e n e r al to u n c o n sc io u s

l o gic al pr o c e sse s si n c e th e pr o c e sse s o f p e rc e p ti o n are

,

o f an u n c o n sci o u s n atur e an d o n ly th e ir r e sul ts ar e

,

w o n t to app e ar i n c o n sc i o u sn e ss T h e sugg e sti o n o f .

th e l o gi c al c h ar ac te r o f th e pr o c e sse s O f p e r c e p ti o n
p o sse sse s th e e sse n tial r e quir e m e n ts O f a v e ry w e ll
gr o u n d e d th e o ry T h at w o ul d b e at o n c e th e S im pl e st
.

an d m o st appr o pr i ate e xpr e ssi o n u n d e r wh ic h th e f ac ts

O f O b se rv ati o n c an b e c ombin e d T h e fi r st ac t o f appr e .

1 Ed . v . H art man n P hi losop hy of the Un con sci ous,

,
v o l. i .
, p 259
. .
102 TH E UN CO N SCI O U S MIN D

h e n sio n wh i c h ye t b e l o n g s to a S p h e r e o f un c o n sci o u s
life is alr e ad y a pr o c e ss o f i n f e r e n c e ; it is pro v e d th at
th e r e i s n o t m e r e l y a c o n sc i o u s b ut al so an u n c o n sc i o u s
th i n ki n g . W e b e li e v e th at w e h av e h e r e b y c o mpl e te ly
pro v e d th at th e assump ti o n o f u n c o n sc i o u s l o gic al pr o
c e sse s i s n o t m e r e ly c o m pe te n t to e x pl ai n th e r e sul ts o f

th e pr o c e sse s o f p e rc e p ti o n b u t th at it in f ac t al so
, , ,

c o rr e c tl y de c l ar e s th e r e al n atur e O f th e se pr o c e sse s ,

al th o ugh th e pr o c e sse s th e m se lv e s are n o t ac c e ssibl e to

imm e di ate O b se rv ati o n .

T h e u n c o n sc i o u s l o g ic al pr o c e sse s are c arri e d o n

wi th a c e r tai n ty an d r e gul ari ty wh i c h w o uld b e im
p o ssibl e wh e re th e r e e xi sts th e p o ssibili ty O f e rr o r O ur .

mi n d i s so h appily d e sign e d th at i t pr e p ar e s fo r us th e
m o st imp o r tan t f o u n d ati o n s o f c o g n i ti o n wh il st w e h av e
,

n o t th e slig h te st appr e h e n si o n o f th e modus oper an di .

T hi s u n c o n sci o us so ul lik e a b e n e v o l e n t str an g e r w o rk s

, ,

an d m ak e s pr o vi si o n fo r o ur b e n e fi t p o u ri n g o n ly th e
,

’ ”
1
m atur e frui ts i n to o u r l ap s .

We n o w giv e a se ri e s o f i n te r e sti n g e xtr ac ts fro m an

an o n ym o u s wri te r in M ac mi llan s M ag az i n e
’

I ll u str at i o n s .

f
e rh ap s so m e o f o ur r e ad e r s m ay r e c o g n i se
o un c o n
i
sc o us mmd P
ac tion s .

th e pe n .

I n flu e n c e (c o n sc i o u s) is e n tir e l y th e r e sul t o f nu
“
c o n sci o u s k n o wl e dg e . I n tim ati o n s r e ac h o ur c o n
”

sc i o u sn e ss fr o m u n c o n sci o u sn e ss th at th e mi n d i s
,

re ady to w o r k i s fr e sh is full o f id e as
, ,
“
T h i n ki n g
.

al o ud h ummi n g a tun e i s n e arl y alw ay s u n c o n sci o u s i n

,

1Se e Wun dt, B ei tr ag e z ur theorie d er S i nnes Vermehru ng , p 1 6 9, 3 75.

,
436 , 48 8, q uo ted b y E d v H artmann , P hi losop hy of the Un con sci ous, p 39
. . . .
1 04 TH E UN C O N SC IO U S M I N D

r e fl e c t o n an yth i n g wi th th e wh o l e f o r c e
Wh e n w e

o f th e mi n d w e m ay f all i n to a state o f e n tir e

,
I ll t at
us r i ons

f mJ un c o n sc i o u sn e ss i n wh i c h w e n o t o n l y f o rg e t
0

ro e sse n ,

Pd :2ffld l th e o u te r w o rld b ut al so k n o w n o th i n g at all

ll
t o

22113333 o f o ur se lv e s an d th e th o ugh ts p assi n g wi th in

1 1 1
1 7

Ba s c o m
,

u s af te r a tim e We th e n sudd e n l y aw ak e .

as fr o m a dr e am an d u su all y at th e sam e m o m e n t th e
,

r e sul t o f o ur m e di tati o n s app e ar s cl e arly an d di sti n c tl y

in c o n sci o u sn e ss wi th o u t o ur k n o wi n g h o w w e r e ach e d
”
it .
1

A f ri e n d o f D r C arp e n te r state d th at wh e n th e
.

so lu ti o n o f a pr o bl e m h e h ad l o n g v ai n l y d e al t w i th

fl ash e d acr o ss h i s m i n d h e tre mbl e d as if i n th e pr e s,

e n c e o f an o th e r b e i n g w h o h ad c o mmu n ic ate d a se cr e t

to him .

A c l o se atte n ti o n to o ur i n te rn al o p e r ati o n s al o n g .

wi th i n du c ti o n giv e s us th i s r e sul t th at w e e v e n e x e r
, ,

ci se r ati o c i n ati o n o f w h i c h w e h av e n o c o n sci o u sn e ss ,

an d g e n e r all y it fur n i sh e s u s wi th th i s m ar v e ll o u s law

“

th at e v e r y o p e r atio n w h atso e v e r o f o ur mi n d s is un
k w
n o n to i s lf u til a se c o n d o p e r ati o n r e v e al s it to u s
t e n 2
.
”

T h at th e so ul m ay ac t w ith o u t b e i n g c o n sci o u s o f
wh at it d o e s an d th at th e se un c o n sc i o u s ac ts affe c t
th o se ac ts o f wh ic h i t i s c o n sci o u s h as b e e n al r e ad y
3
e stabli sh e d
”
.

We may giv e th e fo ll o wi n g i n te r e sti n g e x ampl e o f

th e p r ac ti c al v alu e o f th i s

J e sse n , P sych olog y, q uo te d b y E d v H artmann , P hilosop hy

1 . .
f
o the Un
co nsci ou s, v o l i , p 2 35 . . . .

2 Ro smi n i
,
P syco log i a, v ol i , p 1 96 . . . .

3 N o ah Po rt er H uman I n tellect
, , p 103 .
 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S AN D T H E C O N SC I O U S 1 05

‘
All p e rc e p ts ar e p r ac tic al j udgm e n ts an d ar e ,

i n tui tiv e ju dgm e n ts T h e m e n tal pr o c e sse s i n

.

v o lv e d c o n sti tu te wh at i s c all e d pr ac tic al r e aso n I ts .

m o st strikin g f o rm i s se e n in th o se i n v e n ti o n s whi c h
are S O o f te n m ad e by ar ti san s T h e re i s n o e xplici t .

th i n ki n g o ut o f m atte r s b y say a brickl aye r ; b u t a , ,

ki n d o f alm o st i n sti n c tiv e r e ali si n g th at su c h m ate ri al s

wi ll l e ad to gi v e n pr ac tic al r e sul ts T h e i n dividu al .

h im se lf r e g ard s th e wh o l e m atte r as o n e o f d o i n g an d
”
n o t o f th i n ki n g
1
.

T h e u n c o n sci o u s m o tiv e p o w e r i n all ac ti o n s i s to

se e k pl e asu r e an d av o id p ai n
2 ”
.

H e n c e th e m e n tal pr o c e ss mu st b e wh o lly d e p e n
d e n t for its o ri gi n to sub si ste n c e o n an ac tu ati n g sub
str atum o f u n c o n sci o u s f o r c e
3 ”
.

“
I t i s i n e xplic abl e h o w pr e mi se s w h i c h li e b e l o w
c o n sc i o u sn e ss c an su stai n c o n clu si o n s in c o n sci o u sn e ss
h o w th e mi n d c an wi tti n gly tak e up a m e n tal m o v e
m e n t at an adv an c e d stag e h avi n g mi sse d i ts p ri m ary ,

ste p s . We sh all th e r e f o r e i n o v e r sig h t o f all th i s

, ,

accum ul ate d r ubbi sh o f sub c o n sc i o u s p h e n o m e n a -

,

p r o c e e d e tc ,
”
1
.
‘

T h i s i s a truly r e m ark abl e se n te n c e C e r tai n i m .

p o rtan t p h e n o m e n a o c c u r an d ar e n o t d o m e d b ut , ,

b e c au se i n e xpl i c abl e ar e to b e e n tir e ly o v e rl o o k e d as

,

accumul ate d r ubbi sh G r e ate r p h il o so p h e r s Sp e ak

“ ”
.

di ffe r e n tly
1 See Pro f
H o lman , I n tr od uc ti on to E ducati on , pp 2 99 , 300
. . .

2 J as War d, E n cyclop aedia B r i tann i ca , arti c le

. Co n sc io usn e ss
3 E d Mo ntg o mer y, M i nd , vol vii , p 212
. .

f
. . .

1 Pro Basc o m (Bo sto n), Compar ati ve P sycho log y, pp 31 -33
. . .
1 06 TH E U N CO N SC IO U S M I N D

Sir Willi am H amil to n h as m e n ti o n e d th e c ase o f 3 .

I ll t ati
us r on , r o w o f billi ard b all s ( alr e ady qu o te d ) Wh e n .

o n e i s struck th e imp e tu s i s tran smi tte d

th r o ugh all th e r o w b ut o n l y th e l ast b all
an d m o v e s th e o th e r s r e m ai n i n g i n th e ir pl ac e s .
,

S o m e th i n g lik e th i s h e says , se e m s o fte n to

,

o ccur in a tr ai n o f th o ugh t o n e id e a imm e di ate ly su

, g
g e sts an o th e r i n to c o n sc i o u sn e ss— th i s sugg e sti o n p ass
in g th r o ugh o n e o r m o r e id e as wh i c h do n o t th e m se lv e s
’
ri se i n to c o n sc i o u sn e ss T h i s p o i n t th at w e ar e n o t
.
,

c on sc i o u s o f th e f o rm ati o n o f gro up s b ut o n l y o f a ,

fo rm e d g r o up m ay th r o w ligh t o n th e e xi ste n c e o f
,

un c o n sci o u s j udgm e n ts u n c o n sc i o u s r e aso n i n g s an d

, ,

un c o n sc i o u s r e gi str ati o n s o f e xp e ri e n c e 1
.
”

C h ar ac te r i s th e o n ly imm e di ate c au se o f v o lu n tar y

“

ac ti o n . M o tiv e s ar e m e di ate c au se s b ut th e l atte r are ,

c o n sci o u s o r li abl e to b e c o m e so ; th e f o rm e r i s ab so
,

2 ”
lute ly u n c o n sci o u s .

T o r e c o gn i se a m an b y g e stur e s e tc th o ugh po pu ,
.
,

larly c all e d a p e r c e pti o n i s mu c h m o re O f an u n f o ld e d

,

2
pr o c e ss O f c o n sc i o u s i n f e r e n c e
We qu o te th i s l ast se n te n c e as an o th e r i n ge n i o u s
sy n o n ym fo r u n c o n sci o u sn e ss .

We will n o w illu str ate the w ay in wh ic h c o n sci o u s

n c o n s ci o u s se n sati o n s ac ti o n s an d th o ugh ts ar e b ase d o n
U ,

232255 h e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d L e t us fir st o f all c o n

2 0 02
1 0 8
t .

S id e r th e di sc o mf o r t w e e xp e ri e n c e wh e n an u n
a d f h g
n ee n s

c o n sci o u s th o ugh t i s str uggli n g to ri se i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss .

1
G H L ew e s P r oblems of L if e an d M i nd , pro blem xi , p 1 61
. .

J
. . .

2 Rib ot, G erman P sych olog y, p 2 45 .

3 Sully I llusions, p 26.
. . .
1 08 TH E UN CO N SC IOU S M IN D

in F o lk e sto n e , in Sh ak e sp e ar e T e rr ac e H e g o t th e re .

v e ry l ate an d did n o t stay b ut dr o v e d o w n to th e

,

P avili o n fo r th e n igh t i t b e i n g d ark an d r ai n y

, N e xt .

m o rn i n g at e l e v e n h e w alk e d up to fi n d th e h o u se ,

k n o wi n g th e ge n e r al dir e c ti o n th o ugh n e v e r h avi n g ,

w alk e d th e r e b e fo r e H e w e n t up th e m ain r o ad an d
.
, ,

af te r passi n g a c e r tai n tur n i n g b e g an to fe e l a v agu e ,

u n e asin e ss c o mi n g i n to c o n sc i o u sn e ss th at h e h ad ,

p asse d th e te rr ac e O n aski n g th e w ay h e f o un d it
.
,

w as so ; an d th e tur n i n g w as w h e r e th e u n e asi n e ss

b e g an T h e n igh t b e f o r e w as pi tc h d ark an d v e ry w e t
.
,

an d an yth in g se e n fr o m a c l o se c arri ag e w as qui te n u

c o n sci o u sl y im pr e sse d o n h i s m in d .

We n o w r e ac h a v e r y v al u abl e an d u n iqu e b o d y o f
n i u e t e stim o n y to th e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s
U q
e vi d en c e o f
un c o n sc io us
mln d '

min d 2 01102
f o ll o w ing qu e sti o n s w e r e ask e d fr o m a
T he
b o dy o f 200 Am e ri c an un iv e r si ty stud e n ts an d pro
fe ssio n al p e r so n s 1 51 b e i n g m e n an d f o r ty n in e b e i n g
, ,
-

women T h e an sw e r s ar e r e c o rd e d an d giv e n b y
.

P r o f e sso r Ch ild .

2 1 Wh e n yo u c an n o t r e c all a n am e yo u w an t d o e s
.
,

i t se e m to c o m e b ac k sp o n tan e o u sl y wi th o u t b e i n g
su g g e ste d b y an y p e r c e i v e d asso c i ati o n o f id e as To
“ ”
th i s 1 1 pe r c e n t an sw e r e d
,
. N o an d 8 1 pe r c e n t , .

Ye s
”
an sw e r e d .

2 2 D o e s suc h r e c o v e r y e v e r c o m e duri n g sl e e p ?
“
.

T o th i s 1 7 pe r c e n t an sw e r e d
”
, N O. an d 6 0 pe r c e n t , .

Ye s
E x ampl e s giv e n 1 . T hi s m o rn i n g I tri e d to re ac ll
 TH E U N CO N SC IO U S AN D T H E C O N SCI O U S 1 09

th e na me ch ar ac te r I h ad r e ad o f th e n igh t b e fo re
of a

in o n e o f S c o tt s n o v e l s an d f ail e d I taugh t a c l ass

’

, .
,

an d w alki n g h o m e in th e afte r n o o n all th e n am e s re

, ,

cur r e d to m e wi th o u t e ffo r t 2 I tri e d to r e c all th e . .

n am e o f a b o o k G av e i t up H alf an h o ur afte r
. .
,

w h il e talki n g o f so m e th i n g e l se blur te d it o ut wi th o u t ,

an y c o n sc i o u s v o li ti o n .

2 3 H av e yo u e v e r h ad so m e n e w d i sc o v e ry o r
“
.

i n v e n ti o n fl ash e d i n to c o n sc i o u sn e ss as a cl e ar c o n c e p
”
ti o n ? 3 2 pe r c e n t h av e h ad th e c o n c e p ti o n an d o f
.
,

th e se 71 pe r c e n t h ad i t fl ash e d in to c n sc i o u sn e ss
.

”
sudd e n l y .

2 4 O n se e in g a sigh t fo r th e fir st tim e h av e yo u
.
,

e v e r fe l t th at yo u h ad se e n ( o r h e ard ) th e n am e b e

fo r e ? ”
59 pe r c e n t an sw e r e d Ye s .
”
.

“
2 5 Wh e n p e rpl e x e d at m ath e m atic al pr o bl e m s o r
.

o th e r puzzl e s h av e yo u l e f t i t tur n e d yo ur atte n ti o n

, ,

e l se w h e r e an d af te r so m e tim e f o u n d yo u c o uld m aste r

, , ,

“
Ye s an d 1 2
”
i t e asily ? T o th i s 77 pe r c e n t said .
,

r c ent N O O ne
g av e th i s ill u str ati o n
'

p e .

“
I n wri ti n g mu sic I se arc h in v ai n fo r a b ass o r ,

c h o r d I g o fo r a w alk an d o n r e turn c an wri te i t

.
,

1 ”
wi th o u t e ffo r t .

I n g e n e r al te rm s th e w o m e n sh o w e d l e ss e xp e ri e n c e
wi th u n c o n sci o u s c e r e br ati o n th an th e m e n T h e r e .

app e ar s to b e a d e c r e ase wi th i n cr e asi n g ag e i n th e

c o n sc i o u s r e sul ts o f u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d ac tio n F r o m .

tw e n ty fi ve to th ir ty th e r e i s a c o n stan t i n te rr up ti o n
-

O f th i s p o w e r .

1 Pro f . Child (Americ a) , A me ri can J ou rnal of P sycho log y, v ol . v , .

part ii .
l 10 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S M IN D

We qu o te th e f o ll o w i n g fr o m Kir c h e n er
now
“
Ou r c o n sc i o u sn e ss c an o n l y gr asp o n e qui te cl e ar
S u
o f
rce o
id e a at o n c e All o th e r id e as ar e fo r th e tim e
.

“ 11 22
so m e wh at o b sc ur e T h e y ar e r e ally e xi sti n g
22 11
.
,

b ut o n ly p o te n ti all y fo r c o n sc i o u sn e ss i e th e y h o v e r , . .
, ,

as i t w e r e o n o ur h o riz o n o r b e n e ath th e th r e sh o ld o f
, ,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss T h e f ac t th at f o rm e r id e as su dd e n ly
.

r e turn to c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s sim ply e xpl ai n e d by th e f ac t

th at th e y h av e c o n ti n u e d p syc h ic e x i ste n c e ; an d atte n
ti o n i s so m e tim e s v o lu n tari l y o r i n v o l un taril y tur n e d
aw ay fr o m th e pr e se n t an d th e r e app e ar an c e o f f o rm e r
,

id e as i s th u s m ad e p o ssibl e 1
.
”

T h e m o r e th o r o ugh l y w e e x ami n e th e m e c h an i sm o f
th o ugh t th e m o r e c l e ar i s it th at n o t o n l y au to m atic
,

b ut u n c o n sc i o u s ac ti o n e n te r s l arg e l y i n to all i ts pro

c e sse s .O W H o lm e s says : O ur d iffe r e n t id e as are
. .

ste ppi n g —sto n e s h o w w e g e t fr o m o n e to an o th e r w e

“

do n o t k n o w ; so m e th in g c arri e s u s We (o ur c o n .

sci o u s se lv e s) do n o t t ak e th e ste p T h e c r e ati n g an d .

i n fo rmi n g Spiri t w h i c h i s w i thin u s an d n o t of u s i s

, ,

r e c o g n i se d e v e rywh e r e in r e al lif e I t c o m e s to u s as a .

v o ic e th at will b e h e ard it te ll s u s wh at w e mu st b e
li e v e ; i t fr am e s o ur se n te n c e s an d w e w o n d e r at th i s
2 ”
vi si to r w h o c h o o se s o ur br ai n as h is dw e lli n g pl ac e - .

“
G al to n says : I h av e d e sir e d to sh o w h o w wh o l e
state s o f m e n tal O p e r atio n th at h av e l ap se d o ut o f

o rdi n ar y c o n sci o u sn e ss admi t o f b e i n g dr agg e d i n to

”3
ligh t .

1 f
Pro K ir c h en er , P sych olog y, p 2 05
. . .

2 O W H o lmes, M ech an i sm i n T h oug ht an d M or als, p 39

. . . .

3 F G alto n , I n qui r y i n to the H uman F ac ulty, p 202

. . .
 1 12 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S MI N D

c o n sci o u sn e ss wh i c h k n o w s o n l y th e re sul t o f th e
,

w o rk d o n e in th e u n k n o w n l ab o r ato ry b e n e ath i t .

Su dde n l y a n e w th o u gh t S pri n g s i n to b e i n g U l ti .

m ate an alysis o f p syc h ic pr o c e sse s sh o w s th at th e

u n c o n sc i o u s i s th e th e atr e o f th e m o st imp o r tan t
m e n tal ph e n o m e n a T h e c o n sc io u s i s alw ays c o n
.

”
ditio n al up o n th e u n c o n sc i o u s 1
.

B e fo r e passi n g o n w e m ust c all sp e ci al atte n ti o n to

,

th i s pr o fo u n dl y tru e an d imp o r tan t u tte r an c e Wun d t .

h e r e state s th e r e al p o si ti o n an d imp o r tan c e o f th e un

c o n sc i o u s m i n d wi th gr e at fo rc e an d w e i gh t .

Ag ain H ar tm an n says
,

“
Wh at S c h o p e n h au e r c all s u n c o n sci o u s rumi n ati o n
‘ ’

r e gul arly h app e n s to m e wh e n I h av e r e ad a w o rk

w h i c h pr e se n ts n e w p o i n ts o f vi e w e sse n ti ally o pp o se d
to m y pr e vi o u s O pin i o n s . Afte r days w e e k s o r , ,

mo n th s w e fi n d to o ur gr e at asto n i sh m e n t th at th e
, ,

o ld O pi n i o n s w e h ad h e ld up to th at m o m e n t h av e b e e n

e n tir e l y r e ar r an g e d an d th at n e w
, o n e s h av e alr e ady

b e c o m e l o dg e d th e r e T h i s u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal pr o
.

c e ss o f d i g e sti o n an d assimil atio n I h av e se v e r al tim e s

”
e xp e ri e n c e d i n my o w n c ase
2
.

“
D r C r e igh to n r e m ark s :
. O ur c o n sc i o u s lif e i s th e

D ep en den e sc
u m o f t h e se e n tr an c e s an d e xi ts B e h i n d .

Of th e c on
th e sc e n e s as w e i n fe r th e re l i e s a v ast
i
sc o us o n th e , ,

“ 1 “
11001150 0
r e se r v e wh i c h w e c all th e u n c o n sc i o u s‘
,
’

fi n di n g a n am e fo r i t b y th e S impl e d e vic e o f pr e fi xin g

1 Wun dt
P h ysi olog i cal P sycholog y, I n tro d uc ti o n , p 5, q uo te d b y Rib o t in
, .

G er ma n P sych olog y of T o-d ay, p 19 1 . .

2
Ed v H artmann , P hi losop hy of the Un con sc i ous, p 3 2 1
. . . .
 TH E UN C O N SC IO U S A N D T H E C O N SC I OU S 1 13

th e ne g ativ e p ar ticl e T h e b asi s o f all th at li e s

.

b e h i n d th e sc e n e is th e m e re n e g ativ e o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss 1
.
”

Agai n T he p r o c e ss o f re aso n i n g add s n o th i n g to

,
“

k n o wl e dg e ( in th e r e aso n e r ) I t o n ly di spl ays w h at .

w as th e r e b e fo r e an d bri n g s to c o n sci o u s p o sse ssi o n

,

2 ”
wh at b e f o r e w as u n c o n sc i o u s .

“
M i n d c an do its w o rk w i th o u t k n o wi n g it C o n .

sc i o u sn e ss i s th e ligh t th at ligh te n s th e p r o c e ss n o t th e ,

ag e n t th at ac c o mpli sh e s i t
2 ”
.

“
T h i s u n c o n sc i o u s li fe i s c o n stan tly sp ri n gi n g up to
1 ”
sustai n th e c o n sc i o u s lif e
‘

“
I t is th r o ugh th e sub c o n sci o u s se lf th at Sh ak e -

sp e ar e mu st h av e p e rc e iv e d wi th o u t e ffo r t gr e at tru th s
, ,

wh i c h are h idd e n fr o m th e c o n sc i o u s mi n d o f th e
stud e n t ; th at P h id i as fash i o n e d m arbl e an d br o n z e ;

th at R ap h ae l p ai n te d M ad o n n as an d B e e th o v e n c o m ,

5 ”
p o se d sym ph o n i e s .

T h e mi n d r e c e iv e s fr o m e xp e ri e n c e c e r tai n data
“
,

an d e l ab o r ate s th e m u n c o n sci o u sly b y l aw s p e c uli ar to

6 ”
i tse lf an d th e r e sul t m e rg e s i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss
, .

H e r e i s an i n stan c e
Sir W R H amil to n di sc o v e r e d qu ate r n i o n s o n
“
. .

1 5th O c to b e r 1 8 43 , O n th at day h e w as w alki n g fr o m

.

h i s O b se rv ato r y at D ubli n wi th L ady H am i l to n w h e n

, , ,

o n r e ac h i n g th e bridg e h e f e l t th e g alv an i c cir c l e o f

‘
,

th o ugh t cl o se an d th e spark s th at f e ll f r o m i t w e r e
’

1 C Cr e ig hto n , Un con sci o us M emo ry, p 7

. . .

2 M audsle y, P h ysi olog y of 111 i n d p 1 3 , . .

3 M audsle y, bl i n d , v o l xv , p 1 71
f
. . . .

4 Pr o Basc o m ( Bo sto n ) , Co mp a rati ve P sych o log y, p 2 46

. . .

5 L Wald ste i n T h e S ub-con sci ou s S elf, p 23

.
, . .

5 Rib o t, G erman P sycho log y p 2 37 . .

8
1 14 TH E U N CON SCI OU S M I N D

th e fun d am e n tal r e l ati o n s b e tw e e n i j k ju st as h e , , ,

1 ”
u se d th e m e v e r af te rw ard s .

“
Wh e n th e un ac c u sto m e d c au se s surp ri se w e do n o t
p e rc e iv e th e th i n g an d th e n fe e l th e surpri se b ut sur
pri se c o m e s fir st an d th e n w e se arch o ut i ts c au se ; so
,

th at th e th e o r y mu st h av e ac te d o n th e u n c o n sc i o u s
mi n d to cr e ate th e f e e li n g b e fo r e b e i n g p e rc e iv e d in
,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

We thi n k th e r e m ark abl e se ri e s o f e x trac ts w e h av e

I t d den
giv e n cl e arl y S h o w th e d e pe n d e n c e O f th e
a g
n er e
e nc e n
c o n sc i o u s up o n th e u n c o n sc i o u s an d th at all
my t y f
s er o ,

11 1
12 1”
th e b o n d s o f u n i o n th at c o n n e c t state s o f
c o n sc i o u sn e ss li e in th e u n c o n sc i o u s w o rld An d wh at .

m yste ri e s lie h idd e n th e r e in e ac h o f u s H o w w e fi n d .

sudd e n tr o ubl e r e v e al s e v e n to
, o ur se lv e s d e p th s o f ,

affe c ti o n w e n e v e r k n e w w e w e r e c ap abl e o f Our .

stan d ard o f e th ic s o ur v e ry c h ar ac te r (wh ic h c h an g e s

,

c o n ti n u all y) o ur v aryi n g m o o d s all p r o c e e d fr o m h i d

, ,

de n f o rc e s in th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d .

Wi th th e gr o w th o f e xp e rim e n tal p sy c h o l o gy w e are

b e gi n n i n g to di sc o v e r th e c o mpl e x n atur e o f o ur pe r
so n ality an d h o w th at p ar t o f o ur e o wh ic h i s b e l o w
, g
th e th r e sh o ld o f c o n sci o u sn e ss m ay b e le d to e m e rg e
,

fr o m its O b scuri ty B ut as th e brigh t ligh t o f th e day

.

que n c h e s the fe e bl e ligh t o f th e star s so th e vivi d ,

str e am s o f c o n sci o u sn e ss i n o ur w aki n g lif e mu st b e

wi th dr awn o r e n fe e bl e d b e f o r e th e dim r e c o rd o f un
,

h e e d e d p ast imp r e ssi o n s b e c o m e s app ar e n t .

1
f
Pr o O W H olme s, P ag es f r om O dd Vo lum es, p 2 81
. . . . .

2
Cardi nal N ew man , G r ammar of A ssen t, p 1 6 0 . .
1 16 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S M I N D

in fo rty e igh t y e ars c o uld b e w ri tte n he said

-
,

H e imm e di ate ly g av e th e fac to r s o f as 9 41 an d

2 6 3 w h i c h are th e o n ly tw o an d ask e d th e n fo r th o se
,

of an sw e r e d n o n e i t i s a prim e n umb e r , H e .

c o uld n o t te ll ho w th e an sw e r c am e i n to h i s mi n d H e .

c o u ld n o t o n pap e r do simpl e mul tiplic ati o n o r di

, ,

”
vi si o n .

We n o w giv e a m o st re m ark abl e an d v alu abl e p ass

ag e fr o m L add s m o st r e c e n t w o rk
’

T e stim n y o
f ma
ro n w ho as w e h av e se e n i s a vig o r o u s sup
pp n e n t
, ,
O o '

p o r te r o f th e o ld an d n arr o w sc h o o l H e r e .

h e i s ag ain f o r c e d thi s tim e O p e n l y an d d e lib e r ate ly to

, ,

admi t th at mu c h th at i s o f m o st v al u e in c o n sc i o u sn e ss

i s d e riv e d fr o m wh at h e c all s h idd e n d e pth s b e l o w

“ ”
,

so m e w h at o r so m e
“
an d fur th e r o n attribu te s i t to ,

O n e ( w ith a c api tal O ) o f w h o se d o i n g s w e are n o t

I t m ay b e w e ll to stick to o n e s te x t b ut
” ’
c o n sc i o u s .
,

th e sh if ts o n e i s put to at tim e s in d o i n g so are p ai n ful ;

an d i n th i s c ase w e th i n k m o st will agr e e i t w o uld h av e
, ,

b e e n b e tte r to giv e i t up o r b o ldly br o ad e n i t to admi t

,

th e un c o n sc i o u s r ath e r th an attrib u te n atur al m e n tal

,

”
pr o c e sse s to m ate ri al so m e wh at ) o r sup e r n atur al
“ ”
( so m e O n e ) ag e n c i e s .

“
A th i nk e r o n an y pr o bl e m fi n d s th e truth sh o t up
fr o m th e h idd e n d e pth s b e l o w ; i t app e ar s pr e se n te d fo r
se izure to c o n sc i o u sn e ss as th e gift o f th e U n c o n sc i o u s

! si c ] I n simil ar f ash i o n are th e h app y h i ts o f i n v e n to r s

.
,

th e r ar e ac h i e v e m e n ts o f ar t bestow e d upon th e ,

mi n d r ath e r th an c o n sc i o u sly wr o ugh t o u t b y it N o r .

c an o n e f ail to n o ti c e as sig n ifi c an t th e c o n n e c ti o n o f ,
 TH E U N C ON SC IO U S AN D T H E C O N SC I O U S 1 17

u
all s c h e xp e ri e n c e s wi th th e c o n di ti o n s an d n atu re O f
‘
tac t o f i n sti n c t
,
’ ‘
I f th e n cr e d it i s to b e giv e n as
’
.
, , ,

i t w e r e to th e u n c o n sc i o u s ac tiv itie s o f o ur o w n mi n d
,

fo r th e se r e sul ts in c o n sci o u sn e ss wh i c h f o ll o w state s

o f u n c o n sc i o u sn e ss su c h c r e di t mu st b e e x te n d e d qu i te
,

i n d e fi n i te l y F o r th e c r e d it o f mu c h o f o ur m o st
.

brilli an t an d impr e ssiv e ac ts in c o n sc i o u sn e ss u n

d o ub te dl y b e l o n g s n o t to c o n sci o u sn e ss ; i t b e l o n g s to
so mew ha t o r to some O n e o f wh o se d o i n g s w e as c o n ,

”
sc i o u s e g o s ar e n o t i mm e di ate l y c o n sc i o u s
1
.
,

We m ay add to o ur r e m ark th at it i s qu ite tru e th at

th e r an g e o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d mu st
R “h an ’
g e (
e

n e c e ssar ily r e m ai n i n d e fi n i te ; n o n e c an say u i i u n po i sc q s

md fi mt ls e e
h o w h i gh o r h o w lo w i t m ay r e ac h
'

Th i s .

i s h o w e v e r a v e r y i n su ffi c i e n t r e aso n fo r d e n yi n g i ts
, ,

e x i ste n c e sav e fo r th o se w h o will o w n n o th i n g th e y

,

c an n o t w e igh an d m e asur e in so m e w ay o r o th e r A S .

to h o w far th e u n c o n sc io u s p o w e r s o f li fe th at as h as ,

b e e n said c an m ak e e gg s an d f e ath e r s o u t o f I n di an
,

c o rn an d milk an d b e e f an d mu tto n o ut o f gr ass to

, ,

say n o th i n g o f dir e c ti n g th o se pr o te c tiv e o rg an i sm s

r e c e n tly r e v e al e d by M e tc h n ik o ff an d o th e r s are to b e ,

c o n sid e r e d wi th i n o r b e yo n d th e l o w e st l imi t o f un

c o n sci o u s mi n d w e do n o t th e r e f o r e h e r e pr e ss I t
, .

i s e n o ugh in th e pr e se n t w o rk to e stabli sh th e fac t

O f i ts e xi ste n c e ; to p o i n t o u t i ts m o r e im po r tan t fe a

tur e s ; an d to Sh o w th at in all r e spe c ts i t i s as w o r th y

O f b e i n g c all e d mi n d as th at w h i c h w o rk s i n c o n
,

sc i o u sn e ss We th e r e fo r e r e turn to o ur fir st d e fi n i ti o n
.

1 G . T . Ladd, P hilosophy of I t! i n d, 1895, p 393

. .
 1 18 TH E U N C O N SC I OU S M I ND

Of mi n d as th e sum o f p syc h ic ac ti o n in us wh e th e r
“
,

c o n sci o u s o r u n c o n sci o u s
T o r e sum e T h e p o w e r s o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d are
.

E i d en c e
v
se e n i n a r e m ark abl e w ay in i n san i ty T he .

“ 11 2
san e m an i s o n e i n w h o m th e
111 11 11 2
c o n sci o u s
mi n d— th e middl e p ar t o f th e spe c trum— rul e s I n an .

u n so u n d mi n d th e supr a o r sub c o n sc i o u s ste ps in an d -

,

o v e r po we ri n g th e c o n sc i o u s min d pr o du c e s e c stati c vi si o n
,

an d p h an tasm s o r co ar se an d s e n su al c o n d u c t
, I t is .

r e m ark abl e to n o te i n th is c o n n e c tio n wh e n r e aso n ,

i s e v e n p ar ti all y d e th r o n e d h o w th e w h o l e u n c o n sci o u s
,

mi n d c an u n i te in c o upli n g th e h igh e st Spiri tu al id e as

wi th th e l o we st se n su ali ty as in so m e r e c e n t h e r e si e s
, .

We c o n clud e wi th th e f o ll o wi n g fr o m M aud sl e y
I t i s th e u n c o n sc i o u s e l e m e n t i n b o r n in th e n atur e
o f th e i n dividu al th at c o n sti tu te s th e b asi s o f c h ar ac te r
”
an d c o n duc t 1

“
I t h as b e e n p r e vi o u sly said th at m e n tal p r o c e sse s do
n o t n e c e ssar il y impl y c o n sc i o u sn e ss ; i t m ay n o w b e
affirm e d th at th e m o st imp o r tan t a r t o f m e n ta l a c t i
p on ,

th e e sse n ti al pr o c e ss o n w h i c h th i n ki n g d e pe n d s i s ,

2 ”
u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal ac tivi ty .

M o re o ve r ,

T h e u n c o n sc i o u s d o e s n o t fall ill th e u n c o n sci o u s

,

d o e s n o t g r o w w e ary b u t all c o n sc i o u s m e n tal ac tivi ty

,

b e c o m e s f atigu e d T h i s i s p artly w h y i n v o lu n tar y

mu sc l e s driv e n u n c o n sc i o u sly do n o t ge t f atigu e d as
th e v o lu n tary mu scl e s so o n do .

1
M audsle y, P hysi olog y of M i n d , p 435 . .
2
I bid .
, p 34 . .

” M v H artmann , P hi losophy of th e Un co n sci ous

. . , vo l xi . .
p 47 . .
120 TH E U N CO N SC IO U S M I N D

m e re l y th e ligh t) ( M aud sl e y) ; th e u n i ti n g age n t in all

se par ate ac ts o f c o n sci o u sn e ss ( Wu n d t) th e b asi s o n ,

wh i c h th e c o n sc i o u s alw ays d e pe n d s ( Wun d t) th e ,

c e ase l e ss S pri n g o f c o n sc i o u s ac tivi ty (B asc o m ) th e ,

e l ab o r ato r an d arr an g e r O f all d ata an d f ac ts ( R ib o t ,

th e so ur c e o f h app y h its o f r ar e ac h i e v e m e n ts o f
, ,

in v e n ti o n s o f o ur m o st br il i an t an d im pr e ssiv e ac ts
,
-

( L add ) th e so ur c e o f g e n iu s i n sti n c t tac t l o ve o f th e

, , , ,

b e au tifu l i n v e n ti o n e thi c s (Vo n H ar tm an n ) th e b asi s

, , ,

of all c h ar ac te r an d c o n duc t ( M aud sl e y) th e m o st ,

im po r tan t par t o f m e n tal ac ti o n th e e sse n ti al pr o c e ss

,

o n w h i c h th i n k in g d e pe n d s ( M au d sl e y) th e d e e p b asi s,

o f all m e n tal fun c ti o n s ( M aud sl e y) an d ( m ay w e add

,

in c o n c l usi o n th e se at o f i n spir ati o n o f c o n sc i e n c e

, ,

an d o f th e D ivi n e lif e ( B arr e tt M urr ay , ,

S ur e l y th e n a p ar t o f o ur b e i n g th at i s th e se at an d
r e po sito ry o f su c h v ast p o we r s i s w o r th y o f m o r e c o n
sid e r ati o n th an i t h as e v e r ye t r e c e iv e d at th e h an d s o f

an y p syc h o l o g i st an d w e ar e c o n vi n c e d th at o n c e th e se

r e li n qu i sh th e ir n arr o w pr ej ud ic e s an d se ri o u sly tak e

,

up th e stud y o f th i s gr e at subj e c t in a w o r th y m an n e r ,

a n e w e r a will h av e d aw n e d fo r th e ir sc i e n c e ; i t will

h av e b e e n pl ac e d o n a br o ad an d impr e gn abl e b asi s ,

an d r e sc u e d fr o m th e o ppr o brium an d c o n te mp t th at at

pr e se n t i t e x c i te s in so m an y qu ar te r s .

I f th i s p o o r m o n o gr ap h by an u n sc i e n tific pe n by ,

an y w e ig h t th at m ay lie i n i ts qu o tati o n s r ath e r th an ,

by i ts argum e n ts h e l ps in an y w ay to w ard s th i s gre at

,

e n d i t will m o r e th an h av e fulfill e d i ts pu rp o se
, .
 C H AP T E R VI .

T H E U N C O N S CI O U S M I N D AN D H ABI T .

B E F O RE e n te r in g dir e c tl y o n th e subj e c t o f th i s ch ap te r
it will b e n e c e ssar y to cl e ar th e gr o u n d a Cl a ss i fi c a t i o n
1 11
li ttl e fir st b y gi vi n g a su c c in c t o u tli n e o f th e 0 2° O D S'

v ari o u s c l asse s o f ac ti o n s an d th e ir c o n sci o u s o r u n

,

c o n sci o u s o ri gi n .

I t wi ll b e r e m e mb e r e d th at in o ur fir st c h ap te r w e
divid e d th e br ai n i n to th r e e r e gi o n s c o n si stin g re spe c
,

tiv e ly fr o m be l o w upw ard s o f th e m e dull a o r l o w e r br ai n ,

th e b asal g an gl i a o r m i d br ai n an d th e c o r te x o r upp e r
,

b r ai n ; th e last o f wh i c h h as l o n g b e e n pr o v e d to b e
th e so l e sp h e r e o f c o n sc i o u s an d v o lu n tary ac ti o n .

D i ffe r e n t cl asse s o f ac ti o n s are asso c i ate d wi th e ac h

o f th e se th r e e br ai n r e gi o n s A s w e ar e r e g ardi n g th e m
.

n o w fr o m th e stan dp o i n t o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss w e will cl ass

th e m e n tir e l y w i th r e f e r e n c e to th i s .

T h e m e d ull a o r l o w e r br ain th e r e fo r e i s th e se at par

, ,

exce llen c e O f w h at ar e k n o w n as n atu r al r e fl e x

M d lla a d e u n

u m c i o n s— ac ti o n s p e rfo rm e d
( o r a to atic) a t
112123
1 re

wh o lly upc o n sc io u sly an d n o t o n l y w i th o u t

,

c o n sc i o u s will b ut b e yo n d th e p o w e r o f o ur will s to
,

c o n tr o l ( S ee di ag r am )
. .

We are n o t th e r e fo r e i n an y w ay c o n sc i o u sl y r e spo n
, ,

sibl e fo r th e se ac ti o n s so r e m o v e d fr o m o ur au th o ri ty
, .

(1 2 1)
1 22 T H E U N CO N SC I O US M I ND

On i n ve stigati o n it will b e fo un d th at m o st o f th e se
au to m atic r e fl e x e s c o n c e rn th e e sse n ti al p h y sic al lif e o f

th e b o dy su c h as th e r e gul ati o n o f r e sp i r ati o n o f ci r

, ,

cul ati o n an d th e b e ati n g o f th e h e ar t o f dig e sti o n b o th , ,

in i ts c h e mi c al an d p h y sic al pro c e sse s .

We mu st c are full y O b se rve h e r e th at al th o ugh w e c all

Refl e xes a th e se ac ti o n s r e fl e x n o p h ysi o l o gi st fo r a
re

m o m e n t supp o se s th at th e n e rv e c urr e n t
( a ff e r e n t o r s e n so r y ) i s r efl e c te d a n d b e c o m e s th e n e rv e

c urr e n t ac ti n g ( e ffe r e n t an d m o to r ) ; o n th e c o n tr ary ,

th e tr an si ti o n fr o m th e r e c e p ti o n o f th e m e ssag e to th e
d e sp atch o f th e an sw e r i s u n d o ub te dly an e x tr e m e l y
c o mplic ate d pr o c e ss an d o n e w h i c h as w e S h all se e
, ,

wh e n w e c o m e to sp e ak o f th e r e l atio n o f th e un c o n
sc i o u s mi n d an d th e b o dy g e n e r all y i n v o lv e s p sych ic
,

ac ti o n . H ar tm ann says T h e m o st c e rtai n pr o o f o f th e

i n n e r p sych i c al S id e o f th e r e fl e x pr o c e ss i s th e te le o
l o gi c al c h ar ac te r o f th i s r e ac ti o n whic h i s e xp r e sse d in
,

th e th o r o ugh g o i n g p u rp o siv e n e ss o f th e p h y si o l o gic al

-

1 ”
re fle xe s
T h i s b e i n g th e c ase it i s a v e ry sig n ific an t o o mm e n
,

tar y o n th e r e l ativ e p o w e r s o f th e c o n sc i o u s an d un c o n
sc i o u s mi n ds th at all th o se pr o c e sse s o n w h i c h th e

ac tu al m ai n te n an c e o f o ur lif e d e p e n d s ar e pl ac e d u n d e r

th e c o n tr o l o f th e l atte r th e fo rm e r b e i n g all o w e d n o
,

v o i c e wh ate v e r .

I n m an y o f th e se r e fl e x e s h o w e v e r w e ar e c o n
, ,

sci o u s o f th e e ffe c t pr o duc e d— as in p alpi tati o n o f th e

h e ar t acc e l e r ati o n o f th e cir c ul ati o n e tc ; wh il e in a

, , .

1 Ed . v . H artmann , P hi losop hy of the Un consci ous, v ol . iii .

, p 232
. .
124 TH E UN C ON SCI OU S M I N D

tar y an d th e c o n sci o u s e l e m e n t un til at l ast th e v e ry

,

sam e ac ti o n s w e r e p e rf o rm e d w ith gr e ate r ac cur ac y

ab so lu te l y i n v o lu n tarily o r un c o n sci o u sl y ; th e r e i n r e
,

se mbli n g i n c h ar ac te r th e n atu r al r e fl e x e s o f th e
m e dull a T h e y di ffe r fr o m th e m h o w e v e r in th e f ac t
.
, ,

th at th e y c an at an y tim e b e br o ugh t i n to c o n sci o u s

n e ss ,
an d th at th e c o n sc i o u s will c an e n tir e l y i n h ibi t

th e se ac ti o n s w h i c h i s n e v e r th e c ase wi th th o se
,

n atur al r e fl e x e s th at ar e in th e m e d u ll a H abi ts th e r e .
,

fo r e m ay b e c all e d acquir e d o r ar tifi c i al r e fl e x ac ti o n s

,
.

A n o th e r d iffe r e n c e b e tw e e n n atur al an d acquir e d r e

fl e x e s alr e ad y qu o te d in c h apte r iii fr o m M aud sl e y i s
,
.
,

th at n atur al r e fl e x e s ar e o u tsid e c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e c au se
it h as n o t ye t r i sen wh il e ac quir e d r e fl e x e s are o ut o f
,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e c au se i t h as se t All ac qu ir e d un c o n
.

sc i o u s r e fl e x e s w e r e o n c e c o n sc i o u s ac ti o n s ( in m an at

an y r ate ) w h ic h n atur al r e fl e x e s n e v e r w e r e
, .

N o w as to th e se at o f th e se w h i c h o bvi o u sl y mu st
,

b e to a l arg e e x te n t th e sp h e r e at an y r ate o f
th e ac ti on o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d i t i s c l e ar ,

th at i t i s n o t i n th e m e dull a j u st as i t i s ,

cl e ar th at v o lun tary ac tio n s r e q uir e a h e al th y c o r te x

fo r th e ir d i spl ay D i se ase in m an an d e xp e rim e n ts
.

i n an im als, to o l o n g to b e d e tail e d h e r e h av e d e m o n ,

str ate d th i s mu c h F o r i n stan c e w h e n th e c o r te x

.
,

i s r e m o v e d v o lu n tary ac ti o n is ab o li sh e d th o ugh th e
,

an im al c an fly o r w alk
, o r b al an c e i tse lf
, an d u tte r ,

its u su al so u n d s n o t v o lun taril y b ut o n b e i n g irri tate d

, , .

F ur th e r w h e n th e mi d br ai n i s r e m o v e d an d th e
,

m e dull a o n ly l e f t all th e se p o w e rs are l o st an d th e

, ,
 TH E UN CO N SC I OU S M I N D AN D HAB I T 125

an im al c o n ti n u e s th e b ar e pr o c e ss o f life to g e th e r wi th ,

th e simpl e st r e fl e x m o v e m e n ts wi th th e limb s .

O f c o ur se all th ig p o i n ts to th e mid b rai n as th e se at

o f ar tifici al o r acquir e d r e fl e x ac ti o n s ; an d su c h i t

pr o b ably i s o n l y w e mu st n o ti c e th at al th o ugh th e
,

c o r te x i s th e o n ly se at o f v o lu n tary an d c o n sci o u s
ac ti o n th e r e i s n o d ir e c t pr o o f o f w h ic h I am aw ar e
,

th at sh o w s th at i t c an n o t b e th e se at o f u n c o n sc i o u s
ac ti o n s as w e ll We c an o n l y say th e re f o r e th at whil e
.
,

v o l un tary ac ti o n s are c arri e d o n b y m e an s o f th e upp e r

b r ai n an d n atur al r e fl e x e s by th e l o we r h abi ts e tc
, , , .
,

ar e pr o b abl y c arri e d o n by th e mi d br ai n b ut p o ssibl y

.
,

in th e h e m isp h e r e s as w e ll .

Whil e thu s c l assifyi n g ac ti o n s as v o lu n tary an d

’

r e fl e x th e r e i s a se n se in wh ich all ac ti o n s are r e fl e x

,
.

“
T h e c o n clu si o n is n o t to b e r e si ste d th at all th e
fun c ti o n s O f th e c e n tr al n e rv o u s syste m an d all m an i ,

fe statio n s o f lif e an d m e n tal ac tivi ty f all u n d e r th e ,

c o n c e p ti o n o f r e fl e x ac ti o n N o g an gl io n i c c e ll i s
.

fun c ti o n al wi th o u t a su ffi c i e n t r e aso n w h ic h i s c all e d

,

th e stimulu s i n th e l an g u ag e O f p h ysi o l o g y ; n o v o li ti o n
,

1 ”
wi th o u t m o ti v e i n th e l an g uag e o f p syc h o l o gy
, .

W e h av e alr e ad y allud e d in th e se c o n d c h apte r ( see

also di ag r am) to D r Al e x an d e r Hi ll s se n so ri
’

N e r e ar c s
.

m o to r ar c s o r n e rv e c u rre n ts bri n gi n g se n sa
,
t d m no e on
t t d s ra e .

ti o n an d c au si n g m o ti o n w h i c h ar e o f th r e e
,

2
di ffe r e n t l e n g th s T h e sh o r te st c o nn e c te d wi th n atur al
.

1 E d v H artmann , P hi losop hy of the Un con sc i ous, v o l iii , p 226

. . . . . .

3
”
D r Al e xande r H ill,
. O n Re fle x A c tio n, i n Paper at Vic tor ia I n stitute ,
189
126 TH E U N CO N SCI O U S MI N D

re fl e x go to r e tur n fr o m th e m e dull a ; th e n e x t
an d

c o n n e c te d wi th u n c o n sci o u s ac qui r e d ac ti o n s g o i n g to

an d r e turn i n g fr o m th e mid br ai n ; w h il e th e l o n g e st

to a n d fr o m th e c o r te x an d a r e c o n c e r n e d wi th
g o ,

v o lu n tary m o ti o n All th i s i s o f c o ur se d e ligh tfull y

.

a t and c l e ar an d wi th i n th e i n te ll ig e n c e o f th e
p ,

m e r e st sch o o lb o y o f an te sc h o o lb o ar d d ay s wh i c h
”
-
,

i n d e e d i s its c h i e f o bj e c ti o n ; fo r th e ac tu al pr o c e sse s o f
n atur e ar e se l do m so crud e S o m e th i n g simil ar may
.

tak e pl ac e an d pr o b abl y d o e s b ut i t mu st b e r e m e m ,

b e r e d th at th e se th r e e l e n g th e n i n g ar c s are e n ti r e l y o f
th e n atu r e o f a cl e v e r sc i e n tifi c g ue ss r ath e r th an O f
a f ac t d e m o n str ate d by p h ysi o l o gy o r h i sto l o gy T he .

l ate st f ac ts o f h i sto l o g y cl e arly S h o w ( se e c h ap ii ) th at . .

th e r e i s n o di r e c t c o n n e c ti o n b e tw e e n th e n e rv e fib r e s
o f br ai n c e ll s w h i c h e n d o r c o mm e n c e app ar e n tly in th e
,

n e ur o gli a o r g r o u n d sub stan c e .

T h e id e a i s a go o d w o rki n g h yp o th e si s an d by n o
m e an s c o n fi n e d to D r Hill b e i n g f o u n d in m an y
.
,

p h ysi o l o gi e s ; an d i f w e use i t simply as c l e arly illu s

tr atin g th e th r e e l e adi n g di ffe r e n t cl asse s o f br ai n
ac ti o n n o h arm i s d o n e
, .

B e fo r e l e avi n g th i s f asci n ati n g subj e c t h o we v e r w e , ,

h av e o n e m o r e striki n g i n di r e c t pr o o f o f th e
«

Ph en om a en
o fd u k
r n en p r ac tic al divi si o n o f th e br ain i n to th e se
n ess.

th r e e r e gi o n s wi th th e c o rr e sp o n di n g th r e e
,

cl asse s o f ac ti o n in th e w e ll k n o w n p h e n o m e n a o f -

d run k e n n e ss Alc o h o l as p o i n te d o u t by D r Hugh

.
, .

li n g s J ac k so n an d m an y o th e rs p ar aly se s th e b rain ,

fr o m ab o v e d o w n w ard s .
128 TH E U N C ON SC IO U S M I N D

e xc e p ti o n o f th e m e dull a wh ic h still qui e tly c ar ri e s o n

,

th e fun c ti o n s o f lif e an d will c o n ti n u e to do so b e c au se

, ,

at th i s stag e th e m an alw ay s sto p s dri n ki n g an d fo r a

v e ry c uri o u s r e aso n I t i s n o t b e c au se h e wi sh e s to for

.
,

h i s i n te llig e n t will p o w e r i s l o n g si n c e ab o li sh e d wh il e ,

th e cr avi n g r e m ai n s ; b ut i t i s simpl y b e c au se h i s ar m
i s p ar al yse d an d h e c an n o l o n g e r m e c h an ic all y c arr y
,

th e po i so n to h i s lip s B ut fo r th i s th o u san d s w o uld

.

di e o f dri n k e v e ry n i gh t T h e ir salv ati o n c o n si sts i n

.

o n e simpl e p h ysi o l o gi c al f ac t th e arm i s alw ay s p ar a

l yse d b e fo r e th e p ar al ysi s h as h ad tim e to r e ac h th e
m e dull a I f n o w h o w e v e r so m e ki n d fri e n d wi th h is
.
, ,

ar m p o u r s m o r e alc o h o l d o w n th e p e r so n s th r o at th e
’

m e dull a at l ast su c c umb s an d th e m an i s n o l o n g e r

,

d e ad drun k b ut d e ad
,
.

S o far w e h av e o n l y S p o k e n o f th e ac tivi ty o f th e
mi n d as s e e n i n ac ti o n s b ut w e mu st p o i n t
H bit
a f
s o ,

11
1 01121 “
1
o ut h e re th at th e pr o c e ss i n i d e as an d
th o ugh ts i s v e ry S imil ar I f th e se b e c o n sc i o u s th e i r
.

S p h e r e i s th e c o r te x ; i f fr e qu e n tl y r e p e ate d b y d e gr e e s

th e y b e c o m e h abi ts an d b e c o m e m o r e an d m o r e un
c o n sci o u s an d au to m atic O f th i s w e will giv e illu str a
.

ti o n s H abi t in th o ugh t is as w e ll an d truly f o r m e d as

.

h abi t in ac ti o n .

N O W wh at do w e m e an by h abi t ?
,

I t i s di fficul t to c o n c e iv e o f h abi t wi th r e f e r e n c e to
i n an im ate o bj e c ts an d th e w o rd i s n o d o ub t to so m e
,

e x te n t i n app li c abl e an d ye t i t i s i n te r e sti n g to spe c u

,

l ate o n th e e x te n t o f i ts sp h e r e o f ac ti o n .

Ar e th e v e ry l aw s o f m o ti o n th e r e sul t o ri g i n ally o f
 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D HAB I T 12 9

h abi t ? ch e mic al c o mbi n ati o n s o f e l e m e n ts an d

Are th e
th e f o rm ati o n o f di ffe r e n t c o n stan t n atur al
H b it i th
a n e
c o mp o u n d s an d m i x ture s th e re sul t o r i gi n all y i g a i no r n c
1d
w or
O f l o n g c o n ti n u e d r e p e ti ti o n f o rm i n g at l ast
.

h abi ts wi th c ast ir o n b o n d s th at c an n o t b e br o k e n ?
-

Ag ai n do w e n o t se e in an o ld dr e ss e v e n in a r o o m a
, , ,

so m e th in g th at sp e ak s o f h abi t an ad ap tabili ty o f sh ap e
,

an d cr e ase fr o m c o n stan t w e ar in g an d u se o r o f fi ttin g s

,

an d fur n i tur e th at c an n o t b e se e n i n a n e w c o at o r in
,

l o dgi n g s ? D o e s n o t an o ld vi o li n th at h as b e e n th e
pr o pe r ty o f so m e gre at m aste r (n o t o n ly m ad e b y so m e
gr e at m ak e r ) r e tai n in i ts v e r y fibr e s th e h ab i t o f r e
so u n di n g to th e gr an d c h o rd s h e struck wi th far gr e ate r
,

e ase th an an y i n str um e n t th at h ad n o t ac qui r e d th i s

h abi t by l o n g u se
P assi n g o n t o livi n g th i n g s D o n o t tr e e s acqu ir e
h abi ts o f gr o w th fr o m th e ir e n vir o n m e n t an d i n th e
,

l o w e r f o rm s o f an im al lif e d o e s n o t th i s o p e n up th e
w h o l e o f th e gr e at q ue s io n o f th e f o rm ati o n o f n atur al
r e fl e x e s o r au to m atic ac ti o n an d i n sti n c t ? A r e th e
rh yth mic p ul sati o n s o f th e j e ll y fi sh o r th e m o v e m e n ts o f
-

an am oe b a th e o u tc o m e O f pur e l y r e fl e x ac ti o n o r w e r e
,

the y as R o m an e s h as ask e d at fir st v o lu n taril y ac quir e d

, ,

h abi ts p assi n g b y l o n g u se i n to h e r e d itar y r e fl e x e s

H ab it in man as ge n e rall y u n d e r sto o d m e an s an ac t
, ,

o r th o u gh t o r se n sati o n ,
o r an y c o mb in ati o n o f th e se ,

S im pl e o r c o mplic ate d th at h as b e e n su ffi c i e n tl y O f te n
,

r e p e ate d to n o l o n ge r r e qu ir e th e sam e in te llig e n c e an d

will p o w e r fo r its e x e cu ti o n th at w as at fir st n e e d e d
-
.

I t th u s b e c o m e s an acqu ir e d o r an ar tifici al r e fl e x .

9
130 TH E U N C ON SCI OU S M I N D

N ea rl y all n atur al in sti n c ts i n an im al s h ave th u s

to b e f o rm e d as ar tifi c i al r e fl e x e s i n m an I n m an ar ti .

fi c i al h abi ts f o rm e d at will r e pl ac e i n sti n c ts o f a fix e d

c h ar ac te r or ,
if yo u pl e ase v o lu n tary h abi ts r e pl ac e
, ,

au to m ati c h ab i ts I t i s w o n d e rful to n o te th at e v e n
.

fix e d h abi ts th at h av e passe d ( as w e h av e sugg e ste d)

l o n g si n c e i n to i n stin c ts o r r e fl e x e s c an b e m o d i fi e d ,

by e n vir o n m e n t I t i s th e h abi t o f all o v a to build

.

o rg an i sm s i n ac c o rd an c e wi th c e r tai n e x ac t l aw s B ut .

th e o vum o f a w o rki n g b e e c an b e m ad e to pr o du c e a
qu e e n b e e by al te ri n g th e m o th e r s f o o d an d f e e di n g h er
’

o n r o yal b e e br e ad .

T h e f o rc e o f h abi t i s h o w e v e r v e ry gr e at an d i s o n l y
, , ,

Th for c e f sh o r t o f n atur al r e fl e x e s wh i c h ar e o m n i ,
e o
h b’ “
a
p o te n t in th e b o d y N 0 p o w e r o f mi n d o r
.

will c an sto p th e b e ati n g o f th e h e ar t o r th e m o v e m e n t

o f th e sto m ac h an d a h abi t m ay b e so fo rm e d as to b e
,

alm o st as di ffi cul t to c h e c k D arwi n fo u n d h e h ad

.

ac qu ir e d i n c o mm o n wi th m o st m e n th e h abi t o f
, ,

star ti n g b ac k at th e su dd e n appr o ac h o f d an g e r ; an d n o

am o u n t o f w ill p o w e r c o uld e n abl e h im to k e e p h i s f ac e

-

pr e sse d agai n st th e pl ate gl ass fr o n t o f th e c ag e o f th e

-

c o br a in th e Z o o wh il e it str u c k at h im e v e n th o ugh h e ,

e x e r te d th e full f o r c e o f h i s will an d h i s r e aso n to ld ,

h im th e r e w as n o d an g e r .

T h e D uk e o f W e lli n g to n i s cr e di te d wi th th e dic tum

th at h abi t i s as str o n g as te n n atur e s an d c e r tai n ly to ,

se e wh at a so ldi e r will do an d i s w o r th i n a c amp aig n

wh e n se aso n e d an d w e ll drill e d c o mp ar e d w i th a r aw ,

r e c r ui t o ne f e e l s th at th i s state me n t i s u n d e r rath e r
,
13 2 TH E U N CON SC I OU S M I N D

are u n c o n sci o u s an d au to m ati c T h e ac ti o n wh ich .

o r i gi n all y w as guid e d by th e c O o p e r ati o n o f tw o o r -

m o r e se n se s n o w b e c o m e s so far i n d e p e n d e n t o f th e m
”
th at th e mu sc ul ar se n se al o n e su fli c e s 1 ‘
.

T h e r e are o n e o r tw o i n te r e sti n g p o i n ts in th e f o rm a
D t fl t b
e a s o
t i o n
e
o f a h abi t .

1 2
0 1 2 2 11 72
I n th e fir st pl ac e th e ac ti o n mu st n e v e r b e ,

v ari e d e v e n fo r a day I f i t b e th e l e arn i n g o f so m e

.

ste p s in d an ci n g th e y sh o uld n e v e r b e c h an g e d till fix e d

in th e br ai n Ag ai n it is o f gr e at imp o r tan c e th at th e
.
,

h abi t b e taugh t an d e x e cu te d ac c ur ate l y I f th e ste p s

ar e t aug h t in a sl o v e n ly w ay th e y will alw ay s b e e x e

c ute d i n a sl o v e n ly m ann e r .

Ag ai n fr e sh n e r ve p ath s te n d to c o n so lid ate ap ar t

,

f ro m ac tu al r e p e ti ti o n A n e w task l e ar n e d in th e
.

e v e n i n g b e c o m e s e asi e r to p e rf o rm e ac h m o rn i n g th an

it w as th e n igh t b e f o r e an d e asi e r still o n M o n d ay ,

m o r n i n g th an i t w as o n Saturd ay e v e n i n g T h e G e r .

m an s g o so far as to say th at w e l e ar n to sk ate in

summ e r an d to swim i n wi n te r Wh at i s e x ac tly m e an t .

i s th at h avi n g b e e n taugh t sk ati n g o n e wi n te r th e im

, ,

p re ssi o n d e e p e n s u n c o n sci o u sl y all th r o u gh th e summ e r ,

so th at w e b e gi n mu c h b e tte r n e x t wi n te r th an w e l e f t

O ff at th e e n d o f th e pr e c e di n g o n e .

Atte n ti o n in th e f o rm ati o n o f th e h abi t S e e m s gr e atly

to d e e p e n i ts impr e ssi o n o n th e b r ai n an d m ak e i t
much m o re e asy to e stabli sh A g o o d m e m o ry .
,

wh ich is a p syc h ic al h abi t i s th u s e stabli sh e d by ,

atte n ti o n .

1 G . H . Lew es, P roblems f

o L ife and M i nd , pro b . ii. , p 155
. .
 TH E U N C ON SC IO U S MIN D AN D HA B I T 133

A f o rm e d h abi t o f av e r ag e c o mplic atio n p r o du c e s a

so r t o f r e fl e x p e ri stal ti c n e rv e curr e n t b e
Re s ul ts f o
tw e e n th e asso c i ate d gr o up s o f c e ll s Sup
l
d
ftit
. e
i s
p o si n g i t is a qu e sti o n o f le arn in g th e c l o g
d an c e an d al te r n ate l y tap pin g th e fl o o r wi th th e to e
an d h e e l in r apid suc c e ssi o n th e pr o c e ss i s so m e wh at
,

lik e th i s

th e m all l e tte r s b e i n g se n so ry an d th e c api tal s m o to r

s ,

c e n tr e s c o n n e c te d by th e n e rv e th r e ad s o f h abi t T h e .

will star ts th i s ste p b y pl ac i n g th e to e o n th e gr o u n d

b y an im pul se al o n g th e n e rv e fr o m a to A B e f o r e th e .

h abi t w as f o r m e d thi s w o uld b e all b u t n o w it i s b u t

,

th e fir st li n k in a l o n g c o n n e c te d c h ai n al o n g w h i c h
,

th e n e rv e c urr e n t p asse s wi th gr e at r apid ity T he mo .

m e n t th e to e strik e s th e g r o u n d th e se n sati o n i s p asse d

,

to th e br ain al o n g A b an d th i s i s r e fl e c te d as a m o to r
,

im pul se to strik e th e h e e l al o n g bB T h i s in i ts tur n

.

pr o duci n g a se n sati o n al o n g B e star ts th e m o ti o n o f

,

to e stri ki n g al o n g 0C an d th u s th e m o tio n c o n tin u e s

-
,

till sto pp e d at E b y th e fl at o f th e w i ll (I t mu st b e
.

u n d e r sto o d th e se ac tu al c o n n e c tin g li n e s or n e rv e
th re ad s h av e n o pr o v e d e xi ste n c e ) .

L e we s O b se rv e s as to th e se ac ti o n s
134 TH E U N CON SC IO U S M I ND

A r e fl e x ac t i s a se n ti e n t ac t We mu st fix cl e arly .

i n o ur mi n ds th at u n c o n sci o u s an d u n se n tie n t ar e
n o t e quiv al e n t te rm s U n c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s a S e n ti e n t
.

” 1
state .

On c e a h abi t i s w e ll
u c h li n e s as bli sh e d
e sta on s

th e se th e i n te rf e r e n c e o f c o n sc i o us will o n l y sp o il s its
,

p e rf e c t ac ti o n Wh e n e v e r k n ittin g o r typ e wri tin g h as

.
-

b e c o m e au to m atic i f yo u th i n k ab o u t th e fo rm ati o n O f
,

e ac h sti tc h o r l e tte r yo u h av e to w o rk mu c h m o r e
,

S l o wl y an d ar e m o r e l iabl e to m ak e mi stak e s
,
A fix e d .

h abi t i s th u s d e r an g e d by v o li tio n .

T h e m o r e fix e d a h abi t b e c o m e s th e l e ss o f th e b o d y ,

i s r e quir e d to e x e c u te it an d th u s a gr e at e c o n o m y o f ,

fo r c e i s e ffe c te d I n c o mm e n c i n g pi an o pl ayi n g th e
.
-
,

y o u n g p e rf o rm e r pl ays wi th h e r h an d s an d arm s an d ,

b o dy an d l e g s an d h e ad an d O f te n h e r to n gu e A s sh e , .

f o rm s a p e rfe c t ar tifi c i al r e fl e x le ss an d l e ss o f th e b o d y
°

is m o v e d u n til at l ast it i s li te r all y n o th i n g b u t th e

,

h an d s an d wri sts th at ar e e n g ag e d th e c o n sc i o u s br ai n ,

b e i n g at p e rfe c t r e st o r th i n ki n g o f so m e th i n g e l se
,

al to g e th e r H abi t i s thu s o f gr e at e c o n o mic v alu e

. .

H abi t wh ich i s p h ysi c al m e m o ry i s o f such imp o r t

, ,

I mp ta
or nc e
an c e t o c h ar ac te r th at a b r ain wi th o u t su c h
f h ab it
o .

m e m o ry i s e ith e r idi o tic o r i n f an til e Ar ti .

fi c i al r e fl e x e s l ast l o n g if w e ll f o rm e d I n e arly lif e .

R o b e r t H o udi n th e c o nj ur e r tr ai n e d him se lf in th e
, ,

di ffi c ul t h abi t o f r e adi n g al o ud wh il e k e e pi n g f o u r b all s

g o i n g in th e air H e did n o t p r ac ti se th i s fo r m an y
.

y e ar s an d ye t af ter th ir ty ye ar s fo u n d h e c o uld still

,

1 G . H . Lew es. P roblems of L ife and M i nd, 3r d seri es, p 97

. .
136 TH E UN C O N SC IOU S M I N D

w h e n h abi ts o r ar tifi c i al r e fl e x e s are e stabli sh e d in th e

br ai n th e c urr e n t o f se n sati o n an d e n sui n g m o ti o n
n e v e r g o e s up to th e c o r te x at all fo r o rd e r s fr o m th e
“ ”
c o n sc i o u s mi n d th e ac ti o n b e i n g
, S h o r t cir c ui te d -

in th e middl e br ai n o r b asal g an g li a A n d i t i s n o t .

o n l y ac ti o n s th at ar e S h o r t cir c ui te d by h abi t
-
, (S ee .

di ag r am ) .

L et c o n sid e r a fe w l e adi n g h abi ts— p h ysic al

us n ow ,

Phys i c a l m e n t a l a n d m o r al , .

h am
P h ysic al h abi ts are i n n um e r abl e ; th e y e x
s“

te n d th r o ugh all o ur b e i n g are i n se n sibly b e i n g f o rm e d

,

wh e n e v e r an ac t is r e p e ate d su ffi c i e n tl y O fte n an d are ,

ge n e r ally o n ly r e c o gn i se d wh e n it i s to o l ate to al te r
th e m .

T h e y are am azi n g in th e i r i n tri c ac y an d v ari e ty as ,

w e ll as in th e e x tr ao rd in ary e ase th e y giv e wh e n o n c e

firmly e stabli sh ed in th e p e rfo rm an c e o f th e m o st diffi
cu l t an d at fir st imp o ssibl e task s .

“ ’
T h e o ld sayi n g I t s n o th i n g wh e n yo u are u se d to
,

i t o r th e c o upl e t
, ,

I f at fi r st yo u d o n t suc c e e d
’
,

T ry, try, try ag ai n ,

s imply m e an s I f a th i n g i s to o h ard to do e stabli sh

, ,

a h abi t an d yo u will acc o mpli sh it

W e p ass n o w to o th e r ac ti o n s o f th e u n c o n sci o u s
M t a d
en a l mi
n
n d o n c e p e rf o rm e d wi th i n c o n sc i o u sn e ss ,

“101 2 1 1 1 11 2
b u t wh ic h b y pr ac tic e h av e b e c o m e r e fl e x in
12 1

c h ar ac te r W e r e f e r to th o se th at pr o duc e th o ugh ts
.
,

id e as an d all m e n tal an d m o r al h ab its

, S o m e w o uld
.

r e l e g ate all p ro c e sse s wh i ch b y c o n ti n u an c e h ave b e c o m e

 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M IND AN D HA BI T 137

hab itu al to m ate ri al age n ci e s an d d e n y al to g e th e r th e ir

,

me n tal c h ar ac te r simply b e c au se th e y are u n c o n sc i o u s .

T h i s i s w e ll an sw e r e d as f o ll o w s
“
T h at wh ic h i s r e ali sabl e n o w o r c ap abl e o f b e i n g
,

re c all e d to c o n sc io u sn e ss m ay af te r a tim e c e ase to b e

,

so an d ye t th e e sse n ti al n e rv e ac ti o n s th e m se lv e s m ay
,

still g o o n an d w o r k th e ir i n fl u e n c e up o n o u r fl e e ti n g
,

suc c e ssi o n o f c o n sc i o u s state s A n d S h all w e c e ase to

.

c all a giv e n n e rv e ac ti o n ( o r r ath e r its r e sul ts) p syc h i c al ,

w h e n by fr e qu e n t r e p e ti ti o n it h as b e c o m e so h abi tu al
th at it n o l o n g e r ar o u se s c o n sci o u sn e ss 1

I w o uld r e m ar k h e r e th at in wh at w e c all v o lu n tary

ac ti o n s all w e do i s to will a r e sul t as o f
H ab it
,

r ai si n g th e h an d to th e m o u th T h e e ase
iifa igfiii
. o l
i
wi th wh ic h w e do it an d i n d e e d th e p o w e r to
do i t at all ari se n o t fr o m o ur will p o w e r b e i n g abl e to
,
-

c o n tr o l th e so c all e d v o lu n tary mu sc l e s b u t in th e ir
-
,

asso ci ati o n b y u n c o n sci o u s m e n tal ac ti o n for th e

purp o se by l o n g e stabli sh e d h abi t Wh e r e n o su c h
h abi t e xi sts an ac ti o n b e c o m e s w e ll n ig h imp o ssibl e ,

h o w e v e r str o n gl y it m ay b e will e d By l o n g h abi t

.
,

h e r e di tary in n atu r e , w e alw ays sw i n g o ur ri gh t arm

w i th th e m o v e m e n t o f o ur l e f t le g an d th e l e f t arm
,

wi th th e righ t le g L e t an y o n e w i ll th e c o n tr ary i e
.
, . .
,

to m o v e th e r igh t arm wi th th e righ t le g an d v ic e v er sd , ,

an d h o w e v e r str o n g th e e ffo r t o f will m ay b e th e y w ill

, ,

fi n d in th e e n d th at i t i s p o w e rl e ss to o v e r c o m e th i s
e stabli sh e d h abi t e x c e p t m o st awkw ardl y
,
an d fo r ,

th e sh o r te st tim e T h e i n te n se di fficul ty o f th e o n e
.

1 O . Basti an , B r ain as an O ri o n of M i nd p 523 , . .

13 8 TH E UN CON SC I O U S M IN D

m o v e m e n t an d the p e r f e c t e ase o f th e o th e r b o th in ,

th e m se lv e s e qu all y e asy ar e m o st striki n g

,
.

L e t an y o n e w i ll to pl ay th e vi o li n o r to sk ate o r , ,

sw i m o r in sh o r t to do an yth i n g th at r e qui r e s
H ab it
,
c an

th e f o rm ati o n o f h abi ts an d th e y will se e it

$ 3 351 .
,

i s impo ssibl e an d th at to do S O at all a h abi t

mu st n e c e ssaril y b e f o r m e d fo r th e v e ry purp o se ; an d
th e n b e h o ld ! th e th i n g w h ic h w as imp o ssibl e to pe r
,

fo rm b y c o n sc i o u s will p o w e r i s e x e c u te d by un c o n
-

sc i o u s fo r c e s wi th alm o st c o n te m ptu o u s e ase F ew o f .

u s k n o w wh at bu n dl e s o f h abi ts w e are an d w e im agi n e ,

m an y O f o ur ac ti o n s to b e v o lun tar y wh i c h are r e all y

ar tifi c i all y au to m atic . L e t an y m an o v e r f o r ty try to
w ash an d dr e ss h im se lf i n an y b ut th e ac c u stom e d
”

o rd e r an d h e will se e w h at di ffi c ul ti e s ari se
, H e m ay .

n o t k n o w th e o r d e r in wh i c h h e w ash e s h i s f ac e b ut ,

th e h an d s k n o w . H e c an n o t te ll wh ic h ar m is pu t i n to
th e c o at fi r st b ut th e arm s k n o w
, H e c an n o t te ll
.

wh i c h f o o t is pu t i n to h i s sto c ki n gs fir st bu t the f e e t ,

kn o w B e f o r e I b e g i n to dr e ss fr o m l o n g h abi t I am
.
,

alm o st c o mp e ll e d to pull up th e bli n d a c e r tai n e x ac t

h e i gh t an d if I fail to do so I f e e l an i n w ar d impul se
, ,

th at i s n o t sati sfi e d till i t i s o b e ye d .

C o n si de r t h e h abi t o f sh o o ti n g— th e p e rf e c t e ase wi th
wh ich th e tr ai n e d sp o r tsm an th e m o m e n t th e gr o u se
,

ri se aim s an d fir e s w e ll n igh au to m ati c ally at th e bird s

, ,

w hi c h th e m se lv e s h av e ac quir e d fin de si ec le h abi ts ( as Sir

- -

J o se p h F ayre r h as to l d u s) in l e ar n i n g u n c o n sci o u sly

to av o i d th e te l e gr ap h wir e s as th e y fly w h ic h in e ar li e r
,

tim e s th e y alw ay s struc k ag ai n st s

.
1 40 TH E UN CON SC I O U S M I N D

F or i n stan c e
H abi t w o uld te n d to m ak e the tr an si ti o n fr o m m e
m o ry to th e e xp e c te d m o r e an d m o r e r ap i d au to m ati c ,

an d u n c o n sci o u s . I f th e r e i s a pro c e ss o f i n f e r e n c e
‘ ’

it i s o n e wh i c h h as th e mi n imum o f c o n sci o u sn e ss 1 ”
.

R e p e ti ti o n so o n p r o duc e s u n c o n sc i o u sn e ss as th e
th i n g b e c o m e s h abi tu al Tim e d e ad e n s so rr o w T h e
. .

p o o r ar e ac c u sto m e d to p o v e r ty to fo o d sm e ll s an d , ,

sigh ts . O th e r i n stan c e s o c c ur So ldi e r s in w ar sail o r s

.
,

“
in a sto rm n ur se s an d S tu de n ts in h o spi tal
, I t is .

n o th i n g wh e n y o u r e u se d to it
’
.

We will n o t n o w pur su e th e fasc i n ati n g subj e c t o f

th e f o rm ati o n o f th e se in d e tail ; fo r w h e n w e c o m e to
sp e ak o f th e d e v e l o pm e n t an d tr ai n i n g o f th e u n c o n

sc i o u s mi n d i t will all c o m e b e f o r e u s ; b ut wi ll p ass

o n bri e fl y to c o n sid e r

F ir st th e v al u e o f h abi ts as a wh o l e an d l astly th e i r ,

dr awb ack s ; fo r th y h ave dr awb ack s

What hab it e
.

doe s f a
or H abi t i s e c o n o m i c al I t h as b e e n we ll de
.

ma n'
sc r ib e d as u si n g th e i n te r e st o f n e rv e e n e rg y

i n ste ad o f th e pri n c i pal T h e ab se n c e o f fix e d h abi ts

.

i s mi se ry an d i s th e so ur c e o f i n d e c i si o n o f ac tio n dn d
,

o f c h ar ac te r qui te as mu c h as d e fi c i e n t will p o w e r -
.

H abi t al o n e as w e h av e se e n e n abl e s th i n g s o th e r
, ,

wi se im po ssibl e to b e ac c o mpli sh e d suc h as pl ayi n g ,

th e flu te vi o li n o r pi an o
,
B ut fo r h abi t w e Sh o uld
.

sp e n d a wh o l e day in d o i n g o n e o r tw o th i n g s wi th

gre at fatigu e o f mi n d an d b o d y suc h as in th e ,

’

c o n ti n u e d e ffo r t to b al an c e th e b o dy in th e e re c t
1 J . Sully, I llusi o ns, p 300 . .
 TH E U N CO N SCI O U S MI N D AN D HA B I T 1 41

att i tud e by Sh e e r f o r c e o f will o r to r e ad a b o o k o r, ,

to w alk .

H abi t giv e s Sp e e d accu racy an d e ase T h e wi ll w e

,
.
,

h av e se e n c an o n ly se t h abi ts i n m o ti o n an d i s po w e r
, ,

l e ss to ac t w h e n su c h do n o t e xi st T h e u n c o n sc i o u s .

e ase o f a w e ll f o rm e d h abi t h as b e e n w e ll illu str ate d by

-

fixi n g a w afe r o n a l o o ki n g gl ass an d wh il e k e e pi n g th e

-
,

e ye s fix e d o n i t m o vi n g th e h e ad i n a c ir c l e
, T h e e ye s .

will b e se e n to b e m o vi n g i n e v e ry par t o f th e o rbi t b ut ,

c an n o t o th e rwi se b e k n o wn to m o v e at all : so un
c o n sc i o u s an d wi th o u t e ffo r t i s th e ac ti o n o f th e c o m
plic ate d mu sc l e s th at m o v e th e m wh i c h b y th e w ay , , ,

are all so c all e d v o lu n tary mu sc l e s

- .

H abi t f o rm s ch ar ac te r o r at l e ast a go o d de al o f it
, .

Up to a c e r tai n p o i n t o ur c h ar ac te r i s f o rm e d for u s
b y h e r e di ty b e y o n d th i s i t i s f o rm e d by u s by h abi t
, .

Skill i s e n tir e l y th e r e sul t o f h abi t T o se e k to b e am .

b ide x tro us i s n o t g e n e r all y d e sir abl e Spe c i al i sm i s .

e v e r yth i n g i n th e b o d y an d th e h abi ts th at su i t th e
,

righ t h an d do n o t sui t th e l e ft n o r th e l e f t th e righ t

, .

T h e l e f t h an d i s j u st as awkw ard wi th a k n if e as th e
righ t i s wi th a fo rk So m e c alli n g s m ay r e quir e a
.

c e r tai n m e asur e O f ambid e x te ri ty b ut i t is ag ain st th e ,

pri n cipl e o f tru e d e v e l o pm e n t an d i s c o mm o n in idi o ts

, .

Af te r mu c h tr o ubl e o r l o ss th e mi n d u n c o n sc i o u sl y
ad ap ts i tse lf to th e n e w circum stan c e s an d w h e n o n c e ,

h abi tu ate d to th e m th e c h an g e c e ase s to r i se i n to c o n

,

sc i o u sn e ss .

H abi t th u s ad ap ts us to vir o n m e n t wi th o u t
o ur e n ,

wh ich w e sh o uld die . A b o o kb in d e r in a l ittl e de n in

1 42 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

P ate r n o ste r Ro w m ay b e as h appy an d h e al th y as a

farm l ab o ur e r in th e M idl an d s E ac h h as b e c o m e.

ad apte d to h is e n vir o n m e n t b y h abi t L e t th e m

.

c h an g e pl ac e s an d th e c h an c e s ar e b o th will die Sir

,
.

C h arl e s L ye ll te ll s us o f so m e E n gli sh gr e yh o u n d s e x
p o r te d to S o u th Am e ric a fo r c o ur si n g h ar e s o n a r ai se d
p l a te au so m e 6 0 00 f e e t h i g h . T h e y w e r e u se l e ss o n

ac c o u n t o f th e u n ac c u sto m e d r ari ty o f th e air b u t th e y ,

pr o du c e d pups wh i c h c o uld c o ur se as w e ll as th e d o g s o f
th e c o u n try fr o m a f o rm e d h abi t .S o m e h ab its ar e th e
O ffspri n g o f n e c e ssi ty o th e r s o f c apr ic e
,
.

B u t th e r e i s an o th e r sid e to h abi t th at mu st b e

D r a b a ck s
w
a llud e d to i n c o n c l u si o n a n d ,
th a t i s i t s dr aw
° f h ab ’
t '

b ac k s A n illu str atio n will e xpl ai n th i s I n

. .

suburb an dw e ll in g s wi th a g ard e n an d l o c k e d g ate i n

,

fr o n t th e r e i s O f te n an arr an g e m e n t b y wh i c h th e g ate
,

c an b e o e n e d fr o m th e h o u se b p u ll i n g a h a n dl e th at
p y
r ai se s th e g ate l atc h Wh e n th e g ate b e ll ri n g s in th e
.

h all it i s e q u i v al e n t to a se n sati o n r e ac h i n g a c o n sci o u s

br ai n T h e m ai d th e n c o m e s an d l o o k s o ut to se e w h o
.

i s th e r e b e f o r e S h e pull s th e h an dl e I f i t i s a p e r so n
.

sh e wi sh e s to ad m i t sh e ull s th e h a n dl e w h i c h lif ts up
,p
th e g ate l atc h . T h e m aid i s th e c o n sci o u s mi n d w h ic h
c o n sid e r s th e se n sati o n r e c e iv e d b y th e br ai n an d d o e s ,

n o t se n d a m o to r impul se u n til th e w i ll d e te rmi n e s

wh at sh all b e d o n e T h i s i s a typ e o f a pur e v o l un tary

.

ac ti o n .

I f h o w e v e r to sav e h e r se lf tr o ubl e th e girl f aste n s

, , ,

th e wir e th at sh o uld ri n g th e b e ll r o u n d a pull e y in th e

h all to th e wir e th at O pe n s th e g ate th e r e sul t will b e ,
1 44 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S M I N D

di nn e r onefr e qu e n tl y wi n d s up o n e s w atch by mi stak e

’

an d so m e in c h an gi n g th e ir c l o th e s h av e g o n e to b e d

un c o n sci o u sly .

A b ad h abi t i s a te rribl e th i n g wh e n th o r o ughly fix e d .

S we arin g i s a g o o d e x ampl e o f th i s an d o f ,
Bad hab it s
.

th e te n ac i ty o f a h ab it w h e n firml y e stab
lish e d . I t i s a gr av e m o r al dr awb ac k w h e n pr o c e sse s

th at sh o uld b e i n te ll e c tu al b e c o m e m e ch an ic al b y h ab i t ,

as wh e n p r aye r i s said by r o te an d n o t p r aye d ; i t i s

th i s th at c o n sti tu te s all f o rm s o f c an t
H abi t blu n ts th e c o n sci o u sn e ss b o th as to righ t an d
w ro n g an d as to pl e asur e an d p ai n an d wh e n pur e l y ,

au to m atic ab o li sh e s i t A m an m ay g e t su c h an in
.

v e te r ate h abi t o f l yi n g as to l o se all se n se o f e vil SO .

wi th o th e r S i n s .

