PA RA D I S E F O U N D

T H E CR A D L E O F T H E H U M A N R A CE A T
TH E N O RT H P O L E

A S tudy of tbe Prehi storic World

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W I LL I A M F WA R R E N s T D LL D . .
, .
,
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RR as i D e N T o r
: B T N U N ER T
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Y , CO R PO R A T E OF IC O Rm N
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A N F A NC S G RU N D B D B R O I
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WI TH OR I GI N A L I L L U S TA A T1 ON S
’

T H I RD ED I T I O N

B O ST O N
H O U GH T O N, M I F F LI N A N D C O M PA N Y
Ne w Yo rk : 11 East S e ve nte e n t h S t re e t
«the ti m e 19m m
et abl , G ambl
i ng:
1 88 5
 Co pyri gh t , 1 88 5,

BY WI LLI A M F . WA R R E N .

A 11 re
g/1 A: rese rved .

s e R i v e r s i d e P r e ss , Ca m br i dg e
E l e c t ro t ype d -an d P ri n t e d by H . O H . o ugh t o n an d Co mpan y
.
 RE SP E CTF U LL Y D ED I CA TED ,

WtT H FR E N DL Y E R M
I P I SS I O N ,

PR O F E S S O R F . MA X M U LL E R ,

OF

TH E U N I V E RS I T Y OF O X F O RD .
vii i P R E F A CE .

th e phys ic al an d i n t h e an thr o p o l o gic al d o mai n ,

ar e pr e c is e ly t h e l at e s t o f t h e c o n cl u s i o n s o f th e s e

m o s t m o d e r n o f all sc i e n c e s , it i s e asy t o s e e th a t
a g e n e r ati o n ag o t h e d e m o n str ati o n h e re a tt e m pt e d

c o ul d n o t h av e b e e n giv e n E v e n fiv e y e ars ago

.

s o m e o f t h e m o s t i n t e r e st i n g an d c o g e n t o f o ur
a rgu m e n t s w o ul d as e t h a v e b e e n l acki n g
y .

T h e i n t e r e st wh ich h as s o l o n g i n v e st e d o u r
pr o bl e m an d w h i ch h as pr o m pt e d s o m an y at
,

t e m pts t o s o l v e it w as n e v e r g re at e r th an t o d ay
, .

T h e l aps e o f c e n t u ri e s h as r e n d e r e d m an y an o th e r
qu e sti o n an tiqu at e d b u t n o t th i s
, O n t h e c on
.

t rary t h e m o r e t h e m o d e r n w o rl d h as ad v an c e d i n
,

n e w k n o wl e dg e , t h e m o re e xig e n t h as gr o w n t h e

n e c e s si ty o f fi n di n g a v alid s o l u ti o n M e n are f e e l
.

i n g as n e v e r b e f o re th at u n til t h e st arti n g p o i n t o f -

h u m an hi st o ry c an b e d e t e r m i n e d t h e h is t o r i an , ,

t h e arch ae o l o gi st , an d t h e p al e o n t o l o gi c al an th ro
p o lo g i s t a r e a l
l w o r k i n g i n t h e d a rk I t i s s e e n
.

th a t w i th o u t th i s d e sid e r atu m t h e e th n o l o gi st t h e ,

ph il o l o gist t h e m yth o graph e r t h e th e o l o gi an t h e

, , ,

s o c i o l o gi s t c an n o n e o f th e m c o n st ru c t an yth i n g
n o t l i abl e t o p r o f o u n d m o d i fi c ati o n if n o t t o u tt e r
,

o v e r th ro w , t h e m o m e n t a n y n e w l igh t sh a l l b e

th ro w n up o n t h e m o th e r r e gi o n an d t h e pr e hi st o r i c
-

m o v e m e n t s o f t h e h u m an r ac e E v e ry an t h r o po lo g
.

i c al sci e nc e th e r e f o re an d e v e ry sci e n c e r e l at e d t o
, ,

an thr o p o l o gy ,
s e e m s at t h e p re s e n t m o m e n t t o b e
st an di n g i n a s t at e o f d ub it an t e xp e ct an cy w ill ,

i n g t o w o rk a l ittl e t e n t ativ e ly b ut c o n s ci o u s o f ,
 P R E F A CE . ix
i ts d e st itu t i o n o f t h e n e e d fu l p ri m al d atu m an d ,

c o n s ci o u s o f its c o n s e q u e n t l ack o f a v alid s tru e

tu ral law .

T o t h e b e li e v e r i n R e v e l at i o n o r e v e n i n t h e
,

m o s t a n ci e n t an d v e n e r abl e E th n i c Trad iti o n s t h e ,

v o l u m e h e r e p re s e n t e d w il l b e f o u n d t o p o s s e s s u n

c o m m o n i n t e re s t F o r m an y y e ars t h e pu bl ic m i n d
.

h as b e e n s ch o o l e d i n a n ar ro w n atu r al is m wh ic h ,

h as i n i ts w o rl d v i e w as li ttl e ro o m f o r t h e e x
-

t rao rd i n ary as i t h as f o r t h e su p e rn atu r al . D e c ad e

aft e r d e c ad e t h e r e pr e s e n t ativ e s o f th is t e ach i n g
h av e b e e n m e as u r i n g t h e n a tu ral ph e n o m e n a o f
e v e ry age an d o f e v e ry pl ac e by t h e p e t ty m e as u r

i n g ro d o f th e i r o wn l o c al an d t e m p o r ary e xp e ri e n c e .

5 0 l o n g an d s o s u cc e ssfully h av e th e y d o g m atiz e d
o n t h e c o n st an cy o f N atu re s l a w s an d t h e u n if o r m
’

i ty o f N atu re s f o rc e s th at o f l at e i t h as re qu i r e d
'

n o s m al l d e gr e e o f c o u r a g e t o e n abl e an i n t e llig e n t

m a n t o st an d u p i n t h e f ac e o f h is g e n e r ati o n an d
av o w h i s p e rs o n al f a ith i n t h e e arly e xi s t e n c e of

m e n o f gig an tic st at u r e an d o f al m o s t m ill e n a ri an

l o n g e vity. E sp e c i ally h a v e cl e r gy m e n an d Ch r i s
t i an t e ach e rs an d w r it e rs u p o n B ibl i c al h i st o ry
b e e n e m b arr ass e d by t h e p o pu l a r i n cre d ul ity o n
th e s e s u bj e cts a n d n o t i n fr e qu e n tly by a c o n sci o u s
,

n e ss th at th i s i n cr e du l i ty was i n s o m e m e asu r e
sh ar e d by t h e m s e l v e s . T o all s u ch an d i n d e e d
,

t o all t h e b r o ad e r m i n d e d am o n g t h e n a tu ra l ists

th e m s e l v e s a n e w ph il o s o ph y o f pri m e v al h is t o ry
,

a phil o s o phy wh ic h f o r al l t h e all e ge d e xtr ao rdi n ary

x P R E F A CE .

e ff e ct s pr o v id e s t h e ad e qu at e e xtr ao rdi n ary c aus e s

— c an n o t f ail t o p ro v e m o s t w e l c o m e .

T h e e x e c u ti o n o f t h e pl an o f t h e b o o k i s by n o
m e an s all th at t h e a u th o r c o u l d d e s ir e T o the
e l ab o r ati o n o f s o v a st an argu m e n t t h e m at e ri al s
,

f o r w h ich m u st b e gl e an e d fr o m e v e ry p o s sibl e fi e l d
o f k n o wl e dg e t h e b r o a d e s t an d pr o f o u n d e s t sch o l ar
,

m igh t w e l l d e v o t e t h e u n d istr act e d l a b o r o f a l if e

t i m e T o t h e writ e r l o ad e d wi th t h e c ar e s o f a
.
,

l ab o ri o u s e x e c u tiv e o ffic e th e re w e re l ack i n g b o th

,

t h e l e i s u r e an d t h e e qu i p m e n t o th e r wi s e att ai n abl e

f o r s o h igh a t ask . T h e b e s t h e c o ul d d o was t o

t u rn o n e o r t wo s u m m e r v a c ati o n s i n t o wo rk ti m e -

an d gi ve t h e r e s ul t t o t h e w o rld O f t h e c o r r e ct
.

n e s s o f h i s p o si ti o n h e h as n o d o u bt an d of t h e ,

pr e p ar e d n e ss o f t h e sc i e n ti fi c wo rl d t o acc e pt i t h e
i s al s o c o n fid e n t .

T o t h e f o r e g o i n g r e m ark s i t m ay b e pr o p e r t o ad d
th at ap art fr o m i ts i m m e di at e p urp o s e t h e b o o k h as
i n t e re st an d it i s h o p e d v a l u e as a c o n t ri bu t i o n t o
, , ,

t h e i n f an t s c i e n c e o f Co m p ar ati v e M yth o l o gy By .

Tru e Ke y t o A n
“ ’
t h e appl ic ati o n o f t h e au th o r s
”
c i e n t Co s m o l o gy an d Myth i c al G e o graphy i t h as ,

be e n p o s si bl e t o adj u s t an d i n t e rpr e t a gr e at v a
r i e t y o f an c i e n t c o s m o l o gi c al an d g e o gr aph i c al n o

t i o n s n e v e r b e f o r e u n d e rst o o d by m o d e r n s ch o l ars .

F o r e x am pl e t h e o ri gi n an d si g n ifi c an c e o f t h e
,

Chi n v at B ridg e are h e r e f o r t h e fi rs t ti m e e xpl ai n e d .

T h e i n di c ati o n o f t h e po lo c e n t ri c ch aract e r c o m
m o n t o t h e myth i c al sys t e m s o f s ac r e d ge o gr aph y
 P R E F A CE . xi

am o n g al
l an ci e n t p e o p le s w il l p ro b ably b e n e w t o
e v e r y r e a d e r . T h e n e w ligh t th r o w n u p o n s uc h
qu e sti o n s as th o s e re l ati n g t o t h e d i re cti o n o f t h e
S a cr e d Q u a r t e r t h
,
e l o c a ti o n o f t h e A b o d e o f t h e

D e ad t h e ch aract e r an d p o s i ti o n o f t h e Co s m ic al
,

T re e t h e c o urs e o f t h e b a ckw ard fl o wi n g O c e an

,
-

r iv e r th e
,
c o r r e l ati o n o f t h e N a v e l s o f E a rth a n d

H e av e n — n ot t o e n u me r a t e o th e r p i ts
o n ,
— c an
,

h ardly fail t o att rac t t h e l i v e ly a tt e n ti o n o f all s t u

d e n ts an d t e ach e rs o f an ci e n t m yth o l o gy a n d m yth
i c al g e o g ra phy .

T o t e ach e rs o f H o m e r t h e fr e s h c o n tribut i o n s t o
ward a righ t u n d e r st a n di n g o f H o m e ric c o s m o l o gy
a re s u r e t o pr o v e o f v al u e .A n d if i n t h e e n d t h e
, ,

w o rk m ay o n ly l e ad t o a syst e m ati c an d i n t e ll i g e n t
t e ach i n g o f t h e l o n g n e gl e ct e d b u t m o st i m p o rt an t
,

s ci e n c e o f an ci e n t c o s m o l o gy an d m y th ic al g e o g
raph i n al l r e pu t abl e u n iv e rsi ti e s an d cl a s s i c al
y
s ch o o l s it w ill s u re ly n o t h av e b e e n w r itt e n i n v ai n
,
.

Th at t h e au th o r h as e sc ap e d all e r r o rs an d o v e r
sigh ts w hil e ran gi n g thr o ugh s o n u m e ro u s an d s u ch
d iv e rs e fi e ld s o f i n v e sti gati o n m an y o f wh i ch are
,

b u t j us t o p e n e d t o t h e pi o n e e ri n g s p e c i al ist i s t o o ,

m u ch t o e xp e ct .H e o n ly a sks th at an y su ch bl e m
i sh e s wh ich a m o r e c o m p e t e n t sch o l arsh i p m ay d e
t e e t o r wh i c h t h e p ro g re ss o f n e w l e arn i n g m ay
,

e t bri n g t o l igh t m a o t b e all o w e d t o p re j u d ic e

y y ,
n

t h e f o rc e o f tru e argu m e n ts b u t m ay b e p o i n t e d o ut
,

i n t h e S pi r i t o f a c a n did an d h e l pful criti c i s m .

I n c o n clu si o n t h e a u th o r r e sp e ctfully c o m m it s
,
his wo rk t o t ru th se e ki n g spirits — n o t l e ss t o
l
al -
,

t h e p a ti e n t i nv e s ti g at or s o f n at ur e th an t o t h e st u

d e nts o i hi s t o ry o f l i t e r at ur e an d o f r e ligi o n Par

'
‘

, , .
.

t i c ula rl wou
'

ld h e c m m e n d i t t o all t h o s e y e arn i n g
y o

an d wa iti n g Ke rzz s s fik ree re w h o s e xp ri n ce h

g
'

e e e as

b e e n d e s c rib e d by H an s A n d e rs e n i n t h e w o rd s ,

E s w ar e i n m al e i n KOn i gs s o h n N i e m an d h att e so
v i e l e u n d sch on e B uch e r wi e e r A ll e s was i n d i e s e r ,

W e lt g e s ch e h e n k o n n t e e r d ari n l e s e n u n d d i e A b
, ,

b ild u n ge n i n prac h t i ge n Ku pf e rst ich e n e rbl ick e n .

V o n j e d e m V o lk e un d j e d e m L an d e k o n n t e e r
A u sku n ft e rh alt e n ; ab e r wo d e r G art e n d e s P ara
d i e s e s z u fin d e n s e i d av o n s t an d k e i n W o rt d ari n ,

wa r em e r am
’

a re el
’ ’ ’
em a
’
a e r, g e ra d e aer es , m e zs te rz
ree f
d aze/ ”

B O ST O N .

1 T he s am e , be i ng i nt e rpre te d , re ad as fo l l o ws :
“
O n ce upo n a

i
t m e t h e re was a k i ng s
’
son ; n o b o d y h ad so m an y an d s uc h b e au
t iful b o o k s as he . I n t h e s e all t h at h ad e v e r h appe n e d i n t h e wo r ld
h e c o u l d e ad r an d se e i
d e p cte d i n l
sp end id e n gr av n gs i . Of e ve ry

pe o pl e an d o f e v e ry an d c o u l ld i f i
h e ge t n o rm at o n , b ut as t o wh e re
th e G ard e n of E d e n was , -
n o t a wo rd was t o b e o un d t h e re n 3 f i
an d t hi s , j us t t his i t was , on whi ch h e me di t at e d mos t o f al
l. ”
 T A B L E O F CO N T E N T S .

P AG E

P A RT F I R ST .

TH E L OCA T I O N OF ED E N : ST A T E OF TH E Q U E ST I O N .

C H A PT E R I .

TH E RE SU LT S O F E X PLO RE RS , H I ST O R I C A N D LE GE N D A RY .

Co l umb us appro ac h i g t h e gate n

T h e e po rt o f S i r J o h n d e M u
r a n d e v ille
A d e t u e o f Pri e E i e k
v n r s nc r

T he vo
yage s ofS t B ran d an an d O f Oge r
.

T he s u cce ss o f t h e au t h o r o f Tl
ze B o ok o
f
A i ’
n e q u e s t r an s an t c i i pat i o ns

D i d L i i gs to e a s e
av v n n arc h e r fo r E d e n
U n an i m o us e rdi c t N
v on er! i n v e n lu :

C H A PT E R I I .

TH E R E SU LT S O F TI I E O LO O I A N S .

I d e as of t h e c h urc h f a t h e rs

Op n i io ns of L ut h e r an d o f Ca l i v n

Co n t e m po rary O p n o n i i e n t re i l y c o fl i ct i
n ng

l i
I n c o n c us v e c h arac t e r of t h e B i bl i c al d at a
“
T h e gard e n eart wa r
T he E uph rat e s
T h e pro b le m l
uns o v e d if ht i
o ns o u l ble ”
x iv TA B L E OF CON TE N TS .

C H A PT E R I I I .

T H E R E S U LT S O F N O N - T H E O L O G I CA L S CH O L A R S : N A T U RA LI ST S , ETH

N O LOG I ST S, ETC .

T he un i ty o f t h e h um an s pe c e s i
B ut o ne m o th e r -
i
re g o n

I ts l o c at o ni te n d iff e re n t an s we rs

V i ws o f D a wi H ac k e l Pe sc h e l
e r n, , , e tc .

V i e w o f Q u t f g s O b y e tc
s a re a e ,
r ,
.

L cat i o
o o f l st A t l a t i s
ns o n

T h e o y O f F i e d i c h D li t sc h
r r r e z

T heo y of E B
r u is . ea vo

T h e y f G e l d M as s y
or o ra e

T h e U t pi a s o n

D e s pai o f a so l ut i o
r n

PA RT SE CO N D .

A F R E SH H Y P OT H E S I S : P R I M I T I V E ED EN AT TH E N ORT H
P OLE .

C H A PT E R I .

TH E H Y PO T H E S I S, A N D T H E CO ND ITI O NS OF I T S A D M I SS I B I L I T Y .