A p e r so n trav e lli n g o r y ac h ti n g tak e s gr e at pl e asu r e

i n it at fir st b u t if h e i s e v e r d o i n g th i s an d g e ts i n to
,

th e h abi t o f th e th i n g it l o se s i ts c h arm
, .

G am e s amu se w h e n o c c asi o n all y pl aye d b ut wh e n ,

th e y are i n c e ssan tl y p u r su e d an d an au to m atic h abi t i s

,

e stabli sh e d a l arg e am o u n t o f th e pl e asur e g o e s

, .

H abi t m ay i n duc e e rr o r as w h e n at th e cl o se o f th e
,

ye ar fo r so m e d ays th e sam e d ate i s c ar ri e d o n i n to

, ,

th e n e x t ye ar u n til th e n e w h abi t o v e rc o m e s th e o ld
, .

”
S ummi n g u p,th e r e f o r e w e se e th at w h i l e o n e o ut o f
,

th e th r e e cl asse s o f br ai n ac ti o n i s fix e d ( th e n atur al
r e fl e x ) o n e o f th e r e m ai n d e r ( th e ar tifi c i al r e fl e x) i s
,

b e i n g gr ad uall y fo r m e d duri n g lif e o ut o f the th i r d by

tr an sf o rmi n g v o lu n tary c o n sc i o u s ac ti o n s th o ugh ts an d
,

i d e as by fr e qu e n t re p e ti ti o n i n to h abi ts wh e n th e y b e
,
 TH E UN C ON SC IO U S M I N D AN D HA B I T 1 45

c o m e i n v o lun tary u n c o n sci o u s ac ti o n s th o ugh ts an d

,

i d e as ; wi th th e re sul t th at ge n e r ally th e y pr o c e e d wi th
gr e ate r e ase an d l e ss m e n tal an d b o dil y f atigu e : th e
c h an ge fr o m th e o n e to th e o th e r b e i n g as a rul e b e n e
, ,

fi c i al th o ugh asso ci ate d wi th m an y d r awb ack s som e o f

, ,

w h i c h w e h av e e n um e r ate d.
 CH AP T E R VI I .

T H E UN CO N S CI O U S M I N D A N D I T S Q U AL I T I E S
M E M O R Y AN D SL E E P .

I N o ur l ast c h ap te r in sp e aki n g o f h abi t w e n e c e ssaril y

, ,

O d r f t he
er O
to u c h e d u p o n u n c o n sci o u s h a bi ts o f th o ugh t ,

“ 11 “
12 1 2
an d S h o w e d h o w b y r e pe ti ti o n th o ugh t c an
, ,

pro c e e d u n c o n sc i o u sl y We will n o w g o furth e r i n to

.

th e subj e c t ; fir st o f all o n c e m o r e bri e fl y e stabli sh i n g

,

th e f ac t th at th e r e ar e u n c o n sc i o u s th o ugh ts an d th e n ,

p r o c e e di n g to giv e so m e d e scrip tiv e illu strati o n o f th e ir

ac ti o n W e will th e n p o i n t o u t v ari o u s qu ali ti e s in
.

ch ar ac te r th at d e p e n d up o n th e m e n te ri n g wi th so m e ,

d e tail i n to th e qu ali ty k n o w n as app e rc e p ti o n ; an d

fi n ally will to uc h o n th e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s
mi n d in m e m o ry an d in S l e e p .

A S to un c o n sci o u s id e as K an t o b se r ve s : T o h av e
,
“

id e as an d ye t n o t b e c o n sci o u s o f th e m
th e r e i n se e m s to li e a c o n tr adi c ti o n H OW .

e ve r ,w e m ay still b e m e di ate ly aw ar e o f

h o ldi n g an id e a th o ugh w e ar e n o t di r e c tly c on sci o u s

,

it
" 1
of .

Ag ai n M aud sl e y says
I t m ay se e m p ar ad o xic al
“
to asse rt n ot m e re ly th at
1 E . K
ant, A n thr op olog i e, p 5 . .

( 1 46 )
1 48 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S M I N D

wh at an d so m e O n e o f th e sam e wri te r qu o te d in a ,

pr e vi o u s ch ap te r B o th e sc ap e by th e i r v agu e n e ss th e
.

adm issi o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d .

T h e m o r e w e e x am in e th e m e c h ani sm o f th o ugh t ,

th e m o r e w e sh all se e th at an te r i o r u n c o n sci o u s ac ti o n
o f th e mi n d th at e n te r s l arg e l y i n to all i ts p r o c e sse s
”
1
.

P e o pl e w h o talk m o st do n o t alw ays th i n k m o st I .

qu e sti o n wh e th e r p e r so n s w h o th i n k m o st—th at i s ,

h av e m o st c o n sc i o u s th o ugh t p ass th r o ugh th e i r mi n d s

-
n e c e ssarily do m o st m e n tal w o r k E v e ry n e w id e a .

pl an te d in a r e al th i n k e r s mi n d gro w s wh e n h e is l e ast ’

”
c o n sci o u s o f it 2
.

T h e n as to ac ti o n s ,
“
I t w o uld g o h ar d wi th man .

U n c o ns i ou sc
ki n d i n d e e d if th e y mu st a c t wi tt i n gly
, b e f o r e
mind 11 013 3 ”
th e y ac te d at all
30
.

M e n wi th o u t k n o wi n g w h y fo ll o w a c o ur se for
, ,

wh ich g o o d r e aso n s e xi st N ay m o r e T h e pr ac tic al .

, .

i n sti n c ts o f m an ki n d o f te n w o rk b e n e fi c i ally in ac tu al
4 ”
c o n tr adi c ti o n to th e ir pr o fe sse d d o c tri n e s .

T h e y ar e i n sh o r t b e tte r th an th e i r cr e e d s ; fo r
, ,

c o mm o n se n se o n e o f th e f o u r i n te rnal se n se s o f th e
-
,

Ari sto te li an s i s the j udgm e n t o r v o i c e o f th e un c o n

,

sc i o u s mi n d .

We w ill n o w giv e o n e o r tw o illu str ati o n s o f th e

‘

I ll t ti
us ra
ac ti o
on s
n o f un c o n sci o u s id e as i n e v e ry d ay lif e -
.

f it
T h e m o st v o r ac i o u s pl ag iari st i s c o m
o . “

m o n ly th e m o st u n c o n sc i o u s th e b e st th o ugh ts o f o ur
au th o r s ar e th e u n will e d th o ugh ts w h ic h surpri se h im

1 Pr o f
O W H olmes P ag es f r om O dd Volu mes, p 204
. . . , . .
2 I bid .
, p 289
. .

3 M audsle y Physi olog y of M i nd, p 1 3

, . .
4 I bid .
, p 12
. .
 U N C ON SC I O U S MI N D AN D ITS QUALI T I E S 1 49

se lf ; an d th e p o e t u n d e r th e i n flue n c e o f c r e ativ e
,

ac tivi ty i s so far as c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s c o n c e r n e d b e i n g
, , ,

1 ”
dic tate d to .

Wh e n w aiti n g o n a pi e r fo r a ste am e r I w e n t o n to ,

th e fi r st w h ic h w as th e wr o n g o n e
, I c am e b ack an d .

w ai te d l o si n g m y b o at wh i c h w as at an o th e r p ar t o f
, ,

th e pi e r o n acc o un t o f th e u n c o n sci o u s assum p ti o n I

,

h ad m ad e th at th i s w as th e o n ly pl ac e to w ai t fo r th e
,

ste am e r
2 ”
.

“
I saw a m an e n te r a r o o m an d l e av e by an o th e r
d o o r Sh o r tl y afte r I saw an o th e r man e x ac tl y lik e
.
,

h im do th e sam e I t w as th e sam e m an ; b ut I said it

.

mu st b e h is twi n b r o th e r in th e u n c o n sc i o u s assump ti o n
,

th at th e r e w as n o e xi t fo r th e fir st m an b ut by th e w ay
3
h e c am e (th at by
T h e fi rm e st r e so lv e o r purp o se so m e tim e s v an i sh e s
i ssu e l e ss wh e n it c o m e s to th e bri n k o f an ac t wh il e ,

th e tru e wi ll w h i c h d e te rmi n e s p e rh ap s a di ffe r e n t ac t

, ,

sp r i n g s up sudd e n l y o u t o f th e d e p th s o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s

n atur e sur pr i sin g an d o v e rc o m i n g th e c o n sci o u s

4 ”
.
,

I n c o n n e c ti o n wi th th i s o u r g e ade r s will r e m e mb e r
,

h o w m an y p sy c h o l o gi sts affo rd an illu str ati o n o f a

so m e w h at simil ar p r o c e ss i n th e i r wri ti n g s Yo u se e as .

y o u r e ad th e m th at th e y ar e c o n sc i o u sl y d e te rmi n e d to
“ ”
supp o r t th e d e fi n i ti o n th at m in d i s c o n sc i o u sn e ss ,

b u t th at th e i r u n c o n sci o u s mi n d wh i c h h as a c o n tr ary ,

c o n vic ti o n an d a d e te rmi n ati o n p e rh ap s to p r o v e its o w n

,

1 Maudsley, P hysi olog y of M i n d , p 33

z
. .

Study in P syc h olo g y Al ac mi llan s M ag a i ne , 1 882.

” ’
2 An o n , .
,

y, P hysi olog y of M i n d , p 41 7
2 I bid , 1 882 4 M aud sle
. . . .
1 50 TH E U N CO N SC I OU S M I N D

pr e se n c e an d p o w e r c o n ti n u all y giv e s th e m aw ay by
,

l e adi n g th e m u n c o n sci o u sl y to u se l an gu age an d to

m ak e admi ssi o n s th at p o stul ate its e xi ste n c e .

T h e d e p th o f c e r tai n c l e ar c o n vic ti o n s su c h as tw o ,

str aigh t li n e s c an n o t e n c l o se a spac e li e s d e e p in un ,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss fro m tr an smi tte d im pr e ssi o n s .

N o tic e also th e u n c o n sc i o u s i n te ll e c tu al pr e adju st

m e n t o f mi n d — at a th e atr e fo r i n stan c e as c o mp are d
, ,

wi th a c h ur c h .

P r o c e e di n g to th e e n um e r atio n o f d e fi n i te qu ali ti e s
an d c h ar ac te ri sti c s ar i si n g fr o m th e un c o n

sc i o u s mi n d w e m ay m e n ti o n th e te rm
,

i n n e r c o n sc i o u sn e ss o ut O f w h ic h so m an y m arv e l s
,

h av e b e e n e vo lv e d ; i n n ate id e as an d all fu n d am e n tal

tr u th s are as a rul e u n c o n sci o u s ; i mpul se s ar e O f
, ,

u n c o n sci o u s o ri gi n de sir e s g e n e r all y o f c o n sci o u s

, .

“ ”
I n sti n c t i s an un c o n sc i o u s m o dific ati o n o f in te lli
1
ge n c e . S ully h o w e v e r says
, ,

“
I n sti n c ts are c o n sc i o u s th o ugh n o t ac tuate d by
,

c o n sc i o u s purp o se
I n tui tiv e i n sigh t i s an i n stan tan e o u s au tom atic o r
”
un c o n sci o u s m o d e o f i n te rpr e ti n g an o th e r s fe e li n g s ’
.

C arl yl e say s spe aki n g o f a m an wi th u n c o n sci o u s

,

“
i n te ll e c tu al po w e r s : S u c h a m an s w o rk gr o w s up ’

Wi th o u t c o n sci o u sn e ss fr o m th e u n k n o wn d e e p in h im
“
We arriv e at th e u n c o n sci o u s b y asc e r tai n i n g th e
i n flu e n c e it m ay h av e o n c o n sc i o u s life as w e di sc o v e r ,

an i n vi sibl e pl an e t b y th e p e r turb ati o n s i t pr o duc e s .

We i n fe r th e u n c o n sci o u s fr o m its we ll asc e r tai n e d

'

1 Rib ot, H er ed i ty, p 21

. .
2 Sully, M i n d, v ol vi
. .
, p 115
. .
1 52 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M IN D

App e r c e p ti o n i s th at p syc h i c ac tivi ty by wh i c h i n di

vidu al p e r c e p ti o n id e as o r id e a c o mpl e x e s are br o ugh t
, ,

i n to r e l ati o n wi th o ur pr e vi o u s i n te ll e c tu al an d e m o
tio n al lif e assimil ate d wi th i t an d th u s r ai se d to gr e ate r
, ,

1 ”
c l e ar n e ss ac tivi ty an d sig n ifi c an c e
,
.

I n all o rdi n ary c ase s w e ar e h ardl y c o n sci o u s o f ap

“

p e r c e p ti o n as a S p e c ifi c ac tivi ty We asc rib e to th e .

o bj e c t o f p e rc e p ti o n wh at h as b e e n add e d to i t by o u r

o w n mi n d s Appe rc e p ti o n se e m s to pr o c e e d o f i tse lf
.
,

wi th o u t o ur e xp re ss will an d n o t se ld o m e v e n ag ai n st
,

”
2
o u r wi ll .

I n o th e r w o r ds to e v e r y o bj e c t c o n sci o u sly pe r
,

c e iv e d vivid n e ss o f d e tail an d sto r e s o f i n f o rm ati o n ar e

add e d u n c o n sc i o u sl y fr o m th e sto r e s l aid up in th e u n

c o n sc i o u s mi n d I se e a ti n y r o d o f ste e l at a d istan c e
.
,

an d I at o n c e k n o w i t i s a n e e dl e fo r se wi n g h as an e ye ,

an d a p o i n t i s sm o o th an d bri ttl e
, All th e se id e as ar e .

i n stan tan e o u sl y add e d u n c o n sc i o u sly to th e c o n sc i o u s

vi su al p e rc e p ti o n o f th e bit o f ste e l ; th i s i s app e r c e p ti o n .

“
Wi th th e assi stan c e o f u n c o n sc i o u s S piri tu al e le
m e n ts stan di n g n e ar th e th r e sh o ld o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss ,

w e f e e l diml y w h at r e l atio n s e xi st b e tw e e n th e n e w

p e r c e p ti o n an d o ur f o rm e r e xp e ri e n c e s 3
.
”

“
We te st all id e as l yi n g c l o se to c o n sc i o u sn e ss to ,

se e wh i c h o f th e m m ay m o st appr o xim ate l y b e u n i te d

to th e p e r c e p ti o n o r r e qu ir e a p r e vi o u s tr an sf o rm ati o n .

W e c o ll e c t o u r th o ugh ts ’ 4
.
”

“
A p e r c e pti o n o r id e a b e c o m e s th e subj e c t o f ap
1
3
f
Pro Lan g e Apper cep ti on , p 41
. , . .
2 I bi d .
, p 15
. .

I bi d , p 1 7 . . .
4 I bi d .
, p 18
. .
 U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D ITS QUA L I T I E S 1 53

pe rc e pti o n i f up o n its e n tr an c e i n to c o n sc io u sn e ss it
, ,

fi n d s m o r e o r l e ss r e sp o n se ; i e c all s up o u r id e as . .
, .

W e ll k n o w n p e rc e p ti o n s ar e assimil ate d quickl y I f

-
.
,

o n th e c o n tr ary th e n e w ,
i s b u t p ar tl y S im il ar to
th at wh ic h w e alr e ady k n o w th e n th e app e r c e pti o n i s ,

c o mpl e te d b u t gr adu all y an d w e b e c o m e c o n ,

sci o u s o f i t as m e n tal l ab o u r
1 ”
.

“
I n e mp h atic all y c alli n g atte n ti o n to th e i m po r t
an c e o f u n c o n sc i o u s i d e as as w e ll as th at o f
“i
,
um s an _

f e e li n g s an d affe c ti o n s w o rd s an d v o li ti o n s i us
ggés
i c
ltp
, ,

fo r th e purp o se o f appe r c e pti o n L az aru s ,

O ffe r s a v alu abl e ai d to H e rb ar t s vi e w

’
F o r th e (un . .

c o n sc i o u s) f o rc e s th at guid e th e m asse s o f id e as ar e th e
se c r e t p o w e r s o f th e e m o ti o n al so ul ( G e mm u th ) To .

u n d e r stan d th e m m e an s to r e c o g n i se th e d e e p e st
2 ”
m o tiv e s an d c au se s O f appe r c e p ti o n .

T h e so ul n atur all y tak e s h o ld o f a n e w impr e ssi o n

wh i c h fi ll s c o n sci o u sn e ss b u t th e r e are al so u n ,

c o n sci o u s e l e m e n ts ac tiv e i n th e pr o c e ss o f appe r

c e ptio n ,
wh i c h wi th th e c o n te n ts o f c o n sc io u sn e ss
, ,

f o rm o n e gr o up I n th e ac t o f th i n ki n g in all w o rk
.
,

o f i n v e n ti n g th e c o n sc i o u s ac ti o n o f th e mi n d i s
,

c o n stan tl y asse r te d an d d e te rmi n e d by r e v e rb e r ati n g

u n c o n sc i o u s id e as .

I n d e e d to th e l atte r m ay e v e n b e c r e di te d th e r e al
,

cr e ati o n th e th i n ki n g fi n d in g e stabl i sh i n g T h e r e al
, , ,
.

pr o c e ss o f ap pe rc e p ti o n o n th e cr e ati o n o f n e w f o rm a
ti o n s tak e s p lac e u n c o n sc i o u sly 3 ”
.

1 f
Pro L ang e App er c ep ti on , p 43
.
2 I bid
, p 26 8 .

z f
. . . .
,

3 La arus, q uote d b y Pr o Lan g e , Apper cep tio n , p 2 6 7 . .

.
 1 54 TH E UN C ON SC IO U S MI N D

H e re is an illu str ati o n of app e r c e p ti o n fr o m an o th e r

so ur c e
“
I t is O bvi o u s th at
m e n tal e v e n ts i n clud e un c o n
sc i o u s e v e n ts U n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal e v e n ts ar e n o t
.

c o n fi n e d to r e c e p ti o n te rmi n ati o n an d c h an g e s o f u n
,

c o n sci o u s k n o wl e dge T h e y i n c lud e r e di n te gr ative

.

O p e r ati o n s A s w h e n th e bur n t c h ild i n se r ts th e id e a

.

o f ard e n t h e at i n to th e n e x t lumi n o u s th i n g i t se e s ,

th e y i n c lud e t h e l ate n t b e ari n g o f li ken ess o n th e mi n d ,

to wh ic h w e ar e i n d e b te d fo r r e c o g n i ti o n an d fr o m ,

gr o upi n g th e minima vi sibi li a i n to b o di e s an d b o di e s ,

i n to fl o c k s h e rd s e tc T h e y i n c lud e th e l ate n t m e n tal

, , .

pr o c e ss wh i c h b e g e ts o ur k n o wl e dg e o f prim ary ki n d s ,

an d o u r k n o wl e dg e o f o ur o w n cu sto m s
1 ”
.

M an y a w e ak O b sc ur e an d fl e e ti n g p e rc e p ti o n
,

V lu
a e o f ap w o_
uld p as s alm o s t un n o ti c e d i n to o b sc uri ty

Per c epti n did n o t ap pe rc e p ti o n h o ld i t f ast i n c o n sc i o u s

o

n e ss . We se e an d h e ar n o t o n l y wi th th e e ye an d
,

e ar ,
b u t q u i te as m u c h wi th th e h e lp o f o ur pr e se n t
k n o wl e dg e wi th th e app e rc e p tiv e c o n te n t o f o ur o w n
,

2 ”
mi n d .

“
We h av e u n d o ub te dl y pe r c e pti o n s th at are n e v e r
p e r c e i ve d S u c h n ac c o u n t o f fl aggin g atte n ti o n o r
.
,

o f tr an si e n t c h ar ac te r si n k r apidly u n d e r th e th r e sh o ld
,

3 ”
O f c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

L e t m e g iv e an i n stan c e o f th i s T h e o th e r day I .

w as driv i n g b y a str an g e r o ad to a sm all c o u n try h o u se

by th e r o ad sid e wh e r e my f amily w e r e sta

,
yi n g fo r th e

Study in P syc h o lo g y, M acmi llan s M ag az i n e 1 8 82

’
1 A no n .
,

2 f
Pro Lan g e , A pp er cep ti on , p 21
.
3 I bid
.
, pp
. 1 3, 1 4 . .
1 56 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S M I N D

e x h ibi t its p o we rs is c ar e fully e xpl ai n e d by so me o th e r

h ypo th e si s .

We r t th at m e m o ry i s a f ac ul ty n o t o n ly o f c o n
asse

sc i o u s state s b u t o f u n c o n sci o u s ; b ut th e n w e mu st
,

pr o v e th i s fo r w e f e ar th e ipse di xi t o f th e w ri te r al o n e
,

w i ll b e b y n o m e an s su ffici e n t .

T h e r e ar e th e n tw o h yp o th e se s as to m e m o ry
, , .

1 D O th e id e as p e rsi st as un c o n sci o u s p syc h ic al ph e

.

n o m on a ? i e se n sati o n s fall e n b e l o w th e th r e sh o ld o f
. .
,

c o n sci o u sn e ss ; o r
2 D o th e y n o t e xi st at all as p syc h ic al p h e n o m e n a
.
,

but ar e r e tai n e d b e c au se o f th e p e r si ste n c e o f c e r tai n

c h an g e s tr ac e s o r di sp o si ti o n s in th e n e rv e c e n tr e s
, ,

”
T h i s i s o n e o f th e c ruc es o f p sy c h o l o gy .

“ ”
O bj e c ti o n s say s M aud sl e y , to th e suppo si ti o n o f ,

u n c o n sc i o u s id e as l aid by i n ac tive in th e mi n d are n o t

”
far to se e k .

I d e as H e rb e r t Sp e n c e r r e m ark s
,
”
are lik e th e ,

Lat t i d e as
en
s uc c e ssiv e c h o rd s br o ugh t o ut fr o m a pi an o .

A n d i t w o uld b e as pr o p e r to say th at th e se
1 11 1
8 32 12 3 3
p assi n g c h o rd s th e r e afte r e xi st i n th e pi an o
as i t i s pr o p e r to say th at p assi n g id e as th e r e af te r

B ut wh at a b o u t th e p e rfo rm e r
1 ”
e xi st i n th e br ai n .

i n th e c ase o f th e pi an o an d th e br ai n r e sp e c tiv e l y ?
Wh e re in th e il lu str ati o n i s th e e quiv al e n t o f th e
, ,

h arm o n i c c o n c e p ti o n s in th e p e rfo rm e r s mi n d ?
’
An d
th e r e i s th i s di ffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e p assi n g c h o rd s in
th e pi an o an d i n th e br ai n an d it i s o f th e e sse n c e O f th e
,

m atte r th at i n th e fo rm e r c ase th e c h o rd s do p ass an d

,

1 H er b er t Spe nc er, P ri n cip les of P sycholog y, vn .

, p 485
. .
 U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D ITS QUALI T I E S 157

l e av e n o tr ac e in th e str uc tur e o f th e pi an o w h il e i n ,

th e l atte r th e y do n o t wi th o u t l e avi n g th e m o st im
,

p o r tan t af te r e ffe c ts in th e str uc tur e o f th e br ain

-
.

Wh e n c e does ari se in due tim e a c o n sid e r abl e diffe r e n c e

, ,

b e tw e e n a cul tiv ate d pi an o an d a c ul tiv ate d br ain .

T h o se w h o Sp e ak o f l ate n t id e as do th e r e f o r e e n , ,
"

d e av o ur to d e n o te th e r e by an imp o r tan t so m e th i n g
w h ic h M r Sp e n c e r s an al o gy l e av e s o u t o f sigh t
’
1 ”
. .

M e m o ry i s th e p o w e r o f r e tain i n g k n o wl e dg e in th e
mi n d b ut o ut o f c o n sci o u sn e ss ; I say r e tain in g k n o w
,

l e d g e i n th e mi n d b ut o ut o f c o n sci o u sn e ss We mu s t
, .

fur the r b e e n d o w e d wi th a f ac ul ty o f r e c alli n g i t o ut o f

u n c o n sci o u sn e ss i n to c o n sc i o u sn e ss ; in Sh o r t r e pr o ,

duc tiv e p o w e r T hi s b o ld an d d e c i d e d u tte r an c e i s

.

b y Sir Willi am H amil to n an d i s cri tici se d b y B ain , ,

“
wr i ti n g o n H amil to n s c o n se rv ativ e f acul ty th u s
’

“
Of c o n se rv ati o n ap ar t fr o m r e pr o duc ti o n w e k n o w ,

”
n o th i n g I t i s a n o n e n ti ty
.
2
.

“
M e m o ry d e p e n d s o n a n umb e r o f l ate n t an d in v o l
un tary p h y sic al c o n di ti o n s as w e ll as o n a n umb e r o f
,

c o n sci o u s and in v o lun tary m e n tal c o n di ti o n s 3

.
”

“
A S th e se at o f m e m o ry i s e n tir e l y b e l o w th e pl an e
o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss th e mi n d i s n o t c o n sci o u s o f th e
,

p r o c e sse s o f dir e c t r e viv al an d th e y ar e n o t un d e r,

v o lun tary c o n tr o l ; th u s w e c an n o t h e lp r e m e mb e ri n g
,

th at a b o at i s a b o at o r a fi r e i s a fi re w h e n w e se e ,

e i th e r
4 ”
.

1 M audsle y, P hysio log y of M i n d , p 70 . .

2 B ai n , S en ses an d I n tellect, 4th e d iti o n A ppe n di x , p 6 9 7 .

, .

2 R H. H utton , Con temp arar y R evi e w J uly, 1 874, p 204

.
, . .

4 D r E drid e G reen M emor

.
g , y 2md e d ition , p 1 1 4
, . .
158 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M IN D

A s to th e ph ysic al se at o f m e m o ry , D r . Gr e e n is qui te
cl e ar .

T he opti c thalami an d th e corpor a str i ata are th e

”
se ats o f se n so ry an d m o to r m e m o r y r e spe c tiv e l y .
1

“
Ag ai n M e m o ry b e c o m e s l e ss c o n sci o u s as it b e c o m e s
,
-

m o r e c o mpl e te ; u n til w h e n (in ac ti o n ) it h as r e ac h e d ,

i ts g r e ate st p e rf e c ti o n it i s e n tir e l y u n c o n sc i o u s ,

“
M e m o ry i s n o t to b e vi e w e d as stric tl y pe r tai n i n g to
c o n sci o u sn e ss b ut r ath e r as a pr o p e r ty o f u n c o n sci o u s
,

” 3
n e ss .

T he k n o wl e dg e fo r i n stan c e i n v o lv e d in re c o gn i ti o n
, ,

i s fo r th e m o st p art u n c o n sc i o u s ; m o r e o v e r th e r e i s
, , ,

O f te n an i n te rv al b e tw e e n sigh t an d r e c o g n i ti o n ; an d

v o lun tary c o n sci o u s e ffo r t o f te n f ail s in r e c alli n g w h at is

w an te d wh ic h sh o r tl y afte rw ard s i s sudd e n ly pr e se n te d
, , ,

by so m e u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal pr o c e ss .

A so m n ambuli st f o rg e ts wh e n h e awak e s f ro m ,

b i g h p n o tise d all h e d o e s o r say s ( l ate n t

I ll u str at i o n s e n y ,

“ 111 2 11101 2 m e m o r y) b ut c an b e m ad e to r e c all an d ,

r e p e at all by th e simpl e asse r ti o n o f th e hypn o ti st th at

”
h e c an do so an d th i s w ith o u t f alli n g asl e e p ag ai n 4 '
.
,

T h e R e v W S L ac h S z yrm a N e wl yn S t P e te r
. . .
,
.
,

C o rn w all wri te s ,
I n e arl y c h ild h o o d I h ad tw o
pr o mi n e n t day dr e am s wh ich I h av e se e n h un dr e d s o f
“

tim e s in c h ild h o o d .

1 A l arg e vill ag e wi th a str e am an d sm all bridge an d

.

c h ur ch ; a r o ad g o i n g n o r th an d a p ark o n th e e ast .

1 D r Edri dg e G r e e n , M emor y, 2 md e dition , p 2 05

. . .

2 M audsle y, P hysi olog y of M i n d , p 51 4 . .

3 Pro f H ering , Uber d as G ed achtn i ss, 1 876 .

f
.

4 Pr o . B ernh eim, S ug g esti ve T her ap euti cs, p 146 . .

 160 TH E U N CON SC I O U S MI N D

i d by th e f o rm ati o n o f c o n n e c ti n g n e r v e p ath s
ass ste ,

b e tw e e n th e gr o up s o f c e ll s o ccupi e d in c arryi n g o ut
th e h abi tu al ac t O f th o ugh t .

A b e au tif ul i n stan c e o f th e ac ti o n o f u n c o n sc i o u s
m e m o ry qu o te d by C M aso n in H ome E du .

c ati on m ay fi ttin g ly c l o se th i s se c ti o n

T h o se b e au te o u s fo rm s ( T i n ih ‘
n A b b e y)

O ft i n lo n e lyro o m s an d m i d th e di n ’

O f to w n s an d c i ti e s I h av e o w e d to th e m ,

I n h o ur s O f w e ar i n e ss se n sati o n s sw e e t
, ,

F e lt i n th e b lo o d an d fe lt alo n g th e h e ar t ,

A n d passi n g e v e n i n to m y pu r e r m i n d
Wi th tr an q u i l r e sto rati o n : fe e li n g s, to o ,
Of u n r e m e mb e re d ple asu r e su c h , pe rh aps,

A S h av e no sli g h t o r tr i v i al i n fl u e n c e

O n th at b le st po r ti o n o f a g o o d m an s li fe ,
’

H i s li ttle n am e le ss u n r e m e m b e r e d ac ts
O f k i n d n e ss an d o f lo v e .
1

T he p r o f o un d p sych o l o gy o f the p o e t i s qui te am az

i n g i n th e se li n e s H e sh o w s tr ul y h o w th e th o ugh ts
.

fr o m th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d dil ate th e c apill ari e s an d

quick e n th e c ir c u lati o n an d th e h e art s ac ti o n b e fo re
’

th e y are p e r c e iv e d i n c o n sc i o u sn e ss H e talk s wi th .

“
stri c te st sci e n tific ac cur ac y o f fe e li n g s O f un r e m e m
b e r e d pl e asu r e o r in o th e r w o rd s o f th e p hysic al
, , ,

e ffe c ts o f u n c o n sc i o u s m e m o ry th at h av e n o t ye t p e n e

tr ate d i n to c o n sc i o u s r e c o ll e c ti o n .

H o w f o rcibl e i s su c h an ac c ur ate d e scrip ti o n o f wh at

i s ac tu ally e xpe ri e n c e d c o mp ar e d wi th th e p e d an try o f
,

1 W or dsw o rth ,
“
T he M e mo r ie s o f T inte rn A bb ey . 0
 UN CO N SCIO U S M I N D AN D ITS QUALI T I E S 16 1

l ab o u re d ab str ac t re aso n i n g fro m f al se pr e mi se s an d

f al se c o n clu si o n s We app e al to th e i n dividu al e xpe ri
.

e n c e o f o ur r e ad e r s to c o rr o b o r ate th e te stim o n y o f th e

p o e t to th e r e m ark abl e an d d pri or i u n lik e l y f ac t th at ,

th e f e e li n g s o f so m e u n c o n sc i o u s m e m o r i e s c o n stan tl y
pre c e d e th e ir r e c o g n i ti o n in c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

Turn n o w to th e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d in
Sle ep T h i s ag ai n is an o th e r c rux fo r n arr o w
Un c o n s ci o u s
.

p sych o l o gi sts an d v e ry h ar d fo r th e m to e x mi d i
,
n n
l p S ee '

pl ai n e v e n wi th th e fr e e u se o f sub c o n
,
-

sc io u sn e ss o b sc u r e c o n sci o u sn e ss sub limi n al c o n sci o u s

, ,
-

n e ss an d th e lik e
,
.

I h av e g ath e re d say s Cald e rw o o d , a n umb e r o f ,

e x ampl e s o f m e n tal ac tivi ty du r i n g sl e e p w h ich giv e ,

e vi d e n c e o f c o n c e n tr ate d i n te ll e c tu al e ffo r t suc h as a ,

c o n ti n u o u s c o u r se o f r e aso n i n g r e p r o du c e d af te r w ak
i n g ; li ste ni n g to a l e n g th e n e d di sc o u r se w h ic h mu st ,

h av e b e e n c o mp o se d b y th e sl e e p e r r e fl e c ti n g o n a pr o ,

bl e m an d e xp e ri e n ci n g su c h sati sf ac ti o n wi th th e r e sult
th at th e p e r so n aw o k e g o t up at o n c e an d wr o te o u t,

th e r e sul ts 1 ”
.

T h e wri te r h as k n o w n an au th e n tic c ase o f a cl e rgy

man wh o se wh o l e sub se qu e n t c o ur se o f life w as ch an g e d
as th e r e sul t o f a se r m o n p r e ac h e d by h im se lf to him

se lf in a dr e am .

Wh e r e v e r se lf c o n sci o u sn e ss is subdu e d w h e n th e
-
,

k n o wn an d cl am an t m e r e tir e s to th e b ackgr o un d
’
‘
,

th e n an O pp o r tu n i ty i s afi o rde d fo r th e e m e rg e n c e o f
th e o th e r m e o f th at l arg e an d u n r e c o gn i se d p ar t O f
‘ ’

1 Pro f . Calderw o od , R ela ti o n s f M i nd

o an d B ody, p 42 . .

11
162 TH E UN CON S C I O U S M I N D

o ur p e r son ali ty wh i c h li e s b e l o w th e th r e sh o ld o f o ur
1 ”
c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

T h e p h ysi c al c au se o f S l e e p i s th u s lucidly e xpl ai n e d

by P ro f D e rcum L ik e m an y o th e r lucid e xpl an a
. .
“

ti o n s o f b r ai n pr o c e sse s th e tr uth o f it h as ye t to
,

b e e stabli sh e d .

B y D e rcum sl e e p i s e xpl ai n e d i n a v e ry simpl e

m an n e r : T h e c o rtic al c e ll s i n th e m o to r are a h av e
‘

pr o c e sse s e x te n di n g to w ard th e surf ac e — d e n dri te s

an d a pr o to pl asmic pr o c e ss e x te n di n g d o wn w ard
th r o ugh th e wh i te m atte r o f th e br ai n th e i n te rn al ,

c ap sul e th e c ru s th e p o n s th e m e dull a an d i n to th e
, , , ,

spi n al c o r d w h e r e i t te rmi n ate s i n a bru sh lik e e x

,
-

tr e mity— th e e n d tuf t H e r e it h as a c e r tai n r e l ati o n

.

wi th th e m o to r c e ll s in th e an te ri o r h o rn o f th e c o rd
pr o b abl y o n e o f c o n tac t th o ugh th at is n o t d e fi n i te ly
,

k n o wn I f th e n e rv e c e ll s r e tr ac t th i s c o n tac t is br o k e n
.

if th e ab n o rm al c o n tr ac ti o n o f th e n e r v e pr o c e ss is re -

lie v e d fo r th e tim e b e i n g c o n tac t o n c e m o r e tak e s

E vid e n tl y if th e n e u r o n s ar e fu n c ti o n ally
’
pl ac e .
,

ac tiv e th e i r d e n dri ti c pr o c e sse s mu st b e in c o n tac t ;

Wi th o u t th i s c o n sc i o u sn e ss is imp o ssibl e
,
Wh e n th e .

n e r v e c e ll s ar e e x h au ste d b f ati g u e th e r e i s e v e ry
y
r e aso n to be li e v e th at th e ir v o lum e sh ri n k s an d it is , ,

th e r e f o r e m o r e an d m o r e di fficul t fo r th e m to r e m ai n
,

in c o n tac t Wh e n r e l ax ati o n c o m e s th e pr o c e sse s r e

.
,

tr ac t an d u n c o n sci o u sn e ss th at i s sl e e p supe rv e n e s 2 ”
.
, , , ,

1 f
Pro Barr ett ( D ublin ) , H uman itari an , 1 8 95
f f k
. .

2 Pr o D e r c um Philad e lph ia, q uote d b y Pro Wilco x, N

.
,
. ew Yor ,
in Br iti sh
M edi cal J o u r nal, 189 7, p 86 5 . .
164 TH E U N C ON SCI O U S M I N D

w o m e n c o ll e c te d by P r o fe sso r Ch ild We n ow g iv e
, .

th e i r fur th e r e vid e n c e as to sl e e p
9 4 pe r c e n t an swe r e d Ye s
’
1 . D o yo u dr e am ? .
‘

2 D o yo u t alk in S l e e p 48 pe r c e n t an sw e r e d
‘
. .

N o an d 40 per c e n t an sw e r e d Ye s O f th e se 3 7
’ ‘
.
, ,

pe r c e n t c an an sw e r a qu e sti o n i n te llige n tly i n sl e e p

.
,

2 7 pe r c e n t o n an y subj e c t 43 pe r c e n t o n ly o n th e
.
, .

subj e c t th e y ar e t alki n g o f i n th e ir sl e e p .

3 . C an yo u w ak e at a giv e n h o ur d e te rmi n e d b e ,

f o re g o i n g to sl e e p wi th o ut w aki n g up m an y tim e s ,

b e fo re ? 50 pe r c e n t an sw e r e d Ye s 3 1 pe r c e n t
’
.
‘
,
’
.

’
an sw e r e d N O
“ ’
4 . I f yo u c an h o w ab o ut f ailur e ?
‘
6 9 pe r c e n t
,
‘

se ld o m f ail e d 2 5 pe r c e n t O f te n
, . .

5 . D o yo u c o m e dir e c t f r o m o blivi o n i n to c o n
sc i o usn e ss 6 4 pe r c e n t an sw e re d Ye s 1 6 pe r c e n t
’
.
,
.

gr adu ally .

“
E x ampl e 1 I h ad to giv e m e dici n e e v e ry tw o
.
‘

h o ur s e x ac tl y to my wi f e I am a very so u n d sl e e p e r
, .
,

bu t fo r six w e e k s I w o k e up e v e ry tw o h o ur s an d n e v e r ,

mi sse d givi n g th e m e di c i n e .
’

“
E x ampl e 2 I c an alw ay s w ak e five mi n ute s b e fo re
.

’
th e h o ur I se t th e al arum .

E x ampl e 3 I had h ad li ttl e sl e e p fo r te n d ay s an d

.
,

w e n t to b e d at n i n e aski n g to b e c all e d at mid n igh t I , .

f e ll asl e e p at o n c e I r o se an d dr e sse d as th e c l o ck str uck

.

’
twe lv e an d c o uld n o t b e li e v e I h ad n o t b e e n c all e d
,
.

6 D uri n g sl e e p h av e yo u e v e r pur su e d a l o gic al

‘
.
,

tr ai n o f th o ugh t an d r e ac h e d a c o n clu si o n — th e ste p s,

an d c o n clu si o n b e i n g r e m e mb e r e d w h e n w ak e n e d
 U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D I TS Q UALI T I E S 16 5

T o th i s, 59 pe r c e n t an sw e r e d N o an d 3 1 pe r c e n t
‘ ’
.
, .

Ye s c e n t say th e c o n clu si o n s are as g o o d

’
‘
.1 7 pe r .

or b e tte r th an in w aki n g li fe 1 8 pe r c e n t th at th e y
, .

ar e l e ss acc u r ate .

E x ampl e 1 I h av e pl ay e d an e n tir e gam

.
‘
e o f c h e ss i n

my S l e e p O n w aki n g I pl aye d th e g am e o v e r an d it
.
,

se e m e d c o n si ste n t I do n o t th i n k I e v e r pl aye d th at
.

g am e ( tho ugh a g o o d c h e ss pl ay e r) b e fo r e an d I c o uld ,

n o t pl ay i t n o w
’
.

E x ampl e 2 I h av e sl e p t o v e r an un so lv e d p r o bl e m
.
‘

i n alg e br a h av e dr e am t e ac h ste p an d r e m e mb e r e d
,

th e m an d in th e m o r n i n g so lv e d i t e asil y
’
, .

E x ampl e 3 I n W o r c e ste r I r e ad an d sc an n e d so m e
.

fifty li n e s o f Virgil n o t ye t tr an sl ate d I f e l t tir e d b ut .

, ,

i n sl e e p accur ate l y tr an sl ate d i t all an d r e m e mb e r e d

, ,

it o n w aki n g
’
.

E x ampl e 4 I h ad l o n g tri e d to b al an c e ac c o u n ts b ii t
.
,

alw ay s sh o w e d an e x c e ss o f £ 2 1 0s o n th e cr e di t sid e . .

O n S atu r d ay n igh t I l e f t th e c o u n ti n g h o u se n e rv o u s -

an d an g r y I n th e n i gh t I dr e am e d I w as in th e o ffi c e
.
,

th e l e dg e r O p e n an d I c am e to a sm all acc o u n t h avi n g

,

a d e bi t b al an c e o f £ 2 1 0s I l o o k e d o v e r it c all e d my
.
,

se lf n am e s an d put i t in i ts pr o p e r pl ac e in th e b al an c e
,

in my sl e e p .

O n S u n d ay I r o se an d w e n t to c all o n so m e l adi e s
to g o to c h ur c h S ud de n l y th e dr e am fl ash e d o n m e
. .

I w e n t fo r th e k e y s an d to th e saf e an d g o t th e b o o k s ,

turn e d to th e fo li o in th e l e dg e r I h ad dr e am e d o f .

T h e r e w as th e acc o u n t an d my b al an c e w as m ad e 1
.
’

1
Pro f
. Child, A meri can J ournal of P yscholog y, vol. v .
, pt
. 11 .
16 6 T H E UN C O N SC I O U S MIND

We th i n k gr e e th at i t i s im
o ur r e ad e r s will a

p ossibl e to o v e r r ate th e imp o r tan c e o f th i s e vid e n c e as

sh o wi n g th e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d i n sl e e p .

“
M r A Br o c kl e b an k 20 M ar sd o n Ro ad E ast D ul
. .
, ,
~

wic h S E l o st a p o c k e t k n ife an d six m o n th s -

F u r ther
.
,
.
, ,
ex
ampl f m afte r h avi n g qui te f o rgo tte n h is l o ss dr e am t
es ro
, ,
R L St ev e n
i t w as l n th e p o c k e t o f an o ld p ai r o f tr o u se r s
. .

so n an d ,
O ther s ”
wh e r e h e fo un d it 1
'

’
A t M o rl e y s H o te l at fi v e o n Tu e sd ay 29 th J an u , ,

ary 1 8 8 9 I f o u n d I h ad l o st a g o ld br o o c h at S w an
, ,
.

E dg ar s I se n t th e r e b ut i t w as n o t f o u n d I dre amt
’
.
,
.

it w as sh u t up in a c e r tai n p ag e o f T he Q ueen n e w s
p ap e r I w e n t th e n e x t day ; th e p ap e r s w e r e m o v e d
.
,

b u t I f ou n d an d p o i n te d o ut T he Q ueen T h e r e w as my .

b r o o ch 2
.
”

R L S te v e n so n sh o ws h o w h is dre ams i n c r e ase d

. .

i n c o mpl e xi ty wi th h i s life u n til wh e n h e h ad to wri te , ,

sto ri e s fo r public ati o n h e g o t m o st o f h i s id e as fr o m ,

H e says : M y Br o w n i e s ( a n e w n am e
“
h i s dr e am s .

fo r th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d ) ! G o d bl e ss th e m ! w h o do
o n e h alf my w o rk fo r m e Wh il e I am fast asl e e p an d i n ,

all h u m an lik e li h o o d do th e r e st fo r m e as w e ll w h e n I

am wid e aw ak e an d fo n dl y sup po se I do i t fo r my se lf .

I h ad l o n g b e e n w an tin g to wri te a b o o k o n m an s
’
’

d o ubl e b e i n g F o r tw o d ays I w e n t ab o u t r acki n g my

.

br ai n s fo r a pl o t o f an y so r t an d o n th e se c o n d n igh t I ,

dr e am t th e sc e n e i n D r Jekyll and M r H yde at th e . .

w i n d o w ; an d a sc e n e af te rw ar d s Spli t i n tw o in wh ic h , ,

1 J our n al of P sychi cal R esearch S oci ety, v ol. viii . , p 381

. .

2 I bid , p 3 82.
. .
16 8 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D

m o to r ac ti o n in sl e e p th at o ccurr e d to my n i e c e o f
th i r te e n l ast summ e r S h e h ad b e e n pr ac ti si n g for
.

“
d ays a sh ak e o f g re at di fficul ty in a so n ata wi th
”

v e ry b ad succ e ss O n e n igh t h e r m o th e r w h o sl e p t
.

wi th h er w as aw ak e n e d b y fe e li n g fi n g e r s o n h e r fac e .

Sh e ask e d h e r d augh te r wh at sh e w as d o in g B u t th e .

ch ild w as in a pr o fo un d sl e e p wh il e th e fi n ge r s o f h e r
,

righ t h an d w e r e i n c e ssan tly pr ac ti si n g th e sh ak e o n h e r

m o th e r s f ac e N e x t day to th e am az e m e n t o f h e r
’
.

mi str e ss sh e c o uld pl ay it p e r fe c tly .

'

I t will b e o b se rv e d th at i n th e se d r e am sto ri e s w e
h av e av o id e d as far as p o ssibl e th e m o r e c u rr e n t o n e s
, , ,

an d g iv e th o se th at are w e ll au th e n ti c ate d an d di r e c tly

b e ar up o n th e ac ti o n of th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d in sl e e p ,

sh o wi n g w e th i n k
, n o t o n ly i ts acti o n
, b ut i ts v e ry ,

r e m ark abl e p o w e r s to wh i c h ar e due to a far gr e ate r

, ,

e x te n t th an an y o f u s are aw ar e so m e o f th e wi se st
,

u tte r an c e s an d wri ti n g s o f m an ki n d .

I t i s curi o u s th at P r o f C ald e rw o o d w h o m w e h av e
.
,

alr e ad y qu o te d ( p 1 61 ) as te sti fyin g to r e m ark abl e

.

m e n tal ac tivi ty in sl e e p g ets rid o f an y allo w an c e o f

,

“
u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d ac ti o n b y d e c l ari n g th at th e mi n d
i s n o t u n c o n sc i o u s duri n g th e se e x e r c i se s Ex .

e r ie n c e sh o w s th at a l arg e am o u n t o f w o rk c an b e
p
c on sc i o usly done in sl e e p !
1
We m e r e ly qu o te th i s to
”

sh o w th e e x tr ao r di n ar y sh if ts th o se are driv e n to w h o

r e so lu te l y d e n y c o n sci o u s p sych i c ac ti o n M y mi n d .

is c o n sci o u s w h il e I am un c o n sci o u s !
”

1 f
Pr o Calder w
. oo d , Relati ons of M i nd and B ody, p 19 . . Vic toria I nstitute ,
A pril, 1 89 8
.
 C HAP T E R VI I I .

T H E UN CO N S CI O U S M I N D I N T H E CH I L D .

I N a n ew b o r n ch ild th e b r ain ( w e igh i n g 1 0to 1 4 o u n c e s)

-

i s 73 th o f th e b o d y w e igh t
1
A t th e ag e o f
.

Ph y ld sw a e

se v e n y e ar s th e w e i gh t o f th e b r ai n alr e ad tail f y u g
y so o n
b m ra s'
av e r ag e s 40 o u n c e s an d at ab o u t f o u r te e n
,

y e ar s th e brai n n o t u n fr e qu e n tl y r e ac h e s th e w e igh t o f 48
o un c e s .T he br ai n o f an adul t man w e igh s fr o m 48 to
l
50 o u n c e s I t i s fr o m fi th to g 3 th o f th e b o d y w e ig h t
. .

T h e av e r age w e igh t o f th e f e m al e br ai n i s l e ss th an th e
m al e th e di ffe r e n c e in adul t lif e b e i n g ab o u t 5 o u n c e s
, .

Br ai n sub stan c e in c h ildre n i s c o n sid e r ably m o r e

w ate ry th an in adul ts .

A t th e th ird m o n th o f foe tal lif e th e fi ssur e s b e gi n to

b e m ark e d an d th e c o n v o lu ti o n s af te r th e six th m o n th 1
.

I n th e n e w b o r n c h ild th e br ai n i s c o mp ar ativ e l y
-

sm o o th th e c o n v o lu ti o n s sh all o w an d m an y are w an t
, ,

in g u n til th e fif th w e e k o f e x tr a u te ri n e lif e - T h e c e ll s .

an d fib r e s are fe w
2
.

I n th e c e r e brum o f a n e w b o r n i n f an t wh il st m o to r
-
,

an d se n so r y c o n v o lu ti o n s ar e di sti n c t th e c o n v o lu ti o n s,

for th e asso ci ati o n ar e as th o ugh pr e se n t are c o m par a

, ,

1 See K ir k e s P hysi olog y; 1 0th e di tio n , p 536 , e tc

’
. .

3 Se e W Pre yer , M en tal D evelop men t of Chi ldhoo d , p 1 0.

. .

( 1 6 9)
1 70 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S M I N D

tiv e ly impl e
s , an d do n ot p o sse ss as m an y wi n di n g s as
ar e to b e br ai n s o f
se e n in th e a c h imp an z e e n o t m o r e
1 ”
th an th r e e o r f o ur y e ar s o ld .

F l e ch sig h as n o t h e si tate d to asc rib e to th e asso

“

c i ati o n c e n tr e s fun c ti o n s o f th e h igh e st o r d e r H e .

b e li e v e s th e m to b e p ar ts o f th e c e n tr al c o r te x e n g age d
in th e m an ife stati o n s o f th e h igh e r i n te llig e n c e su c h as ,

m e m o ry j udgm e n t an d r e fl e c ti o n b ut in th e pr e se n t
, ,

state o f o ur k n o wl e dg e suc h c o n cl usi o n s are o f c o u r se , ,

”
qui te sp e c ul ativ e 2
.

We h av e giv e n th e se f ac ts an d sh all p ro c e e d to gi v e
a fe w m o r e r e sp e c ti n g th e c o n di ti o n o f th e
I t d p d
n er e en
e nc e o f mi d b r ai n at b i r th b e f o r e p assi n g o n to c o n si d e r
n
,
a d b am
n r .

th e m o r e i mp o r tan t p ar t o f th e subj e c t o f
th i s c h ap te r — th e c o n di ti o n o f th e mi n d in i n f an cy an d
ch ild h o o d T h e m o r e th e ph ysi c al an d p syc h ic al ar e
.

studi e d th e m o r e i s it se e n th e y a
, r e c o rr e l ate d an d

i n te rd e p e n d e n t ; an d th at th e d e v e l o pm e n t o f e i th e r
m e an s th e d e v e l o pm e n t o f b o th We c an n o t tr ac e .

th e se r e l ati o n s ye t in d e tail b ut w e k n o w th e y e xi st , ,

an d th at e v e r y p sy c h i c im ul se l e av e s a p h y sic al tr ace
p
an d impli e s so m e m o l e cul ar c h an g e .

T h i s th e n i s th e r e aso n w hy in stud yi n g th e mi n d
, , ,

at an y ag e th e c o n di ti o n o f th e br ai n i s o f all imp o rt
,

an c e . We p r o c e e d
Wh e n a c h ild i s b o rn v e ry fe w o f th e fib re s o f its ,

c r brum are myc lin ate d an d w e h av e n o w an an a

e e
3
,
‘

to mi c al e xpl an ati o n o f th e r e aso n w h y an i n fant h as so

1 Sir Wm T ur n er, B ri ti sh M edi cal J ou r n al, 2 lst A ug ust, 1897

. .
3 ! bi d 3 T hat is ar e isola
, ted w ith a prote c tive sheath . .
1 72 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S M I N D

v eins w as supp o se d to b e th r o ugh th e ti ssu e s th e c o n ,

n e c tin g c apill ari e s b e i n g to o sm all to b e se e n till th e

c o mp o un d mi c r o sc o p e ap pe ar e d I n th e sam e w ay
.
‘

fur th e r r e se arc h m ay ye t e stabli sh th e o ld i de a th at

'

c e ll s ar e u n i te d b y v e ry fi n e fibr e s i n vi sibl e wi th o ur
,

pr e se n t m e th o d s .

F ibr e s r apidl y i n c r e ase as th e br ai n i s u se d u n til ,

th e y attai n th e ir m aximum i n th e adul t br ai n A t all .

tim e s th e r e ar e still h o w e v e r l arg e n u mb e r s o f c e ll s

, ,

wi th o u t an y br an c h i n g fibr e s sh o win g th e limi ts o f de

,

v e lO pm e n t h av e n e v e r ye t b e e n r e ac h e d I t i s p o ssibl e
.
,

h o w e v e r th at m an y m o r e will b e di sc o ve r e d as w e h av e
, ,

sugg e ste d i n th e gr o u n d su b stan c e o r n e ur o g li a w h ic h

, ,

w as o n c e c o n sid e r e d h o m o g e n e o u s b u t i s n o w pr o v e d to
,

b e a n e tw o rk o f str an d s o f alm o st i n fi n i te te n ui ty .

T h e br ai n o f th e n e w b o r n c h ild i s th e o u tc o m e o f
-

h e r e di ty an d u n d o ub te dl b r t h t mp
I nfl u e n c e f , y e a s e s a
o
here dity
in e v e ry p ar t c o uld w e b ut r e ad i t o f th e
, ,

ch ar ac te r s impri n te d b y pr e vi o u s g e n e r ati o n s .

Wh at w e sh all sub se qu e n tl y sp e ak o f as h e r e di tary

te n d e n c i e s o n th e ir m e n tal sid e are d o ub tl e ss r e pre
se n te d o n th e i r p h ysi c al sid e b y br ai n p ath s an d c o n

n e c ti o n s alr e ad y e xi sti n g fr o m bir th ; so th at n o tw o

,

br ai n s ar e e x ac tly al ik e b ut e ac h c o n tai n s th o se c h ar ac
,

te r istic s th at c o n tribu te so l arg e l y to th at i n dividu ali ty

o f c h ar ac te r th e i n f an t so o n di spl ay s .

D r H ill o f C ambridg e says

.

I am gl ad to fi n d th at D r Sc h o fi e ld b e li e v es in th e
.

i nh e ri tan c e o f h abi t fo r h abi t c an o n l y b e e xpl ai n e d as

,

du e to a p h y sic al c h an g e o f so m e ki n d in th e n e rv e
 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D IN T H E CH I LD 1 73

ti ssu e , i f th e h abi t b e tr an smi ssibl e fr o m p ar e n t to

an d

c h ild i ts tr an smi ssi o n is due to th e i n h e ri tan c e b y th e

ch ild o f th e al te r ati o n in th e n e r v e ti ssu e acquir e d by -

i ts p ar e n t W e n e e d n o l o n g e r try to se ttl e th e much

.

di scu sse d qu e sti o n o f w h e th e r acquir e d ch ar ac te r s ar e

tr an smi ssibl e by l o o ki n g o u t fo r c ase s i n w h i c h gr o ss
an ato mic al c h an g e s suc h as sh o e m ak e r s c h e st o r c ar
’

n te r s th umb are i n h e r i te d b y c h ild r e n n o t br o ugh t

’

p e ,

up to th e i r p ar e n t s tr ad e b ut w e m ay asse r t wi th c o n
’

fi de n c e th at th e c e n tr al n e r v o u s syste m as m o difi e d by
th e d e lib e r ate c h o ic e o f th e i n dividu al te n d s to b e tr an s
mi tte d to h is o ffspri n g 1
.
”

T h e n wi th r e g ard to th e ch ild s o w n ac tivi ti e s w e

,
’

mu st r e m e mb e r th at n o p h ysic al se n sati o n o r ac ti o n o r
m e n tal O p e r ati o n c an tak e pl ac e wi th o u t l e avi n g i ts
tr ac e m o r e o r l e ss p e r m an e n tly up o n th e b r ain sub
stan c e .

M aud sl e y say s : O f n o m e n tal ac t c an w e say th at

i t i s wri t in w ate r E v e r y impr e ssi o n o f M t l a
‘ ’
.
en a c_

se n se u p o n th e br ai n e v e ry c u rr e n t o f m o le c u
312325333;
6
,

lar ac tivi ty fr o m o n e to an o th e r p ar t o f th e
br ai n l e av e s b e h i n d it so m e af te r e fi e c t w h i c h r e n d e r s
, ,

i ts r e pr o duc ti o n an e asi e r m atte r

”
.

“
L e t an e x c i tati o n tak e pl ac e i n o n e o f tw o n e rv e
c e ll s l yi n g sid e by sid e an d b e tw e e n wh i c h th e r e w as n o t
,

an y sp e cific di ffe r e n c e an d th e r e will b e e v e r afte rw ar d s a

,

di ffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e m T h i s p h y si o l o gic al p r o c e ss i s
.

th e p h y sic al b asi s o f m e m o r y an d i s th e f o un d ati o n o f

1 D r A le x H ill, I
. . n qui ry i n to F ormati on f
o H abi t i n M an p 24
, . . Vic to ri a
I nstitute .
1 74 TH E U N C ON SC IO U S M I N D

th e d e v e l o pm e n t o f all o ur m e n tal fun c ti o n s N o t o n ly .

de fi n i te i d e as b ut all affe c ti o n s o f th e n e rv o u s syste m

,

— fe e li n g s o f pl e asur e an d p ain d e sir e s e tc — th u s l e av e

, ,

b e h i n d th e m th e ir stru c tur al e fi e c ts an d lay th e fo un da

,

ti o n (p h ysic all y) o f m o d e s o f th o ugh t f e e li n g an d ,

”
ac ti o n .

T h e imp alp abl e th o ugh ts th u s l e av e th e i r m ark

“

upo n th e br ai n an d se t up c o n n e c ti o n b e tw e e n th e c e ll s
i n v o lv e d so th at th e c e r e brum gr o w s to th e u se s i t i s
,

e arli e st an d m o st c o n stan tly put to

”
.

A s th o ugh ts th u s all l e av e p h ysi c al tr ac e s b e h i n d

th e m i t i s o bvi o u s th at o u r pr e se n t c o n sci o u sn e ss at
,

an y tim e i s o f sm all v alu e in d e te rmi n i n g th e d e v e l o p

m e n t an d sc o p e o f th e o rg an o f mi n d W e r e ad sc o r e s
.

o f b o o k s o r l e ar n l an gu ag e s an d af te rw ard s n o t a w o rd
, ,

O f th e o n e o r o f th e o th e r m ay h av e an y pl ac e i n c o n

sc io u sn e ss N e v e r th e l e ss th e e ffe c t o f e ac h i s tr ac e d
.
,

up o n th e br ai n pr o b abl y as d e e pl y an d p e rm an e n tly as
in th o se studi e s w e r e m ai n c o n sci o u s o f Gr e e k an d.

m ath e m atic s m ay all b e f o rgo tte n b ut th e ir e ffe c t in

,

d e v e l o pi n g th e br ai n stru c tur e r e m ai n s an d th e e n o r ,

m o u s imp o r tan c e o f th i s fac t i s o bvi o u s to all .

S o muc h fo r th e state o f th e br ai n in i n fan c y Wi th .

r e g ard to th e mi nd as Sully says I t c an n o t

, ,

b e se e n b u t o n l y divi n e d an d P r e ye r c o n
“

fe sse s in i n f an c y th i s is di fficul t I t i s h ard to de

c ip h e r th e my ste ri o u s wri ti n g o u th e mi n d O f o ur
c h ild.

We do n o t to uch h e r e o n th e p o ssibl e ac tiv e m e ntal

life o f the c h ild b e fo r e bir th ; th o se w h o wi sh to r e ad
1 76 T H E U N C O N SC I O US MIN D

th e o th e r day— onei n stan c e s wh i ch f o rm th e

of th o se
p r e c ari o u s fo u n d ati o n s fo r th e d o c tri n e O f th e tran smi
g r a ti o n o f s o ul s T h e e ld e s.t b o y o f a l ad y j o ur n ali st as ,

so o n as h e c o uld t alk c o n ti n u all y k e p t sp e aki n g o f h i s

,
‘

livi n g in tr e e s an d e atin g a y e ll o w th re e c o rn e r e d f rui t ,

-

H i s yo u n g e r br o th e r alw ays c all e d h i s f ath e r b ab o o ,

an I n di an ti tl e wh i c h h e h ad n e v e r h e ard n o n e o f th at
, ,

g e n e r ati o n o f th e family h avi n g b e e n in I n di a .

A s to se n se d e v e l o pm e n t th e n e w b o r n c h ild i s e n
,
-

t i l d af f th fir st fe w d a s an d i ts h e ar
Sp a i
ec l re y e o r e y ,

i
se n se s n
ne b orn
i ng r e m ai n s v e r
y d e f e c ti ve fo r so m e ti m e
w
h ld
af te rw ard s ; th e o rd e r o f d e v e l o pm e n t b e i n g
C l ‘

fir st th e o rg an ic c e n tr e s n e x t th e l o w e r p syc h i c o r u h
,

c o n sc i o u s an d l ast th e c o r ti c al o r h i gh e r c o n sci o u s
,

p syc h i c c e n tr e s .

T h e n e w b o r n c h ild c an n o t se e fo r d ays th o ugh i t

-
,

h as alw ay s se n sati o n o f ligh t Sm e ll i s d e v e l o p e d v e ry

.

e arl y i n life P r e ye r says an i n f an t c an di sti n gui sh

.

c o w s m ilk fr o m br e ast milk by th e sm e ll b e fo re it taste s

’

it an d th e m o th e r s fr o m th e n ur se s b o so m b y th e
’ ’

sam e m e an s th e fir st day afte r bir th an d di sti n gu i sh ,

m an y o th e r th i n g s righ tl y by sm e ll v e ry e arl y in life 1

T aste is d e v e l o pe d e v e n e arli e r th e taste o f sw e e t ,

n e ss b e i n g pr e se n t at bir th gl yc e ri n e o n th e n i ppl e
,

o f te n l e adi n g th e i n f an t to su c k g r e e dily wh e r e as a ,

li ttl e qui n i n e will at o n c e c au se an appr o pri ate faci al

as trul y as c o n sci o u sl y i n an adul t
2 ”
e xpr e ssi o n .

T o uch is e arly d e v e l o p e d N e arly all th e i n cipi e nt .

Preyer , M ental D men t i n Childhood p 4

zy
g éd
evelop , . .
 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D I N T H E C HI LD 1 77

i n te ll e c tu al life an d se n sati o n se e m s at fi r st c o n c e n trate d

in sucki n g an d lip m o v e m e n t .

A t th i s p e ri o d at an y r ate w e m ay safe ly say th at

, ,

wh il e it i s qui te cl e ar th at th e se ac ti o n s r e qui r e mi n d fo r
th e ir pe rf o rm an c e th e mi n d i s in th i s c ase w h o ll y nu
,

c o n sc i o u s .

A li ttl e l ate r o n wh e n th e c h ild is tw o o r th re e

,

m o n ths O ld w e fi n d fur th e r d aw n i n g s i n un c o n sc i o u s
,

n e ss o f facul ti e s th at l ate r o n e xi st m ai n ly in c o n sc i o u s

n e ss : th e will fo r e x ampl e ,
.

T h e will c an o n ly b e r e c o gn i se d i n an i n fan t c h ild b y

its mu scul ar m o v e m e n ts A n e w b o rn b ab y
.

Th g th e ro w

h as n o Wlll I ts m o v e m e n ts ar e at fir st 1 m mi
$ 523?
n
.
, ,

pul se s th e n r e fl e x e s an d th e n i n sti n c ts an d
,

imi tati o n s T h e se l ast are th e b e gi n n i n g o f will an d

.
,

th o ugh fi r st u n c o n sci o u s so o n b e c o m e c o n sci o u s an d

,

v o lu n tary .

P r o f e sso r T r acy r e m ark s : P e r e z say s th e will i s

“ ‘

b o r n li ttl e b y li ttl e fr o m r e fl e x imp u l se s an d i n sti n c tiv e

, ,

m o v e m e n ts w h ic h b e c o m e c o n sci o u s an d v o lu n tary
Will in its n e g ativ e f o rm h e h o ld s to b e al so a m atte r
, ,

at fir st o f m e c h an i sm v o lun tary an d u n c o n sci o u s

, .

Wu n d t o n th e c o n tr ary h o ld s th at th e r e i s n o suc h
, ,

th i n g as pu r e l y r e fl e x an d i n v o lu n tary c o n sc i o u sn e ss 1 ”
.

B ut th e r e i s r e ally n o c o n tr adi c ti o n in D r Wun dt s

’
.

r e m ark Wu n d t say s th e r e is n o i n v o lu n tary c o n

.

sc io usn e ss b ut P e r e z o n ly sp e ak s o f i n v o lu n tary u nc on
,

sc io usne ss w h ic h th e r e i s
, O f c o ur se i n v o lu n tary will
.
,

w o uld b e in i tse lf a c o n tr adic ti o n W h e n th e un c o n .

1 F T rac y, P sycholog y of Chi ldho od , 3rd e d

. .
pp xi x
. 89 , 90
.

12
1 78 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M iN D

s ci o u s will ac ts it is n o t th at i t ac ts i n v o lu n tar ily but ,

wi th o u t con sc i ous v o li tio n — a v e r y di ffe r e n t th i n g if w e ,

admi t u n c o n sc i o u s v o li ti o n .

T h e O bj e c t o f P r o fe sso r T r acy s w o rk h e says i s to

’
, ,

stud y wh at i s th e n atur e o f th e pr o c e ss b y wh i c h th e

au to m ati c an d m e c h an i c al p asse s o v e r i n to th e c o n

sc i o u s an d th e v o lu n tar y .

H e k n o w s n o th in g b ut th e m e c h an ic al o n th e o n e
h an d an d th e c o n sc i o u s o n th e o th e r w h o ll y ig n o ri n g ,

th e vast fi e ld o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d an d th o se ph e ,

n o m e n a wh i c h th o ugh n o t m e c h an i c al ar e still n o t in
, ,

c o n sci o u sn e ss H e r e i s se e n th e r e aso n w h y h e im agi n e s

.

Wun d t an d P e r e z to b e in o pp o si ti o n w h i c h th e y ar e ,

n ot

We fi n d in th e ch ild a d e v e l o pm e n t o f c o n sci o u s
n e ss k e e pin g pac e wi th th e d e v e l o pm e n t o f th e p hysi c al
1
o rg an i sm
”
.

Af te r th r e e m o n th s a ch ild c an di sti n gui sh a fr i e n dly

fr o m a se v e r e l o o k an d ac t ac c o rdi n gly
, .

I t is said th at w h e n a c h ild p e r si ste n tly h o ld s its h e ad

e r e c t at ab o u t th r e e m o n th s i t h as b e gu n to th i n k
, .

T h e f o ll o wi n g o b se rv ati o n s b y a f ath e r an d m o th e r
, ,

M tal d
en e_
O f th e ir o w n c h ild will giv e a g e n e r al id e a o f
,

th e d e v e l o pm e n t o f th e v ari o u s m e n tal fac ul

m tha
on
ti e s m ai n l y in un c o n sci o u sn e ss fr o m bir th
, ,

to th e tim e w h e n th e r e c o rd w as wri tte n wh e n th e ,

c h ild w as b e twe e n tw e lv e an d f o ur te e n m o n th s o ld .

S o m e o f th e se m e n tal ph e n om e n a ar e u n d o ub te dl
y
p h e n o m e n a in c o n sci o u sn e ss b ut m o st are n o t We do
, .

1
Pro f
. Baldw i n, M en tal D evelop me n t of Chi ldhood, p 8 . .
180 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

T aste — A t six w e e k s h e h ad h i s fi r st d o se c asto r of

o il an d w an te d m o r e
, A t fi v e an d a h alf r e fu se d
.

b o ttl e b e c au se n o t sw e e t e n o ugh A t e igh t an d a h alf .

m o n th s afte r tw o o r th r e e d o se s lik e d c o d liv e r o il

, ,
-

an d ir o n H e still lik e s so ap an d n o t j am b u t h e
.
,

c l e arl y se e s th e sup e ri o ri t
y o f c ak e to br e ad an d h i s ,

fe e li n g s o n th e subj e c t are pl ai n ly e xpr e sse d o n th e

c o u n te n an c e as w e ll as by imp ati e n t m o v e m e n ts an d
,

so u n ds .

S me ll — H e h as giv e n up pu tti n g fl o w e r s i n to h i s
“
.

m o u th e x c e p t fo r th e fun o f h avi n g th e m pull e d o ut

, .

H e b e gi n s to sn i ff an d scr e w up h i s n o se at th e sigh t
o f th e m se e m s to e nj o y sm e lli n g th e m an d h o ldi n g
,

th e m o u t to o th e r s to sm e ll .

B e an — A t tw o m o n th s an d th r e e d ay s h e th r e w up
“

h is h an d s wi th a c ry at th e so u n d o f a l o ud
th u n d e r c l ap b u t th i s did n o t pr e v e n t h im
’

fr o m g o i n g o n wi th hi s b o ttl e h as o fte n b e en star tl e d

by so m e th i n g n e w e g b y h i s f ath e r sn e e zi n g wh e n
, . .
,
.

b ar e l y tw e lv e m o n th s b y th e sigh t o f a c at at e l e v e n
,

m o n th s A t e igh t an d a h alf m o n th s h e w as te rrifi e d

.

an d cri e d l o udl y at th e sigh t o f a b o y tw o an d a h alf

y e ar s o ld w h o c am e to stay in th e h o u se e sp e ci ally ,

wh e n h e mo v e d ab o u t an d af te r th r e e d ays h e w o uld
,

c o n ti n u e to k e e p h is e ye s fix e d up o n h im wi th a lo o k o f '

appr e h e n si o n I n th e l ast fe w d ays h e h as sh o wn

.

sligh t al arm at a bl ac k b ag m o r e at a m e c h an i c al
,

o stri c h m o vi n g al o n g th e fl o o r an d in cr awli n g al o n g ,

th e dr awi n g r o o m c ar pe t h e i s afr aid to appr o ach a

-

l e o p ard s ski n C ase s lik e th e se wh i c h w e b e li e v e ar e

’
.
,
 TH E UN C O N SC IO U S MIN D IN T H E CH I LD 18 1

c o mm o n e n o ugh in yo un g c h il dr e n mu st b e tak e n as, ,

P r e ye r says as sh o wi n g an h e r e di tar y f e ar
,
.

A n g er — T h i s i s n o t m e n ti o n e d b y P r e ye r b ut
“
,

D arwi n saw d istin c t sign s o f i t i n h i s b o y he i o re fo u r

m o n th s o ld We h av e n o t se e n m an y tr ac e s O f it ye t
.

in o ur o w n .H e h as sh o w n sig n s o f imp ati e n c e h e h as ,

cri e d at w ak in g up an d se e in g h i s m o th e r i n ste ad o f
h i s n ur se an d h e h as tur n e d h i s h e ad aw ay fr o m h e r
,

w ith a l o o k o f av e r si o n afte r h avi n g b e e n m ad e to do

,

so m e th i n g wh i c h h e d i sl ik e d .

G r aspin g O bj ec ts — P u tti n g o ut th e h an d s for th i s

pur p o se is an ac tio n v e ry gr adu all y d e v e l o p e d Pu r po si e .
v
“ ti o ns
A t se v e n an d a h alf m o n th s h e did i t wi th
'

c o n fid e n c e ; at te n an d a h alf h e w o uld u se b o th h an d s ,

an d sh o w gr e at d e lig h t i n h o l di n g tw o th i n g s i n o n e

h an d . H e n o w n o l o n g e r str e tc h e s o u t h i s h an d s to
w ard s di stan t o bj e c ts b u t o n l y to w ard s su c h as m ay
,

b e br o ugh t to h im A t te n an d a h al f m o n th s h e to o k
.

gr e at p ain s an d at l ast suc c e e d e d i n pi c ki n g up sm all

, ,

crumb s H e i s g e n e r all y m o st pl e ase d n o t wi th to ys

.
, ,

b ut wi th th i n g s o f u n m an ag e abl e siz e su c h as th e fi re
,

ir o n s o r h i s o w n c h air H e will l o o k v e ry g r av e an d
.

i n te n t wh il e h e e x am in e s th e m .

L ear n in g to S i t an d S tand — A t se v e n te e n d ays h e

“

fi r st lif te d h is h e ad an d turn e d h im se lf fr o m sid e to

b ack A t fi v e m o n th s se v e n te e n d ays h e p ar tl y lif te d
.

h im se lf in to a sittin g p o stur e an d o n b e i n g supp o r te d

,

wi th a p ill o w w as mu c h pl e ase d H e c an n o t w alk ye t

.
,

an d w as o n l y te n d ays l e ss th an a y e ar o ld w h e n h e

b e gan to cr awl .
1 82 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D

I mi ta tive M ovemen ts — P at- a c ak e H e did n o t at

.
-
.

te mp t to imi tate th i s u n til e l e v e n m o n th s o ld an d th e n ,

wi th th e palm o f th e l e ft h an d o n th e b ac k o f th e righ t .

A t tw e lv e m o n th s th r e e d ays h e put th e tw o p alm s to

g e th e r B e f o r e e igh t m o n th s h e mu c h appr e c i ate d a
.

g am e o f b o p e e p surpri se b e i n g as D arwi n p o i n ts o u t
-
, , ,

th e c h i e f c au se o f th e amu se m e n t ; an d at tw e lv e
m o n th s h e w o uld try to pl ay at i t by imi tati o n h o ld in g ,

up a fan an d l o o ki n g r o gui sh l y u n d e r i t b u t n e v e r
, ,

qui te h idi n g h i s fac e .

I mi tati on of S oun ds — A t j ust th ir te e n m o n th s h e

“

imi tate d h is gr an dm o th e r c o ugh i n g an d muc h e n j o ye d ,

r e p e ati n g it wh e n ask e d H o w did gr an dm amm a ,

‘

c o ugh

E xpressive M ovemen ts — H i s fir st te ar w as n o te d at
“
.

th e ag e o f f o r ty e igh t d ay s h i s fir st smil e at
-
,
E xpre ssw n
se v e n ty fi v e T h e te ar w as wru n g o u t o f
-
.

h im by th e ag o n i e s o f b e i n g p h o to grap h e d ,

an d i t w as l o n g b e f o r e an o th e r w as se e n A s P r e ye r .

says th e d ate o f th e fir st smil e v ari e s muc h ac c o rdi n g

, ,

to w h at w e u n d e r stan d by th e w o rd A t 1 2 0 d ays .

h e cl e arly r e c o g n i se d h is n ur se w h e n sh e c am e i n to
th e r o o m an d smil e d at h e r w h il e still taki n g h i s
,

b o ttl e . Affe c ti o n h e e xpr e sse s by ge n tly l ayi n g his

h an d up o n th e f ac e ; wilful n e ss by str aigh te n i n g o f
th e limb s . B y m e an s o f g e stur e s wi th th e h e lp o f ,

so u n d s o f wh i c h m o r e p r e se n tl y h e m ak e s o n e u n d e r
, ,

stan d e v e r yth in g h e r e all y w an t s pu tti n g o ut h is h an d s ,

to w ar d s th e d e sir e d o bj e c t o r th e p e r so n th at h e wi sh e s
to tak e h im up O n O b tai n i n g wh at h e w an ts h e will
.
,
184 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D
an d will at o n c e do i t ag ai n n o t wi th an air o f wilful ,

1 ”
di so b e di e n c e b ut as a n e w ki n d o f g am e ,
.

Wi th o n e o r tw o fur th e r r e m ark s w e m ay cl o se th i s ,

bri e f ac c o un t o f th e c h ild s e arly p syc h ic c o n di ti o n ’

.

A n e w b o rn c h ild h as n o t c h ar ac te r b ut di sp o si ti o n
-
,
.

Ch ar ac te r i s th e r e sul t o f i n n um e r abl e u n c o n sc i o u s
m e n tal impul se s th e r e sul t o f m ai n ly un c o n sc i o u s , , ,

e d uc ati o n ; b u t di s o si ti o n an d i n div idu ali ty ar e alr e ad y

p
i ts p o sse ssi o n fr o m h e r e di ty .

“
L ate r o n in life ( ab o u t tw o y e ar s) v ari o u s f ac ul ti e s
c o m e to th e fr o n t Ch i ldr e n l e ar n disc rimi
Min d i n
.

e ar ly hild c n ati o n an d c an di sti n gui sh c h ar ac te r s at th i s

h d
oo
ag e — qu i c k to O b e y o n e sl o w to o b e y an o th e r
.

T h e y b e h av e d i ffe r e n tly wi th th e n ur se an d wi th th e
f ath e r 2
I m agin ati o n i s str o n gly d e v e lo p e d i n
.
”

c h ildr e n T h e e sse n c e o f c h ildre n s play i s th e ac ti n g

’
.
j

o f a p ar t an d th e r e ali si n g o f a n e w si tu ati o n I t is .

th u s aki n to dr am atic ac ti o n o n ly o f an u n c o n sci o u s ,

”
3
n atur e .

“
A t th i s ag e to o w e g e t f e ar surpri se j e al o u sy , , , , ,

an ge r affe c ti o n
,
pl ay symp ath y e mul ati o n p rid e r e
, , , , ,

se n tm e n t gri e f h atr e d r e v e n g e sh am e re m o r se an d a
, , , , ,

se n se o f th e ludi c r o u s all c o mi n g i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss ,

.

F r o m tw o to th r e e y e ar s th e c h ild p o sse sse s g e n e r ally

‘

r e c e p tu al i n te llige n c e o n ly n o t ye t h avi n g th e p o w e r o f ,

f o rmi n g c o n c e pts A t th e av e r ag e ag e o f th re e y e ars .

i n di vi du al se lf c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e gi n s - 4
.
”

1 “ M e mo ir s o f a Ch ild , P ar en ts R evi ew v o l p 53 5 e tc
’

f
. .
, .
,
2 Pr o Bald w in , M en tal D evelop men t of Child hood , p 1 2 5
. . .

3
J S ully, S tu di es of Chi ldho od , 38
k
. .

4 Sir D R N B uc le , Pr e sid e nt, e c t Psyc h o l

. . . . .
,
Br it M e d A sso c
. . .
,
1 897,
m
Br i ti sh rll ed i cal J ou r n al, 1 1 th S epte mb er, 1 897 .
 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I ND I N T H E CH I LD 1 85

C h ild h o o d i s v e ry h ap py an d wh e n c l o se l y O b se rv e d
, ,

an d e sp e c iall y in c o n n e c ti o n w ith i ts p o w e r s o f im ag in a

ti o n i ts h app i n e ss i s c l e arly se e n to b e d e r iv e d fr o m
,

p syc h ic al so urc e s in th e un c o n sc io u s m in d r ath e r th an ,

fr o m p h ysic al se n satio n s .

B ut ab o v e all e l se tw o f ac ul tie s are se e n i n e v e r y

,

c h i ld w ith b u t r ar e e x c e p tio n s an d th e y
Lo e
, ,
d v an

se e m to b e th e f o u n d atio n s o f th e sub se qu e n t s f se n e o

Ju m s ce

m
'

o tio n s an d r e aso n
p .

T h e y are l o ve an d se n se o f j ustic e A ll c h ildr e n .

l o v e ; th i s is th e O ld e st an d de e p e st o f all e m o ti o n s ;
”

all c h ildr e n h av e an i n stin c tiv e se n se o f j u stic e an d

ri gh t ; th e so urc e o f b o th v e ry d e e p d o w n in th e u n c o n
sci o u s mi n d .

An d h e r e w e m ay w e ll p au se o n e m o m e n t in am az e
m e n t at th i s r e fl e c ti o n o f th e Cr e ato r W o rd sw o r th s
.
’

o ft qu o te d li n e s o n th e D iv in e o r i g in o f c h i ldr e n
- lik e ,

so m an y o f h i s u tte r an c e s ar e n o t m e r e p o e try b u t
,

c o n tai n pr o fo u n d truth G o d is L o v e an d its so urc e ;

.

G o d i s L igh t an d th e so u r c e o f all r i gh te o u sn e ss an d
ju sti c e A n d th e l ittl e ch ild r e pr o d u c e s in i ts un c o n
.

sc i o u s i n f an t m in d th e se tw o gr e at prin c ipl e s fr o m
wh ic h all go o d c o m e s— th e fulfill in g of th e w h o l e law .

Af te r all wh e n P r o f e sso r S ully tr ac e s th e so ur c e o f o ur

,

u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d to so m e O n e h e h as at an y r ate
, ,

as r e g ard s th e se tw o gr e at an d d isti n gui sh i n g qu al itie s

th at m ak e i n f an c y so i n e ffably l o v e l y u tte r e d a pr o ,

f o u n d tru th W h e n in a f o rm e r ch apte r w e o bj e c te d
.

to h is state m e n t it w as b e c au se h e ig n o r e d th e un c o n
,

sc i o us m i n d n o t b e c au se h e ac k n o wl e dg e d G o d
,
.
1 86 TH E U N C ON SC IOU S M I N D

We fi n d th e n th e f ac t ch ild th e un c o n
th at in th e
sci o u s mi n d (o f wh o se e duc ati o n w e h av e to sp e ak )

r e pre se n ts at fir st all th e mi n d th e c h ild h as : an d th at

h e h as cl e ar m e n tal qu ali ti e s fr o m bir th if n o t b e f o r e ,

an d th at th e se ar e all u n c o n sci o u sly e x e rci se d at fir st is ,

h ardly se ri o u sly di spu te d .

’
T h e sp e c i al qu ali ti e s th at r e sid e in th e c h ild s un
c o n sci o u s mi n d (m an y e v e n af te r c o n sci o u sn e ss h as
d aw n e d ) ar e fir st all th e te n d e n ci e s an d f o r c e s o f h e
,

re di ty th at wh i c h c o n sti tu t e s th e c h i ld s n atur e
,
’
d isp o ,

sitio n i n dividu ali ty

, N ex t m e m o ry th e e l e m e n ts o f will
.
, ,

c e rtai n e m o ti o n s n o tably l o v e an d h appi n e ss ; c e r tai n

,

i n te lle ctu al qu ali ti e s (wh o lly u n c o n sc i o u s) suc h as l o ve,

o f ju stic e . Wi th th e d awn i n g s o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss w e g e t
th e m o r al se n se th e f o rm ati o n o f sp e e ch an d th e fir st
, ,

e x e rci se s o f all th e sp e ci al se n se s an d h ab its T h e se .

,

an d d o ub tl e ss o th e r f o u n d ati o n s an d e sse n ti al s o f life

an d c h ar ac te r ar e th e c o n te n ts o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d
,

at th i s p e ri o d ,
an d m o st o f th e m are su sc e p tibl e o f

d e ve l o pm e nt an d mo difi e d by e duc ati o n

.
.
1 88 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M IND

T h e r e ar e tw o so r ts o f in flu e n c e : th at w h ich i s
ac tiv e an d v o lu n tary an d w h i c h w e e x e r t purp o siv e l y

an d th at wh i c h i s u n c o n sc i o u s an d fl o w s fr o m u s

u n aw ar e to o ur se lv e s T h e i n flu e n c e w e e x e r t n u
.

c o n sc i o u sl y will h ardly e v e r di sagr e e wi th o ur r e al

c h ar ac te r .

Of c o ur se e duc ati o n in th e o rd in ary se n se k n o w s

n o th i n g o f th i s F o r a l o n g tim e th e e rro r
O r din a ry
pr v il d h f ild fir l r i g ’
i u
c o n sc s e a e t at o r th e c h s s t e a n n
o
e d u at n
c lo ’

th e r e w as ab so lu te n e c e ssi ty o f a te ac h e r as if ,

o n ly c o mpl e te th o ugh t c o uld b e impr e sse d o n th e c h ild s

’

br ai n an d th at o n ly by th i s m e an s th e mi n d w o uld
,

fi n all y b e d e v e l o p e d in th e ri gh t m an n e r H e rein li es a .

“ 2
g r o ss fallac y T h e f all ac y i s
. in fac t th at o n ly , t h e ,

c o n sci o u s mi n d i s su sc e p tibl e o f e duc ati o n .

Wh at i s g e n e r all y u n d e r sto o d by e arly e duc ati o n an d

c h ild tr ai n i n g i s th e guid an c e o f th e c h ild c o n sc i o u sl y
, ,

by r ul e s an d c o mm an d s an d pr e c e pts (a fr e sh o n e m ay
b e e ac h day) e n f o r c e d b y sm ac k s an d sl ap s an d o th e r
p e n al m e asur e s m an y tim e s a day c o upl e d wi th dir e c t ,

i n stru c ti o n in A B C 1 2 3 an d o th e r fo r e ru n n e r s
, , , , , ,

o f i n te ll e c tu al c ul tur e .

H e rb e r t S p e n c e r f o r c ibly d e sc rib e s th e p re v aili n g

ign o r an c e an d wh at o rd in arily p asse s as p ar e n tal e du
“
c ati o n . Wh il e it i s se e n th at to g ain a liv e li h o o d an
e l ab o r ate pr e p ar ati o n i s n e e d e d i t app e ar s to b e th o ugh t,

th at fo r th e bri n gi n g up o f c h ildr e n n o pr e p ar ati o n

wh ate ve r i s n e e d e d N o t an h o ur is sp e n t by e i th e r a
.

1 W B Carpe nter , ! Men tal P hysi olog y, 4th e ditio n , p 542

. . . .

2 Pre ye r, Jil en tal D evelop men t of Ch i ldhood p 6 6 , . .

 PRI N C I PLE S O F UN C ON SC I O U S ED U CAT I O N 1 89

bo y o r girl pr e p ar ati o n fo r th at gr av e st o f all re spo n

in
sibili tie s — th e m an ag e m e n t o f a famil y N o r ati o n al .

pl e a c an b e put f o r w ard fo r l e avi n g th e ac t o f e duc ati o n

o ut o f th e cu rr iculum T h e subj e c t w h ic h i n v o lv e s all
.

o th e r s ubj e c ts an d th at in w h ic h e du c ati o n sh o uld c ul

,

mi n ate is th e th e o ry an d pr ac tic e o f e duc ati o n T h e

,
.

m an ag e m e n t o f c h ildr e n i s l am e n tabl y b ad I n m o st .

c ase s th e tr e atm e n t ad o p te d o n e v e ry o c c asi o n i s th at

w h ich th e impul se o f th e m o m e n t pr o mp ts an d v ari e s ,

fr o m h o ur to h o u r as th e f e e li n g s v ary 1
.
”

C o mm e n ti n g o n th e c h ao tic state o f pr ac tic e r e l a

“

tiv e to se lf g o v e r n m e n t R i c h te r wri te s : I f th e se c r e t
-
,

ac ti o n s o f a l arg e c l ass o f o rdi n ar y f ath e r s w e r e br o ug h t

to ligh t th e y w o uld r un so m e wh at af te r th i s f ash i o n

, .

I n th e fir st h o u r pu r e m o r ali ty mu st b e r e ad to th e
ch ild in th e se c o n d mix e d m o r al ity o r th at wh ic h
, ,

may b e appli e d to On e s o w n adv an tag e ; in th e n i n th

’

D o n o t m ak e a n o i se d e ar c h ild in th e te n th A b o y
, ,

mu st n o t sit so qui e t in th e tw e lfth Yo u mu st e du

’

c ate y o u r se lf S o by h o url y c h an g e s th e f ath e r c o n

’
.

2 ”
c e als th e u n te n abl e n e ss o f h i s pri n cipl e s .

C o n sci o u s e duc ati o n h as b e e n v ari e d i n e v e ry c o n c e i v

abl e w ay T h e r e h av e b e e n re adin g w ith te ar s an d r e adi n g
.

wi th o u t te ar s n ur se ry rul e drawi n g r o o m rul e sch o o l ,

-
,

r o o m r ul e b ut e v e ry fad an d e v e ry v ari e ty h as fo ll o we d
,

th e sam e m i stak e n pri n c ipl e n am e l y all e du c ati o n , , ,

all tr ain i n g w o r th y o f th e n am e mu st addr e ss i tse lf to ,

th e c h ild s c o n sci o u sn e ss i e th e c o n sci o u s mi n d An d

’
. .
,
.
,

th i s i s th e tap r o o t e rr o r o f e v e r y suc h syste m

- .

1 H e r b er t Spen c er , E duca ti o n , pp 95, 96 . .

1 90 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D

H e re th e pr ac tic al man i n te rve n e s wi th th e p e rti n e n t

qu e sti o n : I f th i s g e n e r ally ad o p te d sy ste m i s
“
-

so b ad so Vi c i o u s an d so pe r n ici o u s h o w i s
, ,

i t w e g e t as i ts r e su l t g o o d c h ildr e n g o o d me n ,

an d g o o d w o m e n wi th w e ll d e v e l o p e d an d w e ll b a
-
l an c e d -

mi n d s
A t fir st si g h t th i s qu e sti o n se e m s c o n c lu siv e in f avo u r
o f th e v al ue an d su ffi c i e n c y fo r all pr ac tic al purp o se s o f

c o n sci o u s e duc atio n .

B ut th e tru e an sw e r i s th at wh e th e r th e p ar e n t lik e s
,

i t o r n o t wh e th e r th e p ar e n t k n o w s i t o r n o t wh e th e r
, ,

th e p ar e n t h e lp s it h i n d e r s it o r ig n o r e s it th e e duc ati o n
, , ,

o f th e u n c o n sci o u s i s e v e r g o i n g o n ; aye an d g o i n g o n
,

f aste r far th an th at o f th e c o n sc i o u s an d w h ate v e r th e

,

c h ild sub se qu e n tl y tur n s o u t to b e will b e far r ath e r due

to thi s th an to all th e di r e c t e ffo r ts m ad e by th e p ar e n t .

All ar o u n d th e c h ild li e c o u n tl e ss f o rc e s u n n o ti c e d
’

an d u n k n o w n by th e p ar e n t w h il e wi th i n th e c h ild l i e s
,

a v ast r e c e ptiv e c ap ac i ty u n k n o w n to th e p ar e n t an d
, ,

still l arg e l y ig n o r e d b y th o se p syc h o l o gi sts w h o sh o uld

b e h i s te ac h e r s— th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d an d it i s to th e
ac ti o n o f th e se u nn o ti c e d fo rc e s up o n th e ig n o r e d mi n d

th at th e c h il d s r e al e arly e d uc ati o n an d c h ar ac te r are

’

m ain ly du e A n d th i s pr o c e e d s th r o ugh lif e an d i n d e e d

.
, , ,

i s dimly p e rc e iv e d so o n e r o r l ate r b y p ar e n ts T ak e for

.
,

i n stan c e th e v alu e o f a public sch o o l e du c ati o n D o e s

, .

n o t e v e ry p ar e n t w h o h as a so n at E to n o r H arr o w

w e ll k n o w th at th e gr e ate st v alu e to th e b o y is th e
u n c o n sci o u s e duc ati o n h e r e c e iv e s an d n o t the l e sson s
add r e sse d to hi s c o n sci o u s mi n d ?
1 92 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

We m o m e n tarily u n d e r th e i n flu e n c e o f o ut
are

w ar d e v e n ts w h ic h ar e r e gi ste r e d wi th i n an d b e c o m e
, , ,

as i t w e r e p ar t o f o u r se lv e s ; b e i n g i n d e e d f ac to r s in
, , ,

1 ”
m o st o f o ur fe e l in g s an d m o tiv e s .

T h e l e ast v alu abl e p ar t o f e duc ati o n i s th at wh i c h

w e o w e to th e sc h o o lm aste r ( c o n sc i o u s) th e m o st pr e ci ,

o u s l e sso n s ar e th o se w h i c h w e l e ar n o ut o f sc h o o l
2

L et u s n o t, h o w e v e r , th i n k fr o m
dir e c t th i s th at
te ac h i n g i n stru c ti o n an d pr e c e pt to o h av e n o t th e i r
, , ,

righ t an d pr o p e r pl ac e b ut it i s i n d e e d a far l o w e r an d
,

h umbl e r o n e th an th at g e n e r all y im agi n e d an d far in

d e e d fr o m o ccup yi n g th e e x c lu siv e pl ac e it h as b e e n
giv e n .

H e r e w e mu st tur n asid e fo r a m o m e n t to e xpl ai n

Un c on s c io u s wh at mu st alr e ad y b e f e l t to b e a di ffi c ul ty ,

$ 3? ?f if n o t i n d e e d a f all ac y th at vi ti ate s th e wh o l e
,

53332333
0
argu me n t o f th e se p ag e s
3,
.

“1 3 5311113
T h e di ffi c ul ty i s th at w e sp e ak in diffe r ,

e n tl y , o f th e c o n sc i o u s e duc ati o n o f mi n d an d th e

e duc atio n o f th e c o n sci o u s mi n d ; o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s

e du c ati o n o f mi n d an d o f th e e du c ati o n o f th e u n c o n

sci o u s mi n d o f th e e d u c ati o n o f th e c o n sc i o u s an d o f ,

c o n sc i o u s e du c ati o n ; o f th e e du c ati o n o f th e u n c o n

sc i o u s an d o f u n c o n sc i o u s e duc ati o n
,
.

A r e th e se n o t e sse n ti all y di ffe r e n t th o ug h ts An d if ,

so ar e n o t th e argum e n ts an d subj e c ts e x tr e m e ly c o n
,

fu se d ? N ay m o r e — i s n o t m o st o f th e e vid e n c e p r o b
,

1
3
D r J Po llo c
. k
B ook of H ealth , p 524
.
, . .

Sir J C Brow n e, B ook o

. .
f H ealth , p 345 . .
 PR I N C I PLE S O F U N C ON SC I OU S ED U CAT I O N 1 93

a bl y in f av o ur of th e
u n c o n sci o u s e du c ati o n o f mi n d ,

r ath e r th an in f av o ur o f th e e duc ati o n o f th e un c o n sc i

o u s mi n d T O wri te ab o u t th e o n e wh e n th e subj e c t O f
th e c h ap te r i s th e o th e r w o uld th u s b e a se ri o u s f all ac y
, .

B ut th e y ar e i n e sse n c e th e sam e .

T h e u n c o n sci o u s e duc ati o n o f th e mi n d d o e s n o t

m e an th at e du c ati o n i tse lf i s an e n ti ty w h ich c an b e
c o n sc i o u s o r u n c o n sci o u s ; b u t th at th e e du c ati o n i s
c o n v e ye d to th e mi n d c o n sci o u sl y o r th e r e v e r se T h e .

mi n d th e r e f o r e wi th r e f e r e n c e to th e e d uc ati o n im
, ,

p ar te d i s in a state o f u n c o n sci o u sn e ss ; in fac t wi th

, ,

r e fe r e n c e to e du c ati o n at th e tim e i t i s u n c o n sc i o u s ,

mi n d : th e r e f o re th e u n c o n sci o u s e duc ati o n o f th e mi n d

,

m e an s at an y r ate th e e du c atio n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s

, ,

mi n d . B ut i t m ay m e an m o r e an d ri se sub se qu e n tly
to c o n sc i o u sn e ss as w e sh all sh o w
, .

T h r e e v ari e ti e s o f e du c ati o n are p o ssibl e wi th re g ar d

to c o n sci o u sn e ss an d u n c o n sci o u sn e ss F i r st
T h r ee
.
,

th e r e i s th e o rdi n ary e du c ati o n ; th e c o n a i ti f v r e es o

du at e c i on .

se i o u s i n stru c ti o n o f th e c o n sc i o u s ; as fo r ,

e x ampl e in b e i n g taugh t th e F r e n c h l an gu ag e by a
,

m aste r an d b o o k s S e c o n dl y th e r e i s th e u n c o n sc i o u s
.
,

e d u c ati o n O f th e c o n sci o u s ; o r i n o th e r w o rd s th e
, ,

e d u c ati o n o f th e c o n sci o u s th r o ugh th e u n c o n sc i o u s .

I n th i s i t i s th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d th at i s prim ari l y
r e ac h e d but th e e du c ati o n d o e s n o t sto p th e r e b u t is
, ,

p asse d o n b y th e u n c o n sci o u s i n to c o n sc io u sn e ss ; as ,

fo r e x ampl e wh e n F r e n c h i s imbib e d f ro m r e sid e n c e i n

,

F r an c e wi th o u t c o n sci o u s e ffo r t o r d e fi n i te i n str uc ti o n

, ,

o r as th e F r e n c h l an gu ag e i s l e arn t by F r e n c h c h ildr e n .

13
 1 94 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S M I N D

T he k n o wl e dg e r e ac h e s c o n sci o u sn e ss an d th e c h ild in
,

e ac h c ase k n o w s we ll i t c an sp e ak F r e n c h o n ly th e ,

p r o c e ss o f e duc ati o n h as b e e n addr e sse d in th i s c ase

to th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d I b e n l astl y th e r e i s th e
‘
.
, ,

e duc ati o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d th at d o e s n o t p ass

o n o r r i se i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss b u t as a rul e te rmi n ate s

, , ,

th e r e such as fo r i n stan c e all th o se tr ai ts an d c h ar ac

, , ,

te ristic s th at di sti n gui sh a ch ild br o ugh t up in F r an c e

fr o m o n e b r o ugh t up in E n gl an d U n d e r th i s h e ad ,

to o c o m e m o tiv e s c h ar ac te r c o n sc i e n c e pri n cipl e s i h

, , , , ,

tui ti o n s all o f wh i c h h av e th e i r h o m e in un c o n sci o u sn e ss

, .

O n so m e o f th e se w e c an i n d e e d t ur n th e bull s
’

, ,

e ye o f c o n sci o u sn e ss wi th an e ffo r t b u t th e ir spher e i s

,

in th e u n c o n sc i o u s an d th e bri n gi n g up o f th e m i re
,

qu e n tl y i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss by c ar e ful i n tr o sp e c ti o n ,

o fte n l e ad s to m e n tal hyp o c h o n dri asi s ; j u st as bri n g i n g

'
th e u n c o n sci o u s o rg an i c fu n c ti o n s an d ac ti o n s i n to
n o tic e l e ad s to p h ysic al h yp o c h o n dri asi s an d h y ste ri a .

I t i s w e ll to r e c o g n i se th e r e ar e tw o sp h e r e s o r divi si o n s
o f mi n d wh i c h to a c e r tai n e x te n t c an b e m ad e to o v e r
,

lap b ut wh ich n e v e r th e l e ss h av e th e ir di sti n c tiv e pro

,

e r tie s an d v alu e : th e spri n g s th e f o un d ati o n s r o o ts

p , ,

an d pri n cipl e s o f lif e w h ic h lie r ath e r in th e Un c o n

,

sc i o u s ; th e fl o w e r s an d f r ui ts an d ac ti o n s wh ic h li e in

th e C o n sc i o u s.

N o w in th u s wri ti n g o n e duc ati o n w e mu st th e r e f o r e

,

fir st di sti n gui sh br o adly b e tw e e n c o n sci o u s an d un c o n

sc i o u s e duc ati o n ; an d se c o n dl y w e c an subdivid e th e
,

l atte r— u n c o n sci o u s e duc ati o n — as w e h av e se e n i n to ,

th at wh ic h e v e n tu ally r i se s i n to c o n sci o u sn e ss in its

196 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M IN D

T he O duc ati o n i s c h ar ac te r r ath e r th an

bj e c t of th i s e

l e arn i n g D ir e c t in str u c ti o n o r b o o k l e ar n i n g as i t i s
.
,

c all e d mu st b e addr e sse d to c o n sc i o u sn e ss ; c h ar ac te r

,

i n f o rm ativ e e duc ati o n i s b e st c ar ri e d o ut th r o ugh th e

“
u n c o n sci o u s A s to ch ar ac te r . C h il dr e n H e rb ar t , ,
”

says , h av e v e ry m ark e d i n dividu ali ty wi th o u t p o sse ss

i n g c h ar ac te r C h ildr e n ar e w an ti n g i n th at wh i c h
. .
,

ab o v e all g o e s to m ak e , up c h ar ac te r— th at i s will , .

Willi n g d e te rmi n ati o n tak e pl ac e in c o n sc i o usn e ss ;

, ,

”
i n dividu ali ty o n th e o th e r h an d i s u n c o n sc i o u s
,
1
, .

I n th o se e arly impr e ssi o n s o f wh i c h n o o n e se e m s ,

to b e c o n sc i o u s l e ast o f all th e c h ild an d wh i c h g ath e r

, ,

up p o w e r as th e r o lli n g av al an c h e th e e l e m e n ts are ,

c o ll e c te d fo r fu tur e e m o ti o n s m o o d s e tc th at m ak e up , , .
,

a gr e ate r p ar t o f th e h i sto r y o f th e i n dividu al

2 ”
.

T h e str o n g i n di vidu al str u ggl e s o ut o f i n divi d uali ty

i n to c h ar ac te r th e w e ak l e ts h im se lf slid e o ut o f th e
,

3 ”
d o m ai n o f th e c o n sc i o u s to th e u n c o n sc i o u s .

T h e frui t o f c o ur se o f th e e duc ati o n O f th e un c o n

, ,

sci o u s in u s i s o n l y se e n b y o u r se lv e s b y r e sul ts in c o n

sc io u sn e ss O th e r s h o w e v e r c an se e r e sul ts o f wh i c h
.
, ,

w e m ay b e wh o ll y u n c o n sc io u s .

O n e gr e at p o i n t in f av o u r o f th i s u n c o n sci o u s e duc a
ti o n i s th at i t d o e s n o t i n te rf e r e w i th th e
,
Valu fe o
h pp h ppi f c h ild lif b t i n cr e ase s i t ; an d
i u -
a n ess a n e ss o e ,
m l ld
e 1
th i s i s n o sm all m atte r A h o u se wi th o u t .

su n sh i n e l o w e r s th e wh o l e p h ysic al h e al th an d a h o m e ,

1 J F H er b art , S cien ce of E ducatio n , 2n d e dition , pp 1 16 , 11 7

. . . .

2 D r L Wald ste in T h e S ub-consci o us S elf p 47

. . , , . .

3 J F H erb art , S cien ce of E ducati on , 2md e diti o n, pp 1 16 , 1 1 7

. . . .
 PR I N C I PL E S O F U N C ON SC I O US ED U CAT IO N 19?

wi th o u t h app in e ss l o w e r s th e w h o l e psych ic al h e al th .

T h e awful e ffe c ts o f a m i se r abl e in fan c y an d u n h app y

c h il dh o o d are se e n af te rw ard s i n th e adul t w h o i s lik e ,

a pl an t w h i c h h as b e e n r e ar e d wi th o u t su n sh in e .

H ap pin e ss in th e f amil y is a sine qud n on fo r a m e n

tall y h e al th y c hild .

W e do n o t r e qui re to c r e ate h appi n e ss in ch ildr e n ,

b u t o n l y to se e th at w e do n o t d e str o y i t T h e h appi .

n e ss o f a c h ild in th e fir st i n stan c e i s sp o n tan e o u s an d

, , ,

i s dr aw n l ar g e l y fr o m wi th i n ( its o w n im agi n ati o n ) ,

af te r w ard s fr o m wi th o u t I n c h i ld h o o d th e pai n s i t
.
,

su ffe r s ar e m ain l y p h ysi c al fe w m e n tal wh il e i ts

, ,

pl e asur e s ar e b o th p h ysic al an d l arg e l y p syc h ic al ;

th e r e f o r e th e r e i s a far gr e ate r pr o p o r ti o n o f pl e asur e
,

th an pai n i n yo u n g as c o mp ar e d wi th adul t l if e wh e r e ,

p syc h i c p ain f o rm s th e gr e ate r par t T h e b al an c e o f .

i n c r e asi n g pain se e m s to turn af te r pub e r ty wh e n th e ,

c h ild g e ts sadd e r an d m o r e th o ugh tful .

D u e c ar e b e i n g tak e n to e lici t th e b e n e v o l e n t se n
sib ilitie s i t i s th e h app i e st c h ildr e n w h o will b e th e
,

”
m o st symp ath e tic an d u n se lfi sh 1
.

H o w c o mm o n it i s to m e e t wi th irri tabl e mi n d s
th at spri n g up in o pp o si tio n to an y c alm state m e n t o f
f ac ts wi th a so r t o f i n sti n c tiv e r e se n tm e n t S uch a
, .

state o f mi n d m ay o f te n b e tr ac e d to cir c um stan c e s o f

e arl y lif e th at c all e d f o r th th e ri n c i l e o f se lf d e f e n c e

p p
-
,

(I n sh o rt an
”
l o n g b e f o r e r e aso n h ad b e e n d e v e l o p e d 2
.
,

u n h appy c h ild h o o d ) .

B e ari n g th e n in c o n sid e ri n g o ur subj e c t th e se tw o

, , ,

1 I saac T aylor, H o me E ducation , p 3 9

. .
2 I hid , p 42. .
1 98 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

g re at p o i n ts in mi n d — th at th e o bj e c t is th e f o un d ati o n
H bm
er
o f c h ar ac te r an d th at th e m e an s mu st i n n o
,

Sp
w ay i n te rf e r e Wi th th at h app i n e ss wh i c h i s
e n c er on
un c o n s ci u s
o
e d ati
uc on :

th e m o r al h e al th o f th e c h ild — le t u s se e wh at
g e n e r al pri n cipl e o f u n c o n sci o u s mi n d e duc ati o n w e c an
gr asp fr o m th e te ach i n g o f H e rb e rt Sp e n c e r .

S pe aki n g o f th e v alu e o f u n c o n sci o u s e du c ati o n fr o m

sur r o u n di n g s as c o mp ar e d wi th b o o k i n struc ti o n
, he ,

says

N p e r c e ivi n g th e e n o rm o us v alue o f th at sp o n tan e

ot

o u s e duc ati o n wh ic h g o e s o n in e arl y ye ar s b u t per ,

c e ivin g th at a c h ild s r e stl e ss O b se rv ati o n i n ste ad o f

’

b e i n g ign o r e d o r c h e c k e d sh o uld b e dilig e n tly mi n i ste r e d

,

to an d m ad e as ac cur ate an d c o mpl e te as p o ssibl e

, ,

p ar e n ts i n si st o n o c c up yin g its e ye s an d th o ugh ts wi th

th i n g s th at ar e fo r th e tim e b e i n g i n c o mpr e h e n sibl e
an d r e pu g n an t T h e y do n o t se e th at o n ly whe n his
.

acqu ai n tan c e w i th th e O bj e c ts an d pr o c e sse s o f th e

h o u se h o ld th e str e e ts an d th e fi e ld s i s b e c o mi n g to tally
,

e x h au ste d o n l y th e n sh all a c h ild b e i n tr o duc e d to n e w

,

so u r c e s o f i n f o rm ati o n w h i c h b o o k s suppl y
1 ”
.

“
I n e du c ati o n th e pr o c e ss o f se lf d e v e l o pm e n t sh o uld
-

b e e n c o ur ag e d to th e u tte rm o st Ch ildr e n .

Sh o u ld b e le d to m ak e th e ir o w n i n v e stig a
ti o n s an d to dr aw th e ir o w n i n f e re n c e s .

T h ey sh o uld b e to ld as li ttl e as p o ssibl e an d i n du c e d ,

to di sc o v e r as mu c h as p o ssibl e T h e all imp o r tan t

.
-

kn o wl e dge o f surro un di n g o bj e c ts w h ich a ch ild g e ts in

,

i ts e arly y e ar s i s g o t wi th o ut h e lp ; th e c h ild i s se lf
,

1 H erb ert Spen c er , E ducati on, p 26

. .
2 00 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

It w as th e o pi n i o n of P e stal o z zi ,
wh ich an d o n e

e v e r si n c e h is day h as b e e n g ai n i n g gr o un d ,
M u t b g in
s e

th at e d uc ati o n o f so m e ki n d sh o uld b e gi n
22313
1 6

fr o m th e c r adl e Wh o e v e r h as w atc h e d wi th
.

an y di sc e r n m e n t th e wid e e ye d g az e ( if th e i n fan t at
-

su rr o u n di n g o bj e c ts k n o w s v e ry w e ll th at e duc ati o n
,

doe s b e gi n th u s e arly wh e th e r w e i n te n d it o r n o t
, .

T h i s ac tivi ty o f th e f ac ul ti e s fr o m th e v e ry fir st b e i n g ,

sp o n tan e o u s an d i n e vi tabl e th e qu e sti o n i s w h e th e r w e

,

sh all suppl y i n du e v ari e ty th e m ate ri al o n wh i c h th e y

m ay e x e r c i se th e m se lv e s T h e e arli e st impr e ssi o n s

wh i c h th e mi n d ( u n c o n sci o u s) c an assimil ate are th e
u n d e c o mp o sabl e se n sati o n s pr o duc e d by r e si stan c e ,

li gh t so un d
, , F o ll o win g th e r e f o r e th e n e c e ssary
, ,

law o f pr o gr e ssi o n fr o m th e simpl e to th e c o mpl e x w e ,

sh o uld pr o vid e fo r th e in f an t a su ffi c i e n c y o f o bj e c ts ,

pr e se n ti n g di ffe r e n t ki n d s o f r e sistan c e o f O bj e c ts re ,

fl e c tin g di ffe r e n t qu ali ti e s o f ligh t a n d o f so u n d s c o n ,

tr aste d in th e ir l o ud n e ss an d pi tch E v e ry facul ty .

duri n g th at sp o n tan e o u s ac tivi ty th at ac c o mp an i e s i ts

e v o lu ti o n i s c ap abl e o f r e c e ivi n g m o r e vivid impr e ssi o n s

th an at an y o th e r p e ri o d B o th th e te mp e r an d h e al th
.

will b e impr o v e d b y th e c o n ti n u al gr atific ati o n r e sul t

in g fr o m a du e suppl y o f th e se impr e ssi o n s wh ic h e v e ry
‘

c h ild so gr e e dily assimil ate s 1

H e r e i s an admir abl e
.
”

d e sc rip ti o n o f a p h ase o f u n c o n sci o u s e duc ati o n b u t

li ttl e k n o wn .

1 H Spen c er, E d ucati on , pp 72 , 73

erb ert . A n d yet an in tellig e nt mo d ern
.

w r iter ( M rs E arle , i n P o t- P ourr i f rom a S ussex G ar d e n ) c o n si de rs i t matte rs

f f
.

little w h at a c h ild s e duc atio n or sur ro u n din g s are b e ore tw elv e or o ur teen , as
’

th e y h av e n o r eal b earing o n its a ter li ef f .

 PR I N CI P E S O F L UN C ON SC IO U S ED U C AT I O N 2 01

N ow le t u s se e th e r e sul ts o f
p e rv e r te d o r b ad e du a

c ati o n o f th e u n c o n sci o us fr o m th e sam e ,

B d u a n co n

au th o r . Wh at ki n d o f m o r al c ul tur e i s to i sc o us
.

d t e uc a i o n
b e e xp e c te d fr o m a m o th e r w h o sh ak e s h e r
.

i n fan t b e c au se it will n o t su c k ? H o w mu c h se n se
o f ju sti c e i s lik e l y to b e i n still e d b y a f ath e r w h o ,

h e ari n g h i s c h ild sc r e am b e c au se i ts fi n ge r i s j amm e d

b e tw e e n th e wi n d o w sash an d th e sill b e gi n s to ,

b e at it ?
“
Wh o h as n o t se e n a c h ild r e p e ate dl y sl app e d by
n ur se o r p ar e n t fo r a fr e tful n e ss ari sin g fr o m b o d il y

d e r an g e m e n t ? Ar e n o t th e c o n stan t an d O fte n qui te

n e e dl e ss th w ar ti n g s th at th e y o un g e xp e ri e n c e th e ,

i nju n c ti o n to sit still wh ich an ac tiv e ch ild c an n o t

,

o b e y wi th o u t su ffe ri n g gr e at n e rv o u s i rri tati o n th e ,

c o mm an d n o t to l o o k o ut O f th e wi n d o w wh e n tr av e l
li n g e tc sig n s o f a te r ribl e l ac k o f symp ath y 1 ”
, .
,

T h e r e are fe w o f o ur r e ad e r s b ut c o uld e xte n d th e se

in stan c e s alm o st i n d e fi n i te l y b ut e n o ugh h av e b e e n ,

gi v e n to sh o w wh at i s m e an t b y th e b ad e duc ati o n o f
th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d H e r e th e e duc ati o n i s giv e n to
.

th e c h ild pr o b ably u n c o n sc i o u sl y b y th e p ar e n t an d ,

c e r tai n ly th e e vil i s ab so rb e d u n c o n sci o u sly by th e

c h ild an d w h e n in l ate r ye ar s i t turn s o ut a tyr an t o r
, ,

a bull y th e r e ar e fe w
, w h o will se e th at th e so ur c e o f

th i s d e v e l o p e d c h ar ac te r i s th i s e arl y m al e duc ati o n O f -

th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d A n d ye t so i t i s
. .

I s th e r e th e n to b e n o di sc ipl in e in e duc ati o n Ce r

tain ly th e r e i s ; b ut n o t wh e r e n o t n e e d e d an d n o t ,

1 H erbert Spenc er E d uca ti on , p 98 .

, .
 2 02 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

c aprici o u s an d rbi tr ary

c h ar ac te r
a in its
Wh at it .

sh o uld b e w e will sp e ak o f fur th e r o n .

H avi n g th u s su r v e ye d th e gr o u n d g e n e r ally le t u s ,

T hr ee fol d c o n sid e r wh at ar e th e tru e m e th o d s o f un c o n

m th d f
u
e
i u
n c o n sc o
° O
sci o u s e duc ati o n
s
M att h e w Ar n o ld h im se lf
.

1 11
9 1 11 011
p e r h ap s h ar dly k n e w wh e n h e fr am e d th e
011

E duc ati o n i s an atm o sp h e r e a di scipli n e a

“
se n te n c e , , ,

life h o w mu c h it c o n tai n e d T o u s its e sse n ti al v alu e

, .

i s th at i t p o i n ts o ut th e tru e m e th o d s an d pri n cipl e s o f

th e e du c ati o n o f th e un c o n sc i o u s mi n d An atm o .

” “ ”
Sp h e r e an d a li fe are at an y r ate f o rc e s th at ac t, ,

“
un c o n sci o u sly an d as w e sh all p o i n t o ut
, ,
di sc ip ,

li n e d o e s th e sam e ; i n d e e d it i s auto m atic in its

”

ac ti o n .

We h av e as w e h av e se e n to e duc ate th e i n fan t to

, , ,

f o rm i ts ch ar ac te r to m o uld its di sp o si ti o n to d e v e l o p
, ,

its br ai n an d i n str uc t its se n se s u n til th e r e sul ts

, ,

e m e rg e i n to full c o n sci o u sn e ss ; th e i n f an t s mi n d an d
’

br ai n b e i n g alr e ady fill e d wi th h e r e di tary te n d e n ci e s

an d p ath s .

T h e e n o rm o u s pr ac tic al imp o r tan c e o f di r e c ti n g th e

r e c o n sci o u s ac tivi ty th r o ugh th e p h ysic al n atur e m ay
p
-
,

b e admi tte d an d sy ste m ati c all y ac te d o n ; e sp e ci ally in

th at v e ry e arli e st stag e o f i n f an t e duc ati o n wh i c h l ay s ,

1 ”
th e f o u n d ati o n an d m o r al h abi ts o f c o n sci o u s lif e .

“
D ar wi n c o n sid e r e d th e i n flu e n c e o f e duc ati o n as

H er edi ty and c o mp ar e d wi th th at o f h e r e di ty a s i n fi n i te si
i ts f
o rc e s.
mal
n 2

1 W . B Carpe nter , M en tal Physi olog y, 4th e di ti on , p 353.

. .

2 W . Preyer , M en tal E ducati on Qf Childhood, p 1 6 4 . .

2 04 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M IND

driv e th e m o ut o r o v e rc o m e th e m , mu st be a dd r e sse d to
un c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

E v e n w h e n w e c o n sid e r th at th e p h ysic al str uc tur e

o f th e br ai n i s l aid d o w n ac c o rdi n g to in h e ri te d te n d e n

ci e s w e still say e du c atio n i s str o n g e r ; fo r w e w e ll

,

k n o w th e e duc ati o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d w e adv o

c ate i s all p o w e rful to c h an g e an d m o dify th i s v e ry
-

str uc tur e i n th e dir e c ti o n w i sh e d fo r .

C uri o u sly e n o ug h S ir M ich ae l F o ste r wi th a p o e sy

, ,

pow er o f th e th at i s so m e w h at o u t o f pl ac e in d e ali n g wi th
u i u
n c o n sc o s
mi d
n o v er
p h ys i o l o g y i n h i s a ddr,
e ss to th e Bri t i sh
11 1 11
13 32
M e d ic al A sso c i ati o n attribu te s all th e se,

m e n tal p o w e r s to ph ysi o l o gy h e r se lf th at h e r e o bvi o u sly

,

“
stan d s fo r th e u n c o n sc i o u s m i n d W h e n ph y si o l o gy
i s de al in g wi th th o se p ar ts o f th e b o d y wh ich w e c all
m u sc ul ar v asc ul ar gl an dul ar ti ssu e s an d th e lik e
, , , ,

r igh tl y h an dl e d she ! sic ] p o in ts o ut th e w ay n o t o n l y ,

to m e n d th at w h i c h i s h ur t to r e p air th e d am ag e s o f
,

b ad u sag e an d di se ase but so to tr ai n th e gr o wi n g

,

ti ssu e s an d to guid e th e gr o w n o n e s as th at th e b e st
u se m ay b e m ad e o f th e m fo r th e purp o se s o f life Sh e .

1 ”
no t o n l y h e al s ; sh e g o v e r n s an d e du c ate s S ur e ly th e .

p o e tic spiri t c o uld n o t id e ali se a sc i e n c e fur th e r— wi th

th e e ffe c t h o w e v e r fo r th o se w h o d o n o t turn i t i n to
, ,

pr o se th at th e r e al age n t th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d i s
, , ,

i
un r e c o g n se d .

“
,
”
N o r h e c o n ti n u e s “
d o e s sh e do o th e r wi se wh e n
,

sh e c o m e s to d e al wi th th e n e r v o u s ti ssu e s N ay it i s .
,

th e v e ry p r e r o g ativ e o f th e se n e rv o u s ti ssu e s th at th e i r
1
Sir Mic hael F oster, B r i ti sh M edical J our nal, 2l st A ug ust, 1 897 .
 PRI N C I PL E S O F U N C O N SC I O U S ED U CAT I ON 2 05

li fe i s, b v e th at o f all th e o th e r ti ssu e s c o n ti n g e n t o n
a o ,

th e e n vir o n m e n t an d su sc e p tibili ty o f e duc ati o n

”
.

T o r e tur n to Ar n o ld
“
E du c ati o n i s an atm o sp h e r e
.

—wh at th e mi n d bre ath e s T h e air th at w e br e ath e is .

th e m e dium th at surr o u n d s u s ; th e atm o sp h e r e o ur

spiri ts b r e ath e i s th e m e dium th at sur r o u n d s th e m ; in

sh o r t i t i s o ur e n vir o n m e n t
, .

T h e su rr o un di n g s o f a m an are th o se i n flu e n c e s m a
“
,

te ri al o r imm ate ri al w h i c h fo r m the atmospher e i n w h ic h

,

h e li v e s w h ic h giv e c o l o ur to h is d ail y li f e an d o f te n
, , ,

th e m se lv e s u n se e n are pr e se n t wi th hi m fo r g o o d o r
,

e vil th r o ugh o u t th e w h o l e te rm o f h i s e xi ste n c e The y .

afl e c t an d al te r h i s n atur e an d h i s h appi n e ss
”
1
.

A li ttl e c h ild i s fluid pl astic r e c e p tiv e T h e r e are

, ,
.

tw o w ay s o f impri n ti n g up o n h im th e sh ap e E du c ati o n b
y
“ t
an d o u tli n e s yo u d e sir e as th e r e sul t o yo u r
f 12 ° 3

e duc ati o n : th e o n e a c o n sci o u s an d p e r c e p tu al th e ,

o th e r u n c o n sci o u s an d atm o sph e ri c I f I wi sh to c ast .

a b r o n z e statu e I do n o t tr o ubl e ab o u t th e br o n z e
,
all

my c ar e i s ab o u t th e m o uld E v e ry l in e e v e ry c urv e I .
,

wi sh to se e o n th e statue mu st b e tr ac e d ther e an d i t i s ,

o n th e p e r fe c ti o n o f th e m o uld th at th e b e au ty o f th e

statu e d e p e n d s I p o ur in th e liquid br o n z e T h e
. .

m o uld is i ts e n vi ro n m e n t L e ft in th e r e l o n g e n o ugh i t
.

fill s e v e ry c u r v e e v e r y li n e an d r e pr o d uc e s all i ts fe a
, ,

tur e s . I br e ak th e m o uld an d th e r e i s th e statu e th e ,

o u tc o m e o f i ts surr o u n di n g s Ag ai n I wi sh to m o ul d .
,

th e c h ild E du c atio n i s an atmosphere an e n vir o n m e n t

.
,

—th at i s an e d u c ati o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d

,
T hi s .

1
D r J Po llo c
. k , ne c k f
o H ealth, pp 51 9,
.
2 06 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S M IN D

th e n i s my fi r st gr e at e du c ati o n al f o rc e an d th i s sh al l
o v e r c o m e th e li n e s o f h e r e di tar e vil o r d e f e c t I s p e n d
y .

all m y tim e in p e rf e c ti n g m y m o uld — in o th e r w o r d s in ,

se e i n g th at th e c h ild s su rr o u n di n g s ar e e x ac tl y w h at I
’

wi sh th e c h ild to b e c o m e T h e n I p o ur th e c h ild in .

an d le t h im r e m ai n a su ffi c i e n t tim e u n til th i s e n vir o n

m e n t h as satur ate d h i s u n c o n sc i o us mi n d an d m o uld e d

i t i n to its lik e n e ss T h e c h ild k n o w s n o th i n g o f th e
.

pr o c e ss I t d o e s n o t i n te rf e r e wi th i ts h appi n e ss b ut
.
,

i n c r e ase s it an d b e st o f all th e r e sul t i s sur e A

, , .

ch ild c an n o t f ail to b e ar th e stamp o f th e atm o sp h e re

i ts mi n d h as u n c o n sc i o u sly b r e ath e d th e fir st fe w y e ar s
o f its lif e an d it i s th i s an d n o th i n g l e ss th at i s th e r e al
,

f o u n d atio n o f its c h ar acte r Wh at a p o w e r wh at an .

,

u n k n o wn f o r c e i s h e r e .

L if e an d h e al th ar e l ar g e l y ac te d o n ( u n c o n sci o u sly)
by age n ts imm ate ri al o r p syc h i c al T h e liv e s an d w e ll .

b e i n g o f n atur e s an d i n divi du al s o w e th e ir c o l o uri n g to

th e se . T h e y b e l o n g to a n d f o rm par t o f c ivili sati o n .

T h e y are e sse n ti al p ar ts o f th e e du c ati o n fr o m wh ich

spri n g s th e c h ar ac te r
1 ”
.

T h e sc h o o lm aste r it migh t wi th so m e j u stic e b e

,

s aid o n l y g iv e s th e fi n i sh i n g to u c h e s to a pr o c e ss c o m
,

m e n c e d at th e m o m e n t o f bir th if n o t muc h e ar li e r ,
.

V ast sto r e s o f k n o wl e dge i n di sp e n sabl e an d o f p ar a

m o un t imp o r tan c e are pick e d up sp o n tan e o u sly (un c o n
2 ”
sc i o u sly) in b aby h o o d .

“
E duc ati o n al e xp e ri e n c e p r o v e s th at n o th i n g e x e r ts

1 . k
D r J P o llo c , B ook of H ealth p 520 , . .

J
.

2 Sir C Bro w ne . B oole of H ealth , p 345.

. . .
2 08 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S M I N D

th e th i n g i s not don e an d th e re i s
c o n ti n u al fri c ti o n
,

an d p u n i sh m e n t Yo u f o r m th e h abi t i n th e u n c o n
.

sc i o u s mi n d o f d o i n g th i s o r th at an d lo an d b e h o ld , ,

o u h av e l ai d d o w n a tr ac k al o n g w h ic h th e mi n d fi n d s
y
i t e asi e r an d sm o o th e r to m o v e th an in an y o th e r dire c
ti o n ; yo u h av e pr o vid e d a p h y si o l o gi c al b asi s fo r th e
p syc h i c ac ti o n ; h e n c e fo r th all i s e asy .

H abi t th e r e f o re is th e se c o n d gr e at f o rc e th at acts
, ,

o n an d e duc ate s th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d .

T h e th ird l ast i s e duc ati o n i s a lif e

an d We do
not k no w e x ac tl y wh at M atth e w A r n o ld
E duc ati o n b y
e am pl e
x
o rigi n all y m e an t by th i s P r o b abl y th at .

e du c ati o n w as a v ital f o r c e We tak e it h e r e in an o th e r

.

”
w ay . Ju st as th e atm o sp h e re i s th e e n vir o n m e n t o r
”
m o uld as di scipli n e i s th e h abi t o r r ailr o ad so th e ,

“
lif e i s th e i n spir ati o n o r id e al b e f o re th e c h ild .

T h e atm o sp h e r e m o uld s th e mi n d th e di scipli n e ,

di r e c ts its c o ur se an d th e l i fe b e f o r e it is i ts g o al
,

’
an d id e al B y th e lif e w e m e an th e p ar e n t s lif e
.
,

n o t th e c h ild s I t i s th e p ar e n t th at i s th e c h ild s
’ ’
.

u n c o n sci o u s ( so m e tim e s c o n sc i o u s) id e al th e c h ild s ,

’

i n spir e r an d m o d e l T h e u n c o n sci o u s ac ti o n o f
.

e x ampl e sh ap e s th o se fe e li n g s w h i c h giv e th e to n e to
1 ”
th e c h ar ac te r .

We h av e th e r e f o re in th e e du c ati o n o f th e un c o n
, ,

sci o u s to c o n si d e r th e se th r e e th i n g s
,
th e m o uldi n g o r
f o rmi n g o f th e mi n d by e n vir o n m e n t th e ac ti o n o f th e ,

mi n d as di scipli n e d by h abi t an d l astl y l o o ki n g o n th e

, , ,

1 W . B Carpenter , M en tal P hysi olog y, 4th

. e di ti o n , p 353
. .
 P RI N C I PLE S O F U N CON SC I O U S ED U CAT I O N 2 09

mi n d as a livi n g i ty th e g o al o r id e al before i t r ath e r

en t ,

th an ar oun d i t to w ard s w h ic h it e v e r striv e s

, .

T h e fo ll o wi n g ar e am o n g th e r e sul ts o f such e duc a

ti o n as giv e n by C M aso n :
.
,

D e fi n i te id e as up o n p ar ticu lar subj e c ts as fo r e x , ,

’
ampl e th e c h ild s r e l ati o n s wi th o th e r p e o pl e
, H abi ts .

o i n e atn e ss o f di so rd e r o f pu n c tu ali ty o f m o d e r ati o n

, , ,

g e n e r al m o d e s o f th o ugh t as affe c te d by al trui sm o r

,

e g o i sm .

M o d e s o f fe e li n g an d ac ti on .

Obj e c ts o f th o ugh t— th e sm all affai r s o f d aily li fe th e ,

m ate ri al w o rld th e o p e r ati o n s o r th e pr o duc t i o n s o f th e

,

h um an mi n d .

D i sti n gui sh i n g tal e n t —mu sic e l o qu e n c e i n v e n ti o n

, , .

D i sp o si ti o n o r to n e o f c h ar ac te r as i t sh o w s i tse lf i n
,

an d affe c ts h i s fam ilv an d o th e r cl o se r e l ati o n s in lif e

r e se rv e d o r fr an k m o ro se o r ge n i al m e l an ch o ly o r
, ,

c h e e r ful c o w ardly o r br av e
,
1
.

We wi ll n o w pr o c e e d to di scu ss th e se th r e e f ac to r s
in th e e duc ati o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d in th e n e x t ,

c h ap te r .

1 0 M ason, P aren ts an d Chi ldr en, p 28.

. .
 CH AP T E R X .

T H E U N C O N SCI O U S M I N D A N D I T S D E T AI L E D
E D U CAT I O N .

PL AT O yimpr essi o n s w h ich m an r e c e iv e s in

sa s : T he
c h ild h o o d ar e th e m o st imp o r tan t as th e y ar e m o r e ,

e asil y imp r e sse d an d r e tai n e d b e st W h at is prac ti se d .

fr o m y o uth up gr adu ally fo rm s p ar t o f th e ch ar ac te r .

”

I t i s w o n d e rful h o w p o w e rfull y wh at m ay b e c all e d

th e curr e n t o f d ail y lif e c arri e s al o n g wi th it wi th o u t ,

an y c o n sc i o u sn e ss o f i ts i n flu e n c e th o se w h o are sub ,

j ec t to i t3 1
’

“
We m ay r e g ard e v e ry
ivi ty in th e u n iv e r se as
ac t
2
e x e r c i si n g a sub c o n sci o u s i n flu e n c e up o n u s
”
-
.

W e will p ro c e e d to c o n sid e r th o se ac tivi ti e s th at im

m e di ate ly sur ro u n d an d i n flu e n c e th e c h ild .

B e fo re birth th e ch ild i s l arge l y i n flu e n c e d by th e

qu ali ti e s o f i ts surr o u n di n gs T h e c h ar ac te r s
A nt matal
.
e
1 2
O f th e m o th e r an d o f th e f ath e r to o so m e h o w
11 11 2 11 2 2 2

h av e p o w e r to im pr e ss th e e mbry o n i c br ai n A ch ild .

o f a d r u n k e n f ath e r h as c e r tai n sp e ci al m e n tal c h ar ac

te ri sti c s ; an d o f c o u r se b e sid e an d b e yo n d th e se th e r e
, ,

ar e all th e f o r c e s o f a m o r e r e m o te h e r e di ty o f w h ic h ,

1 W B Carpenter , M ental P hysi olog y, 4th e ditio n, p 358

f
. . . .

2 Pro H o lman, E ducation p 71

. , . .

( 2 1 0)
2 12 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

no r th e rn p ar ts o f F ran c e an d I taly are i n h abi te d by

p e o pl e o f sup e ri o r e n e rgy to th o se o f th e so u th 1
.
”

T h e n as to scen ery an d p h ysi c al ch ar ac te ri stic s o f

c o u n try .

M an y o th e r ag e n ts are f o rm ative o f ch ar ac te r such ,

as m o u n tai n s riv e r s l ak e s pl ai n s an d th e o c e an
, , , T he .

dw e ll e r s am o n g m o un tai n s are v e ry subj e c t to h o m e

si c k n e ss o r n o stalgi a ; th e y ar e e sse n ti ally p atri o tic ;

th e i n h abi tan ts o f pl ai n s are le ss so ; wh il e th e dw e ll e r

by th e o c e an is e sse n ti al ly a w an d e r e r 2
.
”

T o th i s m ay b e add e d th at m o u n tai n s p r o duc e un c o n

sc i o u sly h ardi h o o d an d br av e r y ; e x te n siv e pl ai n s d uln e ss ,

an d sl o w n e ss o f te mp e r am e n t ; w o o d s an d f o r e sts cr af t ,

an d sup e r sti ti o n ; th e sh o r e fr an k n e ss an d r e stl e ssn e ss

, .

T h e r e c an b e n o d o ub t o f th e f o r c e o f th e l o c al
c lim atic p o li ti c al an d n ati o n al qu ali ti e s o f c o u n tr y as
, , ,

u n c o n sci o u s e duc ato r s o f th e mi n d .

T ak e the c oun tr y n o w as an e duc ato r o f th e un c o n

T ow n a nd s c i o u s as c o
,
n tr a st e d in i ts v a lu e wi th th e
2 1“
0011 11
tow n an d w e se e th e di ffe r e n c e b e twe e n g o o d
,

D r K arl L an g e says : I t “
an d b ad e du c ati o n at o n c e . .

i s n o t a m atte r o f i n di ffe r e n c e w h e th e r w e p asse d o ur

y o u th i n a qui e t r e tir e d f o r e st v i ll a g e o r i n a d a mp ,

d ark dw e lli ng in th e turm o i l o f th e m e tr o p o li s D i ffe r .

e n t i n m an y r e sp e c ts are th e th o ugh ts an d f e e li n g s o f

th e c h ild fr o m th e m e tr o p o li s an d th e c h ild f r o m th e
vill ag e an d c o u n try to w n 3
.
”

”
T h e b e st sc h o o l says Sir J C Br o wn e
, . . fo r se n se ,

e duc ati o n i s th e h o m e an d th e c o u n tr y
”
.

1 k
D r J Po llo c , B ook of H ea lth, p 521 . .
2 I bid
.

f
. .

3 Se e Pro H o lman , I n tr odu cti on to E ducation , p 455

. . .
 U N CO N SCI O U S M IN D AN D I T S E D U C AT I O N 2 13

T he c o u n tr y ab o v e all f av o ur s l ate d e v e l o pm e n t
, , .

T h e r e if at all in th e Wo r d s o f I saac T ayl o r

, ,
“
T he ,

f o rc e an d frui tful n e ss o f th e mi n d m ay b e k e p t in bud

u n til th e n atur al summ e r tim e o f ac ti o n c o m e s
-
E ng
l an d O n th e wh o l e is th e m o st f av o ur abl e c o u n try an d
c lim ate fo r a c o u n tr
y lif e .

I n to w n s th e br ai n r e quir e s i n cr e asi n g ar tifi c i al

sti mulu s an d e xci te m e n t i n th e w a
y O f to y s sigh ts , ,

e tc. e tc
,
I n th e c o u n try n o th in g o f th e so r t i s n e e d e d
.
,

an d ye t th e m in d th at h as h ad i ts e y e s O p e n e d i s n e v e r
, ,

dull .

T h e e duc ati o n r e c e iv e d b y th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d
fr o m a c o n stan t c o n te mpl ati o n o f bri c k s an d m o r tar ,

li n e s o f h o u se s an d str e e ts an d all th e o th e r m o n o t
o n o u e an d ugl y w o rk s o f m an an d th at r e c e iv e d fr o m
,

a sur v e y o f n atu r e in all h e r u n i ty i n div e r si ty h e r ,

livi n g an d e v e r ch an gi n g f ac e m ak e a pr o fo u n d di ffe r
-
,

e n c e in th e f o u n d ati o n l in e s O f c h ar ac te r T h e v e ry .

so u n d s an d i n de e d all th e di ffe r e n t se n sati o n s i n to w n

,

an d c o un try h av e th e ir p ar t in th e f o rmi n g an d f ash i o n

,

in g o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d .

T h e fir st gr e at p o i n t th e n ab o u t th e atm o sp h e r e i s
“

th at i t sh o uld b e c o u n tr y an d n o t to w n A wh o l e .

ch ap te r m igh t pr o fi tabl y b e d e v o te d to th i s o n e subj e c t ,

but sp ac e f o rbid s m o r e th an th e bri e f e st r e f e r e n c e to

th e v ar i o u s e n vir o n m e n ts .

T h e n e x t i s th e c o n tr ast b e tw e e n th e e duc ati o n un

c o n sci o u sly r e c e iv e d in th e home as c o m H m a ,
d o e n

p ar e d Wi th an i n sti tute o r o rp h an ag e o r an y n t t t s i u l o n s.
,
j ,
e 0 .

o th e r pl ac e .
2 14 TH E U N CON SC I O U S MIN D

T he p ar e n tal h o m e in wh ich th e m an sp e n d s his

i n f an c y i s wh e r e h e r e c e iv e s th e se re p e ate d imp r e ssi o n s .

T h e so n o f a p r o fe sso r r e c e iv e s m an if o ld imp e rc e p tibl e

imp re ssi o n s i n c h ild h o o d wh i c h h aste n h is i n te ll e c tu al
d e v e l o pm e n t T h e c h ild o f p ar e n ts o f h igh so ci al
.

p o si ti o n so o n acquir e s th e assur an c e an d firm n e ss o f

B ut th i s i s r ath e r a sp e ci al vi e w
”
1
go o d m an n e r s . .

as I saac T ayl o r p o i n ts
“
Spe aki n g g e n e r all y At h o me, ,

“
o ut,
th at atm o sph e r e i s m o st r e adi l y o b tai n e d wh i c h
will pr o m o te th e gr o w th o f th e v ari o u s f acul ti e s o f the
”
mi n d i n n atur e s o rd e r an d at n atur e s r ate
’ ’

I n e arl y lif e th e c h ild h as to fi t th e h o m e an d b e ar s ,

all i ts c h ar ac te ri stic s an d qu al iti e s impr e sse d up o n its

u n c o n sci o u s mi n d T h i s th e n i s truly an d li te r ally th e

.

w o r ld th at h as to b e so c ar e fully m o d e ll e d ; th i s i s th e
atm o sph e r e th at h as to b e so pur e an d h e al th y ; th i s i s

th e ar ch e duc ato r o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d

-
.

B ut in l ate r lif e say fr o m th e ag e o f tw e lv e o n i t i s th e

, ,

o th e r w ay ab o u t i n gr e at m e asur e ; an d i t i s n o sm all

r e st as w e ll as stimulu s to th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d to
h av e th e e n vir o n m e n t m ad e to sui t i t i n ste ad o f th e ,

mi n d h avi n g to sui t i tse lf to th e surr o u n di n gs I t i s .

w e ll to all o w a girl o r b oy s b e dr o o m to h av e a m ark e d

’

i n dividu ali ty o f i ts o w n ac c o rdi n g to th e ir di ffe re n t n a

’

tur e s ; so th at i t i s as imp o r tan t to h av e a w e ll fi ttin g -

e n vir o n m e n t as to h av e a w e ll fi ttin g c o at o r dr e ss
-
I .

k n o w a r e m ark abl e c ase o f a v e ry n e rv o u s l ady w h o

alw ay s fr e ts an d c h af e s in o rdi n ar y h o u se s b ut w h o ,

h as bui l t h e r se lf a h o u se f ull o f th e qu ai n te st d e vic e s ,

1 Paul Rade sto c k , H abi t i n E d ucation, p. 53

.
2 16 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M IND

c o n sci o u sly in th e c h ild cl e an li n e ss tidi n e ss o r de r , , ,

c o n str uc tiv e abili ty i n g e n ui ty p e r se v e r an c e me th o d

, , , ,

skill se lf r e sp e c t pu n c tu ali ty atte n ti o n e tc

,
-
, , ,
.

I f th e n ur se b e tru th f ul p un c tu al c l e an ki n d c h e e r
, , , ,

ful w e ll i n f o rm e d truly Ch ri sti an an d sp e ak go o d

,
-
,

E n gli sh w e sh all f o ste r in th e c h ild tru th o rd e r

, , ,

e x ac ti tud e pr o pri e ty l o ve ge n tl e n e ss i n te llige n c e

, , , , ,

r e v e r e n c e an d f ai th an d sp e e c h pl e asan t in to n e an d
, ,

ac c e n t .

T h u s c an th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d b e e duc ate d wi th o u t

a w o rd b e i n g addr e sse d to c o n sc i o u sn e ss i n e arly lif e .

W e w o uld n o t h o w e v e r b e mi su n d e r sto o d an d sup

p o se d to m e an th at n o c o n sci o u s i n struc ti o n sh o uld
b e all o w e d O n th e c o n tr ar y by all m e an s le t th e
.
,

g o o d wh ic h th e se surr o u n di n g s do b e i n cr e ase d an d
str e n g th e n e d b y wi se w o rd s add r e sse d to c o n sci o u sn e ss .

O n l y th i s i s n o t o ur subj e c t at p re se n t gre atly as w e ,

v al u e it .

A s to cl o th e s le t th e m b e c l e an w e ll c ut app r o p ri ate
, , ,

to th e w o rk o r o c c asi o n an d c ar e fully pr e se rv e d
, T he .

c h ild will le ar n p e r so n al cl e an li n e ss se lf r e sp e c t n e at ,
-
,

n e ss simpli c i ty
, .

T h e f o o d sh o uld b e v e r y pl ai n w e ll c o o k e d an d , ,

se rv e d to th e mi n u te abu n d ant in qu an ti ty wi th pl e n ty
, ,

o f v ari e ty .

O n e h i n t m o re Ju st as a n o r th e rn clim ate an d a
.

m o u n tai n di stri c t p r o duc e a b e tte r man th an a so u th e rn

clim e an d a pl ai n o n ac c o u n t o f th e gr e ate r di ffic ul ti e s
,

to b e o v e r c o m e ; so do a pl ai n h o m e a sim ple n ur se r y , ,

pl ai n stro n g to ys th at affo r d sc o p e for c o n struc ti o n an d

 U N CON SC I O U S MIN D AN D I T S E D U CAT I O N 2 17

a l te r ati o n p r o duc e a b e tte r c h ar ac te r th an gr e at luxury

,

an d o r n am e n t an d e xp e n siv e to ys w h e r e e v e ryth i n g i s ,

d o n e fo r th e c h ild an d n o thi n g l e f t fo r h im to do .

T h e h ard sh ip s in c hild h o o d sh o uld n e v e r g o th e

l e n g th o f i n te rf e ri n g i n th e l e ast w ith th e c h ild s n atur al ’

c h e e rful n e ss still l e ss wi th h i s h e al th ; b ut sh o uld b e

,

ju st suffici e n t to affo rd a ge n tl e stimulu s to his fac ul

ti e s .

I t will b e ask e d n o w in wh at w ay d o e s th i s e n vir o n

,

m e n t w o rk up o n th e c h ild s m i n d ’

F ir st o f all g e n e r all y th r o ugh th e se n se s

, .

T h e e duc ati o n o f th e se n se s wi ll n o t b e
n e gl e c te d if c h ild r e n ar e o n l y pl ac e d i n p o si ti o n s in

w h ic h abu n d an t an d v ari e d se n se impr e ssi o n s are

ac c e ssibl e Vivid an d c o m pl e te impr e ssi o n s are all
.

e sse n ti al to sub se qu e n t m e n t al g r o w th
”
1
.

T h e sig h ts sh o uld th e r e f o r e b e agr e e abl e c h e e rful , ,

brigh t v ari e d h arm o n i o u s th e f ac e s l o vi n g an d smil

, , ,

in g .

T he g e n tl e ( n o t sh rill ) h arm o n i o u s c h e e ry
so un ds , , ,

n o t to o sudd e n v ari e d ,
.

T h e sc en ts sh o uld b e pl e asin g an d v ari e d .

T h e tastes sh o uld b e agr e e abl e v ari e d an d sim pl e ,

.

T h e touc h sh o uld b e o f o bj e c ts o f e v e ry qu ali ty an d

v ari e ty an d e n c o ur ag e d in e v e ry w ay
, .

T h e sp e ci al m e an s by wh i c h surr o u n di n g s e d uc ate
th e mi n d are by u n c o n sc i o u s sugg e sti o n an d th e gr e at
re sul t th at i s pr o du c e d i s ap pe r c e p ti o n .

Wh at i s u n c o n sc i o u s sugg e sti o n ? T h e p re se n tati o n

p 3 46
1 Sir J C Bro w
. ne, B oole Qf H ealth, .
. .
2 18 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

of u n c o n sci o u s id e as . Wh at is an un c o n sci o u s i de a ?
A living men tal seed that, plan ted i n the un c onsc i ous mind ,

flow er s in c onsc i ou sness . It fi re s th e mi n d , it se ts in

fo r c e l o n g tr ai n s o f ac ti o n .

O n e o f th e sign al se rvic e s O f h yp n o ti sm i s th e de
m o n str ati o n o f th e i n tri n sic m o to r f o rc e o f an id e a 1
.
”

L e t us se e wh at e n vir o n m e n t h as to do wi th id e as .

A n id e a m ay i n v e st as an atm o sp h e r e r ath e r th an
“
,

I flu
n e f
en c o
strik e as a w e ap o n ; i t m ay b e a v agu e appe

te n c y to w ar d s so m e th i n g T o e xci te th i s .

app e te n c y to w ard s so m e th i n g to w ar d s th i n g s l o v e ly
’

h o n e st an d o f g o o d r e p or t i s th e e arli e st an d m o st i m
, ,

p o r tan t mi n i stry o f th e e duc ato r T h e se i n d e fi n i te id e as

.

ar e h e ld in th at th o ugh t wh ic h su rr o u n d s th e ch ild as

an atm o sp h e r e w h i c h h e b r e ath e s as h i s br e ath o f lif e ;

,

an d th i s atm o sp h e r e in wh ich th e c h i ld i n spir e s h i s

u n c o n sc i o u s id e as o f righ t livi n g e m an ate s fr o m h is

p are n ts T h at h e sh o uld tak e dir e c ti o n an d i n spir ati o n
.

fr o m all th e c asu al lif e ab o u t h im i s a th o ugh t wh i c h

m ak e s th e m o st o f u s h o ld o ur b re ath .

T h e du ty o f p ar e n ts i s to su stai n a c h ild s i n n e r lif e

’

wi th id e as as th e y su stain h i s b o d y wi th f o o d T h e .

c h ild h as affi n i ti e s wi th e vil as w e ll as wi th g o o d ;

th e r e f o r e h e dge h im ab o u t fr o m an y c h an c e l o dgm e n t
,

o f e vil su gg e sti o n T h e i n i ti al id e a b e g e ts sub se qu e n t

.

id e as ; th e r e f o r e tak e c are th at ch ildr e n g e t righ t

,

prim ar y id e as o n th e gr e at r e l ati o n s an d du ti e s o f life .

T h us w e se e h o w th e d e sti n y o f a lif e i s sh ap e d in th e
n u rse r y by th e r e v e r e n t n ami n g o f th e D ivi n e n am e
, ,

1 Pro f
. Baldw in , M en tal D evelop men t of Ch ildhood , p 5. .
2 20 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D

T he wh o l e pr o c e ss is un c o n sci o u s b ut affe c ts th e ,

e n ti r e lif e
. T h e w o rd s h o m e m o th e r n ur se r y c h ild
, , ,

h o o d G o d m e an in af te r lif e pr e tty m uch wh at w as

, ,

impr e sse d un c o n sc i o u sly in sugg e stiv e id e as i n ch ild

hoo d .

App e r c e ptio n o r th e e n ri c h i n g o f m e r e p e rc e p ti o n
,

wi th sto r e s o f m e n tal i n f o rm ati o n i s l arg e l y h e lp e d in ,

‘

c h i ldr e n b y th e ir im agi n ativ e pl ay A n i n e pi n wi th an

.

o ld r ag wr appe d r o u n d i t th u s b e c o m e s a m o st c h e r i sh e d

an d l o v e l y do ll T h e simpl e r an d c o mm o n e r th e o bj e c t
.

th e m o r e i s th e c h ild sti m u l ate d t o c l o th e i t wi th id e as .

S o th at th e to y s sh o uld l arg e ly c o n si st o f bi ts o f w o o d
o f v ari o u s sh ap e s an d siz e s sm all bri c k s an d sto n e s
, ,

e tc ; an d th e se will b e tr an sfo rm e d i n to h o u se s an d
.

fur n i tur e an d br idg e s an d tr ai n s an d d o ll s to the g r e at

b en e fi t o f th e br ai n .

T h e imp o r tan c e o f th e e l e m e n t o f r o m an c e in a
c h ild s l i fe i s e n o rm o u s an d b ut li ttl e th o ugh t
’

of .T o th e c h ild it i s l ar g e ly th e se cr e t o f i ts
h appi n e ss E v e ry pl ay th i n g e v e r y r o o m all
.
, ,

th e sc e n e s o f i ts c h ild h o o d ar e th u s i n v e ste d wi th a
gl am o u r wh o ll y id e al T h e p ar e n t w h o wi se ly u n d e r
.
~

stan d s th i s w ill u se r o m an c e an d p ar abl e l ar g e ly i n

i n dir e c t trai n i n g an d th us n o t o n l y so w id e as but

, ,

m o uld th e i d e as alr e ad y th e r e to wi se an d u se ful e n d s .

A l arg e d o ll s h o u se th u s righ tly u se d c an b e m ad e a

’

m
gr e at ag e n t in u n c o n sc i o u s in d tr ain in g T h e r o o m s .

c an b e p e o pl e d w i th h e r o ic n o bl e mi n d e d an d u n se lfi sh
,
-
,

do ll s wh e r e c o u r ag e f o r e sigh t ju stic e an d l o v e c an
, , ,

b e c o n ti n u all y an d c o n spi c u o u sly di spl ay e d An d th u s .

 U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D ITS ED U C AT I O N 22 1

th e vi vid im agi n ati o n o f c h ild h o o d c an b e u se d to im

pri n t in d e libly o n th e b r ai n th e h igh e st p ri n cipl e s T h e .

w o r st thi n g a p ar e n t c an do i s to ch e ck o r ri di cul e
th i s f acul ty .

T he stan dp o i n t f r o m wh ic h all is vi e w e d in af te r lif e

i s fix e d l arg e ly in i n f an cy an d c h ild h o o d So m e w ho .

h av e b e e n w h o ll y n e gl e c te d o r vici o u sly tr ai n e d at th i s
p e ri o d o w e th e wh o l e o f th e ir sub se qu e n t c ar epr o f e vil
to th e asso ci atio n s th at p o i so n th e ir e v e ry p e rc e p ti o n o f
thi n g s af te rw ard s w h e r e as o n th e o th e r h an d a wi se
, ,

tr ai n i n g c an o v e r c o m e th e m o st vici o u s h e r e di tary
tai n t . M rs M e r e d ith o f th e P ri so n G ate M i ssi o n c an
.

b e ar wi tn e ss to th i s Sh e h as o v e r an d o v e r agai n
.

tak e n i n f an ts fr o m th e i r m o th e r s in pri so n ste e p e d in ,

g e n e r ati o n s o f h e r e di tar y crim e an d b y f ash i o n i n g

, ,

th e i r app e rc e p ti o n u n c o n sci o u sly o n th e D ivi n e inj u n c

ti o n th at is suc h a mi n e o f e duc ati o n al wi sd o m in
tr ai n i n g th e u n c o n sc i o u s — “
W h atso e v e r th i n g s are
tr u e w h atso e v e r th i n g s are h o n e st w h atso e v e r th i n g s
, ,

ar e l o v e ly wh atso e v e r th i n g s ar e o f g o o d r e p o r t
,

by th e i r su rro u n di n g s p h y sic al
,

1 ”
th i n k o n th e se th i n g s ,

an d p syc h ic al sh e h as o v e r c o m e th e i n h e ri te d vic e o f
,

th e i r n atur e s an d r e ar e d gi r l s w h o h av e pursu e d ste ady

, ,

u se ful an d vi r tu o u s liv e s .

We do n o t th i n k it p o ssibl e in th e tr ai n i n g Of th e un
c o n sci o u s mi n d to fo rm a m o r e h e al th ful atm o sph e r e
fo r th e yo u n g c h ild th an o n e b ase d up o n th e r e m ark
abl e v e r se w e h av e qu o te d .

1 St Paul, P hilipp ians, i v 3

. . .
222 T H E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

We n o w turn to th e se c o n d gr e at br an ch o f un c o n
ci u duc ti — th e di scipli n e r il r d
T h r a ilr o a d a a a
s o s e o n o r o ,
e

of h abit .

O f h abi t .

L o c ke y sa sW e mu st e xp e c t n o th i n g fr o m
pre c au
ti o n ary m axim s an d g o o d p re c e p ts th o ugh th e y b e ,

d e e ply impr e sse d o n th e (c o n sc i o u s) mi n d b e y o n d th e

p o i n t at wh i c h pr ac tic e h as ch an ge d th e m (un c o n sc i
1 ”
o u sly) to f o rm h abi ts .

N ie mey e r says : T h e fami li ari si n g o f y o u n g p eo pl e

wi th h abi ts o f o rd e r cl e an li n e ss d e c e n c y an d p o li te n ess
, ,

will n o t b e wi th o ut l asti n g e ffe c t o n th e ir i n n e r lif e ”

.

H abi t g o e s fur th e r th an pr e c e p t an d th e te ach e r ,

mu st asc rib e m o st o f h is suc c e sse s to th e f o r m ati o n o f

h abi ts 2
.T h at i s to say u n c o n sc i o u s e duc ati o n i s
”
,

m o re p o w e rful an d l asti n g th an c o n sc i o u s .

R o u sse au say s : E du c ati o n is c e r tai n ly n o th i n g b u t

Ch ar ac te r i s u n d o ub te dl y th e
”
a f o rm ati o n o f h abi ts .

sum o f a p e r so n s h abi ts
’
We h av e alr e ady i n dic ate d
.

su ffici e n tl y th e p h ysic al b asi s o f h abi ts in c h ap te r v i .

,

an d sp o k e n to o th e r e at l e n g th o f th e ir g e n e r al v alu e ,

so th at th i s n e e d n o t b e e n l ar g e d up o n ag ai n h e r e .

T h e imp alp abl e th o ugh ts th at w e th i n k l e av e th e i r ,

m ark up o n th e br ain an d se t up c o n n e c ti o n s b e twe e n

,

th e n e r v e c e ll s ; an d th e c e r e brum gr o w s to th e u se s i t i s
e arli e st an d m o st c o n stan tl y pu t to A gre at fu n c ti o n o f .

th e e duc ato r i s to se cur e th at ac ts sh all b e so r e gul arly ,

pu rp o se fully an d m e th o di c all y so w n th at th e c h il d sh all ,

r e ap th e h abi ts O f th e g o o d life in th i n ki n g an d d o in g ,

1 Paul Radesto ck, H abi t i n E du cati on p 4

J
, . .

2 G Curtman, q uoted b y Paul Rade sto c k, H

. . abi t i n E ducati on , p 6
. .
2 24 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

di stan c e s so u n d s sigh ts an d re m e mb e ri n g and de

, , ,

scribi n g th e m accu r ate ly H e r e p r ac ti c e m ak e s pe r

.

fe c t . T h at i s—F o rm a h abi t in u n c o n sci o usn e ss an d ,

th e th i n g i s d o n e .

T h e e asi e st an d b e st tim e to f o rm h abi ts i s i n th e gr o w

Wh t en o
in g struc tur e in e arl y c h ild h o o d n o tably b e ,

f m h b it a s
T h e e arli e r th e
or
f o r e fifte e n y e ar s o f ag e
‘

p e ri o d th at h abi ts ar e fo rm e d th e m o re l asti n g are th e y ,

an d r e app e ar at a l ate p e ri o d o f lif e wh e n o th e r h abi ts ,

acqu ir e d si n c e h av e p asse d aw ay P l asti c i ty o f br ai n i s .

e sse n ti al th at i s ti ssu e s w e ak e n o ug h to yi e ld to in
, ,

fl u e n c e s an d ye t str o n g e n o u gh to r e t ai n th e m
, Afte r .

th e b r ai n i s fully d e v e l o p e d th at i s af te r th ir ty o r per, , ,

h ap s l ate r to acquir e n e w h ab i ts an d to giv e up o ld

,

b e c o m e alik e m o r e di fficul t I n old ag e w e fin d as .

,

w e h av e said th at th o se h abi ts th at ar e acqui r e d l ast

,

ar e l o st fir st A s a rul e p e r so n al h abi ts are acquir e d

.
,

be fo r e tw e n ty pr o fe ssi o n al h abi ts b e tw e e n tw e n ty an d
,

th ir ty .

I n fo rmi n g th e h abi t th e ac ti o n mu st n e v e r b e ,

ch an g e d fo r a day I f it b e th e l e arn i n g o f so m e ste p s

.

i n d an ci n g th e y sh ould n e v e r b e c h an g e d till fix e d in
th e br ai n Ag ai n it i s o f gr e at imp o r tan c e — an d th i s
.
,

h as a v e r y wid e app lic ati o n to th e tr ai n i n g o f c h ild r e n

:

th at th e h abi t b e taugh t an d e x e c u te d accur ate ly If .

th e ste ps b e taugh t in a l v e n ly w ay th e y will alw ay s

b e e x e cu te d in a sl o v e n l y m ann e r I f a c h ild l e arn so m e .

tim e s th at tw o an d tw o m ak e fi v e an d at o th e r tim e s ,

th at th e y m ak e f o ur th e r e will alw ays b e c o n fu si o n in

,

th e mi n d o r br ai n p ath s .
 U N C O N SC I OU S MIN D AN D I T S ED U CAT ION 225

H abi ts o f th o ugh t are as tr uly an d r e adil y an d o fte n

u n c o n sci o u sly e stabli sh e d as h abi ts o f b o d y H ab i t f , s o
11 12
an d i n d e e d th e tw o ar e so m e tim e s in sc ru t
2 1 011 1
, ,

abl y mix e d ; as in c h ar ac te r as di spl aye d in h an d

wri ti n g as w e ll as i n th e l in e s th at h abi t h as tr ac e d
,

up o n th e f ac e r e n d e r in g p h y si o gn o my a tru e sc ie n c e
,
.

W e h av e al so id e al h ab its an d h e r e as e l se wh e r e
, , ,

h abi t m e an s e ase .

A tte n ti on m ay b e d e lib e r ate l y m an ufactur e d as a

h abi t b y th e i n atte n tiv e F o r th i s i s th e c h arm an d v al u e
.

ab o u t h abi t : th at if w e b e g in so o n e n o ug h an d par ,

ti c u larly in c h il dh o o d an d pr e e mi n e n tly b e f o r e th e ag e
,
-

o f te n w e c an ab so lu te l y e n gr af t i n to th e c h ild s c h ar
’

ac te r m an y o f th o se v al u abl e m e n tal qu al i ti e s w h i c h i t

m ay l ack . T he h abi t o f i n qui r y i s e asil y acquir e d i n

o u n g lif e an d i s i n v alu abl e i n af te r y e ar s ; an d sim pl y
y ,

m e an s go i n g th r o ugh li f e wi th o n e s e y e s O p e n i n ste ad
’

o f sh u t .

T h e h abi t o f perfec t exec u ti on i s i n v alu abl e b u t mu st ,

b e taugh t e arly P e rh ap s n o o th e r m e n tal h abi t l e ad s

.

to gr e ate r succ e ss in e v e r y c alli n g in li f e S l o yd is th e

.

p h ysi c al m e an s by w h i c h th i s h abi t i s b e st t au g h t in
c h ild h o o d ; fo r th e e sse n c e o f sl o yd i s n o t w h at i s m ade ,

but th at it sh o uld b e p e rf e c tl y fi n i sh e d i n all i ts p ar ts .

I nd ustr y i s an o th e r i n v alu abl e h abi t .

B ut w e mu st p ass o n to m o r al h abi ts N o w if w e .
,

wi sh to p r o du c e so m e v alu abl e m o r al qu ali ty

M al hab it or s
.

in a c h ild th e e asi e st w ay to do i t i s to
,

e stabli sh th e qu ali ty as a h abi t th e m o st di fficul t an d

un c e r tai n is to d e p e n d o n di r e c t p r e c e p t T o b e alw ay s
.

15
226 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I ND

t e lli n g a ch ild to b e tr u th ful i s

p o o r w ay o f m aki n g a

h im so ; b u t to accu sto m h im to u se h is w o rd s in
talki n g e x ac tl y as a p ai n te r u se s h i s c o l o ur s in pai n ti n g ,

so th at h is w o rd pi c tu r e sh all b e a fai th ful c o p

-
y of
wh at h e i s d e scribi n g pain te d in w o rd s i n ste ad o f ,

w ate r c o l o ur s— th i s pe r se v e r e d in will giv e h im th e

-

h abi t o f tru th ful spe aki n g as a fi n e ar t ap ar t fr o m its ,

m o r al v alu e w h i c h o f c o ur se will o n ly str e n g th e n th e

, , ,

h abi t . I n a simil ar w ay m o st m o r al qu ali tie s c an b e ,

f o rm e d as m e n tal h abi ts— d e lib e r ate ly sur e l y an d e asily ,

as c o mp ar e d w ith an y o th e r m e th o d ; an d if su ffi c i e n tl y ,

w e ll e stablish e d it is h ard e r to d e par t fro m th e m th an

,

to pr ac ti se th e m T r ai n up a c h ild i n th e w ay th at
h e sh o uld g o an d w h e n h e i s o ld h e w ill n o t d e p ar t
,

fr o m i t .

Cour ag e i s r e ally th e o u tc o m e in n i n e c ase s o ut o f ,

te n , o f th e h abi t o f f ac i n g d an g e r Ch ildr e n c an .

b e tr ai n e d by h abi t n o t to f e e l pai n I n E gypt yo u .

se e c h i l dr e n suc ki n g sug ar c an e wi th th e ir f ac e s -

alm o st bl ac k wi th fli e s th at bi te p ai n full y I f th e se .

appr o ac h th e fac e o f a E ur o p e an c h ild it sc r e am s wi th

f e ar .

H abi ts c an b e fo rm e d u n c o n sci o usl y in c h ild h o o d o f

tr u th u n se lfi sh n e ss r e v e r e n c e m o d e sty c l e an li n e ss
‘

, , , , ,

pun c tu ali ty atte n ti o n n e atn e ss e n dur an c e c o ur age

, , , , ,

se lf c o n tr o l
-
h umil ity o b e di e n c e p o l i te n e ss dilig e n c e
, , , , ,

puri ty ki n d n e ss c o ur te sy c h e e rf u l n e ss ; or by bad
, , ,

tr ai n i n g of eac h an d all of thei r opposi tes

, I f th i s f ac t .

b e w e i gh e d c ar e full y it will b e se e n w h at an un limi te d

i n fl ue n c e fo r g o o d o r e vil th i s e d uc ati o n h as We .
228 TH E U N CO N SC IO U S M I N D

a livi n g pro c e ss ,
but an i n spi ri n g lif e to b e liv e d by th e
p ar e n t w h o is to b e
,
th e id e al th e e x ampl e th e m o d e l
, , ,

th e i n spi r e r .

P l ato sh o w s th e b e st tr ai n i n g for b o ys d o e s n o t c o n

E duc atio n b y si st o f pr e c e p ts an d rul e s b ut i n l e tti n g th e m ,

12
2 2 2 12 2
c o n ti n u all y se e so m e o n e do th at wh ic h h e

adm o n i sh e s o th e r s to do .

H e r e i s wh e r e th e e du c ati o n o f th e un c o n sci o u s may

b r e ak d o wn I t i s f u til e to surr o un d th e ch ild in th e
.

n ur se r y wi th a tru th f ul atm o sp h e r e to giv e h im the ,

h abi t o f ac c ur ate state m e n t if h e h e ar s th e f ath e r an d ,

m o th e r l yi n g an d d e c e ivi n g T h e p ar e n ts mu st e xh ibi t
.

in th e m se lv e s i n livi ng ac ti o n th o se pri n cipl e s th e y

ar e se e ki n g to imp r i n t un c o n sci o u sly i n th e c h ild s
’

mi n d .

T h e m o th e r s te n d e r c ar e th e f ath e r s ki n d se ri o u s
’ ’

n e ss th e r e l ati o n sh ip o f th e family
, th e o r d e r o f th e ,

h o u se mu st e xi st i n all pur i ty an d w o r th in e ss b e f o r e th e
c h ild s i n g e n u o u s e e s b e c au se h e j udge s o n l
y wh at he
’

y ,

o b se rv e s b e c au se wh at h e se e s i s to h im th e o n ly th i n g
,

p o ssibl e th e patte rn for h i s imi tati o n

,
1
.
”

W ai tz sh o w s th e o r d e r o r d iso rd e r p re v aili n g in th e
h o u se i s u n c o n sc i o u sly tr an sf e rr e d by th e ch ild to th e
m e n tal an d m o r al state o f th e w o rld .

A s m e n tal i n struc ti o n i s m o st e ffe c tiv e l y imp ar te d

“

by vi sibl e illu str ati o n s so i s m o r al te ac h i n g b e st giv e n

,

by m e an s o f livi n g e x ampl e s A n d wh e r e i s th e child .

to fi n d th e se livi n g e x ampl e s if n o t i n h i s h o m e T he
c h ild s m o d e l s mu st b e th o se w h o are al w ay s ab o u t
’

1 F erbart ,
. H Scien ce Qf E ducatio n , 2nd e diti on, p 71
. .
 U N C O N SC I O U S MIND A N D I T S E D U CAT I O N 2 29

h im, th o se up o n w h o m h e d e p e n d s th o se w h o m h e ,

1 ”
l o v e s th o se w h o m h e k n o w s b e st
, .

T h e m e mb e r s o f a f amily l o o k
“
H e rb ar t says ag ain
c o n fid e n tly to th e h e ad an d th i s se n se o f
,
R p i es o ns

d e p e n d e n c e f av o urs th e r e ligi o u s fe e l in g I f b il ty f i o

pa r e n t
.

s '

th e lif e o f th e famil y is p e rm e ate d b y a n o bl e

pi e ty a si n c e r e r e ligi o u s fai th will tak e r o o t in th e h e ar t
,

o f th e c h i ldr e n T o th e c h ild th e f amily sh o uld b e

.

th e symb o l o f th e o rd e r in th e w o rld fr o m th e par e n ts

o n e sh o uld d e riv e b y i d e ali sati o n th e c h ar ac te ri sti c s o f

the D e i ty G o d i s ap pe r c e iv e d i n th e w ay th e p ar e n t
.

i s appr e ci ate d ; th e c h ild s i de as o f th e H e av e n ly

’

F ath e r are m o uld e d u n c o n sci o u sl y by th e e ar th ly

o ne .

Ag ai n : Wh e r e c an th e ch ar ac te r f ab ric o f th e man
b e b uil t up so r e adily o r so p e rm an e n tly as in th e h o m e
o f h is c h ild h o o d fr o m th e livi n g e x ampl e an d e xpe ri
,

en c e ,fr o m th e di sc ipli n e an d spiri tu al atm o sp h e r e

w h i c h th e p ar e n tal h e ar th sup pli e s ? O n th e p ar e n ts ,

th e r e f o r e r e sp o n sibili ty for th e m o r al ( u n c o n sc i o u s)
,

ch ar ac te r o f th e i r c h ildr e n mu st in th e n atu re o f ,

th in g s c o n ti n u e to fall
, I n o r d e r to e x h ibi t th e n atur al
.

r e lati o n s b e tw e e n p ar e n t an d c h ild an d to sh o w h o w ,

ac tiv e w il li n g o b e di e n c e i s th e stric tl y n atur al r e sp o n se

o f th e c h ild to th e l o y al fulfilm e n t b y th e p ar e n t o f

h i s n atur al an d o r gan ic du ti e s th e subj o i n e d tabl e i s

,

giv e n
T able show ing the c or r elation o f aren t and par en ts , “
p
c hi ldr en
Child
.

A Ransom, P ar en ts Revi ew
’
1
.
,
F eb 1 897.
230 TH E UN CON SC I O U S MIN D
'

Parent s Pre v en i e n c e Ch ild s O b e die n ce

’
. .

L ove—
B e n e vo l e n c e L ove — Affe c ti o n
. .

Sym path y . Symp ath y .

Watc h ful pati e n c e Re ve ren ce . .

— —
H ep C
l o n si ste n c y H e.
p E xp e c tati o n
l .

S e rvi c e . Se rvi c e .

E n c o ur age m e n t P e r se v e r an c e
. .

E xpe e c e i n — Guid a n c e E x er i en c e — L o yal ty

r .
p .

Tru stwo r th i n e ss S e c u ri ty . .

Wi sd o m . Admirati o n .

T h e se n se o f du ty m ay ari se th r o ugh th e c o mmu n i

c ati o n o i o n e m o r al spiri t wi th an o th e r m o r al spiri t .

T h i s spiri tu al tr an sfe r e n c e tak e s pl ac e m o st r e adily

fro m th o se w e l o v e tru st an d admi re I t tak e s pl ac e
, , .

fre e ly (u n c o n sc i o u sly) by a pr o c e ss an al o go u s to o rg an i c
f e r tili sati o n T h e p ar e n t s O ffic e i s to d e v e l o p wi th i n
.
’

th e c h ild a m o r al wi ll fr e e wi se an d str o n g ;
, ,T hi s c an ,

o n ly b e e ffe c te d th r o ugh ac tiv e c o n tac t wi th e n vi r o n

m e n t m ate ri al an d spiri tu al th ro ugh th e wi se u se o f

, ,

symp ath e tic i n flu e n c e an d e x ampl e an d th e c ar e ful ,

”
pr e se n tati o n o f id e as an d id e al s 2
.

We h av e se e n th at e v e ry c h ild is b o rn wi th tw o dis
tin g uish in g c h ar ac te ri stic s l o v e an d se n se o f ju stic e , .

N o w th e m o th e r o ugh t sp e ci all y to r e pr e se n t th e id e al
an d e x ampl e o f th e o n e th e f ath e r o f th e o th e r
, .