S t at e m e n t of the h ypo t h e s is
S e ve n i
sc e n c e s t o be s at s fie d i
C H A PT E R I I .

I M PO RT A NT N E W F E A T U RE S A T O N C I NT RO D U CE D I NT O T H E PRO B
E

LE M O F T H E SI T E OF E D E N A N D T H E S I G N I F I CA N CE O F T H E SE F O R

A V A L I D SO L U T I O N .

li i i
S e v e n pe c u ar t e s o f a po ar E de n l
i
O ur h ypo t h e s s co n s e q u e n t y m o s t d ffic u t l i l
i
I t s c e rt a n br e ak d o wn if n o t t rue -

PA R T TH I RD .

T H E H Y P O T H E S I S S CI E N T I F I CA L LY T E ST E D A N D CO N F I R M E D .

C H A PT E R I .

T H E T E ST I M O NY OF SCI E NT I F I C GE O G O NY .

Po pu l p ep s iar r o se s s o n s

S e cul ar e f i ge at i o
r r r n of t h e e arth
 TA B L E OF CON TE N TS .

I ne v i tabl e i m pl i cat i o ns o f t he d o ctr i ne

B e ar i g f t h e up
n o es o n o ur pro b l em

C H A PT E R I I .

T H E T E ST I M O NY OF A ST RO NO M I CA L G E O G RA P H Y .

L e n gt h o f the po ar d ay l
M is tak e s o f G e k e an d L e
y i i ll
T he ac t ua l d ura tid ay g h t
on of li
E x pe r ie n ce o f W e ypre c h t an d Paye r

E x pe r ie n ce o f B are n tz

i
C t at i on f ro m B aro n N o rd e n s i ld
T he s tate m e n t o f Capta i n Pi m
T he l
e x p ana t o n o f i d i s c re pa n c e s i
A f
sa e s e tt e l me n t of the q ue s t i o n
T h e po ar n g h t l i
A s pe c ts an d pro gre ss of t h e po ar l d ay
A parad i s ic a ab o d e

C H A PT E R I I I .

TH E T E ST I M O NY OF P H Y S I O G RA PH I CA L G E O LO GY .

i ii
A pr m t v e c rc um po ar co n t i n e n t i l
A n t c pat e d by K e e
i i l
S pe c u at o n s o f W a ace
l i ll
l
P o s t u at e d by P ro e ss o r H e e r f
l
A s o by B aro n N o rd e n s i ld
i
T e s t m o n y o f S t ark e G ard n e r i
i
T e s t mo n y o f G e k e i i
T he or
’
i e s as t o i ts s ubm e rge n c e

A d h e m ar ’
s t h e o ry
T h e o ry o f t d a ac t o n i l i
i i
L e b n tz s t h e o ry o f c rus t
’
-
co ll apse

S um m ary O f ev id e n ce u n d e r i
th s h e ad

C H A PT E R I V .

TH E T E ST I M O NY o r P RE H I ST O R I C CL I M A T O L O GY .

i l
Pr m e va t e m pe ra t u re at t h e Po e l
i
T h e e v d e n ce o f s c e n t fic ge o go n y i i
T he ev i de n ce o f
pa e o n t ol l gi cal bo t a
o n
y
T e s t m o ny o f i l if e h s to r
-
y i
i
E s t m at e s of Pro fe s sor H eer

D l
e c arat o n o f i S i r Ch ar le s L ye ll
Co n c l us i o n
 TA B L E OF CON TE N TS .

C H A PT E R V .

T H E T E ST I M O NY OF PA LE O N T O L OG I CA L B OT A NY .

T he s t a rt ng i -

po i n t o f all fl o ral type s

A re m ar k ab e re c e n t l d i s co ve r
y
S ir J o s e ph H ook e r

T he c o n tr i but i o n of H eer

O f P ro f e ss A s a G y or ra

T he c l i m o f Co u t S p
a t n a or a

T he c o c l us i o s o f O tt
n Ku n t n o ze

C H A PT E R V I .

TH E T E ST I M O NY OF PA L E O N T O L OG I CA L ZO O L OGY .

G e o graph i cal d i t i but i o o f a i m l s s r n n a

F i t e m a k b l e f ct
rs r r a a

S e co d m k ble f ct
n re ar a a

L g ge o f P f s s o O rt n
an ua ro e r o

L g g of P f s o r P k
an ua e d ro e s ac ar

M A lf d R us s e l W all ac e i t e d
r. re c

C o c l us i o n
n

C H A PT E R V I I .

TH E T E ST I M O NY OF PA L E O N T O L O G CA A N T H ROPOL O G
I L Y A ND GEN

ER A L ETH N O L O GY .

O n e t rav e l er wh o h as b e e n i n E d e n
H is note boo k s l os t
W h at s ays P a léoe t/zm gu e i
s c e n ce ?
T h e firs t c o n c us o n s o f Q uat re age s l i f
ii
H i s pre m o n t o n s o f a n e w d o c tr n e i
’
C o un t S apo rt a s c o n c us o n s l i
F M ii lle r an d M W agne r s v e ws i
’
. .

A n t h ro po go n y by v rt ue o f i i ce an d c o ld
A n un ac ce pt ab e t h e o ry l

C H A PT E R V I I I .

N CL U S O N
CO I OF P A RT T H I RD .

A wo rd ro m Pri n c a f a so n ip l D w
S u m m ary o f re s u t s t h u s f ar l
A n u ne x pe c t e d r e n orce m e n t i f
Wh e re di d L ife B eg i n

Co n firm at o ry e xt rac ts
 TA B L E OF CON TE N TS . XVI I

P A R T F O U RT H .

TH E H YP OT H E S I S CO N F I R M E D B Y E T H N I C T RA D I T I O N .

C H A PT E R I .

A N CI E NT CO S M O LO G Y A ND M Y T H I CA L G E OG RA PH Y .

T he m ist ak e n m o d e rn as s um pt o n i
T he T rue Ke y
l
G e n e ra s t at e me n t
T he M o un t a n o f i the W o rl d
T he s am e i n E gypt i an Myt h o l o gy
I n the A k k ad an , A i i
ss yr an , an d B aby o n l i an

I n t he Ch n e s e i
I n th e I n d o A ryan -

I n th e B ud d h i s ti c
I n the I ran an i
I n the G re e k an d R o m an
T he U n d e rwo r ld
C au t io n s as t o i te n rpre t at o n i
T he c h o ro graph y o f Ch r s t i ia n h ym n s

C H A PT E R I I .

T H E C RA D LE OF TH E RA CE IN A N C E N T JA PA N E S E
I T H O U GH T .

T he mos t i
an c e n t J apan e se b o ok
J apan e se c o s m o go n y

gi
’
I z an a S s pe ar

T he I l
s an d o f t h e i
Co r ge a le d D ro p

S i r E d ward R e e d p ace s i t at t h e P o l le .

M r G rifii s re ach e s t h e s am e c o n c us
. l i on

C H A PT E R I I I .

T H E C RA D L E OF TH E RA C E IN CH I NE S E T H OU G H T .

T h e T an i tp s arad s e i
D e scr i pt i o s n

T he l dpill
s t u pe n d o us wo r -
ar

C c t th
o n ne t t i l s d l ti l
e e rre s r a an ce e s a pa rad i se s
S me i d
a i the T l m d ea n a u

T h St e gt h f t h H il l f S i
re n o e o on

Sh g t d l w p l
’
an pp
-
e s u e r an o er a ac e s

A t t he e l t i l
r -
cd t t i l P l
es a an e rre s r a o es
x viii TA B L E OF CON TE N TS .

CH A PT E R I V .

TH E CRA D L E OF TH E R A CE IN E A ST A RY A N H I ND U
T h e wo r d l of the B rah m an s
T he ab o d e o f Y am a .

T he v ars h as o f t h e up e r
p wo r d l
T he n o rt h ward
j o urn e y t o M o un t M e ru
T h e d e s ce n t t o U t t ara k u ru
I ll u s t rat o n s o f i t h e P uran c i wo r d l
’

I liz v ri t a, t h e H i ndu s
’
E de n
I t s n o rt h po l ar p s i t i o o n

L e no rm an t
’
s lan guage
i
R t te r
’
s un w i tt i ng te s t i m o ny
l
T h e po ar re g i o n i s M e ru
M e ru t h e G ard e n o f t h e T re e of i
L fe

C H A PT E R V .

T H E CRA D L E O F T H E RA CE I N I RA NI A N O R O L D - PE R SI A N T H OU GH T .

T h e pr m t v e pa r i ii i an d th e i r abo d e
Ke y t o t h e I ran an i c o s m graph y o

T h e Ch i at B ri dge nv

Cu r t m i i n t e p e t at i o s
re n s r r n

T we l e q ue s t i o s n we d
v n a s re

T rue n at ure o f t h e b i d g r e

I t s po s i t i o n
P sitio of K
o i s
n v an ra .

T h e m yt h i c g o g ph y o f t h e Pe s i a e ra r ns .

D i ag m o f t h e K h
ra es es v ar

Po l po s i t i o o f I
ar t h e A n ci e n t
n ran

C H A PT E R V I .

TH E CRA D L E OF TH E R A CE IN A KK A D I A N , A SSY RI A N , A ND BA BY

LO N I A N T H O U G H T .

T he s ac re d m o un ta n i
Ch a d ae an l c os m o o gy l
L e n o rm an t ii ’
s e x po s t o n

T h e e i c o s i s te c i e s
r n n n

L o c t i n O f t h e wo rl d m o un tai n
a o -

L o rm t s d i fficu l ti e s ’
en an

T h e t u s o l ut i on
r e

T wo A k k ad s
T h e m o un t o f t h e U n de e rld
I t d e t e rm n e s th e s i t e i of Kh ars ak
A nd th i s t h e s i te of t he A k k ad i an E d e n
 TA B L E OF CON TE N TS .
xi x

C H A PT E R V I I .

T H E C RA D L E O F TH E RA C E I N A N CI E N T E GY PT I A N T H OU GH T .

U nd e re s t i m a te s of E gypt i i
an s c e n c e

S i x t h e s e s i n E gypt ia n c o s m o o gy l
I ts e a rt h a s ph e re
N o rt h e rn an d so u t h e rn t e rm i i
n

F o ur s u ppo r t s o f h e av e n at the N o rt h
ll l
A para e i n B ud d h s t c o s m o o gy i l
T h e so ut h e rn h e m s ph e re t h e U n d e rwo r d i l
i
T h e h gh e s t N o rt h t h e ab o d e o f t h e go d s
A n i n t e re s t n
g i h i g yph
e ro l
P l at o s
’
E gypt i an E d e n s to ry -

C H A PT E R V I I I .

T H E CRA D L E OF TH E RA CE IN A N CI E N T G RE E K T H OU GH T .

S u ppo s e d d i s c re pan c e s o f i ii
t rad t o n
Po ss b i l e g e e m en ta r

A re m i i s ce c e o f M o u
n n nt M e ru
R e n an and L e n o rm an t
Lo s t A t l an t i s
D lio m
e uk a n, a an o f t h e N o rt h
T he I l f K s es o ro no s

T h G lde A ge o en

W lfg g M
o l an e n ze
’
s v e rd c t i
Co l i d t
n c us o n an ra n s i tio n

P A RT F I F T H .

F U RT H E R VE R I F I CA T I O N S O F T H E H Y P OT H E S I S BA SE D U PO N
A ST U D Y o r T H E P E CU L I A R I T I E S o r A P O LA R P A RA D I S E .

C H A PT E R I .

TH E ED E N ST A RS .

S te ll ar i
m o t on at t h e Po le
H as ii
t rad t o n an y re m n i i s ce n ce o f s uch

T he s t range d o c t ri n e of A n ax ago ras

Ch ald azan an d E gypt i an t rad i tio n s

A n at u ra l l
e x p an at o n i
T h e m yt h o f Ph aet h o n
'

i
I ran an an d A z t e c t rad t i i o ns
Re s u t l
XX TA B L E OF CON TE N TS .

C H A PT E R I I .

TH E EDE N DAY .

Le ngth of d ay at t h e Po le
S un r i se i n t h e S o ut h
T h e t rad t i io n of t h e N o rt h m e n
T h e t ra dit i n o of th e an c e n t i Pe rs i an s
T h e t ra diti on of t h e E as t A ryans
T h e ye ar d ay o f H o m e r
-

ii
T h e t rad t o n o f t h e N av aj o s

C H A PT E R I I I .

TH E ED E N ZE NI TH .

l
T h e po ar z e n t h i s t h e Po e i l
i
T h s t h e t rue h e av e n o f t h e firs t m e n
T h e H e bre w c o n c e pt o n i
T h e E gypt an c o n ce pt o n i i
T h e A k k ad an c o n ce pt o n i i
T he A l i co
s s yr i o - B ab y o n an n c e pt o ni
T h e S b ae an co c e pt i o n
a n

T h V e d i c co c e pt i o n
e n

T h e B ud d h i t i c c o ce pt i o n
s n

T h e P h oe i c i c o ce pt i o n
n an n

T h e G e e k c o c e pt i n
r n o

T h e E trus c an an d R o m an c o n ce pt o n i
T he J apan e e c o c e pt i o n s n

T h e C h i n e se c o ce pt i n on

T h e an c i e t G e rm a i c c o c e pt i o n
n n n

T h e an c i e t F i n n i c c o c e pt i o n
n n

H o w c am e t h e B i b li c l E d e t o b e a n In the
S o l ut i o n o f t h e pro bl e m
Co n firm at i o ns an d i ll us t rat i o s n

C H A PT E R I V .

TH E NA VE L OF TH E E A RT H .

l
Pre v a e n ce o f th e e x pre s s i o n
l
I t s s ym bo li ca an d c o m m e m o rat i v e c h arac t e r

l
T h e J e rus a e m e arth ce n t re -

T h at o f t h e G re e k s
T h at o f t h e B ab yl o n i an s
T h at o f t h e H i n d us
 xxi i TA B L E OF CON T E N TS .

C H A PT E R V I I .

X U B E RA N CE O F TH E E LI F E .

E t h i c t rad i t i E th d t i ti
’
n s of th on e ar s e e r o ra on

A lso o f th d te i tie f m ki d
e r o ra on o an n

S t tu
a d l g i ty f p i m e l m e
re an on ev o r va n

A ll c d i b l e
re h yp t h i o n o ur o es s

L an g g f P f
ua e o Ni h l ro e s so r c o son

A it ti f m F ig i
c a on ro u er

0 T h gi g t i S q
e an i f A t i i gi
c e uo a o rc c or n

A i m l lif i t h T t i y p i d
n a e n e er ar er o

P im i ti
r f m by o m e m t s it ie s
ve or s n an s o ns ro

A llt h i s we al t h o f f u f m t h e N o th a na ro r

C H A PT E R V I I I .

RE V I E W O F TH E A R GU M E NT .

N at ure of t h e argum e n t
S e v e n t e s ts li c ab l e t o y l o c at i o
a pp an n

S e e n o t h e s pe c uli a t o a l o c at i o at t h e Po l e
v r r n

A d o ubl e d e m ns t t i o n o ra

B aill y s appro i m at i o t t h t ut h
’
x n o e r

A no t h e r i d e pe d e t l i e
n f e i d e ce
n n n o v n

Ph il o s o ph y o f p e i o us f ail u e s r v r

P h il o ph y o f m e d i ae al c
os f sion v on u

P t i s t i c d e sc i pt i o s m ad e pl i n
a r r n a

T h e wo rl d o f C o s m as I d i co ple us te s n

T h e wo l d o f C o l um bu s
r

T h e wo rl d o f D a t e n

H o w h i gh e s t h e a e n c am e t o b e un d e v r fo o t .

P A R T S I XT H .

TH E S I G N I F I CA N CE O F OU R R E S U LT S .

C H A PT E R

T H E I R B E A RI NG U PO N TH E ST U D Y OF A ND T E R R E ST R I A L

PH Y S I CS .

T he sc e ncesi
i m m e d i ate l y affe c te d
T h e se r i ce s f b i l gy t
v o c h ae o l
o o o ar o
gy
T h e se i c e o f a c h aeo l o gy t o b i l
rv s r o o
gy
N arro w e ss o f m a y b i o l o g i s t s
n n

E il s t h e e o f
v r
 TA B L E OF CON TE N TS . xx iii
T h e t rue c o rre c t v e i
T he l ate s t ge n e ra z at o n o f pa e o n t o li i l l o gy
A nt c i i pa te d i n t wo Pe rs an m yt h s i
T e rre s t r i al l ife g -
am ut o f t h e H n d us i
I ts les son to s t ud e n ts o f t he Or g ni i of L ife
E x t rao rd i n ary b i o l g i cal o ii
co n d t o n s

M o s t f o b l e o f ll at t h e
av ra a Po l e s
B i l o gi c al s u pe ri o i ty f t h e N t h P l e
o r o or o

R e a o s t o b m o re f u ll y i
s n e t i g te d
e nv s a

H e i gh t e e d f as c i n at i o n o f po l ar e pl o at i o n
n x r

C H A PT E R I I .