Wi th r e gar d to th e m o th e r s i n flu e n c e P r e ye r re
’

m ark s : H e r e mu st n o t b e f o rg o tte n th e
P a r e nt as
s
i n spir e“ sugg e stiv e e ffe c ts o f th e c o n duc t o f th e
m o th e r .E v e ry l o o k e v e ry wo rd e v e ry m o v e m e n t
, ,

P arents Review , F eb
’
1 H . B e veridg e, O b e die nc e , .
, 1 897 .
2 I bid .
232 TH E UN CON SC I O U S M I N D

M o th e rs to o o fte n wi th th e b e st i n te n ti on s in th e
,

w o rl d cultiv ate th e ir o w n virtue s at th e e xpe n se o f th e i r

,

’
c h ildr e n s Ch ildr e n are b o r n imi tato r s an d th e
.
,

m o th e r i s th e ir id e al I f th e m o th e r cul tiv ate s an d dis

.

pl ays h e r o w n u n se lfi sh n e ss in m aki n g th e c h ildr e n th e

c e n tre o f e v e r yth i n g i t d o e s n o t mak e th e m un se lfi sh
, ,

b u t se lfi sh ; fo r th e y imi tate h e r an d n atur all y th i n k ,

th e y are th e p e o pl e to b e c o n sid e r e d if m o th e r th i n k s ,

so . T o pr o duc e u n se lfi sh n e ss in c h ild re n r e quir es an

un se lfi shn e ss o f a d e e p e r typ e in th e p ar e n t th at will ,

m ak e th e c h ildr e n e v e r w ai t o n h e r and th i n k o f h e r fir st .

A n d n o w l e avi n g r ath e r th e dir e c t subj e c t o f th i s

ch ap te r an d o ur th r e e f o ld te x t w e w o uld lik e
H in t s
,
on
c o n sci
ous b e f o r e fi n all y sayi ng go o d b ye to o ur c h ild -

edu at
c i on .

h o o d to gi v e o n e o r tw o h i n ts r e sp e c ti n g
,
.

e duc ati o n m o r e o r l e ss c o n sc i o u s an d th e w ay i n wh ic h
,

th e u n c o n sciou s mi n d m ay b e f o rm e d th rough the c o n .

sci o u s .

H e rb e r t Sp e n c e r r e m ark s : We are o n th e h igh way

to w ard s th e d o c tri n e l o n g ag o en u n c i ate d by P e stal o z zi
th at e du c ati o n mu st c o n f o rm to th e n atur al pr o c e ss o f
m e n tal e v o lu ti o n I n e du c ati o n w e are fi n di n g th at
.

suc c e ss i s to b e ac h i e v e d o n l y b y m aki n g o ur m e asur e s

sub ser vi e n t to th at sp o n tan e o u s u n f o ldi n g wh ic h all

mi n d s g o th r o ugh in th e ir p r o gr e ss to m aturi ty 1
.
”

F r Ob e l s syste m w as a h appy c o mbi n ati o n o f th e

’

e du c ati o n o f th e c o n sci o u s an d th e un c o n sci o u s mi n d s ,

an d h e al so fo ll o w e d cl e ar l y th e n atur al c o ur se o f
m e n tal e v o lu ti o n T h e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d c an cl e ar ly
.

H erb ert Spen c er, E ducati o n , pp 58, 59

. .
 UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D ITS ED U CAT I O N 233

be e duc ate d thr o ugh c o n sc i o u sn e ss Un c o n sc io u s ap .

p e r c e p tio n c an b e impl an te d an d l e arn t by c o n sc i o u s

tr ain in g T h e di ffe r e n c e in r e sul t b e tw e e n th e tr ain in g
.

o f th e c o n sci o us an d u n c o n sc i o u s i n af te r li f e i s w o r th

n o ti n g A man w h o se c o n sc io u sn e ss i s b e tte r tr ain e d

.

th an h i s u n c o n sc io u s mi n d will o n ly b e tr ay b ad m an
n e r s wh e n o ff g u ard ; h i s c o n sci o u s ac ti o n s will b e

supe ri o r to h is i n sti n c ts as w e sa h e will app e ar b e tte r

y ,

th an h e i s ; w hi l e o n th e o th e r h an d a man w h o se
, ,

u n c o n sc i o u s m in d h as b e e n th o r o ugh l y tr ain e d an d
e du c ate d w ill h av e b e tte r i n stin c ts th an c o n sci o u s
,

ac ti o n s an d h e will b e at h is b e st w h e n m o st un c o n
,

sci o u s We all k n o w th e se tw o typ e s an d c an c l e arly

.
,

se e th e di ffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e re sul ts o f tr ai n i n g th e

C o n sci o u s an d Un c o n sci o u s .

S ch o o l s as a rul e tr ai n th e f o rm e r h o m e th e l atte r ,
.

T h e pri n ci pl e o f th e i n f an t sc h o o l — m o st kn o wl e dg e in
sh o r te st tim e at ch e ap e st r ate — sh o uld n e v e r b e imi
,

tate d in th e n ur se ry .

T h e g uidi n g pr in c ipl e in all tr ai n in g i s n o t to d e v e l o p

o r e x c i te f acul tie s b ut to fe e d th e m d e l ayi n g th e ir di s
, ,

pl ay alw ays th u s tr ai n in g fo r r e m o te an d n o t fo r
, ,

i mm e di ate r e sul ts ; an d ab o v e all n o t to o v e r tr ai n ,

-
,

fo r th i s i s o n e o f th e gr e at pr ac tic al r e sul ts o f r e c o g n i s
in g th e p o w e r s o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d th at w e se e at ,

o n c e i f w e h av e a c e r tai n sum to tal o f m e n tal f o r c e at

,

o ur di sp o sal an d if o ur u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d r e qui r e s a
,

l ar g e amo un t fo r g o v e r n i n g an d d ir e c ti n g th e gr o w th o f
th e b o d y u n l e ss th i s i s suppl ie d b o d y gr o w th c an n o t
, ,

pr o c e e d w h ate v e r am o un t o f f o o d m ay b e tak e n .
234 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M IN D

T h i s giv e s th e r e ason w h y wh e n all th e m e n tal f o rc e,

i s u se d in dir e c t e du c ati o n an d o v e r pr e ssu r e e n su e s -

,

p hysi c al gro w th i s stun te d o r arr e ste d .

F o r tu n ate l y n o w th e r e i s i n c r e asi n g c o n fo rmi ty in

,

th e ar tifi c ial e du c ati o n o f th e c o n sc i o u s to th e e arli e r ,

n atur al e du c ati o n o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s .

I t mu st n o t b e im agi n e d h o w e v e r th at th i s l atte r
e du c ati o n c e ase s w h e n sc h o o l l e sso n s b e gin O n th e .

c o n tr ary th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d i s b e i n g e du c ate d all

,

th r o ugh K n o wl e dge h as b e e n divid e d i n to pr ac ti c al

.

( w h i c h i s u n c o n sc i o u s) an d r ati o n al (wh ic h i s c o n

sci o u s) and th e se tw o g o o n to g e th e r
, .

A n d n o w a h i n t as to d e tail s .

T h e tru e o rd e r o f c o n sc i o u s e duc ati o n i s fro m

“
.

th e k n o w n to th e u n k n o wn fr o m th e simpl e ,
D ta l a to
e i s s
or d a d
er n to th e c o mpl e x fro m th e c o n cr e te to th e
q u alm s
,
'

ab str ac t an d if th i s o r d e r w e r e c ar e full y
1 ”
,

o b se r v e d i n all studi e s f r o m l e ar n i n g to r e ad to th e ,

stud y o f Ch ri sti an i ty an d th e Bibl e f e w e r blu n d e r s ,

w o uld b e m ad e an d far m o r e sati sfac to ry r e sul ts w o uld

b e o b tai n e d .

D i sc rimi n ati o n an d e x ac t o b se rv ati o n by c o n tr ast an d

c o mp ari so n th r o ugh th e se n se s sh o ul d b e c ar e fully
taugh t an d all se n sati o n s sh o uld b e c ul tiv ate d to th e
,

l ast e x te n t by di sc rim i n ati o n T h e di fficul ty h e r e as .

,

“
P r e y e r h as r e m ark e d i s th at th e r e i s a , , gr e at
w an t o f d isc rimi n atin g te rm s in taste s sm e ll s to uch , , ,

wh il e c o l o u r s an d so un d s are w e ll suppli e d 2
wi th de ”

1 P ro f
. Hman I n trod ucti on to E ducati on p 221
ol , , . .

2
W . Preyer M en tal E du cati on of Chi ldhood , p 12
,
. .
236 TH E U N C ON S C I O U S M I N D

po ss ibl e u n le ss it b e in v o l un tary (u n c o n sci o u s) th e

, ,

p o w e r o f th e will b e i n g as ye t so s l i gh t Ch ildr e n .

pu n i sh e d fo r n o t atte n di n g ar e o f te n pu n ish e d fo r wh at
’

th e y c an t h e lp b y e ffo r t w h e r e as a su gge sti o n dir e c ti n g

,

th e ir th o u gh ts au to m ati c all y w o uld at o n c e su c c e e d In .

sh o r t it i s e asi e r to se c u r e u n c o n sci o u s th an c o n sci o u s

,

atte n ti o n .

T h e mi n d sh o uld b e w e ll g r o u n d e d in n atur e b e f o r e
i t studi e s art N atur al th e o l o g y i s th e impr e ssio n o f
.

th e D iv in e mi n d in n atur e an d sh o uld pr e c e d e d o c tri n al

,

th e o l o gy o n th e pri n c ipl e w e h av e alr e ad y giv e n — th e

c o n c r e te b e f o r e th e ab str ac t .

S ci e n c e m o r e o v e r an d n atu r al th e o l o gy g o h an d in
, ,

h an d . Tru e sc ie n c e an d tru e r e ligi o n ar e twi n si ste r s ,

an d th e se par ati o n o f e i th e r fr o m th e o th e r i s sur e to b e

th e d e ath o f b o th S c i e n c e pr o spe r s e x ac tl y in pr o p o r
.

ti o n as it i s r e l igi o u s T h e gr e at d e e d s o f ph ilo so
.

h e r s h av e b e e n l e ss th e fr u it o f th e ir i n te ll e c t th a n o f
p
th e dir e c ti o n o f th at i n te ll e c t by an e mi n e n tly r e li g i o u s
1 ”
to n e o f mi n d .

A s a rul e e m o ti o n s sh o uld b e cul tiv ate d fir st an d th e

,

”
i n te ll e c t afte rw ard s D o an d n o t d o n t sh o uld b e
’

.
, ,

th e w atc h w o rd an d p u n i sh m e n ts sh o uld n o t b e arbi

,

tr ar y b ut in th e r e l ati o n s o f c au se an d e ffe c t
, Wh at .

a m an so w s th at sh all h e al so r e ap A n d as a l ast w o rd
”
.

o n th e w h o l e subj e c t o f c h i ld tr ai n in g w e c an n o t do b e tte r

th an d i r e c t atte n tio n to th e pr o f o u n d fo r c e o f th e th r e e
“
f o ld m axi m o f H o l y Writ O ffe n d n o t d e spi se n o t
, , ,

h i n d e r n o t o n e o f th e se li ttl e o n e s
1 Pr o f . H uxle y, q uo te d b y H erb er t Spe n c er E d ucatio n , p 45
, . .
 C HAP T E R XI .

T H E UN CO N S CI O U S M I N D AN D SE N S AT I O N .

I N ch ap te r w e p ro p o se to i n v e stig ate th e qu e sti o n

th i s
o f se n sati o n in r e f e r e n c e to th e u n c o n sci o u s
I th s e re
“
mi n d an d to se e wh at cl aim th e te rm un u
,
i u n c o n sc o s
at ? se n s i on

c o n sci o u s se n sati o n h as to se ri o u s r e c o g ni
ti o n .

We wi ll b e gi n by c o n sid e ri n g se n sati o n g e n e r all y an d

th e p h ysi c al b asi s o n w h i c h i t r e sts W e will th e n .

c o n si d e r th e qu e sti o n o f u n c o n sci o u s se n sati o n an d ,

fi n ally r e vi e w th e v ari o u s r e l ati o n s o f se n sati o n to

m e n tal ac tio n b o th as c au se an d e ffe c t F ir st o f all
, .
,

w e will qu o te fr o m th o se w h o asse r t th at f e e li n g mu st

b e c o n sci o u s .

S e n sati o n i s th e m o st e l e m e n tar y fo r m o f c o n sci o us

e xp e r i e n c e F e e li n g ( se n sati o n ) i s o n l y an o th e r te rm
.

fo r c o n sci o u sn e ss o r th e state o f b e i n g c o n sc i o u s 1
”
, .

“
A fe e li n g an d a state o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss ar e in th e ,

l an gu age o f p h il o sop h y e q uiv al e n t e xpr e ssi o n s e ve ry

,

t i g i s a f e e li n g o f w h i c h th e m in d i s c o n sc i o u s
”
h n
2
.

“
C o n sc io u sn e ss i s n o t g e n e r ally u se d fo r state s o f

P flii g er , T c leolog i cal fil echa nimn of L f e, q uo te d b y Layco c

1
k ,
M ind an d
B r ai n , v o l i p 1 36
. .
, . .

2 J oh
n Stuar t Mill, E leme n ts of L og i c v ol i , p 54 , . . . .

( 2 3 7)
23 8 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D

fe e li n g b ut r ath e r fo r k n o wl e d g e o f th e m P syc holo

,
.

gi sts w h o th i n k th at b e i n g c o n sc io u s o f a fe e li n g is
,

so m e th i n g di ffe r e n t fr o m m e r e l y h avi n g a f e e li n g ,

g e n e r all y r e fe r to se lf c o n sc i o u sn e ss 1 -
.
”

H avi n g a f e e li n g an d h avi n g a se n sati o n are n o t tw o

th i n g s th e n am e s o n l y are tw o Wh e n i n ste ad o f th e .
,

wo r d fe e li n g I u se th e w o rd c o n sc i o u sn e ss I use a
‘
,
’

,
’

t au to l o gi c al e xpr e ssio n T o say I am c o n sc i o u s o f a

-
.

fe e li n g i s m e r e ly to say I f e e l it T o h av e a f e e li n g is to .

b e c o n sci o u s an d to b e c o n sc i o u s i s to h av e a fe e li n g 2 ”
, .

“
M o v e m e n t pr e supp o se s se n sati o n C o n sci o u sn e ss .

i s a b ye p h e n o m e n o n w h ic h acc o mp an i e s th e r e c e p ti o n
o f se n so ry impr e ssi o n s I t c an n o t b e im agi n e d as pre
.

c e di n g se n sati o n it ac c o m pan i e s it 3
.
”

I t will b e o b se r ve d th at all th e se wri te r s o n l y r e g ard

se n sati o n as c o n sci o u s o r e v e n as c o n sc i o u sn e ss, .

“
Wh e n an impr e ssi o n o r se n sati o n h as affe c te d th e
se n so r y g an gli a th e r e sul ti n g di stu rb an c e
Ph ys i c a l
,

m ay b e d isc h arg e d l n tw o w ay s I t may

.

sid e o f n co .

selo u sn ess
tr av e l upw ar d s to th e c e r e br al c e n tr es wh e r e
'

i t i s p e rc e iv e d an d i s wi th o u t d o ub t a c o n sci o u s state ;
o r it m ay p ass al o n g th e se n so ri m o to r ar e i n to so m e -

m o v e m e n t wh e n i t is n o t so c e r tai n that it i s a c o n
,

4 ”
sci o u s po w e r .

T o r e duc e th i s to th e p h r ase o l o gy al r e ad y u se d in
c o n sid e ri n g h abi t th e se n satio n o r affe r e n t curr e n t
,

arr ivi n g at th e se n so r y g an gli a in th e mid br ai n m ay

1
J oh n Stuart M ill, E lemen ts of L og i c , v o l i , p 54 . . . .

2 Jas M ill D u ali sm of H u man Al i u d , p 225

. , . .

3 D r A H ill paper o n F rom A c tion to Voli ti on , Vic toria I nstitute

. .
, .

Maudsley, P hysi olog y of M i n d , p 1 98 . .

£240 TH E U N C O N SC I OU S MIN D

I n th e pap e r wh ic h I h ad th e h o n o u r o f r e adi n g
b e fo re th e I n stitute ( v o l xxvi , P r oc eeding s o f Vi c to ri a
. .

In sti tu te ) I ugge ste d a p o ssibl e an ato mic al e xpl an a

s

ti o n o f th e f o rm ati o n o f h abi t I t i s at pr e se n t b ut a
.

h yp o th e si s an d w e k n o w so li ttl e o f th e ul tim ate stru e

,

tur e o f th e gr o un d sub stan c e ( n e ur o gli a) o f th e

‘ ’

n e rv o u s syste m th at th e h yp o th e si s i f n o t di spr o v e d i s

lik e ly to r e m ai n fo r l o n g u n pr o v e d ; b ut th e h igh e st
m agn ifi c atio n s se e m to b e ar o ut th e o pi n i o n th at th e
gr o u n d sub stan c e i s a n e tw o rk th e str an d s o f whi ch ,

are o f alm o st i nfi n i te te n ui ty I t i s p o ssibl e th at th e

.

p assag e o f im pul se s i n cr e ase s th e w id th o r c o n d u c tivi ty

o f th e se str an d s b e ats d o w n p ath s in f ac t wh ic h sub
, , ,

1 ”
se qu e n t impul se s fi n d it e asi e r to tr av e l .

T h i s l ast th o ugh t e x ac tly ac c o rd s wi th th at o f Sir

M ich ae l F o ste r qu o te d in c h ap te r vi p 1 31 an d wi th
,
.
,
.
,

wh at w e h av e adv an c e d in c h ap te r viii .

T h e qu e sti o n as to th e p h ysic al p ath s o f se n sati o n

an d o th e r m e n tal impul se s i s so i n te r e sti n g th at b e fo r e ,

l e avi n g it w e will giv e th e c o n clu si o n C M e r c i e r arriv e s

,
.

at as to th e n e rv e curr e nt s an d th e n e ur o gli a .

I n a th o r o ugh ly o rg an i se d n e rv e r e gi o n th e c e ll s are
d e fi n i te ly an d c o mpl e te l y c o n sti tute d an d th e i r c o m ,

mun ic ation s are m ad e by fib r e s th at ar e al so d e fini te

an d c o mpl e te ly c o n sti tute d wi th axi s c yli n d e r m e dull ary ,

sh e ath and n eu r il e mm a c o mpl e te

,
B ut in a r e gi o n .

wh ich h as n o t c o mpl e te d its o r g an i sati o n w e fi n d th at ,

th e c e ll s ar e l e ss d e fi n i te ly c on struc te d th at th e fibr e s ,

1 Dr A
. . H ill paper
, o n I n qui ry i nto F or mati o n of H abi t, p 24
. . Vic tori a
I nstitute .
 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D SE N SAT I O N 2 41

are far l e ss d e m ar c ate d fr o m th e m atte r in w h ich th e y

ar e e mb e dd e d S o li ttl e i n d e e d are th e y di ffe r e n ti ate d
.

fr o m th i s sub stan c e ( n e uro gli a) th at it i s o f te n a w o rk

o f di fficul ty o f d e lic ac y an d o f mu c h l ab o ur to e stab
, , ,

li sh th e di ffe r e n c e b e twe e n th e m ; an d th e di ffe r e n c e

b e c o m e s gr e ate r th e fur th e r th e fib re s are pur su e d .

“
I n sh o r t i t app e ar s th at th e fibr e s an d th e gr o un d
,

sub stan c e i n w h ic h th e y are e mb e dd e d ar e so c l o se l y

alik e i n c o n sti tu ti o n th at th e r e i s n o di ffi c ul ty i n acc e p t

in g th e c o n c lu si o n th at i s pr e sse d up o n u s b y o th e r
c o n sid e r ati o n s th at th e fo rm e r ar e fo rm e d o ut o f th e
,

l atte r by a sligh t r e arr an g e m e n t o f th e c o mp o n e n t

-

m o l e cul e s Gr an ti n g th at su c h a f o rm ati o n i s p o ssibl e

.
,

w e h av e to se e k th e ag e n c y b y w h ic h i t i s br o u gh t

ab o u t an d th e c o n c lu si o n se e m s to th e wr i te r i rr e
,

sistib le th at th i s ag e n c y i s th e p assag e o f c ur r e n ts o f

n e rv e e n e rg y in d iffe r e n t dir e c ti o n s th r o ugh th e gr o u n d

sub stan c e ( n e ur o gl ia) W h e r e v e r su c h a p assag e o f

.

e n e rgy tak e s pl ac e i t will l e av e b e h i n d i t a tr ac k o r

,

p ath w ay sh o wi n g w h e r e it h as p asse d ; an d m o r e im ,

p o r tan t still it will l e av e th i s path w ay sm o o th e r m o re

, ,

p e rm e abl e an d m o r e e asil y tr av e r se d b y sub se qu e n t cur

,

re n ts E v e ry sub se qu e n t c urr e n t th at p asse s th at w ay

.

will do its p ar t to w ar d s sc o uri n g o u t th e c h an n e l un til

at l ast a p assag e will b e f o u n d o p e n fr e e an d r e adi l y , , ,

p e rm e abl e to c ur r e n ts th at are ab o u t th e m e an v o l u m e 1
.
”

N o w as to th e p o ssibili ty o f se n sati o n s b e in g un c o n
S CI O U S .
Un c o sc io us
n
“
A m u l ti tud e of imp r e ssi o n s are c o n stan tly sen sa mns '

1
C M erc ier, T uke
’
. s D i c tio n ar y of P sycholog y, 1892, p 255
. .

l3
2 42 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S MI N D

b e i n g m ad e up o n us to w h ic h th e e g o app e ar s to pay
n o he e d We do n o t atte n d to impre ssi o n s b e l o w a
.

c e r tai n assig n abl e i n te n sity n or to th o se w h ic h h av e

,

b e c o m e h abi tu al o r wh ic h do n o t v ary i n i n te n si ty
, .

N o n e o f th e se ar e abl e to cr o ss th e th r e sh o ld o f c o n
sc i o usn e ss M o r e o v e r a v ast n umb e r o f th e str o n g an d
.
,

v aryin g impr e ssi o n s th at are m ad e up o n u s are pe rpe tu

all y j o stli n g up o n b ut u n abl e t o cr o ss th i s th r e sh o ld ;
, ,

fo r lik e th e e ye o ur e g o c an o n l y d isc e r n c l e arl y th at

, ,

up o n wh ic h its atte n ti o n i s dir e c te d A s P r o f e sso r W . .

J am e s i n h is P syc ho log y r e m ark s O n e o f th e m o st ,

‘

e x tr ao rdi n ary f ac ts o f o ur li fe i s th at al th o ugh w e ar e ,

b e si e g e d at e v e ry m o m e n t b y impr e ssi o n s fr o m o u r
w h o l e se n so ry surf ac e w e n o tic e so v e ry sm all a p ar t
,

o f th e m . Ye t th e p h ysi c al imp r e ssi o n s w h ic h d o

n o t c o u n t are there as muc h as th o se w hi c h do
’
.

F o r all th e se impr e ssi o n s w h e th e r w e ar e c o n sci o u s

,

o f th e m o r n o t l e av e so m e m ark b e h i n d
, T h e y w e av e .

a p e r c e p tibl e o r imp e rc e ptibl e th r e ad i n to th e f abri c o f

o ur lif e ; th e y m ak e a gr e ate r or l e ss i n d e n t up o n o ur

p e r so n ali ty w e k n o w th at th i s i s th e c ase fo r im
.
,

p r e ssi o n s o f w h ich w e w e re u n c o n sc i o u s at th e tim e

o f te n e m e rg e w h e n th e atte n ti o n i s wi th d r aw n fr o m

th i n g s ar o u n d as i n state s o f ill n e ss i n dr e am o r in
, ,

re v e ri e.
1”

D r W ald ste i n al so say s : T h e r e i s h ar dly a m o m e n t

.

wh e n th e n e rv e e n di n g s in th e ski n ar e n o t c o n
stan tly assail e d b y se n sati o n s o f p r e ssu r e o f te mp e r atur e , ,

o f th e flux o r r e flux o f th e bl o o d suppl y Wh il e w e .

1 P ro f . Barre tt (D ub lin ) , H uman i tarian , 1 895 .

2 44 TH E UN CO N SC I OU S MI ND

c o n sci o u s an d sudd e n l y acquir e th e di sti n c tne ss o f a

1 ”
c o n sc i o u s state .

Wu n d t o b se rv e s th at th e re mu st b e i n di ffe r e n t ( un
Wu n d t c o n s c i o u s) se n sati o n s si n c e pl e asur e an d p ai n ,

2222t3i 113; ar e O pp o si te s w hi c h pass o v e r fr o m o n e to

1

se n sa ons
th e o th e r th r o ugh a p o i n t o f in di ffe r e n c e
°

T h i s p o i n t mu st i n an y c ase b e imp e r c e p tibl e .

S e n su o u s pl e asur e alw ay s o c c ur s al o n g wi th a
f ur th e r an c e an d p ai n wi th a di sturb an c e o f o r gan i c
, ,

2
life .
”

“
A n e x ampl e o f a pl e asur e ( se n sati o n ) t hr o ugh th e
e x e r ci se o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s will i s th e m atr o n s pl e asu r e
’

i n th e n e w b o r n c h ild o r th e tr an sc e n d e n t bli ss o f th e
-
,

3 ”
h app y l o v e r .

T h e se n so ry stimuli o f th e o bj e c ts to w h i c h w e are
th o r o ugh l y accu sto m e d affe c t u s un c o n sc i o u sl y o r ,

n e arly so ; w e se e th e m wi th o u t p e r c e ivi n g

T h o ugh th e c e r e br al c e n tr e s (c o r te x ) ar e u n d o ub te dl y
th e se at o f c l e ar c o n sc i o u sn e ss th e se n so ry c e n tr e s m ay ,

5 ”
still b e c o n sc i o u s af ter a fashi o n of th ei r o w n T he .

i tali c s ar e o ur s an d th e se n te n c e f o r c ibl y r e mi n d s us o f
,

L e w e s p o siti o n w h o se e s c o n sc i o u sn e ss e v e rywh e r e as
’

, ,

w e h av e state d i n an e arli e r c ap te r h — e v e n in th e spi n al

c o rd wh il e as a rul e M aud sl e y se e s th e un c o n sc i o u s
,
.

I t i s r e m ark abl e th e r e fo r e to fi n d suc h an id e a as th e

o n e ju st giv e n i n h i s w r i ti n g s th o ugh c o mm o n i n th o se
, ,

1 G H L e w e s, P r oblems of L ife an d M i n d pr o b p 1 51
z
.
. . , . .

2 Lo t e
,
M edi cal P sycho log y, q uo te d b y Ed v H ar tmann , P hilosop hy . .
f
o
the Un con sc i ous, vo l i , p 252 . . . .

3 E d v H ar tman n P hi loso h
.
,
.
p y of the Un consci ou s, p 2 51 . .

y P hysi olog y of M i n d , p 230

4 M aud sle . .
,

5 I bi d
, p
2 43. . .
 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D S E N SAT I ON 2 45

of h yp n o ti sts an d r W e k n o w an d c an k n o w
o th e s .

n o th in g o f suc h a c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e c au se i t i s n o t o u r
,

‘
c o n sc i o u sn e ss . T h r o u gh o u t th i s w o rk c o n sc i o u sn e ss i s
u se d in i ts o rdi n ary se n se as th e c o n sc i o u sn e ss o f th e
m an an d wh ate v e r m e n tal pr o c e ss i s n o t w ith i n i ts
,

r an g e w e c all u n c o n sci o u sn e ss T h is do e s n o t asse r t o r

.

d e n y th o u gh w e c o n fe ss w e fi n d it d ifficul t to gr asp th e
,

id e a wh e th e r i n div idu al c e n tr e s o r o rg an s o r p o ssibly

, ,

c e ll s h av e a c o n sc i o u sn e ss o f th e i r o w n O f th i s w e
, .

k n o w n o th i n g an d wi th it th i s w o rk is n o t dir e c tl y
,

c on c e rn e d .

O ur c o n sci o u sn e ss o f se n sati o n i s as h as b e e n p o i n te d
,

o ut , by n o m e an s impli c i tl y to b e tru ste d E v e ry .

se n sati o n i s l o c ate d b y c o n sc i o u sn e ss i n th e p e rip h e r y ,

w h i c h in f o rm ati o n i s i n c o rr e c t 1
.
”

S e n sati o n s c an b e trul y pr o duc e d by o th e r m e an s

th an p e rip h e r al irri tati o n Se tti n g asid e all
.

m ate ri al ag e n c ie s th e se se n sati o n s c an un 5 112

8

,
525 23
b m ally a nor .

d o ub te dly b e pr o du c e d b y th e m i n d ac ti n g ,

b o th c o n sc i o u sly an d u n c o n sci o u sl y .

J o h n Hun te r say s : I am c o n fid e n t th at I c an fix
“

my atte n ti o n to an y p ar t u n til I h av e a se n sati o n i n

th at p ar t
T h e tr an si ti o n i s e asy fr o m th e irri tatio n o f r e al se n
sati o n s to th o se ac tu all
y pr o d u c e d b y e x pe c tati o n i n
th e id e al c e n tr e s o n l y w e mu st r e m e mb e r th e mi n d
,

pr o d uc e s sensati on by i deas n o t i deas of sen sati on T h e

,
.

di ffe r e n c e i s e n o rm o u s .

“
Wh ate v e r m e n tal o r b o d il y state c an b e e xci te d
1 M audsle y, P hysi olog y of I II i n d , p 2 3 . .
2 46 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I ND

th r o ugh th e fr o m wi th o u t m ay ari se fr o m wi th i n
se n se s ,

fr o m im agi n ati o n pr o pe r 1
.
”

Br aid to o k f o u r m e n b e tw e e n f o r ty an d fi fty y e ar s o f
ag e an d to ld th e m to fi x th e ir atte n tio n o n th e ir h an d s
,

fo r fi v e m in u te s O n e a m e mb e r o f th e R o yal Ac ade my
.
, ,

f e l t i n te n se c o ld i n th e h an d ; an au th o r d ar ti n g an d ,

p ri c ki n g p ai n s a m ayo r f e l t h e at a sc i e n tifi c m a n h ad
th e arm c atal e ptic all y fi x e d to th e tabl e 2
.

T h e se n sat i o n s in th e h an d b y th o ugh t are pr o du c e d

p ro b ably by r e al v aso m o to r c h an ge s i n th e h an d se t -
,

up by th e m e n tal e x c i tati o n o f th e se n so ry c e n tr e i n

th e br ai n .

T e x pe t i o n
h f a bl o w i r h p ai n fe l t 3 ”
e c at o n c e ase st e .

P r o f e sso r B e n n e t te ll s a sto ry ( alr e ad y qu o te d ) o f a

I d ea l bu t c h e r w h o r u sh e d i n to a druggi st s sh 0
p
’

afi o n s'
se n s
in gr e at ag o n y h avi n g as h e e xpl ai n e d , , ,

slipp e d an d c augh t h i s ar m o n a sh arp b o o k by w h i c h

h e w as su sp e n d e d H e w as p al e alm o st pul se l e ss an d
.
, ,

in acu te p ai n H e scr e am e d wh e n th e arm w as m o v e d

.

an d th e sl e e v e c u t o ff an d ye t i t w as qui te u n i nj ur e d , ,

”
o n l y th e c o at b e i n g h o o k e d
1 ‘
.

T w o m e di c al stud e n ts w e r e e n g ag e d in di sse c ti o n ;
o n e pl ayfull y p asse d th e h an d le o f h i s sc alp e l acr o ss th e

fi n g e r o f hi s fri e n d w h o star te d sh ri e k e d an d th e n
, , ,

c o n f e sse d th at h e fe l t th e p ai n o f th e bl ad e cu tti n g

th r o ug h to th e b o n e .

1 k k
H ac T u e , 111 i n d an d B ody, 2n d editio n , v o l i p 30 . . . .

2 B raid
,
xx , p 9 3 . . .

6
b ac k T u ll e , l ur /i d a n d B o d y, vo l i , p 3 6 . . . .

l r o i li n me t, ll c s mc r tc M a ni a oj 1 8 5 1 , p 1 5
'

4 ‘
. . . .

5 G rat i o le t L a I h ys w g n o mt e, p 2 8 7 se e G H Lew e s, P roblems f L ife

'

,
. . . o
a n d fil l /1 d , pro b i .
p 2 77 . .
2 48 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S MIN D

b lu te ly n o th i n g
a so T h e m an w as v e ry i n te llige n t
.
,

w id e aw ak e an d h ad n e ve r b e e n m e sm e ri se d h yp n o ti se d ,

1 ”
o r te ste d b e f o r e .

A l ady o f fi fty six tak e n i n to a d ark c l o se t an d d e sir e d

-

to Fbo k at th e p o l e s o f a p o w e rful m ag n e t o f n i n e e le
m e n ts sp e e dily saw sp ark s p o uri n g f o r th fr o m th e m lik e
fire w o rk s Wi th o u t h e r k n o wl e dg e I cl o se d th e b o x
.

in wh i c h the m ag n e t w as pl ac e d b ut still th e sam e ,

app e ar an c e s w e r e se e n
2 ”
.

W e c o uld o f c o ur se mul tiply th e se i n stan c e s o f sp e ci al

an d o rdi n ary sen sati o n s pr o duc e d by th e mi n d ad i nfin i

tum b ut w e f e e l m an y m o r e w o uld p r o v e ad n auseam as

, ,

th e p h e n o m e n o n i s n o w so w e ll k n o w n an d e stabli sh e d .

We th e r e fo re p ass o n .

We will n o w giv e a fe w i n stan c e s o f fe e li n g s pro

du c e d b y m e m o r y .

Se n sa fi on

p d
ro uc ed by Giddi n e ss o n k n o wi n g w e ar e ap pr o ac h i n g
me m ory
a gr e at h e i g h t o r d an g e r o us p ath i s o f te n

f e l t th e r e sul t o f un c o n sci o u s m e m o ry o f simil ar

,

p o si ti o n s b e f o r e T h i s i s n e v e r f e l t b y an im al s
. .

D r K e ll o gg qu o te d b y H ac k T uk e te ll s u s th at
.
, ,

wh e n y o u n g h e alw ay s h ad to cr o ss a r o u gh arm o f th e
se a in a sm all ste amb o at wh e n h e w as i n v ari abl y si c k
, .

O n th e b o at w as an o ld bli n d fiddl e r T h e r e sul t w as.

th at fo r ye ar s afte r h e n e v e r c o uld h e ar th e vi o li n wi th
o u t e x pe ri e n c i n g n au se a .

M i ss F r an c e s P o w e r G o bb e sat in a r o o m to wri te
w h e r e sh e h ad sat an d stud i e d e igh t ye ar s b e f o r e Sh e .

f e l t h e r f e e t m o vi n g r e stl e ssly u n d e r th e tabl e an d th e n ,

1 Brai d , P ow er o f M i nd over B ody, p 1 7

. .
2 I bid .
 TH E U N CO N SCI O U S M I N D AN D SE N SAT ION 2 49

re m e mb e r e d e igh t ye ar s b e fo r e lw ays h ad a f o o t sh e a

sto o l . I t w as th i s th e fe e t w e r e se e k in g 1
.

So m e i n s tan c e s o f f e e li n g s sto p pe d b y m e n tal ac ti o n ,

m ai n ly u n c o n sc i o u s m ay n o w b e g iv e n ,
.

A n ae sth e si a i s c o mm o n wi th m e l an c h o lic s ,

h yp e r ae sth e si a wi th n e ur o tic s I n se n sibili ty th mi d

.
e n

an d p ai n are c o mm o n i n m e n tal di se ase .

S o ldi e r s in vic to r y r e m ai n pr ac ti c all y i n se n sibl e to

c o ld Hu n g e r an d th ir st ar e m o d i fi e d b y th e c o n di ti o n
.

o f th e mi n d . T h ir st i s o f te n r e m o v e d by atte n ti o n
b e i n g div e r te d O n th e o th e r h an d it i s v e ry c o mm o n
.
,

am o n g so ldi e r s at th e b e g in n i n g o f a b attl e S o ldi e r s .

in b attl e se ld om fe e l an y p ai n in th e w o u n d s u n til th e
b attl e i s o v e r Carp e n te r say s an d th e wri te r c an b e ar
.
,

m o st e mp h atic te stim o n y to th e sam e fac t th at h e h as ,

o f te n fo u n d in sp e aki n g wh e n su ffe ri n g fr o m se v e r e
,

rh e um atic p ai n th at it h as e n tir e l y c e ase d to b e

,
’

p e rc e iv e d u n til h e sat d o wn wh e n i t r e turn e d in full ,

f o rc e .

P ai n s i t i s w e ll k n o wn g o w h e n th e d o c to r c o m e s
, , ,

an d to o th ac h e c e ase s in th e d e n ti st s r o o m
’
.

D r C ar pe n te r d isc u sse s th e qu e s ti o n i n su c h i n stan c e s

.

as to w h e th e r th e p ai n h as b e e n c o n sc i o u sl y f e l t th o ugh

n o t r e m e mb e r e d H e r i gh tl y c o n sid e r s th i s as a m e r e
.

assum p ti o n ; fo r al th o ug h th e c h an g e s m ay o ccur in
,

th e se n so rium th e y c ann o t b e said to b e f e l t wi th o u t

,

c o n sci o u sn e ss .

D u r i n g th e O C o n n e ll agi tati o n in I r e l an d L o r d
“ ’

1 F P Co b b e , D
. . ar w i n ism p 326
, . .
 2 50 TH E U N C ON SC IO U S M I N D

A n gl e se y w h o h ad su ffe re d fo r ye ar s c o n ti n u o u sly fro m

,

t c d o ul o ur e ux w as qui te fr e e fr o m p ai n
i
”
- 1
, .

Wi th re g ard to f e e li n g s pr o duci n g un c o n sc i o u sly

p syc h ic al e ffe c ts U n z e r p o i n ts o u t th at an
S ti
en sa on
, y
d b y se v e r e p ai n ful se n sati o n i n flic te d e xci te s th e
i
uc e
i ip
p r
a
r e tali ati n g o r w ar i n sti n c t b e fo r e its c au se is
e v e n k n o wn .

T h e f o ll o wi n g will illu str ate f e e li n g s p ro duci n g phy

sic al e ffe c ts u n c o n sci o usly .

I n 1 88 2 Br ai n e o f Ch ar i n g Cr o ss H o spi tal as re
, , ,

c o r d e d by Tuk e e ffe c te d c o mpl e te an ae sth e si a wi th a

,

cl e an i n h al e r an d n o sm e ll o f c h l o r o fo rm an d tw o ,

se b ac e o u s sc alp tum o ur s w e r e r e m o v e d O n r e m o vi n g .

th e i n h al e r b e tw e e n th e tw o th e p ati e n t ( a gi rl ) b e g an
,

to g e t c o n sci o u s b ut w e n t o ff ag ai n o n r e appl yi n g i t
, ,

an d d e c l ar e d sh e f e l t n o th i n g all th r o ugh T e n ye ar s .

af te r h e g av e air o n l y in an i n h al e r an d te n te e th w e r e
, ,

e x tr ac te d wi th o u t an y p ai n b e i n g f e l t .

T h e sm e ll o f e th e r th r e e i n c h e s fr o m th e n o se h as
pr o duc e d an ae sth e si a an d h e avy br e ath i n g .

Gr ati o l e t te ll s u s o f a law stud e n t w h o b e i n g p r e se n t ,

fo r th e fir st tim e at an o p e r ati o n o n th e e ar f e l t at th e ,

sam e tim e su c h a sh arp p ai n in h i s o w n e ar th at h e

i n v o lu n taril y pu t h is h an d to it an d cri e d o u t .

O b se rv e fi n ally th at as id e as c an b e str e n g th e n e d by
,

atte n ti o n so c an se n sati o n b e i n cr e ase d

,
p r o duc i n g ,

se v e r e ir r i tati o n .

I n summi n g up th i s sh o r t c h ap te r w e w o uld say th at ,

G reville, J our nal of the R eig ns Qf G eorg e I V

1 . and Wi lliam I V
. vol. ii
p 1 09
. .
 C HA P T E R XI I .

T H E U N CO N S CI O U S M I N D A N D T H E B O D Y G E N E RAL L Y .

WE will in th i s ch ap te r c o n sid e r th e g e n e r al r e l ati o n s

B dy f m d o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d wi th th e b o d
e a n d
o
an d mam
or
y
tain e d b y br ai n W e W lll g i v e e x ampl e s i n c o n n e c ti o n
.

wi th th e se r e lati o n s o f ph ysi c al an d p syc h ic al

e ffe c ts an d p o i n t o u t th e v alu e o f th e r e l ati o n s w e are
,

c o n sid e r in g .

We will giv e so m e e x tr ac ts b e ari n g o n th e r e m ark

abl e p o w e r o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s m in d o v e r th e b o d y .

T h e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d i n addi ti o n to th e th r e e
,

qu ali tie s w h ich i t sh ar e s i n c o mm o n wi th th e c o n sc i o u s ,

vi a ,
will i n te ll e c t an d e m o ti o n h as u n d o ub te dl y an
, ,

o th e r v e r y imp o r tan t o n e — n u tri ti o n o r th e g e n e r al

,

m ai n te n an c e o f th e b o d y .

“
T h e e xpl an ati o n th at u n c o n sci o u s p syc h i c al ac tivi ty
i tse lf appr o pri ate ly f o rm s an d m ai n tai n s th e b o d y h as
n o t o n l y n o th i n g to b e said ag ai n st i t b ut h as all ,

p o ssibl e an al o gi e s fro m th e m o st d i ffe r e n t d e par tm e n ts

o f p h ysi c al an d o f an im al lif e i n i ts f av o u r an d app e ar s ,

to b e as sci e n tifi c ally c e r tain as i s p o ssibl e in th e ih

1 ”
fe r e n c e s fr o m e ffe c t to c au se .

“
T h e c o nn e c ti o n o f mi n d an d b o d y i s such th at a
1 Ed . v. H artmann , P hi losophy o f the Un co n sci o us, v ol . i .
, p 202
. .

( 2 52 )
UN C ON SC IO U S M I N D AN D BO D Y G E N E R A LLY 2 53

giv e n state o f mi n d te n d s to e ch o i tse lf at o n c e in th e

” 1
b o dy
I f a p sych o si s o r m e n tal state i s pr o duc e d b y a
n e u r o si s o r m ate r i al n e rv e state as p ai n b y a pri c k , ,

so al so i s a n e ur o sis pr o duc e d b y a p syc h o si s T h at .

m e n tal an te c e d e n ts c all f o r th p h ysic al c o n se qu e n ts i s

j u st as c e r tai n as th at p h ysic al an te c e d e n ts c all f o r th
2 ”
m e n tal c o n se qu e n ts .

“
M i n d th r o ugh se n so ry m o to r v aso m o to r an d
, , ,
-

tr o p h ic n e rv e s c au se s c h an g e s in se n sati o n mu scul ar
, ,

”
c o n tr ac ti o n n u tri ti o n an d se c r e ti o n
,
3
, .

I f th e br ain is an o u tgro w th fr o m a b o dy c o rpu scl e

an d i s in imm e di ate r e l ati o n wi th th e str uc tur e s an d

ti ssu e s th at p r e c e d e d it th e n th o ugh th e se c o n ti n u e to
, ,

h av e th e ir o w n ac ti o n th e b r ain mu st b e e xp e c te d to
, .

ac t up o n th e mu scul ar ti ssu e ( wh e th e r strip e d o r un

str ip e d ) ,
th e o rg an ic fu n c ti o n s an d up o n th e n e r v o u s
4 ” “
syste m i tse lf By th e w o rd br ai n all th r o ugh
.

th e se e x tr ac ts i s o bvi o u sly m e an t i ts m e n tal p o w e r s ,

an d e sp e ci all y th o se th at ar e u n c o n sci o u s ; in sh o r t th e ,

un c o n sci o u s m in d .

T h e se p o w e r s c an o f c o ur se b e se t in ac ti o n by th e
, ,

c o n sci o u s Will .

“
I n willi n g an y c o n sci o u s ac t th e u n c o n sci o u s will ,

i s e v o k e d to i n sti tu te m e an s to br in g ab o u t
Th py h is s c ic
th e e ffe c t T h u s i f I W lll a str o n g e r sal i p
.
,
i o w er s

u m nc o n s o us'
v ary se cr e ti o n th e c o n sc i o u s w ill in g o f th i s
,

e ffe c t e x c i te s th e u n c o n sc i o u s wi ll to i n sti tute th e

1 M aud sle y, P hysio log y of I ll i n d , p 302 . .

9 Car pe n te r, P hysi o log y of I ll i nd ,

p 302
k k
.
,

H ac T u e , M i n d an d B od y vo l i , p 2 . . . .
4
I bid .
, p 16
. .
,
2 54 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

ne c e ssary m e an s M o ther s ar e sai d to b e abl e to pr o vid e

.

th r o ugh th e will a m o r e C o pi o u s se cr e ti o n if th e sigh t ,

o f th e c h ild ar o u se s in th e m th e will t o suckl e T h e re .

ar e p e o pl e w h o p e r spi r e v o l u n tarily I n o w p o sse ss th e .

p o w e r o f i n stan tan e o u sl y r e duci n g th e se v e r e st hic

c o ugh s to sil e n c e by my o w n will w h il e i t w as f o rm e rly,

a so ur c e o f gr e at i n c o n v e n i e n c e to m e
1 ”
.

“
A n i r ri tati o n to c o u gh wh ich h as n o m e ch an i c al
,

c au se m ay b e p e rm an e n tl y suppr e sse d by th e will I

, .

b e li e v e w e migh t p o sse ss a far gr e ate r v o l un tary p o we r

o v e r o ur b o dil y fu n c ti o n s i f w e w e r e o n ly accu sto m e d

fr o m c h ild h o o d to i n sti tu te e xp e rim e n ts an d to pr ac ti se

2 ”
o ur se lv e s th e r e i n .

M an y o f th e se illu strati o n s are qui te famili ar to so m e

o f u s b u t th e e xpl an ati o n o f th e ag e n c y o f th e un c o n
,

sci o u s mi n d in c arryi n g o ut th e fl ats o f c o n sci o u sn e ss

i s pr o b ab ly n e w .

T h e fo ll o wi n g c o n c lu si o n h o w e v e r i s v e r y imp o r
, ,

tan t
We h av e rriv e d
a c o n clu si o n th at e v e ry ac ti o n
at th e
o f th e mi n d o n th e b o dy wi th o u t e x c e p ti o n is o n ly
, ,

p o ssibl e by m e an s o f an u n c o n sci o u s will ; th at such

an u n c o n sci o u s will c an b e c all e d f o r th p ar tly by m e an s

o f a c o n sci o u s will p ar tl y al so th r o ugh th e c o n sc i o u s

,

id e a o f th e e ffe c t wi th o u t c o n sci o u s will an d e v e n in

, ,

3 ”
o pp o si ti o n to th e c o n sci o us will .

T h e f o ll o wi n g i s a r e f e r e n c e to th e o b scur e e ffe c t o f
su rr o u n di n g s o n u n c o n sci o u sn e ss sh o w n p h y sic ally ,

1 E d v H artmann, P hi losophy of the Un con sci ous,

. . v ol . i .
, p 1 78
. .

2 I bid
, p 1
. 79 . .
3 I bid
, p
2 01 . . .
2 56 TH E UN CON SCI O U S M IN D
h av e no c o n v o lu ti o n s o n ly c o mm e n ci n g fi ssure s an d
, , ,

th o ugh sm o o th ar e m o st lik e h um an br ai n s an d ye t in
, ,

i n te lli ge n c e e tc are far b e l o w h o r se s o r d o g s I n

,
.
, .

r e l ativ e qu ali ti e s th e ape is fur th e r r e m o v e d fro m th e

h um an r ac e th an m o st o th e r an im al s 1
.

I t m ay b e m e n ti o n e d h e r e in c o n n e c ti o n wi th th e
v ast r an ge o f w o rk c arri e d o n by th e h um an br ai n th at “

it i s r o ugh l y c o mpu te d ( M e yner t) to h av e so m e six

h u n dr e d milli o n se p ar ate n e r v e c e ll s L ate r c al c ul ati o n s .

th r o w d o ub t o n th i s 2
.

T h e h igh e st m e n tal c e n tre s c an b e d e m o n str ate d to

h av e abu n d an t an d dir e c t c o n n e c ti o n wi th th e l o w e r
”
m o to r an d tro ph i c c e n tr e s 3
.

T h e m e n tal c e n tr e s in th e c o r te x h av e w e m ay h e r e ,

r e m ark th e p o we r o f dire c tly i n flue n ci n g ph ysi o l o gi c al

,

fun c ti o n s an d ti ssu e n utri ti o n O f th i s w e sh all giv e .

so m e r e m ar k abl e i n stan c e s w h e n w e c o m e to sp e ak o f

th e un c o n sci o u s mi n d an d n u tri ti o n G o i n g to sl e e p is .

u n d o u b te dly l arge ly th e re sul t o f sugge sti o n s fr o m th e

u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d wh i c h al so br in g s a ge n e r al fe e li n g
,

i n to c o n sc i o u sn e ss wh e n o n w aki n g e n o ugh sl e e p h as
, ,

b e e n h ad o r o n th e o th e r h an d w h e n i t h as b e e n in
, ,

su ffici e n t .

T h e g e n e r al b o dily f e e li n g wh i c h r e sul ts fr o m th e
se n se o f th e di ffe r e n t o rg an i c pr o c e sse s i s n o t atte n d e d

wi th an y d e fi n i te c o n sci o u sn ess 4
.
”

B ut c e rtai n m e n tal f e e li n g s se e m c o n n e c te d wi th de

1 ff
B u o n N atur al H i stor y, vo l i v p 6 1
f
.
, , . .

2 Pro C lo u sto n B r i ti sh M ed i cal J our n al 18th Jan

. , , .
,
1 896 .

3 Se e B r i tish M ed i c al J o u r n al 9 th O c t
, 1 89 7
.
, .

4 M au dsle
y, P hysi o log y of M i n d , p 2 54 . .
UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D B O D Y G E N E RA LLY 2 57

fi n i te p ar ts o f th e b o dy— l o v e wi th th e h e ar t an d
m e l an c h o l y wi th th e liv e r wh il e to arriv e at Rel at io n f
, o

th e h igh e st p o i n t o f m e n tal i n sig h t th e r e h as fi zflgf l

ith n l
, n o
11 2 1 9 ?
alw ay s b e e n a te n d e n c y to dir e c t th e th o ugh ts
1 1 10

to th e pi t o f th e sto m ac h o r j u st ab o v e th e n av e l ; h e r e
,

li e s th e gr e at so l ar pl e xu s c h i e f c e n tr e o f th e symp a
,

th e ti c sy ste m M an y f e e li n g s are c o n n e c te d wi th th i s
.

r e gi o n an d w e sp e ak o f a sick e n i n g sto ry sick e n i n g

, ,

T h e Bibl e spe alfs o f b o w e l s o f m e r c i e s

“
th o ugh ts e tc , .
,

str ai te n e d in y o ur o w n b o w e l s e tc , .

T h e o rg an ic o r v e g e tativ e fu n c ti o n s as w e ll as th e ski n
an d h air ar e S p e c i all y affe c te d b y th e e m o tio n s A sh o r t .

tim e o f e x tr e m e tr o ubl e m ay m ak e a m an l o o k m an y
y e ar s o ld e r th an b e f o r e it c o mm e n c e d T h e e ye will .

l o se i ts brigh tn e ss th e f ac e will b e c o m e wi th e r e d th e
, ,

b r o w w ri n kl e d an d th e h air bl an c h e d F e ar may c h e ck .

p e r spir ati o n an d pr o d uc e ski n di se ase s .

“
A l ady saw a h e avy di sh fall o n h er ch ild s h an d ’

cu ttin g o h th r e e o f th e fi n g e r s S h e f e l t g re at p ain in
.

h e r h an d an d o n e x ami n ati o n th e c o rr e sp o n di n g th r e e
,

w e r e sw o ll e n an d i n fl am e d I n tw e n ty f o u r h o ur s in
.
-

1 ”
c i si o n s w e r e m ad e an d pu s e v acu ate d
,
.

T h e i n flu e n c e o f th e m o st di ssim il ar e m o ti o n s o n
“

th e fu n c ti o n s o f se c r e ti o n are w e ll k n o w n e g v e x ati o n ,
. .
,

an d an g e r o n b i l e an d milk
2 ”
.

T h e un c o n sc i o u s mi n d as re v e al e d by h yp n o ti sm
c an e x e rci se m ar ve ll o u s c o n tro l o v e r th e n e rv o u s v aso ,

m o to r an d cir c ul ato r y an d o th e r syste m s A h yp n o ti se d

,
.

1 D r C arter , P atho log y and T r ea tmen t of H ysteri a, p 2 4

. . .

2 E d v H art mann , P hi losophy of the Un con scio u s, vo l i , p 1 81.

. . . . .

17
2 58 T H E U N C O N S C I OU S M I N D

subj e c t c an h o ld o ut h is ar m i n d e fi n i te l y i n pai n l e ss
c o n tr ac ti o n c an i n h al e str o n g amm o n i a
,
H yp ti no c
and h y t ia un d e r th e n am e o f o tto o f r o se s wi th un
s er

ph m a
en o en .
”
1
w ate ry e ye s .

T h e r e se e m s n o r e aso n abl e gr o u n d s fo r d o ub ti n g
th at in c e r tai n c h o se n subj e c ts c o n g e sti o n bur n s
, , , ,

bl i ste r s r ai se d p apul e s bl e e d in g fr o m th e n o se o r ski n

, ,

c an b e pr o duc e d by sugg e sti o n

2 ”
.

“ “ ”
T h e e xp e c tati o n say s Br aid ,o f a b e li e f o f so m e ,

thi n g ab o u t to h app e n i s qui te suffici e n t to c h an g e th e

h i
p y s c al ac ti o n o f an y p ar t 3 ”
.

T h e se n sati o n o f h e at an d c o ld c an b e ab o li sh e d by
th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d an d h igh te mp e r atur e pr o duc e d
,

in th e bl o o d by th e sam e age n c y wi th o u t di se ase 4 ”

.

I n h yste ri a th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d sugg e sts an d

c arri e s o u t state s o f m o rbi d f e e li n g wh ic h to a gr e at ,

e x te n t c an b e i n h ibi te d by th e p o w e r o f th e c o n sc i o u s

will .

“
We talk an d l augh an d w e e p w e blu sh an d w e ,

sh iv e r w e h u n g e r an d sw e at w e dig e st an d d e f a
,
e c ate all ,

th r o ugh th e b r ai n c o r te x T h e r e i s n o t o n e o f th e se
.

p h ysi o l o gic al ac ts but c an b e i n stan tly arre ste d by a

5 ”
m e n tal ac t .

T h i s i s n o t p e rh ap s li te r all y c o rr e c t if o n ly a c on ,

sci o u s m e n tal ac t i s m e an t as in th e c ase o f blu sh i n g , ,

sw e ati n g in di se ase an d sh iv e ri n g in a rig o r ; in th e se

1 WJ ame s, P sych olog y, vo l

.
p 6 02 . .
2 I bid
.
, p 6
12 . . .

3 B raid P ow er o M i n d o ver B o d
, f y, p 6 . .

g , o f c o ur se , d e c e pti o n , as in th e patie nt me n ti o n e d e lsew h e re ,

4 E xc lu d i n

w h o c o uld alw ays pro d uc e a t e mpe rat ur e o f 1 1 0 in th e mo uth b y c o mpre ssing

°
.

th e b ulb w ith h e r te e th
f
.

. Clo usto n , B r i tish M edi cal J ou r nal, 1 8th J e u , 1896

5 Pr o . .
260 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D

in g i
se n sat o n f o ll o w e d by sp asm o dic twi tc h i n g o f th e
mu sc l e s so as to to ss th e h an d fr o m the tabl e I th e n .

d e si r e d h e r to pl ac e h e r o th e r h an d o n th e tabl e so ,

th at sh e migh t n o t o b se rv e w h at w as b e i n g d o n e an d ,

i n th e sam e l e n g th o f tim e simil ar p h e n o m e n a w e re

m an ife ste d th o ugh I did n o th i n g
, I th e n to ld h e r .

h e r h an d w o u ld b e c o m e c o ld an d it w as so th e n ih ,

1 ”
te n se l y h o t .

T h e f o ll o wi n g i s al so fr o m B r aid
“
A L o n d o n p h ysi c i an w h o m e sm e ri se d by th e use o f
a p o w e rful m ag n e t h ad a p ati e n t i n a m ag n e tic sl e e p .

H e to ld m e th e m e r e to u c h o f a m ag n e t o n a limb
w o uld at o n c e sti ffe n it whic h at o n c e p ro v e d to b e th e
,

c ase . I n o w to ld h im I h ad a sm all i n strum e n t in my

p o c k e t w h ic h w as qui te as p o w e rful an d o ffe r e d to ,

O p e r ate o n h i s p ati e n t wh o m I h ad n e v e r se e n b e f o r e
, ,

an d w h o w as asl e e p w h e n I e n te r e d th e r o o m My .

i n strum e n t w as o n l y th r e e i n c h e s l o n g as th ick as a ,

quill wi th a ri n g at th e e n d I to ld h im wh e n put i n to
, .
,

h e r h an d s b o th arm s w o uld b e c o m e r igid an d su c h

, ,

w as th e c ase I th e n to o k th e i n strum e n t fro m h e r

.
,

an d ag ai n r e tur n e d it in an o th e r p o si ti o n an d to ld h im ,

n o w i t w o uld h av e th e r e v e r se e ffe c t an d sh e w o uld n o t ,

b e abl e to h o ld i t ; an d n o w if h e r h an d w as fo r cibly
i

cl o se d o n it i t w o uld o p e n o f i tse lf an d su c h w as th e
, ,

c ase to th e gr e at s urpri se o f th e d o c to r w h o wan te d to

, ,

k n o w wh at h ad b e e n do n e to th e i n str um e n t t o i n v e st
i t wi th thi s O pp o si te p o w e r T h i s I d e c li n e d to te ll
.

h im till h e h ad se e n th e f o llo wi n g p ro o fs o f i ts r e m ark

1 Braid, P ow er O f M i nd over B o dy, p 1 5
. .
UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D A N D B O D Y G E N E RALL Y 26 1

a bl e p o w e r s I to ld h im th at a to u c h w ith i t o n e i th e r
.

le g w o uld c au se i t to ri se an d b e c o m e ri g i d an d suc h ,

w as th e c ase T h at a se c o n d to u c h w o uld r e l ax th e
.

rigid ity an d c au se it to f all w h i c h pr o v e d to b e a fac t

, , .

S h e th e n aw o k e I th e n applie d th e r in g o f m y in stru
.

m e n t to th e third fi n g e r o f h e r righ t h an d fr o m w h i c h ,

i t w as su sp e n d e d an d to ld th e d o c to r it w o uld se n d h e r
,

asl e e p ; to th i s h e r e pl ie d I t n e v e r will I to ld h im
,
‘ ’
.

ag ai n I fe l t sur e o f i t We th e n w e r e sil e n t an d sh e
.

Sp e e dil y w e n t to sl e e p .

H av in g r o u se d h e r ag ain I pu t th e i n str um e n t o n ,

th e se c o n d fi n ge r o f h e r l e ft h an d an d to ld th e d o c to r i t ,

w o uld b e fo un d sh e c o uld n o t g o to sl e e p w h e n i t w as
pl ac e d th e r e H e said sh e w o uld an d ste adil y g az e d
.
,

at h e r to se n d h e r o ff Afte r so m e tim e h e ask e d h e r if

.

sh e did n o t f e e l sl e e py to wh i c h S h e r e pl i e d N o t at
‘
, ,

all I th e n r e qu e ste d h e r to l o o k at th e p o in t o f th e
’
.

fo r e fi n g e r o f h e r rig h t h an d w hic h I to ld th e d o c to r ,

w o uld se n d h e r to sl e e p an d suc h w as th e c ase I th e n

,
.

r o u se d h e r an d m ade h e r g o to sl e e p ag ai n b y l o o ki n g
,

at th e n ail o f th e th umb o f th e l e f t h an d I th e n e x .

pl ain e d to th e d o c to r th at th e w o n d e rful in str um e n t

wh ich I h ad u se d w as th e ke y an d ri n g o f my p o r t
1 ”
m an te au .

I n a f ac to r y at H e bd e n B ridg e in 1 78 7 a girl p o pp e d
a m o u se i n to th e b o so m o f an o th e r g irl Sh e g o t a fi t . .

T h e n e x t day th r e e m o r e girl s h ad fi ts O n 1 7th .

F e bru ar y th e n e x t day six m o r e

,
T h e w o rk s w e r e
,
.

sto pp e d as i t w as supp o se d to ari se fr o m a b ag o f c o tto n

,
.

1 Braid, P o w er o f i ll i n d over B o dy, pp 32, 3 3

. .
26 2 TH E UN C ON S C I OU S M IN D

O n th e 1 8 th f o ur te e n m o r e h ad fi ts o n e b e i n g a m an ,

th e fi ts l asti n g fr o m fi fte e n mi n u te s to tw e n ty -f o ur
h ours D r S t C l ar e cur e d th e m ( th r o ugh th e un c o n
. . .

1
sc i o u s mi n d wi th th e e l e c tri c al m ac h i n e
) .

“
A yo un g l ady g av e h e r f ath e r l aud an um in mi stak e .

Wh e n h e di e d sh e w as struck d o wn an d lay te n m o n th s ,

till d e ath fr o m g e n e r al oe d e m a se t i n T h e r e w as a .

po st mor tem e x ami n ati o n an d th e r e w as n o c au se o f

-
,

”
d e ath b ut dr o p sy fr o m m e n tal c au se s 2
.

G e n e r ally S p e aki n g th e qu ali ty o f m e n tal o ccup ati o n

,

i n flu e n c e s l o n g e vi ty P o e ts av e r age fi fty se v e n y e ar s
.
-
,

cl e rgym e n o v e r sixty fi v e O f c o ur se th e r e ar e o th e r
-
.

f ac to r s .

We will giv e a fe w m o r e i n stan c e s o f the ac ti o n

M or e x e o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d o v e r th e b o dy
2
1
35 5
8
3 9 5 e f o r e c o n sid e r i n g in c o n clu si o n th e g e n e r al
1
8 0
b 0

v alu e o f th i s p o w e r .

1 1
111 12
I n sti n c tiv e f e ar i s o f te n se e n in y o un g
ch ildr e n w h o will b e qui e t wh e n c arri e d up stai r s by a
str an g e p e r so n but r e stl e ss wh e n c arri e d d o w n
, .

“
A n u n cul tur e d p e r so n te lli n g a sto r y fo ll o w s it with
u n c o n sci o u s appro pri ate ge stur e s T h at th e y are n o t .

due to v o li ti o n i s pl ai n fr o m th e fac t th at th e y fo ll o w
th e m o r e su r e ly th e m o r e h e l o se s h im se lf in th e
2 ”
subj e c t .

O f th i s n atur e ar e th e sh rug s o f th e F r e n c h m an an d
all u n c o n sc i o us g e sture s .

1 H e c er sk E pid e mic s o f th e Mi ddle A g es,

’
G en tleman s M ag az i ne, 1 787
’
.

2 Sir H M ar sh , D ubli n Q uar ter ly J our nal,

. vo l xliv , p 9
. . . .

2 M audsle
y, P hysi o log y of M i n d , p 3 03 . .
264 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M IN D

b o dy is li abl e to b e c o n tro ll e d by n e rv o u s (m e n tal )

i n flu e n c e All fu n c ti o n s m ay b e vi o l e n tly an d c o n
.

tin u o u s y i n flu e n c e d b y m e n tal c au se s 1 ”
l .

W e do n o t e n te r fur th e r o n th e th e r ap e u tic v alue o f

th e mi n d h e r e b e c au se th e subj e c ts r e quir e an d will r e
,

c e i v e as alr e ad y i n tim ate d S p e ci al atte n ti o n in a fu tur e

, ,

c h apte r .

B u t th e v alu e o f m e n tal ac ti o n o n th e b o d y h as a far

wid e r S C O pe th an th e r ap e u tic s T h e b o d y h as to b e .

tr ai n e d b y th e m i n d an d in sayi n g thi s w e w o uld b e g

,

o u r r e ad e r s to c o n sid e r th at th e pr o c e ss i s e n tir e ly i h

v o lu n tary ; th at is i t is th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d so li ttl e

, ,

th o ugh t o f th at d o e s th e w o rk an d n o t th e c o n sc i o u s
, , .

T o it w e o w e all th e i n te llig e n t an d v ari e d e x pr e ssi o n s

O f th e f ac e th e o n l y b e au tiful f o rm s o f it
,
F ial x
ac e _

p i
re ss o n du b e i n g th o se th at are un c o n sc i o us so r e adily
e
,
to un c o n
i
sc o us mi d d i sti n gu i sh e d fr o m th e c o n sc i o u s i m i tati o n
n
a m
c m
’
r ifi i lly b h f r c f h will
'

p u t o n a t c a y t e o e o t e .

T o it w e o w e th e c arri ag e o f th e b o d y so th at yo u c an ,

j udg e o f a m an s c h ar ac te r by h is g ait h is p o stur e s h i s

’

, ,

p h y si c a l m an n e r an d h abi ts th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d i n ,

i ts n o bil i ty o r its d e gr ad ati o n b e in g i n d e libl y stamp e d

u so n th e b o d y .

H e i s a dull sc h o l ar it i s said w h o c an n o t r e ad a
, ,

m an s c h ar ac te r e v e n fr o m a b ac k vi e w
’
-
R o u n d a statu e .
”

o f th e P ri n c e C o n so r t in E di n burgh stan d r e pr e se n ta

tiv e gr o up s p ayi n g h o m ag e to h im I f yo u g e t a b ac k .

vi e w o f an y o f th e se yo u se e un c o n sc i o u s min d im pr e sse d
o n m atte r an d c an te ll at o n c e th e sail o r e r so l die r
, ,

1 Dr E H
. . aug h to n , D ub lin, Law s o f Vi tal F or ce , 2n d e dition, p 46
. .
U N C ON SC I O U S MIND AN D BO D Y G E N E RA L L Y 265

pe asan t o r sc h o l ar o r w o rkm an L o o k at th e b o d y an d
.

f ac e o f a m an w h e n th e m in d i s g o n e L o o k at th e .

b o d y o f a m an w h o h as l o st h is se lf r e sp e c t L o o k at -
.

th e b o d y o f a th i e f o f a so t o f a mi se r
, , C o m par e th e .

f ac e s an d e x pre ssi o n s o f a ph il an th r o p i st o f a b e gg ar o f , ,

a p o lic e m an o f a sc h o l ar o f a sail o r o f a l aw ye r o f a
, , , ,

d o c to r o f a sh o pw alk e r o f a san dwi c h m an o f a f arm e r

, , , ,

o f a succ e ssf u l m an uf ac tur e r o f a n ur se , o f a re fi n e d ,

gi r l o f a se rvan t o f a b arm ai d o f a n un o f a b all e t

, , , ,

d an c e r o f an ar t stu d e n t an d an sw e r to yo ur se lf th e se
, ,

tw o q ue sti o n s : F ir st ar e th e se di ffe r e n t e xpr e ssio n s o f

,

b o d y an d f ac e du e e sse n tially to p h ysi c al o r p syc h i c al

c au se s ? An d se c o n dl y do th e se psyc h i c al c au se s ac t
, ,

o n th e f ac i al an d o th e r m u sc l e s i n c o n sc io ii sn e ss o r

o u t o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss ? T h e o n ly p o ssibl e an sw e r s to
th e se tw o qu e sti o n s l e av e us w i th th i s f ac t w e r e n o ,

o th e r pr o o f p o ssibl e th at w e e ac h h av e wi th i n u s an
,

u n c o n sci o u s p sy c h i c al p o w e r ( h e re c all e d u n c o n sc i o u s
mi n d ) wh i c h h as su ffi c ie n t f o r c e to ac t u po n th e b o d y
an d di spl ay p syc hic al c o n c e p ti o n s th r o ugh p h ysi c al

m e di a .
 C HA P T E R XII I .

T H E U N CO N SCI O U S M I N D AN D T H E SP E CI AL SE N SE S .

I .
-
SI G H T .

I N e n te i n te r e sti n g an d imp o r tan t sub

ri n g up o n th i s
e t u s cl e ar th e gr o u n d b mp h izi g
An sen se s
j e c t l , y e a s n

ar e py s th e su ffi c i e n tly O bvi o u s f ac t th at th e sp e ci al ,
c h al
ic .

an d i n d e e d all S e n sati o n s ar e p sy c h i c al an d
,

n o t p h y sic al T h e app ar atu s i s p h y si c al b u t sigh t

.
, ,

h e ari n g sm e ll t aste to u c h an d c o mm o n se n sati o n are

, , , ,

fu n c ti o n s o f th e mi n d n o t o f th e b o dy ; wh il e th e ,

m e di a wh ic h appr o pri ate ly c o n v e y to th e br ai n th e

v ari o u s vibr ati o n s w h ic h th e mi n d r e c o gn i se s u n d e r
th e se n am e s ar e all p h y si c al an d m ate ri al
, .

T h e e ye th e r e fo r e i tse lf se e s n o m o r e th an a c am e r a ;
, ,

i t i s e sse n ti all y a n e rv o u s se n si tiv e pl ate o n wh ic h by , ,

m e an s o f a l e n s th e ligh t p ic tur e i s impr e sse d T h i s

,
.

impr e ssi o n i s th e n c e c o n v e ye d by n e rv e vibr ati o n s fir st ,

to th e mid b r ai n ( O ptic l o b e s) an d th e n if th e pi c tur e

-
, ,

i s to b e c o nsci o u sly to th e c o r te x ( o ccipi tal

”

f
‘
se e n ,

re g i o n ) Un til th e r e fo re th e vi br ati o n s re ach th e

.
, ,

“
c o r te x th e r e i s n o c o n sci o u s
”
,
sigh t .

Wi th o ut ac tu ally d o gm ati si n g th e fir st j o urn e y w e ,

app r e h e n d b r i n g s i t b e f o r e th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d ; th e

l atte r b e fo re th e c o n sci o u s mi n d An yh o w th e r e are

,
.
,

26 6 )
26 8 TH E U N C ON SCI OU S M I N D

T he ne xt p oi n t d e af m an c an trul y h e ar
i s th at a

n o i se s a n d a bl i n d m an se e S igh ts ; h e n c e
I it ti
rr a f on o ,

Egfiizfigfit e irri tati o n o r vibr atio n o f th e p syc h i c al

l’ r

s
th
11
si g h t c e n tr e s n e e d n o t b e r e c e iv e d fr o m l i gh t
3 9 118 2 011 4

o r so u n d o r fr o m th e p h ysi c al c e n tr e s o r ap par atu s at all

, .

T h e ph ysi c al c e n tr e s m ay b e irri tate d b y a bl o w o r

b y dr u g s an d th i s m ay c au se fl ash e s o r ab n o rm al vi si o n
,

w ith o u t an y ligh t at all as in a bl o w o n th e c l o se d e ye s

,

i n th e d ark o r o n th e o th e r h an d c an b e se t i n m o ti o n
, , ,

b y id e al c e n tr e s th e re sul tin g sig h t o r so u n d b e i n g in

,

d isti n gu ish abl e fr o m th at pr o du c e d in th e n o rm al w ay .

W e giv e o n e o r tw o in stan c e s as to drug s .

D r M i tc h e ll Br u c e afte r taki n g fi v e fi fte e n gr ai n

.
,
-

d o se s o f sali c yl ate o f so d a f o un d th e y c au se d vi si o n s o f
,

un pl e asan t f ac e s wh e n th e e ye s w e r e c l o se d .

C ann abi s I n di c a ( I n d i an h e m p) c au ses vi su al h allu

c in ati o n s ; al c o h o l i n d e liri um tr e m e n s h allu c i n ati o n s ,

o f c ats r ats mic e , ,

e tc Q ui n i n e m ay c au se d e fi n i te
, .

so u n d s l i k e a b arr e l o rg an -
.

D r L au d e r Bru n to n saw a l igh t S p o t wi th r ai n b o w

.

c o l o ur s r o un d c o n tin u o u sl y af te r tak i n g n e arl y o n e ,

gr ai n O f d igi tal in .

N o w as to th e pr o du c ti o n o f vi su al se n sati o n s by
,

pur e i d e al e x c i tati o n .

T h e r e i s n o se n sat o n ge n e r al o r sp e c i al e xci te d by
’

, ,

a g e n ts a c ti n g up o n th e b o dy fr o m wi th o u t
Pu re id a e s ,

c an f m or
w h i ch c an n o t al so b e e x c i te d fr o m W i th i n
ht
fi g se nsa,
11011 2
by e m o ti o n al state s affe c ti n g th e se n so ry
c e n tr e s .

1 H ac kT k u e, M ind an d B ody.
 UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D S l l G IA L S E N S E S
’
269

I k n o w p e r so n all y a sh o r th an d wri te r w h o w h e n ,

li ste n i n g to an addr e ss (n o t writin g it) c l e arl y se e s th e ,

sh o r th an d o u tli n e s wh i l e th e m an i s sp e ak in g .

“
T alm a said w h e n h e e n te r e d o n th e stag e h e w as
abl e by th e p o w e r o f th e will to b an i sh th e audi e n c e
, ,

fr o m h is S igh t an d to sub sti tu te in th e ir p lac e so m an y

sk e l e to n s T hi s g av e su c h an im pul se to h i s ac ti n g as
.

to pr o du c e th e m o st star tli n g e ffe c t 1

”
.

A fri e n d o f D r Tuk e in a cr o wd c l e arly saw h im se lf

.

b e i n g c r u sh e d to d e ath .

D r Bidd e r Q C w h e n p e rf o rmi n g m e n tal c al c ula

“
.
, . .
,

ti o n s re f e rr e d to c e r tai n vi su al n um e r al s vividl y de
,

p i c te d by h i s br ain P r o f e sso r B.e e r o f B o n n i s a bl e i n , ,

th e sam e l igh t to c o n tr ac t o r dil ate h i s pu pil at will by ,

th i n ki n g o f d ark n e ss o r ligh t
”
2
.

S e c o n d sig h t i n th e H ig h l an d s h as b e e n w e ll e stab
, ,

lish e d b y th e re se ar c h e s o f th e P syc h i c al S d ec on
13 1 2
R e se arc h S o ci e ty H e r e pe asan ts an d f arm e r s
.
3 1

w alki n g al o n g th e r o ad se e fu n e r al pr o c e ssi o n s e tc , .
,

wi th suc h vivid n e ss th at th e y ste p o ut o f th e w ay to

av o id th e m an d c an te ll th e n am e s O f th e p e o pl e w h o
,

c o mp o se th e m .

Sir B Br o di e k n e w a g e n tl e m an w h o w he n h e fix e d
.
,

h i s th o ug h ts i n te n tly o n an im agi n ary O bj e c t c o uld se e ,

i t pr o j e c te d up o n th e o pp o si te w all wi th all th e disti n c t

n e ss o f r e ali ty .

A pi e c e O f gr e e n p ap e r is e x ac tly c o v e r e d by a pi e c e
o f tr an sp ar e n t w h i te p ap e r ; th e l atte r app e ar s gr e e n i sh

o wi n g to th e Sh imm e r th r o ug h i t o f th e u n d e r gr e e n .

1 H ac kT k u e, M ind a nd B o dy , v ol
.
p 1 47
. .
2 I bid . , p 167
. .
2 70 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I ND

A pi e c e o f gr e y p ap e r ab o u t th e siz e o f a w af e r i s th e n
i n se r te d b e twe e n th e se tw o T h e n o r m al c o l o u r o f .

su c h a gr e y sp o t se e n th r o ugh wh i te tr an sp ar e n t p ap e r
, ,

will b e th at o f a dull w h i te ; b u t n o w i s i t n e i th e r gr e y
n o r wh i te n o r gr e e n i sh b ut r o se re d P e rh ap s yo u
, .

th i n k i t i s o wi n g to th e e ye b e i n g stimul ate d b y th e
gr e e n gr o un d th at th i s r o se r e d app e ar an c e i s due ? -

N o t so F o r l e avi n g th e pap e r s ju st as th e y ar e th e
.
,

r o se r e d app e ar an c e v an i sh e s dir e c tl y yo u bri n g an o th e r

-

pi e c e o f gr e y p ap e r n e ar th e fir st but o n th e th i n c o v e r ,

in g p ap e r i n ste ad o f un der i t ; h avi n g se e n th e r o se

c o l o ur v an i sh th u s y o u se e i t r e ap p e a r
,
dir e c tly th e

se c o n d pi e c e O f gr e y p ap e r i s r e m o v e d T h at th e c o l o u r .

i s n o t pr o duc e d b y th e dir e c t s timul ati o n o f se n se b ut ,

b y th e in d ir e c t stimul ati o n o f an u n c o n sc i o u s judgm e n t ,

i s th e p ar ad o x ic al e x pl an ati o n o f th i s surpr i sin g f ac t

”
1
.

A t th e L e eds m e e ti n g o f th e Bri ti sh A sso ci ati o n

'

P r o f e sso r S ti v e lly g av e th e fo ll o w i n g an e o
do te : O n e m o r n in g so o n af te r br e akf ast I , ,

sto o d g azi n g at a h i v e o f b e e s j u st b e gi n n i n g to

sw arm T h e y w e r e d ash i n g r ap i dly ab o ut ag ai n st th e

.

brigh t sky in a m o st c uri o u s ye t r e g ul ar c o n fu si o n I n .

th e e v e n in g as i t gr e w d ark I ag ai n w e n t o ut to se e
, ,

th e b e e h iv e an d w as mu c h surpri se d to se e
,
as I ,

th o u gh t mul ti tu de s o f l arg e fl i e s c o ur si n g ab o u t in th e
,

air . I to ld my si ste r ih law w h o said I mu st b e m is - -

,

tak e n as sh e h ad n e v e r se e n an e v e n in g o n wh i c h so fe w
,

fli e s w e r e abr o ad S o o n afte r in my b e dr o o m w h e n I
.
, ,
»

k n e l t to my pr aye r s I w as surpri se d to se e b e tw e e n m e
,

1 G . H . Lew e s, P roblems of L ife an d M i n d, pr ob le m 111 , p 273.

.
2 72 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

An d h e r e m ay
p tl y c o n sid e r a qu o tati o n fr o m
w e a

R ade stO c k H e say s : H o bb s r e m ark s

. I t i s almost ,
‘
.

im m ate ri al to a p e r so n w h e th e r h e alw ay s p e rc e iv e s
th e sam e o bj e c t o r n o th i n g b ut B ai n th i n k s h e sh o uld
’

h av e said w ho lly fo r it i s a w e ll k n o w n fac t th at an

’
-
,

u n c h an g e d impr e ssio n o n o ur se n se s h as th e sam e ih

fl ue n c e as n o n e at all A ch an g e o f impr e ssi o n ‘ ’
.
,

sa s B ai n
y i s n e c e ssar y if w e sh all gr o w c o n sc i o u s o f
,
‘

’” 1
it.

“
Q ui te so ; b ut H o bb s sh o uld h av e said alm o st th e
sam e to c on sc i o u sn ess B ai n migh t h av e add e d w ho lly
"

th e sam e to c on sc i ou sn ess B o th th e se it will b e o h ,

s e r v e d r ash l y c o n c lud e b e c au se th e sam e O bj e c t so o n

, ,

c e ase s to h av e an y c on sc i ous e ffe c t th at th e r e f o r e it h as , , ,

n on e— a m o st d an g e r o u s f all ac y an d o n e i n to wh ic h suc h ,

wri te r s c o uld n e v e r h av e b e e n b e traye d w e re i t n o t fo r

th e d e lib e r ate ig n o ri n g o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s N ow w e .

se e i n h ypn o ti sm th at th e p e r si ste n t g azi n g at th e sam e

o bj e c t h as a v e r y m ark e d e ffe c t an d i s b y n o m e an s ,

th e sam e as n o t se e i n g at all ; an d it i s u n d o ub te dl y
,

tru e th at w h e n an o bj e c t n o l o n g e r affe c ts u s c o n .

sc io u sly i t still h as u n c o n sci o u s e ffe c ts

,
.

I t i s v e r y c uri o u s th at th e h yp n o tic c o n di ti o n i s
n e arly alw ays i n du c e d th r o u gh th e e ye s in so m e
w ay . I t w o uld app e ar th at vibr ati o n s e n te ri n g th e
b r ai n by th i s c h an n e l h av e a m o r e p o te n t an d sudd e n
e ffe c t i n al te ri n g th e c o n di ti o n o f th e mi n d an d c o n

sc io u sn e ss th an by an y o th e r .

P r o fe sso r Bi n e t o f th e S o rb o n n e say s : I f w e cl o se th e
“

1
Paul Radesto c k , H ab i t i n E du cati on , p 97
. .
 UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D A N D S PE C IAL SE N SE S 2 73

b e tte r se e i n g e ye o f an h yste ric an d pl ac e b e fo r e the

w o r se se e i n g e ye a se ri e s o f w o r d s in dimi n i sh
H yp t no i c
i n g typ e so m e o f w h i c h th e w o r se e ye c an n o t
,
ig h t ph s e no
m m”
r e ad at th at di stan c e an d th e n pl ac e a p e n cil ,

in th e subj e c t s h an d th e p e n c il will o f te n wri te wi th

’

, ,

o u t th e subj e c t s k n o wl e dg e c e r tain O f th e w o r d s th u s
’

f o u n d ill e gibl e T h e e mpl o ym e n t o f au to m atic wri ti n g

.

th u s sh o w s t h at th e subj e c t d o e s (u n c o n sci o u sly ) pe r

c e i v e th e l e tte r s th e a m b e i g h y ste r o an ae sth e tic
r n 1 ‘
-
’

B e rg so n r e p o r ts th at a hyp n o tic subj e c t r e ad a b o o k

h e ld b y th e o p e r ato r fr o m i ts r e fl e c ti o n in th e c o rn e a o f
”
2
th e O p e r ato r s e ye
’
.

A fri e n d o f mi n e a h yp n o tic p h ysi c i an in L o n d o n

, ,

to g e th e r wi th a ph ysi c i an f r o m N an cy w h o h app e n e d ,

to b e o v e r h e r e S imul tan e o u sl y h yp n o ti se d so m e te n o r
,

tw e lv e p atie n ts w h o w e r e w ai ti n g fo r tr e atm e n t in hi s
c o n sul tin g r o o m an d w h o h ad all b e e n h yp n o ti se d at
-
,

v ari o u s tim e s b e f o re T h e tw o d o c to r s th e n ar r an g e d
.

th e m r o u n d th e tabl e an d dir e c te d th e ir atte n ti o n to a

Turk w h o th e y to ld th e m w as si tti n g c r o ss l e gg e d up o n
, ,
-

i t T h e p ati e n ts all d e cl ar e d th e y saw h im an d as th e

.
,

de tail s w e r e su c c e ssiv e l y su gg e ste d so th e m an b e c am e ,

c l e arl y vi sibl e to th e m T h e d o c to r s th e n to ld th e m
.

th e y w o uld se e h im sl o wly r i se fr o m th e tabl e an d

gr adu ally di sapp e ar th r o ugh th e c e ili n g T h i s w as .

w atc h e d wi th in te n se e arn e stn e ss u n til th e l ast tr ac e

o f th e Turk h ad di sapp e ar e d th r o ugh th e c e ili n g Th e y .

w e re hidde n to r e m e mb e r wh at th e y h ad se e n an d
1 Pr o f
. Bin et ,
A lter ati on s de la P erson ali té , p 120
. .

2 W . J ame s, P sycho log y, v o l ii , p 6 09

. . . .

18
2 74 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I ND

sh o r tly af te r w e r e aw ak e d M y f ri e n d assu r e d me th at
.

th e y w o uld n e x t day if r e qui r e d se p ar ate ly state o n

, ,

o ath i n a wi tn e ss b o x wh at th e y h ad se e n
-
, an d wh at ,

h ad n e v e r o ccurr e d i n p e r f e c t g o o d f ai th an d b e c o n
, ,

side r e d th at th i s e x am pl e th r e w a gr e at d e al O f li gh t o n

th e p o w e r s o f i d e as o v e r vi si o n an d Sh o w e d al so h o w
,

gh o st sto ri e s an d app e ar an c e s at S ean c e s migh t b e de

sc r ib e d i n g o o d f ai th th o ug h n e v e r se e n th r o ug h th e ,

b e h o ld e r s b e i n g te mp o r arily in a h yp n o tic c o n diti o n .