TH E B E A RI NG OF O U R R E SU LT S O N TH E ST U D Y O F A N CI ENT LI T '

E RA T U RE .

D i
arw n s
’
pr m e v a m an i l
H is d i s co v e r
y of the sk y
A n d of i n fi i te h e i gh t
t re e s o f n

T h e s h o rt m e m o ri e s
“
o f V e d i c wo s h i pe rs r

T h i r o c e a p o d uc i g i m ag i at i o s
e n -
r n n n

B u bu y n H o me i c s c i e c e
n r o r n

E e ge t i cal d i s t o rt i o ns o f
x c i e t t h o ugh t an n

H m e r s c o s m o l o gy e e po u d e d
’
o r -
x n

F i s t as t o t h e m o e m e t f t h e s u
r ,
v n o n

Se c d as t o t h e l o c at i o n o f H d e
on , a s

T h i d as t o t h e c o m i c wat e s ys t e m
r , s r-

F o urt h as t t h e O l ym po s o f t h e go d
,
o s

F if t h as t o t h e t ll pill s o f A t l s
,
a ar a

T h e e e ge t i c al m e t h o d d i c t ate d by o u re ul ts
x r s

I ts f rui t f ul e s s i t h e f ut ure n n

C H A PT E R I I I .

TH E B E A RI NG OF O U R RE SU LT S O N TH E P RO B LE M O F TH E O RI G I N
A ND E A R LI E ST F O RM O F RE LI G I O N .

T h e pan e t h n c acc o un t -
i
’
H um e s d s s e n t i
T he do ctr i ne of Co m t e .

M ii lle r ’
f
s re ut at o n o f i pr m t i ii ve fe t i c h i sm .

S ir Joh n L ubb o c k
’
s s c h e me

Re f ut t i o by Ro s k o fl a d o th
a n
'

n e rs

C p ri s t h e o y
’
as a r

T h e t h e o ry o f J ule s B aiss c a
 TA B L E OF CON TE N TS .

C urre n t appro x i m at o n s o f i t e ac h i n
g
A s to the or i gi n of th e art s

A s to i n te l l e c t u al po we rs o f t h e firs t m e n
A s i r s upe r f i i i
t o t he i -
e t c h s t c at t t u d e

A s t o t h e i r m o o gam o us f m il y f o rm n a

A s t o t h e i r c pac i ty f o r m o n o th e i s m
a

S e v e n c o n c l us i o n s

C H A PT E R I V .

TH E B E A RI NG OF O U R R E SU LT S O N TH E PH I L O SO PH Y OF H I ST O RY

A ND ON TH E T H E O RY OF TH E D E V E LO P M E N T OF CI VI L I Z A T I O N .

T he apo s t e s o f l i
pr m e va l s av age r
y
T he i r d o ct i r ne

S ub -
s av a i i
ge s t up d ty o f t h e firs t m e n
D r W il l ion
h e m M an n h ard t s re pre s e n t at
’
.

A m o s t i m po rt an t pri m i t i v e d i s co v e ry
D aph n e n o t a t re e
E m ph at i c d e m an d f o r an t e d il uv i an l o n ge v i t y
T h e n e w B abe l
N i n e m e m o ran d a
l
Pri m e v a h u m an h i s t o ry
T h e an c i e n t e t h n i c v i e w B i b li c a an d t rue l
P l ’
at o s an t e d il u i anv age

T he c o n s e n s u s o f all an c e n t re i li gi o ns

T he S t o n e A ge i n t h e gh t o f o u r li re s u l ts
i i
O r g n o f pos t d uv an aws an d s t at e s il i l
i
A n m ag nary c o n ve rs at o n i i
A paga n t e s t m o n y i
T o t h os e wh o h e ar n o t M o se s an d t h e Pro ph e ts
Co n c lu io s n

A PP E N D I X .

T h e E art h Co um b u s n o t
of l a T rue S ph e re
l
'

H ow th e E arth w as Pe o p e d
R e ce pt io T h e T rue Ke y
n of

T he E art h a n d W o r d o f t h e H n d us l i
T he W o r d Pi ar o f t h e R ig V e d a
l -
ll
A bo de of t h e D e ad
’
H om e r s .

L at e s t P o l ar R e s e arc h
T ru s t wo rt h i n e ss o f l
E ar y T rad t i io n

I n de x of A ut h o rs i
c te d

I nde x to th e W o rk
 I L L U S T R A T I O NS .

KE V To A N CI E N T CO S M O L O GY
‘

F r an t zspzece
‘

N I GH T S KI ES OF EDE N
TH E A N T I PO D A L PO LA R M O U NT A I N S

TH E EA RT H OF THE H I ND U S . No I
. .

T H E E A RT H OF TH E H I ND U S . No I I
. .

TH E E A RT H OF TH E PE RS I A N s

T H E N A VE L OF TH E E A RT H

E A RT H OF CO L U M B U S

T H E E A RT H OF D A NTE
W O RLD OF H O ME R
 PA R T F I R S T .

L O CA T I O N OF ED EN : ST A T E OF TH E
QU E S T I O N .

CH A I’ .

I . R E S U LT S OF TH E E X P LO R E R S , H I S T O RI C A ND LE GE N .

D A RY .

I I . R E SU LT S O F T H E T H E O LO G I A NS .

I I I . R E S U LT S OF —
N O N T H E O L O G I CA L SCH O L A R S : N A T U RA L
I ST S , e tc .
 ll l
Y O U s h a un d e rs t an d th at n o m ort a m ay approach to t h at P arad s e f o r by an d i l
il
n o m an m ay g o , fo r w d b e as t s t h at are i n t h e d e s e rt s , an d f o r t h e h gh mo u n t a n s i i
k
an d gre at h ug e ro c s t h at n o m an m ay pas s b y f o r t h e d ar p ac e s t h a t are t h e re ; k l
an d b y t h e I I V CI S m ay n o m an g o , fo r t h e w at e r ru n s s o ro ugh y an d s o s h arp y, b e
' '

l l v

l i
c aus e i t c o m e s d o wn s o o u t rag e o us y f ro m t h e h gh p ac e s ab o ve , t h at i t r u n s i n s o l
i il
gre at wav e s t h at n o s h p m ay ro w o r s a ag a n s t i t ; an d t h e wa t e r ro ars s o , an d i
k i
m a e s s o h u ge a n o s e , an d s o g re at a t e m pe s t , t h at n o m an m ay h e ar a n o t h e r i n t h e
i
s h p t h o ugh h e c r e d w th al i i
l t h e m gh t h e c o u d i l
M an y g re at 10 I d s h ave assaye d .

wi th g re at w ill m an y t im es by t h o s e
t o pass i
r v e rs t o w ard s P arad i se , i w th f ull
gre at c o m pan e s ; i b ut i
t h e y m gh t n o t s pe e d i n the r i vo
yage ; an d m an y di ed fo r
w e ar i f
n e ss o i
r o w n g a ga n s t i th e s t ro n g w av e s ; an d m an y o f t h e m b e c am e li
b nd ,
an d m an y d e af , f ro m i
t h e n o s e o f t h e w at e r ; an d s o m e pe ri s h e d an d we re l ost i n

the w av e s ; so t h at n o m t l m or a an m ay appro ac h t o t h at l i
p ac e w t h o ut t h e s pe c a il
grace of Go d . SI R J N DE M
OH A U N D E V I L LE .
4 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

G an ge s i n I n di a , th e Tigris an d E uph rate s , an d t he

N il e .

I do not fin d , v e r h av e f o u n d an y acc o u n t by t h e
n or e ,

R o m an s o r G re e k s w h ic h fix e s i n a p o s i t iv e m an n e r t h e
site o f t h e t e rre s t ri al P aradi s e n e ith e r h av e I s e e n it give n ,

i n an y m appe— m on ae l aid d o w n f ro m aut h e n tic s o u rc e s

’
, .

S o m e pl ac e d it i n E t h i o pi a at t h e s o u rc e s o f t h e N il e but ,

o t h e rs ,
t rave rs i n g all th e s e c o u n t ri e s f o u n d n e ith e r t h e ,

t e m pe ratu re n o r t h e altitud e o f t h e s un c o rre s po n d with

th e i r id e as re s pe cti n g it n o r did it ap pe ar t h at t h e o v e r
wh e l m i n g w ate rs o f t h e d e luge h ad b e e n th e re S o m e .

p ag an s p re t e n d e d t o adduc e argu m e n ts t o e st abli s h t h at

it was i n t h e F o rtu n at e I s l an d s n o w c all e d t h e Can ari e s ,
.

S t I sid o re B e d e an d S t rab o an d t h e M as te r o f sc h o
.
,
1
,

l astic h i s to ry with S t A m b ro s e an d S c o tus an d all t h e

,
2
.
,

l e arn e d th e o l o gi an s agre e th at t h e e arth ly P aradis e is i n

t h e E ast .

I h av e al re ady d e s c rib e d m y id e as c o n c e rn i n g t h is
h e m i s p h e re an d its f o rm 3
an d I h av e n o d o ubt th at if
,

I c o uld pas s b e l o w t h e e q u i n o cti al li n e a f te r re ac h i n g t h e

high e s t po i n t o f wh ic h I h ave s p o k e n I s h o uld fin d a ,
.

m uc h m ild e r t e m pe ratu re an d a v ari ati o n i n t h e st ars an d

i n t h e w at e r : n o t t h at I s u ppo s e t h at e l e v at e d p o i n t t o
b e n avig abl e n o r e v e n t h at t h e re i s w at e r t h e re 3 i n d e e d
, ,

I b e li e v e it i s i m po s s ibl e t o as c e n d t h it h e r b e c au s e I am ,

c o n vi n c e d t h at it i s th e s p o t o f t h e e arthly P aradi s e ,

wh ith e r n o o n e c an go but by G o d s p e rm issi o n but t h is ’

l an d wh ic h yo u r H ig h n e s se s h ave n o w s e n t me t o e xpl o re
i s v e ry e xt e n s iv e an d I t h i n k t h e re are m an y o t h e r
,

c o u n t ri e s i n t h e s o uth o f w h ic h t h e wo rld h as n e v e r h ad
,

an y k n o wl e dg e .

I d o n o t s u ppo s e t h at t h e e art h ly P aradi s e i s i n t h e

f o rm o f a r ugge d m o u n t ai n as t h e d e s c ri pti o n s o f it h av e,

m ad e it ap pe ar but th at it is o n t h e s umm it o f t h e sp o t
,

1 W l f i d St
a a r e b f R i h ra B d us o e c e n au , a en .

9
'

P e t rus Co m e s t o r, wh o wro t e t h e H i stor i c: S C/

zola Stzca .

3 S e e A PPE N X D I , S e ct I . .
 R E S U L TS OF E X P L ORE /( S .

5
whic h I h av e d e s c rib e d as b e i n g i n t h e f o rm o f t h e st alk
r st e m e n d ] o f a p e ar ; t h e a pp ro ac h t o it f ro m a d i s
[ o

t an c e m u s t be by a c o n s t an t a n d g radu al asc e n t ; but I

b e li e ve t h at as I h av e al re ady s aid n o o n e c o uld e v e r
, ,

re ac h t h e t o p ; I t h i n k al s o t h at t h e w ate r I h av e d e
sc rib e d m ay pro c e e d f ro m it t h o ug h it b e f ar o ff an d th at
, ,

s t e ppi n g at t h e pl ac e I h av e j u s t l e f t it f o rm s t h is l ak e , .

Th e re are g re at i n dic ati o n s o f t h i s b e i n g th e t e rre s

t ri al P aradi s e fo r i t s s itu ati o n c o i n cid e s with t h e O pi n i o n s
,

o f t h e h o ly an d wi s e t h e o l o gi an s w h o m I h av e m e n ti o n e d ;

an d m o re o v e r t h e o t h e r e vid e n c e s ag re e wit h t h e s up
, ,

p o si t i o n fo r I h av e n e v e r e it h e r re ad o r h e ard o f f re s h
,

w at e r c o m i n g i n s o l arge a qu an ti ty i n cl o se c o n j un cti o n ,

with t h e w ate r o f t h e s e a ; t h e id e a i s al s o c o rro b o rat e d

by t h e bl an d n e ss o f t h e te mp e ratu re ; an d i f t h e w at e r
o f w h ic h I S p e ak d o e s n o t pro c e e d f ro m t h e e art h ly

P aradis e it s e e m s t o b e a still g re ate r wo n d e r fo r I d o

, ,

n o t b e li e v e t h at t h e re i s a n y rive r i n t h e w o rld s o l arge

an d d e e p .

Wh e n l l e f t t h e D rag o n s M o ut h w h ic h is t h e n o rth
’
,

e rn m o s t o f t h e t wo s t rait s w h ic h I h av e d e sc rib e d an d ,

w h ic h I s o n ame d o n t h e d ay o f o ur l ady o f A ugust I 1

,

f o u n d th at t h e s e a ran s o st ro n gly t o t h e w e s tward t h at

b e tw e e n t h e h o u r o f m as s w h e n I w e igh e d an c h o r an d
2
, ,

t h e h o u r o f c o m pli n e s
8
I m ad e sixty fiv e l e agu e s o f f o u r -

m il e s e ac h ; an d n o t o n ly was t h e wi n d n o t vi o l e n t but ,

o n t h e c o n t rary v e ry g e n tl e w h ic h c o n firm e d m e i n t h e ,

c o n clu s i o n t h at i n s aili n g s o uthw ard t h e re i s a c o n ti n u

o us as c e n t w h il e t h e re i s a c o rre s p o n di n g d e sc e n t t o
,

w ard s t h e n o rth .

I h o ld it f o r c e rt ai n t h at t h e w at e rs o f t h e s e a m o v e
f ro m e as t t o w e s t with t h e sky an d t h at i n p assi n g t h is ,

t rack t h e y h o ld a m o re rapid c o u rs e an d h av e t h us e ate n ,

aw ay l arg e t racts o f l an d an d h e n c e h as re sult e d t h i s

,

gre at n u m b e r o f i s l an d s ; i n d e e d t h e s e isl an ds t h e m ,

1 Th f t f t h A um pt i
e e as o e ss on.
9
P b bl y i A M
ro a s x . . Ni e P M 3
n . .
6 P A RA D I S E F OU ND .

s e lve s aff o rd an additi o n al p ro o f o f it f o r o n t h e o n e ,

h an d all t h o s e w h ic h lie w e s t an d e as t o r a l ittl e m o re

, ,

o bliqu e ly n o rth w e st an d s o ut h e ast

-
are b ro ad ; wh il e -

t h o s e wh ic h lie n o rth an d s o uth o r n o rth e ast an d s o uth -

w e s t th at is i n a di re ctly c o n trary di re cti o n t o t h e s aid

,

wi n d s are n arro w f u rth e rm o re th at th e s e isl an d s s h o uld

, ,

p o s s e ss t h e m o s t c o s tly p ro ducti o n s i s t o b e acc o u n te d

f o r by t h e m ild t e m p e ratu re wh ic h c o m e s t o t h e m f ro m ,

h e av e n s i n c e t h e s e are t h e m o s t e l e v at e d p arts o f t h e
,

w o rld I t i s true th at i n s o m e parts t h e w at e rs d o n o t

.

app e ar t o t ak e t h i s c o u rs e but t h i s o n ly o ccu rs i n c e rtai n

,

s po t s w h e re t h e y are o b s t ruct e d by l an d an d h e n c e t h e y ,

ap pe ar t o t ak e di ff e re n t di re cti o n s .

I n o w re tu rn t o m y s ub j e ct o f t h e l an d o f G raci a ,

a n d o f t h e riv e r a n d l ak e f o u n d t h e re w h ic h l att e r m igh t ,

m o re p ro pe rly b e c all e d a s e a f o r a l ak e i s but a s m all

e x pan s e o f w at e r w h ic h w h e n it b e c o m e s g re at d e s e rv e s
, , ,

t h e n am e o f a s e a j u s t as we S pe ak o f t h e S e a o f G alil e e
,

an d t h e D e ad S e a ; an d I t h i n k t h at i f t h e rive r m e n
t i o n e d d o e s n o t pro c e e d f ro m t h e t e rre stri al P aradi s e it ,

c o m e s f ro m an i m m e n s e t ract o f l an d s itu ate d i n t h e

s o uth o f wh ich h it h e rto n o k n o wl e dge h as b e e n o btai n e d
, .

B ut t h e m o re I re as o n o n t h e s ub j e ct t h e m o re s atis fie d
I b e c o m e t h at t h e t e rre st ri al P aradi s e is s itu at e d i n t h e
sp o t I h av e d e sc rib e d ; an d I gro u n d m y O pi n i o n u po n
th e argu m e n t s a n d aut h o riti e s a l re ady qu o t e d M ay it .

pl e as e t h e L o rd t o gran t yo u r H igh n e ss e s a l o n g li f e an d ,

h e alth an d p e ac e t o f o ll o w o u t s o n o bl e an i n v e s tig ati o n

,

i n wh ic h I t h i n k o u r L o rd will re c e ive gre at s e rvic e ,

S pai n c o n s id e rabl e i n c re as e o f i t s g re at n e s s a n d all ,

Ch risti an s m uc h c o n s o l ati o n an d pl e as u re b e c aus e by t h is ,

m e an s t h e n am e o f o u r L o rd will b e pu bli s h e d ab ro ad 1
.

A las f o r t h e h O pe o f s e ttl i n g t h e p r o bl e m o f
E d e n s s i t e by act u al e xpl o rati o n Co l u m b u s n e v e r
’

1 S ele ct L e i f e r r o
f Colu m bu s . T ran s l at e d by R . H .

M aj o r F S A ,
. . . 2 d ed .
, Lon do n, 1 8 60 pp . 1 40 - 1 47 .
 RE S U L TS OF E X P L ORE RS .
7

li v e d t o fin d h i s Parad i s e ; an d g e o graph e rs h av e
l o n g ago asc e rt ai n e d th a t t h e g o l d e n s u m m it o f t h e
w o rl d i s n o t i n V e n e zu e l a n o r i n an y o f i ts n e igh b o r
,

st at e s .

O f c o u rs e Co l u m b u s s u pp o s e d h i m s e lf t o b e o ff
t h e e a st e r n c o a st n o t o f a n e w c o n ti n e n t b u t o f
, ,

A s ia . H i s id e a o f t h e l o c a ti o n o f t h e t e rr e st ri al
P aradi s e as i n o r t o t h e e as tw ard o f F arth e r I n di a
, ,

w as t h e p re v a il i n g id e a o f h i s age T h e H e r e f o rd .

m ap o f t h e w o rld d a ti n g fr o m t h e thi r t e e n th c e n tu ry
, ,

r e p re s e n ts t h e fav o re d sp o t as a c i rc ul ar isl an d t o t h e
E ast o f I n di a an d as s e p ar at e d fro m t h e m ai n l an d
,
,

n o t o n l y by t h e s e a b u t al s o by a b a ttl e m e n t e d w all
, ,

w i th i ts o n e g at e t o t h e W e st th r o u gh wh ic h o ur ,

fi rst p are n ts w e r e s u pp o s e d t o h av e b e e n e xp e ll e d .

H ug o d e S t Vic t o r wr o t e : P arad is e is a sp o t i n
“
.

t h e O r i e n t pr o d uc ti v e o f all k i n d s o f w o o d s an d
p o m if e ro u s tr e e s I t c o n t ai n s t h e Tr e e o f L if e ;
.

th e re i s n e ith e r c o l d n o r h e at th e re bu t p e rp e t u ally ,

an e qu abl e t e m p e ratu r e I t c o n t ai n s a f o u n t ai n
.

w h ic h fl o ws f o rth i n f o u r ri v e rs S o G au ti e r d e .

M e tz i n a p o e m w ri tt e n i n t h e th i rt e e n th c e n t ury
, ,

d e sc rib e s t h e t e rre st ri al P arad is e a s situ a t e d i n

an u n a pp ro ac h abl e re gi o n i n A s i a s u rro u n d e d by ,

fl am e s an d gu ard e d at i ts o n l y g at e by an ar m e d
,

an g e L

I n y e ar 1 3 2 2 S i r J o h n d e Mau n d e v i lle m ad e
the
h i s m e m o r abl e pil g ri m ag e t o t h e E as t I n h is ac .

c o u n t o f th e s e trav e l s aft e r d e scribi n g t h e m arv e l

,

o u s k i n gd o m o f P re st e r J o h n i n I n d i a h e s ay s ,

“
A n d b e y o n d t h e l an d an d i sl e s a n d d e s e rts o f
’
P re st e r J o h n s l o rd sh i p i n g o i n g str ai gh t t o w ard s
,

t h e E as t m e n fin d n o th i n g b ut m o u n t ai n s an d gr e a t
r o ck s an d th e r e i s t h e d ark r e gi o n wh e r e n o m an
8 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

m ay s e e , ne ith e r by by n ight as th e y o f t h e
d ay n o r ,

c o u n t ry s ay A n d th at d e s e rt an d th at pl a c e o f
.

d ark n e s s l ast s fr o m th i s c o ast u n t o t e rr e st ri al P ara

d i s e wh e re A d am o u r fi rst f ath e r an d E v e w e re
, , ,

p u t wh o d we lt th e re b u t a l i ttl e w h il e an d th at i s
,

t o w ard s t h e E as t at t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e e arth
, .

O f P aradi s e I c a n n o t sp e ak p ro p e rly f o r I was n o t ,

th e re I t i s f ar b e y o n d ; an d I re pe n t n o t g o i n g
.

th e re b ut I was n o t w o rthy B ut as I h av e h e ar d
, .

s ay o f wi s e m e n b e y o n d I sh al l t e ll yo u wi t h g o o d
w ill . T e rre st ri al P ar adis e as w i s e m e n s ay i s t h e , ,

h i gh e st pl ac e o f t h e e arth an d it i s s o h igh th at i t
n e ar ly t o u ch e s t h e ci rcl e o f t h e m o o n th e r e as t h e ,

m o o n m ak e s h e r t u rn F o r i t i s s o h igh th at t h e
.

fl o o d o f N o ah m igh t n o t c o m e t o i t th at w o ul d h av e ,

c o v e re d all t h e e arth o f t h e w o rl d all ab o u t an d

a b o v e a n d b e n e a th e xc e pt P aradis e A n d t h i s P ar a .

d is e i s i n cl o s e d allab o u t w it h a wall an d m e n k n o w ,

n o t wh e r e o f i t is ; f o r t h e w all i s c o v e r e d al l o ve r
w i th m o s s as i t s e e m s : an d i t s e e m s n o t th at t h e
wall i s n at u ral st o n e A n d th at w al l st re tch e s fro m
.

t h e S o u th t o t h e N o r th a n d i t h as bu t o n e e n try ,

wh ich i s cl o s e d w i th bu r n i n g fi re s o th at n o m an ,

th at i s m o rt al d ar e e n t e r A n d i n t h e h igh e s t pl ac e
.

o f P a r adis e e x a ctly i n t h e m iddl e

,
is a w e ll th at ,

c asts o u t f o u r s t re am s wh i ch ru n by d iv e rs l an d s
, ,

o f wh ich t h e fi rs t i s c all e d Pis o n o r G an g e s th a t , ,

ru n s th ro u gh o u t I n d i a o r E m l ak i n w h ich r i v e r are ,

m an y p r e c i o u s s t o n e s an d m u ch l i g n u m al o e s an d
, , ,

m u ch s an d o f g o l d A n d t h e o th e r riv e r is c al l e d
.

N il e o r G ys o n w hi ch g o e s th ro u gh E th i o p i a an d
, _
, ,

aft e r th r o ugh E gypt A n d t h e o th e r i s c all e d Ti gri s

.

wh i ch ru n s by A s sy ri a an d by A r m e n i a t h e G re at .

A n d t h e o th e r i s c all e d E uphr at e s whi ch ru n s ,

 R E S U L TS OF E X P L OR E /( S .

th r o u gh M e d i a A rm e n i a an d P e rsi a A n d m e n , , .

th e re b e y o n d s ay th a t all t h e s w e e t w at e rs o f t h e
w o rld ab o v e a n d b e n e a th t ak e th e i r b e gi n n i n g f ro m
, ,

t h e w e l l o f P aradi s e ; an d o ut o f th at w e l l all w a t e rs
1
c o m e an d g o .

V ari o u s w rit e rs an d m ap m ak e rs o f t h e s am e age -

s e e m v e ry e vid e n tly t o h av e id e n tifi e d t h e P arad i s e

o f G e n e si s w ith t h e isl a n d o f Ce yl o n E v e n t o th i s .

d ay a m o u n t n e ar t h e c e n tr e o f t h e i sl an d b e ars t h e
n am e o f
’

A d a m s P e ak A c c o rd i n g t o M o h am .

m e d an tr ad i t i o n t h i s w as o n ly s o c all e d b e c a u s e it,

was t h e pl ac e w h e r e A d am al igh t e d wh e n c a st o u t
o f t h e tru e c e l e sti al P ara dis e i n h e av e n N e v e rt h e .

l e ss Ch r ist i an tr ad iti o n o r l e g e n d l o n g l i n g e r e d ab o u t
,

2
Ce yl o n as t h e g e n u i n e s i t e o f p r i m iti v e E d e n .

I n e n tir e acc o rd w ith th i s V i e w i s t h e re m a rk abl e

s t o ry o f P r i n c e B i re k as t o l d i n an I c e l a n d i c S ag a ,

o f t h e f o u rt e e n t h c e n tu ry M r B ari n g G o ul d i n a . .
-
,

s tyl e n o t v e ry r e v e r e n t h as s u mm ariz e d t h e t al e as ,

fo ll o ws
1 E ly T / i P l ti
ar E d i t e d by T h
r av e S W i gh t L o d
n a es n e. os . r , n o n,

1 848 , p . 2 76 .

2 E v e n M aun d e vi lle , wh o se we h av e s e e n , was s t Parad i se , as ill

fart h e r t o t h e E as t o u n d h e re f
a F o u n t a n o f Y o ut h wh o se h e ad
,
i
i
S pr n g was i n Parad s e i
T o ward t h e h e ad o f t h at o re s t i s t h e c yt e e f
o f Po l o m b e [C o u m b o ] l
an d ab o v e t h e c yt e e i s a g re a t m o u n t ayn e ,
,

l
a s o c e pt Po l l
o m be A n d o f t h at m o u n t t h e C yt e e h at h e h i s n a m e
. .

A n d at t he fo o t o f t h at M o un t i s a f ayr we ll e an d a
gre t , t h at h at h e
o d o u r an d s avo u r o f all s p c e s i ; an d at e v e ry h o ur o f t h e d ay h e

c h au nge t h e h is o d o u r an d hi s s avo u r d yv e rs e ly . A nd wh o s o d ryn k

e t he 3 t i me s f as t i ng of t h at wat re of t h at we ll e ,
he is h o o o f a e l ll
m an e r s yk e ne ss e t h at h e h at h e . A n d t he i t h at d ue ll e n t h e re an d
d ryn k e n f
o te n of t h at we ll e , the i ne v e re have s yk e n e s s e an d t he i
s e me n a lle
we ys yo n ge . I h a ve d ro n k e n t h e re of 4 s t h e s ; an d
3 or i
zi t , m e t lI i n k e t h e , I are f the b e t te r . S o me m e n cle pe n i t t h e W e e ll
of Y o ut h e ; f o r e th i
t h a t o t e n d ryn k e n t h e re at s e m e n a e we ys f ll
l
yo ung y an d lyv e n w t h o u te n s yk e n e s s e i
A n d m e n s e yn , t h at t h at .

ll
we e c o m e t h e o ut o f Paradys an d t h e re o re i t i s s o v e rt uo us ”
f .
 '

10 P A E A O 1S E F0 ON O .

B i re k was a so n of ki n g o f D ro n th e i m an d
T h ran d, ,

h avi n g t ak e n up o n h i m a v o w t o e xpl o re t h e D e ath l e s s

L an d h e w e n t t o D e n m ark w h e re h e pick e d up a f ri e n d
,

o f t h e s am e n am e as h i m s e l f T h e y t h e n w e n t t o Co n
.

s t an t i n o ple an d c a ll e d up o n t h e E m p e ro r wh o h e l d a
, ,

l o n g c o n v e rs ati o n with th e m wh i c h i s d uly re po rt e d re l a

, ,

tiv e t o t h e truth s o f Ch ri s ti an ity an d t h e s ite o f t h e

D e ath l e ss L an d wh ic h h e as su re s t h e m is n o t h i n g m o re
, , ,

n o r l e ss t h an P aradi s e .

”
T h e w o rld s aid t h e m o n a rc h wh o h a d n o t f o rgo tt e n
, ,
“
h i s ge o grap h y s i n c e h e l e f t s c h o o l is pre ci s e ly ,

st age s ro u n d ( ab o ut E n gli s h m il e s ) an d it i s ,

n o t p ro pp e d up o n p o s ts n o t a bit — i t i s s upp o rt e d
,

by t h e po we r o f G o d an d t h e di s t an c e b e twe e n e arth
an d h e av e n is m il e s ( an o t h e r M S re ads 9 3 8 2 .

m il e s ; t h e di ff e re n c e is i m m at e ri al ) an d ro u n d ab o ut !

“
t h e e art h i s a big s e a c all e d O c e an A n d w h at s t o
’
.

” “
t h e s o ut h o f t h e e arth ? a s k e d E i re k O h ! t h e re is .

” “
t h e e n d o f t h e w o rld an d t h at i s I n di a
,
A n d pray .

“
w h e re am I t o fin d t h e D e at h l e s s L an d Th at li e s
P aradi s e I s u ppo s e yo u m e an — w e ll it li e s S lig htly e as t ,

o f I n di a .

H avi n g o bt ai n e d t h i s i n f o rm at i o n t h e t wo E i re k s ,

starte d f urn i s h e d with l e tt e rs f ro m t h e G re e k E m pe ro r

,
.

Th e y t rav e rs e d Syri a an d t o o k s h ip , p ro b ably at B al ,

s o ra ; th e n re ac h i ng I n di a th e y p ro c e e d e d o n th e i r j o u r
, ,

n e y o n h o rs e b ack till th e y c am e t o a d e n s e f o re st th e
, ,

gl o o m o f w h ich was s o gre at th ro ugh t h e i n te rl aci n g o f ,

t h e b o ugh s t h at e v e n by d ay t h e s t ars c o u ld b e o b s e rv e d
,

twi n kli n g as t h o ugh th e y we re s e e n f ro m t h e b o tto m o f a

,

we ll .

O n e m e rgi n g f ro m t h e f o re s t t h e t wo E i re k s c am e ,

up o n a s trait s e p arati n g t h e m f ro m a b e auti f ul l an d

, ,

which was u n m istak ably P aradi s e ; an d t h e D an i sh

B i re k i n t e n t o n di s pl ayi n g hi s S c ri ptu ral k n o wl e dge pro
, ,

n oun c e d t h e s t rait t o b e t h e riv e r P i s o n Th i s was .

c ro ss e d by a s to n e b ridge guard e d by a d rago n , .

12 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

b re ak of d ay, B i re k
we n t to p ray e r G o d s Spi ri t c aught ’
'

as ,

him aw ay a n d h e was n e v e r s e e n ag ai n i n t h i s w o rld : s o

,

h e re e n d s al
lwe h ave t o s ay o f h i m .

H e re we
f arth e r t h an w i th Co l u m bu s b ut
ge t ,

h o w e v e r b e au tiful an d c re dibl e th i s st o ry o f E d e n
e xpl o r ati o n m a
y h av e b e e n fiv e h u n d re d y e ars ago ,

we n o w k n o w th a t t h e o n ly P aradis e i n Ce yl o n i s a
m 1
sy b o l ic al B u dd h i s t o n e as f ar re m o v e d f ro m t h e ,

p r i m iti v e g ard e n o f G e n e si s as R o m an Cath o l ic Ca l

” '

v a T zOS i n S o u th A m e r i c a are f ro m t h e p ri m i tiv e

Cal v ary o f t h e c r u c ifi xi o n M o re o v e r e v e n t h e .
,

sc r ib e s o f fiv e h u n d r e d y e ar s ago h o w e v e r cr e d ul o u s ,

i n o th e r th i n gs s e e m w e ll t o h av e u n d e r s t o o d t h e
,

tru e c h aract e r o f th i s s t o ry o f tr av e l f o r acc o r di n g ,

“

t o t h e m aj o r ity o f t h e M S S t h e s t o r y p u rp o rt s t o b e .

” 2
n o th i n g m o r e th an a r e l igi o u s n o v e l .

A s t h e K e l ti c t e r re s t ri al P ar ad is e A v al o n was a , ,

s e a gi r t i sl a n d i n t h e w a t e r s o f t h e N o r th i t c o ul d
-
,

o f c o u r s e b e r e ach e d o n ly by sh ip T h e fi rst t o ac .

c o m pl i sh th i s f e at s o f ar as Ch ri sti an l e g e n d i n f o rm s ,

u s wa s S t
, B ran d an s o n o f F i n lo gh o a c e l e b ra t e d
.
, ,

s ai n t o f t h e I r i sh Ch u r ch w h o di e d A D 5 76 o r , . .

5 77 A c c o r d i n g t o t h e st o ry a n an g e l b ro u gh t t o
.

th i s g o o d abb o t a b o o k f ro m h e av e n i n wh ich s u ch ,

m ar v e l o u s th i n gs w e re n arr at e d c o n c e r n i n g t h e th e n
u n k n o w n p o r ti o n s o f t h e w o rl d th at t h e h o n e st fa
th e r ch arg e d b o th a n g e l an d b o o k w i th f als e h o o d ,

1 T h e B ud d h s t s i of l
Ce y o n h av e e n d e av o re d t o t ran s o rm t h e r f i
c e n t ra l m o un t a i n, D éva k u t a ( P e ak o f t h e G o d s ), n t o M e ru, an d t o
‘
-
i
fin d fo u r s t re am s i f i
d e s c e n d ng ro m i t s s d e s t o c o rre s po n d w t h t h e i
i
r v e rs of th e i r Para d i se .
”
O b ry, L e B l E rpeee H
e r e ea u ae
’ ’
u m a zn e
’

Am i e n s, I 8 58 p ”8 . n . L as s e n , I n a zS C/
’
ze A l
'

zu m s é u n d e
te r t/ . B o n n,
1 8 62 : Ed i . .
,
1 96 .