T hi s i n d e e d i s a m o re c o mm o n ph e n o m e n o n th an m o st
ar e aw ar e o f . T h e o th e r day I r e c e iv e d a l e tte r fr o m a
l ad y fri e n d stati n g th at w h e n in b e d wi th a girl ab o u t
,

e igh te e n th e n igh t b e f o r e sh e w o k e up an d fo u n d th i s
,

girl si tti n g up i n a h yp n o tic tr an c e an d o n l o o ki n g o n,

th e O pp o si te w all saw a br i gh t r e fl e c ti o n o f th e m o o n
ligh t fr o m a b it o f gl ass fro m l o o ki n g at wh i c h th e
,

girl p r o b abl y h ad g o t u n c o n sc i o u sly h yp n o ti se d Sh e .

w an te d to k n o w h o w th i s w as to b e av o id e d fo r th e
futur e as sh e h ad gr e at di ffi c ul ty in w aki n g h e r
,
.

S O far w e h av e giv e n i n stan c e s o f pur e id e al vi si o n .

N o w fo r o n e o r tw o o f id e al vi si o n p r o v e d to b e un c o n
sc io u sly aid e d by asso ci ati o n .

P r o f e sso r Bi n e t te ll s us o f D r A w h o wi th h i s mi n d
. .
, ,

full o f an e x ami n ati o n o n b o tan y w alk e d

I d e a s a id e d
,

b y ass ia
oc p ast a r e staur an t an d saw o n th e d o o r
t
i o n.
V e rb asc um th ap su s
H e turn e d b ac k asto n i sh e d an d r e ad th e r e al wo r d
B o uill o n T h e u n c o n sci o u s c o n n e c ti o n i n stan tan e
“
o n e l y f o rm e d i n h i s mi n d w as th at b o uillo n bl an c i s th e
c o mm o n n am e fo r M ull e i n or V e rb ascum th ap su s
2 76 TH E U N CON SC I OU S M I ND

cr o wd p e o pl e h e ar i n g th e c h imp an z e e h ad e sc ap e d
of ,

to th e r o o f w atc h e d th e u n h appy an im al tryi n g to g e t

,

ac r o ss o n e o f th e ir o n r ib s as th e n e w sp ap e r s i n f o r m e d
,

“
us , wi th sick e n i n g dr e ad B ut th e r e w as n o an im al
th e r e o n l y a tatte r e d pi e c e o f to r n d r ap e ry th e im agi n a
,

ti o n m ad e i n to an ape (D r Br amw e ll )
. . .

I n lik e m an n e r pr o b abl y sto ri e s o f I n di an juggl e r s

, ,
.

climbi n g up a r o p e th e y th r o w i n to th e air an d disap

p e ari n g an d su c h lik e i n cr e dibl e f e ats by e ye w i tn e sse s
,
-

ar i se. I t i s said th at a D ubli n pr o f e sso r p h o to gr ap h i n g

i n I n di a wi th a fri e n d w h o w as sk e tc h i n g atte n d e d o n e ,

o f th e se m an if e stati o n s i n th e O p e n air A v e ry pr e tty .

an d r e ali stic S k e t c h o f th e m arv e l w as m ad e b

y th e
ar ti st b ut th e pr o fe sso r o n tryi n g to de v e l o p h i s pl ate
, , ,

f o un d th e cr o wd th e r e but th e m arv e l mi ssi n g .

T h e tw o f o ll o wi n g ar e qu o te d by H ack Tuk e
“
G e o rg e C o mb e h avi n g b e e n p r e se n t at an e x e cuti on
, ,

w e n t o u t O f h is h o u se th e sam e e v e n i n g ; h avi n g put o n

h i s h at h e saw in th e twiligh t an im ag e o f th e e x e cute d
,

c rimi n al d an gli n g b e fo r e h im in th e air an d h e fl e w ,

b ack i n to th e h o u se to th e ligh t H e th e n saw ab o u t .

th r e e i n c h e s O f th e bl ac k c o r d o f h i s h at h an gi n g d o w n
i n fr o n t o f h i s e ye s wh i c h so vividl y r e c all e d th e c o rd
,

o f th e e x ecu ti o n th at h e saw th e wh o l e sc e n e .

A l ady w alki n g to F alm o u th saw by th e ro ad a

dri n ki n g fo u n tai n h avi n g th e i n sc ripti o n I f an y m an
-
,
‘

th i r st le t h im c o m e u n to M e an d dri n k
’

,
S h e h ad b e e n .

much O c c upi e d ab o u t drin ki n g f o u n tai n s an d m e n ti o n e d

-
,

th e f ac t wi th pl e asur e to h e r fri e n d s T h e y to ld h e r
.

th e r e w as n o n e th e r e an d o n g o i n g b ack wi th th e m sh e
, ,
 U N CO N SC I O U S M IN D A N D S PE C IAL S E N S E S 2 77

fo u n d a fe w sc atte r e d sto n e s h ad fo rm e d th e f o u n d ati o n

o n w h ic h h e r mi n d h ad bu il t th e p i c tur e .

T h e se tw o ac tio n s o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d o f pur e ,

“ ”
id e al v isi o n an d id e al vi si o n wi th sugg e sti o n will ,

c o m e b e f o r e u s ag ai n in c o n n e c ti o n wi th di se ase .

N o w fo r an i n stan c e o r tw o o f u n c o n sci o u s vi si o n

pr o du c in g c o n sci o u s r e sul ts .

“
A l ad y in c rystal g az in g ( stari n g i n to a pi e c e o f
cr ystal u n til c o n sc i o u sn e ss b e i n g p ar tly in Un c ons iou
, c s

ab e y an c e th e u n c o n sc i o u s c o m e s i n to vi e w )
,

11
a b i t o f d ark w all c o v e r e d wi th w h i te
1 8 2 11
saw
:

j e ssami n e Sh e w as c o n sc i o u s Sh e mu st h av e se e n it
.

so m e w h e r e b u t h ad n o r e c o ll e c tio n wh e r e
, Sh e w alk e d .

o v e r th e gr o u n d sh e h ad ju st tr av e r se d an d f o u n d th e ,

w all wh i c h sh e h ad passe d u n n o ti c e d
,
1
.
”

“
Sh e to o k o ut h e r b an k b o o k o n e day Sh o r tly
-
.

af te rw ard s Sh e w as g azi n g at th e c r ystal an d saw n o

th i n g b u t th e n umb e r 76 9 4 Sh e th o ugh t i t w as so m e
, .

c ab n umb e r b ut taki n g u th e b an k b o o k f o u n d to h e r
p
-
, ,

”
surpr i se it w as th e n umb e r o f i t
2
, .

A t an o th e r tim e Sh e d e str o y e d a l e tte r w i th o u t n o t

i n g th e addr e ss Sh e o n l y r e m e mb e r e d th e to w n Af te r
. .

g azi n g at th e c r ystal so m e tim e Sh e saw H H o u se

,

o n ly.
( T h e n am e o f th e h o u se w as se e n i n f u ll b u t ,

o n l y th e i n i ti al i s g iv e n h e r e ) Sh e ad dr e sse d th e l e tte r
.

th u s addi n g th e to w n an d f o u n d i t w as r igh t 3
”
.
, ,

So m e ye ar s ag o a c l e rgym an vi si te d P e v e n se y in ,

S u sse x an d h e b e c am e c o n sc i o u s o f a v i vid im pr e ssio n

,

1 J o u r na l of P syc hi ca l R esear ch S oci ety, vo l . v .

, p 507
. .

2 I bid .
3 I b id
.
2 78 TH E U N C O N SC I OU S MIN D

of h avi n g se e n itb e f o r e H i s m o th e r sub se qu e n tly to ld

.

h im h e h ad b e e n th e r e wh e n h e w as e igh te e n m o n th s
O ld .

I th e Spec tator , th e Re v F
n W L an g te ll s a sto ry o f
. . .

F e ar o n F all o w s A str o n o m e r , R o yal at C ape T o wn .

Wh e n F all o w s w as at C ambridg e h e saw o n e n igh t an

appar iti o n o f a fr i e n d dr o w n e d i n C u mb e rl an d H e w as .

so mu c h impr e sse d b y i t h e to ld all h i s fr i e n d s at C am

bri dge S o m e w e e k s af te rw ar ds a fri e n d to o k u p an o ld

.

n e w sp ap e r in F al lo w s r o o m w i th th e sto r y o f th e ,

dr o wn i n g i n i t wh ic h F all o w s mu st h av e re ad qui te
,

u n c o n sci o u sl y w h il e r e adi n g h ard fo r m ath e m atic s .

W e will giv e tw o o u t o f m an y p e r so n al i n stan c e s .

T h e o th e r day l e avi n g h o m e fo r Brigh to n I

, ,

w as sto pp e d at th e d o o r b y a sugg e sti o n f r o m

my u nc o n sci o u s mi n d th at I h ad n o t e n o ugh
m o n e y in my pur se I l o o k e d an d f o un d o n ly a fe w
.

S h illi n g s I h ad pr e vi o u sly O p e n e d my pur se o f te n th at

.

d ay an d th e sigh t o f th e se sh illi n g s w as u n c o n sci o u sl y

,

r e gi ste r e d i n m y b rai n an d so m e h o w th i s fac t w as pre

,

se n te d to m y c o n sci o u s mi n d at th e d o o r H o w o f te n .

in a simil ar w ay impul se s an d f an ci e s o f u n c o n sci o u s

,

o r i gi n dir e c t o ur ste p s an d e v e n sav e o ur liv e s

, Hi sto r y .

i s full o f suc h i n stan c e s .

S tayi n g in a c o u n try h o u se l ast summ e r fo r a m o n th ,

I h ad a b e dr o o m wi th such a lo w d o o r th at u n l e ss I ,

sto o p e d I alw ay s bump e d m y h e ad

,
F o r th e fir st fe w .

d ays I g o t m an y k n o c k s ; af te rw ard s my m o v e m e n ts
w e r e u n c o n sc i o u sl y adju ste d so th at I n e v e r k n o ck e d
,

m yse lf I h th e sam e w ay in my c o n sul ti n g r o o m I

. .
,
-
280 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S MI ND

I w as l o o ki n g at an u n ac cu sto m e d vi e w o u t o f a wi n d o w ,

an d o pp o si te w e r e a fi e l d an d so m e tr e e s T h e fi e ld ap .

p e are d v e r y ste e
p lik e t h e s
,
id e o f a h ill wi th t r ees on ,

th e to p I am r ath e r sh o r t sigh te d an d c o uld n o t fo r

.
-
,

th e m o m e n t r e ali se th at wh at app e ar e d th e sl o p e o f th e
fi e ld w as m e r e l y it str e tc h i n g aw ay in th e di stan c e an d ,

th e m o m e n t I c o rr e c te d th e vi e w b y th e app e r c e p ti o n
o f th e p e r spe c tiv e e l e m e n t I saw th e r e w as o n l y a v e r y
,

sligh t mpe an d n o h ill ,

.

Sir Ch arl e s Wh e atsto n e i n v e n te d th e p se ud o sc o p e ,

T h e
w h ic h m ak e s c o n v e x s urf a c e s app e ar a s c o n
d
P se u O S CO
P c av e an d vi c e ver sd b yr e v e r si n g th e ste r e o
e'
, ,

sc o p i c pic tur e I f yo u l o o k wi th i t at th e i n te ri o r o f a
.

m ask th e im ag e i n r e li e f i s se e n at o n c e as w e ar e
n o t accu sto m
, ,

e d to se e th e i n te ri o r o f m ask s an d th e r e ,

i s th e re fo r e n o c o n sci o u s i m ag e to o v e r c o m e
, , If w e .

l o o k wi th it o n th e o u tsid e o f a m ask i t i s se e n as c o n ,

c av e wi th gr e at diffi c u lt
y b e c a u se w e ,a r e fam i li ar w i th '

th e c o n v e x app e ar an c e o f th e o u tsid e A n d l astly if w e .

,

l o o k at a f ac e wi th i t i t i s imp o ssibl e to se e it as c o n
,

c av e as w e ar e to o f amili ar wi th i ts r e al struc tur e

, .

Z O lln e r fi n d s h im se lf driv e n to an adm i ssi o n o f un

c o n sc i o u s in flu e n c e s fo r an e xpl an ati o n o f th e se p se ud o
sc o pi c p h e n o m e n a wh i c h d e fy th e m e r e l y p h y si o l o gic al
,

e xpl an ati o n .

I n c o n n e c tio n wi th th i s will b e r e m e mb e r e d P e ar s
’

adv e r ti se m e n t pi c tur e o f th e th r e e c ub e s w h i c h c an b e ,

se e n as o n e o n tw o o r tw o o n o n e ac c o rdi n g as th e o n e o r ,

o th e r i s su g g e ste d to th e mi n d .

A man m ay try to r ec all a n am e an d l o o k in a dir e c to ry

 U N C ON SC I O U S MIN D AN D S PE C IA L S E N SE S 28 1

fo r i t, but, th o ugh u n d e r h is e ye h e fail s to r e c o g n i se

,

( app e r c e iv e ) it fo r h is u n c o n sci o u s mi n d h as n o t ye t
,

h ad tim e to fi n d i t in h i s m e m o ry F iv e mi n u te s afte r
.

h e h as c l o se d th e b o o k h e r e c all s th e n am e w hic h h e ,

c o uld n o t do w h e n h e ac tu ally saw i t wi th h i s e ye .

( Carp e n te r ) T h at is to say th e vi su al impr e ssi o n o n

.
,

th e b r ai n th o ugh c o n sci o u s fail s to r e c all th e m e n tal

, ,

im ag e o f th e mi n d w h ic h th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d
,

succ e e d s i n a fe w mi n u te s i n d o i n g .

I saw th at a tick e t c o lle c to r at W e stb o u rn e P ark

n o tic e d th at m y tic k e t w h e n I g av e i t up w as fo r th e
, ,

w r o n g stati o n H e said n o th i n g an d o n l y af te r h e h ad
.
,

o t n e arly t o th e n e x t c arri ag e did h e tur n b ack an d

g
sp e ak ab o u t i t I t to o k th at l e n g th o f tim e fo r th e
.

sigh t m e ssag e to tr av e l fr o m th e r e ti n a to h i s c o n sc i o u s

c o rtic al c e n tr e an d b e p e r c e iv e d th e r e .

L o o k at th i s l in e o f c ap ital s an d n o te th at yo u o h
,

se rv e n o gr e at diffe r e n c e b e tw e e n th e upp e r
C i u o n sc o s
an d l o w e r h alv e s o f th e l e tte r s an d figur e s
idliib it d
.

e
N o w l o o k at th e m up sid e d o w n an d yo u se e
-

h o w gr e at th e diffe r e n c e r e all y i s th at yo u c o uld n o t se e

b e fo re
S S S S888 8 Z Z Z Z XXXXB B B B E E E E
T he s ugg e ste d e xpl an ati o n i s th at th e c o n sc i o u s
si gh t c e n tr e i n th e c o r te x se e s fr esh O bj e c ts e x ac tl y as

t h e y ar e b u t wi th r e g ard to famili ar o bj e c ts ( l e tte r s

, ,

e tc ) th e l o w e r c e n tr e ( i n th e u n c o n sci o u s r e gi o n ) af te r
.

a tim e o n l y se n d s up m ate r i al po i n ts to th e c o r te x ,

n e gl e c tin g mi n o r d e tai l s so th at w e do n o t se e these

,

o bj e c ts as th e y r e ally are We th e r e fo r e do n o t v i e w
.
, ,
2 82 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

o ur re l ativ e s f amili ar f ac e s
, or o ur s urro un di n g s as a

r ge r d o e s : h e se e s much th at w e do n o t ; an d,
st an

m e n tally as w e all k n o w tru th s in f amili ar w o r d s

, ,

l o se th e i r fo r c e wh ic h th e y r e gai n if fr e sh w o r d s are
,

u se d .

T h e f o ll o wi n g i s h e ad e d An A n xi o u s S p o rtsm an
“

i n th e D aily T e leg r aph o f 8 th Se p te mb e r 1 8 9 6 A b oy , .

fi re d at a bird ri si n g n e arl y j ust b e h i n d h i s f ath e r .

I r e m ark e d to h im af te rw ard s said th e fath e r ,

”
,

th at I q ui te e xp e c te d h i m to i n jure me an d m e n ti o n e d ,

th e p arti c ul ar i n stan c e H i s r e ply w as

. I n e ve r e ven ,

saw yo u T h e b o y n o d o ub t w as so k e e n o n b aggi n g
, ,

h i s bird th at h e r e ally did n o t se e th e f ath e r

, .

I n l o o ki n g th ro ugh a micr o sc o p e wh e r e atte n ti o n is

giv e n to th e o bj e ct th e o th e r e ye c an b e o p e n wi th o u t
,

se e i n g an yth i n g all m e ssag e s fr o m i t b e i n g i n h ibi te d

,

b e f o r e th e y r e ac h c o n sci o u sn e ss as c o mpl e te ly as if th e
,

e ye w as sh u t .

D rivi n g wi th a l ad y th e o th e r day I ask e d

“
D i d yo u , ,

N o I did n t sh e r e pli e d
” ’ ”
se e th o se l adi e s cycli n g ? , , ,

I n e v e r se e th e m n o w wh e n th e y fir st b e g an I saw
”
th e m e v e r y o n e .

A n Am e ric an c an e n tir e l y ig n o r e th e b o ard an d r ail

f e n c e s an d r o ad sid e r agg e d n e ss th at so disfi g ure h i s ,

c o u n try wh ich a n e wly arriv e d E ur o p e an i s alw ay s

,
-

r e m ark in g .

A str an g e r in a to w n may b e so attr ac te d by wh at h e

se e s as to fi n d i t imp o ssi bl e to talk o n an
, y imp o r tan t
subj e c t .O n l y o n e sp e c i al se n se c an fully e n te r c o n
sc io usn e ss at th e sam e tim e .
 C HAP T E R XIV .

T H E U N CO N SCI O US M I N D AN D T H E S PE CI A L SE N SE S
AN D S PE E CH .

II .
—H E A R I N G .

WE now co me p e ci al se n se o f h e ari n g an d its

to th e s

r e l ati o n to th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d T h e r e c an b e n o
.
.

d o ub t th at it i s se c o n d i n im po r tan c e as w e ll as in o ur ,

pr e se n t o rd e r I m pr e ssi o n s o f sigh t ac t m o re po w e r
.

fully o n th e br ai n th an h e ari n g o r to u c h 1
Sm e ll t aste .
,

an d o rdi n ar y se n sati o n s are o n a l o w e r pl an e .

F ir st o f all as to audi to ry se n sati o n s e xci te d by

,

id e as
S o m e y e ar s ag o wh e n c o n stan tl y c all e d o ut at n ig h ts
‘

, ,

I fr e qu e n tl y h e ard as I th o ugh t th e n igh t

, ,
I d l a di
ea u _

jzgfy se n sa b e ll ri n g di sti n c tl y O n g o i n g d o w n I f o un d
.

s
it h ad n o t b e e n ru n g an d th e b e ll qui te still .

Af te r l o n g pr ac ti c e I c o uld still o n l y di sti n g ui sh d o ub t

full y b e tw e en th e r e al b e ll th e so u n d o f w h ich w as a
,
’

li ttl e m o r e vivid an d th e id e al
, .

I h ad fo r so m e m o n th s a c l e v e r tr ai n e d n u r se wi th a
p ati e n t w h o k e p t sh o u ti n g l o udl y at h e r I n taki n g .

h e r e x e rci se al o n e o ut o f d o o r s S h e c o n stan tl y h e ard

1 f
Th e ac t th at th in g s h e ard impre ss us mor e than th ing s r e ad do es n ot
c ontradi c t th is, b ut i s d ue to o th e r re aso ns .

( 2 8 4)
 U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D S PE C IA L S E N SE S 285

sh o u ts at h e r e ar so ab so lu te l y r e ali stic th at sh e alw ays

tu rn e d to se e w h o i t w as .

A sail o r sh ipwr e c k e d an d alm o st dr o wn e d h e ard h is

m o th e r s v o i c e di sti n c tly say T o m did yo u tak e
’ “
,

J am e s s c ak e ? an awful qu e sti o n add r e sse d to him

’ ”

1
f o r ty ye ar s pr e vi o u sl y .

Of c o urse w e h av e al so id e as pr o duc e d by so u n d s .

D r S B e ttm an n h as sh o w n th at th e vig o ur o f th e c o n
. .

sci o u s mi n d i s muc h w e ak e n e d at su n se t an d th e ,

u n c o n sc i o u s p o w e r o f th e c h ur c h b e ll h as b e e n im
m o r tali se d by M ill e t in h is A n g e lu s
I n th e sam e w ay th e sub tl e c o n n e c ti o n b e tw e e n
,

stai n e d gl ass an d i n c e n se an d r e ligi o u s f e e li n g s i s w e ll

p ro v e d .

O f c o ur se so u n d s o f all so r ts are h e ard fr o m i rri tati o n

in di se ase o f th e audi to r y n e rv e suc h as b an d s o f mu si c, ,

p e al s o f b e ll s ru sh i n g w ate r e tc
, ( T h i s l ast i s v e ry
,
.

pr o b ably th e fl o w o f bl o o d in th e c ar o tid ar te ry w h i c h ,

i s cl o se by ) . All th e se so u n d s w o uld l e ad u s to
e rr o n e o u s c o n clu si o n s w e r e th e ir so ur c e n o t d e du c e d by

u n c o n sci o u s r e aso n an d so wi th o th e r se n se illu si o n s

,
.

N o w as to th e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d o n
,

h e ari n g
“ “
T h e e ar , say s Tuk e o f te n r e sp o n d s to w e ll
,

k n o w n so u n d s wh e n it d o e s n o t to o th e rs A dis .

ti n gui sh e d o cul ist c o uld n o t p o ssibl y b e r e u se d fr o m

h is sl e e p u n til a fri e n d w h i sp e r e d i n h i s e ar I h av e a ,
‘

fo r e ig n b o d y in my e ye ; c an y o n r e m o v e i t ? T he
’

e ffe c t w as e l e c tric al .

1 F . P. G o b b e , D ar w i n ism p. 316
, .
2 86 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

Tw i
o s ste s, o n e a r m o th e r ar e S l e e pi n g in
, th e sa me
be d, wh e n th e b aby c ri e s in th e n e xt r o o m
It . o n ly

aw ak e s th e m o th e r .

A w ai te r asl e e p c o uld n o t b e ro u se d by sh o uts o f

’ ’ ”
J o h n so n Wil so n e tc b ut w o k e at o n c e at W ai te r
, ,
.
,
1 ‘

I n h yp n o ti sm th e p e r so n may b e d e af to all bu t th e
v o ic e o f th e O p e r ato r B e ll s m ay b e ri n gi n g .

an d str o n g n o i se s o f all so r ts m ad e to w h ic h ,

h e is u tte r ly i n se n sibl e .

M D e lb o e uf r e l ate s th at h avi n g p ai d a vi si t to a
.
,

c o u n tr y h o u se wh ich w as n e ar a w ate rfall th e n o i se o f ,

th e f all at fi r st alm o st pr e v e n te d h is h e ari n g th e c o n

v e r sati o n at tabl e H e gr ad ually g o t accu sto m e d n o t
.

to atte n d to it an d o n th e six th day o n aw aki n g du r i n g

, ,

th e n igh t h e c o uld n o t h e ar i t at all

, I n v ai n h e .

li ste n e d — n o so un d w as h e ard H e g o t o u t o f b e d an d .
,

o n g o i n g to th e wi n d o w th e sigh t o f th e f alli n g w ate r

2 ”
m ad e th e f all audibl e .

Un c o n sci o u s h e ari n g i s illu str ate d by th e f o llo wi n g

“
I f e e l my se lf sudd e n ly e l ate d wh il e studyi n g th e
ti tl e s o f a c o ll e c ti o n o f b o o k s i n a sh o p wi n d o w .

S ur e l y th e sigh t o f a n e w b o o k o n th e Bri ti sh N udi

b ranc hi ate M o llusc a c an n o t b e a c au se o f th i s p o w e rful
se n se o f j o yfuln e ss N o th i n g th at I c an se e c an e xpl ai n
th i s sudd e n m o o d I cl o se my e ye s an d li ste n Am o n g
. .

th e n o i se s o f th e str e e t I c an di sti n gui sh th e so u n d s fr o m

a b ar r e l o rg an an d I pr e se n tly r e c o g n i se th e tun e i t is
-
,

l a yi n g as an air th at I h e ard l o n g ag o in my fi r st
p

M i n d p 41 6 , . .

2 G . H . Lew es, P roblems of L ife an d M i nd, prob . u

.
, p 190
. .
288 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S M I N D

fr e que n tly ar r e ste d in o ur u n c o n sci o u s br ai n s an d n o t ,

all o w e d to ri se to th e l e v e l o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

M e n tal te n si o n gr e atl y i n cr e ase s th e p o w e r o f h e ar

M e n ta l i n g T h e . H i g h l an d w o m an in th e r e sid e n c
y
ffgj égg
l es
w h o h e ard t h e di stan t b agp ipe s w h e n H av e

lo o k w as appr o ac h in g to th e r e l ie f o f L u c k n o w
is an illu str ati o n T h e w e ll k n o w n sto ry o f th e se rv an t
.
-

girl o f tw e n ty fi ve w h o i n d e lirium sp o k e in H e br e w
-
, ,

an d Gr e e k w o rd s an d se n te n c e s sh e h ad o v e rh e ard w h e n

liv in g wi th a f o rm e r m aste r in e arl y yo uth i s a g o o d ,

i n stan c e o f th e w ayin w h i c h w h e n th e c o n sc i o u s f ac ul ti e s
,

h
ar e in ab e yan c e t e u c o sci o u s b e c o m e app ar e n t
1
n ,
n .

I n G o e th e s c o n v e r sati o n s wi th E ck e rm an n w e r e ad
“ ’

I k n o w o f a c ase wh e r e an o ld m an o f th e l o w e r c l asse s ,

o n hi s d e ath b e d w as h e ard sud de n l y to r e ci te se v e r al

,

Gre e k p assag e s in th e m o st e l e g an t Gr e e k I t w as .

pr e se n tly di sc o v e r e d th at in h is b o yh o o d h e w as c o m
e lle d to m e m o ri se an d to d e c l aim G r e e k se n te n c e s
p .

N o t u n til h e lay at th e p o i n t o f d e ath fif ty ye ar s l ate r

did th e se m e an i n gl e ss w o rd s c o m up ag ain ! 2 ”

A n e ar ste ppe d wi th w ax h e ar s w e ll up to a c e r tai n

p o i n t I f th e w ax b e tak e n o ut th e h e ari n g i s to o ac u te
.

for a tim e u n til th e te n si o n i s u n c o n sci o u sl y re ad ap te d

, .

I I I .I V
, .
, V — . T A ST E , SM E L L ,
AN D T O U CH .

T he mi n d al te r s taste A m an se n t th e c r e am aw ay
.

Sen se of
b e c au se i t w as so ur b ut fo un d it sw e e t wh e n
,

1 2 3 22
h
t e s e rv a n t br o u g h t i t i n ag ai n — h e im agi n
i n g it w as a fr e sh suppl y .

Se e Coler i dg e s L i ter ar y B i og r aphy, n e w e d , 1 848, vo l i p 2 34

’
1 . . . .
,
2 L Waldste i n , T he S ub con sci ou s S elf , p 128
.
-
. .
 U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D S PE C IA L S E N SE S 2 89

T he irri tati o n o f o n e spe c i al se n se o f te n pr o d uc e s

f ur th e r se n sati o n s .

M an te g az z a k n e w a m an w h o c o uld n o t taste vi n e
g ar wi th o u t h avi n g a sudd e n se n satio n o f c o ld at th e
b ack o f th e n e c k A te rrib le sig h t alw ays m ak e s my
.

1 ”
l e g s fe e l c o ld .

S o F G al to n re c o rd s i n n um e r abl e c ase s o f n um e r al s
.

sug g e sti n g taste s sm e ll s c o l o ur s an d sh ap e s

2
.
, ,

T h e taste o r r ath e r se n sati o n o f th e te e th o n e dg e

, ,

c an b e pr o d uc e d by th e sc r api n g o f a sl ate p e n c il o n a

sl ate o r e v e n b y th e id e a o f i t
,
Wh at i s th e c ause ? .

We h e ar th e sc r apin g an d as an u n pl e asan t so u n d i s
,

c o mp o se d o f air w av e s o f i rr e g ul ar l e n g th s i t j ar s th e ,

audi to r y n e rv e I t h app e n s th at th e au dito r y n e rv e

.

li e s in a b o n y c an al al o n g sid e a n e rv e th at i s c o n n e c te d
wi th th e te e th an d to n g ue an d th i s j arri n g is c o m ,

mun i c ate d fr o m o n e n e r ve to an o th e r in th is c an al by
c o n tigui ty an d th e br ai n r e c e iv e s th e se n sati o n o f th e
,

te e th b e i n g se t o n e dg e sh o r tl y afte r th e di sagr e e abl e

,

so u n d i s h e ard T h is illu str ate s th e tr an sf e r e n c e o f

.

vibr ati o n fr o m a n e rv e o f e sp e c i al se n sati o n to o n e o f

c o mm o n se n sati o n .

I n th e c ase o f th e id e a o f th e sc r atc h i n g th i s tr an s ,

fe r e n c e w as c au se d by th e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s
mi n d .

A s to sme ll T h e sam e irri tati o n e l e c tri c i ty fo r ih

.
, ,

stan c e c an pr o du c e o n th e d iffe r e n t S p e c i al Se n se f
, o
11
se n se s r e sp e c ti v e ly fl ash e s o f lig h t o r di sti n c t
2 111 2 :

1 G . H Le w es, P r oble ms of L if e an d M i n d , problem i i i

. .
, p 284
. .

2 F G alto n, I n qui ry i n to the H u man F aculty .

19
29 0 T H E U N C O N SC I O US M I ND

so un ds ,
m e ll o f ph o sp h o ru s a p e culi ar taste o r a
th e s , ,

f e e li n g o f pri c k i n g .

“
P r o fe sso r B e n n e t te ll s u s o f a S c o tc h p r o cu r ato r
fi sc al says Tuk e w h o o n h avi n g to e x h um e a b o d y
,
”
, , ,

d e cl ar e d w h e n th e c o ffin app e ar e d th at h e p e rc e iv e d a
str o n g O d o ur o f d e c o mp o si ti o n wh ich m ad e h im so ,

f ain t h e h ad to l e av e O n o p e n i n g th e c o ffi n it w as
.

”
f o un d to b e e mp ty .

T h e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d in p r e se n ti n g
a f ac t to th e c o n sci o u s mi n d i s r e m ark ably illu str ate d

in a r e c e n t sto ry o f Sir R Q uain s H e w as se n t fo r

’
. .

to a m an ag e d f o r ty ye ar s w h o h ad a d e lu si o n th at ,

h is b o d y h ad a m o st o ffe n siv e sm e ll n o n e b e in g pe r ,

p e r c e p tibl e S ub se qu e n tly h o w e v e r th e abd o m e n w as

.
, ,

O p e n e d an d a m o st o ffe n siv e ab sc e ss di sc o v e r e d .

A s to touc h D r P e ar so n wh e n h e fir st to o k up a
. .
,

gl o bul e o f p o tassium an d w as to ld it w as a
m e tal e x c l aim e d Bl e ss me ! h o w h e avy i t
,
“
,

is, simpl y fr o m e x pe c ti n g it to b e so wh e r e as it is ,

e x c e ssiv e l y ligh t T h e se n se o f to uc h wi th th e se n sa
.
,

ti o n o f w e igh t h e at an d c o ld e tc i s g o v e r n e d by th e
, , .
,

min d M r C umb e rl an d h as o f te n sat wi th e ac h h an d

. .

r e sti n g o n th e h an d o f a fri e n d Wh e n th e y sh u t th e i r .

e y e s th e y still f e l t h i s tw o h and s al th o ug h o n e o f th e m ,

h ad b e e n r e m o v e d .

T o uc h c an b e br o ugh t to suc h acu te n e ss th at bli n d

p e o pl e c an r e c o gn i se fri e n d s th e y h av e n o t me t fo r
y e a r s,
by th e m e r e c o n tac t o f th e ir b an ds I n th e .

sam e w ay am o n g st c e r tai n I n di an s sm e ll i s so c aue t

, ,

th at o n th e d ark e st n i g h t th e y c an sc en t th e app r o ac h
2 92 TH E U N CON SC I O U S MIND

Co n sc i o u sn e ss is n ot an e sse n t a i l ac c o mp an im e nt
of s eep c h wh i c h m ay b e c o n sc i o u s sub
, ,
-
c o n sc i o u s o r ,

e n tir e l y u n c o n sc i o u s .

O ur u n c o n sc i o u s w o rd s b e tr ay O u r c h ar ac te rs E very

U i u
n c o n sc o
idl e
s
w o rd m ay v e r y po ssi bl y m e an e v e ry
Sp ee d ” u n c o n sid e re d w o rd i e e v e ry w o rd th at , . .
,

b e tr ays th e r e al m an s c h ar ac te r T h e r e fo r e af te r
’
.
,

u tte r i n g an o ath a m an o f te n d e c l ar e s wi th h o n e st

c o n v ic ti o n h e n e v e r u se d th e e xpr e ssi o n .

W e m ay h e ar a sl an g e xp r e ssi o n o r a n e w so n g w e ,

do n o t n o tic e i t p ar tic u l arl y b u t th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d,

d o e s an d th e r e sul t i s w e fi n d o ur se lv e s un c o n sc i o u sly
r e p e ati n g th e w o rd s o r h umm in g th e tu n e sh o r tly
,

af te r ; an d th e c uri o u s p ar t i s th at w e c an o f te n h e ar ,

th e air pe rf e c tl y if w e will d o it wi th th e sub c o n sc i o u s -

mi n d w h e r e as if w e try to h um it c o n sc i o u sly i t g o e s
, ,

fr o m u s Af te r a tim e wh e n i ts c o n sci o u s impre ssi o n

.
,

h as h ad tim e to d e e p e n w e c an h um i t at will ,
.

E j ac u l ati o n s S w e ar in g an d th e u se O f sl an g w o rd s
,

are g e n e r all y i n stan c e s o f u n c o n sc io u s S pe e c h Wo rd s .

c an b e u n c o n sc i o u sly r e pr o du c e d th at h av e l o n g l ai n
d o rm an t o ut o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss A n o ld We l sh m an .

w h ) h ad l e f t W al e s fo r fif ty ye ar s an d h ad qui te fo r

g o tte n h i s n ativ e l an gu age Spo k e i t fr e que n tl y in ,

d e l iriu m 2
.
”

A n I tali an wi th ye ll o w f e v e r at th e b e gi n n i n g o f h is
ill n e ss sp o k e E n gl ish in th e middl e F r e n c h an d at
, ,

”
2
d e ath I tali an o n ly .

1 M aud sle y P hysi olog y of M i n d p 232

, , . .

2 W C ar e n ter s M en tal P h si o lo 3 I bi d
g y 4th e diti o n , p 43 7
’
.
p y , . . .
 U N CO N SC I O U S M I N D A N D S PE C IA L S E N S E S 293

Our r e l ati o n s o f to n e an d g e stur e to th e w o rd s w e

r e ad all u n c o n sc io u s m e n tal ad aptatio n s are f ur th e r
, ,

illu str ati o n s o f h o w th e ac tio n O f th i s i gn o r e d par t

o f o u r m in ds i s e sse n ti al to e v e r y p ar t o f o u r lif e .

We all k n o w th e p ain ful e ffe c t wh e n th e to n e an d

m an n e r do n o t c o rr e sp o n d wi th th e m e an in g o f th e
w o r ds ; as wh e n a p assag e is r e ad i n an u n k n o w n lan
gu age o r b y a w h o lly ill ite r ate p e r so n
,
.

We m ay c o n c l ude w ith an ill u str atio n o f th e ac ti o n

o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s m in d i n p e rf e c ti n g an d
U i u n c o n sc o s
c o n n e c ti n g i d e as an d w o rd s g i v e n u s by mi d i
,
n n
h i ldh d C oo
I saac T ayl o r
'

“
I n th e se v e n th y e ar a c h ild u se s a v o c abulary o f
o n e tw o o r th r e e th o u san d w o rd s wi th full a s m u ch
, , y
c e l e rity o f u tte r an c e an d c e r tain t o f r e c o ll e c ti o n as h e
y
c an do af te rw ard s ; an d th e ac qu ir e m e n t O f th i s r e ad
y
u se at so e arl y an ag e se e m s to im pl y th at th e ac qui si

ti o n h as b e e n h e lp e d b y so m e l ate n t pr o c e ss w h i c h as
simi late s id e as an d w o rd s in an i n d isso lubl e m an n e r
1 ”
.

N o d o ub t th is i s tr u e an d th e pr o c e ss o f th e un c o n
sc i o u s de e p e n i n g an d p e rf e c tin g o f c o mpl e x ac ti o n s h as

l o n g b e e n r e c o gn i se d in G e r m an y wh e r e it i s said w e
,

l e ar n sk atin g in summ e r an d sw immi n g in win te r ,

w h ic h w e h av e pr e vi o u sly Sh o w n m e an s th at th e m o v e ,

m e n ts ar e u n c o n sc io u sly c o n so l i d ate d an d p e rf e c te d
ap ar t fr o m o u r r e p e ti ti o n o f th e m S o th at wh e n w e
. .

b e gin ag ain w e ar e b e tte r th an wh e n w e l e f t o ff .

1 I saac T aylor , H o me E d u ca tio n , pp 222 223

.
, .
 C HAP T E R XV .

T H E U N CO N S CI O U S M I N D AN D T H E M U SCU L AR S Y S T E M .

TH E c o n n e c ti o n o f u n c o n sci o u s mi n d ac ti o n wi th th e
mu sc ul ar syste m lik e all o th e r d e tail s o f the
G e n e r al
,
w
ti
on o f mi d n r e l ati o n s o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d wi th th e
on mu l sc e .
v ari o u s syste m s an d o rg an s o f th e b o dy W1 11 , ,

e r e l o n g w e ar e c o n vi n c e d b e c o m e a f av o uri te subj e c t
, ,

fo r stud y an d r e se ar c h b e ari n g as i t d o e s so dir e c tl y an d

,

pr o fo u n dly up o n th e wh o l e qu e sti o n o f th e c au se an d
c ur e o f m an y di se ase s . I t i s o bvi o u s h o w e v e r th at
, ,

b e f o r e th i s i s d o n e th e f ac t o f su c h r e l ati o n s n ay m o r e
, ,

o f th e v e ry e xi ste n c e o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d mu st b e ,

firml y e stabli sh e d cl e arly pro v e d an d g e n e r ally ac c e p te d

, ,

am o n g st sc i e n tific m e n .I t is th i s wh i c h i s th e prim ar y
O bj e c t o f th i s w o rk to e stabli sh an d pr o v e b y m e an s o f
,

th e w e igh ty an d e mp h atic te stim o n y br o ug h t to b e ar

up o n th e qu e sti o n fr o m m an y so urc e s I n sp e aki n g .
,

th e r e fo r e o f th e r e l ati o n s o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d wi th
,

th e v ari o u s o rg an s an d ti ssu e s o f th e b o d y n o m o r e will

,

b e atte mp te d h e r e th an to se e k ge n e r ally to e stabli sh

th e f ac t an d po i n t o ut th e c o n se qu e n c es fl o w i n g fr o m
,

i t as bri e fl y as p o ssibl e .

I n to uc h i n g h e r e o n th e mu scul ar sy ste m , w e will

fi rst o f all give so m e e vid e n c e as to mi n d ac ti o n ge n e r
(2 94)
296 TH E UN C ON SCI OU S MI N D

T he c onc e p ti o n mu scul ar p ow e r is d e ri v e d fr o m
th at
th e c o mbu stio n o f f o o d i n gr e di e n ts alon e i s al to g e th e r ,

u n p hysi o l o gi c al an d fu n c ti o n ally e rro n e o u s T h e c o n .

tr ac tio n O i a mu sc l e i s a p ur e l y m e c h an ic al e v e n t b u t
'

th e ato mic pr o c e ss o n wh i c h i t i s d e p e n d e n t i s by n o
m e an s i tse lf a m e c h an i c al e v e n t T h e p o w e r o f mu sc l e
.

r e sts e n tir e ly o n its e v o luti o n ary i n g rain e d affi n i ti e s an d ,

”
n o t o n th e bur n i n g o f an y tr an si e n t m ate ri al
1
.

I t i s a th an kl e ss task to tr y to e x plai n wh at an o th e r
m an me an s b y wh at h e says b u t th e l an gu ag e o f th e ,

ab o v e i s r ath e r o b scur e A s far as th e wri te r c an u n d e r

.

stan d i t P r o f e sso r M o n tg o m e r y app e ar s r ig h tl y to admi t

,

th e ac tu al m u sc l e c o n tr ac ti o n i s a m e c h an i c al ( o r sh all
w e say c h e mi c al ? ) e v e n t ;
,
an d w o uld pr o b ably al so

admi t th at th e p assag e o f th e e x c iti n g curr e n t i s al so

a m e c h an i c al o r at an y r ate p h ysi c al pr o c e ss
, ,
bu t th at
th e se n di n g o f th i s curr e n t an d th e d e te rmi n ati o n o f i ts
f o r c e i s al to g e th e r a p sy c h i c al e v e n t an d d e p e n d s o n
,

o th e r th an m ate r i al ag e n c ie s C arp e n te r o b se r ve s
.

T h e r e i s str o n g r e aso n to b e li e v e th e c e r e b rum h as

n o c o mmu n ic ati o n wi th th e e x te r n al w o rld o th e rwi se ,

th an by i ts c o n n e c ti o n wi th se n so ri m o to r app aratu s -

an d th at e v e n th e m o v e m e n ts c all e d i n v o lu n tar y ar e

o n l y so as r e g ard e d th e ir o rigi n al so urc e ; th e stimulu s

w h ich imm e di ate l y c all s th e mu scl e s i n to c o n tr ac ti o n

b e i n g suppli e d fr o m th e au to m ati c c e n tr e s
D r C F er e ( S alpe tr ier e H o spi tal ) giv e s a r e m ark abl e
. .

c o nn e c ti o n o f mu sc ul ar p o w e r wi th m in d .

1 Pro f . Ed M o ntg o mery in M i n d.

.
UN C O N SC I O U S M IN D A N D M U S C U LAR S Y ST EM 297

A t th e m o m e n t o f i n te ll e c tu al ac tivi ty h e says , ,

th e r e i s a m o m e n tary i n c r e ase O f v o lu n tar y

M e n ta l
p o we r o f mo ve m e n t 1
.
”
ti i ty ac v

T h e id e a o f 1325 13
11 1 8
J o h an n e s M ull e r 1 8 38 say s, , 11 3 }

p o w er
a p ar ticul ar m o ti o n d e te rmi n e s a c urr e n t o f
'

n e rv e ac ti o n to w ar ds th e n e c e ssar y mu scl e s an d giv e s ,

ri se to a m o ti o n i n d e p e n d e n t o f th e will ”

V o lu n tary mu scl e ac ti o n c an b e m ad e to o ve r c o m e
i n v o lun tar y o r u n c o n sc i o u s ac ti o n .

“
A w o m an w h o w as tr o ubl e d by wr yn e ck h ad al
w ay s in h e r p o w e r to p re v e n t it b y c o n trac tin g th e ,

mu scl e s o f th e o pp o si te sid e w h e n sh e re c o ll e c te d to do
so . A go o d illu str ati o n o f th e sam e p o w e r o ccur s w h e n
w e ar e abl e to o v e rc o m e cr am p o f th e c alf b y th e

vig o r o u s e x e r ti o n o f th e will to e x te n d th e mu scl e s in

spi te o f p o w e rful r e fl e x ac ti o n to th e c o n tr ary
2 ”
.

I f a giv e n m o v e m e n t i s to f o ll o w a giv e n sign al th e ,

m o v e m e n t w o uld fr e qu e n tl y b e m ad e b y th e p e r so n ,

e v e n w h e n th e ac tu al sig n al i s wi th h e ld
2 ”
.

T h e d e fi n i te e duc ati o n o f th e mu sc l e s b y th e will

as i n tr ai ni n g l e ar n i n g tr ad e s vi o li n pi an o e tc — illu s
, , , , .

tr ate s in v ari o u s w ays th e p o w e r o f mi n d o v e r mu sc l e .

.

N o w as to th e v o l un tary an d i n v o l un tar y m o v e m e n ts
,

o f th e mu scl e s V l t y o u n ar
a d i l
T h e r e i s n o r e al an d e sse n ti al d i ffe re n c e ta y mu s l e n
r
n v o un

b e tw e e n v o lu n tary an d i n v o lu n tary ac ti o n s m m t
.
o ve en

T h e y all spri n g fr o m se n sibili ty T h e y are all d e te r .

1 C F er é , B r ai n , v ol vi ii , p 212
k k
. . . . .

2 H ac T u e , M i nd an d B od y, v o l ii p 1 6 1 . .
, . .

11 E
d. v H ar tmann , P hi losop hy of the Un co n sci o us,
. v o l. iii .
, p 22 7
. .
2 98 TH E UN C O N SC IO U S M I N D

mi n e d by fe e li n g I t i s c o n v e n i e n t to d e sig n ate so m e
.

ac ti o n s as v o lu n tary b ut th i s i s m e r e ly a c o n v e n i e n c e
,

n o p syc h i c al o r p h y si o l o gic al i n sigh t i s g ai n e d by i t

1 ”
.

Wh il e all th e mu scl e s c an b e i n flu e n c e d b y th e
e m o ti o n s o n ly th e v o l un tar y mu scl e s c an b e i n flu e n c e d
,

”
b y th e will 2
.

T hi s i s a v e ry i n te r e sti n g an d w e th i n k accur ate , ,

di sti n c ti o n b e tw e e n strip e d an d un strip e d mu scl e I t .

w o uld appe ar th at th e r e aso n i s b e c au se e m o ti o n s (uh

c o n sc i o u sl y) c an i n fl ue n c e th e symp ath e tic and th e
c e r e br o spi n al n e rv o u s sy ste m s wh e r e as o ur will s (c o n
-
,

sc i o u sly) c an o n l y affe c t th e c e r e br o S pi n al o r in o th e r -
,

w o rd s th at m e ssage s fr o m the un c o n sc i o u s m i n d are

,

c o n v e ye d b y all th e n e rv e s ; th o se f r o m th e c o n sc i o u s
mi n d b y th e c e r e br o spi n al n e rv e s al o n e
-
.

T h e r e fl e x ac ti o n o f an id e ati o n al n e r v e curr e n t is
d o wn w ard s up o n th e m o to r c e n tr e s an d th e r e giv e s r i se ,

to wh at h as b e e n c all e d i dea mo tor m o v e m e n t T h e e n e r gy

-
.

m ay b e e x c i te d e i th e r up o n th e i n v o lu n tary o r up o n th e
v o l un tar y mu scl e s in th e l atte r c ase (o n l y) taki n g pl ac e
e i th e r wi th c o n sc i o u sn e ss o r wi th o u t c o n sc i o u sn e ss
3 ”
.

P r o f e sso r Bi n e t sh o w s th at in h e al th by c ar e fu l ,

Simul o b se rv ati o n th e rud im e n t o f state s o f d o ubl e

,

2312251
1
1 8
c o n sci o u sn e ss cl e arl y se e n i n,
m e dium s e tc , .
,

233i 2ga c an b e p e rc e iv e d an d th at if a pe r so n is se t
1 11
,

1
011 111 11 20 2
to do tw o di ssimil ar th i n g s as addi n g a sum ,

an d squ e e zi n g wi th o n e h an d an i n di a r ubb e r tub e -

1 G Le w es, P hysi cal B asi s of M i nd , p 3 7

H 3
k k
. . . .

2 H ac T u e , M i n d an d B ody, v o l ii , p 2 . . .

3 M audsle y, P hysi olog y of M i nd , p 28 7 . .

 3 00 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S MIN D

th r e e f o ur m in u te s O n th e o th e r h an d in li ste n in g
of . .
,

to an e l o qu e n t addr e ss th e b o d y e asil y r e m ai n s m o ti o n ,

l e ss fo r a mu c h l o n g e r p e ri o d .

A p e r so n str o n gl y im agin in g a k i c k c an h ardl y re ,

fr ai n fr o m it T h e i n tim ac y o f th e all ian c e b e tw e e n

.

mi n d an d th e n e rv o u s syste m is h e re c l e arl y se e n .

1
Bl u sh i n g bl an c h i n g e tc are o th e r i n stan c e s
, , .
,
.
”

M an y so c all e d v o l un tar y ac ts are h igh l y c o mpli c ate d

-

Un o n s c iou s
c
i n v o l u n t ar y r e fl e x ac ts T h e e r e c t p o si tio n .

fig gfigéf
fi
i
a on
s to a c e r tai n e x te n t v o lu n taril y assum e d ;
'

, ,

1 111
1 05 011
b u t i s wh o ll y u n c o n sci o u sly m ai n tai n e d
:

th r o u g h th e m o st c o m pl e x c o o rdi n ati o n o f h u n dr e d s -

o f mu sc l e s c o n tr o ll e d an d r e gul ate d b y th e u n c o n sc i o u s
,

mi n d in r e spo n se to affe r e n t curr e n ts br o ugh t by th e

,

sp e ci al an d o rd i n ar y se n sati o n s .

S o m e m ay asse r t th at th e ac ti o n o f th e c e re b e llum
wh i c h g o v e rn s th e c o o rd in ate m o v e m e n ts o f e q uilib -

r i um i s e sse n ti all y p h ysic al in c h ar ac te r sim pl y o n th e ,

assum pti o n th at all tr ue r e fl e x ac ti o n i s ph ysi c al an d

n o t psyc h i c al T h i s w e h av e alr e ad y c o n tr o v e r te d
.
.

W e m ay n o w add : T h e c o o rd in ati o n o f th e c e r e b e ll um -
,

e g as i n a do g ru n n i n g b y a c arri ag e j um i n g i n an d
. .
, p ,

o u t o f th e h o r se s fe e t e tc i s all u n c o n sc i o u s All
’
.
, , .

su c h fac ts app e ar t o d e n o te an u n c o n sc i o u s i n te llig e n c e

2
se ate d i n th e o rg an i sm
”
.

T h e b al an c e o n a bi c ycl e i s a g o o d illu str ati o n o f

acquir e d c o o rdi n ati o n b y th e fo rm ati o n o f h abi t at
-
,

fir st b y c o n sc i o u s e ffo r t (th e n admi tte dl y p syc h ic al ) ,

1
A Bai n , M i n d
. and B ody p 90
, . .
2 Rib o t, H er ed i ty,
p 225
. .
UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D M U SC U LAR S Y ST E M 3 01

a f te rw ard s by u n c o n sci o u s c o o rdi n ati o n ( an d th e n n o

-

l e ss p syc h i c al ) .

I n fur th e r pr o o f o f th e p syc h ic n atur e o f r e fl e x ac tio n s .

I f a fr o g i s to u c h e d wi th ac id in v ari o u s p ar ts Ps y c h ic
b o th wi th an d wi th o u t its h e ad its ac ti o n i s tu f
,
na re p re

fl a t ex c i on .

th e sam e th e f o o t Wl ll f o ll o w th e p ar t to u c h e d
,

all o v e r th e b o d y T h i s ac ti o n i s h ardl y th at o f a
.

m ac h i n e I t i s a m o v e m e n t ad ap te d to a sp e c i al e n d
.
,

an d m ay n e v e r h av e b e e n e x ac tly p e rf o rm e d b e f o r e .

T h e se are c h ar ac te ri sti c s o f i n te l li g e n c e an d W I 11 an d a
c h o ic e o f m e an s W e h av e in th e r e fl e x ac t all th at
.

c o n sti tu te s th e p s c h o l o gi c al e x c e p t c o n sc i o u sn e ss
y .

T h e m o v e m e n ts wi th th e w h o l e m e dull a an d se n
so r ium l e f t ar e i n m an y a im al s
n — n t —
p ig e o s e a m o r e
,

i n te llige n t th an wi th th e m e dull a o n l y sh o wi n g u n c o n
,

sc i o u s spe ci al an d o th e r se n sati o n s b y w h ic h th e y ar e

dir e c te d .

Wh e n w e w alk u n c o n sci o u sl y (r e fl e x ly) th e se n sib il ity

,

o f th e so l e o f th e f o o t i s a prim ar y c o n c: o n T h e re is
’
.

th e r e f o r e pr o v e d se n ti e n c e w h e n w e are u n c o n sci o u s o f
it .

I x e c u ti n g a v o lu n tary m o v e m e n t such as l if ti n g
n e ,

o bj e c ts o f k n o w n w e ig h t an d r e si stan c e w e u n c o n sc i o usl y
,

re gul ate o ur mu sc ul ar f o rc e to th e m so th at if w e are

,

d e c e iv e d as by a b all o f c o rk p ai n te d to im itate a c an n o n
,

b all th e adju stm e n t f o rm e d b y o ur un c o n sc io u s m in d

,

fr o m m e m o ry an d ap pe r c e pti o n i s c l e ar ly sh o w n T h e .

sam e i s se e n in g o i n g up an d d o w n stair s w h e n th e

im agi n i n g o f a ste p m o r e o r l e ss gi v e s a gre at j ar to th e

b o dy thr o ugh e r r o n e o u s u n c o n sc i o u s adj u stm e n t .
3 02 TH E U N C O N SC I OU S MI N D

A p e r so n c limb s a h ill n e ar th e h o use o f h is c h ild

h o o d an d fi n d s i t i n sig n ific an t to w h at h e th o ugh t it .

T o h is c h ild i sh mu sc l e s th e climbi n g w as m o st f atigui n g .

T h e m an r e m e mb e r s th e se f e e li n g s an d u n c o n sc i o u sl y
r e aso n i n g by p ast e xp e ri e n c e im agi n e d th e h ill h igh e r
’

”
1
th an it w as .

T h e se impr e ssi o n s o f th e mu scul ar se n se ar e un

c o n sc i o u s impr e ssi o n s We m ay re g ard it as .

e stabli sh e d th at e v e n th e sligh te st m o v e m e n t ,

wh e th e r due to c o n sc i o u s o r u n c o n sc i o us
v o li ti o n pr e s uppo se s th e u n c o n sc i o us id e a o f th e ap
,

r O ri ate c e n tr al n e rv e e n di n g an d th e u n c o n sc i o u s will
p p ,

”
2
to stimul ate th e sam e .

We h av e alr e ady se e n th at an y mu scul ar m o v e m e n t

i s e xplic abl e o n l y b y th e r e p e ate d i n te r v e n ti o n o f nu
”
3
c o n sc i o u s v o li ti o n an d th o ugh t .

E v e n th e S i mpl e st m o to r e l e m e n ts ac c e ssibl e to th e
c e r e br al c o n sc i o u sn e ss still r e quir e h ig h ly c o mpli c ate d

c o mbi n ati o n s o f m o v e m e n t fo r th e ir e x e c u ti o n i n to ,
”
4
wh i c h c o n sci o u sn e ss n e v e r p e n e tr ate s .

T o r e sum e All m an n e ri sm s c o n to r ti o n s twi tc h i n gs

.
, , ,

ulli n g f ac e s ar e as a rule u n c o n sci o us ac ti o n s o f th e

p , , ,

mi n d o n th e b o dy
T h e wri ti n g o ut o f th o ugh ts o f w h i c h th e mi n d i s
n o t c o n sc i o u s as th e r e pr e se n t fur n i sh e s an o th e r e x
,

ti ”
am pl e o i u n c o n sci o u s c e re b r atio n .

1 Sully I llusi on s, p 26 9
, . .

2 Ed v H ar tmann P h iloso h
. .
, p y t he Un co nsci ous v o l i , . .
, p 78.
.

4 I bid
1 6 9 p 1 35
3 I bid
, p
.
. . . , . .

5 Dr G . T h o mpson , S ystem of P sycho log y, p 430

. . .
 3 04 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S MIN D

b o dily c h an g e s A liv e l y r e m e mbr an c e o f a pl e asan t

.

r e li sh will pr o duc e th e same e xpr e ssi o n o f c o u n te n an c e

an d th e v e ry sm ac k o f th e r e ali ty
1 ”
.

I f a p e r so n says so m e th i n g r i dicul o u s yo u m ay ,

smil e o r fr o w n o r l o o k sc e pti c al e v e n i n th e d ark , ,

th o u gh yo ur fac e c an n ot b e se e n .

“
A p h il o so p h e r w alki n g in a cr o wd e d str e e t m ay b e
C i iti in so c o m ple te l y e n gr o sse d wi th th o ugh t th at
ur o s es ,

235 5 3333 al th o ugh h e th re ad s h is w ay succ e ssfully ( un

1 8
11 .

i mu ’
Zfifigi
sc e
c o n sc i o u sl y) th r o ugh th e cr o wd h e i s n o t ,

c o n sci o u s o f an yth i n g ar o u n d an d c an n e i th e r r e c o g n i se
,

fri e n d s n o r will b e c o m i n to c o lh s1 o n wi th th e r s o r
wi th th e l amp p o sts 2 -
T h at i s to say th e c o n sci o u s
.
’
,

an d u n c o n sci o u s mi n d s so far fr o m ac ti n g to g e th e r ac t
, ,

qui te ap ar t as w e h av e alre ad y se e n ; th e ac ti o n o f th e
,

u n c o n sci o u s b e c o m e s alw ays m o st app ar e n t w h e n th e

c o n sc i o u s i s i n ab e yan c e H e r e th o ugh th e w h o l e o f
.
,

th e m an s c o n sc i o u s mi n d i s so ab so rb e d th at h e c an n o t
’

u se i t o n an y p assi n g o bj e c t th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d i s ,

qui te fr e e to r e gul ate h i s ste p s an d w atc h o v e r his

saf e ty .

I n taki n g d o w n sh o r th an d n o te s m y se cr e tary fi n d s ,

sh e c an c o rr e c tly r e p o r t an addr e ss w ith o u t h avm a n

g y
c l e ar id e a a s to th e sub stan c e o f i t .

F . W H M ye r s in th e Journ al of the P syc hi c al

. .
,

R esearc h S oc i e ty t e ll s a sto ry o f a M rs E K E lli o t

, . . .
,

w h o r e c e i v e d so m e l e tte r s b y p o st o n e o f wh ic h c o n ,

tain e d £ 1 5 in b an k n o te s S h e w e n t i n to th e ki tc h e n
.

1 A B ai n M i n d an d B o d y, 3 rd
. , e d i ti o n . p 90. .

2 Car en ter M i n d an d B od
p , y .
 UN CO N SC I O U S M I N D AN D M U SC U LAR S Y ST E M 3 05

an d m ad e m o ti on to th r o w th e l e tte r s ( as d o n e w i th )
a
“ ” “
i n to th e fi re wh e n sh e say s I di sti n c tly f e l t my
, , ,

h an d ar r e ste d in th e ac t as th o ugh an o th e r h an d w as
,

g e n tly f o rci n g it b ack M uc h surpri se d I l o o k e d at my

.
,

h an d an d saw it c o n tai n e d th e b an k n o te s I w as so .

sur pri se d I c all e d o ut Wh o is h e r e ? I c all e d th e

,
‘ ’

c o o k an d to ld h e r an d al so my hu sb an d T h e Re v E . . .

K E lli o t says : I r e m e mb e r my wife d e sc rib in g th e

.
“

ab o v e adv e n tu r e to me at th e tim e an d al so th at sh e ,

w as n e arl y f ai n ti n g fr o m th e e xci te m e n t c au se d b y i t

P e r so n ally I am n o t aw ar e o f b e i n g v ai n an d se ld o m
, ,

w e ar an y j e w e ll e ry ; b ut o f l ate y e ar s I h av e w o rn
a sig n e t ri n g o n th e li ttl e fi n g e r o f th e r i gh t h an d an d

I h av e c o n stan tly n o ti c e d wi th an n o y an c e a gr e at te n
, ,

de n c y i n th at h a n d alw ay s to b e upp e rm o st f o ld e d o v e r ,

th e o th e r an d g e n e r all y m o r e c o n spicu o u s
,
I l o st th e .

ri n g a ye ar ag o an d si n c e th e n h av e w o rn an o th e r
o n th e li ttl e fi n g e r o f m y l e f t h an d h O pin g as th i s h an d
,

w as l e ss in sig h t I sh o uld n o t l o o k as i f I w e r e sh o w in g

i t o ff B ut to my di sgu st my l e f t h an d h as qui te u n
.
,

c o n sc io usly to me ,an d ag ai n st my Will n o w g o t th e ,

trick o f fo ldi n g o v e r th e o th e r an d c o m in g upp e rm o st

, ,

an d g e n e r ally m aki n g i t se lf o b se rv e d .

L o rd B ac o n p o i n ts o u t th at i f w e h o ld a r in g by a
th r e ad in a n arr o w gl ass an d e xp e c t it to P
,
f x o w er o
o
e

strik e so m an y tim e s ( as w h e n k n o wi n g th e l ifffiilfé t

’ ’’

m
r
l
is
s e
h o ur w e e xp e c t it to strik e i t) ag ai n st th e i

sid e ,
i t will do so .

T h e e xp e c tati o n o f a m o v e m e n t c au se s o ur v o lu n tary
mu scl e s to ac t u n c o n sc i o u sly B ut it i s a c uri o u s thi n g
.

20
3 06 TH E UN CO N SC I OU S M I N D

th at th i s m o ti o n i s o fte n arr e ste d b y th e e y e s b e i n g

cl o se d ; th e guidi n g se n sati o n o f sigh t b e i n g h e lpful i f ,

n o t e sse n tial e v e n to m o ti o n w h e n th e will i s in ab e yan c e .

T h o ugh t re ad e r s fi n d th e o bj e c t th at i s h idd e n by
th e mu scl e s o f th e subj e c t s h an d s tigh te n i n g o r r e l ax
’

i n g as h e appr o ac h e s o r r e c e d e s fr o m th e ar ticl e ; n o t
o n ly so b ut th e pul se i s f e l t to qui c k e n an d th e h an d
,

to p e r spir e as h e app r o ach e s th e o bj e c t .

H e r e w e g e t th e u n c o n sc i o u s ac ti o n o f c o n sc i o u s
mu sc l e s .

D r T uke te lls u s o f a w o m an w h o h e ari n g h e r

.
~

h u sb an d h ad a b ad ac cid e n t g o t a se v e re attac k o f ,

rh e um ati sm in wri sts an d an kl e s an d c o uld n o t m o v e ,

e i th e r .

T h e e m o ti o n s c an affe c t b o th v o lu n tary an d in
v o lun tary mu sc l e s ; fo r i n stan c e th e arm o f a m an ,

affe c te d wi th p ar al ysi s w h i c h n o e ffe c t o f h i s o w n will

,

c o uld m o v e h as b e e n se e n to b e vi o l e n tl y j e rk e d b y
,

e m o ti o n at th e sigh t o f a fri e n d
“
T h e su pe rh um an str e n g th wi th wh ich th e b o d y
se e m s e n d o w e d u n d e r th e i n flu e n c e s o f an o v e rwh e lm
2 ”
in g e m o ti o n is w e ll k n o w n .

N o m o to r p o w e r c an b e e x c i te d th r o ugh th e sym
p ath e tic syste m b y an y so r t o f will ; but i t c an b e
gr e atl y afl e c te d b y e m o ti o n al state s p ar ti c ul arly in th e ,

”
c ase o f th e h e ar t an d arte ri e s 3
.

T h e mi n d c an i n h ibi t mu scl e ac ti o n wi th o u t c au si n g
di se ase .A g e n tl e m an e n d e av o uri n g to tak e o ff h i s

1 W B Car pe nter, M en tal P hysi olog y, 4th e di tio n

. . .

3 I bid , 3rd e ditio n, p 326

. . .
3 I bid
p 12 7 . . .
 C HAP T E R XVI .

T H E U N CO N S CI O U S M I N D A N D I T S A CT I O N O N T H E H E ART ,
L UN G S , S K I N , S T O M A CH ; AN D IN S E X AN D
R E P R O D U CT I O N .

WE mu st ag ain p o i n t o ut th at th e e xtre m e b re vi ty wi th
w h i c h w e to u c h o n th e r e l ati o n o f th e mi n d to th e se
imp o r tan t o rg an s w h ich w e c o n sid e r in th i s c h ap te r is
du e to th e f ac t th at i ts c h i e f ac ti o n is se e n in c o n n e c ti o n
wi th d e fi n i te di so rd e r s an d cur e s ; an d th at i n asmuch
as th e wh o l e q ue sti o n o f th e r e l ati o n o f u n c o n sci o u s

mi n d wi th di se ase an d th e r ap e u tic s i s tr e ate d e l se wh e r e ,

w e do n o m o r e th an b ar e ly allud e to th e su bj e c t n o w .

F ir st th e n le t us c o n sid e r th e ac ti o n ( u n c o n sc i o u sl y)
, ,

f t h e mi n d o n th e h e ar t an d c irculati o n
A c t i o n
o f o .

Efifa zflfii l i ddo n p o i n ts o ut th at th e h e ar t i s so

cn
l
G
h m affe c te d b y th e e m o ti o n s th at i t i s o f te n
e

c all e d th e ir se at W e spe ak o f a c o rdi al w e l c o m e

.
,

o f h e ar t r e n di n g ac c o u n ts o f h e ar ty symp ath y o f ki n d
-
, ,

h e ar te d pe o pl e o f h ard h e ar te d p e o pl e
,
-
.

A m ari ab o u t to b e b e h e ad e d w as r e pri e v e d b e fo re th e
ax e fe ll af te r h i s h e ad w as o n th e bl o c k b ut h e h ad di e d ,

(h e ar t f ail ur e ) fr o m frigh t .

P l e asur abl e e m o ti o n giv e s firm n e ss an d r e gul ari ty

to th e ac ti o n o f th e h e ar t pr o m o te s th e c i rcul ati o n o f
,

(3 08 )
 TH E UN C O N SC IO U S M I N D A N D I T S A CT ION 3 09

th e bl o o d in c r e ase s th e g astri c se cr e ti o n s an d imp ar ts

, ,

firm n e ss an d r e g ul ari ty to th e mu sc ul ar c o n tr ac ti o n s o f
1 ”
th e sto m ach .

D r L e i th in h i s l e c tu r e s in 1 8 9 6 o n p ath o lo gy in
.

E di n burgh w as in c l i n e d to do ub t w h e th e r th e b e n e fi ts
o f N au h e i m ( a tr e atm e n t fo r th e h e ar t) w e r e n o t af te r

all to b e e xpl ai n e d l ar g e ly if n o t e n tir e l y b y th e , ,

i n flu e n c e o f th e m e n tal f ac to r P e r so n all y w e th i n k ,

th i s i s o n ly v e r y p ar ti all y tru e .

M al e b ran ch e to o k up D e sc ar te s tre ati se D e l homme ’ ’

an d i t c au se d su c h a vi o l e n t b e ati n g o f th e h e ar t b y i ts

w o n d e rful p o w e r th at h e w as o blig e d to lay i t asid e to

b r e ath e f r e e ly .
“

J o h n Hu n te r say s h e w as subj e c t to sp asm o f his

’
‘
vi tal p ar ts w h e n an x io u s ab o u t an y e v e n t ; as fo r ,

i n stan c e wh e th e r b e e s w o uld sw arm o r n o t w h e th e r

, ,

th e l arg e c at h e w as an xi o u s to kill w o uld g e t aw ay

b e f o r e h e c o uld g e t th e g un Af te r d e ath h o w e v e r it .
, ,

”
w as f o u n d h e h ad so m e h e ar t d i se ase
3
.

Jo y i n cr e ase s th e p al pi tati o n o f th e h e ar t by i n c r e ase d

”
vi tal ac ti o n te rro r d o e s th e sam e i n an o th e r w ay
, .

A s a g e n e r al pri n c ipl e pl e asur abl e e m o tio n s in c r e ase

,

th e vi tal fu n c ti o n s an d p ai n ful o n e s de pr e ss th e m
, .

T h e ac ti o n o f th e h e ar t is gr e atl y affe c te d b y e m o
ti o n s th r o ugh th e symp ath e tic syste m i t i s qu i c k e n e d
o r sl o w e d o r e v e n sto p pe d b y m e n tal sh o ck th r o u g h th e

te n th n e rv e T h e m o v e m e n ts o f th e h e ar t ar e al te r e d
.
,

1 H ac kT k u e, M in d an d B ody .
2 B ri tish fil ed i ca l J o u rn al 1 896
, p 7
11
k k
. .
,
3 H ac T u e M i n d an d B o dy
, .
3 10 TH E U N CON SC I OU S M I N D

an d p e cul i ari ti e s o f th e b e at ar e e x agge r ate d wh e n ,

atte n ti o n i s cl o se l y fix e d u po n i t T h e r e is li ttl e e vi .

d e n c e h o w e v e r th at mi n d c an pr o duc e m o re th an
, ,

fu n c ti o n al di sturb an c e o f th e h e ar t .

“
L o rd E gl in to n to ld Jo h n H un te r h o w wh e n tw o ,

so ld ie r s w e r e c o n de m n e d to b e sh o t i t w as ar r an g e d ,

th e o n e w h o th r e w th e n u mb e r w ith th e di c e sh o uld
b e r e pri e v e d ; th e o n e w h o pr o v e d suc c e ssf ul g e n e r all y
f ain te d w h il e th e o n e to b e sh o t r e m ain e d c al m
,
1
.
”

“
I h av e n e v e r m e t says R ic h ard so n wi th a c ase
“
, ,

o f i n te rm i tte n t pu l se th at w as n o t due to so m e m e n tal

—
c au se sh o c k f e ar so r ro w e tc 2
.
”

, , ,

D uri n g th e r u sh o f c o n s um p tiv e s to B e rli n fo r in o c u

l i b D K h ub r uli p i l ’

A cti n fo o
a t o n y r o c s t e c n a s e c
. a se t ,

3233 22
1 11 011 3
o f sym pto m s w e r e o b se rv e d to f o ll o w th e in

j e c t i o n an d w e r e tak e n as b e i n g di agn o stic

o f th e e xi ste n c e o f tub e rcul o si s am o n g st o th e r s a r i se ,

o f te mp e r atur e af te r so m an y h o ur s T h e se p h e n o .

m e n a w e re e ag e rly l o o k e d fo r b y th e p ati e n ts an d ,

o c c urr e d accur ate l y i n se v e r al w h o w e r e i n j e c te d wi th

pur e w ate r .

T h e f o rm ati o n o f bli ste r s full o f se rum fr o m th e

ap plic ati o n o f pl ai n stamp an d o th e r p ap e r to v ar i o u s
.

p ar ts o f th e b o di e s o f p ati e n ts i n th e h yp n o tic state is ,

w e ll atte ste d an d u n d o ub te dly tru e .

D r R v o n Kr afft E bi n g h as pr o du ce d a ri se fr o m
“ -
. .

° °
3 7 C to 3 8 5 C in a p ati e n t wh o se mi n d w as fix e d by
. .

1 k
B ac k T u e M i n d an d B o dy
, .

2
Sir B W Ri c h ar dso n , D i scour ses, p 1 6
. . . .
3 12 TH E UN CO N S CI O U S MIN D

c o rr e sp o n di n g an kl e Sh e w alk e d h o m e wi th diffi
.

c ul ty to o k o ff h e r sto cki n g an d f o u n d a circl e aro u n d

,

th e an kl e o f a ligh t re d c o l o u r wi th a l arg e r e d sp o t ,

o n th e o u te r sid e B y th e m o r n i n g h e r wh o l e f o o t
.

w as i n fl am e d an d sh e h ad to r e m ai n in b e d for so m e
,

d ays ”

A yo u n g w o m an wi tn e ssi n g the l an ci n g o f an ah
sc e ss in th e axill a imm e di ate l f e l t p a i n i n th at r e gi o n
y ,

f o ll o w e d by i n fl amm atio n D r M armise o f B o rd e aux . .

te ll s u s o f a l ad y s m aid w h o wh e n th e surg e o n pu t h i s
’
-
,

l an c e t i n to he r mi str e ss s ar m to bl e e d h e r f e l t th e ’

pri c k i n h e r o w n ar m an d sh o r tly afte r th e re app e are d

,

”
a brui se at th e sp o t
1
.

S t F r an c i s d A ssisi m e di tate d so l o n g up o n th e
’
.

C ru c ifixi o n th at h e suffe r e d se v e r e pai n i n

Stig mata .

h i s h an d s an d f e e t su c c e e d e d b y in fl amma ,

ti o n th at te rmi n ate d i n ul c e r ati o n .

L o ui se L ate au bl e d pro fu se l y in h e r h an d s an d fe e t ,

al th o u g h o n e x am i n ati o n o f th e ski n wi th a str o n g

,

l e n s n o sc ratc h w h ate ve r c o uld b e fo u n d T h e p apill ae

,
.

o f th e ski n h o w e v e r w e r e re d an d sw o ll e n
, , .

I t i s n o t so w e ll k n o w n b ut i t i s n e v e r th e l e ss th e
“
,

f ac t th at u tte rly star tli n g ph ysi o l o gi c al c h an g e s c an b e

,

r o d u c e d i n a h ypn o ti se d subj e c t m e r e l y b y c o n sci o u s

p
o r u n c o n sci o u s me n tal sugg e sti o n T h u s a re d sc ar o r . n

a pai n f ul bur n o r e v e n a fig ur e o f a d e fi n i te sh ap e suc h

, ,

as a cr o ss o r an i n i ti al c an b e c au se d to app e ar o n th e
,

b o dy pf th e e n tr an c e d subj e c t so l e ly th ro ugh sugg e sti n g

1 H ac kT k u e, M ind an d B ody
.
 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S MI N D AN D I T S A CT ION 3 13

th e i d e a cr e atin g so m e l o c al d i sturb an c e o f th e
. By
bl o o d v e sse l s i n th e sk in th e u n c o n sc io u s se lf h as d o n e
-
,

wh at it w o u ld b e im po ssibl e fo r th e c o n sc io u s se lf to
p e rf o rm An d so in th e w e ll atte ste d c ase s o f stigm ata
.
-
,

wh e r e a cl o se r e se mbl an c e to th e w o u n d s o n th e b o d y
o f th e c ru c ifi e d S avi o ur app e ar s o n th e b o d y o f th e

e c stati c T h i s is a c ase o f u n c o n sc io u s se lf sugge stio n

.
-
,

ar i sin g fr o m th e in te n t an d ad o ri n g g az e o f th e e c stati c

up o n th e bl e e d in g figur e o n th e cru c ifix Wi th th e .

ab e yan c e o f th e c o n sc i o u s se lf th e h idd e n p o w e r s ,

e m e rg e w h il st th e tr an c e an d m imi c r y o f th e w o u n d s
,

are stric tl y p ar all e l to th e e xp e rim e n t al c ase s pr e v i o u sl y

r e fe rr e d to M ay n o t so m e o f th e w e ll k n o w n c ase s o f
.
-

mimicry in an im al lif e o r igin ate l ik e th e ,

322213211
1 1

stigm ata in a r e fl e x ac ti o n as ph ysi o l o g is ts 1 1

,
tho u g ht
,
“

w o uld say b e l o w th e l e v e l o f c o n sci o u sn e ss

, ,

cr e ate d by a pr e d o mi n an t im pr e ssi o n an al o g o u s to th o se
pr o duci n g th e stig mata T h at is to say to r e fl e x ac tio n s ,

e x c i te d b y an u n c o n sc i o u s su gg e sti o n d e r i v e d fr o m th e

e n vir o n m e n t ; i n o th e r w o rd s th e dyn am i c e x te rn al , ,

i si n g p o w e r o f th o ugh t if th e ac tio n o f th at wh ic h i s
,

u n c o n sc i o u s m ay b e c all e d th o u g h t We m u st in f ac t .
, ,

e x te n d o ur id e a o f th o ugh t to so m e th in g m u c h
‘ ’

wid e r th an i n te ll e c ti o n o r ide atio n — th e se ar e spe c i al

ac ts o f th o ugh t fo r th e d ir e c ti n g f u n c ti o n al ac tiv ity
,

o f o u r sub l im i n al l i f e h as al so th e attr ib ute s o f th o u g h t

-

th o ugh w e m ay b e u n c o n sc i o u s o f i ts th in kin g 1 ”
.

We will n o w tur n to th e lu n gs an d r e spir ati o n .

1 Pro f . Barr e tt (Pr o f

. Ph ysic s, i n th e H u man i tar ian , 1 8 95 .
3 1 41 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M IND .

T h e re c e n tre s for r e spir ati o n th e o n e str ic tly

are tw o ,

Th u e
a n atu r al r e fl e x o n th e m e dull a th e o th e r
n c ow ,

i u mi d
e c te d W1 th th e c o r te x an d c o n sc i o u sn e ss
sc o s n
an d pim
re s
c o nn .

11
011
T h e b r e ath c an b e al te r e d in rh y th m an d
fo rc e e tc by th e mi n d c o n sci o u sly an d un c o n sci o u sly
, .
, ,

b ut o n ly wi th i n th e li mi ts fix e d by th e auto m atic c e n tr e ,

i e n o t so as to e n d an g e r life
. .
, .

T h e will c an pr o duc e a c o ugh b ut n o t a sn e e z e ,

.

H yste ric al (o r mi n d ) c o ugh an d dy sp n oe a o r sh o r t br e ath

,

ar e w e ll k n o w n O n e c an n o t b r e ath e n atur ally wh e n

.

th e ac ti o n is b r o ugh t i n to full c o n sci o u sn e ss Wh e n a .

p ati e n t i s to ld to bre ath e n atur ally an d tri e s h ar d to do ,

so th e r e sul ts ar e o f te n ludicr o u s
, .

E m o ti o n s pr o du c e a fe e li n g o f su ffo c ati o n an d th e ,

ri si n g o f a b all (g lo bus) in th e th ro at .

T h e br e ath i s al te r e d by th e e m o ti o n s T h e sh o r t .

qui e t br e ath o f j o y c o n tr asts wi th th e l o n g sigh o f r e li e f

af te r br e ath l e ss su sp e n se Jo y giv e s e up n ae a o r e asy
.

b r e ath i n g gri e f o r r ath e r f e ar te n d s to d yspn oe a o r

,

di ffi c ul t br e ath i n g S o bbi n g g o e s wi th gri e f l augh te r

.
,

wi th j o y an d o n e o f te n m e rg e s i n to th e o th e r
, . Yawn .

in g i s p r o duc e d b y pu r e id e a o r by se e i n g i t as w e ll as ,

b y f ati gu e .

D r M o r to n P ri n c e says a l ad y h e k n e w alw ay s h ad
.

vi o l e n t c atar rh in th e n o se ( h ay f e v e r) if a r o se w as in
th e r o o m H e g av e h e r an ar tifici al o n e an d th e u su al
.

symp to m s f o ll o w e d H e th e n sho w e d h e r i t w as a f al se
.

o n e an d h ad n o p o ll e n
,
e tc an d e v e r af te r all symp
, .
,

to m s di sapp e are d H o w m an y c ase s o f h ay fe v e r

1
.

1 J ou rn al of N ervous an d M en tal D iseases (Bosto n ), May, 1891 .

3 16 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

th o ugh t to d e v e l o p th e C d fo r c e an d v ari o u s prick ,

i n g se n sati o n s w e r e f e l t wh il e in dr aw i n g it d o wn w ard s
,

a diffe r e n t se t o f symp to m s o c c u rr e d D r Br aid did . .

th i s w i th th e pati e n t s ar m b e h in d a scr e e n an d all th e

’

se n sati o n s w e r e f e l t ; b u t th e n th e y w e r e f e l t th e sam e

wh e n th e r e w as n o m ag n e t .

T h e h air m ay b e tur n e d g r e y an d wh i te by e m o ti o n
i n a fe w h o ur s o r so o n e r .

Wi th r e g ard to th e sto m ac h an d dig e sti o n ap ar t fr o m ,

A ti o n f
c
ac tu al di se ase w e m ay n o ti c e o n e o r tw o i n
o ,

mi d
stan c e s o f un c o n sc l o u s m1 n d ac t1 o n
n on

d ig ti
.
es ve

A m an w h o w as v e ry se a Sl c k l o st a
01 1 11 8 “
8 -

v alu abl e se t o f artifi c i al te e th o v e rb o ard an d w as i n ,

stan tly c ur e d .

I f th e th o u gh ts are str o n gly dir e c te d to th e i n te sti n al

c an al as b y br e ad p ill s i t will pr o du c e str o n g p e ri
, ,

stal ti c ac ti o n V o mi tin g o c cur s fr o m m e n tal c au se s

.
,

apar t fr o m o rg an i c b r ai n di se ase B ad n e w s will pr o .

du c e n au se a ; e m o ti o n al so o r se e i n g an o th e r p e r so n ,

v o mi t o r c e r tain sm e ll s o r i d e as o r th o ugh ts ab o u t a se a
, ,

v o yag e e tc o r th e th o ugh t th at an e m e ti c h as b e e n tak e n

, .
, .

T h e th o ugh t o f f o o d pr o du c e s a c o pi o u s fl o w o f g as
tric j ui c e in th e sto m ac h an d saliv a i n th e m o u th .

H yste r1 c al m e n tal) d yspe psi a e r u c tati o n v o mi t , ,

in g an d g astr algi a are all c o mm o n .

Jaun di c e h as b e e n c au se d by fi ts o f an g e r an d f e ar .

A m e di c al stud e n t h ad an attac k b r o ugh t o n by a se ve r e

”
e x ami n ati o n
1
.

1 B ac k T u k e, M in d an d B od y.
 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D ITS A CT I O N 3 17

I d ir e c te d a b aby to b e fe d e ve ry tw o h o ur s by day
an d e v e r y f o u r h o ur s by n igh t b y th e c l o c k ; an d six

w e e k s afte r th e b ab y w o k e n atur ally at n igh t wi th i n

fi ve mi n u te s o f th e tim e .

T h e th o ugh t o f an ac id frui t will fill th e m o u th wi th

w ate r A su c c e ssful w ay o f sto ppi n g di sc o rd an t str e e t
.

mu sic is to su c k a l e m o n wi th i n full vi e w o f a G e rm an
b an d F e ar will so dry th e th ro at th at dry ric e c an n o t b e
.

sw all o w e d T h i s i s a te st in I n di a fo r th e d e te c ti o n o f
.

a murd e r e r T h e su sp e c te d m an i s br o ugh t fo rw ard

.

an d giv e n a h an dful o f dry ri c e to sw all o w I f h e c an .

do th i s h e i s i n n o c e n t ; if h e c an n o t b e i s guil ty f e ar ,

h a vi n g dri e d up h is m o u th .

V o mi ti n g (n atur al ) in c ase s o f p o i so n i n g i s n o t alw ays

fro m sto m ac h i rri tati o n I n so m e c ase s i t i s th e r e sul t
.

o f a pr o te c ti ve m e c h an i sm S imil ar l y w e g e t l o ss o f
.

ap pe ti te i n bili o u s attac k s .

D r M ur c h i so n says th e r e i s g o o d e v i d e n c e th at n e rv e
.

i n flue n c e m ay n o t o n ly c au se fu n c ti o n al de r an g e m e n t ,

b u t al so cur e struc tur al di se ase o f th e liv e r .

A yo un g l ad y w h o c o uld n o t b e c ur e d o f v o mi ti n g
w as e n g ag e d to b e m arri e d O n b e i n g to ld th at th e
.

w e ddi n g day mu st b e p o stp o n e d till cur e d th e v o mi ti n g ,

c e ase d .

S ir J am e s P ag e t te ll s u s o f v e r y se v e r e par o ti ti s o r
i n fl amm ati o n o f th e saliv ary gl an d o c c urri n g in a m an
o f six ty n i n e fr o m th e si gh t o f ac id f o o d
-
( Wh e n a .

b o y h e w as alw ay s up se t at th e sig h t o f vi n e g ar ) 1
.

1 Sir James Pag e t, S tud ies f r o man O ld Case-book, p 1 09 . .

3 18 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S MIN D

P e r si ste n t d r y m o u th afte r m e n tal sh o ck i s r e c o rd e d

by J o n ath an Hu tc h i n so n in 1 8 8 8 .