9 B ar i ng- G o u ld , Cu r i ou s Myt /
z:
f
O tl
ze M i ddle A ges L o n d o n .
,
1 8 66

p . 2 36 .
 R E S U L TS OF E X P L OR E RS .
1 3

an d hi s right e o u s i n dig n ati o n b ur n e d t h e l att e r

in .

A s a p u n i sh m e n t f o r h i s u n b e l i e f G o d s e n t e n c e d
h i m t o re c o v e r t h e b o o k H e m u s t s e arch th ro ugh
.

h e ll an d e a rt h a n d s e a u n til h e fi n d s t h e h e av e n l y
gift . T h e t o k e n giv e n h i m by t h e a n g e l i s th at
w h e n h e s e e s t wo tw i n fir e s fl am e u p h e s h all k n o w
th at th e y are t h e t wo e y e s o f a c e rt a i n o x an d o n t h e ,

t o n g u e o f th at o x h e sh al l fi n d t h e b o o k F o r s e v e n .

l o n g y e a rs h e s ail s t h e W e st e rn an d t h e N o rth e rn
1
O c e an H e h e re e n c o u n t e r s m o re m arv e l s th an
.

w e re re c o rd e d i n t h e o r igi n al i n c r e d ibl e b o o k an d ,

i s e v e n p e rm itt e d t o vi s i t t h e e arth ly P aradi s e T h e .

b e a uty o f t h e s o il o f t h e f o u n t ai n w ith f o u r s t re am s
, ,

o f t h e m a g n ifi c e n t c a stl e a n d c a stl e h al l s l i gh t e d
w i th s e l f l u m i n o u s s t o n e s an d ad o rn e d with all m an
-

n e r o f p re c i o u s j e w e l s s u rp ass e d d e sc ri pti o n
,
T he .

st ay o f t h e p arty s e e m s h o w e v e r t o h av e b e e n sh o rt
, , ,

an d u n fo rtu n a t e ly j u s t w h e r e t h e i sl an d w as l o c at e d

t h e c o m m an d e r f o rg e ts t o m e n ti o n .

A m o re e l ab o rat e a n d f an c iful pi ct u r e o f t h e s am e
m e d i ae v al P a r adis e is fu r n ish e d u s i n t h e st o ry o f
O g e r o r H o l g e r a D an i sh k n igh t o f t h e age o f
, ,

Ch arl e m ag n e I n a pl ai n p ro s e r e n d e r i n g th i s i s
.
,

t h e styl e i n wh ic h a f am o u s c o u r t m i n s t r e l o f s ix
h u n d re d y e ars ag o was a cc u s t o m e d t o ch an t t h e
adv e n t ur e t o ad m i r i n g a u di e n c e s .

Carah e u an d w e re i n a b o at with a f ai r
G lo ri an d e
c o mpan y an d O ge r h ad with h i m a th o u s an d m e n at
,
-

arm s W he n t h e y w e re a c e rt ai n way o n t h e re aro s e s o

.
,

m igh ty a t e m pe s t th at t h e y k n e w n o t w h at t o d o o n ly t o ,

c o m m it t h e i r s o ul s t o G o d S o g re at was t h e s t o rm t h at
.

th e m as t o f O ge r s s h i p b rak e an d h e was c o n s t rai n e d t o

’

1 Carl S c h ro e d e r, San d B
'
E la tezm S e / a nd drd
’ ' '

r a rt a a n . zn zer

d efuse /
re T ex /e . Er l an
ge n , 187i pp . xn .
,
x iii . an d
14 P A E A O TS E F O U ND .

em b ark i n a l ittl e v e s s e l wi t h a f e w o f h i s c o m rad e s an d ,

t h e wi n d s t ru c k t h e m with s u c h f u ry t h at th e y l o s t S ig h t
o f Cara h e u Carah e u wa s s o s o re t ro ubl e d t h at h e was
.

lik e t o d i e an d h e b e gan t o m o u rn t h e n o bl e O ge r f o r
,

h e wi s t n o t wh at w as b e c o m e o f t h e b o at A n d O ge r i n .

li k e m an n e r l am e n te d Carah e u Th u s gri e ve d Carah e u .

an d t h e Ch ri s t i an s i n h i s c o m pan y s ayi n g A l as O ge r
“
, , ,

w h at i s b e c o m e o f t h e e ? T h i s i s I w e e n t h e m o s t s u d , ,

d e n d e partu re t h at I h e ard o f e v e r N ay b u t c e as e .
, ,
”
my b e l o v e d s a id G lo ri an d e
,
h e will n o t f ail t o c o m e
”
ag a i n w h e n G o d will s f o r h e c an n o t b e f ar aw ay , Ah .
,
”
l ady s aid Carah e u yo u k n o w n o t t h e d a n ge rs o f th e
, ,
”
s e a ; an d I pray G o d t o t ak e h i m i n t o h i s k e e pi n g .

N o w I will l e av e s pe ak i n g o f Carah e u an d re tu rn t o ,

O g e r wh o was i n p e ril ye t w as e v e r g ri e vi n g f o r h i s
, ,

f ri e n d an d s ayi n g A h Carah e u h o pe o f t h e re m ai n i n g
,
“
, , ,

d ays o f m y li f e th o u w h o m I l o v e d n e xt t o G o d ! H o w
,
”
h as G o d all o we d m e t o l o s e s o s o o n yo u an d y o u r l ady ?
A t t h at m o m e n t t h e g re at s h i p i n w h ic h O g e r h ad l e f t ,

h i s m e n at arm s s truc k agai n s t a ro c k an d h e s aw th e m

- -

, ,

al l pe ri s h at wh ic h s igh t h e was li k e t o d i e o f gri e f

,
A nd .

pre s e n tly a l o ad s t o n e ro c k b e g an t o d raw t o w ard s it t h e

b o at i n w h i c h O g e r was O ge r s e e i n g h i m s e l f t h u s t ak e n
.
, ,

re c o m m e n d e d h i s s o u l t o G o d s ayi n g My G o d m y , , ,

F at h e r an d Cre at o r wh o h as t m ad e m e i n T h i n e i m age
,

an d s e m bl an c e h av e pity o n m e n o w an d l e av e m e n o t
, ,

h e re t o d i e f o r t h at I h av e u s e d m y po w e r as was b e st
t o t h e i n c re a s e o f t h e Cat h o lic f a it h B ut i f it m u s t b e . ,

th at Th o u t ak e m e I c o m m it t o T h y c are m y b ro th e r
,

G uy o u an d all m y re l ative s an d f ri e n d s e s pe ci ally m y

, ,

n e ph e w G au ti e r wh o i s m i n d e d t o s e rv e Th e e an d b r i n g
, ,

t h e payn i m i n t o T h y H o ly Ch u rc h A h my G od ! .
,

h ad I k n o w n t h e pe ril o f t h i s adv e n tu re I s h o u ld n e ve r ,

h av e ab an d o n e d t h e b e au ty s e n s e an d h o n o r o f Cl aric e , , ,

o f E n gl a n d ad I but g o n e b ac k t o h e r I s h o uld
Q u e e n H .
,

h av e s e e n t o o m y re d o ubte d s o v e re ig n Ch arl e magn e

, , , ,
”
wit h all t h e p ri n c e s wh o s u rro u n d h im .
 R E S U L TS OF E X P L OR E R S .
15

M e an w h il e t h e b o at c o n ti n u e d t o fl o at upo n th e w ate r
till it re ac h e d t h e l o ad s t o n e c as tl e w h ic h t h e y c all t h e ,

Ch é te au d A valo n w h ic h i s but a li t t l e way f ro m t h e

’

e art h ly P a ra di s e w h it h e r w e re s n atc h e d i n a b e am o f
,

fire E li as an d E n o c h an d w h e re was M o rgu e la F ee wh o

, ,

a t h i s bi rt h h ad giv e n h i m s uc h g re at gi f t s Th e n t h e .

m ari n e rs s aw we ll t h at t h e y w e re d rawi n g n e a r t o t h e
l o ad s to n e ro c k an d t h e y s aid t o Oge r My l o rd c o m
, ,
“
,

m e n d t h ys e l f t o G o d f o r it i s c e rt ai n t h at a t t h i s m o m e n t
,

we are c o m e t o o u r v o y age s e n d an d as t h e y s ak e t h e
’

p .

b ark wi t h a s wi n g attac h e d i t s e l f t o t h e ro c k as th o ugh ,

it w e re c e m e n te d t h e re .

T h at n ig h t O g e r t h o ugh t o v e r t h e c as e i n wh ic h h e
was but h e s c arc e c o uld t e ll o f w h at s o rt it m ig h t b e
, .

A n d t h e s ail o rs c am e an d s aid t o O ge r My l o rd we a re , ,

h e ld h e re wit h o ut re m e dy ; w h e re f o re le t u s l o o k t o o u r
”
sto re s f o r we are h e re fo r t h e re m ai n d e r o f o u r live s
, .

T o wh ic h O ge r m ad e a n s w e r I f t h i s b e s o t h e n will I , ,

m ak e c o n s id e rat i o n o f o u r c as e f o r I wo uld as s ig n t o e ac h ,
”
o n e h i s s h are t o t h e l e as t as t o t h e g re at e s t
,
F o r him .

s e l f O g e r k e pt a d o ubl e po rti o n f o r it is t h e l aw o f t h e ,

s e a t h at t h e m as t e r o f t h e s h i p h a s a s m uc h as t wo o t h e rs .

B u t i f t h at rul e h ad n o t b e e n h e w o uld s t ill h av e n e e d e d ,

a d o ubl e qu an tity f o r h e at e as m uc h as t wo c o m m o n
,

me n .

Wh e n O g e r h ad ti o n e d h i s s h are t o e ac h h e
appo r ,

s aid M as te rs b e s pari n g I pray yo u o f y o u r f o o d as

“
, , , ,

m uc h as yo u m ay f o r s o s o o n as ye h av e n o m o re b e su re
,
”
th at I mys e l f will t h ro w yo u i n t o t h e s e a T h e s ki pp e r .

a n sw e re d h i m My l o rd t h o u wilt e s c ap e n o b e t t e r t h an
, ,
”
we . Th e i r f o o d f ail e d t h e m all o n e a fte r an o th e r an d , ,

O ge r c as t t h e m i n to t h e s e a an d h e re m ai n e d al o n e ,
.

Th e n h e was s o t ro ubl e d t h at h e k n e w n o t w h at t o d o .

”
A l as ! m y G o d m y C re a to r s a id h e h as t T h o u at t h i s “
, , ,

h o ur f o rs ak e n m e ? I h av e n o w n o o n e t o c o m f o rt m e i n
”
m y m i s f o rt u n e T h e re u po n w h e th e r it w e re h i s f an t asy
.
,

o r n o it s e e m e d t o h i m t h at a v o ic e re pli e d
, G o d o rd e rs ,
16 P A RA D I S E F OU ND .

th at s o s oo n as it b e n igh t th o u go t o a c astl e af te r tho u

h ast c o m e t o an i s l an d wh ic h th o u wilt p re s e n tly fi n d .

A n d wh e n t h o u art o n t h e i s l an d t h o u wilt fin d a s m all

p ath l e adi ng t o t h e c astl e A n d wh ats o e v e r th i ng th o u
.

”
s e e s t t h e re l
,
e t n o t t h at aff ray t h e e A n d Oge r l o o k e d
.

but wi s t n o t wh o h ad s po k e n .

O ge r w a it e d t h e re tu rn o f n igh t t o l e arn t h e t rut h o f

,

th at wh i c h t h e v o i c e f o re t o ld an d h e was s o am az e d th at
,

h e wi s t n o t w h at t o d o but s e t h i m s e l f t o t h e t ri al
,
A nd .

w h e n n ig h t c am e h e c o m m itte d h i m s e l f t o G o d p rayi n g ,

H i m f o r m e rcy an d st ra ig h tway h e l o o k e d an d b e h e ld t h e
Castl e o f A v al o n wh ic h s h o n e wo n d ro u s ly
,
M any n igh ts .

b e fo re h e h ad s e e n it but by d ay it was n o t vi s ibl e

,
.

H o wb e i t s o s o o n as O ge r s aw t h e c as tl e h e s e t ab o ut t o
,

g e t t h e re
. H e s aw b e f o re h i m t h e s h i s t h at w e re f as t e n e d
p
t o t h e l o ad s t o n e ro c k an d n o w h e w al k e d f ro m s h ip t o
,

s h i p an d s o g ai n e d t h e isl an d ; an d w h e n t h e re h e at o n c e
,

s e t h i m s e l f t o s c al e t h e h ill by a pat h w h ic h h e f o u n d .

Wh e n h e re ac h e d t h e g at e o f t h e c as tl e an d s o ugh t t o ,

e n t e r t h e re c am e b e f o re hi m t wo g re a t li o n s wh o st o pp e d
, ,

h i m an d c as t h i m t o t h e gro u n d B ut O ge r sp ran g up
.

a n d d re w h i s s w o rd Cu rt ai n an d s t raigh tw ay cl e f t o n e o f
, ,

t h e m i n twai n ; t h e n t h e o t h e r s pran g an d s e iz e d O ge r
by t h e n e c k an d O ge r tu rn e d ro u n d an d s truck o ff h i s
,

h e ad .

Wh e n Oge r h ad p e rf o rm e d t h i s d e e d h e g av e t h an k s ,

t o o u r L o rd an d t h e n h e e n t e re d t h e h all o f t h e c astl e
, ,

w h e re h e f o un d m an y V i an d s an d a t abl e s e t a s i f o n e
,

s h o uld di n e t h e re ; but n o p ri n ce n o r l o rd c o uld h e s e e .

N o w h e was am az e d t o fi n d n o o n e s av e o n ly a h o rs e , ,

wh ic h s at at t h e t abl e as i f it h ad b e e n a h u m an b e i n g .

Th i s h o rs e wh ic h was c all e d P apill o n ( P syc h e

,
w aite d
up o n O ge r gav e h i m t o d ri n k f ro m a go ld e n go bl e t an d
, ,

a t l e n gth c o n duct e d h i m t o h i s c h am b e r a n d t o a b e d ,

w h o s e f ai ry—m ad e c o ve rl e t o f cl o t h o f go ld an d e rm i n e
was la plu s n fl om ze Cfios e gzzi f ut j a m a zl
r wee .

Wh e n O ge r wo ke
a he th o ugh t to se e P apill o n agai n ,
 R E S U L TS OF E X P L D R E RS . I 7
but c o uld se e ne ith e r hi m ,
no r s ho w
m an , no r w o m an ,
to

h i m t h e way f ro m t h e ro o m H e s aw a d o o r an d h avi n g
.
, ,

m ad e t h e s ig n o f t h e c ro s s s o ug h t to pas s o u t t h at way ;
,

but as h e t ri e d t o d o th i s h e e n c o u n te re d a s e rpe n t s o ,

hid e o u s t h at t h e lik e h as sc arc e b e e n s e e n I t w o uld .

h av e t h ro w n i t s e l f up o n O ge r but t h at t h e k n ig h t d re w
,

h i s s wo rd an d m a d e t h e c re atu re re c o i l m o re t h an t e n
f e e t ; but i t re tu rn e d wi t h a b o u n d f o r it was v e ry m ig h ty , ,

an d t h e tw ai n f e ll t o fig h t A n d n o w a s O g e r s aw t h at
.
,

t h e S e rpe n t pre s s e d h a rd u po n h i m h e s t ru c k a t it s o ,

d o ugh t ily wi t h h i s s wo rd t h at h e se ve re d it i n tw ai n .

A f te r t h at Og e r w e n t al o n g a pat h w h ic h le d h i m t o a
g ard e n so b e aute o u s th at it was i n t rut h a li t tl e paradi s e ;
,

an d wi t h i n w e re f ai r t re e s b e ari n g f ruit o f e v e ry ki n d o f
, ,

t ast e s dive rs an d o f s uc h swe e t o d o rs t h at h e n e v e r s m e lt

,

t re e s li k e t h e m b e f o re .

O g e r s e e i ng t h e s e f ruit s s o fin e d e si re d t o e at s o m e
, , ,

an d pre s e n t ly h e lig h t e d u po n a fi n e appl e t re e who se -

,

f ruit was lik e go ld an d o f t h e s e appl e s h e t o o k o n e an d

,

at e. B ut n o s o o n e r h ad h e t h u s e at e n t h an h e b e c am e
s o sick an d w e ak t h at h e h a d n o po w e r n o r m an h o o d

l e f t A n d n o w agai n h e c o m m e n d e d h i s s o ul t o G o d an d
.

p re pare d t o d i e B u t at t h i s m o m e n t tu rn i n g ro u n d
.
,

h e wa s aw are o f a f ai r d am e cl o t h e d i n w h it e an d so , ,

ric h ly ad o rn e d t h at s h e was a gl o ry t o b e h o ld N o w as .

O ge r l o o k e d u po n t h e l a dy wi t h o u t m o vi n g f ro m h i s
pl ac e h e d e e m e d t h at s h e was M ary t h e Vi rgi n an d s aid
, , ,
”
A v e M ari a a n d s al ut e d h e r B u t s h e s aid O ge r
“
.
, , ,

t h i n k n o t t h at I a m S h e w h o m yo u f an c y ; I am s h e wh o
was at y o u r bi rt h an d m y n am e i s M o rgu e la F ée an d I
, ,

all o t t e d yo u a gi f t w h ic h w as d e s ti n e d t o i n c re as e y o u r

f am e e t e rn ally t h ro ugh all l an d s B u t n o w yo u h av e l e f t .

yo u r d e e d s o f war t o t ak e wit h l adi e s yo u r s o l ac e ; fo r

as s o o n as I h av e t ak e n yo u f ro m h e re I will b ri n g yo u
t o A v al o n w h e re yo u will s e e t h e f a i re s t n o bl e s s e i n t h e
,
”
wo rld .

A n d an o n s h e g av e h i m a ri n g w h ic h h ad s uc h V i rtu e ,
I 8 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

t h at Oge r, wh o was ye ars Old re tu rn e d

n e ar a h u n d re d ,

t o t h e age o f t h i rty Th e n s aid O ge r L ady I am m o re

.
, ,

b e h o ld e n t o t h e e t h an t o an y o th e r i n t h e w o rld B l e ss e d .

b e t h e h o u r o f t h y bi rt h f o r wit h o ut h avi n g d o n e augh t

, ,

t o d e s e rv e at y o u r h an d s
yo u h av e giv e n m e c o u n tl e s s
,

gi f ts an d th i s gi f t o f n e w li f e ab o ve t h e m all A h l ady
, .
, ,

th at I w e re b e f o re Ch arl e m ag n e th at h e m igh t s e e t h e ,

c o n diti o n i n w h ic h I n o w s t an d ; f o r I f e e l i n m e gre ate r

s t re n g t h t h an I h av e e v e r k n o w n D e are s t h o w c an I .
,

m ak e re tu rn f o r t h e h o n o r an d g re at go o d o u h av e d o n e
y
m e ? B u t I s w e ar t h at I a m at y o u r s e rvic e all t h e d ays
o f m y li f e Th e n M o rgu e to o k h i m by t h e h an d an d
.
,

s aid My l o yal f ri e n d t h e go al o f all m y h appi n e s s I

, , ,

will n o w l e ad yo u t o my p al ac e i n A v al o n wh e re yo u will ,

s e e o f n o bl e s s e t h e g re at e s t an d o f d am o s e l s t h e f ai re s t .

A n d s h e t o o k O g e r by t h e h an d an d le d h i m to t h e Cas
t le o f A v al o n w h e re was Ki n g A rtu s an d A ub e ro n an d
, , ,

M alam b ro n wh o was a s e a f ai ry
, .

A s O g e r appro ac h e d t h e c as tl e t h e f ai ri e s c am e t o
m e e t h i m d an c i n g an d s i n gi n g m arv e ll o u s s w e e t ly A n d
, .

h e s aw m an y f ai ry d am e s r i c h ly c ro w n e d an d appare ll e d
,
.

A n d pre s e n tly c am e A rt h u r an d M o rgu e c all e d t o h i m , ,

a n d s aid Co m e h ith e r m y l o rd an d b ro t h e r an d s alut e

, , ,

t h e f a i r fl o we r o f c h iv al ry t h e h o n o r o f t h e F re n ch n o ,

bl e s s e h i m i n wh o m all ge n e ro s ity an d h o n o r an d e ve ry
,

V i rtu e are l o dge d O ge r le D an o i s m y l o y al l o ve my

, , ,

o n ly pl e as u re i n w h o m li e s f o r m e al
,
lh o pe o f h appi n e s s .

Th e n M o rgu e gave O ge r a c ro wn t o we ar wh ic h was so ,

ric h t h at n o n e h e re c o u ld c o u n t i t s v al u e an d it h ad b e

s id e a w o n d ro u s V i rtu e f o r e ve ry m a n wh o b o re it o n
,

h i s b ro w f o rgo t all s o rro w an d s a d n e s s a n d m e l an c h o ly ,

a n d h e t h o ugh t n o m o re o f h i s c o u n t ry n o r o f h i s k i n t h at

h e h ad l e f t b e h i n d h i m i n t h e w o rld .

We le av e O ge r t h u s Olen O S S zS ez en tr ezem z aeS da mes ’

'

‘ ‘

”
e C éza zi m e n /a ll n d re t u rn rt h w h
’ ’

g u
‘
ey a t o, t h e e a e re ,

t h i n gs w e re n o t go i n g s o we ll ; f o r wh il e O ge r was i n
F ai ri e t h e p ayn i m as s e m bl e d all t h e i r f o rc e s an d to o k
20 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

the s am e i sl e o f bl e ss e d n e ss i s n o t l e s s d e sti t ut e o f
l
i n dic ati o n s as t o e x ac t l o c al ity .

G o i n g s o m e c e n tu ri e s f arth e r b ack we fin d an
o th e r tr av e l e r w h o cl a i m s t o h av e b e e n i n t h e t e r

re s t ri al P aradi s e H e s ays .
,

A s I l o o k e d t o w ard s t h e N o rth o v e r t h e m o u n t ai n s I , ,

s aw s e v e n m o u n t a i n s f ull o f p re ci o u s b al s am a n d o d o ro us

tre e s an d ci n n am o n an d p e pp e r A n d f ro m th e n c e I .

w e n t o ve r th e s u m m its o f t h e s e m o u n t ai n s f ar to w ard s t h e
E ast an d p ass e d o n s till f art h e r o v e r t h e se a an d c ame
,

f ar b e yo n d it A n d I c am e i n t o t h e G ard e n o f R igh t
.

e o u s n e s s an d s aw a m an y c o l o re d c ro wd o f t re e s o f e ve ry
,
-

ki n d f o r m an y an d gre at t re e s fl o u ri s h t h e re v e ry n o bl e ,

an d l o v e ly an d t h e T re e o f Wi s d o m w h i c h giv e s wi s d o m
, ,

t o an y o n e wh o e at s o f it I t i s lik e t h e J o h an n i s b re ad
.

t re e i t s f ruit is lik e a clu s te r o f grap e s ve ry go o d an d ,

t h e f ragran c e o f t h e t re e sp re ads f ar aro u n d A n d I s aid .

,
“
F a i r i s t h i s t re e an d h o w b e aut i f ul an d ravi s h i n g its
,

lo ok ! A n d t h e h o ly A n ge l R aph ae l wh o was wit h m e , ,

an s w e re d an d s a id t o m e Th i s i s t h e Tre e o f Wi s d o m o f
,

wh ic h t h y f o re f ath e rs t h y h o ary firs t p are n t an d t h y age d

,

fi rs t m o th e r at e an d f o u n d t h e k n o wl e dge o f wi s d o m
, , ,

an d t h e i r e y e s w e re O pe n e d an d th e y k n e w t h at t h e y w e re ,
”
n ak e d an d we re d riv e n o u t o f t h e g ard e n
,
.

Th i s f av o re d e xpl o r e r w h o h ad t h e sp e c i al ad v an ,

t ag e o f b e i n g gu id e d by a h o ly an g e l was t h e n u ,

k n o w n au th o r o f t h e B o o k o f E n o ch wh i ch wri t i n g ,

i s b e l i e v e d by s o m e t o be as o ld as t h e s e c o n d c e n
tu ry b e f o r e Ch ri st N o o n e c an re ad m a n y ch apt e rs
.

o f h is p ro duct i o n h o w e v e r w ith o u t a rr ivi n g a t t h e

, ,

fir m c o n cl u si o n th at s ac re d g e o g ra ph y h as v e r y l i t
2
t le t o h o p e fr o m s u ch a s o u r c e h o w e v e r a n c i e n t , .

1 “
O n t h e F ac e appe ar n g i i n th e O rb of the Moon , Se ct . 2 6,

Plu tar e lz s M o rals

’
G o o dw n s e d ,
. i ’
. vo l V
. .
, p . 20 1 .

3 D as B u d : H em e/
z U e be rse tz t . vo n D r. A . D i llmann . Le i ps ic ,
 R E S U L TS OF E X P L OR E R S .
2 1

Co m i n g d o w n t o t h e t rav e l e rs o f o u r o wn ti m e ,

we f are n o b e tt e r e v e n th o ugh th e y d o n o t t ax o ur
,

cr e dul ity wi th s t o ri e s o f an g e li c guid e s o r o f gu ard

i an dr ag o n s O n e w riti n g o n l y t e n y e ar s ago pro
.
, ,

fe s s e d ly fr o m t h e v e ry G ard e n i ts e lf m o m e n t aril y ,

r ais e s o u r e xp e c t ati o n s w h e n h e s ays “

D isc o v e r i e s ,

m ad e wi th i n t h e l a st d e c ad e t e n d t o c o n fi rm t h e s u p
p o s iti o n th at t h e pri m e v al ab o d e o i m an was n e ar
t h e c o n fl u e n c e o f t h e E u ph ra t e s an d t h e Tig ri s ;
an d i t i s n o t t o o m u ch t o an tic i p at e t h e e xh u m i n g o f

i n s c rib e d t abl e ts w h ich wil l fully e s t abl i sh th is b e

”
l ie f . B u t as s u dd e n ly as o u r h o p e s are e xc i t e d s o ,

s ud d e n l y d o th e y d i e a w ay i n d is app o i n t m e n t I n .

c r e d ul o u s c ritic s g re e t t h e s u gg e s ti o n o f e xh u m i n g “

i n s c rib e d t abl e ts o n t h e su bj e c t w ith a ch o ru s o f

d e risiv e l au gh t e r T h e au th o r h i m s e lf d o e s n o t v e n
.

tu r e t o giv e an y o f t h e di s c o v e ri e s m ad e with i n t h e “

l ast d e c ad e wh ich t e n d t o c o n fi rm t h e n o ti o n th at
E d e n was lo c at e d at t h e p o i n t d e sc r ib e d O n the .

c o n t rary i n t h e i m m e di at e ly fo ll o w i n g s e n t e n c e h e
, ,

t ak e s l e av e o f t h e s u bj e ct an d i n s o d o i n g giv e s u s ,

o v e r t o h i s o w n ad m itt e d u n c e rt ai n ty i n t h e f o ll o w

in g t e rm s : A n d al th o u gh aft e r t h e l a ps e o f s o
“
,

m an y c e n tu ri e s e x ac t c o r re sp o n d e n c e o f t o p o gr aphy
,

is n o t t o b e e xp e c t e d ye t gu id e d by t h e g e n e ral fe a ,

tu re s o f t h e sc e n e rath e r th a n by t h e m i n u t e r o n e s ,

t h e p r e s e n t t rad i ti o n a l G ard e n o f E d e n m ay b e ac
c e pt e d u n ti l an o th e r h as b e e n d isc o v e re d a n d its
” 1
id e n tity m o r e cl e arly p ro v e d I n s u ch d ark n e s s .

di e s o ut t h e k i n dl e d h o p e M e an ti m e i n a l e tt e r t o .
,

S i r R o d e rick M u rch is o n p u bl i sh e d i n “
T h e A t he ,

1 8 53 Th. i e
e reli E gli h t s l t i by R L w ce ( C
an ar er n s ran s a on . a re n x

fo d 1 8 2 1 3 3
r , ,
’
,

1
J P N wm D D A ” m d M il
. . e an , . H b k
.
, Ne w al on es on or s e ac .

Y o rk , 1 875 p 69
. .
22 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

e um
na n ot far f ro m t h e s ame d at e t h e i n d e f ati ga
,

ble L i vi n gs t o n e d is cl o s e d t h e s e c r e t o f h is ti re l e s s
p e r am bul at i o n s th r o u gh Ce n tral A fric a h e be ,

lie v e d th at at t h e s o u rc e s o f t h e N i l e c o uld h e o n c e,

di sc o v e r th e m h e w o ul d st an d u p o n t h e s it e o f t h e
,

pri m e v al Par adi s e E vi d e n tly e xpl o rati o n w o n d e r ,

fu l as h av e b e e n i ts ach i e v e m e n ts h as n o t ye t s o l v e d
,

t h e p r o bl e m o f t h e s it e o f E d e n T o th i s d ay t h e
.

wo rd o f Pi n d ar u tt e re d h alf a th o us an d y e ars b e f o re
,

Ch rist h as r e m ai n e d tru e
,

N i th
e by t k i g s h i p
er a n ,

N i th
e by a y t
er n l fo ot
rav e on ,

T t h H ype b
o e r F i eld
o re an

S halt t h o u fin d t h e wo n dro us way .

 CH A PT E R I I .

TH E RE S U L T S OF T H E OL OG I A NS .

S o m e h a v e pla ce d i t i n t he t h i r d he av e n , s o me i n t he f ou r th , i n the he a v e n o f
t he m o o n , m t h e m o o n I t s e l
f , o n a m o u n ta i n n ea r t h e lu n a r h e a v e n , m t he m i d dle
reg i o n o f t he air , out o f t he ear th , u po n t he e a r t h , be ne a t h t h e e a r th , in a pla ce
t ha t is h id de n a n d se pa r a t e d f r o m m a n I t ha s be e n plac e d u n de r t he n o r t h e r n
.

po le , i n T a r t a ry , or m t h e pl a c e n o w o c c upi e d by t h e Caspi a n S e a O t he r s pla c e d .

i t i n t he e x t r e m e s o u t h , i n t he la n d of fi r e ; o th e r s in t he L e v a n t , or on th e
s h or e s of t he G a n g e s , or i n t he i s la n d of Ceylo n . I t h a s be e n pla ce d i n Ch i n a , or
in an i n a cc e s s i ble r eg i o n bey o n d t h e B la c k S e a by o t he r s m A me r i ca , i n A j r zc a ,
e tc . BIS H P
O H U RT .

A n ein R e s u lt a t , da s a uc h n u r e i n tg e r
z m a sse n bef r i c d zg' te , is t n i ch t z u d e
n he n .

WE T Z E R U ND W E L T E KI rc he n ,
- L e xi c o n .

T H E O L O G I A N S Ch ri sti an an d J e w i sh h av e i n all
, ,

ag e s diff e r e d an d i rre c o n cil ably d i ff e re d as t o t h e

, ,

l o c ati o n o f t h e c radl e o f t h e h u m an r ac e T h e e v i .

d e n c e s o f thi s are s o w e l l k n o w n o r s o e a s ily acc e s ,

s ibl e t o e v e ry i n t e ll ig e n t r e ad e r th at th e y n e e d n o t ,

1
b e add uc e d i n th i s pl ac e .