Sir T h o m as W atso n r e c o rd s a c ase o f j au n dic e o ccur

ri n g in an u n m arri e d w o m an wh e n sh e di sc o v e r e d sh e
w as wi th c h ild .

We wi ll n o w to u c h bri e fl y o n th e c o n n e c ti o n o f th e
u n c o n sci o u s mi n d wi th se x an d r e pr o duc ti o n
A c ti o n f
.

{ m
u d x
o n se T h e wh o l e di ffe ri n g ch ar ac te ri sti c s o f
m a ly h f
e r e .

m an n e r h ab 1 ts taste s an d m1n d o f m an
, ,

an d w o m an ri se l arg e l fr o m th e u n c o n sci o u s p ar t of
y
th e mi n d an d th e i r w h o l e b e au ty c o n si sts in th e i r un
,

c o n sci o u s o rigi n .

I n th e di ffe r e n t g am e s an d o ccup ati o n s o f b o y s an d

girl s w e se e th i s d e v e l o pi n g e v e n fr o m th e n ur se ry as ,

i n th e m ark e d l o v e fo r d o ll s am o n g st girl s th e h abi t o f ,

ki ssi n g th e d e v e l o pm e n t o f m o d e sty an d th e l o v e o f
,

dr e ss all o f w h ich are di ffe r e n t in d e g r e e o r l acki n g

,

am o n g st b o ys .

T h e fe e li n g o f sh am e e xi sts u tte r ly u n c o n sc i o u sl y in
m an y sav ag e s an d i s i n sti n c tiv e in all pr e g n an t
,

wo m e n .

L aur a Bird a bli n d d e af an d dumb li ttl e girl o f

, ,

e xc e ssiv e m o d e sty ki sse d a m an by mi stak e

, an d r an ,

aw ay in g r e at frigh t S he w o uld n o t u n dr e ss a d o ll if
.

th e r e w as a m an i n th e r o o m .

I t i s r e m ark abl e h o w m o d e sty i n c r e ase s un c o n sci o u sl y

at pub e r ty Ki ssi n g b o y s c o mm o n b e f o re c e ase s n o w ;
.
, ,

an d th i s n o t b y p r e c e p t b ut b y i n sti n c t
, We se e un .

c o n sci o u s l o v e o r se xu al se l ec ti o n in an im al s A do g .

will f o ll o w an o th e r fo r mil e s p assi n g an d n e gl e c ti n g all

,
3 20 TH E UN C O N SC I OU S M I ND

T he r g th o f th i s u n c o n sc i o u s i n sti n ct d e p e n d s o n
st e n

i ts psyc h i c al an d n o t i ts p h ysic al so ur c e fo r th e se o f te n ,

v ar y i n 1n v e r se r ati o ; th e f o rm e r o f te n i n te n sifyi n g as
th e l atte r w e ak e n s
M o n o g amy i s i n sti n c tiv e wi th w o m e n p o l ygam
.

y ,

wi th m e n h e n c e wh e re m an rul e s p o l yg am y i s c o m
, ,

m o n ; w h e r e w o m an h as h e r ri gh ts m o n o g amy A , .

m an c an b e fath e r to 1 00 c h ildr e n i n a y e ar a w o m an ,

c an o n l y b e ar o n e h e n c e th e di ffe r e n c e o f n atur al
,

1 ”
i n sti n c t .

N o w as to th e p h e n o m e n a o f r e pr o du c ti o n .

We n o ti c e th e wh o l e c h ar ac te r o f w o m an i n sti n c t wi th
A ctio n f o
un c o n sc i o u s m e n tal qu ali ti e s o f al trui sm l o v e , ,

fif fi n g
c o mp assi o n u n w e ar yi n g pati e n c e all fo rm e d
, ,

“ 1 9 1
0 1111 6 11
b y g e n e r ati o n s o f m ate r n i ty .

T h e n as r e g ard s o ffspri n g : T h e r e i s n o p h ysic al

c au se di sc o v e r e d w h y o v a sho uld d e v e l o p acc o rdi n g to
th e ir ki n d T o talk o f a law impr e sse d o n m atte r i s to
.

use m e r e w o rd s H o w c an a law b e impr e sse d o n

.

m atte r A s a se al o r w ax Or as th e po l ar arr an g e
m e n ts o f par ts i n a so lid I f so i t i s di sc e r n ibl e by th e
,

mi c r o sc o p e an d th e n i t w o u ld n o t b e a law b ut a
,

phenomen on .

“
I am in d e e d i n c li n e d to r e g ard th e d e v e l o pm e n t o f
an o vum ac c o rdi n g to ki n d as th e r e sul t o f a str i c tl y

imm ate ri al an d spiritu al age n cy 2

.
”

T h o ugh th e wri te r o f th e ab o v e w as n o p syc h o lo gi st

h e w as a sci e n tifi c m an an d an acu te th i n k e r an d w e ,

1 Ed v H artman n, T h e P hi losop hy of the Un con sci o us, vol. i p 224

K
. . . .
,
.

2 Charle s in g sley, L if e, v o l ii , p 1 47
. . . .
 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S M I N D AN D I T S A CT I O N 32 1

b e l ie v e th at n o w th e r e are c o mp ar ativ e l y fe w th at will

d e n y th e p sy c h ic c au se s at w o rk I t h as b e e n b e au tif ull y
.

sai d an o rg an i se d b e i n g i s th e pr o du c t o f th e u n

c o n sc i o u s m e m o ry o f an o rg an i sm
“
H e rb e r t Sp e n c e r says I t i s pr o v e d th at n o g e rm ,

an im al o r v e g e tabl e c o n tai n s th e sligh te st rud im e n t

, ,

tr ac e o r i n di c ati o n o f th e fu tur e o rg an ism— si n c e th e

,

mi c r o sc o p e h as sh o wn u s th at th e fir st pr o c e ss se t
up in e v e ry fe r tili se d g e rm i s a pr o c e ss o f r e p e ate d
sp o n tan e o u s fi ssur e e n d in g in th e pr o duc ti o n o f a
m ass o f c e ll s n o t o n e o f wh ic h e xh ibi ts an y sp e ci al
,
”
c h ar ac te r
S ur e ly str o n g e r e vid e n c e c o uld n o t b e giv e n in fav o ur
o f Ki n g sl e y s b e l ie f
’
.

A m o th e r n ur sin g h e r c h ild alw ays f o u n d th e m ilk

se cr e te d wh e n sh e h e ar d th e c h ild cr yi n g fo r an y l e n g th

o f tim e .

F e ar sto p s th e se cr e ti o n o f milk an d w o rr yw ill e n

,

tir e ly c h an g e i ts c h ar ac te r so as to b e c o m e ab so lu te l y
,

i n jur io u s to th e c h ild T h e i d e a o f b e auty attac h in g to

.

th e o u tl in e o f th e f e m al e b u st i s pr o b ably due at th e
b o tto m to th e u n c o n sc io u s id e a o f i ts v alu e in th e su s
te n an c e o f th e r ac e r ath e r th an m e r e ly to th e qu al ity o f
,

its c urv e s an d li n e s .

I n c o n c lu sio n w e will giv e so m e e vi d e n c e as to th e

,

w ay in w h ic h th e mi n d o f th e m o th e r c an u n c o n sc io u sl y

im pr e ss ph ysic al c h ar ac te r i sti c s o n th e o ffspr in g .

D r L o w e i n th e B r i ti sh M e d ic al Jo u rn al says th at
.
, ,

th e l astin g e ffe c ts o f p air in g in an im al s b o th in th e ,

m al e an d fe m al e are to h is min d c o n clu siv e

, H e .

21
322 TH E U N C O N SCI O U S M I N D

on ly l c ts ab o u t h alf a d o z e n e xp e rim e n ts wh ich

se e ,

Sp e ak fo r th e m se lv e s .

1 H e says th at a wh i te so w wi th a b l ac k
.

B e rk sh ir e b o ar pr o duc e d a li tte r o f bl ac k an d
wh i te pig s T h i s so w n e x t wi th a r e d T am
.
,

w o rth b o ar al th o ugh th e r e w as n o bl ack in e i th e r o f

,

th e p ar e n ts pr o du c e d apr o g e n y w h ic h w e r e re d bl ac k
, , ,

an d w h i te th e p atc h e s o f bl ack b e i n g v e ry c o n spi c u o u s

, .

2 A bl ack so w an d b o ar (D uc ke r in g b r e e d ) h ad
.

alw ays br e d th e ir pr o g e n y bl ack T h e b o a r th e n w as.

p u t wi th a w h i te sow fo r th e fir st tim e ; tw o m o n th s

l ate r it w as b ack wi th th e o rigi n al bl ack so w wh i c h ,

th e n p ro duc e d a li tte r o f bl ac k an d wh i te p i g s al th o u g h ,

th e r e w as n o w h i te in e i th e r o f th e p ar e n ts .

3 A sh o r th o r n c o w wi th an Ald e rn e y bull p ro duc e d

.

a c alf w h ic h w as h alf br e d Ald e r n e y -

Af te rw ard s th i s .
,

sam e c o w wi th a sh o r th o r n bull h ad an o th e r c alf ;

, ,

wh ich w as still p ar tl y Ald e rn e y .

4 A sm o o th fo x te rri e r b y a r o u gh S c o tc h te rri e r
.
-
,
-
,

h ad r o ugh pup s A fte rw ard s b y a sm o o th fo x te rri e r

.
,
-
,

i t h ad pu ps wh i c h w e r e m an y o f th e m r o ugh c o ate d
, ,
-
,

an d n o n e w e r e lik e th e p ar e n ts .

5 A M an x taill e ss to m c at p air e d wi th an o rdi n ary

.
-

E n gli sh cat an d a p o r ti o n o f th e ki tte n s h ad e i th e r n o

,

t ail s o r v e r y sh o r t o n e s T h e taill e ss to m c at di e d
.
-

so m e ye ar s ag o b u t up to th e pr e se n t tim e a fe w taill e ss
,

ki tte n s are still b o r n .

6 A fair ligh t h air e d E n gli sh m an m arri e d a Br azili an

.
-

l ad y b ut h ad n o c h ild re n Tw e n ty y e ar s af te r h e m ar
,
.

r i e d a li g h t h air e d E n gli sh l ady w ho sub se qu e n tl y h ad

-
,
3 24 TH E UN C ON SC I OU S M IN D

th e ch ild fo r wh o se c o mi n g sh e l o n ge d w o uld b e mys

te ri o u sly tr an smi tte d to h im ; an d i n th i s f ai th for h i s ,

sak e as w e ll as h e r o w n sh e lux u ri ate d i n th e r o m an ti c

,

sur r o u n di n g s o f h e r D e v o n sh ir e h o m e an d i n e v e ry

sigh t an d so u n d wh ic h sh e h o p e d w o uld b e d e ar to h e r

c h ild in afte r life T h e se h o p e s w e r e r e ali se d ; an d

.

th o ugh h e r so n l e f t D e v o n wh e n h e w as six w e e k s o ld ,

an d n e v e r saw h i s bir th pl ac e till h e w as a m an o f

-

th ir ty i t an d e v e r y D e v o n sh ir e sc e n e h ad a my ste ri o u s
,

ch arm fo r h im th r o ugh o u t life 1

.

1 Charle s Ki ng sle y, I /i e, vo l.
f i .
, p 4.
.
 C HAP T E R XVI I .

T H E U N CO N SCI O U S M I N D AN D D I S E AS E .

WE now b e ari n g o f th e u n c o n sc io u s m in d
tur n to th e
o n di se ase an d h e r e w e w o uld ag ai n r e m ark T h mi n d i
, e s
“
th at th e simpl e w o rd m in d w o uld in th e 322 3 ;
”
,
1

1 0
01
0
“ 1
au th o r s o pi n i o n b e mu c h b e tte r th an th e
’
11 00118 0 0112
,

“
c umb e r so m e te rm s c o n sci o u s m in d an d u n c o n sc i o u s
mi n d w e h av e h ad to u se so fr e qu e n tly ; th e q ualifi c a
”

“ ” “
ti o n u se d c o n sc i o u sl y o r u n c o n sc i o usl y b e i n g ”

add e d as n e e d e d th u s e mp h asi si n g th e u n i ty o f th e
,

mi n d .

F o r afte r all w e th i n k w e h av e sh o w n th at th e e g o
“

th at i s o ur se lv e s— li e s far m o r e in th e u n c o n sc i o us
,

th an th e c o n sc i o u s We ar e h o w e v e r i n th i s w o rk at
.
, ,

an y r ate c o m pe ll e d t o r e ite r ate th e f o rmul a

, th e um
c o n sc i o u s mi n d wi th alm o st w e ari so m e fr e qu e n c y ,

b e c au se i t i s th e v e r y po in t w e h av e to pr o ve ; an d
“
c an n o t th e re f o r e assum e th at min d al o n e w o uld b e ”

“
u n d e r sto o d e qu all y to r e f e r to c o n sc io u s o r u n c o n
”
sc i o u s ac c o rdi n g to th e c o n te x t I f an y pr e f e r th e
.

“ ”
al te r n ativ e f o rmul a m in d u se d u n c o n sc i o u sly le t ,

th e m su b sti tu te i t th r o ugh o u t We av o id i t fo r th e
.

e x tr ao rd in ar y r e aso n th at th e r e are n o t w an tin g

p syc h o l o gi sts w h o w o uld u n d e r stan d th e p h r ase to
(3 2 5 )
3 26 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

m e an mi n d ,
i . e .
, c onsc i ou s mi n d u se d un c o n

sc i o u sly

Wi th xpl an ati o n w e tur n to o ur subj e c t

th i s e .

T h e adv an c e o f m e di c i n e lik e all e l se i s r ath e r o f th e

, ,

o rd e r o f th e m o ti o n o f a swi tc h b ack c ar ;
O pp iti
os on
t m t l
o en a
_
pro gr e ssi n g un d o ub te dly bu t wi th qui te an ,
th p t
er a eu i c s .

u n c o mf o r table am o u n t o f o sc fl latlo n d e ri v
i n g i n d e e d its m o tiv e p o w e r p ar tly fr o m th e ups an d
, ,

d o wn s wh i c h so l e n gth e n i ts j o ur n e y r ath e r th an , .

e n tir e ly fr o m an y ste ady an d i n h e r e n t drivi n g f o rc e .

I n th e d ark ag e s o f m e di c i n e b e fo r e th e i n v e n ti o n o f
i n strum e n ts an d c o n se que n tly m e th o d s o f pr e ci si o n ,

mu c h gr e ate r r e gard w as give n th o ugh bli n dly e n o u gh , ,

to th e p syc h i c f ac to r i n di se ase th an n o w .

T h e di sc o v e ri e s i n h i sto l o gy an im al ch e mi stry , ,

b ac te ri o l o gy e tc an d th e e xqui si te i n strum e n ts u se d
, .
,

i n di agn o si s h av e so d azzl e d th e e ye an d fi ll e d th e mi n d
,

wi th th e p h ysi c al f ac to r i n di se ase th at th e p syc h i c i s

w e ll n igh f o rgo tte n an d an y r e f e re n c e to it re c e iv e d
-
,

wi th sc arc e ly c on c e ale d imp ati e n c e o r c o n te mp t .

Wh e n w e c an ac tu ally se e th e b ac illu s tub e rc ulo si s

sur e ly it se e m s w aste o f tim e to driv e l ab o u t th e p ati e n ts

S pi ri ts wh e n th e e n te ric ulc e r i s l aid b ar e in th e p ath o

l o gi c al th e atre an d th e ve ry sigh t o f th e p e rf o r ati on in
,

e vid e n c e w h at n o n se n se to talk o f m in d i n flue n c e in

,

typh o id ; w h e n w e c an c atc h an d stai n an d d o ubl e ,

stai n th e c h o l e r a c o mm a h o w wo r se th an f e e bl e i t
“ ”
,

app e ar s to talk o f f e ar as a f ac to r .

T h e r e aso n o f th e imp ati e n c e f e l t wh e n p syc h ic

c au se s ar e sp o k e n o f to th e skill e d e xp e rim e n tali st i s
3 28 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M IN D

Q u a ck e ry w o uld so o n c o m e to an e n d an d f ad e aw ay

Q ua k fi t
c
b
se
e f o r
ec
e t h e sp r e ad o f k n o wl e dg e an d th e de ,

1 c ur es
o f sup e r sti ti o n u n d e r th e f o ste ri n g c ar e
1 22
ca
'

y ,

of th e S c h o o l B o ard an d th e h igh e r e duc ati o n al sys

te m b ut fo r o n e th i n g
,
I t c an sh o w r e al c u r e s b o th
.
,

u n d e n iabl e an d n um e r o u s i n spi te o f th e v ast n umb e r

,

th at m ay n o t b e ar sc r uti n y .

T h is th e ph y si c i an c an n o t al as d e n y th o ugh h e may , , ,

d e pl o r e it Af te r all o wi n g full di sc o un t fo r f o rg e d an d
.

f al se te stim o n i al s ( wh i c h ar e n o t so n um e ro u s as sup
p o se d ) fo r pur e l y im agi n ary di se ase s an d th e cr e duli ty
o f m an k i n d an d e v e n fo r th e l e sse r fu n c ti o n al di so rd e r s
, ,

th e r e r e m ai n s b e h i n d a l arge r e siduum th at c an n o t b y
an y i n g e n ui ty b e e xpl ai n e d aw ay A t an y r ate th e .
,

publi c b e li e v e s it h as suffe r e d fr o m so m e di se ase say , ,

rh e um ati sm fo r whi c h in th e o rdin ary c o ur se an d

, ,

th e ab se n c e o f th e qu ack i t w o uld h av e go n e to th e ,

n e ar e st d o c to r ; wi th th e r e sul t o f a p o ssibl e m o r e o r

l e ss tar d y cur e an d th e c e r tai n ty o f a c o n sid e r abl e bill

, .

Wh e r e as n o w th e pur c h ase fo r 75d o r 1 s 1 5d o f a sm all

, . . .

b o ttl e o f so m e th i n g in a wr app e r bl ac k wi th te stim o n i al s

h as alr e ad y giv e n r e li e f m ayb e e v e n b e f o r e i t h as b e e n
,

t ak e n o n th e m e r e r e adi n g o f th e w o n d e rful cur e s

,

e ffe c te d .

N o w i t i s qui te p o ssibl e th at n o o n e i s m o r e surpri se d

as w e ll as pl e ase d at th e c ur e s th an th e qu ac k v e n d o r

o f th e sam e ; b u t it i s n o t fo r h im to d e n
y wh at h e c an
n o t acc o u n t fo r as th e d o c to r i s o f te n te m te d to do
, p ,

b e c au se h i s i n te r e st i s to m agn ify c u r e s w h ich b e ,

pr o mp tl y d o e s .
 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S MIN D AN D D I S E A SE 3 29

I t is th e r e f o r e d o ub tl e ss tru e th at in spi te o f all o ur ,

sci e n c e q u ac k e ry fl o uri sh e s ; an d th e r e aso n

,
Why
o f i t i s b y n o m e an s th at all me n are f o o l s ,

b ut i s b e c au se it u n d o ub te dl y e ffe c ts n um e r
o us cu re s an d so m e — i f i t b e n o t h e r e sy to b r e ath e i t
,

th at h av e b e e n atte mp te d i n v ai n by e mi n e n t sc i e n tifi c
m e n th e su ffe r e r s h av in g o n ly tr ie d qu ac k e ry wh e n all
,

e l se h as f ail e d I t i s al so tr u e th at th e se cu r e s asto n i sh
.

p e rh ap s e qu all y th e qu ack an d th e d o c to r B ut le t us .

g o a li ttl e fu r th e r an d gl an c e at th e p s e ud o r e li gi o u s -

qu ac k s an d h umbug s w h o m ak e a g ai n o f th e c r e dul ity

an d f o ll y o f m an ki n d wi th o u t r e c o u r se to p ate n t pill s o r

1 s 1 1d m e di c i n e s
. . T h e se are f o u n d e v e ryw h e r e b ut
.
,

ab o u n d m o st lik e th e o r di n ary qu ack n o t as m ig h t b e

, , ,

supp o se d in R u ssi a o r in Tu r k e y o r P o l an d o r S o u th
, , , ,

Am e ric a o r o th e r d arki sh c o rn e r s o f th e civili se d w o rld

, ,

but in th e v e ry f o cu s o f i n te ll e c tu al an d r ati o n al li fe
th e U n i te d S tate s o f Am e r i c a .

T h e gr e ate st o f th e se l atte r day m ystic s i s nu -

d o ub te dl y at p re se n t th e Re v M ary B ak e r .

Ch i tia r s n

E ddy wh o se p o n d e r o u s w o r k o n Chr i sti an

figi iiddf
u
,

S c i enc e i n tw o v o lum e s i s th e te x t b o o k
, ,
-

o f th e e n ti r e se c t n umb e ri n g c e r tai n l y h alf a milli o n o r

,

m o r e h e r e an d in Am e ric a o f e du c ate d fo ll o w e r s far

, ,

ab o v e th e av e r ag e in w e al t h an d cul tur e — m an y al as ! ,

fo rm e rl y h avi n g b e e n am o n g th e m o st lucr ativ e o f th e

p h ysici an s p ati e n ts T h i s b o o k i s appo i n te d to b e r e ad
’
.

b y M r s E ddy in all h e r c h ur c h e s si d e b y si d e wi th th e
.
,

Bibl e ; an d in o n e o f h e r h an d so m e buil di n g s in N e w
Y o rk th at c o st o v e r
,
as w e ll as i n th e ir fi r st
'
3 30 TH E UN C O N SC I OU S M I N D

E n gli sh ch ur c h n o t v e ry far f ro m H arl e y S tr e e t this

, ,

w o rk i s r e ad e v e ry S u n d ay m o rn i n g to a c r o wd e d an d
atte n tiv e c o n gr e g ati o n o f upp e r c l ass e duc ate d p e o pl e
-
.

Wi th th e ir d o gm as w e n e e d n o t i n te r fe r e ; cu r e s ar e de
tail e d an d v o uc h e d fo r by th e h e al e d at e v e ry m e e ti n g ,

an d th o u gh to so m e j udgm e n ts Chr i sti an S c i enc e c o n

t ain s n e i th e r Ch r i sti an i ty n o r sc i e n c e as g e n e r ally ,

u n d e r sto o d th e se cur e s c an n o t all b e d o ub te d or e x

,

pl ai n e d aw ay .

O f th e l o w e r cl ass o f p se ud o fai th h e al e r s w e h e ar o f
-
,

P ud
se o faitb o n e i n N e w J e r se y wi th ,
m o r e o r l e ss
1 1
122 12 2
e duc ate d p ati e n ts i n o n e w e e k Ch ic ag o h as .

b e e n turn e d u p sid e d o w n wi th o n e am o n g st o th e r s w h o
, ,

h as th e w all s o f th e l ar g e st h all in th e ci ty c o v e r e d wi th
c ru tc h e s spli n ts e tc
, p r
, e se n t
.e d,by cu r e d f o ll o w e r s a n d ,

i n d e e d all o v e r th e State s th e n am e o f th e se re ligi o u s

qu ac k s an d h umbugs i s l e gi o n an d th e i r h ar v e st ple n
,

te o u s an d g o ld e n N ow . th o ugh populus c ult dec ipi

,

i s u n d o ub te dl y tr u e an d th o ugh m o st me n are f ool s

, ,

still c ur e s ar e e ffe c te d b y th e m o st ar r an t k n av e s an d ,

te stifi e d to b y m o st r e pu tabl e p e r so n s an d curi o u sl y , ,

e n o ugh ,
l arg e ly by th e sc le rg y M an y i n d e e d are n o t
.

l asti n g ; m an y are v e ry tri v i al an d m an y may b e said

,

to b e du e to h yp n o tic i n flu e n c e o f o n e so r t o r an o th e r .

B ut ag ai n wh at ab o u t h yp n o ti sm an d N an cy an d
, , .

th e Salpetri er e ? T he i n v e stig ati o n s o f th e

H yp ti m
no s .

B r i ti sh M edi c al Journal h av e sh o wn th at h e r e
w e h av e to d e al wi th a qui te i n e stim abl e am o u n t o f

f raud an d se lf d e c e p ti o n ; bu t o b se rv e w e h av e n o w to
-
,

e x ami n e th e w o r k o f l e arn e d p r o f e sso r s r e g ular an d ,

332 TH E U N CON SC I OU S MIN D

N ay, m o r e wh at i s a di se ase ? An d u n til w e c an

, .

an sw e r th i s l ast pr o f o u n d q ue stio n h o w do w e k n o w ,

w h e th e r it i s fu n c ti o n al o r o rg an ic o r b o th Our o w n
“ ”
br o ad d e fi n i ti o n o f th e tw o w o u ld b e th at fu n c ti o n al
“
di se ase i s th at w h ic h i s o f p syc h i c o rigi n o rg an ic , ,

th at w h i c h i s o f ph ysic al A t th e b o tto m all di se ase s

.

i n v o lv e so m e o r g an i c c h an g e so m e wh e r e .

B ut th i s is n o t all in th e w ay o f i n e xplic abl e cur e s .

Wh at ab o u t L o urd e s O r if th at b e a c e n tr e o f im
p o stur e wh i c h i t i s an d ye t i sn t wh at ab o u t ’

F a it h
, , ,

h li g
ea n o ur o w n f ai th h e ali n g c e n tr e s -
an d o th e r s
t
c e n r es
u n c o n tami n ate d b y th e l e ast sym
.

abr o ad ,

p a t h y wi th R o m an C a th o lici sm o r sai n t w o r sh ip -

A s th e se m ay n o t b e so w e ll k n o w n e v e n to th e w e ll
i n fo rm e d p hysic ian a d e tail o r tw o may b e giv e n sh o w
,

i n g th e y at an y r ate e xi st .

A fe w ye ar s ag o in th e Agricultur al H all a g r e at
, ,

c o n f e r e n c e o f so m e 2000 f ai th h e al e r s w as h e ld th e r e
-
,

b e i n g th e n so m e 1 20 f ai th h e ali n g c e n tr e s in th i s ki n g
-

do m al o n e n o w pr o b ably m an y m o r e
, I n Am e ri c a .

th e re are o v e r th ir ty h o m e s ( o n e o f w h i c h c o st o v e r
£ 6 000 pr e se n te d b y a c ur e d p ati e n t) an d in n um e r
,

abl e c e n tre s T h e r e ar e se v e r al in Au str ali a an d m an y

.

all o v e r E ur o pe A fe w y e ar s ag o in N e w Y o rk an d
.

B o sto n th e r e w as h ardl y a b e l ie v e r in f ai th h e ali n g -

,

n o w th e r e ar e th o u san d s Ob se rv e th e se h av e n o th i n g
.

to do wi th th e C h ri sti an sci e n ti sts o n th e o n e h an d o r

th e p se ud o fr audul e n t f ai th h e al e r s o n th e o th e r o f
- -
,

w h o m w e h av e sp o k e n T h e se ar e o r th o d o x an d m o stly
.

e v an g e li c al.
 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I ND AN D D I SE A SE 333

Am o n g st li st o f 250 publi sh e d c ase s o f di se ase c ur e d

a

w e fi n d fi v e c o n sump ti o n o n e di se ase d h ip
, L , f , ‘s o

m “
fi v e ab sc e ss th r e e d ysp e p si a fo ur i n te r n al
, ,
1
es 1

c o m pl ai n t tw o th r o at ulc e r se v e n n e rv o u s
, ,
82 21112121 1

d e b ili ty n i n e rh e um ati sm fi ve di se ase d h e ar t tw o

, , ,

wi th e re d arm f o ur br o n c h i ti s th r e e c an c e r tw o par a
, , ,

l yse d ar m th r e e w e ak e ye s o n e r uptur e d spi n e

, ,
fiv e
p ai n s in the h e ad A n d th e se are th e r e sul ts in o n e
.

y e ar a t o n e sm a ll c h ap e l i n th e n o r th o f L o n d o n T h e

li st c au se s amu se m e n t an d p e rh ap s sur pri se ; an d im

p ati e n c e m ay b e f e l t th at su c h p u e ril e d e tail s sh o u ld b e
giv e n P ac e ! my sci e n tifi c an d l e ar n e d fri e n d ; to th e
.

p o o r suffe r e r s it w as an yth i n g b ut pu e ril e to b e cur e d ,

o r at an y r ate r e li e v e d fr o m di se ase s fr o m w h i c h th e y
,

suffe r e d o r at an y r ate im agi n e d th e y su ffe r e d fr e e o f

, ,

all c h arg e fo r n o n e o f th e se are m o n e y m aki n g ag e n c i e s

-
,

wh ate v e r e l se th e y m ay b e .

Wh at ab o ut c h arm c ure s ? P e rh ap s sci e n ti sts i n n o

c e n tly sup po se th e se h av e d ie d o u t N o t at .

Cu by res

all ; an d l ate r o n w e wi ll g i v e i n stan c e s ha m d .

c r s an
d l 1 O S

S uffi c e 1 t h e r e to say th at n o t o n l y i n th e
c o u n tr y di stric ts b u t i t m ay b e i n th e h u mbl e r r e gi o n s
,

o f th e p h ysici an s o w n h o u se th e y ar e im pli c ity b e

’

lie v e d in an d m o r e o v e r e v e n h e r e al so ar e c u r e s e ffe c te d
, .

Wh at ab o u t cur e s by re li c s an d e v e n b y i d o l s I am
to ld th at un d o u b te d c ur e s are e ffe c te d n o t o n l y by th e
H o ly Co at o f Tr ev e s b u t all o v e r th e w o rld n o tably in
, ,

I n di a Ch in a an d Afr ic a in th e pre se n c e o f ac tu al id o l s
, , .

O n e i n I n dia i s m o st f am o u s fo r i ts th e rap e u tic p o w e r ;

wh il e l arg e te mpl e s in Ch i n a ar e c o ve r e d wi th vo tiv e
334 TH E U N C O N SCI O U S M I N D
of ef ri n gs fr o m th e f ai th h e al e d “
Tr e e s pl an ts fl o w e r s
-
, , ,

bi ts o f an im al s e tc h av e all th e ir th e r ap e u ti c po w e r s
, .
, .

B u t th e p atie n c e o f o u r cul tur e d r e ad e r mu st n o t b e

to o se v e r e ly tri e d Tur n th e n wi th r e lie f to so m e th i n g
.

m o re r e spe c tabl e .

Wh at ab o u t th e cur e s at h o m e an d c o n ti n e n tal
sp as wi th th e ir e te r n al r o u n d o f sulp h ur an d
Water d an ,

th
o

d ox
er
m d al e
ir o n w ate r s an d b ath s
ic
c u “
r
D o e s o ur sci e n tific fri e n d in h i s h e ar t o f
h e ar ts b e li e ve th at all th e c ur e s wh i c h in th e se c ase s h e
c h e e rfully c e r ti fi e s to are e ffe c te d b
y th e w ate r s o r e v en ,

th e w ate r s an d th e di e t o r e v e n th e w ate r s an d th e ,

di e t an d th e air ; o r d o e s h e n o t th i n k th e r e mu st b e a
so m e th i n g e l se as w e ll ? A n d to c o m e n e ar e r h o m e
an d i n t o th e c e n tr e o f all th i n g s an d th e c h amb e r o f all ,

h is se cr e ts : I n h i s o w n c o n su l ti n g r o o m an d in h is -

o w n pr ac ti c e i s n o t th e p h sici an br o ugh t f ac e to f ac e
, y
wi th c ur e s aye an d di se ase s to o th e c au se o f wh i c h h e
"

, ,

c an n o t ac c o u n t fo r an d i s h e n o t o f te n surpri se d to fi n d

a c o n ti n u ati o n o f th e sam e tr e atm e n t o ri gi n ate d b y th e

l o c al pr ac titi o n e r i s wh e n c o n tin u e d by h i s augu st se lf

, ,

e ffi c ac i o u s ? A n d i s n o t th e l o c al pr ac ti ti o n e r n o t o n ly
surpri se d b u t d isgu ste d as w e ll to fi n d suc h i s th e c ase ?

B ut w e h av e ask e d h ard qu e sti o n s e n o ug h

‘

We will .

By h t w a ask an e asy o n e Wh at i s th e e ffe c tu al

.

a en
g t a all re
suc h u s c ag e n c y ln qu ac k
re c ur e s ln se m 1 sc 1 e n t1 fi c ,
-

m i ly
a n
e ff t d ?
ec e cur e s o f all so r ts l n f a1 th cur e s i n re hc , , ,

c h arm an d id o l c ur e s i n m an y spa an d w ate r cu r e s in

, , ,

so m e d o c to r s c ur e s p e rh ap s in m o r e th an h e su sp e c ts
’

Afte r all o wi n g fully fo r th e i n tri n sic v alu e o f th e qu ack

 3 36 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M IN D

mi n d o ve r b o dy re all y se ri o u sly d e al t wi th
th e h um an .

O n e m ay fi n d h e r e an d th e r e an h o n o ur abl e e xc e p ti o n ,

i t i s tru e di stin gui sh e d alik e b y h i s r ari ty an d by th e

,

o bl o q uy h e i n c ur s .

T h e p o w e r o f th i s i n flu e n c e o f th e mi n d o v e r th e b o dy
c a n n o t b e limi te d a n d i s e v e r yw h e r e se e n
T hi s
p o w er ,

an d f e l t l n o ut p ati e n t d e p ar tm e n ts ln th e
i s e ve ry
w h er e ,

2
12 11 01 9
h o sp i tal w ard ln th e c o n sul ti n g r o o m an d
,
-
,

by th e sick b e d ; b ut i t i s se ld o m sp o k e n ab o u t an d still ,

l e ss o fte n taugh t th o ugh fe w are b o ld e n o ugh to d e n y

th e p o te n t p o w e r s o f m e n tal th e r ape u ti c s fo r g o o d .

I f o n e turn s fr o m th e p h ysi c ian s d ail y life to his ’

libr ar y o n e still f ail s to fi n d in an y te x t b o o k o r

,
-

m o d e r n syste m o f m e di c i n e th e subj e c t f airl y an d f ully

,

r e c o gn i se d I h av e l o o k e d th r o ugh m an y l e ad in g w o rk s
.

o n m e di c i n e b ut i n n o stan d ard w o rk c an I fi n d th i s
,

subj e c t se ri o u sl y c o n sid e r e d an d di scu sse d A yo lum e.

c all e d S ug esti on i n T her apeu tic s fr o m N an c y sh o w s

g , ,

th e u se o f th e u n c o n sc io u s mi n d as a cur ativ e ag e n t
wh e n u n d e r h ypn o tic sugge sti o n but w e w an t far m o r e
th an th i s H e r e an d th e r e gr e at m aste r s in m e dici n e
.

h av e adm i tte d th e e n o rm o u s v alu e o f m e n tal th e r a

p e u t i c s b u,t th e s ubj e c t h a s n o t b e e n f o ll o w e d up sa v e ,

fo r th e sak e o f fil th y lu c r e b y q u ac k e r y .

I t i s th e sam e in th e te ac h i n g c l in ic al o r o th e rwi se
, ,

in th e h o spital s o r c l ass r o o m s -
S tud e n ts li ste n wi th
.

r ap t atten tio n to th e po we r s o f gu ai ac o l pip e r azi n e , ,

p h e n o c o ll an d th e w h o l e r o un d o f w e ll adv e r ti se d -

m o d e rn drug s ; b ut h o w o fte n i s th e ir atte n ti o n d i re c te d ,

sav e i n ri dic ule to th is migh ty cu r ativ e ag e n t th at in i ts

, ,
 TH E UN CO N SC I O U S M I ND A N D D I S E A SE 337

p o we r s pr e tty w e ll b al an c e s th e wh o l e P h arm ac o p oe i a
—th e mi n d ? I n th e B ri tish M edic al Jour na l w e fi n d
thi s r e m ark abl e c e : D i se ase o f th e b o d y is so
se n te n

muc h i n flu e n c e d by th e mi n d th at in e ach c ase w e h av e

to u n d e r stan d th e p ati e n t qui te as muc h as th e m al ad y .

”
T hi s i s no t lear n t at h o spi tal s 1
.

D o e s an y pr ac ti c al m e dic al m an d o ub t th e se p o w e r s
I s h e n o t aw ar e o f th e i n gr e di e n t “
f aith w h i c h if , ,

add e d to h i s pr e scrip ti o n s m ak e s th e m o fte n all

,

p o w e rful fo r g o o d D o e s h e n o t k n o w e xp e rim e n tall y

th e v alu e o f str o n gl y asse r ti n g th at th e m e di c in e w ill
pr o d uc e suc h an d such e ffe c ts i s a p o w e rful m e an s o f
se c ur i n g th e m

I f th e n th i s p o w e r i s so w e ll k n o w n w h y in th e
, , , ,

n am e o f c o mm o n se n se - sh o uld i t b e p o o h
, M e n ta l
p o o h e d an d ign o r e d as i t is I t h as its l aw s
taug h t
o f ac tio n i ts limi tati o n s i ts p o w e r s fo r g o o d
, ,

an d fo r e vil ; w o u ld i t n o t c l e arl y h e lp th e m e d ic al

stud e n t if th e se w e r e i n dic ate d to h im b y h i s l awful

te ac h e r s i n ste ad o f h is gl e an i n g th e m u n c e r tain l y fr o m
,

th e u n d o ub te d su c c e sse s o f th e l arg e arm y o f irr e gul ar s ?

We ar e h o w e v e r in c l in e d to th i n k th at afte r all
, , , ,

a sil e n t r e v o l u ti o n i s sl o wl y tak i n g pl ac e i n th e m i n d s

o f m e di c al m e n an d th at o u r pr e se n t te x t b o o k s o n
,
-

d ise ase c o n te n t wi th m e r e l y pr e sc ribi n g e n dl e ss se l e c

,

tio n s an d c o mb in atio n s o f n au se o u s drug s an d d i smi ss ,

in g an y m e n tal cur e in a sin gl e li n e as u n w o r th y o f

se ri o u s c o n si de r ati o n will so o n b e r e pl ac e d b y o th e r s
,

1
B r iti sh fil ed ica l J o urna l, E d uc N . u mb e r A utumn 1 897
, .
338 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

c o n ta n in g i vi e w s m o r e w o r th y o f th e c e n tury at th e
c l o se o f wh i c h w e liv e .

F o r al th o ugh th e se drugs ar e still admi n i ste r e d b ut ,

fe w m e dic al me n n o w b e l ie v e th at th e y ar e
A b g m mg
e n
i b i g
s e n th e e n ti r e c au se o f th e cu r e fo r v e ry
mad e.

gr adu ally 1 t 1 s b e gi n n i n g to d awn up o n u s

th at m o st n e rv o u s di se ase s at an y r ate ar e e asil y an d
n atu r all y tr e ate d b y m e n tal th e r ap e u tic s an d th at th e
.

still pe r si s te n t e ffo r ts t o cur e th e m by th e sto m ac h ar e

n e i th e r r e li abl e n o r r ati o n al .

I t ill b e c o m e s th e r e f o r e th e m e dic al m an w h o
, , ,

r e c o gn i se s in th e se c ase s th at it i s th e mi n d th at cur e s ,

to d e c ry an y f o rm o f f ai th cur e h o w e v e r li ttl e its ,

pr o c e ss m ay b e u n d e r sto o d by h im in d e tail We h av e .

se e n th at th e p o w e r s o f th e c o n sc i o u s mi n d o v e r th e

b o d y are w e ll n igh imm e asur abl e an d kn o wi n g as w e

-
,

now do th at o ur o ld divi si o n i n to fun c ti o n al an d

,

o rg an i c di se ase s i s m e r e l y th e e xp r e ssi o n o f o u r i g n o r

an c e an d th at all di se ase s e v e n h y ste ric al

, , i n v o lv e ,

o r g an i c d i sturb an c e so m e wh e r e w e ar e pr e p ar e d to b e
,

li e v e th at f ai th an d o th e r u n o r th o d o x c ur e s pu tti n g i n to ,

O p e r ati o n su c h a p o w e rful ag e n t as th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d ,

o r i f yo u pr e f e r th e f o rmul a th e f o rc e s o f n atu r e ar e
”
, , ,

no t n ecessar i ly limi ted to so - c alled fun c tio nal di seases at all .

I t is b e c au se th e r e f o r e m e n tal th e r ape u tic s h as

, ,

b e n pr ac ti c all y fo r so l o n g th e r e al modu s
T ru th mu st e
2 1
33123 5 ope r andi o f th e v ast arm y o f c h arl atan s th at
1
11
,

1
( 11 2 0 111
1 th e w h o l e subj e c t h as ac qui r e d suc h a b ad
n am e th at m o st m e n fe ar fo r th e i r r e pu tati o n i f th e y

to u c h it .
3 40 T H E UN CON SC I O U S M IN D

pr e se n t so g re atly l acki n g) th o se w h o c an trai n th e

c o mi n g r ac e o f d o c to r s in th e th e r ap e u tic u se o f th e
mi n d in fu n c ti o n al an d o th e r di so r d e r s C e r tai n ly e x
,
.

e ri e n c e i n c r e asi n gly sh o w s th at i t o c cupi e s as cl e ar

p
an d w e ll de fi n e d a pl ac e i n r e l ati o n to m an y di se ase s as
-

dru g s do i n o th e r s al th o u gh th e modus Operandi may in

,

b o th c ase s b e n o t ye t full y u n d e rsto o d .

I t i s qui te tim e th at a r e ac ti o n to o k pl ac e ag ai n st th e
p o pul ar d o c tri n e o f th e d e p e n d e n c e o f mi n d o n b o dy ,

w h ich i s f ast r e ac h i n g a r educ ti o ad absurdum ln th e ,

tr ac i n g o f e v e ry c h an gi n g m e n tal state an d e v e n o f ,

e v e ry m o rbid impul se o r crimi n al ac ti o n to a d e r an ge d ,

liv e r o r an an ae mic br ai n N o d o ub t b e f o r e l o n g th e
,
.

p e n dulum in E n gl an d will swin g o v e r c o mpl e te l y to

th e o th e r sid e ( as i t h as alr e ady d o n e i n Am e ric a to th e
r e m ark abl e e x te n t di spl aye d in th e m e n tal c ur e s w e
h av e alr e ad y sp o k e n o f) an d m o st b o dily di so rd e r s will
,

b e attribu te d to a di se ase d mi n d T h e tr uth m e an .

wh il e o c cup i e s as e v e r th e m e dium p o si ti o n b e tw e e n
, ,

th e tw o th e r e b e i n g tim e s w h e n th e b o d y sw ays th e
,

mi n d an d o th e r tim e s wh e n th e mi n d sw ays th e b o d y
, ,

th e tw o b e i n g as h as b e e n f o r c ibl y e xpr e sse d b y M i ss

,

C o b b e so m e th i n g lik e a p air o f c o upl e d d o g s ; so m e

,

tim e s o n e an d so m e tim e s th e o th e r o b tai n i n g th e vic

‘

to ry an d so m e tim e s b o th pulli n g to g e th e r in h arm o n y

, .

L e t u s pr o c e e d bri e fly to c o n sid e r h o w th e mi n d
Inw h t ay affe c ts th e b o d
a w
y i n d ise ase .

d o es th e
11t I di se ase th e m1n d has spe c 1 al
fi g 3y
li n 2 n un c o n sc l o us
l0 o in
di se ase ? p o we r o ve r th e b o d y T h e v e ry w o rd d1 se ase
.

is c o i n e d to e xpr e ss a
“
m e n tal i d e a e ase an d n o t ,
”
 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S MIN D A N D D I SE A S E 3 41

a physi c al c h an ge T h e c o r te x o r su r fac e o f th e
.
,

br ai n i s a
, spe c ial f ac to r fo r g o o d o r e v il i n e v e ry

d ise ase . E v e ry o rg an an d fu n c ti o n i s r e pr e se n te d
th e r e an d th e r e br o ugh t i n to vi tal u n ity
,
P r o f e sso r .

L ayc o c k say s : T h e h e m isph e r e s as th e o rg an o f ,

th o u gh t an d m e n tal ac tio n pr o p e r ar e i n u n ity ,

wi th all th e pr o c e sse s o f l if e wh ate v e r w h e th e r ,

th e y b e te rm e d v e g e tativ e o r an im al I n d e e d th e ,

“
u n i ty o f th e b o d y an d to a gr e at e x te n t o f th e e g o i s
, , , ,

f o r me d in th e c o rte x B ain sh o w s th at all tissu e n u tri

.

ti o n is u n c o n sc i o u sl y i n fl u e n c e d fr o m th i s gr e at c e n tr e ,

an d m o st p h ysi o l o g ic al pr o c e sse s c an b e arr e ste d m e n

tall y b y its ac ti o n . I t c o n tr o l s an ab o lic an d k atab o li c

c e ll ac ti o n an d th e r e i s n o d o ub t th at a so u n d c h e e r ,

ful mi n d ac ti n g th r o ugh it i s a gr e at pr o te c to r ag ain st

, ,

di se ase o f all so r ts an d i f di se ase h as o b tain e d a h o l d ,

a c h e e rfu l m in d c an o f te n cur e i t M e n tal th e r ap e u ti c s

.

c an b e ap pl i e d to th e b o d y i n o n e o f th r e e
T hr ee ays w

w ays : ( 1 ) b y th e u n c o n sc i o us m i n d dir e c tl y
igz
ppli
p
ca

—in spiri tu al o r h si c al i n fl u e n c e s a n d
p y
surr o u n di n g s ( 2 ) b y th e u n c o n sc io u s mi n d ac te d o n b y
th e c o n sc i o us i n di re c tl y— i n r o u sin g f ai th in p e r so n s ,

r e m e d ie s o r pl ac e s e tc ; an d ( 3 ) b y th e u n c o n sc i o u s
, , .

m in d ac te d o n by th e c o n sc i o u s b y dir e c t e ffo r t— in de
te rmi n ati o n to g e t w e ll to sh ak e o ff ill n e ss i g n o r e p ai n
, , ,

e tc. W i th r e g ard to th e ailm e n ts fo r w h i c h m e n tal

th e r ap e u ti c s i s u se ful i t i s a po w e rfu l m e an s o f c ur e
’

in all o rg an ic an d i n o rg an ic d ise ase s w h il e i n h yste ria ,

an d alli e d n e ur o se s i t i s th e o n l y r e l iabl e m e an s o f
,

p e rm an e n t e ffi c ac y .
3 42 TH E U N C ON SCI O U S M I N D

L et us c o n sid e r fo r a m o m e n t th e pr o c e ss b y wh ich
in h yste ri a di se ase is c au se d b y m e n tal
H ow h ys
c t1 o n
ddd id
e i} pro a .

Our br ai n n o t o n l y ac ts by th e will an d by
id e as o f wh i c h w e ar e c o n sc i o u s b ut i s c o n ti n u o u sly ,

vibr ati n g w ith i d e as m e m o ri e s an d tr ain s o f th o u gh t o f

, ,

wh i c h w e ar e u n c o n sc i o u s I t i s so e v e n wi th r e g ard
.

to c o mm o n se n sati o n I f yo u c o n c e n tr ate yo ur atte n

.

ti o n o n an y p ar t o f yo u r b o d y yo u b e c o m e aw ar e o f ,

se n sati o n s i n i t th at e sc ape d yo ur atte n ti o n b e f o r e b u t ,

w e r e e qu all y th e r e th e n I f wi th a f e ath e r I ligh tly

.

ti c kl e th e b ac k o f yo ur n e ck an d at th e tim e yo u ar e ,

e n g ag e d i n v e r y e ar n e st c o n v e r sati o n th e vibr ati o n ,

ar o u se d in th e br ai n se n so r y c e n tr e i s un n o ti c e d by

yo u ; an d ye t if I c all yo u r atte n ti o n to th e p ar t i t i s
n o tic e d at o n c e B y i n c r e asi n g th e stimulu s I c an
.

m ak e th e w av e s o f vibr ati o n se t in ac ti o n o th e r c e n tr e s
i n v o lun tary o n e s such as c au se a sh ak in g o r shudd e ri n g
,

o f th e n e ck ; o r v o lu n tary such as tur n i n g th e h e ad

,

r o u n d o r m o vi n g aw ay .

I f yo u ar e asl e e p I m ay ti c kl e y o u r f o o t so th at yo u ,

dr aw th e le g aw ay an d yo u w ak e up I n th i s c ase yo u .

ar e pr o b abl y c o n sci o u s o f m o vi n g yo u r le g ; b ut th e

stimul us th at m ad e yo u do i t w as to o sligh t to r e ac h

y o u r c o n sci o u sn e ss We m ay th u s b e c o n sci o u s o f a
.

tr an sfe rr e d vibr ati o n l e adi n g to ac ti o n o r se n sati o n an d ,

e t b e ig n o r an t o f th e c au se th at se t i t g o i n
y g .

M e m o ri e s ag ain will i n v o lu n tarily an d i t m ay b e un

, , ,

c o n sci o u sly ar o u se b o th f e e li n g s an d ac ti o n s O n e
, .

m ay h av e sm e l t th e str o n g sc e n t o f so m e fl o w e r w h e n
 3 44 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S MIN D

re fe r s th e i to th e
c o mm e n c e m e n t o f th e n e rv e
se n sat o n

in th e li ttl e fi n g e r wh ate v e r m ay b e i ts r e al o rigi n

, .

I n th e sam e w ay if in y o u r h o u se th e h all d o o r b e ll
,
-

ri n g s yo u say th e r e i s so m e o n e at th e h all d o o r ; if th e
,

dr awi n g r o o m b e ll th e r e i s so m e o n e th e r e : an d ye t
-
,

su c h m ay n o t b e th e c ase I m ay h av e pull e d th e
.

d o o r b e ll wir e i n sid e th e h all o r as I p asse d d o wn th e

-
,

ki tc h e n stai r s o r a r at m ay h av e m o v e d it o r I m ay ,

h av e stru c k th e b e ll i tse lf an d m ad e i t ri n g o r a sh o ck ,

o f e ar th qu ak e m ay h av e sh ak e n it o r a str o n g gu st o f ,

w in d ; an d ye t al th o ugh th e se c au se s ar e so v ari o u s
, ,

“
yo u in th e ki tc h e n alw ays say
, ,T h e re i s so m e o n e at ,

th e fr o n t d o o r
I t i s so in th e b o d y 1 T h e l ittl e fi n ge r i s p r ick e d
. .

th e r e i s p ai n in th e li ttl e fi n g e r 2 T he . .

P i
a n’ h ow _

d
e v er c ause ul n ar n e r v e i tself i s p r e sse d o n so m e wh e r e
f dt
,

is r e er r e o
th e sam 1 n l ts c o ur se — th e r e l S p ai n 1n th e l i ttl e fin g e r
e

pm
.

T h e h an d may b e c u t o ff an d still if th e n e rv e
’

b e irri tate d in th e stump b y pr e ssur e th e m an f e e l s th e ,

p ai n i n hi s im agi n ary li ttl e fi n g e r as truly an d vividly

as if i t w e r e still ac tu all y th e r e 3 Or ag ai n th e r e . .
, ,

m ay b e a tum o u r in th e br ai n pr e ssi n g o n th e n e rv e
c e n tr e in th e br a1 n o f th e ul n ar n e rv e an d th e m o st

acu te p ai n 1 8 f e l t i n th e li ttl e fi n g e r .

All th e se i n stan c e s are fr o m dir e c t irri tati o n o f th e

n e rv e i n so m e p ar t o f i ts c o ur se But as w e h av e se e n '

.
, ,

w e m ay g o mu c h fu r th e r T h e h all d o o r wir e m ay
.
-

h av e g o t c au g h t wi th th e dr aw in g r o o m o n e so th at -
,

w h e n th e l atte r i s pull e d i t i s th e h all d o o r b e ll th at

,
-

ri n g s th e vibr ati o n is th u s tr an sf e rr e d S o in th e br ai n . .
 TH E UN C O N SC IO U S MIND AN D D I SE A SE 3 45
’

4 . I m av se t to w o rk to th in k o f my l ittl e fi n g e r an d so
star t se n sati o n s i n it wh i c h if n o t ac tu al p ain are still , ,

se n sati o n s B u t if I h av e th e id e a i t is i n jur e d th o ugh

.
,

i t m ay n o t b e I m ay f e e l th e p ai n acu te ly fr o m an i d e a
,

al o n e 5 B ut ag ain th e p ai n m ay h av e b e e n o rigi n all y

. .
, ,

c au se d b y a g ath e r in g in th e li ttl e fi n g e r an d af te rw ar ds ,

k e pt U p l o n g af te r th e g ath e ri n g w as g o n e by th e id e al
c e n tr e 6 A sso c i ati o n as se e i n g o th e r s w ith cr u sh e d
. .
,
:

li ttl e fi n ge r s ; o r 7 m e m o ri e s c o n sc io u s o r un c o n
,
.
,

sc i o u s o f c ru sh e d li ttl e fi n g e r s m ay al so star t an d k e e p
,

up th is p ai n .

Ob se rv e th e n th e v ari e d c au se s wi th th e sam e e ffe c t

, , .

O n l y in c o n c lu sio n w e m ay add th at wh il e in h e al th
, ,

i t is g e n e r all y e asy to di scri mi n ate b e tw e e n pai n i n th e

li ttl e fi n g e r c ause d b y i nj ury to th e li t tl e fi n g e r an d ,

th at se t up in o th e r w ays i n n e rv e di se ase i t i s n o t , .

N ay i t i s so m e tim e s imp o ssibl e n o t o n l y to th e suffe r e r

, ,

b ut to th e d o c to r w h o atte n d s h im .

I t h as b e e n w e ll said We thi n k as w e f e e l o r th i n k ,
“
,

w e fe e l an d w e f e e l as w e th i n k I f w e fe e l a
R l f l g
.
,
ea ee i n s
p ai n w e th i n k w e ar e I ll ; an d 1 f w e thm k w e
, b d c an e c ause
by d I e as
ar e ill w e fe e l ill I f my i d e al c e n tre v ibr ate s
'
”
.
,

wi th th e th o ugh t o f c r o ssin g th e c h ann e l in r o u gh

w e ath e r an d pi c tu r e s th e n au se a th at w o uld th e n b e
,

f e l t th e vibr ati o n s are tr an sm itte d to th e te rm in al

,

c e n tr e s o f th e se n so r y n e rv e s ru n n i n g fr o m th e sto m ac h ,

an d I ac tu all y f e e l si c k fr o m c o mmu n ic ati o n w i th a

se n so r y c e n tr e ; an d p o ssibl y if o f a h ig h l y n e rv o u s, ,

o rg an i satio n m ay ac tu all y b e si c k fr o m tr an sf e r e n c e to
,

a m o to r c e n tr e .
3 46 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D

Real fe eling s an d r eal ac ts c an be star ted in en ti r e ly ide al

c en tres . I f w e thin k i n te n se ly o f an y p ar t o f th e b o dy
l o n g en o ugh w e fee l se n sati o n s in th at p ar t I f w e
,
.

th i n k o f a g o o d di n n e r o ur m o u th w ate r s We sh iv e r .

wh e th e r w e o n ly th i n k o f c o ld o r ac tu ally f e e l c o ld .

T h e se n sati o n o f p ai n c an b e pr o du c e d as r e ally an d
vividly b y th o ugh ts o r id e as al o n e as ligh t in th e e ye ,

b y striki n g i t I n sh o r t e v e ry se n sati o n o f th e b o dy
.
,

o rdi n aril
y pr o duc e d fr o m wi th o u t c an al s o b e pr o du c e d
fr o m wi th i n .

T h e se i de al vibr ati o n s ac ti n g o n m o to r an d o th e r
,

I d al ib a
e v r c e n tr e s ar e qui te d iffe r e n t fr o m th e ac ti o n
,

o f a m o to r c e n tr e b y th e dir e c t impul se o f
“ 1
th e will th e ac ti o n b e i n g in th e l atte r c ase
2 011 3 2 011 2
,

v o lun tary an d in th e f o rm e r i n v o l un tary So far w e .

h av e o n ly sp o ke n o f id e as o f w hic h w e are c o n sc i o u s ,

so th at al th o ugh th e m o d e s o f e xci ti n g th e se m o to r
,

an d se n so r y c e n tr e s are ab n o rm al w e know th em to be so
, ,

an d h e n c e ar e n o t d e c e iv e d an d do n o t d e c e iv e o th e r s

i n to b e li e vi n g th e m to b e n atur al .

T h u s wh e n o ur te e th are o n e dg e fr o m so u n d s w e do
, ,

n o t g o to th e d e n ti st ; if w e ar e si c k fr o m i de as w e do ,

n o t th i n k w e ar e d ysp e p tic ; i f w e h e ar n o i se s in th e

e ar w e do n o t l o o k fo r th e m e x te r n all y ; if w e sh iv e r
'

fr o m th i n ki n g o f c o ld w e do n o t put o n m o r e c l o th in g
,

b u t th i s i s b e c au se w e are c o n sc i o u s th at th e c au se i s
m e n tal ; in o th e r w o rd s o f th e ac ti o n o f th e mi n d I t
,
.

i s qui te o th e r wi se w h e r e th e p ai n o r p ar aly si s i s c au se d
b y mi n d ac ti o n o f wh i c h w e ar e wh o ll y u n c o n sc io u s ,

th e c o n sc i o us par t o f th e mi n d b e i n g at th e sam e tim e , ,

3 48 TH E U N CO N SC I O U S M I ND

O f r vo u sn e ss h y ste ri a e tc are r e al in o rigi n an d

ne , , .
,

e ffe c ts an d f o r mid abl e in th e i r n atur e

,
an d i t i s h igh

tim e th at th e rid i cul e th e O ffspri n g O f ig n o r an c e wi th

, ,

Wh i c h th e y h av e b e e n so l o n g surr o un d e d b e e n ti r e ly ,

d o n e aw ay wi th T h e se u n h app y suffe r e r s h av e b e e n
.

gre atly wr o n g e d an d O f te n c r u e lly tr e ate d .

“
I n a r e c e n t m e di c al w o rk w e r e ad : T h e si ste r o f
th e w ard an d th e h o u se p h ysi c i an se ttl e d b e tw e e n th e m
th at th e c ase w as h yste ri c al an d th e girl w as m ali n g e r
,

in g sh ammi n g ) th at i s th at h y ste ri a means sh am

,

mi n g S u c h a state m e n t tak e s u s b ack to th e d ark age s

.
,

wh e n all i n san i ty w as po sse ssio n by an e vil spiri t fo r i t ,

c e r tai n l y im pl i e s th at 01 6 with se ri o u s n e rv e di se ase i s

-

simpl y po sse sse d b y a l yi n g spiri t M o r e symp athy an d

.

l e ss c o n te mpt i s i n d e e d f e l t fo r a drun k ard th an fo r a

-

h yp o c h o n dr i ac P i c tur e th e m i se ry O f a n e r vo u s i n v alid
.

i n a h e arty E n gli sh family say O f th e buc o lic o rd e r

, .

“
I t i s all f an c y i s th e sto ck p h r ase b e fo r e h e r f ac e ;
,

i t i s all h umbug th e o n e b e h i n d h e r b ack

, Th i s .

i g n o r an c e i s p ar tl y du e to th e f ac t th at th e symp to m s
are g e n e r all y subj e c tiv e r ath e r th an O bj e c tiv e an d th at ,

O b se rv ati o n i s n o t so mu c h n e e d e d as r e aso n i n g p o w e r .

B u t th e r e al c au se i s th i s I t is se e n th e di se ase i s p ar tly
.

O f m e n tal o rigi n ; an d n o mi n d b e i n g k n o w n o r r e c o g

n i se d b u t c o n sci o u s mi n d i t f o ll o w s th e p ati e n t mu st
,

b e aw ar e o f th e mi n d ac ti o n c au sin g th e di se ase an d i s ,

th e r e f o r e to so m e e x te n t to bl am e T h e tr u th w h ic h
.
,

w e h o pe will n o w b e r e c o gn i se d b y m e dic al me n i s th at , ,

all th e c au sativ e c h an g e s tak e pl ac e i n th e u n c o n sc i o u s

m in d an d th at th e pati e n t i s wh o lly ig n o r an t O f an y
,
 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S MIN D AN D D I SE A S E 3 49

t h ug b ut th e re sul ts in th e b o dy — th e pai n o r di se ase

sugg e ste d . T h i s i s th e true so luti on O f th e d iffi c ul ty .

T h e b e st c ur e s O f hyste r ia ar e n atur all y th e r e f o r e, ,

e ffe c te d th r o ugh th e u n c o n sc io u s mi n d If M d m ,
.
o e

th e c ase i s i n e v e ry w ay i n g o o d h e al th an d 31 233321”
1
,

11 11“
h as n o t e n te r e d th e vi c i o u s circl e O f d ysp e psi a 9 1 01 2 6 11

an d d e bili ty i t m a b e c ur e d i n stan tan e o u sl b

, y y y ppl y
a

i n g to th e irri tate d id e al c e n tr e s th at k e e p up th e di s
e ase g o o d su g g e sti o n s c o n sci o u sly o r sub c o n sc io u sl
y
-
, ,

su ffi c i e n tl y p o w e rful to o v e rc o m e th e b ad o n e s T h e ir .

ap pli c ati o n b y m e an s O f h yp n o tism i s un n e c e ssary an d ,

O f te n i n th e e n d aggr av ate s th e c o n di ti o n w h ic h it i s

m e an t to r e li e v e ; fo r sugge sti o n s are th o r o ugh l y e ffe c

tu al wi th o u t i t if O n e h as c o n fid e n c e an d h as g ai n e d
, ,

th e r e sp e c t an d tru st O f h i s p ati e n t .

I f all th i s appe ar s as n o v e l as so m e o f th e te rmi n o l o gy

h e r e u se d i t i s sim pl y b e c au se m e n tal th e r ape u ti c s i s
,

still th e u n e xpl o r e d Afri c a o f m e d ic al sc i e n c e fo r i t i s ,

still v e r y d ubi o u s o r th o d o x y to sugg e st th at t h e r e c an

b e an y m e an s O f cur e th at i s n o t f o u n d wi th i n th e
re v e re d p ag e s o f th e British P h arm ac o poe i a .

We mu st h o we v e r r e m e mb e r o n e gr e at p o in t wi th
, ,

r e g ard to sugge stio n — th at it i s li k e ni tr o ge n .

S gg t u es i on

N i tr o g e n 1 s th e e sse n t1 al e le m e n t l n all a d it n n ro

g en
an im al lif e ; i t fo rm s f o ur fifth s o f th e ai r
'

w e br e ath e an d ye t cur i o u s to say w e h av e n o p o w e r

, , ,

to use i t in a pur e state We c an o n l y tak e it u n c o n

.

sc io u sly w h e n c o mbi n e d wi th o th e r su b stan c e s i n th e

,

fo rm o f pr o te id fo o d I t i s th e sam e wi th su gg e sti o n s
.
.

N o t o n e h yste ric al suffe r e r in a h un dr e d c an r e c e iv e

3 50 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

an d pr o fi t by th e m in a r aw state — th at is c o n sci o u sl y ; ,

th e y mu st g e n e r all y b e pr e se n te d as w e h av e said i n , ,

dire c tly to th e sub c o n sc i o u s mi n d by th e tre atm e n t an d

-

e n vir o n m e n t O f th e p ati e n t A n e l e c tric sh o c k O f te n .

cur e s sligh t h yste ri c al di se ase s i n stan tan e o u sly ac ti n g , ,

as i t d o e s o n th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d thr o u gh th e c o n
,

sci o u s .

N O d o ub t i t w o uld b e e asi e r if w e c o uld say to th e se

su ffe r e r s T h e di se ase 1 s c au se d b y sugg e sti o n s fr o m
,

i d e al c e n tr e s an d to c ur e i t all yo u h av e to do i s to b e
, ,

li e v e yo u are w e ll S till as i t w o uld b e imp o ssibl e fo r ,

u s to tak e o u r n i tr o g e n pur e fr o m th e air t h e mi n d ,

c an n o t as a r ul e b e th u s ac te d o n dir e c tl y w h e n th e

br ai n i s un h e al th y S ugge sti o n mu st b e wr app e d up

.

i n O bj e c tiv e tr e atm e n t di r e c te d o ste n sibl y an d vig o r

,

o u sly to th e simul ate d di se ase

1
.

I t i s n o t h o w e v e r e n o ugh i n m e n tal th e r ape u tic s to

, ,

pr e se n t go o d sug g e stmn s ; w e mu st al so r e
B ad ug g
s e s_

m o v e pr e vi o u s b ad o n e s S u c h a p ati e n t
Effi ?
.

e
mu st th e r e f o r e b e i so l ate d to av o id c o n v e r sa
ti o n s ab o u t an d sym path y wi th th e p ati e n t s su ffe ri n gs
’

, ,

all o f w h ic h k e e p s up th e ac ti o n o r vibr ati o n o f th e

di se ase d i de al c e n tre s T h e r an ge O f m e n tal th e rape u

.

ti c s i s h o w e v e r by n o m e an s limi te d to h yste ric al

, ,

di se ase s T h e p o w e r s O f th e un c o n sc i o u s mi n d are su c h
.

th at w e c an pl ac e n o li mi ts to i ts i n flu e n c e W he n th e .

mi n d i s r e ally un so u n d it i s i n te r e sti n g an d re m ark , .

abl e — th o ug h qui te i n te lligibl e — to n o ti c e th at m e n tal

1F or th e value o f surg ic al tr e atme nt in so me in tern al n eur alg ias, se e paper

b y F T re v e s, B r i t M ed J ow rnal, l 0th M arc h , 1 898
. . . .
 C H AP T E R XVI I I .

T H E U N CO N SCI O U S M I N D AN D T H E R AP E U T I CS , I .

WE pr o p o se to giv e so m e i n stan c e s o f di se ase s an d

now

ur r du d b th u n sc i o u s ac ti o n o f
E a mpl e o f e s o c e e n c o
x
c s p y
312322a d 8
t hn
e mi n d up o n th e b o d y g ath e ri n g th e m
,

t h ap ti
er eu
m o stl y fr o m th e e x pe ri e n c e o f o th e r s
c s:
.

Am o n g st th e e x ampl e s giv e n th e r e m ay b e se v e r al th at
m ay b e q u e sti o n e d o th e r s wh e r e th e cur ativ e ag e n t
,

m ay po ssibl y b e o th e r th an pur e ly p syc h i c al T he.

r e ad e r wi ll n o t r e j e c t th e wh o l e e vid e n c e b e c au se o n e
o r tw o i n stanc e s app e ar to h im to b e i n c r e dibl e o r

i n appli c abl e ; b u t will r ath e r c o n sid e r as w e did wi th ,

qu ac k c ure s wh e th e r e v e n afte r all su c h are d e du c te d

, , ,

a suffi c i e n t b o dy O f e vid e n c e d o e s n o t r e m ai n to e stab

l ish th e truth O f m e n t al th e r ape u tic s .

F ir st th e n as to fu n c ti o n al di se ase s w h i c h are m o stly

, ,

F u n c ti o n a l c l asse d u n d e r th e i n ap pr o pri ate an d m u c h

gj jffij
l
f s O
ab u se d te rm O f h yste ri a W e c o mm e n c e wi th
.

12 1
th e se i n asmu c h as f un c ti o n s stan d b e fo r e
01 11 ‘

o rg an s fo r it i s mi n d th at c o n di ti o n s ma tter
, .

We fi n d th o ugh t c o n sc i o u s an d u n c o n sc i o u s ac ts
, ,

f r e e l y o n th e se c r e ti o n s O f th e ski n as in fe ar o n th e ,

kid n e ys as in all e xc e ssiv e e m o ti o n an d o n th e i n te sti n al

g l an d s .
UN CON SC I OU S M I N D A N D T H E RA PE U T I C S, I . 3 53

We fin d m e n tal e m o ti o n s al te r al so th e c h ar ac te r o f
all th e se c r e ti o n s O f th e b o d — milk sw e at u ri n e e tc
y , , ,
.

U n z e r says th at m an y gl an d s po ur o u t th e ir se c r e ti o n s
fro m im agi n atio n T o g e t e n o u g h saliv a fo r h i s e xpe ri
.

m e n ts E b e rl e im agi n e d acid frui ts

, .

T h e di ffe r e n t po si ti o n s O f th e h an d as h e ld o ut wi th
th e fi n g e r s spr e ad mu c h u se d l ate l y i n th e d i ag n o si s O f
,

n e rv o u s di se ase are du e to th e so c all e d s o n tan e o u s

p
-
,

n e rv e ac ti vi ty d e p e n d e n t e n tir e l y o n m e n tal c o n di ti o n s
, .

D ise ase s o r at an y r ate mi n o r ailm e n ts as w e h av e

, , , ,

se e n i n c h ap te r vi m ay be th e re sul t O f
f m
.
,
D a i se se ro

h abi t W e g e t th u s a h ab 1t O f sl e e pl e ssn e ss habit d an

m mmm
.
,

O f r e c u rr e n t p ain o f c o n stip ati o n o f r e te n ti o n

, ,

o r i n c o n ti n e n c e O f uri n e e tc T h e se h av e th e r e f o re a
, .

str o n g m e n tal e le m e n t .

A se rv an t gi rl m e n ti o n e d by B e r n h e im h ad hyste ri
c al r e te n ti o n O f urin e H e r e th e u n c o n sci o u s au to
.

sugg e sti o n w as so str o n g th at n o su gg e sti o n o ffe r e d

c o n sc i o u sly o r h yp n o ti c all y c o u ld c u r e i t .

O n th e o th e r h an d th e h e ari n g O f w ate r p o ur e d
,

sl o wl y i n to a b asi n O f te n r e l i e v e s r e te n ti o n A l ad y .

I k n o w alm o st suffe r e d fr o m i n c o n tin e n c e w h e n at

N i ag ar a fr o m th e so u n d O f th e falli n g w ate r .

A g e n tl e m an k n o wn to me se e i n g a fr i e n d wi th
stri c tur e O f th e gull e t so o n e xp e ri e n c e d a diffi c u l ty i n

sw all o wi n g an d ul ti m ate ly di e d O f sp asm O f th e gull e t

, .

D ysp h ag i a so th at n o f o o d c an b e tak e n sp asm s o f

, ,

th e gl o tti s so th at o n e c an n o t br e ath e an d O f th e
, ,

b ro n ch i al tub e s p h an to m tum o ur s e x ac tl y simul ati n g

,

r e al gr o wth s p ar apl e gi a h e mipl e gi a c o n tr ac ti o n O f

, , ,

23
3 54 TH E UN C O N SC I OU S M I N D

limb s, c o n vul si o n s an d fi ts an d l o ss O f v o ic e are all

, ,

c o mm o n an d w e ll k n o wn di se ase s pr o duc e d by th e un
-

c o n sc i o u s mi n d .

H ack Tuk e giv e s th e f o ll o wi n g i n stan c e s O f fun c ti o n al

di se ase s O f m e n tal o rigi n z
A h e al th y b o y w as l yi n g i n h i s cr adl e wh e n a c o ck
p e r c h e d o n th e sid e ; th e b o y w as at fir st am az e d b ut ,

af te rw ar d s w as afr aid as th e c o ck str e tc h e d h i s n e ck

, ,

p u t h i s h e a d d o w n an d l o o k e d c l o se ly at th e b o
y ; he
th e n fl appe d h i s wi n g s an d c ro w e d T h e c h ild g av e
.

o n e sh arp c r y O f p ai n an d w as i n stan tl y c o n vul se d ,

thre e o r f o ur fi ts o ccur r e d th e sam e day an d the b o y ,

gre w up an idi o t .

E m o ti o n i s a m o st c o mm o n c au se O f th e aggr av ati o n
O f p ar al ysi s agi tan s h e n c e duri n g sl e e p m o v e
Paral y si s ,

o f m tal
o
en m e n ts are c alm e d D uri n g th e R e ig n O f
.

T e rro r an abb é w as se i z e d b y th e mob H e .

e sc ap e d b ut he afte r w ar d s h ad c o n ti n ual tr e m o r s O f
,

th e limb s .

I n h yste ri c al p ar aly si s Ch ar c o t O b se r v e s th e fac e i s

n e v e r p ar al yse d .

D r R u sse ll R e yn o ld s giv e s us a c ase o f p ar al ysi s

.

wh i c h sh o w s h o w m o to r an d se n so r y di sturb an c e s m ay
b e fir st d e v e l o p e d an d th e n d e str o y e d u n d e r th e in
,

fl ue n c e O f id e as .

H e w as c all e d to vi si t a y o u n g w o m an w h o se f ath e r
h ad l o st m o n e y an d h ad b e e n p ar al yse d th r o ugh gri e f
, .

S h e h e r se lf supp o r te d th e wh o l e h o u se h o ld by givi n g
l e sso n s i n v ari o u s p ar ts O f th e to w n Wh e n f atig ue d.

by h e r l ong w alk s sh e so m e tim e s th o ugh t th at sh e to o

3 56 TH E U N C O N S C IO U S M I N D

m e n t O f a se c o n d c o n sci o u sn e ss I n acu te h yste ri a th i s

.

h yp n o id c o n sci o u sn e s s h as m ad e i tse lf m aste r O f th e

wh o l e e g o ‘
H e n c e h y ste ri a i s n o t O n ly a p sych o si s
’
.

o r affe c ti o n o f o u r c o n sc i o u s p syc h ic lif e (b ut O f o ur

1
u n c o n sci o u s mi n d) .

L e t u s n o w tur n to th e m o r e difli c ult qu e sti o n o f

O ga i
r n c th e pr o du c tio n o f o rg an ic di se ase s w h o lly o r ,

di f
se ase s o
m e n tal p ar t i all y b y th e mi n d .

ig in
or
S ir S amu e l B ak e r say s th at an y se v e re
gri e f o r an ge r i s alm o st c e r tai n to he suc c e e d e d by fever
2
i n c e r tai n par ts O f Afri c a .

D r C li ffo rd A llb u tt says i t i s an u n d o ub te d c li n i c al f ac t

.

F ev er , th at g r an ular ki dney i s O f te n p r o duc e d by

£122 63 pr o l o n g e d m e n tal an xi e ty .

23 223
12 2 51
abe tes i s u n d o ub te dl y c au se d by m e n tal
1 1
D i
str ai n S ir B W R i c h ard so n h as kn o w n
2 1 1 122
2 22 '
. . .

di ab e te s c au se d fr o m pu r e m e n tal str ai n H e say s .

al so : D i ab e te s fr o m su dd e n m e n tal sh o c k i s a tr u e
p ure typ e O f a p h ysic al m al ady O f m e n tal o rigi n
H e al so i n v es tig ate d th e r e n al se c r e ti o n in m e n tal
r e p o se an d i n ac ti vity H e f o un d th at e le v e n parts O f
.

u ri n e w e r e se c r e te d i n r e p o se c o mp ar e d to th i r te e n,

wh e n th e br ai n w as ac tiv e T h e am o u n t O f ur e a w as
.

al so augm e n te d to th e e x te n t O f ab o u t a gr ai n .

Sir J am e s P ag e t te ll s u s O f a y o un g m an w h o h ad
h a mop tysi s o n h i s b ir th d ay an d for n i n e y e ar s a f te r o n
e ac h bir th d ay b e i n g qui te fr e e b e tw e e n
,
H e di e d O f .

rapid c o n sump ti o n af te r th e te n th bir th d ay .

1 f
Pro B i en er (V i enna) , N ew m
. li g sches Cen tralblatt J an
2 B ri ti sh and F or ei n M edt cc -Ch i rm i cal R evi ew
” 1893 .

g g
~

,
18 77
3 Sir B Ward Ri c h ar dso n D i scow rses
.
, , p
16 . .
UN C O N SC I OU S MIN D AN D T H E RA PE U T I C S, I . 3 57

Sir G e o rge P ag e t says : I n m an y c ase s I h av e se e n

r e aso n s fo r b e l ie v in g th at c an c er h as h ad i ts o r i gi n i n
”
pr o l o n g e d an xi e ty 1

“
D r M ur c h i so n say s : I h av e b e e n surpri se d h o w
.

O f te n p ati e n ts w i th pr im ar y c anc er O f th e l i v e r h av e

tr ac e d th e c au se O f th i s 111 h e al th to pr o tr ac te d gr ie f o r
an xi e ty T h e c ase s h av e b e e n far to o n um e r o u s to b e
.

ac c o u n te d fo r as m e r e c o in c ide n c e s .

D r S n o w ( L an c e t 1 8 8 0) asse r ts h i s c o n v ic tio n th at
.
,

th e v ast m aj o r ity O f c ase s o f c ancer e spe c iall y o f br e ast ,

an d u te r in e c an c e r ar e due to m e n tal an x i e ty
,
.

Jau nd i c e fr o m m e n tal e m o ti o n i s r e c o r de d b y D r .

Wilk s 2
J aun dic e fr o m an xi e ty b y D r Ch ur to n
.
3
. .

T h e sur e st w ay to b e attac k e d w ith an i nfec ti ou s

’

di sease i s to b e afr aid O f i t w h il st th e ph y

T h mi mi i
,
e n

si c i an u n d e r l i k e circ um s tan c e s i s v e ry r ar e l i
y di
f ti u n ec o s
se ase

attac k e d L iv e l y f e ar an d th e th o u gh t O f h l
.
c o e ra,

pl p y e i e s

S i c k n e ss i s o f i tse lf su ffi c i e n t to c au se th e j
,

di aun ce,
b il o s.
4
sam e .

Wi th r e g ard to c ho le r a D r S to k e s says : T h e fir st,

.

si gh t O f c h o le r a p ati e n ts gi v e s r i se to symp to m s O f

c h o l e r a af te rw ard s

D r B ate m an te ll s u s O f a p o o r w o m an w h o g o t
.

ge n e r al an asar c a in o n e n i g h t af te r th e l o ss O f all h e r
m o n e y (o n l y a sm all sum) 6
.

Sir G e o r g e P ag et , L ec tur es, p 1 6 5

1

k
. .

2 D r W i l s B ri ti sh ill ed i ca l J o ur nal 2 ud J ul
.
, , y, 1 8 70, p 4 . .

3 D r C li ur to n B r i ti sh i ll ed i m l J o ur n al, 19th N o v , 18 7
. ,
0, p 547 . . .

4 E d v H art mann P h i lo so h
p y of th e Un con sci ou s, v o l i , p 1 8 1
k
. . . .
. .
,
5 D r Sto e s L ec tu r es o n F ever 6, 7
, pp
. .
. ,

8 Dr B ate man , P r ac ti cal S ymp to ms of Cu tan eou s D iseases , 7th

.
e diti o n
,

p 21 4
. .
3 58 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

E m o ti o n c au se s e pil e p sy di ab e te s j aun dic e u r tic ari a

, , , ,

rac h alg i a p ar al ysi s b o il s c an c e r

, ,
g astric di se ase s re
, , ,

te n ti o n o f uri n e gr an ul ar ki d n e y an asar c a an d in
, , ,

v ari o u s m e dic al p ap e r s c ase s o f e ac h o f th e se are re

c o rd e d .

D r I i ys sp e ak s o f b o th apoplexy an d anw mic b r ui ts

.

M tal ig i
en oro ccurri n g
n du ri n g m e n tal an xi e ty b e i n g .
,
o f f
c ase s o

p pl y
a o ex c au se d by ar te ri al te n si o n
, al so o f m an y ,
a th a
er o ni ,
d l tati
i a c ase s o f athe r oma wh e r e n o c au se i s k n o wn
on,

di
’
G a r ve s s
ca se . b u t so m e m e n tal d i so r d e r l
.

Al so o f c ardi ac dilatati on in yo un g p e o pl e wh ich ,

m ay b e due to p alpi tati o n in th e i n c r e ase d v ascul ar

2
te n si o n fr o m m e n tal c au se s .

H e fur th e r say s : I n e v e ry c ase o f G r ave s di sease

’

x p h h almi c g o i tr e ) th e r e i s a m o rbid m e n tal state o f

( e o t
a c o n stan t c h ar ac te r w h i c h p r e c e d e s i ts d e v e l o pm e n t

an d c o si st
n s o f d p r si o wi t e x tr e m e irri tabili ty
e e s n h 3 ”

I n c o n n e c ti o n wi th th e ac ti o n o f th e dig e stiv e c an al ,

th e f o ll o w i n g striki n g i n stan c e o f th e p o w e r
Sp i l c ase
ec a

o t d
r e ve rse o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d in i n flu e n c i n g th e
p tal
eri s sis .

b o d y ab n o rm all y an d pr o du c i n g d i se ase i s , ,

so i n cr e dibl e o n th e f ac e o f i t th at i t i s w e ll to say th at

e v e ry d e tail i s v o uc h e d fo r p e r so n all y by th e wri te r .

E arl y i n 1 89 7 a w o m an w as adm itte d i n to a L o n d o n

h o spi tal wi th f ae c al v o mi ti n g H er abd o m e n w as c o v e r e d .

w i th th e sc ar s o f p r e vi o u s i n c i si o n s m ad e in o r d e r to fi n d ,

o u t th e c au se T h e wh o l e o f th e c o n te n ts h ad b e e n c ar e
.

fully e x ami n e d b ut o n c e m o r e a f re sh O p e n i n g w as m ad e
,

1 D r Lys La n cet, 1892 ,

. , vo l. i .
, p 904
. . ! bid 3 I bid . , p 905.
.
360 TH E UN CON SC I O U S M I N D

I t is r e m ark abl e m o re th an r e m ark abl e it i s de

,
an d ,

p lo r ab le a n d w e si n c e r e l y h O pe th at e re th i s c e n tury

cl o se s so m e d e fi n i te c h an g e will b e m ad e in th e atti tud e

o f m e d i c al m e n wi th r e g ar d to thi s gr e at an d i n te r e st

i n g qu e sti o n
I am sure say s D r R ich ard so n that m o difi e d if
,
“
.
, ,

n ot n e w f o rm s o f di se ase d e v e l o p e d th r o ugh th e mi n d
, , ,

1 ”
ar e muc h m o r e c o mm o n th an th e y w e r e .

M u scul ar in c o o rdi n ati o n se e m s to ari se fr o m so m e

-

e rr o r i n th e ac ti o n o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d .

O th e r e rr o r s o ccur wh e n i t i s d e c e iv e d by m e an s o f
c o n sci o u sn e ss e g D r D ur an d s h o u se su r g e o n g av e 100
, . .
, .
’

p ati e n ts in a h o spital a li ttl e c o l o ur e d w ate r an d th e n

to ld th e m h e h ad g iv e n th e m a str o n g e m e ti c by mi s
t ak e .T hi s addr e sse d to th e ir c o n sc i o u sn e ss f al se ly
, ,

g av e th e impul se to the un c o n sci o u s m in d wh ich c au se d ,

e ig h ty o f th e m to b e ab so lu te ly sick .

B ut n o t o n l y fun c ti o n al an d o rg ani c di se ase s o f e v e ry

d e scrip ti o n are c au se d by th e mi n d but death
D eaths
,

ca d by
u se i tse lf i s qui te c o mm o n
mm
.

mmd
We giv e a fe w i n stan c e s m ai n ly fro m D r
30

, .

Tuk e s b o o k’

I n M ay 1 8 78 a sto ckbr o k e r in P ari s f e ll d o w n i n an

, ,
~

ap o pl e c tic fi t an d so o n di e d o n h e ari n g th at hi s v al e t
,

h ad b e e n f o u n d sh o t th r o ugh th e h e ad .

I n th e L anc e t 1 8 6 7 i s th e c ase o f a w o m an fo r ty
, ,

th r e e ye ar s o ld w h o di e d i n a fi t fr o m fi n di n g h e r
d augh te r wh o m sh e e xp e c te d w as kill e d in a r ailw ay
,

ac cid e n t c o m e h o m e un e xp e c te dl y
, .

1 Sir B . Ward Ric h ards on , F i eld of D i sease, p 6 20 . .

 U N C O N SC I OU S M I N D A N D T H E RA PE U T I CS, I . 36 1

A si ste r h av in g n ur se d h e r si ste r duri n g a l o n g ill

,

n e ss u n til h e r d e ath did n o t th e n g iv e w ay t o gri e f

, , ,

b u t app e ar e d p e rf e c tl y u n m o v e d A f o r tnight af te r sh e
.

w as f o u n d d e ad i n h e r b e d b u t th e r e w as n o post
,

mo r tem c au se fo u n d e x c e p t th e d e pr e ssi n g i n flu e n c e o f
,

1
p e n t up gri e f th r o ugh th e n e rv o us sy ste m
-
.