T h e f ath e rs an d th e o l o gi an s o f t h e E arly Ch u rc h
an d o f t h e M iddl e A g e s h e l d m an y c u r i o u s an d c o n

fl i c t i n g o pi n i o n s u p o n t h e s u b j e ct S o m e f o ll o w i n g .
,

t h e al l e g o riz i n g m e th o d o f Ph il o i n t e r p re t e d t h e ,

w h o l e n a rrati v e i n G e n e si s as a p arabl e s e tti n g fo rt h

sp i r it u al th i n gs E d e n w as n o t a pl ac e bu t a st at e
.
,

o f spi r itu a l bl e s s e d n e ss T h e fo u r ri v e r s w e r e n o t .

ri v e rs b u t t h e f o u r c ardi n al V i rt u e s e t c T h e
, , .

m aj o r i ty h o w e v e r h e l d t o t h e h i st o ri c ch arac t e r o f
, ,

t h e n arrati v e an d t o t h e strictly g e o g ra ph ic al r e al ity

,

1 S e M cc l i t o ck d S t o g Cy l p d i
e n
f B i bli l Th lg i l
an r n , c o e a o ca , eo o ca ,
”
a nd E ccles i as ti calL i ter at u r e , A rt s . E de n and Paradi s e .
24 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

of E de n . q u e sti o n o f its l o c ati o n n u m b e r

T o the ,

l e ss w e r e t h e an s w e rs O ft e n i t was i n t h e f ar E ast .
,

b e y o n d all l an ds i n h abi t e d by m e n S o m e ti m e s i t .

was th o ugh t o f as p e r h ap s w ithi n o r u n d e r t h e , ,

e arth i n t h e r e gi o n s o f t h e d e a d
, S o m e t i m e s i t was .

n e ith e r o n n o r b e l o w t h e e arth bu t h igh ab o v e it i n , ,

t h e th i rd h e av e n o r s o m e way ass o c i at e d w i th t h e
,

l u n ar o rb it A g ai n i t w o u l d b e st a t e d th at th e re
.
,

a re t wo p ar adis e s a c e l e sti al an d a t e rr e stri al o n e

, ,

t h e o n e i n h e av e n t h e o th e r o n t h e e arth , T er .

t ulli an c o n c e ivi n g o f t h e t o r rid z o n e as t h e fl am i n g

,

s w o rd wh i ch tu rn e d e v e ry way t o k e e p t h e way o f
,

t h e t re e o f l if e ( G e n i i i p lac e d E d e n b e y o n d . .

i t i n t h e s o u th e rn h e m i sph e r e N o w it was at t h e
, .

b o tt o m o f t h e s e a 1 o r ag a i n i t h e l d a p o s iti o n m i d
way b e tw e e n e ar th an d h e av e n A n o n it was o n .
,

t h e s u mm it o f a m i rac u l o u s m o u n t ai n w h ich r o s e t o ,

t h e h e i gh t o f t h e m o o n O f th is m o u n t ai n o n ly t h e .

b as e w as w a sh e d wh e n by t h e w at e rs o f t h e D e l ug e
,

al l o th e r m o u n t ai n s w e re c o v e r e d I t w as c o n c e i v e d .

o f as ri si n g i n th r e e gig an ti c s t a g e s t o i ts s t u pe n

d o u s h e i gh t A ll ki n d s o f m arv e l o u s pl an ts an d
.

pre c i o u s m e t al s an d g e m s ad o rn e d it b u t i ts s u ,

pr e m e ad o rn m e n t was a di vi n e ri v e r wh ich st arti n g , ,

fr o m t h e th ro n e o f G o d i n t h e high e s t h e av e n ,

d e sc e n d e d t o t h e h o ly g ard e n o n t h e m o u n t ai n s ’

h e ad an d th e n c e p ar ti n g i n t o f o u r aft e r wat e ri n g
, ,

an d b e au tifyi n g t h e wh o l e m o u n t a i n i n its d e sc e n t ,

r ad u a lly l st m o r e a n d m o r e o f its c e l e s ti al t ast e

g o

a n d V ivifyi n g v i r tu e s an d b e c a m e t h e w at e r syst e m ,

o f t h e h a bi t abl e gl o b e S o m e ti m e s t h e l o c at i o n o f .

1 “
I nm l g d Ed
so e w e b m g d by t h e
en s li t d l ge
en as su er e e ar es e u

th ta e
c o v re d th e M t T h e h ppy g d
o un w b li . d t b l yi g a ar en as e e ve o e n
”
a t th b tt m f L k V
e o o i A m ia
o a G e ald M as y Th M t
e an , n r en .
-
r se , e i

u ra lG i v l ii p 2 3 1
e n es s , o . .
, . .
 TH E R E S U L TS OF TH E OL O GI A N S . 2 5

th i s m o u n t ai n was d e s crib e d as i n s o m e d ist an t po r

“
ti o n o f t h e e arth w h e re t h e s e a o r e ar th an d t h e
, , ,
”
sky m e e t .

I m p ati e n t o f s u c h c o n tr ad icti o n s L u th e r i n h i s , ,

o w n b r u squ e way re j e ct e d al ,
l a tt e m pt s t o l o c at e t h e
p r i m e v al g ard e n d e cl ari n g th at t h e D e lu g e h ad s o
,

ch an g e d t h e fac e o f t h e e arth an d t h e c o u r s e o f it s
o rigi n al ri v e rs th at al l s e arc h was fru itl e ss .

Cal vi n o n t h e c o n tr ary c o n fid e n tly affi r m e d th at

, ,

t h e w ri t e r o f t h e G e n e s i s n arrativ e m u s t b e u n d e r
s t o o d as l o c at i n g t h e G ard e n o f E d e n n e ar t h e
m o u th s o f t h e E u ph rat e s S o o n th is o rigi n al d i v e r
.

s i t y o f P ro t e st an t t e a ch i n g u p o n t h e s u bj e c t b e c am e

agg rav a t e d by n e w th e o r i e s s o m e o f th e m s u gg e s t e d
,

by o rth o d o x i n g e n u ity s o m e i n tr o d uc e d by rati o n al

,

i s t i c c o n c e pt i o n s o f t h e s e m i m y th ic al c h a r act e r o f
-

t h e B ibl e u n til a t t h e pr e s e n t ti m e t h e s t at e o f t h e
,

o l o gic a l t e ach i n g r e s p e ct i n g E d e n is if p o s si bl e a , , .

w o rs e B ab e l th an i n an y p re c e d i n g age .

F o r a p arti al ill u str ati o n o f t h e c o n fu si o n o n e h as

o n ly t o t u r n t o t h e m o s t re c e n t a n d a u th o r i t a t iv e

bibl ic al th e o l o gic al an d re l igi o u s e n cycl o p ae di as

, , .

I n M c Clin t o c k an d S t ro n g s t h e w ri t e r o n E d e n i n
’

c li e s t o l o c at e i t i n A rm e n i a
n I n S m ith s “
. B ibl e
’

”
D i ct i o n ary t h e p ro bl e m i s ab an d o n e d as p ro b abl y

i n s o l ubl e . I n t h e g re a t G e rm an e n cycl o p ae d i a o f
H e rz o g i t is d e cl are d n e c e s s ary t o d e n y t o t h e st o ry
o f E d e n a stri ctly h i s t o r i c al ch ara ct e r
; it is a bi t o f
“

”
m yth ic al g e o g ra ph y I n t h e s u ppl e m e n t h o w e v e r
.
, ,

Pr e ss e l m ak e s an e l ab o r at e argu m e n t o f m an y p ag e s
i n fa v o r o f t h e l o c ati o n at t h e j u n cti o n o f t h e Ti gris
an d E u phr a t e s D i llm an n i n S ch e n k e l s B ib e l
’
.
,

L e xic o n , pl ac e s i t i n t h e H i m al ay as n o rth o f I n d i a , .

I n t h e ch i e f R o m an Cath o l i c cycl o p ae di a W e tz e l ,
26 P A RA O I S E F 0 ON O .

an d W e lt e s Ki rch e n L e xic o n t h e w rit e r v acil

’
-
,

l at e s b e tw e e n E a st e rn A s i a t ak e n i n a v agu e an d ,

u n d e fi n e d s e n s e a n d an e qu ally u n d e fi n e d N o rth
, .

’
I n L icht e n b e rg s j u s t c o m pl e t e d E n cycl o p é d i e d e s
S ci e n c e s R e l igi e u s e s t h e w h o l e s t o ry i n G e n e s i s i i .

“ ”
i s d e cl are d a ph il o s o ph i c m yth P ro f e s s o r B ro w n
.
,

o f N e w Y o rk i n t h e n e w w o rk e d i t e d by D r S ch a ff
, .
,

o n t h e b a sis o f H e r z o g e n u m e ra t e s a v ar i e ty o f
,
.

O p i n i o n s ad v o c a t e d by o th e r s b u t re f ra i n s f ro m e x,

p re ssi n g an y O p i n i o n o f h i s o wn S u c h i s all t h e .

l igh t w hi ch c o n t e m p o rary th e o l o gy s e e m s abl e t o

thr o w u p o n o ur pr o bl e m .

B u t h e r e s o m e pl a i n r e ad e r o f t h e B ibl e o p e n s at
t h e s e c o n d ch apt e r o f G e n e s i s an d r e ad s
“
A nd
, ,

t h e L o rd G o d pl an t e d a g ar d e n e a stw ar d i n E d e n
an d th e r e h e p u t t h e m an wh o m h e h ad f o r m e d .

A n d t h e pl a i n r e ad e r a sks h o w a b e l i e v e r i n t h e
B ibl e c an d o u bt th at thi s p ass ag e fix e s t h e l o c ati o n
o f t h e g ard e n s o m e wh e r e t o t h e E a s t o f P al e st i n e .

B u t l o o k i n g a l ittl e m o r e critic ally o u r i n qu i re r

, ,

h i m s e lf qui ckly s e e s th at t h e v e rs e d o e s n o t h e c e s
s ar il affi rm a n yth i n g a s t o t h e d i r e cti o n o f t h e g ar
y
d e n fr o m t h e w r it e r I t m ay n atu rally m e an th at t h e
.

g ard e n was pl an t e d i n t h e e ast e rn p art o f t h e l an d

of E d e n wh e r e v e r t h at w as ; an d t u rn i n g t o t h e
, ,

m o st c ar e fu l an d o rth o d o x c o m m e n t at o r s h e fi n ds ,

th a t n o t a f e w t ak e th is V i e w o f it M o r e o v e r M i g .
,

h r e t ra n sl at e d as tw ar d m
“
b o th e r
’
q e a e m e
, e a
y e ,
’
w i s e t ran sl at e d a s i t i s i n Ki n g J am e s s V e rs i o n i n
, ,

t h e p a ss ag e s Ps l xxi v 1 2 l xxvi i 6 an d e ls e wh e re
. .
, .
, .

I n f ac t i n t h e V ul g at e it is h e re t ran sl a t e d a pr i n
, ,
”
cz p i o
“
,
i n o r fro m t h e b e gi n n i n g A m ong t h e .

e ar ly G re e k t ran sl at o r s S y m m ach u s T h e o d o t i o n
, , ,

an d A qu il a u n d e rst an d t h e t e rm i n t h e s am e way .
28 P A RA O I S E F OUN D .

is H i dd e k e l an d t h e f o u r th riv e r is E u ph r at e s
,
.

S u re ly h e r e i n t h e f o u r th r iv e r w e h av e on e u n d e
n i a bl e l an d m ark H o w e v e r i m p o ss ibl e i t m ay b e .

s ati sf ac t o rily t o i d e n tify all f o u r o f t h e p ri m i tiv e ri v

e rs o f E d e n t h e m e n ti o n o f t h e E u ph ra t e s at l e a st
,

r e st r icts t h e l o c ati o n o f t h e g ar d e n t o s o m e p ar t o f
”
t h e re gi o n d ra i n e d by th a t r iv e r .

Co n s ul ti n g t h e th e o l o gi an s h o w e v e r o ur i n v e s , ,

t i g at o r fi n d s a g r e a t v ari e ty o f s e ri o u s o bj e cti o n s
u rg e d ag ai n st thi s sh o rt an d e a sy m e th o d o f s e ttli n g
t h e c o n tr o v e rsy .

F i rst h e is t o l d th at s o m e B ibl i c al c r iti c s h av e

,

e xp r e ss e d d o ub t as t o t h e g e n u i n e n e s s o f t h e v e r s e s ,

an d th a t as e a rn e s t a d e f e n d e r o f t h e B ibl e as M r .

G ra n vill e P e n n c o n s id e r e d t h e wh o l e p as s ag e an i n
t e r po lat i o n .

l e ar n s th at Pe rat h o r Ph rat h t h e
S e c o n dly , h e ,

H e b re w n am e o f t h e r iv e r i s fr o m t h e o ld e r f o rm ,

B u ra tt i o r Pu rat t u a w o r d b e l i e v e d t o s ig n ify the ,

” ” 1
“
b r o ad o r t h e d e e p
,
O f c o u r s e s u ch a d e s c ri p .

t i v e t e r m m ay w e l l h a v e b e e n t h e n am e o f m o re
th a n o n e an c i e n t riv e r j u st as B ro ad B ro o k i s t h e
“
,

n am e o f m a n y a n A m e r ic an st r e am I n de e d in h i s .
,
”
l e arn e d w o rk L e B e rc e a u d e lE s pec e H u m a i n e
’

, ,

O b r y sh o w s th at i n an ci e n t ti m e s Ph r at o r E u ph ra ,

t e s w as t h e n am e o f o n e o r p o s sibly t wo o f t h e
, , ,

?
riv e r s o f P e r si a O n e o f th e s e i n Pl i n y s t i m e still
’

b o re t h e n am e i n t h e h ar dly c h an g e d f o r m O ph rad u s .

L e n o rm a n t s ays h e d o e s n o t h e si t at e t o c o n sid e r t h e
Ph rat h o f t h e Kh o r d a A v e st a id e n ti c al w i th t h e Pe r -

1 D e li t z s ch , Wo lag ill
d as P a r a d i es ? p 1 69 G r , D i e E r z rf ate r d e r
. .
'

M e n sch /wit ,
Bd . i .
, p 2 30
. . i
I n O ld P e rs an i t i s Uf r at u , “
th e a r f i
flo w i n
g .
”
F . F i i nz , i
A n t i ch i ta A ss i r a , T u r n , 1 8 7 2 : p 1 1 2 . .

2 1 3 6, 1 40
S e e pp 95, . .
 TI I E R E S U L TS OF TH E OL O GI A N S . 29

1
si an riv e r H e lm e n d A f ri c a als o h ad i ts s acr e d .

E u ph rat e s ?
I f th e re f o re t h e p as s ag e i n G e n e s is i s
g e n u i n e an d M o s e s w ro t e o f t h e Ph rat h i t is n o t
, ,

” ”
abs o l u t e ly c e r t a i n wh at br o ad o r ab o u n d i n g
“ “

ri v e r h e h ad i n m i n d M o re o v e r i n an y c as e t h e .
, ,

E u ph rat e s o f M e s o p o t am i a i s n o t o n e o f f o u r e qu al
”
o ffsh o o ts i n t o w h ich t h e o n e ri v e r p ro c e e d i n g
“

o ut o f E d e n d i vid e d i ts e l f ac c o rdi n g t o t h e s t at e
m e n t o f t h e t e xt I t s s o u rc e i s n o t f ro m a n o th e r .

ri v e r at all b ut f ro m o rd i n ary m o u n t ai n spri n gs

, .

Th i rdly i t m u s t n o t b e f o rg o tt e n o ur f ri e n d i s
, ,

t o ld th at all p e o pl e s c o m i n g i n t o a n e w c o u n try l o v e
,

t o n a m e th e i r n e w r iv e r s an d t o w n s aft e r t h e l o v e d
a n d s acr e d o n e s th e y h av e l e ft i n t h e e ld e r h o m e .

T h e Th am e s o f N e w E n gl an d p e rp e t u at e s t h e m e m
o ry o f t h e Th a m e s o f O l
“
d E n gl an d I t is v e ry
”
s e ld o m i n d e e d s ays a l at e w r it e r th a t a riv e r h as
“
, ,
” 3
no n a m e s ak e s V e ry p o ssibl y th e r e fo re t h e
.
, ,

Ph rat h o f M e s o p o t am i a m ay h av e b e e n n am e d f o r
s o m e e l d e r r iv e r o f t h e an t e dil uv i an w o rld wh e r ,

e v e r th at m a h av e b e e n Th a t i t was s o i s t h e firm
y .

1
b e l i e f o f v ari o u s l e arn e d w r it e rs .
‘

F o u r th ly c o n ti n u e t h e th e o l o gi an s t h e l an gu ag e
, ,

o f E z e ki e l xxviii 1 3—1 9 a n d o f P ro v e r b s i i i 1 8 ; xi .
,
. .

3 0 e t c sh o w s th at p o e ti c an d sy m b o lic al appl ic a
, ,

ti o n s o f t h e n am e an d i m ag e s o f E d e n w e re c o m m o n .

1
O r i gi n es d e l I I i s toi r e , t o m
’
. II . 1, p 99 . .

2 A l so t h e re is a v e ry s ac re d r i ve r i n H w d a i ca ll e d t h e E u ph ra t e s
or Eu f rat e s .
” — G e ral d M as s e y T h e N at u r al Ge n e s i s L o n d o n
,
.
,
1 88 3 :

vol . ii .
p 1 65
, . .

3
T h e re i s no i mp ro b ab ili ty i n s u ppo s n g i t h a t t h e re m ay h av e be e n
i n B r ta i i n t wo r i v e rs n am e d T ris an t o n . O n t h e c o n t ra ry, i t i s ve ry

se l do m i n d e e d th at i
a r ve r h as n o n am e s ak es .
”
H e n ry B ra d ley , in
Th e A ca d e my , A pr il 28, 1 88
3 p , . 2 96 .

1
See Gr ill ,
D ie E r a /l
i te r /e n s ch h e i t , B d i
de r ll . .
, pp . 2
39 , 2 42 .
30 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

A ndif t h e H e b r e ws n am e d o n e o f t h e w at e r c o u rs e s -

a t J e r us al e m G i h o n i n c o m m e m o ra ti o n o f o n e o f t h e ,

f o u r P aradi s e r iv e r s l it i s n o t i rrati o n al t o su pp o s e ,

th at t h e i n h abi t an ts o f M e s o p o t am i a m ay h av e c all e d
th e ir ch i e f str e am i n h o n o r o f an o th e r o f t h e f o u r .

L e n o rm an t G ril l O b ry an d o th e r s s upp o r t th is V i e w
, , , .

Th e y m igh t h av e re n d e re d t h e p ro b ab ility st ill

s t ro n g e r by c alli n g att e n ti o n t o t h e f a ct th a t t h e
o ld e st n a m e o f B a byl o n T i n t i r k i w as o f t h e s am e ,
- -
,

c o m m e m o rativ e o r sy m b o l i c al c h aract e r an d s i gn i ,
” 2
t h e pl a c e o f t h e Tr e e o f L if e
“
he d .