D r S w e e tse r te ll s u s o f a l ad y w h o f e e l in g a livi n g
.
,

fr o g fall i n to he r b o so m fr o m th e clu tch e s o f a b ird w as ,

se iz e d wi th su c h pr o fu se h a e m o p tysi s th at sh e li v e d o n ly

a fe w mi n u te s .

P r o f e sso r R o ll e sto n p o i n ts o ut th at af te r d e f e at an army

r e adily succumb s to d yse n te ry sc urvy m al ar i al f e v e r , ,

an d o th e r d i se ase s th at h av e c o mp ar ativ e ly sli gh t e ffe c t

,

w h e n it i s vic to ri o u s .

A l aun d r e ss c o mi n g h o m e al o n g a l o n e l y r o ad fr o m
a so li tary w alk l o o k e d ill an d e xci te d ; sh e said th at a

man h ad j umpe d o ut o f a c e m e te r y as sh e p asse d Sh e

'

di e d at th e supp e r tabl e T h e post— mor tem e x ami n a

.

ti o n sh o w e d all th e o rg an s h e al th y e xc e p t th e h e ar t an d ,

th e v e rdic t w as d e ath fr o m syn c o p e du e to sh o ck 2

D r W al sh e say s : A m an c am e to i n su r e h i s lif e i n
.

full vi g o ur an d w as r e j e c te d an d to ld h e h ad o n ly a ,

di se ase d h e ar t H e b e c am e m e l an c h o lic an d di e d th e
.

w e e k afte r .
”

Si gn o r L aur a i n r e p o r ti n g o n a stati o n m aste r w h o

h ad di e d su dd e n l y af te r h e ari n g th at h i s stati o n h ad
b e e n r o bb e d p o i n ts o ut th at sudd e n m e n tal e m o ti o n
,
“

may c au se d e ath in p e r so n s o f r o b u st h e al th in a v e ry
1 W . B Carpe nte r, M en tal P hysiolog y 4th e di ti o n i p 326
k
. .
.

9 H ac k T u e , M i n d an d B o d y .
 362 TH E U N CON SC I OU S M I N D

sh o rt tim e ph y si c al p h e n o m e n a i n duc e d by
; th at th e
th i s m e n tal c au se sh o w a p r o f o u n d p e r turb ati o n o f th e
n e rv o u s syste m g e n e r all y o f an ad yn amic c h ar ac te r
”
.

H e c o n clud e s th at th e m an h ad un d o ub te dl y di e d so l ely
fr o m m e n tal e m o ti o n ; n o pr e c e di n g o r acc o mp an yi n g
c au se o f d e ath b e i n g pr e se n t .

Br o w n S e q uard says wh e n a vi o l e n t sudd e n e m o ti o n

,

c au se s d e ath i t i s by its ac ti o n o n th e m e dull a o b lo n

g ata .

A m e di c al stud e n t h ad h is e ye b an d age d an d a v e i n
w as pr e te n d e d to b e o p e n e d in h is arm A stre am o f .

w ate r w as th e n Spurte d i n to a b o wl an d th e stud e n t , ,

th i n ki n g it w as h i s bl o o d b e c am e pal e an d fai n te d
, .

An o th e r ac tually di e d fr o m a simil ar sh am O p e r ati o n .

D r L ys te ll s us o f a man su ffe ri n g fr o m an gi n a w h o
.
,

dr o pp e d d o wn d e ad in a fi t o f an g e r at St G e o rge s .
’

1
H o sp ital .

I h av e b e e n to ld by a n av al surge o n fro m an Afric an

squ adr o n th at K r o o m e n if b adly tr e ate d o r an gry will
, ,

th r e ate n to die ; an d will g o aw ay an d ac tu ally e xpi r e

wi th i n th ir ty h o ur s wi th o u t an y i nj ury o r di se ase .

B u t w e mu st n o w tur n to th e o th e r sid e o f th e
qu e sti o n an d c o m e to th e c o n si de r ati o n o f
‘

m e n tal th erap e u ti c s ; an d w e may b e gi n by

sayi n g a w o rd ab o u t th i s cur ativ e ag e n t

g e n e r all y b e fo r e pr o c e e di n g to giv e e x ampl e s We .

h av e al r e ady p o i n te d o u t i n th e pr e c e di n g c h ap te r h o w
an d w h y i t i s so ig n o r e d i n th e r e gul ar pr ac ti c e o f

D r Lys L an cet, 1 892, vo l. i p 905

1 . . . .
, ,
3 64 TH E U N CON SC I O U S M I N D

sh ri n e y e ar s b e fo r e o ur e ra in pr e ci se l y th e sam e
500 ,

m an n e r an d by sugg e sti o n as in o ur tim e s at L o urd e s

, .

I n 1 6 51 w e r e ad th e f o ll o wi n g so u n d an d th o ugh tful
r e m ark s All th e w o rld k n o w s th at th e r e i s n o
vir tu e i n c h arm s e tc b ut a str o n g c o n c e i t an d O pi n i o n
,
.
,

al o n e as P o m po n ati u s h o ld s wh i c h fo r c e th a m o ti o n o f
, ,

th e h um o ur s sp iri ts an d bl o o d w h i c h tak e s aw ay th e
, ,

c au se o f th e m al ad y fr o m th e p ar ts affe c te d T h e lik e .

w e m ay say o f th e m ag ic al e ffe c ts su pe r sti ti o n s c ur e s , , ,

etc . su c h as are d o n e b y m o u n te b an k s an d wiz ard s

, .

A s b y wick e d i n c r e duli ty m an y m e n are h ur t (so sai th

Wi e r us) w e fi n d in o ur e xp e ri e n c e by th e sam e m e an s
,

1
m an y are r e l ie v e d .
”

C o mi n g d o w n to o ur o w n tim e s w e fi n d a c ar e ful

M o d em a n al ysi s o f th e c au se o f f ai th h e ali n g a s -

f o ll o w s T h e r e c an b e n o qu e sti o n th at
'

th ap ufi
er e
f ai th h e ali n g i s a fac t
cs -
T h e br ai n i s n o t
.

sim pl y th e o rg an o f th e mi n d it i s al so th e c h i e f c e n tr e
, ,

a se ri e s o f c e n tr e s o f th e n e rv o u s syste m b y w h i c h th e
, ,

wh o l e b o dy i s e n e rgi se d an d its c o mp o n e n t p ar ts wi th
th e ir se v e r al fu n c ti o n s are g o v e rn e d an d r e gul ate d .

T h e r e i s n o mir ac l e in h e ali n g by fai th ; wh e r e as it

w o uld b e a mi r ac l e if th e o rg an i sm b e i n g as it i s an d
, ,

th e l aw s o f l if e s uc h as th e y are f ai th h e ali n g did n o t ,

-
,

2 ”
un d e r f av o ur abl e c o n di ti o n s o c c ur H e r e c o n sci o u s
,
.

mi n d al o n e i s r e c o gn ise d th e un c o n sc i o u s mi n d b e in g
a se ri e s O f c e n tr e s e n d o w e d w ith p syc h ic al
po w e rs !
I t mu st n o t b e f o rg o tte n th at fu n c tio n g o e s b e f o re
1 B urto n , A na tomy o f I ll elan choly .

2
E di torial in th e L an cet, 1 3th J une , 1 885 .
U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D A N D T H E RA PE U T I CS, I . 365

o rg an i sm in d e ve l o pm e n t an d th at th e r e are l arg e
,

cl asse s o f c ase s in w h ich th e di sabili ti e s o f th e di se ase d

o r g an fo r a fair p e rf o rm an c e Of i ts fu n c ti o n s ar e m ai n ly
, ,

due to a w an t o f p o w e r o r r e gul ari ty i n ac ti o n .

‘
T h e o i s medi c a tr i x n atur ae i s a v e r y p o te n t f ac to r in
am e li o r ati o n o f di se ase if i t o n ly b e all o w e d
,
Th M e 3

fair pl ay An e x e r ci se o f fai th as a rul e m d i atn x

.
, ,
e c
‘

atu n rce .
su sp e n d s t h e o p e r ati o n O f adv e r se i n flu e n c e s ,

an d app e al s str o n gl y th r o ugh th e c o n sc i o u sn e ss to th e ,

i n n e r an d u n d e rl yi n g f aculty o f vi tal f o r c e un c o n

sci o u s mi n d ) .

W e r e gr e t to se e th at D r P ye Smi th in an i n augu ral

.
,

addr e ss to m e dic al stud e n ts says T h e o i s medic atr i ce

,

na tur es i s a figm e n t w h i c h o w e s i ts pr e v al e n c e to i ts

L ati n dr e ss T hi s i s n o t so it o w e s i ts vi tali ty to
,

th e d e e p un d e rl yi n g tru th i t c o n tai n s an d stud e n ts ,

sh o uld k n o w th i s ; a tru th m o r e o v e r by wh i c h all

, ,

p h ysi c i an s are pr o fi ti n g e v e ry day .

Ag ai n : We will e v e n g o so far as to affirm th at a

v e r y l arg e pr o p o r ti o n o f th e aili n g mi gh t b e an d pr o
b ably w o uld b e so un d if o n l y th e y w e r e su ffici e n tly
,

str o n gly impr e sse d to b e li e v e th e m se lv e s so T he .

i n flu e n c e o f th e mind (h e r e o b se rv e i n th e sam e j o ur n al
;
th e vi tal f o r c e o f 1 88 5 i s b o ldly c all e d th e m i n d i n
’ ‘

1 8 8 8 ) up o n th e b o d y h as b e e n th e str o n gh o ld O f
qu ack e ry fr o m th e e arli e st tim e s an d fai th i s as p o w e r
,

ful an i n flu e n c e fo r g o o d o r e vil n o w as it h as e v e r
” 2
b e en.

1
B ri ti sh M ed ica l J our n al, 9th O c to b er , 1 897 .

2
Lan cet, 2 8th F eb r uary, 1 88 8 .
 3 66 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D

D r . C arp e n te r y
T h at th e c o n fid e n t e xp e c tati o n
sa s

o f a Our s i s th e m o st p o te n t m e an s o f bri n gi n g it ab o u t ,

doing that w hi c h no medi c a l tre atmen t c an acc ompli sh m ay ,

b e affirm e d as th e g e n e r ali se d r e sul t o f e xp e r ie n c e s o f

th e m o st v ari e d ki n d e x te n di n g th r o ugh a l o n g se ri e s o f
”
ag e s .

T h e re i s a l arg e b o d y o f tr u stw o rth y e vid e n c e th at

p e rm an e n t am e n dm e n t o f a ki n d p e rf e c tl y o bvi o u s to
,

o th e r s h as sh o w n i tse lf in a gr e at v ari e ty o f l o c al
,
.

m al adi e s wh e n th e p ati e n ts h av e b e e n su ffi c i e n tly

,

p o sse sse d by th e e xp e c tati o n o f b e n e fi t an d by f ai th in ,

th e e ffi c ac y o f th e m e an s e mpl o ye d .

Ob se rv e h e r e i t i s n o t th e f ai th i tse lf th at cur e s b ut ,

f ai th fe ar e tc se t i n to ac tivi ty th o se p o w e r s
, , .
,

an d f o r c e s th at th e u n c o n sci o u s m in d po s

se sse s o v e r th e b o dy b o th to c au se di se ase an d to cu re
,

it
T h o se w h o u n d e r tak e mi r acul o u s cur e s
d o n o t d e n y th e e xi ste n c e o f di se ase b ut asse r t th at it ,

m ay b e cur e d b y sup e rn atur al p o w e r T h e y ac t by .

m e an s o f sugg e sti o n an d by gr adu ally i n cul c ati n g th e

id e a th at th e di se ase i s cur abl e u n til th e subj e c t ,

ac c e p ts it T h e c ur e i s so m e tim e s e ffe c te d by th e
.

sugg e sti o n an d w h e n i t i s said to b e by savi n g f ai th th e

, ,

e xpr e ssi o n i s rig o r o u sly sci e n tific T h e se mir acl e s .

sh o uld n o l o n g e r b e d e n i e d b ut w e sh o uld u n d e r stan d

,

th e i r g e n e si s an d l e arn to imi tate th e m

, T h e se are .

th e r e fo r e n o im agi n ary di se ase s b u t ar e d i se ase s due to

,

th e im agi n ati o n an d acc o mp an i e d by r e al fu n c ti o n al

,

di stu rb an c e s S uch di sturb an c e s may b e d e v e l o p e d

.
 T H E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

Wh ate v e r o th e r th e o ri e s w e h o ld w emu st re c o gn i se
th e ui s medi c atr i ce n a tu r e in so me sh ap e o r o th e r ,
”

says P r o f e sso r O
W H o lm e s . . .

Je lo pOn se z e t D i e u le g uar it
“
( I dr e sse d th e
’

w o u n d an d G o d h eal e d it) is wr itte n by Ambr o se P ar e

“
o n th e w all s o f th e E c o l e de M é de c i n e at P ari s N ature
i s th e p h ysici an o f di se ase says Hip po c r ate s , R e aso n .

di c tate s th at di se ase i s n o th i n g e l se b ut n atur e s e n ’

de av o ur s to th ru st f o r th wi th all h e r migh t th e m o r bifi c

”
m atte r fo r th e h e al th o f th e p ati e n t ( Syd e n h am ) T h i s .

i s m o r e tru e o f th e sym pto m s th an o f th e di se ase i tse lf .

A n atur al po w e r o f th e pr e v e n tio n an d r e p air o f

di so rd e r s an d di se ase h as as r e al an d as ac tiv e an
e xi ste n c e w ith i n us as h av e th e o rdi n ar y fun c ti o n s
,

1 ”
o f th e o rg an s th e m se lv e s .

“
T h e e vid e n c e th at th e br ai n c o r te x r e gul ate s ab
so rp ti o n se cr e ti o n
,
v ascul ar te n si o n an d th e an ab o li c
,

an d k atab o li c pr o c e ss in th e c e ll s o f th e tissu e s m ay

n ow b e r e g ard e d as c o m pl e te S o r e s in m an y m e l an
.

c h o li c s will n o t h e al Gl an d an d lu n g ti ssu e in idi o ts

.

an d d e m e ri ts are u n abl e to r e si st th e attack s o f th e

tub e r cl e b acillu s so th at tw o th ird s o f o ur idi o ts an d

,
-

o n e th ird o f o u r d e m e ri ts di e o f tub e rcul ar di se ase

- 2 ”
.

C o n sid e r th e f o ll o wi n g v e r y r e m ark abl e f ac ts i n pr o o f

E ampl
x f o f th e gu i dan c e th e u n c o n sc i u mi
es o
o s n d e xe r
t
c ur a i ve

p ow er 0 ? c i se s o v e r th e gr o w th an d n u tri ti o n o f th e
U D CO D S CI O I I S
mi dn . b o dy I n e x tre m e o ld ag e th e b o n e s are
.

waste d thi n n e d an d so f te n e d B ut th e b o n e s o f th e
,
.

1 J M itc h e ll Bruc e , P r acti ti on er , vol xxxiv , p 242

f
. . . . .

2
Pro C lo usto n, B r i tish M edi cal J ou r na l, 1 8 th J an uar y, 1 896
. .
UN C O N SCI O U S M I N D T H E RA PE U T I CS, I . 369

s kull will b e fo un d th i c k e r th an n o rm al A li ttl e c o n .

sid e r ati o n wi ll sh o w th at th e r e mu st b e a c e n tr e abl e

to ar r an g e th e m an n e r i n wh i c h th e n e w b o n e i s de
p o si te d so as to e n sur e th e saf e ty o f th e br ai n e v e n to ,

th e d e trim e n t o f l e ss i mp o r tan t str uc tur e s in a m an n e r ,

n o t m e r e ly m e c h an ic al .

I n r ick e ts th e o r g an i sm d o e s n o t g e t e n o ugh lim e

sal ts to build up th e sk e l e to n o f i ts n o rm al
S mpm t e ec
str e n g th I t h o w e v e r tri e s to m ak e i t as ti
.
, , f th on o e

ga m or ni s
str o n g as p o ssibl e b y th e fo rm ati o n o f b o n e

at th e gr o wi n g li n e s al o n g th e c o n c avi ti e s o f cu r v e s
,

an d at suc h o th e r p ar ts as tr an smi t a gr e ate r pr o p o r

ti o n O f w e igh t M o st th at i s se e n in rick e ts i s t h e
.

r e sul t o f th e e ffo r t m ad e by th e o rg an i sm to r e n d e r th e
ill —n o ur i sh e d sk e l e to n abl e to pe rf o rm its m e c h an i c al
w o rk E x c e p t fo r th i s e ffo r t life c o uld n o t b e c arr ie d
.

on . I n th e skull th e ac tiv i ty o f th e o rg an i sm in m e e t
i n g th e c o n d iti o n o f so fte n e d b o n e i s e n o rm o u sl y an d
e ffici e n tly i n c r e ase d O b se r v e h e r e h o w e ffe c tu all y
.

n atur e m ak e s th e b e st ap plic ati o n wi th i t s v e r y im

p e rf e c t m ate ri al T h e b o n e i s m o st abu n d an t wh e r e i t
.

1 ”
i s m o st w an te d .

T h i s se l e c tiv e ac ti o n o f th e o r gan i sm f o rm s n o
p ar t o f an y p ro p e r ty o f m atte r b ut i s e sse n ti all y a ,

p sych ic qu ali ty ; i n sh o r t n o th i n g b ut th e ac ti o n o f th e
,

u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d .

P r o f e sso r L ayc o ck p o i n ts o ut th at if th e atte n ti o n

“

i s d aily d ire c te d to an O p aqu e c o r n e a duri n g a h yp n o tic

1 W . A rb uth n o t Lan e , B r i tish M ed i ca l J our n al, 7th N o v. , 1 896 , p 1 36 5

. .
3 70 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

tr an c e , d e p o si t o f l ymp h is o b se rve d to fo rm ac c o rd
a
.

in g to M ull e r s law th at a struc tur al d e fe c t te n d s to

’ ‘
,

b e r e m o v e d by an ac t i n cr e asi n g th e o rg an i c ac ti o n o f
th e p ar t
’

I n ao r tic o b stru c ti o n w e g e t h yp e r tr o p hy o f th e l e f t
v e n tr i c l e as al so in a r e g u rg itan t mi tr al c o m
F u r the r , ,

atio n alw ays o c c u r ri n g wh e r e th e di se ase

1 1
n 5 a11 ° es°
p e n s

c ann o t b e r e m o v e d .

“
A bl o w b e l o w th e b e l t i s r are l y f atal if e xp e c te d .

T h e e ye w ar n s th e mi n d w h at i s c o mi n g an d th e ab ,

do m in al w all s i n stan tl y b e c o m e r ig id w i th o u t c o n sci o u s

k n o wl e dge Al so in p e ri to n i ti s th e w all s b e c o m e rigid
.

to pr o te c t w h at li e s b e n e ath .

T h e sw armi n g o f l e uc o c y te s af te r b ac te ri a an d th e ,

purpo siv e m an n e r in w h ich th e y w o rk th e ir w ay to

th e se at o f w ar sp e ak o f th e i n te l lige n t p r o te c tiv e
,

m e ch an i sm o f th e b o d y o f wh i c h i n n um e r abl e o th e r
,

i n stan c e s migh t b e adduc e d .

B ut b e yo n d pr o te c ti v e m e c h an i sm s w e mu st giv e ,

so m e fur th e r te stim o n y as to th e p o w e r o f th e m in d o v e r

d e fi n i te di se ase wi th wh ic h w e w ill c o n c lud e th i s c h apte r .

T o ch e c k says P r o f e sso r Cl o u sto n

, di se ase d c o n ,

ditio n s w e c an n o t do b e tte r th an stimul ate th e c o r te x ,

an d str e ng th e n th e m e n tal e n e rg y
1 ”
.

T h o se pre di sp o se d to sp e ci al di se ase fi n d a so un d
a n d w e ll w o rki n g mi n d an d c o r te x th e ir gr e at
-
p t ti
ro ec on

2331 pr o te c ti o n W h e n di sturb e d in mi n d th e y
.

“ in d
l
f all vic tim s to th e ir di ath e sis I have n o do u bt .

myself th i s is th e stro n g e st o f all th e f o rc e s fr o m with i n

1 P ro f . Clo uston , B r i ti sh M edi cal J our na l, 18th Jan .
,
1 8 96 .
3 72 TH E U N C O N SC IOU S M I N D
a p sych ic al b asi s T h e f o r me r o f th e se al te r n ative s is
.

wh at sci e n c e d e sir e s but th e se c o n d o f th e tw o al te r

,

n ativ e s at p r e se n t h o l ds th e fi e ld an d w e ar e f o r c e d to

r e c o gn i se in th e se c ur e s a tru e p sy c h ic ac ti o n Se lf .

sugg e sti o n i s gr adu ally suppl an ti n g all o th e r fo rmula s in

p sych ic th e r ap e u ti c s A n d fur th e r
.
,

“
T h e fu n c ti o n al tr o ubl e in o rg an ic di se ase o f th e
n e rv o u s s ste m s o f te n e xc e e d s th e fi e ld o f th e an ato mi
y
c al l e si o n an d fo r th i s tr o ubl e p s c h o th e r ap e u tic s m a
y
-
, y
b e p o w e rful
B e c au se e ffe c ts h o w e v e r ar e p ro duc e d an d cure s
, ,

Cu by p e rfo rm e d b y m e an s o f a m e n tal c o n di ti o n
m
r es ,

ifi fg:
a a ’
c all e d b y so m e th e im agi n ati o n (by us th e

gm ” u c
u n c o n sci o u s mi n d ) it i s c o n stantly assum e d
r e s:
,

th at th e se r e sul ts ar e im agi n ar y ; in o th e r w o rd s th at ,

th e y ar e all f an cy T h i s i s mu c h to b e d e pl o r e d an d
.
,

w e w o uld e xp o se so mi sc h i e v o u s an e rr o r I t i s ge n e r
.

ally impli e d th at th e se ph e n o m e n a ar e o f a m e r e ly

fun c tio n al ch ar ac te r d e p e n d e n t o n th e state o f th e

,

min d m o r e e sp e c i ally th e w ill ; an d th at a c h an ge o f

,

m e n tal c o n di ti o n h as b e e n n atur ally fo ll o w e d by a

c h an ge i n th e p h e n o m e n a T h i s is wh at th e o r th o d o x
.

m e di c al pr ac ti ti o n e r m e an s as h e c o mpl ac e n tly smi le s

,

an d asse r ts it w as all th e e ffe c t o f th e im agi n ati o n .

B u t h e mu st r e m e mb e r a cur e b y th e im agi n ati o n is by

n o m e an s th e sam e as an im agi n ar y c ur e .

“
A s th e state o f th e mi n d is c a pabl e o f pr o duc i n g a
di se ase an o th e r state o f i t m ay e ffe c t a cur e
, (J o h n
.

Hun te r ) .

I t w o uld b e i n te re sti n g to kn o w h o w muc h o f th e

UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D A N D T H E RA PE U T I CS, I . 3 73

immun i ty m e d ic al me n m ay e nj o y fro m di se ase o f an

i n f e c ti o u s ch ar ac te r ari se s fr o m th e i r f o rg e ttin g to b e
afr ai d.

“
P sy c h o th e r ap e u tic s i s un c o n sci o u sl y m ad e use o f
-

by all wi th r e pu tati o n in th e m e d i c al pr o fe ssi o n T he .

fe e e v e n h as a di sti n c t p syc h ic si gn ifi c atio n fo r w e ar e ,

ac cu sto m e d to valu e an ar ticl e acc o rdi n g to th e c o st o f

O b tai n i n g i t
1”
.

We will r e se rv e fur th e r e vid e n c e to th e n e xt c h ap te r ,

w h e r e w e w ill al so giv e so m e se l e c te d sampl e s o f v ari o u s

m e n tal cure s Wi th r e g ard to wh at h as b e e n giv e n
.
,

w e w o uld ask sp e ci al atte n ti o n to th e imp o r tan t an d

w e i gh ty e x tr ac ts fro m th e L an c e t an d th e B ri ti sh M edi c al
Jour n al an d al so to th e w o rd s o f P r o f e sso r C l o u sto n
, .

I t se e m s to u s wh o ll y imp o ssibl e to r e si st th e f ac t
th at th e f o r c e so c o n stan tly allud e d to i s e v e rywh e r e
p sych ic al th at i s m e n tal i n its o ri gi n I t i s o bvi o u sl y
,
.

e x e r ci se d u n c o n sci o u sl y an d th e r e fo r e fall s u n d e r o n e
,

”
o f o ur tw o fo rmul a e mi n d u se d u n c o n sc i o u sly o r th e
,
“
,

”
unc o n sci o u s mi n d .

1
Dr . M . Ro b erts, L an cet, 1 892, vo l. u . , p 6 57
. .
 C HAP T E R XIX .

T H E U N CO N S CI O U S M I N D AN D T H E RAPE U T I CS , I I .

CO N T I N UI N G p o we r o f mi n d
no w o ur te stim o n i e s to th e
“
o v e r di se ase Sir A n dr e w C l ark says : I t is
,
Ge n er al

pq w er o f imp o ssibl e fo r us to d e al k n o wi n gly an d

m d
in on
di se ase wi se ly wi th v ari o u s di so rd e r s o f th e b o d y ,
S i A Cl k
r . ar ,

wi th o u t di sti n c tl y r e c o gn i sin g th e age n cy O f

g éw
n ll o so n ,
’
II

Ri h dc state s an d c o n d i ti o n s o f m i n d o f te n i n pro
ar so n , ,

P f B
ro ow en,
duc in g an d alw ays in m o difyi n g th e m 1
.

Si J o
r . .

B
i
v e
Pi gf
i

d T h e r e ac
or
ti o n f r o m th e an c i e n t m e tap h ysi c al
,

t
e c 2
‘

vi e w o f m e di c i n e h as b e e n c arri e d to o far .
”

T h i s l ast r e f e r s to th e swi tc hb ack m e th o d o f p r o gre ss

c o mm o n to h um an sc i e n c e alr e ad y allud e d to , .

“
U p to th e v e ry g ate s o f d e ath I m ai n tai n th at a
san g ui n e c h e e rful an d h o p e ful e xp e c tati o n i s i n fi n i te ly
,

m o r e u se fu l an d m o r e w arr an tabl e o n th e p ar t o f th e
,

p h ysici an th an a bru tal c an d o ur w h ic h m ay c ut th e

, ,

sl e n d e r th r e ad th at h o ld s th e vi tal p o w e r s to g e th e r
3 ”
.

“
I n ac tu al d an g e r o f d e ath th e se n se o f saf e ty i s ,

4 ”
O ft e n a sav i n g c au se .

“Af te r p o i so n i n g th e i r p ati e n ts wi th d r ug s th r o ugh

m an y c e n turi e s th e d o c to r s h av e at l ast c o m e to k n o w
,

1 . k
Sir A Clar , L an cet, 1 855, v o l p 31 5 . . .

2 D r A M o rr iso n P r a c ti ti on er , 1 8 92, p 2 5
. . . . .
3 1 51 03” p 40
. .

4
Sir B Ward Ric h ar dso n , A sc lep i ad , 1 89 0 p 3 33
.
, . .

( 3 74)
3 76 TH E U N C O N S CI O U S M I N D

We n o w p ass o n i n stan c e s
to
Sir T h o m as Gr ai n g e r S te w ar t say s I n h e art
d ise ase th e m o st imp o r tan t e l e m e n t is r e st .

S e c o n d in imp o r tan c e i s p e rh ap s th e e l e m e n t
o f h ope I f a p ati e n t b e c o m e s p e r su ad e d th at
.

h e m ay r e c o v e r th at g o o d c o mp e n sati o n m ay b e e stab
,

li sh e d h e b e c o m e s m o r e h o p e ful ab o u t h im se lf an d h i s
,

h e ar t b e n e fi ts c o rr e sp o n di n gly I f a p ati e n t i s gl o o my
.

an d d e sp o n d e n t th i s d am ag e s th e o r g an i n a w ay w e
,

c an n o t at pr e se n t fully e xpl ai n .

“
A l ady su ffe r e d fro m o rg an ic h e ar t di se ase an d
r apidl y d e v e l o p e d dr o p sy fro m di str e ss at th e mi s
,

c o n duc t o f h e r h u sb an d an d w as in immi n e n t p e ril o f

,

d e ath At th i s cri si s sh e l o st h e r r e ason T h e di s

. .

turb in g me ntal f ac to r ( o f di se ase ) b e i n g e limi n ate d th e ,

b
b al an c e o f th e l ab o uri n g circul ati o n quickly righ te d
i tse lf
.
” 1
T h i s is a v e r y re m ar k abl e p ro o f o f th e m e n tal
f ac to r .

P r o f e sso r A F o rd say s : D uri n g th e summ e r o f 1 8 91

.

I m e t an atte n d an t K fr o m Wur te mb e r g w h il e I w as
.

l e c tu ri n g at Z ur i c h w h o h ad c o n stan t h e ad ach e s fo r
,

tw o y e ar s af te r a se v e r e p n e um o n i a T h e p h y sici an
.

th e r e to ld him th e se h e ad ac h e s w o uld n e v e r l e av e h im ,

as th e y w e r e an i n h e ri tan c e f r o m h is f ath e r ; an d h e

h ad n e v e r l o st th e m alw ay s f e e li n g a d ull pr e ssur e o n

,

th e h e ad T h i s sh o w e d th e tw o ye ar s h e ad ac h e w as ’
.

n o th i n g e l se th an th e r e sul t o f an u n c o n sci o u s su g e s
g
ti o n o f th e p h y sici an T h e man h ad o nly h ad th e
.

1 D r A M o rri so n, P rac ti ti o n er , 1 892, p 29

. . . .
U N CO N SC I O U S M I N D AN D T H E RA PE U T I C S ,
II . 3 77

m o st te mp o r ary h e ad ac h e s b e f o r e I th e n to ld h im .

d e fi ni te l y th at h e ad ac h e s w e r e n o t an i n h e r itan c e an d ,

c o uld e asily b e cur e d S i n c e th e n (f o ur m o n th s) th e

.

ch r o n ic h e ad ac h e h as di sapp e are d T h i s c ase h e

.
,

c o n ti n u e s se e m s to b e v e ry i n str u c tiv e b e c au se
,
it
sh o w s h o w e asil y p h ysi c i an s wi th o u t kn o w m g it c an
, ,

p ro du c e si c k n e ss by pe ssimi stic pr op h e c i e s b y an xi o u s ,

l o o k s o r w o rd s T h u s are di se ase s sugg e ste d (un c o n

.

1 ”
sc io usly) b y th e ph ysi c i an !
“ “
I m yse lf h e says
,
h av e c o mmi tte d th e sam e
,

f ault A f e m al e atte n d an t sufl e re d w i th p ain s i n th e

.

sto m ac h I di ag n o se d an d tr e ate d h e r an xi o u sl y fo r
.

gastric ul c e r F o r m o n th s sh e k e p t h e r b e d an d
.
,

gr adu ally r e c o v e r e d wi th th e sto m ac h v e r y se n si tiv e

fo r ye ar s I h av e n o t n o w th e sligh te st d o ub t th at h e r
.

l o n g sick n e ss w as pr o duc e d by o v e r an xi o u s i n v e stig a -

ti o n s an d stri c t r e g im e n 2 ”
.

W e th i n k m an y p h ysi c ian s as th e y r e ad th i s will

se arc h th e ir o w n m e m o ri e s an d fi n d r e c o r d e d th e r e

m o r e th an o n e par all e l c ase .

I will n o w g iv e an i n stan c e o f th e v alu e o f a n e w

cur ativ e ag e n t fr o m my o w n e x pe r ie n c e
Th p t er a e u i c

I r e f e r to th e th e r ape u ti c v al ue o f a stri k l f th v a ue o e
l k c oc .

i n g m an te lp i e c e cl o c k ( I say cl o c k i n pr e
.

f e r e n c e to w atch b e c au se i t h as a gr e ate r v alu e ; an d

,

I say m an te lp ie c e i n ste ad o f b all c l o ck fo r th e sam e

r e aso n ; an d I add striki n g as b e i n g o f still gr e ate r
e ffi c ac y ) . Sir D y c e D uckw o r th w ith o u t dw e lli n g ,

1 Pro f
. A F or d, A mer i tan J ou rn al of P sycho log y
.
, v ol
. iv .
, p 4 . .
2 I bid .
3 78 T H E UN CO N SC I O US M I ND

on th e v alu e O f m e n tal the r ap e utic s h as p o i n te d o ut ,

i ts use by m e an s o f th e cl o ck i n sh o wi n g th e gr e at ,

e ffe c t in c ase s o f p e r si ste n t v o mi ti n g in givi n g th e

li quid f o o d in te asp o o n ful s e v e ry fi ve mi n u te s by th e

cl o c k I f th e p ati e n t is to ld th at th e f o o d th u s give n
.

will b e r e tai n e d an d if h e c an se e th e cl o ck cl e arly

,

fr o m th e b e d it will pr o b abl y b e suc c e ssful ; for at th e

,

e x ac t tim e th e sub c o n sc i o u s mi n d e n abl e s th e sto m ac h

-

— pr o b abl y by so m e i n h ibi to ry p o w e r o v e r th e v o mi ti n g
c e n tre in th e m e dull a— to r e tai n th e fo o d .

S o m e y e ar s ag o I te ste d i ts v alu e in l ab o u r in 200 un

c o mplic ate d c ase s I O f te n f o un d th e u te ri n e c o n tr ac ti o n
.

v e ry irr e gul ar an d sl o w but di sc o v e r e d b y impr e ssi n g

, ,

th e p ati e n t wi th th e f ac t th at a c o n tr ac ti o n w o uld an d
mu st b e g i n e v e ry fi ve mi n u te s b y th e w atch an d l ast
tw o mi n u te s givi n g th r e e mi n u te s i n te rv al th at af te r a
’

, , ,

li ttl e assi stan c e at fi r st I c o uld e n su r e in th e c ase o f a

,

pati e n t o f av e r ag e m e n tal p o w e r a c o n tr ac ti o n c o m
m e n c in g e x ac tl y wh e n I said th e ti m e w as up I .

c al c ul ate d o f c o ur se r o ugh l y th at my atte n d an c e at

, ,

th e 1 00 c ase s tri e d th u s wi th sugg e sti o n w as sh o r te n e d

an av e r ag e o f tw o h o ur s e ac h as c o m par e d wi th th e
,

1 00 l e f t e n ti r e l y t o n atur e : O f c o ur se it i s o b vi o u s
th i s c al c ul ati o n i s O p e n to m an y e rr o r s b ut th e f ac t ,

o f th e v alu e an d p o w e r o f u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal ac ti o n

o r sugg e sti o n i s n o t fo r i t w as c l e arl y e vid e n c e d

,
Thi s .

i n du c e d ac ti o n by m e an s o f th e p ati e n t s o w n u n c o n sc i o u s
’

mi n d m ust b e c ar e full y di stin gui sh e d fr o m th e p h y si c al

fo rc e o r m e ch an i c al ai d so o f te n u se d so di sastr o u sly .

T h e o n e i s in a se n se n atur al th e l atte r pur e ly ar tifici al

, , , .
3 80 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I ND

N ow as cur ative e ffe c t o f th e pati e n t s o w n

to th e
’

c o n sc i o u s sugg e sti o n to th e u n c o n sci o u s

Er r t
cc on
u i u
n c o n sc o m i n d an d th r o ugh i t o n th e b o d y
s
,
.

mi d f
n o
I n 1 8 3 7 P asto r Ch in i q uy g o t se v e r e
“
i
c o n sc o us ,
su gg u m es o
typ h o id f e v e r in C an ad a an d f o ur p h ysi c i an s ,

to ld h i s bi sh o p th e r e w as n o h o p e o f h i s r e c o v e ry On .

th e th ir te e n th day th e y said h e h ad o n l y a fe w mi n u te s
to liv e an d h i s pul se c o uld n o t b e fe l t;
,
H e th e n
in a vi si o n saw h is f av o uri te sai n t St An n e to ,
.
,

wh o m h e c ri e d fo r cu re wi th e v e ry p o w e r o f h i s so ul ,

an d h e h e ard h e r say Yo u will b e cu r e d ‘

H e
’
.
,

r e c o v e r e d an d Q u e b e c r an g wi th th e mir ac l e H e w as
, .

e x am in e d b y tw o C ath o li c an d tw o P r o te stan t d o c to r s .

D r D o ugl as a P r o te stan t
.
, sh o w e d C h in i q uy h i s
,

r e c o v e r y w as du e to h is b e i n g a m an o f r e m ark abl y
str o n g will and d e te rmi n ati o n to r e si st d e ath ; th at th e
,

will h ad a r e al p o w e r o v e r th e b o d y an d h i s str o n g ,

will h ad c o n qu e re d C h in i q uy li ste n e d b ut pr e fe rr e d
.

h i s sai n t an d h ad a v o tiv e pi c tur e p ai n te d o f h e r fo r

,

£ 50 A pri e st w h o saw it th e n to ld C h in iq uy th e c ur e
.

w as n o mir ac l e an d th at m o st o f th e c ru tc h e s h an gi n g
,

r o un d th e c h ur c h w e r e l e ft b y imp o sto r s an d th e r e st
b y th o se c u r e d b y th e p o w e r o f th e mi n d o v e r th e
b o dy .

Till 1 8 58 th at pi c tur e r e pr e se n ti n g th e sai n t te lli n g

,

Ch in iq uy h e w o uld b e cur e d w as i n th e c h ur c h In ,
.

th at ye ar h e ag ai n g o t typh o i d f e v e r i n Ch i c ag o an d ,

o n c e m o r e w as giv e n up as d i n g B ut th i s tim e h e
y .

did n o t cry to th e sai n t b ut m ad e a d e te rm i n ati o n to ,

.

g e t b e tte r an d so o n fe l t l if e r e turn in g H e th en saw -

.
 UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D AN D T H E RA PE U T I C S, II . 381

th e i
sa n ts p ar t in h i s pre vi o u s cur e an d to o k h is
h ad no ,

pic ture d o w n an d burn t it 1

.
”

T h e ab o v e e v e n if n o t accur ate in all d e tail s c o n tain s

, , ,

I am sure a gr e at tr u th I h ad so m e tim e
,
.

S gg t d m u es e

ag o a f av o uri te n ur se h o alw ay s h ad a id
w ggpi
O
e

sup e r sti ti o n sh e w o uld di e o f typ h o i d fe v e r .

S h e c o n tr ac te d i t n ur si n g a c ase o f m in e an d lay in a ,

c o u n ty h o spi tal appare n tly d yin g in th e th ird w e e k o f

th e di se ase in a lo w typ h o id c o n d iti o n an d W i th e v e ry
, ,

app e ar an c e O f c o ll ap se b u t w ith th e mi n d c l e ar I
, ,

w e n t i n to se e h e r fo r th e fir st tim e an d f o u n d h er so , .

Sh e to ld m e sh e w as ab o u t to die an d I said Ce r , ,

tain ly Sh e l o o k e d up an d said Ye s b u t I m e an i t , ,

I alw ays said I w o ul d An d I said T h e n o f c o urse

”
.
,

“
will S h r d d i d mi d ’
D
”
y o u e s ta e a n s a o n t y o u n ? ,

“
I said Wh at s th e u se O f mi n d in g 2 Yo u ar e g o i n g to
,
’ ‘

di e if yo u say so M y sayin g so do e sn t m ak e i t
’
.
,

sh e said P e rh ap s i t d o e s I r e pli e d
. fo r if yo u sai d , ,

n t di e yo u w o uld p r o b abl y l i v e
”
y o u w o uld ’
I s aw as .

far as I c o uld j udg e sh e h ad r e ac h e d th at p o i n t w h e n

th e th r o wi n g o f th e will i n to e i th e r b al an c e w o uld
“
de te rmi n e th e i ssu e D o yo u m e an th at ? sh e
“ ”
said Ye s I do I said an d w h at s m o r e un l e ss
’
.
, , , ,

i
’

y o u d o t I w o n t c o m e an d se e
y o u a g a i n I t is .

now 1 1 3 0 an d i f no w, at th i s h o ur y o u t,u r n y o ur ,

mi n d th e o th e r w ay an d d e te rmi n e to liv e an d n o t
,

di e I ll do all I c an to h e lp yo u Yo u sh all h av e
’

, .

’
an o th e r n ur se an d I ll g e t th e d o c to r to le t yo u h av e
,

1 L ife of F ather Chi n i qu y, r e v ise d e d iti o n , Lo ndo n .

3 82 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D

a li ttl e ch amp agn e B ut th i s re so lv e mu st c o m e fr o m

.

y o u . S h e l o o k e d m e h ard i n th e fac e an d se e i n g , ,

I m e an t i t an d b e li e vi n g me sh e said in d e e p e st
, ,

“ ”
e ar n e stn e ss I will ; an d fr o m th at h o ur sh e w as a
,

c h an g e d w o m an an d so o n g o t w e ll I fi rml y b e li e v e
, .

th at i n te r vi e w sav e d h e r lif e .

A g e n tl e m an in M an ch e ste r at an h o te l in 1 8 6 9 en , ,

ro u te fo r L o n d o n w as se iz e d wi th r h e um atic
M e n ta l ,

th uti
e ve r
er a ’ c s.
F mfu
e

er
f H e h ad f e arful p ai n s
. h i gh f e ve r , ,

191
9 1 3 111 68
pr o fu se p e r spir ati o n an d all th e symp to m s O f
th e di se ase B e i n g h o w e v e r m o st an xi o u s to r e tu rn
.
, ,

to L o n d o n in spi te o f all h e p e r si ste d in b e i n g c arri e d

,

to th e n igh t e xpr e ss T h e r e w as a se ri o u s c o lli si o n in

.
,

w hi c h h e w as te rribl y frigh te n e d b u t n o t h ur t
'

H e , .

h ad to w alk so m e di stan c e i n th e c o ld b u t all symp to m s ,

h ad g o n e an d th e f e v e r h ad di sapp e ar e d
, .

A h o p e l e ss e pil e p ti c n e v e r h ad an o th e r fi t afte r see i n g

h i s o w n d augh te r bur n t to d e ath .

I n F r aser s M ag az i n e fo r M ay 1 8 78 th e r e i s an app a
’

, ,

r e n tly p e rf e c tl y au th e n tic sto ry of a c ase o f w h o o pi n g

c o u gh c ur e d b y a g o o d th r ash i n g .

D r Bu c kl e y r e c o rd s th i s c ase
. A d o c to r w as .

c all e d to se e a l ady wi th se v e r e rh e um ati sm an d ,

tri e d to e x te mp o ri se a v ap o ur b ath in b e d wi th an o ld ,

ti n pi pe an d a te a k e ttl e ; an d o n l y su c c e e d e d i n sc aldi n g
-

th e p ati e n t wi th th e b o ili n g w ate r pr o c e e di n g fr o m th e

o v e r ful k e ttl e th r o ugh th e pi pe T h e p ati e n t sc r e ame d
.

D o c to r yo u h av e sc ald e d me an d l e ap e d o ut o f b e d
’
‘
.
, ,

B ut th e rh e um ati sm w as cur e d an d di d n o t r e tu rn ,
.

A s e xa m pl e s o f cur e s by f ai th in th e p e rso n al p o w e r
3 84 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M IN D

cur e by p assin g h i s h an d c o n ti n u ally cl o se to th e

p ati e n t an d th u s c o n v e yi n g th e m agn e tic fluid fr o m
,

h is o w n b o d y to h e r H i s h o u se w as so o n cr o wd e d b y
.

th e f ash i o n abl e w o m e n an d m e n O f th e day w h o w e r e ,

c ur e d — in m an y c ase s u n d o ub te dl y so in gr e at ri am - .

b e rs .

H e l e ft b e h i n d h im an ard e n t di scipl e w h o fi rm l y ,

an d h o n e stly b e li e v e d i n th e m ag n e tic fluid a M ar ,

”

qui s de P uyse q ue T h i s di sc ipl e impro v e d ag ai n o n

.

M e sm e r b y tr an sfe rri n g h i s m ag n e ti c fluid p e rm an e n tly

to a c o mm o n l ab o uri n g m an w h o h ad n o w such an ,

th at h e p e rf o rm e d i n h i s tu r n m ir ac u
”
e n l arg e d so ul

l o u s c u re s an d se e i n g al so th at M e sm e r c o uld tr an sfe r
, ,

th e fluid to sto n e an d w o o d h e arg u e d Why n o t to a

, ,

w h o l e tr e e at o n c e ? So h e m e sm e ri se d a l arg e tr e e
e v e r y l e af o f wh ic h h e d e c l ar e d an d b e li e v e d t o b e full

o f m ag n e tic c ur ati ve fl uid C ir c ul ar r o w s o f b e n c h e s

’

w e r e pl ac e d r o u n d it an d r o p e s attach e d to e v e ry p art ,

an d as m an y as 1 50 o r 200 p e o pl e w o uld si t fr o m m o r n

in g till n igh t h o ldi n g th e se r o p e s an d b e i n g— in m an y

,

c ase s r e all y— c ure d O f th e ir di se ase s .

T h i s cure spr e ad to E n gl an d an d in 1 789 a M r , .

S o uth e n b o ur g a p ai n te r an d h i s wif e cur e d

F a i th i
, , ,
n
b b
”

393553 3
1 3
y th e ir m a g n e ti c p o w e r y simply t o uc h ,
3
in g p e o pl e i n n um e r abl e c ase s pri n ci pall y
, ,

n e rv o u s su ffe r e r s A t o n e tim e a cr o wd o f 3 000 p e o pl e

.

b e si e ge d th e ir h o u se at H amm e r smi th al th o ugh th e i r ,

c h arg e w as fr o m o n e to th r e e gui n e as a c ase .

A B D P e rki n a surg e o n in L e ic e ste r S qu ar e pe r

. . .
, ,

f o rm e d i nn ume r abl e c u r e s o n go u t rh e um ati sm an d ,

U N C ON SC I O U S MIND AN D T H E RA PE U T I CS, II . 3 85

p ar aly si s by tw o sm all pl ate s o f m e tal ( lik e F ath e r

H e ll s) wh ich h e p ate n te d an d so ld at fi ve gui n e as th e
’

p air A fri e n d buil t h i m a l arg e h o spi tal an d c all e d it

.
,

th e P e rkin ian H o spi tal An d th i s mi g h t h av e fl o uri sh e d

.

to th i s day b ut fo r D r H ayg ar th o f th e B ath H o spi tal

, .
,

“
w ho , su sp e c ti n g f ai th w as th e ag e n t h ad w o o d e n ,

“ ”
tr ac to r s p ai n te d lik e ste e l an d g o t j u st as go o d ,

r e sul ts c uri n g fo ur o ut o f fi ve rh e um atic p ati e n ts at

,

o nce .

A s to c ur e s e ffe c te d by c h arm s an d f ai th in th e ,

sup e r n atur al F e rr assi cur e d i n o n e ye ar fif ty

,
F th h al g ai - e in

c ase s o f agu e by a c h arm wh i c h c o n si ste d o f

c
u d
g
o r es.
,

a slip o f p ap e r wi th th e w o rd
“ ”
F e brifuge
w ri tte n o n i t o n e l e tte r o f wh ic h w as to b e c ut o ff wi th
,

c e r tai n ri te s e ach day A Sp an i sh li e u te n an t r e c o v e re d

.

“ ”
at th e f .

L ivy te ll s us th at th e te mpl e s o f th e go d s o f R o m e
w e r e ri c h in th e n umb e r O f o ffe ri n g s wh i c h th e pe o pl e
u se d to m ak e i n r e turn fo r th e c ur e s r e c e iv e d fr o m
th e m ; an d P li n y te ll s o f E tru sc an S p e ll s u se d b y
T h e o p h r astu s fo r sci atic a by C ato fo r th e cu re o f dis,

l o c ate d limb s an d by V ari o fo r go u t O u r o w n D ruid s .

,

u si n g simil ar m e th o d s w e r e c o n sulte d by th e E mp e r o r
,

Aur e liu s .

M M ac ary j o i n e r o f L av au r w as c e r tifi e d by D r
.
, , .

R o ssign o l an d D r S o qui p hysi c i an s o f L av aur in

.
, ,

Augu st 1 8 71 as f o ll o w s ( tran sl ate d )

, ,

F o r th i r ty ye ars M M ac ary j o i n e r h as b e e n su ffe ri n g fro m

, .
, ,

vari c o se ve i n s i n th e le g s ; th e v e i n s w h i c h w e re o f th e th i c k n e ss
,

o f a fi n g e r w e re c o m pli c ate d w i th k n o tty fl e xi o n c o r d s an d

, ,

25
3 86 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D
re q uire d to b e m e th o d i c ally c o m pre sse d b y b an d ag e s an d d o g
sk i n g ai te r s ; u lc e r ati o n s w e re fr e q u e n t i n b o th le g s r e q ui ri n g ,

fr e q u e n t r e st an d lo n g tr e atm e n t .

O n 1 9 th Jul y 1 8 71 a fri e n d th e n b r o ugh t M ac ary a

, ,

qu ar te r o f a pi n t o f L o urd e s w ate r wi th p art o f wh ic h ,

h e m o i ste n e d th e le g an d dr an k th e r e st wi th p e rf e c t
f ai th an d e ar n e st pr aye r A t mid n igh t h e w o k e th e
.
,

lump s w e r e g o n e I n th e m o rn i n g all w as h e al e d T h e
. .

c e r tific ate pr o c e e d s
We h av e e xa m i n e d h i m to d ay, -
an d th e ri c e s h av e
va su d

d e n ly d i sappe ar e d ; le av i n g n o o th e r trac e s o f th e i r pre se n c e

th an a n o d o si ty, se n si b ly di m i n i sh e d o n th e lo w e r an d u ppe r
r
pa t of th e rig h t le g .

T he sign atur e s o f th e tw o m e dic al m e n ar e c e rtifi e d

by D e V o i si n th e m ayo r an d M C e llie r e s th e sub
, , .
,

p r e fe c t o f L av aur .

T h e h u sb an d o f a p ati e n t o f mi n e di n i ng wi th a
Ch ri sti an sc i e n ti st sp o k e o f hi s v ari c o se ,

v e i n s fo r wh ich h e h ad w o rn b an d age s fo r
mon th s Sh e O ffe r e d to c ur e th e m th o ugh
.
,

h e w as sc e p ti c al I n a day o r tw o to h i s surpri se th e y
.
, ,

di sapp e ar e d ; an d th o u gh I h av e n o t se e n h im m yse lf ,

my m o st tru sty n ur se h as an d says h e h as l e f t O ff ,

all b an dag e s an d i s c o n stan tly bl e ssi n g th e Ch ri sti an

,

sc i e n ti sts fo r th e c u r e .

T o u s k n o wi n g th e p o w e r o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d ,

th e se c ase s c an cl e arl y b e ac c o u n te d fo r b y i ts ac ti o n .

I t i s i n te r e sti n g h o w e v e r to n o te in passi n g wh at th e se
, ,

mi n d h e al e r s r e q uir e th e ir ad h e r e nts to b e li e v e We
- .

o te f r o m M r s M E ddy s w o rk (2 v o l s 8 vo )
’

q u . B . .
,
388 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

h an d b e cl o se d th e m an s go o d e ye an d h e l d th e sm all
’
,

p e n cill e d scr ap b e f o r e th e bli n d o n e I f yo u c an r e ad .

th at I will b e li e v e yo u
, B o urn e tt r e ad al o ud
. B o ur ,

n e tt h as an i n cur abl e am aur o si s an d it wi ll n e v e r b e ,

b e tte r O n th i s e vid e n c e D r D o u z o u s an d D r V e r g es
. .

o f T arb e s d e p o se d th i s w as a bon d fide mir acl e

T h e Chr i sti an H er ald o f 4th N o v e mb e r 1 8 8 9 state d , ,

E y c ase
e th at i n a fai th h e ali n g m e e ti n g th e r e w as a
-

M r G e o rg e E vi so n w h o h ad h ad h is sigh t
.

Y k m
or s
r e sto r e d af te r hi s e y e b all s h ad e n tir e ly
re '

p e ri sh e d an d l e f t e mp ty so c k e ts A m e di c al m an p r e se n t
.

c o n firm e d th e l o ss o f th e e ye b all s I he ard o f th i s but .

p aid n o atte n ti o n to it u n til a w e ll k n o wn M P ask e d -

. .

me to m e e t E vi so n at h is h o u se h e full y b e li e vi n g in ,

h im . I w e n t an d fo u n d a m o d e st an d r e ti ri n g yo un g
m an in p o o r h e al th b ut w h o c o ul d se e w e ll e n o ugh o u t
,

o f sm all blu e e ye s H e to ld m e hi s sto ry wi th gr e at

.

simpli c i ty ; th e M P v o uch e d fo r its sub stan ti al tru th

. .

H e said h e h ad h ad si n c e a b o y suppur ati n g di se ase in

, ,

b o th e ye s an d h ad b e e n atte n d e d by th e w e ll k n o w n
,
-

o culi st T ayl o r o f N o tti n gh am i n v ai n

, ,
Afte r a tim e .
,

h e says h e l o st b o th e ye b all s e n tir e l y an d livi n g wi th a

, , ,

ch e mi st h e w as m ad e a so r t o f sh o w o f ; h u n dre d s o f
,

p e o pl e pu tti n g th e ir fi n ge r s i n to th e e mp ty e ye so c k e ts -
.

H e f e l t th e c o ld i n th e se e x tre m e ly H e th e n atte n d e d .

a S alv ati o n Arm y m e e ti n g w h e r e a f ai th h e ale r w as pre -

,

se n t an d w as to ld an d b e li e v e d th at h e w o uld r e c e iv e
,

n e w e ye b all s H e fe l t th e o rbi ts g e tti n g w arm e r an d

.
,

”
so o n a p air o f n e w e ye s gr e w at w h i c h E vi so n did
,

n o t se e m i n th e l e ast su rpri se d b ut v e r y gr ate ful

, H e .
UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D AN D T H E RA PE U T I C S, II . 3 89

th e n saw fi r st tim e fo r m any y e ar s l e ar n e d to

fo r th e ,

r e ad m arri e d an d his wife w as in th e r o o m wh e n I saw

, ,

h im Am o n g st o th e r s I b e li e v e M r W ash i n g to n M o o n
.
,
.

k n e w his c ase w e ll I e x ami n e d h i s e ye s an d f o un d

.

ad h e r e n t irid e s sig n i fic an t o f
, p ast di se ase so th at ,

w h ate v e r h ad h app e n e d th e se w e re n o t n e w e ye s
an d I th e n arr an g e d wi th h im to g o wi th m e to c o n sul t

M r H u tc h in so n in Cav e n d ish S quar e H e agr e e d b ut

. .
,

sh o r tl y af te r I g o t a l e tte r fr o m Brig h to n sayi n g h e

c o uld n t c o m e up an d so o n af te r h e di e d o f r apid c o n
’

sump ti o n T h e c ase th o ugh pr o b abl y sp e c ific an d n o

.
,

d o ub t u n c o n sc i o u sly sugg e ste d i s still m o st r e m ar k abl e

, .

T h e o th e r is th e c ase o f bli n d M ar th a w h o w as w e ll ,

k n o w n wi th h e r wh i te do g an d stick in P ad E y a.

e c se

Sh e h ad l e arn e d r e adi n g b y r aise d p lly er so n a

din g to n .
i se e n n
Paddm g m
l e tte r s an d h ad atte n d e d th e bli n d sch o o l s .
n

Sh e c o uld alw ays p e r c e iv e ligh t b u t c o uld di sti n gui sh ,

n o th i n g fur th e r o f th i s I h av e suffi c i e n t e vid e n c e She .

h ad b e e n tr e ate d i n e ffe c tiv e ly at C h ari n g C r o ss M iddl e ,

se x an d M o o r fi e lds H o spi tal s an d to ld th e r e w as n o ,

cur e fo r h e r .

I n 1 8 8 2 sh e j o i n e d th e S alv ati o n Arm y as a so ldi e r ,

h e r bli n d n e ss e xc i ti n g gr e at c o mp assi o n b u t r e m ai n i n g
un cur e d fo r se v e n y e ar s O n 2 5th M ar c h 1 8 89 a .
, ,

M aj o r P e ar so n an ag e d arm y O ffi c e r h e ld o n h is o w n
, ,

ac c o u n t a f aith h e al in g m e e ti n g i n th e sm all l o c al
-
,

b arr ack s in th e P o r to b e ll o R o ad d e rivi n g as far as I ,

c an asc e r tai n n o p e cu n i ar y b e n e fi t w h at e v e r f ro m so
,

doin g .

M ar th a D to ld e v e ryb o dy sh e sh o uld r e c e iv e h e r
3 90 TH E UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D

s igh t th at n igh t an d star te d O ff te lli n g th e p e o pl e sh e

,

sh o ul d n e v e r n e e d h e r do
g an d st ick a g ai n A t th e .

m e e ti n g sh e w as se ate d in fr o n t wi th o th e r c ase s O f ,

bli n d n e ss l am e n e ss e tc w h o b y th e w ay w e r e all
, , .
, , ,

h e al e d o n e girl S
, , D n o w in Au str ali a al so ,

r e g ai n i n g h e r si gh t M ar th a s ac c o u n t i s th at h e r cl o se d
.
’

e ye s w e r e rubb e d vi o l e n tl y by M aj o r P e ar so n fo r so m e

mi n ute s an d th e n sh e l o o k e d up an d saw fo r th e fir st
, ,

tim e cl e arly for m an y ye ar s Sh e w as asto n i sh e d to

.

’
fi n d th e p e o pl e s f ac e s so big Sh e w alk e d h o m e an d
.
,

n e v e r u se d h e r sti c k o r do g ag ai n S h e g o t a pl ac e as .

n u r se gi rl an d I c all e d an d saw h e r th e r e
, Sh e h ad to .

w alk o v e r a mil e e ac h day to th e h o u se an d tak e th e

ch ildr e n o ut i n th e p e r ambul ato r Sh e c o uld th e n te ll .

c o l o ur s an d o bj e c ts r e adil y an d w as l e arn i n g to r e ad
,
.

I to o k h e r fir st to a l e adi n g o c uli st i n Q u e e n An n e
Str e e t H e f o un d b o th l e n se s g o n e pro :
.
,

b ably th r o ugh c atar ac t in i n f an cy an d th e ,

e ye s e x te n siv e ly di se ase d i n te r n ally H is .

th e o ry O f th e r e g ai n e d sigh t w as th at an O p aqu e c ap
sul e tr ac e s o f w h ic h h e saw b e h i n d th e iri s h ad b e e n
, ,

ac c id e n tall y rup tur e d b y th e r ubbi n g an d th u s th e ,

sigh t w a s p ar ti all y r e sto r e d H e o rd e r e d h e r gl asse s

.
,

w h ich gr e atl y im pr o v e d h e r vi si o n .

An o th e r o c uli st did n o t th i n k th e c ur e c o uld b e so

e ffe c te d b ut m ad e n o o th e r sugge sti o n A th ird i n
‘

.
, ,

C av e n di sh S qu ar e said th e r e w as n o sig n o f an y r e c e n t
,

c h an g e h avi n g o c curr e d in th e e ye s b ut th at it i s lik e ly ,

th at pr e vi o u sl y sh e saw b e tte r th an sh e th o ugh t sh e

did an d th at n o w sh e thin k s sh e se e s b e tte r th an sh e
,
3 92 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I ND

n ew p re p ar ati o n o n a p ar al yse d p ati e n t put fi r st a ,

th e rm o m e te r u n d e r h i s to n gu e T h e m an b e li e vi n g .
,

th i s w as th e n e w r e m e d y so o n fe l t so mu c h b e tte r th at
'

Sir Hump h r e y to ld h im to c o m e th e n e x t day an d i n ,

a fe w d ays wi th th e th e rm o m e te r appli e d fo r a fe w
,

mi n u te s e ac h day h e w as w e ll
, .

D r R an i e ri G e r b e o f P i sa cu r e d 401 o ut o f 6 29
.
, ,

c ase s o f to o thac h e by m aki n g th e suffe r e rs cr u sh a

,

sm all i n se c t b e tw e e n th e ir fi n g e r s th at h e r e pr e se n te d ,

w as an u n f aili n g sp e cific .

A surg e o n to o k i n to a h o spi tal w ar d so m e tim e ag o ,

a li ttl e b o y w h o h ad k e p t h i s b e d fo r fi v e ye ar s h avi n g ,

h ur t h i s spi n e i n a f all H e h ad b e e n all th e tim e

.

to tall y p ar aly se d in h i s l e g s an d c o uld no t f e e l wh e n

,

the y w e r e to u c h e d o r pi n c h e d n o r c o uld h e m o v e th e m
in th e l e ast d e gr e e Afte r c ar e ful e x ami n atio n th e
.
,

surg e o n e xpl ai n e d mi n u te ly to th e b o y th e awful n atur e

o f th e e l e c tri c b atte ry an d to ld h im to pr e p ar e fo r i ts
,

appli c ati o n n e x t day A t th e sam e tim e h e sh o w e d h im

.

a si x pen c e an d sym path i si n g wi th h i s state to ld h im

, , ,

th at th e sixp e n c e sh o uld b e hi s if n o twi th stan di n g h e , ,

sh o uld h av e i mpr o ve d e n o ugh th e ne xt day to w alk

l e an i n g o n an d pu sh i n g a c h air w h i c h w o uld al so sav e ,

th e n e e d o f th e b atte ry I n tw o w e e k s th e b o y w as
.

r un ni n g r ac e s in th e p ar k an d h is cu r e w as r e p o r te d in
,

th e L anc e t.

T h e r e are se ve r al r e c o rd e d c ase s of d ro p sy e n ti re ly
di sapp e ari n g th r o ugh fe ar .

A yo u n g l ad y w h o h ad tak e n o th e r th re e an d a h alf
ye ar s be fo r e o n th e in h al e r b e i n g h e ld thr e e i n c h e s
,
 UN C ON SCI O U S M IN D A N D T H E RA PE U T I CS, II . 3 93

a w ay fr o m th e f ac e an d re tai n i n g a f ai n t O d o ur o f
,

e th e r w e n t r igh t O ff an d b e c am e u n c o n sc i o us wi th o u t
, ,

an y e th e r b e i n g u se d o r th e i n h al e r to u c h i n g h e r f ac e .

A w o m an w as br o ugh t o n a c o u c h i n to a L o n d o n
h o spi tal by tw o l adi e s w h o said sh e h ad
,
M tal u en c res
b e e n suffe r i n g fr o m i n cur abl e p ar al ysi s o f i n n erv e
a c ses ’

th e spi n e fo r tw o ye ar s an d h avi n g e x ,

h an ste d all th e i r m e an s in n u r si n g h e r th e y n o w ,

so ug h t to e t h e r admi tte d p di n g h e r r e m o v al to
g e n ,

a h o m e fo r i n cur abl e s I n tw o h o ur s I h ad c ur e d
.

h e r by ag e n c i e s w h i c h o w e d all th e ir vir tu e to th e ir i n
fl ue n c e o n th e mi n d an d I w alk e d wi th th e w o m an
,

h alf a mi l e up an d d o w n th e w ai ti n g r o o m an d sh e th e n
-
,

r e tur n e d h o m e in an o m n ibu s b e i n g c o mpl e te ly cure d

,
.

An amu si n g c ase i s th at o f a p ar al yse d girl w h o o n , ,

l e arn i n g th at sh e h ad se cur e d th e affe c ti o n s o f th e -

cur ate w h o u se d to vi si t h e r g o t o u t o f b e d an d w alk e d

, ,

— cu r e d ; an d afte rw ar d s m ad e an e xc e ll e n t p asto r s ’

wife .

A re m ark abl e i n stan c e o f th i s so rt o f cur e is th at o f a

c h ild afflic te d wi th p ar al ysi s w h o w as b r o ugh t up fr o m
,

th e c o u n try to P ari s to th e H o te l D i e u T h e c h i ld .
,

w h o h ad h e ar d a gr e at de al o f th e w o n d e rful m e tr o p o li s ,

i ts m agn ific e n t h o spi tal s its o m n i po te n t d o c to r s an d

, ,

th e ir w o n d e rful c ur e s w as aw e stru c k an d so vividly

,
-
,

imp r esse d wi th th e id e a th at suc h su rr o u n d in g s mu st

h av e a cur ativ e i n flu e n c e th at th e day afte r h e r arri v al
,

sh e sat up i n b e d mu c h b e tte r T h e go o d d o c to r ju st
.

p asse d r o u n d b ut h ad n o tim e to tr e at h e r till th e th ird

,

day ; by wh i c h tim e wh e n h e c am e r o u n d sh e w as o u t o f
3 94 TH E UN C O N SC I OU S M I N D

b e d, w alki n g ab o ut th e r o o m qui te r e sto r e d b y th e

,

glimp se s sh e h ad g o t o f h i s m aj e stic pr e se n c e .

H yste ri a i s a di se ase th at m an ife sts i tse lf e i th e r i n

e x agg e r ate d e m o ti o n al di spl ays wi th fit s, o r
H y t ia
s er .

in th e ac cur ate b ut u n c o n sc i o u s mimic r y o f

d e fi n i te di se ase . I t will th e r e fo r e b e se e n th at i t is
wid e ly difl e r e n t fr o m n e rv o usn e ss wi th its lo n g tr ain
'

o f w e ll m ark e d n e rv e symp to m s th at sugg e st n o di se ase

-

b ut th e o n e th at i s th e r e .I n h yste r i a p r o p e r th er e i s
,

n o i n te n ti o n to d e c e iv e ; an d i t mu st c ar e full y b e di s

tin g ui sh e d fr o m m ali n g e ri n g o r sh ammi n g wh ic h i s a,

dir e c t atte mp t at fr aud an d fo r wh i c h n o c o n te mp t o r

,

r idi c ul e c an b e to o se ve r e T h e e sse n ti al di ffe r e n c e

.

wh i c h w e may h e r e p o i nt o ut d e fi n i te ly , i s th at in th e
fo r m e r th e p o w e r th at pe r fe c tl y pr o duc e s th e symp to m s
o f th e h yste ric al di se ase i s th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d an ,

age n t o f wh ich th e suffe r e r i s n e c e ssar ily wh o ll y un

c o n sc i o u s I n th e l atte r the ag e n t th at clum sily f e i g n s

.
,
‘

so m e di se ase is th e c o n sci o u s mi n d fo r th e ac ti o n o f
,

wh i c h th e p ati e n t i s c o g n i san t an d r e sp o n sibl e .

C ase s o f h y steri a o c c u r u su all y in an ill b al an c e d o r

-

star v e d br ai n ; so th at i n ste ad o f sh o wi n g th e n atur a l

‘

symp to m s o f a n e rv e di se ase th at e xi sts it se ts in vibr a

,

ti o n c e n tr e s o f m o ti o n an d se n sati o n th at simul ate so m e

sp e ci al di se ase , wh ich th e p ati e n t an d d o c to r o fte n
supp o se to b e th e r e al o n e th u s dr awi n g a r e d h e r ri n g
“
,

ac r o ss th e tr ail
”
.I t O f te n b e gi n s i n so m e sligh t b ut
r e al di se ase in a p e r so n wi th an ill b al an -
c e d o r w o rn

O ut b r ai n ; an d th i s sli gh t b ut r e al di se ase se ts up a;
tr ai n o f asso ci ati o n s th at pr o duc e a tr u e “h y ste r ic al
.
3 96 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I N D

an d s pi n al p ai n s wh ich are so e xc e e di n gly c o mm o n

,

th t t h r i n o n e e d to giv e fur th e r e x
H y ste ric al a e e s

Pm ’y iS S '

am pl e s Su ffic e i t to say th at th e r e i s n o
.

f o rm o f p ar alysi s th at i s n o t simul ate d by h yste ri a fr o m ,

th e l o ss o f p o w e r in a si n gl e fi n g e r o r j o i n t to th e to tal
p ar alysi s o f o n e sid e o r o f b o th l e g s o r O f th e e n tir e
, ,

b o dy T h e p ai n may b e in an y p ar t O f th e spi n e bu t
.
,

O f th e b ack
”
i s g e n e r all y ab o u t th e sm all .

I n h y ste ri c al par aly sis th e mu scl e s as a rul e do n o t

, , ,

w aste mu c h an d n o b e d so r e s e ve r f o rm
,
I f th e .

h e lpl e ss limb i s b e n t i t o fte n r e m ai n s so ; wh ich i t

,

w ould n o t in tru e p ar al ysi s .

T h i s p ar alysi s m ay al so affe c t an y o r all o f th e

sp e c i al se n se s I t m ay c au se suc h to tal l o ss o f taste
.

fo r ye ar s th at th e m o st n au se o u s sub stan c e c an b e
e ate n wi th o u t k n o wl e dg e I t m ay c au se to tal l o ss o f
.

sm e ll so th at n e i th e r g arlic c o al g as asaf oe tid a n o r

, , , ,

o tto o f r o se s c an b e sm e l t I t m ay c au se squi n t o f o n e
.

o r b o th e ye s o r c o l o ur bli n d n e ss o r an y so r t o f im
, ,

p e rfe c t sig h t I t may c au se d e afn e ss in e v e ry d e gr e e

. .

I t m ay c au se l o ss o f f e e li n g o r to uc h an ywh e r e an d ,

th e p ar t m ay b e pri c k e d o r o ut wi th o u t b e i n g fe l t .

All th i s is with i n my p e r so n al k n o wl e dge .

Tum o ur s o f all so r ts are simul ate d with a fid e l ity

H y t i al
s er c
th at i s ab so lu te l y star tli n g an d skill e d do c ,

to r s ar e c o n stan tly b e i n g d e c e iv e d The y .

m ay o cc ur in an y p ar t o f th e b o d y b ut ar e m o st c o m ,

m o n in th e br e ast an d abd o m e n I n th e br e ast se v e r e

.

p ai n i s c o mpl ain e d o f an d a h ard m ass m ay b e fe l t

, ,

w h ich h o w e v e r di sapp e ar s if th e h an d b e l aid fl at

, ,
 UN C O N SC I O U S M I N D A N D T H E RA PE U T I CS, II . 3 97

up o n th e p art N o t so h o w e ve r wi th th o se in th e
.
, ,

abd o m e n . P ati e n ts wi th th e se p e rv e r te d n e rv e c e n tr e s
h av e an u n c o n sci o u s p o we r o f e i th e r c o n tr ac ti n g p ar t
o f a si n gl e abd o mi n al mu scl e so r igi dly th at i t f o rm s

a h ar d ,
r o un d so lid sw e lli n g pl ain ly p e r c e p tibl e ; o r
, ,

th e y c an sp asm o dic all y c o n tr ac t th e dig e stiv e c an al at

tw o p o i n ts so as to impri so n b e tw e e n th e m a l arg e ly
di ste n d e d p o r ti o n w h ic h b e i n g p artl y m o v abl e an d
,

e asil y fe l t in th e abd o mi n al c avi ty i s e x ac tl y li k e an ,

abd o mi n al tum o ur I f th e p e r so n b e th i n an d th e
.

tum o ur b e pr e sse d d o w n o r r e stin g o n th e ao r ta o r

gre at ar te ry wi th i n th e pul sati o n s fro m th e bl o o d v e sse l
,
-

are so p e r f e c tly c o mmu n ic ate d to th e fal se tu m o ur th at

i t i s b e li e v e d to b e an an e uri sm I am to ld by o n e o f
.

o ur b e st k n ow n p h ysici an s th at o v e r fifty c ase s h av e

b e e n se n t in to h is w ard s o f th i s f o r m o f pul sati n g

tum o u r k n o w n as abd o mi n al an e uri sm all o f th e m
, , ,

r vi o us t admi ssi o n h avi n g b e e n e x am i n e d an d

'

e o
p ,

c e r tifi e d to b e su c h b y m e d ic al m e n an d ye t o n fur th e r , ,

e x ami n ati o n e v e ry o n e O f th e m tur n e d o ut to b e o f

,

h y ste r ic al an d n o t l o c al o ri gi n
, , T h e o n l y w ay i n
.

wh ich th e y c an in m an y c ase s b e f o u n d o ut i s b y
, , ,

ch l o ro f o rmi n g th e p ati e n t wh e n th e tum o ur ge n e r all y

,

di sapp e ar s b ut o f c o u r se r e tur n s imm e d iate l y th e

, , ,

p ati e n t r e g ai n s c o n sci o u sn e ss I r e m e mb e r in h o spi tal

.

r ac tic e o n e sp e c i al c ase o f th i s so r t u n d e r my c ar e o f
p
a w o m an wh o se w h o l e abd o m e n w as gr e atl y di ste n d e d

by a supp o se d tum o u r O f e n o rm o u s siz e Un d e r c h l o r o .

f o r m i t at o n c e disappe ar e d b ut o n r e gai n i n g c o n
,

sc io u sn e ss th e r e i t w as as l arg e as e v e r T h e w o m an .
3 98 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

w as n o t, th e r e fo r e , cur e d ,
an d it
c o mf o r t tow as n o

h e r to k n o w th at wh e n sh e w as u n c o n sc i o u s th e sw e ll
in g w as n o t th e r e all sh e wi sh e d w as to b e r e li e v e d o f
it. I th e r e f o r e pu t h e r u n d e r c h l o r o f o rm ag ai n an d , ,

wh il e u n d e r tigh tl y b o u n d h e r r o un d wi th pl aste r O f
,
-

P ar i s b an d ag e s th at I all o w e d to se t as h ard as sto n e

b e f o r e sh e c am e r o u n d T h i s tim e o f c o ur se sh e
.
, ,

c o uld n o t e xp an d an d th e tum o ur w as g o n e Sh e
,
“ ”
.

w as d e lig h te d w e h ad r e m o v e d i t an d afte r k e e pi n g
th e b an d ag e o n th r e e w e e k s it w as tak e n o ff an d th e
, ,

w o m an l e f t m o st th an kfu l to b e r e li e v e d o f h e r di s
, .

tr e ssi n g c o mpl ai n t .

A y o un g l ad y to tte r e d i n to th e o ut p ati e n t d e p ar t -

m e n t o f o n e o f o ur l arg e L o n d o n h O Spitals
O the r
lat d th e o th e r day f o ll o w e d by h e r m o th e r in an
iii i ti
l‘ ’
,
c is s
ag o n y o f mi n d h avi n g an o p e n tin o f
,

Br an d s in o n e h an d an d a sp o o n in th e o th e r Sh e
’
.

h ad br o u gh t th i s b e c au se h e r d augh te r w as d yi n g fro m
a c o n tr ac ti o n o f th e gull e t an d sh e w i sh e d to sh o w us
,

th at n o t e v e n a li ttl e j e ll y c o uld b e sw all o w e d T he .

girl w as r e du c e d to a sk e l e to n an d w o uld c e r tai n l y ,

h av e di e d fr o m pur e h yste ri a if n o t r e li e v e d H e re I .

m ay say th at I am o f te n ask e d if p e o pl e e v e r di e fr o m a
pur e l y h yste ric al affe c ti o n an d my an sw e r i s ,
“
Un ,

”
d o ub te dly th e y do Afte r u si n g appr o pri ate m e an s to
affe c t th e m in d i n dir e c tly , i n ab o u t h alf an h o ur sh e

w as si tti n g in o n e o f th e w ard s e ati n g a l arg e pl ate ful

“
o f b o il e d mu tto n p o tato e s an d tur n ip s wi th
,
h o spi tal ,

”
puddi n g to fo ll o w .

A m atr o n o f an imp o r tan t i n sti tu ti o n h ad to re si g n

 400 TH E U N C ON SC I O U S M I ND

m ai n ly by sugg e sti o n b ut wi th o u t an y o f th e do ub tful

,

an d u n pl e asan t acc o mp an im e n ts o f h yp n o ti sm .

J o h n Hu n te r giv e s a g o o d h i n t h e r e H e w as ask e d
.

to b e m agn e ti se d an d b e i n g to ld h e w o uld f e e l i t at
,

th e r o o ts o f th e n ail s o f h i s h an d h e fix e d h is wh o l e
,

atte n ti o n o n h i s gr e at to e an d so fru str ate d th e

,

p h e n o m e n a I e m pl o ye d th i s d e vi c e succ e ssf ully so m e

.

a r a o i n th e c ase o f a girl wi th a c o n tr ac te d an d
y e s g
w i th e r e d ar m wh i c h h ad b e e n m assag e d an d f ar adi se d ,

wi th th e r e sul t o f m aki n g it m o r e an d m o r e rigid I .

n e gl e c te d i t e n tir e l y an d fix e d th e atte n ti o n o n th e
,

o th e r p ar ts o f th e b o dy b y vig o r o u s m assag e e tc wi th
, .
,

th e r e sul t th e b ad ar m l e f t qu ite al o n e g o t pe rf e c tl y
w e ll .

I t i s im po r tan t fully to u n d e r stan d th at w h e n th e

br ai n i s r e sto r e d to h e al th by go o d n e rv e tissu e an d
h e al th y bl o o d i t c an b e m ad e b y su gg e sti o n to e x e r c i se
,

as h e al th y an in flu e n c e o v e r th e b o d y as pr e vi o u sl y i t

e x e r c i se d a h armful o n e I f i d e al c e n tr e s c an p r o duc e
.

id e a l di se ase s sur e ly th e r ati o n al c ur e is to fi r st bri n g

,

th e se i d e al c e n tr e s i n to a h e al th y c o n d iti o n an d th e n
,

m ak e th e m th e m e an s o f c uri n g th e i d e al di se ase .

M e n tal di se ase r e quir e s an d c an ul tim ate l y o n ly b e

,

cur e d by m e n tal m e di c i n e Wh e n will th i s b e u n d e r

, .

sto o d ? A n d wh e n wi ll n au se o u s d rug s c e ase to b e

mi n i ste r e d to a mi n d d i se ase d ?
O f th e u su al r e m e di e s giv e n D r R u sse l l R e yn o ld s
,
.

a
s ys T h e w h o l e li st o f an ti h y ste-
ric r e m e d i e s— mu sk ,

c asto r v al e ri an an d th e lik e — app e ar to h av e thi s o n e

, ,

p r o p e r ty in c o mm o n th at th e y do n o g o o d an d d e l ay ,
U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D A N D T H E RA PE U T I CS, II . 401

th e r e al tre atm e nt o f th e c ase wh ich i s n o t o n e to b e

,

cur e d by n au se o u s gum s but l arge ly by m e n tal m o ral

,
’

”
an d so c i al m an ag e m e n t .

T o n i c s i n h e lpi n g to bu ild up th e n e w fl e sh an d bl o o d
are o f c o ur se v alu abl e
, ,
E l e c tr ic ity pr o p e rly appl i e d 1 S
.
, ,

al so a th e r ap e u tic ai d w e c an se ld o m w h o lly di sp e n se

wi th an d th e r e aso n o f i ts v alu e i s O b v io u s wh e n w e
, ,

c o n sid e r i t i s th e m o st p o w e rful ag e n t th at w e p o sse ss

fo r dir e c t ac ti o n o n th e n e rv e s .

I f th e c ase b e a se v e r e o n e it mu st b e wi th dr aw n
fro m all i ts sur r o u n di n gs duri n g th e c ur e an d afte r ,

w ard s if th e se w e r e b ad i t mu st n ever r eturn to them

, ,

ag ain .

Suc h ar e a b ar e g e n e r al pri n c ipl e s o f tr e atm e n t

fe w .

T he d e tail s h av e to b e v ari e d to sui t e ac h se p ar ate

C8 8 8 .
 C H AP T E R XX .

T H E VAL U E O F T H E UN CO N S CI O US M I N D .

I N th i s ludi n g ch ap te r w e w ill sum up th e ge n e ral

c on c

v alu e o f th e un c o n sci o u s mi n d to th e o rgan i sm an d th e ,

imp o r tan c e to sci e n c e o f a r e c o gn i ti o n o f its p o we rs .

T h e v alu e o f th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d ( c all it N atur e ,

o r P h y si o l o gy o r I n tri n si c P o w e r o r N atur al F u n c ti o n )
, ,

e x te n d s as w e h av e abu n d an tl y p ro v e d by qu o tati o n
,

an d e x ampl e i n all dir e c ti o n s so m e o f wh i c h w e will

, ,

n ow c o n sid e r .

We h av e se e n h o w v e ry str o n gly th e id e a is O pp o se d
by so m e p sy c h o l o gi sts m e tap h y si c i an s an d
E d a m
n e vo ,

3:13; i p h il o so ph e r s W e h av e qu o te d l an gu age u se d
.

1 “
80 0
by th e se i n wh i c h th e m e an i n g o f w o rd s i s so
str ai n e d as w e ll n igh to b e d e v o id o f se n se
-
We h ave .

n o tic e d c o n ti n u al c o n tr adic ti o n in th e wr i ti n g s e v e n o f

o ur m o st d e te rmi n e d O p po n e n ts an d h av e p o i n te d o ut
,

th at pr ac ti c ally it se e m s imp o ssibl e e v e n wi th th e ,

g r e ate st p ai n s to sp e ak o f m e n tal qu ali ti e s wi th o u t

,

ack n o wl e dgi n g u n c o n sc i o u s p syc h ic ac ti o n So m e i t .

,

i s tru e are such sw o r n e n e mi e s o f an y mi n d b ut c o n

,

sc io u sn e ss th at th e y d e sc e n d to asse r ti o n s in d e fi an c e
“
o f e vid e n c e such as ,
th e se p o w e r s mu st b e m ate ri al o r
pur e ly ph ysi o l o gic al o th e r s to abu se m o re o r l e ss
,

( 402 )
404 TH E UN CO N SC I OU S M I N D

wo r d s o f P r o fe sso r J am e s wh o m w e quo te o n c e m o re
,

as f o ll o w s

P syc h o l o gy i s bu t a stri n g o f raw f ac ts a li ttl e ,

g o ssip an d wr an gl e ab o ut o p in i o n s ; a li ttl e c lassifi c a

ti o n an d g e n e r al i sati o n o n th e m e r e d e scrip tiv e l e v e l ;
a str o n g pr e judic e th at w e h av e states o f mi n d an d th at ,

o ur br ai n c o n di ti o n s th e m ; b ut n o t a si n gl e law in th e

se n se in wh i c h p h y si c s sh o w s u s l aw s A t pr e se n t
.

p syc h o l o gy is in th e c o n di ti o n o f ph ySi c s b e fo re G alile o

an d th e l aw s O f m o ti o n o r o f c h e mi stry b e f o r e L av o i
,

”
1
si e r.

N O l an gu age th at w e h av e u se d o r c o uld use i s h alf

so str o n g as th i s u tte r an c e by a l e ad i n g p syc h o l o gi st o f

th e state o f a sci e n c e th at tur n s i ts b ack up o n an d

se e k s to d e n y th e e xi ste n c e O f m o r e H i an h alf i ts sub

j e c t m atte r
-
.

I t h as p e rpl e x e d m an y w hy su c h an atti tud e sh o uld

h av e b e e n tak e n an d p e r si ste d in so l o n g T h e r e is .

d o ub tl e ss a gr e at attr ac ti o n in limi ti n g state s o f mi n d

to th e illumi n ate d di sc o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss ; li ttl e c l e ar
l aw s c an b e l aid d o wn an d d e fi n i ti o n s c ut an d dry
, ,

m ad e wi th i n th e fix e d h o riz o n b o un d e d by c o n sc i o u s
n e ss ; an d th e r e i s m o r e o v e r a d e c e p tiv e app e ar an c e o f

accur ac y in r e c o rdi n g th e r e sults o f a skill e d i n te rr o g a

ti o n o f o n e s o w n c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d in r e fu si n g all
’

te stim o n i e s as to mi n d th at ar e n o t arriv e d at an d
c an n o t b e te ste d by th i s o n e pr o c e ss .

I t h as l o n g si n c e b e e n se e n h o w e v e r th at th i s i s far
, ,

1
W
. J ame s , P sycho log y, p 46 8
. .
 T H E V A LU E O F T H E U N C ON SC I OU S M IN D 4 05

fr o m b e in g l y m e th o d av ail abl e fo r th e i n v e sti

th e on

g a ti o n o f py s c h ic f o r c e s an d c e r t a i,
n l y i s far
Va lu e “ b ( e

fr o m b e in g as ac c ur ate an d r e li abl e as is E gghfigf

w s

1 35 t
g e n e r all y supp o se d .
1 30 1 1 e c :

I t is u n do ub te dly th i s c lin gi n g to in tr o sp e c ti o n th at
i s th e c au se al ik e o f th e c r i ppli n g o f p syc h o l o gy an d th e
d e n i al o f th e u n c o n sc io u s mi n d .

“
P syc h o l o gy o ugh t to b e th e m o st i n te r e sti n g o f all
th e sc i e n c e s an d as a m atte r o f f ac t it u n d o ub te dl y i s
,

so th o ug h i t h as b e e n gr e atl y d i sc r e d i te d b y th e imp e r
,

fe c tio n o f th e m e th o d b y wh ic h i t h as u n til v e r y l ate ly

b e e n studi e d T h at im pe rf e c tio n is so g re at th at i t
.

w o uld h ardly b e an e x agg e r ati o n to asse r t th at n e arly

all th e stu dy an d th o ugh t e xp e n d e d u po n i t d o w n to

th e b e gi n n in g o f o ur o w n ag e has b e e n fru itl e ss an d as

,

g o o d as w aste d e x c e p t i n asm u c h as it h as at l ast m ad e

,

c l e ar th e imp assab il i ty o f th e r o u te m e n h av e so ug h t to

—
f o ll o w th e r o u te n am e l y o f i n tr o sp e c ti o n
,
1
.
”
,

T h e fi r st v alu e th e r e f o r e o f th e e stabl i sh m e n t O f th e
f ac t th at m e n tal p h e n o m e n a b e l o n g to mi n d e qu all y ,

wh e th e r with i n o r wi th o u t th e sph e r e o f c o n sc io u sn e ss ,

i s its c api tal imp o r tan c e in phi lo sophy me taphysic s an d , ,

syc ho lo g y ; a n d w h e n th e w h o l e mi n d i s r e c o g n i se d
p ,

w h e n i ts p o w e r s ar e stu di e d an d its l aw s asc e rtain e d it ,

will do muc h to r ai se th e l atte r to th at l e v e l o f a tr u e

sci e n c e w h i c h P r o f e sso r J am e s d e c l ar e s i t h as n o t ye t

attai n e d .

C o n sid e r n e x t th e v alu e o f thi s tru th in Chr i sti an i ty

1 . . . k
D r R M B uc e P r es P syc h o lo g i c al Se c tio n B r itish M e d ic al A ssoc iati o n ,
,
. ,

1 89 7 S e e B r itish M ed i c al J ou r nal, 1 l th Se pt , 1 8 97
. .
406 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I ND

an d e thic s H e re l an gu age h as e v e r striv e n to de sc rib e

.

a te rrito ry in m an s so ul wh i c h w as mi n d
’

Val f th
ue o e
,

D e e per
“
u i u
n c o n sc o an d ye t w as n o t c o n sc i o u sn e ss
s .

t Ch
o ri s

ti i t y a d
an nd o w n h i g h e r up far b e h i n d b e yo n d o ut o f
, , , ,
eth i cs
c o n sc mu sn e ss
.

ar e all e xpr e ssi o n s th at h av e

,

striv e n to i n d ic ate th i s di stri c t .

I t h as b e e n l o n g f e l t th at th e d o c tri n e s o f Ch ri sti an i ty ,

o f a n e w b ir th an d n atur e o f th e i n dw e lli n g o f th e H o l y
,

Spiri t an d e v e n o f c o n sc i e nc e ar e n o t dir e c tl y r e ali se d

, ,

wi th i n th e sph e re o f c o n sc i o u sn e ss Al so th at th e b asi s.

o f e th ic s an d all m o r ali ty li e s i n a v o ic e an d judgm e n t

th at sp e ak s to u s fr o m th e u n k n o w n wi th i n h o w e v e r ,

mu c h its to n e s an d w o rd s may b e m o difi e d by ci r cum

stan c e s an d te ac h i n g d e ri v e d fr o m c o n sci o u sn e ss T he .

v alue th e re fo re h e re o f th e e stabli sh i n g o f th e fac t o f

th e un c o n sc io u s mi n d i s imm e n se g ivi n g at o n c e th e ,

ke y to all an d sh o wi n g w h e r e o ur h igh e st spi ri t lif e an d

,
-

m o r al se n se dw e ll s an d wh e n c e p ro c e e d s th e v o ic e o f
,

c on sc i e n c e an d sh all w e say o f G o d ? We h av e
,
“ ”

sh o wn e l se wh e r e th at u n c o n sci o u sn e ss m a
J k yll an d
e y
H yd e
w e ll i n clud e wh at h asb e e n c all e d supra as
w e ll as sub fo r th e u n c o n sci o u s mi n d is e qu ally th e
,

h o m e o f th e h igh e st spiri t lif e as o f th e di re c ti n g p o we r

-

O f th e l o w e st b o dy fun c ti o n s S ur e ly th i s is th e ke y to
.

th e Je kyll an d H yd e in u s to th e d o c tr i n e o f th e tw o
,

n ature s to th e struggl e s th at w e o fte n e xp e ri e n c e in th e

,

c o n flic t b e tw e e n th e go o d an d e vi Lw ith in I am pe r .

su ade d w h e n th e sc o p e O f th e p syc h ic in us i s fully

r e c o g ni se d it will th ro w gr e at ligh t o n th e fo un d ati o n s

,

o f e th ic s an d h um an i ty in th e C h ri sti an so ul
, .
4 08 TH E U N CON SC I O U S MIN D

in a r o tife r a ,
o r an an t , h e is
qu ally at se a w h at to c all
e

i t so l o n g as h e i s b o u n d wi th th e f e tte r s
, C o n sc i o u s ,

n e ss i s mi n d an d all mi n d i s c o n sc i o u sn e ss
, H e kn o w s
an d se e s th e se p o w e r s ar e p sy c h ic al T h e m o re h e.

studi e s th e m th e m o r e h e r e v o l ts ag ai n st an
y m ate ri al
m e c h an ic al ag e n c y b e i n g a su ffi c i e n t c au se .

E v e n th e f am ili ar ac ti o n s o f th e d e c api tate d fro g ar e

se e n i n a n e w ligh t if o n l y h e m ay spe ak o f
, an u n c o n
”
sc i o u s m i n d ; in d e e d wh e n h e l ay s h o ld o f th i s
,

h e r e tic al f o rmul a h i s so ul i s i n p e ac e I t an sw e r s e v e ry
.

qu e stio n an d h e se e s h o w m i n d i s gr adu ally d e v e l o p e d

, ,

an d wi th th e gr o w th o f th e c o mpl e x c o r te x c app e d ,

an d c r o w n e d b o th ph ysi c ally an d p sych i c ally wi th

, ,

c o n sc i o u sn e ss an d r e aso n in m an ( an d p e rh ap s al so
in a m o d i fi e d w ay i n so m e h igh e r an im al s as w e ll ) to ,

say n o th i n g o f th e imp astati o n o f spiri tu al an d m o r al

n atur e .

T h e r e al d e liv e r an c e ar riv e s wh e n o n e i s all o w e d to

talk o f u n c o n sc i o u s m e n tal ac ti o n wi th o ut re buk e .

S o th at h e r e to o wh e re re li e f i s so so r e ly n e e d e d i t
, , ,

i s o f gr e at v alu e .

T h e n w h at o f its v alue to par en ts an d to teac hers ?

,

Va lu e f the
O
W e h av e e n te r e d i n to su c h full d e tail o n

h i s i n c h ap te r s vii i an d ix o n th e e duc ati o n

figfififlffi t . .

o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s m i n d th at li ttl e n e e d b e
t
e c

sai d h e r e W e h av e so ugh t to pr o v e th at duri n g

.

th e wh o l e p e ri o d o f i n f an c y an d c h ild h o o d wh e th e r ,

w e kn o w it o r n o t th e e du c ati o n th at i s o f m o st
,

v alu e to u s is th at wh ic h i s r e c e iv e d an d sto r e d by th e
u n c o n sci o u s mi n d ; an d th at th o ugh alLo ur e du c ati o n al
 T H E VA LU E O F TH E U N C O N SC I OU S MIND 409

an d tr ai n i n g ffo rts m ay b e dir e c te d to c o n sc i o u sn e ss

e ,

th r o ugh th e i gn o r in g o r d e ni al o f th e u n c o n sc io us ,

n e v e r th e l e ss i t i s th e l atte r th at i s acq u iri n g th e m o st

k n o wl e dg e I f th i s b e th e c ase it i s e asy to se e as w e
.
, ,

h av e al so sh o w n w h e n o ur u n c o n sc io u s f ac ul ti e s r e
,

c e iv e th e ir du e r e c o g n i ti o n h o w mu c h m o r e c an b e d o n e

b y th e de lib e r ate tr ai n i n g an d e duc atin g o f th i s l ittl e

k n o w n an d ye t all p o w e rf ul f acul ty b y m e an s o f th e
,
-
, ,

alm o st e n dl e ss f o rc e s o f e n vir o n m e n t o f h ab it of , ,

sugg e sti o n e tc , H e r e di ty as w e h av e se e n m ak e s th e
.
, ,

u n c o n sc io u s mi n d o f th e n e w b o r n i n f an t an yth i n g b ut
-

a tabu la r asa impr in ti n g i t d e e pl y wi th te n d e n ci e s an d

,

c ap ac iti e s an d p assi o n s th at un c h e c ke d sh all r e v e al th e m

, ,

se lv e s in d ue tim e t o th e ir o w n e r s asto n i sh e d c o n sc i o u s
’

n e ss . B ut in th e e duc ati o n o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s w e h av e
a gr e ate r f o r c e still H e rb e r t Spe n c e r says : A m an i s
.
“

m o r e lik e th e c o mp an y h e k e e p s th an th at fr o m w h i c h h e
i s d e sc e n d e d in sh o r t e n v ir o n m e n t th at ar c h e duc ato r
, ,
-

o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s i s m o r e p o w e rful th an h e r e d ity
,

We mu st n o t li n g e r ag ain o v e r th e f asc in atin g ligh t

th at th i s tru th th r o w s o n th e v alu e o f c o u n tr y lif e ,

o f n ativ e l o r e o f c o m pan i o n sh ip w ith th e w o n d e r s o f

,

cr e ati o n e tc o f w h i c h it i s th e tru e an d o n ly ke y
, .
,
.

Tur n to i ts v al ue to th e i ndi vidual— h is b o d y fo r ,

i n stan c e .
Va lu e f th o e
“ 11 0011 3 010113
I t h as o f te n b e e n a m yste r y h o w th e b o dy t ’
o o ne s o w n

1 2“
th riv e s so w e ll w i th so l ittl e o v e r sig h t o r
10

c ar e o n th e p ar t o f i ts o w n e r .

N o m ac h in e c o uld b e c o n str uc te d n o r c o uld an y ,

c o mbi n ati o n o f so li d s o r liqui d s in o rg an i c c o m po un d s

410 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

re gul ate c o n tr o l c o un te r ac t h e lp h i n d e r o r arr an ge

, , , ,

fo r th e c o n ti n u al succ e ssi o n o f di ffe ri n g e v e n ts f o o d s , ,

sur r o u n di n g s an d c o n di tio n s wh ich ar e c o n stan tly

affe c ti n g th e b o dy A n d ye t in th e mid st o f th i s
.
,

e v e r c h an gi n g an d v aryi n g succ e ssi o n o f i n flu e n c e s th e

-
,

b o d y h o ld s o n its c o ur se o f gr o w th h e al th n u tri ti o n an d , ,

se lf m ai n te n an c e wi th th e m o st m arv e ll o u s c o n stan c y
-
.

We p e r c e iv e o f c o ur se c l e arly th at th e b e st o f qu ali ti e s
, , ,

—r e gul ati o n c o n tr o l e tc e tc — are all m e n tal qu ali ti e s

, ,
.
, ,

an d at th e sam e tim e w e ar e e qu ally c l e ar th at b y n o

se lf e x ami n ati o n c an w e say th at w e c o n sci o u sly e x e rci se

-

an y o f th e se m e n tal p o w e r s o v e r th e o rg an i c p r o c e sse s o f

o ur b o di e s O n e w o u ld th i n k th e n th at th e c o n c lu si o n
.
, ,

i s su ffi c i e n tly simpl e an d O bvi o u s— th at th e y mu st h e

u se d u n c o n sc i o u sl y ; in o th e r w o r d s i t i s an d c an b e , ,

n o th i n g e l se th an unconsc i ous men tal pow er s th at c o n tr o l

, ,

guid e an d go v e rn th e fun c ti o n s an d o rgan s o f th e b o dy .

O ur o rdi n ary te x t b o o k s o n p h y si o l o gy giv e b ut li ttl e

-

id e a o f wh at I m ay c all th e i n te llig e n c e th at p r e sid e s

o v e r th e v ari o u s sy ste m s o f th e b o d y sh o wi n g i tse lf ,

i n th e b o n e s as w e h av e se e n in di stribu ti n g th e av ail
, ,

abl e b ut i n su ffic i e n t am o u n t o f lim e sal ts in di se ase

n o t e qu all y b u t fo r th e pr o te c ti o n o f th e m o st vi tal
,

p ar ts l
, e av in g th o se o f l e sse r v alu e di spr o p o r ti o n all y

d e fi c i e n t I n th e mu scul ar sy ste m n e arly all c o n tr ae

.

ti o n s ar e i n v o lun tary E v e n in v o lun tar y ( so c all e d )

.
-

mu sc l e s th e m o st w e c an do is to will r e sults We do
,
.

n o t wi ll th e c o n tr ac ti o n s th at c arr y o u t th e se r e sul ts .

M u scl e s strip e d an d u n strip e d ar e c e ase l e ssly ac ti n g

wi th o u t th e sligh te st c o n sci o u sn e ss in m ai n tai n i n g ,
412 TH E U N C O N SC I O U S M I N D

e x e r c i se ac tivi ty o f vi tal f un c ti o n s o f c o n di ti o n s o f
, ,

te m pe r atur e e tc an d e v e n o f e m o ti o n s an d o th e r dir e c t
,
.
,

m e n tal f e e li n g s .

T h e wh o l e r e pr o du c tiv e syste m i s o bvi o u sly u n d e r

th e sw ay an d guid an c e o f m o r e th an bli n d m ate ri al
fo rc e s I n sh o rt wh e n th o r o ugh l y an al yse d th e ac ti o n
.
, ,

an d r e gul ati o n o f n o syste m o f th e b o d y c an b e sati s

fac to rily e xpl ai n e d wi th o u t p o stul ati n g an u n c o n sc i o u s

,

m e n tal e l e m e n t ; wh i c h does if all o w e d sati sf ac to rily , ,

e xpl ai n all th e ph e n o m e n a .

T h e n as to th e v alu e o f th e u n c o n sci o us m i n d to
V l a ue o f th c on sc i o usn ess i tse lf an d to wh at u se d e x,
e

fffig géz
s f s
c lu siv e ly t o b e te rm e d o ur mi n d s
E
‘
.

m1 d n
We are all aw ar e wh e n w e th i n k at all
~

h o w d e p e n d e n t w e ar e u po n th e u n c o n sci o u s an d th e
gr e ate r th e n obl e r th e m o r e b rilli an t are o ur th o ugh ts
, ,

an d qu ali ti e s th e m o r e i s i t o bvi o u s to o ur se lv e s th at
,

th e i r o r i gi n li e s b e yo n d o ur ke n W e c o n tin u ally h e ar .

v o ic e s wi th i n addr e ssi n g us ; w e wi sh to do a c e r tai n

th i n g an d ar e c o n sc i o u s o f be i n g o pp o se d an d h i n d e r e d
,

b y so m e imp u l se s fr o m th e u n k n o w n ; o r o n th e o th e r
h an d w e h av e n o wi sh o r d e sir e to do a c e r tai n ac t
w h i c h n e ve r th e l e ss w e fe e l imp e ll e d b y so m e h idd e n in
fl ue n c e to do W e c o n sc i o u sly se e h e ar taste to u c h
.
, , , ,

sm e ll ; b u t e v e r y o bj e c t so p e r c e iv e d i s at o n c e appe r

c e iv e d u n c o n sc i o u sl y ; in o th e r w o rd s o u r wh o l e e nj o y ,

m e n t an d u n d e r stan d in g o f th e l igh t o r so u n d m e ssage , ,

i s d e r iv e d fr o m th e add e d i n f o rm ati o n r e spe c ti n g i t at

O n c e gi v e n b y th e u n c o n sci o u s m i n d A s w e h av e se e n .
,

to us b y th i s m e an s a h ard ye ll o w cir c l e i s at o n c e a
,
 T H E VA LU E O F TH E UN C ON SC I OU S M IN D 413

w e ddi n g ri n g wi th all its asso ci ati o n s ; wh ich it is n o t

to a c h ild w h o h as more p e r c e pti o n o f i t a sh o r t bl ack
lin e is a n e e dl e wi th all its c h ar ac te ri stic s at o n c e un ,

c o n sci o u sly add e d to th e m e re p e rc e p ti o n th at al o n e i s ,

impri n te d o n th e re ti n a ; a m e r e fo o tf all c au se s o ur
h e ar ts to th rill o ur pul se to quicken o ur f e e li n g s to b e
, ,

j o yful all th r o ugh app e rc e p ti o n Co n sci o u sly w e fi n d

,
.

o ur se lv e s e n d o w e d wi th tac t i n sti n c t -se n se o f th e

, ,

b e au ti ful in art in mu si c e tc ; e n d o wm e n ts th at w e
, ,
.

all u se an d ar e gr ate ful fo r but use l arg e l y un

,

c o n sci o u sly an d o f wh o se o ri gi n o r dw e lli n g pl ac e w e

,
-

ar e w h o ll y u n c o n sci o u s .

T h e v alu e o f th e un c o n sci o u s n o t o n ly to c o n sc i o u s
n e ss b u t to th e man h i m se lf i s e n o rm o u s I t Valu e mm .
0

guid e s him arigh t wh e n o th e rwi se h e w o ul d

11 “
o n g i t i n spir e s h im i t w ar n s h im i t
1 1113 2
g o wr , , ,

fu rn i sh e s h im wi th n am e s f ac ts an d sc e n e s fr o m th e
, ,

sto r e s O f m e m o ry I t i s r e ally n o t o n l y th e guidi n g

.

p o w e r o f th e b o dy ; acc o mpli sh i n g task s so i n tri c ate ,

th at n o c o n sci o u s mi n d e v e n i f i t h ad th e p o w e r h as
, ,

th e c ap aci ty fo r ; b ut i t al so guid e s b e h i n d th e sc e n e s
t h e dir e c ti o n o f h i s th o ug h ts h i s t as t
,e s— in sh o r t n o t ,

o n l y h i s p h ysic al b u t l arg e l y h i s p syc h i c al li f e

, .

L i ste n to H ar tm an n o n th e subj e c t .

T h e u n c o n sci o u s suppli e s e v e r y b e i n g in i ts i n sti n c t

wi th wh at th e b o dy n e e d s fo r se lf pr e se rv ati o n an d fo r -

w h i c h its c o n sci o u s th o ugh t d o e s n o t su ffi c e T h e un .

c o n sc i o u s pr e se r ve s th e sp e ci e s th ro ugh se xu al an d
m ate r n al l o v e e n n o bl e s i t th r o ugh se l e c ti o n in se xu al
,

l o v e an d c o n duc ts th e h um an r ac e h i sto ri c all y ste adily

, , ,
41 4 TH E UN C ON SC I O U S M I N D

to th e g o al o f its g re ate st p o ssibl e p e r fe c ti o n T h e un

.

c o n sci o u s o f te n guid e s m e n in th e i r ac ti o n s by h i n ts
an d f e e li n g s wh e n th e y c o uld n o t h e lp th e m se lv e s by

c o n sci o u s th o ugh t T h e u n c o n sci o u s fur th e r s th e

.

c o n sci o u s p r o c e ss o f th o ugh t by its i n spir ati o n s in sm all -

as in gr e at m atte r s an d in my stici sm guid e s m an ki n d to

,

th e pr e se n tim e n t o f h igh e r sup e r se n sibl e u n i ti e s

, T he
.

u n c o n sci o u s m ak e s me n h appy th r o ugh th e f e e li n g for

th e b e au tiful an d ar ti stic I f w e i n sti tute a c o mp ari so n
.

b e tw e e n th e c o n sci o u s an d u n c o n sc i o us it i s O bvi o u s
,

th e r e i s a Sp h e r e wh ic h i s alw ays r e se rv e d to th e u n
c o n sci o u s bec ause it r e m ai n s fo r e v e r i n acc e ssibl e to th e
,

c o n sci o u s .S e c o n dl y w e fi n d a sp h e r e wh ich i n c e rtai n

, ,

b e i n g s o n ly b e l o n g s to th e u n c o n sci o u s b ut in o th e r s
, ,

i s al so acc e ssibl e to c o n sci o u sn e ss . F ur th e r if i n ,

man w e c o n sid e r th e sp h e r e b e l o n gi n g b o th to th e un
c o n sci o us an d al so to c o n sc i o u sn e ss th i s much i s
,

c e rtai n : th at e v e ry th i n g wh i c h an y c o n sci o u sn e ss h as
p o we r to acc o mpli sh c an b e e x e cute d e qu ally w e ll by
,

th e u n c o n sci o u s . T h i s c o n v e n i e n c e o f ab an d o n i n g o n e
se lf to th e u n c o n sci o u s i s to l e r abl y famili ar h e n c e th e
,

c o n sci o u s use o f r e aso n i s so d e cri e d by th e i n d o l e n t .

“
T h at th e un c o n sci o u s c an re ally o u td o all th e pe r
Th e c on ,
fo rman c e s O f c o n sci o u s r e aso n i s se e n i n

32232123“
1
o se f o r tun ate n atur e s th at p o sse ss e v e ry
1
8
t h
th i n g th at o th e r s mu st acquir e b y to il w h o ,

n e v e r h av e a str uggl e wi th c o n sci e n c e , b e c au se th e y

alw ays S p o n tan e o u sly ac t c o r r e c tly wi th f e e l in g an d ,

c an n e v e r c o mp o r t th e m se lv e s o th e rwi se th an wi th

tac t l e arn e v e r y th i n g e asily c o mpl e te e v e ry th i n g th e y

, ,
41 6 TH E U N C O N SC I OU S M IN D

will m o ti o n T h e re ad e r w h o f o rg e ts thi s may

an d e .

n atur all y th i n k th at w e ar e se e ki n g to sh o w
Pr e em in ent
_

va lu f th
e o th at all v alu e attac h i n g to mi n d pr ac tic ally
e
0011 8 01011 8
b e l o n g s to th e un c o n sci o u s S uch i s far fr o m
giltttéi ?
‘ ’ .

o ur th o ug h t o r purp o se an d f ai rly c o n si d e r e d , , ,

c an n o t b e l aid to th e c h arg e o f th i s c h ap te r
, .

All p h il o so p h e r s all m e taph ysici an s all p sych o l o gi sts

, , ,

all sag e s in all ag e s h av e su n g th e p r ai se s o f th e ir o w n

,

r e aso n an d th e i r o w n mi n d s T h e h um an mi n d ( c o n .

sci o u s bi en e ten du ) n e e d s n o p o o r w o rd s o f o u r s to si n g

i ts p o w e r s o r i ts vir tu e s .

M an is pr o e mi n e n tly a r e aso n abl e an d a r ati o n al b e

-

in g an d b y th at i s m e an t n o t m e r e ly th at h e p o sse sse s
, ,

r e aso n b ut th at h e i s abl e c o n sci o u sly to dir e c t an d

,

c o n tr o l i t an d h e n c e i s a r e sp o n sibl e b e i n g T h e c o n
, .

sci o u s h um an will an d ac tiv e po w e r s o f i n te ll e c t ar e ,

i n d e e d th e arbi te r s o f m an s d e sti n y th e so ur c e o f h i s
,
’

“
supr e m ac y ; th at p ar t o f him sur e l y th at i s in th e lik e
h o w e v e r mu c h th e u n c o n sci o u s
”
n e ss o f th e D ivi n e ,

m ay b e an u n se e n g uid e a f ai th ful an d in dispe n s ,

abl e se rv an t I t i s o n ly in i n san ity in sl e e p an d in

.
,

h yp n o ti sm th at th e u n c o n sc i o us mi n d rul e s th e m an ;
an d mo r e n e e d n o t b e said to Sh o w th e supr e m acy o f

c o n sci o u sn e ss o v e r u n c o n sci o u sn e ss an d if i n an y p ar t
o f th i s m o n o g r aph o ur l an gu age th r o ugh m e r e ly ,

d w e l li n g upo n o n e sid e o f th e qu e sti o n sh o uld se e m to ,

im pl y o th e rwi se le t th i s e mp h ati c d e c l ar ati o n r e sto re

,

th e b al an c e O f tru th .

N o w i n c o n c l usi o n wh at i s th e v alu e o f th e u n c on
, ,

sci o u s mi n d to th e physi c i an ?
 T H E V A LU E O F T H E UN C ON SC I OU S M IN D 41 7

We lr e ad y sp o k e n o f th i s at so m e l e n gth in th e
h av e a

pr e c e di n g c h ap te r s We h av e sh o w n h o w V
.

alu e f the O

t h o r o ugh l y an d u n sc r upul o u sly th e p o w e r s o f 2“

2392
1 80

th e mi n d o v e r th e b o d y h av e b e e n e xpl o i te d ph y i i,
s c an ,
”0 °

wi th o u t p e rh ap s e v e r k n o wi n g it by th e v ast
,

army o f c h ar l atan s w h o w o uld h av e all di sapp e ar e d l o n g

,

si n c e an d c e r tai n ly n e v e r h av e b e e n all o w e d to b e c o m e
,

a so ur c e o f r e v e n u e to S o m e r se t H o u se w e r e it n o t
,

fo r th e se p o w e r s by wh ic h all c ur e s th at are g e n ui n e
h av e un d o ub te dly b e e n e fl e c te d We fe ar th e re
.

c o gn i tio n o f th i s u n p al atabl e fac t will h ardl y at fi r st

m ak e ph ysici an s wi th a c ar e fo r th e i r o w n r e puta
,

ti o n o v e r an xi o u s to e x ami n e p o w e r s th at h av e alr e ad y
,

b e e n so pr o sti tu te d B ut wh e n th e y se e wi th i n c r e asin g
.

c l e ar n e ss o n c e th e ir mi n d s ar e dir e c te d to i t wh at a
, ,

l arg e an d qui te in de fi n ab le n u mb e r o f th e ir o w n c ur e s
w o uld n e v e r h av e b e e n e ffe c te d e i th e r wi th o u t i ts ag e n c y
— so m e tim e s c o n sc i o u sl y i n v o k ed as in th e m o r e i n te l
,

lig e n t tr e atm e n t o f n e w di se ase s ; so m e tim e s un c o n

sc i o u sly as i n th e m e n tal e ffe c t o f dru g s an d f e e s an d
, ,

th e surr o u n di n g s an d app e ar an c e an d l an gu ag e o f th e
d oc to r— th e y fi n d th at wh e th e r th e y will o r n o th e y
'

, ,

c an n o t av o i d i ts u se ; an d th i s b e i n g so i t i s as w e ll ,

t o study an d u n d e r stan d its l aw s an d limi tati o n s so as

t o e mpl o y i t i n te llig e n tl y an d wi se l y .

T h e v alu e i n d e e d o f th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d in th e ra
, ,

e u ti c s i s u n d o ub te dl y so g r e at th at it i s qu i te curi o u s
p
to n o te th at i t h as n o t ye t b e c o m e e v e n in o ur e x te n d e d
,

m e dic al c o ur se a se ri o u s b r an c h o f stu d y an d fo r th i s
,

un d o ub te dly p syc h o l o gy wi th its ar tifici al b arri e r s is

27
41 8 TH E U N C ON SC I OU S M I N D

l arg ely re sp o n sibl e O n c e th e se ar e sw e pt aw ay an d

.
,

w h e n e v e ry p syc h o l o gy fi n ds it n e c e ssary to e n l arge i ts

d e fi n i ti o n s O f mi n d th e p o w e r s an d limi tati o n s o f th e
,
,

u n c o n sci o u s ph ysic al an d p sych i c al will b e se ri o u sl y

, ,

tr e ate d b o th by p syc h o l o g i st p h ysi o l o gi st an d stud e n ts ,

an d te ac h e r s o f m e di c i n e .

We h av e p o i n te d o ut th e v alue o f th e u n c o n sci o u s
Th “ e “
Inc ?
m i n d in m an y dir e c ti o n s an d se e n h o w it
m d
sc i o us in
,

k y so lv e s m an y di fficul tie s an d i s th e ke
g ps zg to
n -
e
o
y ,

p bl m
ro e s m an y pr o bl e m s A ke y may ac c id e n tally .

fi t o n e d o o r o f a h o u se b ut wh e n i t fi ts th e m all it,

m ay w e ll c l aim to b e a m aste r ke y S u c h an d n o l e ss - .

i s th e u n c o n sc i o u s mi n d to m an y p syc h ic al an d p h ysi c al
pro bl e ms so m e b ut n o t all o f wh i ch w e h av e i n di c ate d
, , .

W e h O pe th i s m o n o gr ap h m ay b e h e lpful in e n c o urag
i n g fur th e r th o ugh t an d r e se ar c h o n th i s gr e at subj e c t
in spi te o f i ts m an y imp e rf e c ti o n s in m atte r an d styl e .

M an y o f th e se ar e al as u n av o id abl e o wi n g to th e un e x ,

p lo re d n atur e o f th e subj e c t S ub se qu e n t tr av e ll e r s wi ll
.

c o rr e c t m o dify an d adju st m an y u n te n abl e p o si ti o n s an d

,

state m e n ts an d di sc o v e r th e n atu r al l aw s wi th i n wh ic h
,

un c o n sc i o u s p syc h ic p o w e r s h av e th e ir ac ti o n an d sph e r e .

T h e r e are d o ub tl e ss to o m an y v e rb al an d o th e r in
, ,

accur ac i e s th at migh t h av e b e e n av o id e d We o n ly .

tr u st th at all th e se an d th e so m e w h at p o pul ar l an gu ag e
i n wh ich th e wh o l e argum e n t i s c o u c h e d will turn n o n e ,

asid e f r o m th e c o n sid e r ati o n o f th e tru th an d pr ac tic al

imp o r tan c e o f th e qu e sti o n s r ai se d in th e se p ag e s O ur .

l ast w o rd sh all b e
o é 6 bv
’

ua x ah xa r e
t e r e , 7
x
er e

TH E EN D .
42 0 L I ST O F BOO KS QUO T E D
CLI FFO R D ,
E . See ing T hin ing
an d k .

CO B BE , F P . . D arw in i sm an d O th er E ssays .

Co n te mporar y Re vi ew
”
. T h e Altern ative Study in Psyc holog y .

CO U TT S . Brain and I ntellec t .

CR EI G HT ON . Un c onsc i o us M e mor y .

D N E T O N , Pro f . Liv e Q uestio ns in Psyc holo g y .

”

D UNN, R . Psyc h ologi c al Ph ysi olo g y ” .

ED D Y ,
M B . . Chr istian Sc ie n c e .

E L AM , C . Psyc h olog i c al Pro b le ms .

F E RR I E R , D . T h e F un c tio n s o f th e Br ai n .

F O RS T E R . Bib li c al Psyc h o lo g y .

FOS T E R, Sir M . Physiolo g y .

G AI RD N E R, Pro f . T hé N atur al Ph ysi c ian .

GA L TO N ,
F .
“
I n q ui ry in to H uman F ac ulty .

G LE N , J . M in d an d B o dy
G LI D D O N . F aith Cur es .

G O R MA N . Christian Psyc h o log y .

G T
R A I O LE T . La Ph ysi o g n o mi e .

G REE N , E M mory "

. e .

H LL E CK J R P y h
A , . . s c o lo g y an d Psyc hi c C ulture .

H AM I L T O N M tal S i . en c e nc e .

H AM I L T O N Si WM L ,
r . ec tures o n M e taph ysic s .

H RR I SO N E
A ,
. A Study o f Ch ild N atur e .

T
H A R M A NN , E D . VO N . Philoso ph y o f th e Unc o n sc io us .

H A UG ON HT . T h e Law s Of N atur al F orc e .

H EG E L . Philo so phy of M in d .
”

H E LM H O L TZ . P o pular Sc i e nti fi c Lec tur es .

H R BA R F
E T ,
. T h e Sc i e n c e of E duc atio n .
”

H E R B E R Pr o T ,
f . Re alistic A ssumptio n s o f M o dern Sc i e nc e E xamine d .

H E R SCHE LL Sir ,
J Le c tures on Sc i e nti fi c Sub j e c ts .
”

H O LL A ND , Sir H . M e dic al N o te s an d Re fl e c tio n s.

”

H O LLA ND Sir H ,
. M e ntal Ph ysio log y .

H O L M A N Pr o ,
f. An I nt ro du c ti o n to E duc ati on .

H LM S O W
O E ,
. . M e dic al E ssays .

H O LM E S O W M e c h an ism in T h o ug h t and Morals

’
. . .
,

H O L M ES O W ,
. . f
Pag e s ro m O dd V o lume s .

H OR L Y V ”
S E , . T h e Br ai n an d Spinal Co r d .

H UD S O N , T . J T h e Law o f Psyc hic Ph e n o me na .

T H O R —“ Sc ie nc e an d
”
llUXLE Y,
-
Culture .
 LI ST O F BOO K S QUO T E D 42 1

H L Y T HO S
UX E , . E ssays o n C o n tr ov ersial Subj ec ts .

H UXL E Y T H O S , . Lay Sermons .

”

I WO RI R uman an d
’
LLI N G '‘
H ,
I . . Pe rso n ality, H D ivine .

I R E L A ND W H , . . T hr o ug h th e I vo ry G ate .
”

I R E L AN D W H , . . T h e Blot on th e Br ain .

J A M ES, W . Prin c iple s o f Psyc h o lo g y .

J AM ES , W . k
T e xtb o o o f Psyc h o lo g y .

KA M E S , Lord . H isto ry o f M an .

K NT E — A th
A ,
.
“
n ro po lo g y.

K L Y C —Li f
IN G S E , . e of .

KI RCE EN E R, F . Psyc h o log y .

K1 R KE
”
. Ph ysiolo g y .

LA DD , G . T .
—“ E le men ts of Physi olo g ic al Psyc ho lo g y .

LA DD G M in d
”
, . T . T h e Philo so ph y of .

LAN GE . A ppe r c e ptio n .

LA YCO C K, T . N ervo us D ise ases of Wome n .

LA Y CO CK ,
T . T h e M in d an d Br ain .

L YC C
A O K, T . Re fl ex C ereb r ati o n .

LEI B NI T Z . P hiloso ph i c al Wo rk s .

LE WE S , G . H . Ph ysic al Basis of M in d .

LE WE S , G . H . Prob le ms o f Li f
e an d M i n d .

LI ND S A Y ,
Pro f . M in d in A n i mals .
”

th e H uman U n der stan ding

”
LO C K E . E ssay on .

LOT ZE , H . M ih o k os mo s .
”

L T O Z E, H . H uman M etaph ysic s .

M H A R N E P syc h o lo g y
, . .

M AS O N C H o me E d uc atio n
, . .

MA S O N C Par e nts an d Ch ildre n

, . .

MA U DS L E Y H T h e Ph ysi o lo g y o f M in d
,
”
. .

M A U D S LE Y H T h e P ath o lo g y o f M in d
, . .

M A U D S LE Y H N atural Causes an d Super n atur al Se e ming s

, . .

MA O T J Y , O n T h e rape utic F o rc e s
. .

M e dic o Le g al J o urnal (N ew Yo r ) —
-
Vo l i , e tc
”
k . . . .

M e n tal Sc i e n c e J o ur n al o f — Vo l i , e tc , .
”
. . .

M E R CI E R C T h e N e rv o us Syste m an d th e M in d
, . .

LL
M I , J AS A nalysis o f Ph e n o me n a an d L o g ic o f H uman M i n d
. .

MI LL
JO N S
, H
E xamin ati o n o f Sir W H amilto n s Philo so ph y
. .
’
.

MI E R LL M e taphysic s
. .
”

Mi n d —Vo l i etc , an d N e w Seri e s v o l i , e tc

. . .
, .
, . . .

MO O R E , G E O — “
T h e Use o f th e B o d y . .
”
4 22 L I ST O F BO O KS QUO T E D
MO O R E, G E O . T h e P ow er o f th e So ul .

M UR R A H Y . an db o o k of Psyc h o lo g y .

N M en tal D ise ase s, J o ur n al o f

er vo us an d ( Boston ) .
—Vol . i
. e tc.

N E WM A N C ard G r ammar o f A sse nt

, . .

N OB E D L M in d in Relati o n to B rain
, . .

N OE , R R L M e ntal Li e
”
. . f .

N O THN AG E L . Studi es in T herape uti c s .

PA G E T , Sir G RG E
EO . Lec tur es .

PA G E T , Sir J A mE s . Stud ie s o f O ld Case s .

PE R E Z , B . T h e F ir st T hr e e Ye ars o f Child ho o d .

Philo so ph ic I n stitute ( Vi c t o r i a) J o urn al o f — Vo l i , . . .

,
etc.

PO R T E R ,
N OAH . T he H u man I ntelle c t .
”

Prac titio n e r, T h e .
—Vol . i . , e tc .

PR E YE R . M en tal D e v elo p ment o f Childh o o d .

PR M in d ”
I N CE , Dr .
(B o sto n ) . T he N atur e o f .

P syc hi c al Rese arc h So c ie ty s J o urn al

’
.
” —Vo l . 1 e tc .
— Vo l i
h

Psyc h olo g i c al Rev i ew

”
. . .
,
e tc .
”
Psyc h o lo g ic al So c i e ty o f G r e at B ritain , Pr o c e e ding s of . Vol i . .
,

Psyc h olo g ic al Re vi e w ,
A mer ic an .
”
—Vol . i .
, e tc.

RAD E ST O CK , P . H ab it in E duc ati o n .

RE I D , D r P . . I nq uir y in to th e H uman Min d .

RE I D , D r T
”
. . O n th e I n tellec tu al Po w er .

RE I D G , . H . T he Pr esen t E vo lutio n of M an .

RI BO T . E n g lish Psyc h olo g y .

RI B O T . Psyc h o lo g y o f A tte n tio n .

RI B O T . G er man Psyc h o lo g y .

RI B O T . H ere dity o f T o -d ay .

RI CH A RD S O N , Si r B . W . T h e A sc le piad .

RI C H RD
A SO N , Sir B . W . T h e Study o f D isease .
”

RI C E , J P HT R . . Le v an a .

RO M A NE S , G . A n i mal I n t ellig e n c e .

RO M AN E S, G . M en tal E vo luti o n in M an .

RO M A N E S G E xamin atio n o We isman i sm

”
. . f n .

RO S MI NI . P syc h o lo g y .

RO S M I NI . Ruling Pr inc iple of M eth o d .

ST T . H O M AS A Q U I N As T h e Ph ysic al Syste m . .

H LL
SC E I NG , G P syc h o lo g y . .

S MP N
I SO , H . H ow th e B o d y A fe c ts th e f Mi n d
SP N R E CE , H . F ir st Princ i ples of Psyc holog y .

SP N R
"
E CE , H . E duc ati o n .
 IN D E X .

AB B RE VI A T I O N S .

C c o n sc i o us o r c o n sc i o u sn e ss .

U u n c o n sc i o us o r un c o n sc i o usn ess .

M mi n d .

E
AB D O M N an d U M , 3 70 . . . Ar n o ld , M atth e w , o n me th o ds o f e du
A bdo mi i al tumo ur s an d U M , 3 97, c ati o n , 2 02
é
. . .

39 A sser ti o n o f U M 8 4 8 9 . . ,
-
.

A b e rc ro mb ie on sle e p an d U M , 1 6 7 A t he ro ma, U M , 358 , 3 59

fl
. . . . . .

A c q uir e d re e xes, 12 3 , 1 2 4, 1 25 . A tmo sph ere , me nt al, 2 05 .

A c ti o n o f U M , 1 02 1 03
. .
, . A tti tud e s an d U M , 303 . . .

A c tio n s, v ar i eti es o f, 1 2 1 .

A daptat io n i n i nse c ts, 19 . BA BI E S an d U M , 3 1 7 . . .

A d missio n o f U M , 44, 45, 80, 81 , 83

. . . Bac o n , L or d , o n i nv o lun tar y musc le
A g e nt in all c ur e s, 3 3 4 . ac tio n , 3 05 .

A g ue c ur e d b y c h ar ms, 3 8 5 Bad h ab i ts, 1 44

k
. .

Allb utt, D r C , o n g ran ular idn e y an d B ain , D r A , ad mits U M , 44

f
. . . . . . .

an xi e ty, 3 56 . o n C an d e e lin g , 6 6
. .

o n ath e r o ma an d an xi e ty, 359 . o n h ypn o tic tran c e , 2 7 1 .

A moe b i c i nt e llig e n c e , 1 1 , 1 3 . o n me mo r y, 1 57 .

A n ae mi a an d U M 3 58 . .
, . o n M and b r ain , 2 7
. .

A n asarc a an d U M , 3 57 o n musc lias an d U M , 3 00 304

f
. . . . . .
,
An g e r i n i n an c y, 1 8 1 . o n ph ysi c al c ost o f C , 6 5 . .

and d e ath , 36 2 o n U vi si o n , 2 7 2
k f f f
. . .

A n g in a an d e mo tio n , 359 Ba e r , S i r S , o n e v er r o m g r ie , 3 56
f
. . .

A n i mal I nstin c t, 1 7-2 1 . Bald w in , Pr o , o n C i n c h ildh o o d , . .

A n i mals as mac h in es 9 , . 1 78 .

n o t mac h in es, 11 . o n d e g re es o f C , 58 . .

A nsw ers to q uer ie s o n sle e p an d U M , d e n ie s U M , 78

k f f
. . . . .

Bar er , P ro , o n M an d li e , 1 0
f
. . .

on U M , 1 08 , 109
. . . Barr ett , Pr o , o n an imal mi mi c r y, 1 9 ,
.

An t , b rain o f, 1 7 . 31 3 .

o n J ac o b s str i pe d c attle , 32 3
’
i n stin c t o f 1 7 , . .

A ntiq u ity o f c ure s b y sug g e sti o n , 3 6 3 . o n po w er s o f U M , 3 9 . . .

o l me n t al th e r ape ut ic s, 3 6 3 o n sle e p an d U M , 1 6 1
’

. . . .

A po ple xy an d U M 3 58 , 3 6 0 . . o n spiri t ual si d e o f U M , 9 2 . .

A pperc e pti o n , 1 51 1 55 -
. on st ig mata an d sug g e stio n ,

in c h ildh o o d , 2 1 9 220 312

f
. .
,

v alue o f 1 54 1 55
, , . Basc o m, Pro , asse rts U M , 8 8 . . . .

A r cs o f n e r v e s i n b r ai n, 3 3 , 1 2 5, 1 26 . on C , 6 0 . .

A rg ume nts ag ai nst U M 402 . .

, . o n C an d U M , 105 , 1 1 3
. . . .

A r isto te lian So c ie ty ad mi ts U M , 45 . . . B asti an , C , asse rt s U M , 48, 49 , 8 7

. . . .
42 6 IN D E X .

B ate man D r , o n an asarc a an d g ri e ,

. f Brunton, D r L an d visi o n , 2 6 8
.

k
. .

3 57 Buc ley, D r , o n rh eumatism and

k
.

Batt e y o n par alysis b y i de a, 3 55 . sh oc , 382 .

B e auty an d U M , 3 21 Bur to n o n m e ntal therapeutic s, 3 6 8

f
. . . .

B eer , Pr o , o n vi sio n , 26 9
f
. .

B enn e t, Pr o , o n se nsati o n b y ideas

. CA LD E Rw o o n, Pro f .
, on sle ep an d U .

2 46 M 16 1
k f
. . .

B e n e e , Pr o , admits U M 45
. . . Canc er an d U M , 357 . . .

on C , 6 0. . Carpent e r, D r , admi ts U . . M .
, 46 , 8 1 ,
Berg so n o n h ypno tic visi on , 2 73 . 1 15 .

B ernh e i m o n h yste ric al r e te ntio n , 3 53 b o dy an d U M , 253 . on . . .

B e ttman , D r S , o n U h e arin g , 2 83 o n c ur es b y Ch as I I , 3 8 3
f
. . . . . . .

B ie n er , Pro , o n h yster ia, 3 55 o n c ur e b y e xpe c tatio n , 36 6

f f f
. .
.

B in e t o n h ysteri a an d an c y, 3 47 o n d e ath r o m g r i e , 3 6 1 . .

o n me nt al th erape uti c s, 36 6 o n e du c atio n o f U M , 2 1 0 . . . .

o n mu sc le s an d U M , 299 o n mi n d an d po i son , 7 . . . .

on U M an d vi si o n , 2 7
. 2 , 2 74
. o n musc les an d e mo t io n , 3 06 . .

on vo luntar y an d i n v o lun tar y o n musc le s an d U M , 2 96 . . .

musc les, 2 98 . o n paralysi s an d e mo ti o n 3 06 .

.

Bi olo g y an d U M , 407 o n speec h an d U M , 29 2

k
. . . . . .

B ird s, i n sti n c t i n , 1 8 o n w al in g an d U M , 30 4
k
. . . .

Blush in g an d U M , 31 1 , 3 12 . Cartesian c lo c s, th e t w o , 3
. . .

B o dy an d U M , 204, 2 52 -2 6 5, 410
. . Cell ac tio n an d min d , 7, 30 . .

B on e s an d U M , 36 8 Cer e b ellum an d U M , 300

f
. . . . . .

B o un e , Pr o , d e ni es U M 72
. Char ac ter I n mi n d , 7 . . .

o n v alue o f U M in d isease Ch arc o t o n h ysteri c al paralysis, 3 54

. . .

Ch arm c ur e s, 333 , 3 85
f f
.

B o w e n , Pr o , o n me mo r y, 9 7 Ch eer uln ess an d dise ase , 3 71

f
. . .

Br aid o n h ypno tism, 2 59 , 2 6 0 Child , Pr o , o n C an d U M 1 09 . . . . . .

o n se n sati o n b y i d eas, 246 , 2 47 o n S le e p an d U M , 1 6 4, 1 6 5 . .

2 48
. Childh o o d , apperc e ptio n I n , 21 9 .

Brain ac tivi ty an d urea, 356 b rai n i n , 1 6 9 . .

c ell ac ti o n in , 3 0 happin ess 1n , 196 , 19 7 . .

in c hild h o o d, 1 6 9, 1 71 , 1 72 imag in atio n in , 220 . .

d esc r ipti o n o f, 2 9 164 men tal d e v elo pme nt o f, 1 79-1 83 .

an d h e r e d ity, 1 7 2 ro man c e o f, 2 2 0
f
. .

i n in an c y, 1 6 9 spec ial se n ses i n , 1 7

. 6 .

an d mi n d, 1 70, 1 7 3 an d U M , 16 9 -186 . . .

B ramw e ll o n U M an d Vi sio n , 2 75 . Childr e n, e duc ati o n o f, 1 6 9 -236

. . .

Br e athin g c o nsc i o usly, unn atural, 3 14 punish me nt o f, 227 .

an d mi n d ac tio n 3 1 4 Ch in iq uy, Pasto r, and mental th e ra

, .

B r i ti sh M edi cal J c a r na l o n me ntal pe utic s, 38 0 .

th erape utic s, 3 3 7 Ch o le ra and U M , 3 57 . . . .

Bro die , Si r B ; , o n C and U M , 1 1 1 Chr istian sc ie n c e , 3 29 , 387

. . . . .

o n v isio n , 2 59 Chr i sti anity an d U M 405

j f
. . .

Bro w n e , S ir J C , o n e duc atio n o f th e Ch urt i , D r , o n aun di c e ro m an xiety,

gé
. . .

se n se s, 21 7 . 7 .

o n e ducatio n o f U M , 1 92 , 206 Circ ulatio n an d emotion , 308 , 309

f
. . . .

o n me ntal t h e r ape utic s, 3 7 5 an d e ar, 3 1 0 . .

o n min d an d br ain , 2 7 an d sug g e sti o n , 3 1 0 . .

o n min d and matter, 3 an d U M 41 1

f k
. . . .

Brow n -S eq uard on d e ath r o m e motio n Clar , S ir A , o n me ntal th erape utic s, .

36 2
. 3 74 .

Br uc e , D r M , an d visio n s, 26 8 Classe s o f ac tions, 1 2 1

f
. . . .

o n vi s med i ca tr ix natw ra e, 36 7,
Pro , o n b ody an d U M , . . .

368
.
42 8 IN D EX .

D i se ase s an d i mag in ati o n 3 40 , , E v iso n , G , c ase o f r estore d eyeb alls,

.

an d sug g est i o n 3 6 7 3 88
f
. .
,

an d U M 3 2 5 3 51 , 353 , 354 . .
,
-
E ye b alls r e store d b y aith , 3 88 .

3 6 7, 3 70 3 74 3 87 E ye d ise ase c ure d at Lo ur d e s, 3 87

f
, , . .

D o g s in st i n c t in , 2 1 E yc sig h t r e sto r e d b y aith , 3 89

k
. .
,

D r aw b ac s o f h ab it 142 1 43 , , . E xpe c tati o n an d c ure , 3 75 .

D r e ams an d U M 1 6 3
f
. .
.
,

D r o psy c ur e d b y e ar 3 92 F A CI A e xpr essio n an d U M , 2 59

, . L . . .

D r ug s an d me n tal th e r ape utic s 3 75 F aec al v o mi ti ng an d U M , 358 , . . .

391 F ai lur e o f C e d uc ati o n , 1 8 9

f
. . .

D r ummo n d, Pr o , o n i n se c t adapta F ai th c ur e s an d me d i c al me n , 3 38
. .

tio n 1 9 , . h e alin g , 3 3 0, 3 75, 3 8 5, 3 8 8 , 3 89 .

D r ui i k en n ess, ph e n o me n a o f, 12 6 1 2 7
, . i n E n g lan d , 33 2 ,
128 an d me ntal th e rape utic s,
k k
.

D uc w o rth , Sir D on c lo c an d 36 4
j
.

v o mi ti n g 3 77 F amili ar o b e c ts an d U v isio n , 2 81
f
. .
, .

D un n , D r R , o n li e an d o rg an ism 6
. . F e ar an d U M , 2 6 2 , . . . .

D uran d , D r o n v o mi tin g b y sug g es

.
, an d dr o psy, 392 .

ti o n , 3 6 0 . i n in fan c y, 1 80 .

an d par alysi s, 392

f
.

E A S E an d h ab i t, 1 3 4, 1 35, 141 an d t yph o id e ver 3 8 1 . , .

E d d y M B , an d Ch r i sti an sc i e n c e F e e lin g s n o t sen sat io n s, 2 43

fl
. . . .

3 29 , 387 . F éré , D r C o n i n u e n c e o f se x o n .

E d uc ati o n o f th e C , 1 88 musc le po w er , 307

. . .

o f t h e C M , h i n t s o n , 2 32 2 3 6 . . o n m usc le s an d U M , 2 96 . . . .

b y d i sc iplin e , 2 07 F e rrassi an d c h arm c ur e s, 385 . .

b y e n v i r o n me n t, 21 1 21 7 F err i e r, D r , ad mits U M 48 -

f f
. . . . .

b y e xample , 228 , 2 30, 2 3 1 F e v e r ro m g r i e , 3 56

f f
. .

ailur e o f C , 1 8 9 F istula, o r mati o n o f, 315

. . .

b y h abi t , 2 22 F i ts an d U M , 26 1
. . . .

an d h er e d it y, 2 0 2 , 203 , 221 F o r c e o f h ab i t , 1 30
f
. .

b y id e as, 2 1 8 , 2 1 9 F o rd , Pr o A , o n h e adac h e s an d sug

f
. . .

an d li e , 208 , 22 8 g e sti o n , 3 76 . .

b y me n tal at mo sph e r e , 205 o n illn e ss pr o lo n g e d b y sug g e s .

n at ur al, tio n 3 77 , .

t h re e v arie ti e s o f, 1 93 F or mati o n o f hab it , 1 24, 1 31 , 1 32 . .

o f U M , b ad , 201 . . F o ste r Sir M , o n U M an d b o d y, . . . . .

o f U M b e fo re bir th , 2 1 0
. . 204 . .

o f U M d e t aile d , 2 1 0 2 36
. . o n C sen satio n s, 6 6 -
. . .

of U M i mpo r tan c e o f, 1 8 7
. . F r e e w i ll, o n , 35 . .

o f U M , me tho d s o f, 2 02 F r ig ht pr o d uc in g i di oc y 3 54
f
. . . .
,

o f U M , pr i n c iple s o f, 1 8 7209
. . an d rh e umatic e v e r , 32 8 -
.

o f U M , re sults o f, 2 09
. . F un c ti o nal an d o rg an i c dise ase , 33 1 . .

Eg o an d C , 6 8
LT
. .

E le ph an ts, i n st in c t o f, 22 GA O N , F , asse rts U M , 85 . . . . .

E mo tio n an d an g in a, 3 59 o n d e g r e e s o f C 58 . . .

an d c ir c ulat io n , 3 09 o n C an d U M , 1 1 0 . . . . .

an d d e ath , 3 6 1 , 3 6 2 G astr ic ulc er an d sug g e sti o n , 3 77 . .

an d dise ase , 3 58 G e r b e , D r R , o n c ure b y i n se c ts 392

f
. . . .
,

e fl e c t o f, o n mu sc le s, 306 G e sture s ro m U M , 26 2 , 26 3 2 6 4 . . .
, .

an d h e art, 3 09 ( lo w e r s, S ir W R , o n n erv e c urre n t s,

f
. . .

i n in an c y, 1 82 .

an d paralys i s, 3 54 G r an v i lle , D r M , o n mental th er a . . .

an d r e spir ati o n , 3 1 4 pe utic s, 3 39 . .

En vi ro n me n t an d e d uc atio n , 2 1 1 -2 1 7 G rav e s d i se ase an d U M , 3 58

’
. . . .

how it e duc ate s, 21 7 G re en, D r E , on memo ry, 1 57, 1 58 . . . .

 IN D EX .

G Pro , o n te mper atur e i n

re g or y, f
. I le ari ng an d U M , 284 2 90 . . .

h ypn o tism, 3 1 5 H e art d i se ase an d d e pre ssio n , 3 76

f k
. .

G ulle t h ysteric al spasm o f, 353, 3 98

, . ai lu re b y me n tal sh o c , 308 .

an d U M , 3 08-31 3 , 3 7 0, 3 76
T
. . .

H A BI had , 1 44
S, H e ll, F ath e r, an d mag n e ti c c ur e s, 3 8 3
z
. .

an d C , 1 39 , 1 40, 1 41
. . H e lmh o lt asse rts U M , 8 4 . . .

an d d i se ase , 3 53 H e in isph e res, w h y t w o , 3 0

k
. .

d raw b ac o f 1 42 , 1 43 , . H er b ar t asser ts U M , 8 6 . . .

an d e ase , 13 4, 1 41 . o n e d uc ati o n b y e xample , 22 8 ,

an d e d uc at io n o f U M , 222 2 29
f f f f
. . . .

o rc e o f, 1 3 0 H e r b e rt, P ro , o n aith an d o o d , 5
f
. . .

o r mat i o n o f, 1 24, 13 1 , 1 32 H e re di ty an d b rain , 1 72

—7 an d e d uc atio n , 202, 203 22 1
. .

an d i nstin c ts, 1 30 . . .

in man , 1 2 9 . an d me mo r y, 1 58 , 1 7 5 .

i n o rg anic w o rld, 1 29 . and U M , 409 . . .

me n tal, 1 3 6 . H e ri ng d e n i e s U M , 80 . . .

ph ysi c al b asis o f, 1 33 , 1 3 6 . H e r sc h e ll, Sir J , asse rts U M , 8 6 . . . .

spe c i al, 223 . H ill, D r A , o n h e re d it y an d h ab i t , 1 72

. . .

o f th o ug h t , 128 , 22 5, 2 26 . o n se nsati o n an d C , 2 3 8 . .

an d U M , 12 1 -1 45 208 , 295 H ippo c r ates o n vi a medi c atr za; n atur es

’

. . .
,

v alue o f, 1 3 4, 1 40, 1 41 36 8
f
. .

w h e n to o r m, 22 4 . H o bb s o n U , v i si o n , 272
f
. .

an d th e w i ll, 1 3 7, 1 3 8 . H ol man , Pr o , o n C e d uc atio n , 234

. . .

H ae mo pt ysis an d U M , 356 . . . on e d uc atio n o f U M , 2 1 0 . . .

I lair and U M , 2 6 3 , 3 1 6 . . . on e d uc atio n an d e n v ir o n me n t

H ami lto n, S ir W , ad mi ts U M , 45 . . . . 21 2 .

asser ts U M , 55 . . . on min d in 1 75 c hild h oo d , .

o n C an d U M , 106 . . . . H o lme s, 0 W , asse rt s U M , 8 7

. . . . .

o n d e g re e s o f U , 9 8 , 1 0 0 . . o n C an d U M , 1 05, 1 07
.
,
1 10 . . .

H an d po siti o n o f, an d U M , 3 53
,
. . . o n i d e as an d U M , 1 48 . . .

H appi n e ss i n c h ild h o o d 19 6 , 1 9 7 o n v zs me d i ca tr ix n atui w , 3 6 0

f
, . .

H ar tmann , E v o n , o n b e h e ad e d r o g s, H o moe o at h ic c ure s, 3 0 1

.
p .

17 . H o pe an d h e ar t di se ase , 3 7 6 .

o n b o d y an d U M 2 52 2 54 H ub e r o n an ts, 1 7
f
.
, . .

o n C an d U M 101 , 1 12 H ug h e s, P r o o n d ise ase an d i mag i

f
. . . .
,

o n o r mati o n o f li st ula e, 3 1 5 n at io n , 3 1 7
f f
. .

o n i n e c t i o us d ise ase s an d e ar H ume o n musc le s an d U M , 3 03 . . .

357 . H un te r , J , o n an g ui sh an d e mo tio n ,
.

o n in st in c t , 23 . 3 59 .

o n muc o us me mb rane c h an g e d and e mo t io n al h e ar t ac ti o n , 30 9 .

to e pith e li um , 3 1 5 . o n mi n d an d b o d y, 3 7 2 .

o n musc le s an d U M , 29 7 , 3
02 o n se n satio n b y i d e as 2 45
k
. . .
,

o n i uo n o g an i y 320 , . H utc h in so n , J , o n sali v a an d sh o c ,

.

o n po w e rs o f U M , 1 1 8 . . . 318 .

o n pur po sive mo v e m e n t s 82 , . H utt o n o n d isease an d U M , 7 6 . . .

o n se x an d U M , 3 1 9 , 41 3 o n me mo r y, 157
fl
. . . .

o n U M , 3 8 , 39 , 41 3 , 41 4
. . . H uxle y o n re e x ac ti o n , 29 5 .

o n U se n sat i o n s, 2 44
. . o n sc i e n c e an d r e li g io n , 2 36 .

o n v i tal me c h an is m, 1 0 . H ydr o pathic c ur es 33 1 . .

o n v o lu n tar y and in vo luntary H ypno ti c vi sio n , 2 73 .

musc le s, 3 6 2 ypn o tism, Br aid s e xpe ri e nc e , 2 59,

’
. H
H aug ht o n o n mi n d an d b o d y, 26 3 26 0
f
. .

l ’ay e v er an d U M , 3 1 4 . . . c ure s, 330

H e ad ac h e and U M , 3 76 an d o rg an i c ac tio n , 3 6 9
f
. . . .

H e alin g b y aith , 3 30 ph e no me na o f, 257, 258, 259 .

f
.

H e ar i ng i n i n an c y, 1 79 an d te m er atur e , 3 1 5
.
p .
 43 0 I ND E X .

H ypn o tism an d tranc e , 271 I n stin c t i n fi sh , 1 5

f
. .

an d U h e ari n g , 2 86
. . or matio n o f, 1 4 .

an d U M , 3 1 6 , 407 . . . h ab its, 130

an d .

an d vi si o n , 2 7 1 , 2 72, 2 7 3 . an d i nt e lli g e n c e , 1 6 .

H yster ia, c ause s o f, 393 , 394 . in U M ac tio n , 23 . . .

c ur e o f, 3 49 , 399 . I n terac ti o n o f M an d b o d y in dise ase , .

an d e le c tri c ity, 3 50 . 3 40 .

I
h as i ts se at i n th e U M , 3 48 . . . I r e lan d , D r , denies U M , 76 . . . .

I
h o w pro d uc e d , 3 42 . o n U c ere b r atio n , 7 9. .

I
an d men t al th er ape uti c s, 3 49 .

I
an d mi n d , 394 .
J AC KSO N , D r H o n spe ec h an d U M . . .
,
I
an d n itr o g e n , 3 49 29 1 .

J ames, W , o n M an d matte r, 4
.

n o t malin g e r in g , 3 47
I

,
348 .
. . .

I
an d pai n , 3 43 .
o n psyc h o lo g y, 24, 26 , 40 4 .

I
an d par alysis, 354, 396 .
o n U se n sat io n s, 2 42 . .

I
an d r e te n t i o n o f ur in e , 3 53 J aun dic e an d U M , 3 1 6 , 3 1 8
k
. . .
.

an d S pe c ial sen se s, 3 96
I
.
J e yll an d H yd e an d U M , 406 . .

I
an d sug g e sti o n , 3 50 .
J e sse n o n C an d U M , 1 04 . . . .

an d tumo u r s, 39 6
I

an d U M 2 58 , 3 55
.

K A M E S,Lo r d on sle e p an d U M , 1 6 7
K
. .
, .

an t ad mits U M , 8 4
. . .

H yster ic al d i sease s, 3 1 6 , 353, 3 54, 355

. . .

o n id e as an d U M , 1 46
3 94, 396
. . .

o n U M po w e i s, 8 4
.

K
. . .

id ne y, g ran ular , an d U M 3 56
L
I D E A se n satio n , 2 45, 247, 248, 2 50
K ing sle y, C , r e pro duc tio n an d U M ,
. .
, .

fl
.

I d e as, i n ue n c e o f, i n e d uc ati o n , 2 1 8
. . .

f 3 20, 3 23
.

pr o d uc e e e lin g s an d ac ts, 3 46 o n spiri tual si d e o f U M 93

.

an d U M , 1 46 -1 50
. .

Ki rc h e n e r , F , o n C an d U M 1 1 0
f f
. . .

I di o c y r o m r ig ht, 3 54
. . . . , .

d e n ie s U M , 77
.

I d o l c ure s, 333
. . .

o n disc r imin ati o n , 6 7

.

I llustr ati o n o f visi on an d U M , 278

“

f
.

o n li e an d o rg an i sm, 7
. .

2 79
K
.

’
o c h s tub e r c ulin and sug g esti o n , 31 0
.

I mag in ar y c ur es an d men tal th e ra .

K r o o me n an d d eath fr o m w ill pow e r,

pe uti c s, 3 72 .

36 2
I mag i n ation i n c h i ldh o o d, 220
.

k
.

an d d ise ase 3 7 1 , . L AB O U R an d th e c lo c , 3 78 .

pro duc es r e al dise ase , 3 47 U M , 3 78

an d
f
. . . .

I mitatio n i n in an c y, 1 82 . Lad d, G d e ni e s U M , 73
. . . .

I mmun i ty o f me di c al me n , 3 72 . o n i de as an d U M 147 . . .

I n d i an j ug g ler an d U M v isi o n , 2 76 o n v alue o f U M , 1 1 6

f k
. . . . . .

I n d i vi d ual an d U M , 409 L an c et d e ath r o m sh o c , 36 0

f f
. . . , .

I n anc y, b rain i n , 1 6 9 . o n aith h e alin g 36 4 3 93 , , .

d e v e lo pme n t in , 1 79 -1 83 o n me n tal th erape uti c s, 3 6 5, 3 71

k
. .

an d w ill, 1 77 Lan e W A , o n d e sig n in r ic e ts, 36 9

f
. . .
, .

I n ec tio us d ise ase an d U M , 3 57 L ang e , D r K , on apperc e pti o n , 152

fl
. . . . .

I n ammati o n c ause d b y U M , 257 . . . 1 55 .

an d U M , 3 1 1 , 3 1 2 o n e d uc ati o n an d e nv ir o n men t,
fl
. . .

I n ue n c e o f id e as i n e d uc ati o n , 21 8 212
f
. .

o f mi n d o n b o d y, 26 3 . Laur a, Sig n or o n d eath r o m emotio n ,

U , 1 57 36 1
f k
. . .

I n uso r ial i nte llig en c e, 1 1 . Layc o c , D r T asser ts U M , 55 . .

, . . .

I n n e r C , 1 50
. . o n C , 54 . .

I no rg an i c h ab it, 1 2 9 . o n o rg an i c ac tio n in h ypn o tism,

I n se c t i nte llig e n c e , 1 5 . 36 9 .

I n sti n c t i n b ir d s, 1 8 o n po w er o f c o rte x , 341

z
. .

i n d o g s, 2 1 . La ar us admits U M , 47 . . .

in e le phants, 22 . o n apperc e ptio n , 1 53 .

43 2 I ND E X .

M e smer, c ur es b y imag inati on , 38 3 . M ur ch ison , D r .

, on liver and mi n d in
esmeri sm, c ur es b y 3 8 3 , 3 8 4 , . fl ue n c e , 31 7 .

M e taph ysic s an d U M , 405 . . . M usc le ac ti o n , i nvoluntary, 305 .

M eth o ds o f e d uc atio n o f U M , 2 02 . . . in slee p, 303 .

M id-br ain, de sc riptio n o f, 2 9 . sto ppe d b y U M 306 , 307 . . .

M ill , Jas , o n M 41
. . . an d table turn i ng , 307 .

o n sensati on an d 238 C . U an d th o ug ht re aders, 307

. .

M ill, J n o S , partly admi ts U M 80

. . . .
pow er an d se x, 307 .

o n se n sati o n an d C , 2 37 . . and U M 29 4, 307 . . .

M imi c ry in ani mals, 3 1 3 . M usc les, 29 5 .

an d U M , 2 6 3 . . . vo lun tar y an d in v oluntar y, 2 98 ,

M ind arrestin g sen satio n , 249 . 2 9 9, 300, 302 .

b elo w man , 1 -2 3 . M usc ular inc o -or di nation an d U M , . .

an d b o dy, 2 58 , 3 40 . 36 0 .

th e ir i nt erac tio n in dise ase M uller s law an d org anic ac tio n , 3 70

’
.

340 . o n musc les an d U M , 29 7 . . .

an d b rain , 2 7 ,
28 , 1 70, 1 73 . M yers, D r , asserts U M , 8 9
. . . .

an d c ell ac ti on , 7 . o n me ntal th e rape utic s, 3 71 .

an d c hi ld ho o d, 1 7 4 . on se c on dary C , 6 9 . .

c o n c e pt o f, 1
T fl
.

C , 52 -71
. . N A UR AL re e xes, 1 22 , 123 .

C an d U , 9 8-1 20
’
. . . N atur e s e d uc atio n , 191 .

c ur es an d o r g an i c dise ase , 33 8 . N auh e i m an d U M , 3 09 . . .

an d d ise ase , 36 8 , 3 7 2 , 3 74 . N ausea b y ide a, 3 45 .

h as n o e xte n si o n , 4 e ale , D r o n r epr o d uc ti o n an d U

f
. .
.
,

in all ani mal li e , 1 0 . M , 323 . .

in c lud es U M , 43, 252 N erve arc s, 3 3 , 1 25, 1 2 6

f
. . . .

an d li e , 6 . c urr en ts i n b rain , 3 33 334 , .

i n man , sc o pe o f, 24, 251 . d i seases an d me ntal th e rapeutic s,

limite d to C , 40, 41 . . 33 8 .

an d matter , re lati o n o f, 2 , 3 , 4, 5 N e ur o n , str uc ture o f, 31 , 32, 1 7 1 .

ph ysi c al b asis o f, 1 73, 1 74 N e w man , Car din al, o n C an d U M ,

f
. . . .

pr o duc in g e v er , 3 56 .

an d pr o to plasm, 8 . N i e me yer o n e duc ati on b y h ab it, 222 .

an d purposive mov e me nt, 6 . N itro g en an d h yster ia, 349 .

an d se c r e tio ns, 352 an d me ntal t h erape utic s, 349

k
. .

U , 72 9 7
. . ursery an d th e c loc , 3 7 9 .

M o d esty an d U M 31 8
l k i
. . .

M o n o g amy an d polyg amy, 320 . O LD ag e , value o f c o c n , 37 9 .

M o ntg o me r y E , ag ain st me c hanic al O rg an i c ac tio n an d M ulle r s law , 3 70

’
.
, .

vi e w s o f C , 6 6 . . an d U M , 36 9 . . .

on C , 6 0 . . di se ase an d mind c ur es, 338 .

o n C an d U M , 1 0 5, 1 1 1 . an d U M , 356 .

f
. . . . .

d en i es U M , 74 an d un c tio n al dise ase , 331

f
. . . .

on r e e w ill, 3 5 . O vum, h uman , 321 .

o n musc le s, 29 5.
o n po w er s o f sensati on, 239 . PAG E T ,Sir G .
,
c an c e r an d an xie ty, 357 .

o n psyc h o lo g y, 25 . h aemo ptysi s

S ir J o f me ntal
o n U M , 296 o rig in , 356
f
. . . .

M oral sense in in anc y, 18 3 . o n sali v a an d su g g e stio n , 3 1 7 .

Morri so n , D r A , o n h eart disease an d

. . Pain b y asso c i ati o n , 3 45 .

me ntal d istr ess, 376 an d h ysteri a, 3 43

f
. .

o n me n tal th erape utic s, 3 7 4, 3 75 b y n e rv e trans er e nc e , 3 44

f
. .

o n min d i n d ise ase , 3 7 4 r e e rre d to o r ig i n o f n erve , 3 44

f
.

f
.

M urc hiso n, D r , o n c ancer an d g ri e ,

. Paralysi s c ur e d b y e ar , 3 92 .

3 57 . c ure d b y le ss, 3 93 .
 I ND E X . 43 3

Par alysis and e motio n , 354 . Physic al Re se arc h So c ie ty o n te mpe ra

h yste r ic al, 3 54, 3 55, 3 96 . t ure an d sug g estio n , 3 10 .

an d U M , 306 , 39 3 , 396. . . Psyc h ism i n me di c i ne , 326 .

Pare and vis med icatr ia: natur es, 3 6 8 Psyc h o lo g y, d e fi nitio n o f, 2 4, 2 5
'

. .

P ar e nts as inspi rers, 3 3 1 .

pre se nt state o f, 403 , 405 .

an d U M , 408 Psyc h o lo g y an d U M , 405

k f
. . . . . .

Par e r, Pro , o n in stinc t an d in te lli

. P ulse an d min d , 3 10 .

g e nc e , 1 6 . P unish me n t o f c hildre n , 22 7 .

Pe ar s so ap and U visio n , 280

’
. .

Peristalsis r e ver se d b y U M , 3 59 Q UA C KS an d me n tal th erape utic s 32 7

k
. . .
, ,

P er in , A B D , c ure s b y mag n e tic

. . . 3383 39 , 36 3
, .

trac tor s, 3 84 . an d th e ir c ur es 3 2 7 , .

Pfl ii g er o n C , 1 3 . . an d U M , 3 6 3 3 6 5 . .
, .

o n C an d U M , 1 01
. . . .
Q uali ti e s o f U M , 1 46 -
168 . . .

o n se n satio n an d C , 23 7 . .
Q uate rn io ns disc o v er y o f 1 1 3
, , .

Ph e n o me n a o f h ypn o tism, 2 57-2 59 .

Q uer ie s o n sle e p an d U M , 1 6 4, 16 5 . . .

Phi lo so ph y an d U M , 405 . . .

Phthisis an d U M , 3 1 5 . . . RAD P o n e duc atio n and e n

E S T O CK ,
Physi c al b asis o f habit, 1 33 . v ir o n me nt 2 1 4 , .

b asi s o f mi nd, 83 , 1 74 . o n U v isio n 2 7 2 .

, .

c ause o f sle e p, 1 6 2 . Railr o ad o f h ab i t 22 2 , .

h ab its, 1 36 . Rang e o f U M 1 1 7 . . , .

Physic ian an d me ntal th erapeutic s Rayr n d D u B o is , o n th e ant s b rain

’

p
p
,

3 3 5, 41 7
fl
.

Physio lo g y and U M , 41 0 . . . Re e x, ac q u ir e d , 123, 1 24, 1 25, 2 95 .

Pills an d U M 2 59, 316 . . . ac ti o n , 295 .

Plato o n ed uc ati on in c h i ldh o o d, 21 0 psyc hic n atur e o f 301 . , .

o n e d uc atio n b y e xample , 228 n atur al 1 22 1 23

fl
. , , .

Plin y o n c ur es fo r sc i atic a, 35 no t r e e c te d 1 23
k
. .
,

Po llo c , D r J on .e duc atio n an d Relatio ns o f min d an d matter , 2 .

U M , 1 91 , 1 92
. . Re lic c ur e s 333 . , .

o n e n v iro nm e nt an d e duc ati o n Re lig io n an d sc ie nc e 236 , .

21 2 . Re pro d uc tio n and U M , 3 20, 3 21 , . .

o n me n tal atmo sph er e , 20 5 3 22 41 2 .

, .

Po lyg amy an d mo n o g amy, 3 20 Re spir ati o n an d e mo tion , 31 4 . .

r N o ah, o n b o d y and U M Results o f e d uc atio n o f U M , 209

?
Porte r , . . . . . .

25 Rete nti o n o f uri n e re lie v e d b y so un d

o n d isc ri mi n atio n , 6 7 353 . .

o n i n stin c t, 20 h ysteric al, 3 53

. .

Po w er o f min d , 36 Re yn o lds D r R , o n c ure s for h ys

.
, . .

o f U M , 37 .
,
38, 3 9 , 1 1 7, 1 1 8
. te ri a 400 . , .

o f U M o v er b o dy, 2 04 o n par alysis ag i tan s, 354

f f
. . . .

Pre ye r o n d i sc ri min atio n , 23 4 Rh e umatic e v e r an d rig h t, 382 . .

o n e d uc at io n an d h er e d ity, 20 2 an d U M , 3 82
k
. . . .

o n e d uc atio n b y i d e as, 2 19 Rh e umatism c ur e d b y Sh o c , 382 . .

Pre -n atal i mpr e ssio ns, 3 22 , 3 23 an d U M 3 06

f
. . . .
,

Princ e , D r , o n h ay e ver and sug

. Rib o t asserts U M 8 7 . .
, .

g esti o n , 3 1 4 . o n c e r e b e llum an d U M 300 . .

, .

Pro te c tio n b y le uc oc ytes, 3 70 o n C an d U M 1 06 1 13

k
. . .
.
, , .

in r ic ets, 359 on i deas an d U M , 1 50

. . . .

Pro te ti e me c h ani sm in abd o me n 3 o n po w e rs o f U M , 3 8 3 9 42

gg
. .
, , .

7 Ric h ard so n , Sir B W o n d iab e tes, . . ,

Pro to plasm an d min d, 8, 9 3 51

fl
. .

P syc h i c n atur e o f re e x ac tio n , 301 o n me n tal o rig in o f dis ease , 359 , .

Psyc hi cal Re se arc h So c i ety an d se c o nd 36 0 .

sig h t, 2 6 9 . o n min d an d d eath 87 4 . .

43 4 I ND EX .

Ric h ardso n, Sir B . W on pulse an d Si c k b y lo ss o f te eth , 316

n e ss c ure d .

min d 31 0 an d U M , 3 1 7
ki
. . .
, .

on s n eruptio n s an d min d Sig ht C , 26 6

f
.
, , .

3 59 . in i n anc y, 1 79 .

medi ca tri x
o n vis n atu r a
e, 3 6 7. an d U M , 26 6 2 83 -

k k
. . .

Ric e ts an d U M 36 9 . . S in e ruptio n an d U M 3 59 . .
, .

Ro b er ts, Dr . G .
, on me n tal th e r a Sle e p, musc le ac tio n i n , 3 03 .

pe utic s un c o n sc i o u sly 3 7
u se d3 ph ysi c al c ause o f, 1 6 2
f
.
, .

Ro lle sto n P r o , o n dise as e an d d e an d U M , 1 6 1 , 16 3 -1 6 8

f
.
, . . .

pr essio n 3 6 1 , . S me ll i n i n an c y 1 8 0 , .

Ro man c e o f c h i ldho o d, 22 . an d U M , 2 90 . . .

Ro man e s o n e v o lutio n in ani mals 20 Smith D r Pye , an d v ia med w atri a:

f
. .
, ,

o n in uso ri a 1 1 , . na tur ce , 36 7 .

o n i n stin c t i n fi sh , 1 5 . Sn o w D r o n c an c e r c ause d b y an xiety,

, .

o n i n st i nc t in w asps 1 7 , . 357 .

o n min d , 9 . Spasm o f g ullet an d U M , 3 53 , 398 . . .

Rosmi ni o n C an d U M 1 04 . . So ur y o n pro to plasm an d min d 8 , .

Ro usse au o n e d uc atio n b y h ab i t 222 S o uth e n b o urg and mag n e tic c ure s,

f
.
,

Ro yc e Pr o , d e n i es U M , 75
, . . . . 384 .

Rush , D r , o n me ntal th er ape utic s, 3 75

. . Spe c ial h ab its, 22 3 .

se n se s i n c hild h o o d , 1 76 .

F R AN CI S D A S SI SI an d in fl amma Spe c tr um an d C , 9 1 , 94
’
ST . . .

tio n , 3 12 . Spe e c h an d U M , 28 8, 2 91 -293 . . .

Saliv a an d U M , 3 53 . . . Spe nc er , H ad mits U M , 83 . . . .

Saliv ar y se c r etio n an d U M 3 1 7, 3 18 o n apperc e pti o n , 156

f fl
. . . .

Salvatio n A rmy and aith c ur e s, 3 8 8 , o n art i fi c i al re e x, 2 95 .

38 9 . o n b ad U e d uc ati o n , 2 01 .

Sc h elli n g asserts U M , 84 . . . o n e du c atio n , 1 8 8, 1 89 .

o n spe ec h an d U M , 2 9 1 . . . o n h er e d ity an d e du c atio n , 203 .

Sc h o pe n h auer o n se x an d U M , 3 19 . . . o n in stin c t, 20 .

S c iati c a c ur e b y E tr usc an spells, 385

, . o n min d an d b r ain , 2 7 ,
28 .

Sc i e n c e an d re li g io n , 2 3 6 . o n musc les, 29 5 .

Sc o pe o f mi nd e n lar g e d , 49 , 50, 52 . o n o vum, 3 2 1 .

in man , 2 4 51 o n U e d uc atio n , 1 98, 1 99, 200

f
. . .

Sc r ipture , Pr o , o n U M an d vision . . . o n U M ac ti o n , 1 4 . . .

Spir itual sid e o f U M , 92, 9 3 , 94, 95

f
. . .

Sc ur v y c ure d b y aith 39 1 Ste v en so n , R L , o n sle e p an d U M , . . . .

S eat o f h yster ia i n U M 3 48 . . 16 6 .

S e c o n d sig ht, 26 9 . Stew art , Sir F G , on h e art di sease ~

. .

Se c reti o n affec te d b y M , 3 52 . . an d h o pe , 3 7 6 .

aff e c te d b y U M 2 57 321 , 353 Stig mata an d U M 312

k f
. . .
, , .

o f mil an d U M 3 21 Sti ve lly Pro , o n vi sual ph eno me na, .

2 7b
. .
, .

o f sali v a 3 1 7
k f
.
,

S en satio n and C , 6 6 Sto e s, D r , o n c h o ler a an d ear, 357

f
. . . .

an d e e lin g s, 2 43 . Sto ut, G F , ad mits U M , 46

. . . . .

pr o duc e d b y me mo r y, 248 . Sug g e stio n , e vil o f had , 3 77 .

ab n or mally, 2 45 . an d h e ad ac h e , 3 7 6 .

b y ide as, 245 250 , . in h ysteri a, 350 .

sto ppe d b y min d, 2 49 . in lab o ur , 3 78 .

U , 241 i n typh o i d , 3 8 1
f
. .

an d U M 23 7-2 51 . . . Sully, Pro , asse rts U M 8 7 . . . .

Se n so ry path s, 23 9, 240 . o n C , 56 , 6 0 . .

S e x an d U M , 318 , 3 1 9 , 3 24
. . . o n C an d U M , 106 . . . .

Sh ame an d U M , 3 18 d e n i e s U M , 74, 80
k f
. . . . . .

Sh o c an d diab e tes, 3 56 . o n e e lin g s an d se n satio ns, 243 .

Sh oo tin g an d U v i si o n 282 .
, . o n i d e as and U M 1 50 . . .
43 6 I ND E X .

W ater f lli
a n g reli e vi n g th e re ten tio n o f Will an d h ab it
‘

1 3 7-1 3 8
f
, .

uri n e , 3 53 in in an c y, 1 77
j f f
. .

Watso n , Si r T on aun dic e an d ear , I s it r e e ? 35 .

318 . o rig in o f 1 7 ,7 .

Whe atsto n e Sir C , o n vi sio n and U po w e r and d e ath 36 2

k
.
, .

Wor ing o f U M , 96
, .

M 280 .
, . . . .

Whe w ell admits U M , 8 4 . . . Writing an d U M , 302 . . .

White , D r , ad mi ts U M , 47 Wundt o n bo dy and U M 255

k f
. . . . . .

Wh itta er Pro , o n de g ree s o f C 59

, . . o n C an d U M
. 1 01 1 1 1
. .
, .

asserts U M , 8 8 . . . o n U se n sati o n s 244

.
,

Who o ping c o ug h c ure d b y b e ating

H
,

382 Z I E E N o n M 40 41
k
.
, .

Wil s D r , o n j aundic e fro m emotion ,

, . Z ii lln er on vi sio n and U . M . 2 80 .

357 .
A S tu dy i n th e Re alms o f P sy c h o lo g x Edu c a
ti o n , E th i c s, an d M e n tal P h y sio lo g y

T H E S PRI N G S
C H A RA C T E R
A stu dy o f th e so u rc e s an d
q uali ti e s o f c h ar ac te r , th e
o b j ec t b e i n g to sh o w th e t r an sc e n d e n t i mpo rt an c e o f
c h ar ac te r , i ts sc i e n ti fi c fo u n d ati o n s, an d th e so un d e st pr i n
c iple s f o r d e v e lo pm e n t an d i mpr o v e m e n t T h e r e ad e r i s .

tak e n i n to th e m o st fasc i n ati n g r e alm s o f psyc h o lo g y ,

e d uc at i o n , e th i c s, an d m e n tal ph ysi o lo g y I t i s a pe r so n al .

me ssag e o f tr e m e n d o u s im po rtan c e to e v e ry m an , w o m an ,
an d c hild A ll th at c o n c e r n s th e trai n i n g o f th e yo u n g
.

an d th e pe r e c tin g fo f o u r o w n li v e s i n e v e r y-d ay pro fe s

si o u al o r b u si n e ss life i s tre ate d b y a m aster h an d .

J a m e s J Wa lsh , M D , L L D
. . T h e i n u e n c e s t hat g o
. . fl
k
to m a e c h ar ac te r m ay b e su mm ed up i n th e t w o e xpr e ssi o n s
h e r e di ty an d e n v ir o n m e n t T h e b rin g i n g o ut o f t h e ph ysi c a l e le
.

m e n ts i n th ese t w o g r e at spr i n g s o f c h ar ac t e r ’ i s th e disti n c t i v e

m e r i t i n D r S c h o fi e ld ’s b o o
'

. k
T h e c o n c ludi n g c h apte r s o f t h e
.

k
b o o sh o w th at D r S c h o fi e ld r i se s ab o v e th e m e r e ly mate r ial i n
.

f
his e st imat io n o f t h e o r c e s th at d e v e lo p c har ac te r W hile d ue .

w e i g h t i s g i v e n t o t h e in fl u e n c e o f t h e ph ysi c al ac t o rs th at m o d i y f f
fl
c h ar ac te r , th e e v e n g r e ate r i n ue n c e o f e thi c al ac to r s i s e m ph a f
z
si e d . T his is t h e spe c i al m e r i t o f th e b oo t h at , w h ile t h e mo r al k
f z
sid e o f c h ar ac te r o r mati o n i s n o t mi n i m i e d , t h e ph ysi c al i s g i v e n
f
i ts ai r sh ar e in th e pr o c ess .

C lo th 8 v o . . 2 59 P ag e s . T o pi c al in d e x an d li st of b o o ks
on th e j
su b e c t. Pri c e . n e t. P o stag e . 1 ! c e n ts