F i n ally pu r s u i n g th e s e cu r i o u s i n v e st ig at i o n s fu r
,

th e r o u r pl ai n r e a d e r fi n ds m e n ti o n i n Pau s an i a s i i
, , .

5 ,
o f a s t ran g e b e l i e f o f t h e a n c i e n ts a cc o r di n g t o ,

wh i ch t h e E u ph rat e s aft e r d i s app e ari n g i n a m arsh ,

an d fl o w i n g a l o n g dist an c e u n d e rg ro u n d r is e s ag a i n ,

b e y o n d E th i o pi a an d fl o w s th ro u gh E gypt as t h e ,

N il e T h is re m i n ds h i m o f t h e l an gu ag e o f J o s e ph u s
.
,

a cc o r di n g t o w h i ch t h e G an g e s t h e Tig r i s t h e E u , ,

ar ts o f
“
h r a t e s a n d t h e N il e are al l b u t p o n e ri v e r
p ,
”
w h i ch r an r o u n d ab o u t t h e w h o l e e ar th th e O k e ,

3
an o s r iv e r o f t h e G re e ks
- A n d h e w o n d e rs wh e th e r .

t h e o ld S h e m i ti c t e r m f r o m w h ich t h e m o d e rn E u
h ra t e s i s d e r i v e d wa s n o t o r igi n ally a n a m e o f t h e
p
g e n e ral w at e r syst e m o f t h e w o rl d a n am e o f th at ,

O c e an r i v e r wh ich A r i st o tl e d e sc rib e s as r isi n g i n

-

t h e u pp e r h e av e n s d e sc e n d i n g i n rai n u p o n t h e ,

e ar th f e e d i n g as H o m e r t e ll s u s al
, ,
l f o u n t a i n s an d ,

ri v e r s a n d e v e ry s e a fl o wi n g th ro ugh all th e s e w at e r ,

1 l
E w d G hi ht a d V lé
e sc I l 2 dc d B ed iii pp 3
es 2 1 —32 8
o es s r ae ,
e .
,
. .
,
. .

d I H i t i l i p 76 E gl i h i ’
'

L2 m t O g
eno r an ,
ri zn es e s o re , v o . .
, . . n s v e rs o n ,

p 5.8 S
. l R ee 0 D M ill
a so Th S ym b li c l G
ev . .
g p hy f. e r,
“
e o a eo ra o

th A e i t
”
i th e A m i
n c e n s, A ti q n i d O i t ly er can l n u a r an an r en a ou r n a ,

C h i g J l y 88 1
ca o, u ,
1 .

3
C o m pare R e v i x . . 14.
 TH E R E S U L TS OF TH E OL O GI A N S .

3 1

“
c o u rs e s d o w n i n t o t h e g re at an d b ro ad e qu at o ri al
o c e an c u rr e n t wh i ch gi rdl e s t h e w o rl d i n i ts e m b rac e
-
,

th e n c e br an ch i n g o u t fro m t h e furth e r sh o re i n t o
t h e r iv e rs o f t h e U n d e rw o rld t o b e at l ast fire pu rg e d ,
-

an d su bl i m at e d a n d r e t u rn e d i n p u ri ty t o t h e u pp e r
,

1
h e av e n s t o r e c o m m e n c e its r o u n d A n d j u st as h e .

i s w o n d e ri n g o v e r t h e q u e sti o n h e fi n d s th at s o m e ,

o f t h e A s sy r i o l o gi sts i n th e i r i n v e s tig a ti o n o f pre ,

B abyl o n i an A k k ad i an m y th o l o gy h av e f o u n d r e as o n ,

t o b e l i e v e th i s s u r m i s e c o rre c t an d t o s ay th a t i n ,

th at m yth o l o gy t h e t e rm E u ph ra t e s was a ppl i e d t o

”
t h e ro p e o f t h e w o rld t h e e n ci rcl i n g r iv e r o f t h e
“
,
” “
s n ak e go d o f t h e tre e o f l ife t h e h e a v e n ly riv e r ,
” 2
wh ich s u rro u n d s t h e e ar th F u rth e r m o re as h e .
,

t u rn s b ack t o t h e p ag e s o f H ygi n u s an d M an i l i u s , ,

a n d L u c i us A m pe l i u s an d r e ad s o f t h e f all o f t h e ,

“ ”
w o rl d e gg at t h e b e gi n n i n g i n t o t h e r iv e r E u
-
“

”
ph rat e s h e p e rc e iv e s th at h e i s i n a m yth o l o gi c
, ,

3
a n d n o t a h i s t o ri c r e gi o n A n d wh e n h e l igh ts .

u p o n a m util a t e d f ra g m e n t o f a n an ci e n t A s syri an

i n sc ript i o n i n w h ic h d e scripti o n s o f t h e V i s i bl e an d
,

i n vi sibl e w o r ld are m ix e d u p t o g e th e r an d i n w h ic h ,

“
t h e ri v e r o f t h e l if e o f t h e w o rld i s d e sig n at e d by
” 4
t h e n am e E uph rat e s h e qu ickl y c o n cl ud e s th a t ,

i t w il l n o t d o t o t ak e t h e t e rm Ph rat h o r E u f rat a ,
-
,

a s al ways an d e v e rywh e re r e f e rri n g t o t h e h ist o ri c

ri v e r o f M e s o p o t am i a .

1 S b l wP t V
ee h pt e o
5 T h Q d if c te R i e
ar .
, c a er e ua r ur a v r
.

2 T h e Re v A . . H . S ayc e i n Th e AL o n d o n , O c t 7, 1 88 2 ca d e my . .

p 2 63
. . f f
Pro e s s o r S ayc e , a t e r re c e n t y o bs e rv n g t h a t ‘ i n e ar y l i l
A k k ad ia n l
m yt h o o gy t h e m o u t h o f t h e E u ph ra t e s was d e n t fie d w t h i i i
th e R i ve r o f D e ath ,
’
ad d s ,
‘
T h e O k e an o s o f H o m e r h ad , I b e e v e , li
i ts or i gi n in t h i s A kk ad an i i e wh i h
r v r c co il ed i t e lf
s aro un d t he
w or l d .
’ — Ro be rt B ro wn , Ju F R S Th
n .
, . . .
, e Myt h of Ki r he L o n d o n,
’
.

1 88 3 : p .
33 .

1 B ryan t , A n al s s o
y i f A n ci e n t I l/
yt h s, vo l . iii .
, pp . 1 60 - 1 62 .

4 R ec or d s th e P as t,
f
o x .
, p . 1 49 .
 P A RA D I S E F OU N D
32 .

ith e rt o th e n t h e re s ul ts o f t h e th e o l o gi an s
H , ,
“

as t o t h e l o c a ti o n o f E d e n are p ur e l y n e g at iv e an d

m u tu ally d e s tru ctiv e

”
I t w o uld b e di ffic ul t
. s ays ,

“
o n e o f th e ir n u m b e r t o fi n d an y su bj e ct i n t h e
,

w h o l e h is to ry o f O pi n i o n w h i ch h as s o i n vit e d an d at
t h e s am e t i m e s o c o m pl e t e ly b affl e d c o n j e ctu re as
th i s T h e o ry aft e r th e o ry h as b e e n adv an c e d b u t
.
,

n o n e h as b e e n f o u n d w h i ch s ati sfi e s t h e r e qu ir e d
c o n diti o n s T h e s i te o f E d e n wi ll e Ve r ran k w ith
.
,

t h e q u a d rat ur e o f t h e c ircl e a n d t h e i n t e r p re t ati o n

o f u n fulfi ll e d p ro ph e cy am o n g th o s e u n s o l v e d an d
,

p e rh aps i n s o l ubl e p ro bl e m s whic h p o ss e ss s o str an g e

1
a f as c i n at i o n .

1 W i l li am A . W ri gh t , of Tr i i t y Co ll e ge
n , Cambri dge , i n S m i t h
’
s
“ ”
D i cti ona ry qf th e B i ble, A rt . E de n .
 CH A PT E R I II .

TH E RE S U L T S OF N O N T H E O L O G I CA L S CH O L A RS ! N A T ~
-

U R A L I ST S , E T H N O L O G I ST S , ETC .

I t is use l
e ss to pe cula te
s o n th s s ub e ct .
i j C HARL E S D AR W N
I .

THE l o c ati o n o f t h e c ra dl e o f t h e h u m an rac e i s as

m u c h a p ro bl e m fo r t h e e th n o l o gist an d an t h ro po lo
gi s t as i t i s fo r t h e th e o l o gi an T h e arch ae o l o gist .
,

t h e z o ol o gis t an d e v e n t he bi o l o gist if at all br o ad

, ,

an d ph il o s o ph ic al i n th e ir i n qu iri e s c an n o t i g n o re ,

t h e h igh i n t e re s t o f t h e q u e sti o n s W as th e re f o r ,

t h e h u m an r ac e o n e pri m i tiv e c e n t re o f d i st r ibu ti o n ?

a n d if s o W h e r e was i t l o c at e d ?
, ,

Th irty y e ars ago t h e pr e t e n ti o u s A m e ri c an w o rk

by N o t t an d G lid d o n e n t itl e d T h e Typ e s o f M an
“
,

ki n d ” 1
,
— a w o rk w r itt e n i n O pp o siti o n t o t h e d o c
t ri n e o f t h e u n i ty o f t h e h u m an rac e at tr act e d ,

u n u s u al att e n ti o n t o t h e f o rm e r o f th e s e q u e s ti o n s .

T h e t e ach i n g th e re i n pu t f o rth was th a t th e re are

v e ry m an y typ e s o r v ari e ti e s o f m e n w ith o u t ge n e a
l o gic al c o n n e cti o n with e ac h o th e r an d th at th e re ,

f o re a gr e at n u m b e r o f p ri m it iv e c e n t re s o f d i s t ri b u
ti o n m u s t b e as su m e d T h e a v o w e d p re j u di c e s o f
.

t h e pr o j e ct o rs o f t h e w o rk ag a i n st c e rt ai n r ac e s par ,

t i c u larly t h e A f ri c an w o ul d h av e r e n d e r e d t h e i h
,

fl u e n c e o f t h e w o rk u p o n t h e s ci e n ti fi c w o rl d e x
t r e m e ly sl igh t h ad n o t c o n t r i bu ti o n s o f s o m e v al u e
,

f ro m D r S G M o rt o n an d P ro fe s s o r L o u i s A g as siz
. . .
,

Ph il d l ph i1
d L d a 1 8 54
e a an on o n, .
 P A RA O I S E F OUN D
34 .

b e e n i n c o rp o r at e d w ith it A s i t w as it g av e E u .
,

ro pe an e th n o l o gi s ts o c c a si o n t o f o rm an d e xp re s s

v e ry u n c o m pl i m e n t ary c o n c e pti o n s o f A m e r ic an re p
re s e n t at i v e s o f e th n o l o gic a l r e s e ar ch
1
F o rt u n at e .

ly th e s e cru d e b e gi n n e r s o f t h e sci e n c e h av e h ad
n o i n fl u e n ti al s u c c e s s o r s o f th e i r o w n s o r t i n th is

c o u n t ry an d b u t o bs c u re o r h alf h e art e d d i scipl e s

,
-

i n a n y o th e r ?
T h e p o lyg e n y o f t h e ra c e h as at
p re s e n t n o re sp e ct abl e s upp o r t E v e n t h e a u th o r o f .

t h e l at e st an d p e r h aps a bl e st o f t h e w o r ks o n t h e
Pr e ad am it e H yp o th e si s re m arks T h e pl u ral o r igi n
“
,

o f m an ki n d i s a d o ctri n e n o w al m o s t e n ti re ly s u p e r

s e de d A ll sch o o l s ad m i t t h e p ro b abl e d e s c e n t o f
.

” 3
al l ra c e s f r o m a c o m m o n s t o ck T o th e s e c o n d .

qu e sti o n th e r e f o r e t h e a tt e n ti o n o f t h e s ci e n t i fi c
, ,

an d arch ae o l o gic al w o rl d i s st e adily g ravi t at i n g .

G iv e n o n e p r i m e v al p o i n t o f d e p artu r e f o r t h e rac e ,

wh e re sh al l th at p o i n t o f d e p art u r e b e s o u gh t
T h e an sw e rs wh i ch r e c e n t b i o l o gi s t s n at u ral is ts , ,

an d e th n o l o gi st s h av e giv e n t o th i s p ro bl e m a re
h ardly l e s s n u m e ro u s o r l e s s c o n flicti n g th an are
t h e s o lu ti o n s pr o p o s e d by th e o l o gi an s O f th e s e .

1 S h f uc th f ll wi g e t co m m
re e re n ce s as U e o o n ar no un on : ner

l li h b l i b t di B h
ass c pt g ei
e ei i g A g g t am m t
e e au un ne s nz en us an so r e s s

li h M
c er h im G g
e n sc t u A th p lg
e n rasse n , h l u t e e n s a ze z r n ro o o en s c u e n er

d e n A m e r i han er n , d i e v i ellei ch t um i h r Gew i ss en i cbe r d i e v or m al

ge
'

N eg e r s h la ve re i u nd d e n R a s s en m or d d e r I n di an er zu be r u h zge n , in
n e u s te r Z ei t ilbe r h u n de r t M en s c h e n a r t e n , n i ch t M e n s ch e n r a s s e n ,
”
ilbe r h a upt g es ch afi en h a t a ls VOlh e r type n s i ch a uf s te lle n la s s en ,
s o v i e le
'

e tc — O. . l
Pe s c h e , i n A u s lan d , 1 869, p 1 1 1 0 C t e d i n C as par , D i e . . i i
U rges c h i c h t e d e r M e n s c h h e i t 2 d e d , L e ps c , 1 8 7 7 , v o l i , p 2 4 1
. . i i . . . .

2 Se e S mo n i i n,
’
L H om m e A m ér i ca i n . Par i s, 1 8 70 : p . 12 . A . Ré
v ill e ,
L es R e ligi on s d e s P e uple s n on -ci v i lis s é . P ar i s , 1 88 3 : v o l . i , p . 1 96 .

3 A le x an W i n c h e ll P r ea d a m i te s ; or a D
de r ,
e m on s t r a t i o n
f
o th e

E x i s t en ce
f M e n bef o r e A da m C h i cago 1 880
o .
, p . 2 97 . O ne of t he

lat e s t an d m o st a u th o r i t t i e c i ti c i
a v r s ms an d f
re u t a t o n s o f i A gass z s i ’

l
po yge n s m i s i fo un d in Q u t f ge
a re a s, Th e I zu
'
m a n R a ce . N V , 1 8 79
. .

c h ap x i v . .
36 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

e th n o gr aph e rs h av e o f l at e v e ry s tr o n gly t e n d e d
t o pl ac e t h e c radl e o f m an k i n d o n t h e l o fty pl a t e a u
o f P am i r i n Ce n tr a l A si a F o r th e s e t h e e m i n e n t .

F r e n ch an th ro p o l o gi st Q u atr e fag e s i s w e l l e n ti tl e d
, ,

t o s p e ak .

We k n o w [s ays t h i s v an t] th at i n A s i a th e re is a
sa

v as t re gi o n b o u n d e d o n t h e s o uth an d s o ut h w e s t by t h e -

H i m al ay as o n t h e w e s t by t h e B o l o r m o u n t ai n s o n t h e
, ,

n o rt h w e s t by t h e A ll a T au
-
o n t h e n o rth by t h e A l t ai
-

r an g e an d i t s o ff s h o o t s o n t h e e as t by t h e Ki n k h an o n
-

, g ,

t h e s o ut h an d s o ut h e as t by t h e F e li n a an d Kw e n lun
- -
.

J u dgi n g o f it by wh at e xi s ts at t h e pre s e n t d ay t h is gre at ,

c e n tral re gi o n m igh t b e re g ard e d as h avi n g i n clud e d t h e

c radl e o f t h e h u m an rac e .

I n f act t h e t h re e f u n d am e n t al typ e s o f all th e rac e s

,

o f m an k i n d are re p re s e n t e d i n t h e
po pul ati o n s g ro u pe d
aro u n d t h i s re gi o n T h e n e g ro rac e s are t h e f u rt h e s t re
.

m o v e d f ro m it but h av e n e v e rt h e l e s s m ari n e s t ati o n s

, ,

i n w h ic h t h e y are f o u n d pu re o r m ix e d f ro mt h e Ki us s i u ,

t o t h e A n d am an I s l an d s O n t h e c o n ti n e n t t h e y h av e
.

m i n gl e d t h e i r bl o o d wit h n e arly all t h e i n f e ri o r c as t e s an d

cl as se s o f t h e t wo G an ge tic p e n i n s ul as ; th e y are s till
f o u n d pu re i n e ach o f t h e m th e y as c e n d as f ar as N e pal ,

an d acc o rdi n g t o E l ph i n s t o n e s pre ad t o t h e w e s t as f ar

, ,

as t h e P e rs i an G ul f an d L ak e Z are h T h e ye ll o w rac e .
,

pu re o r m ix e d h e re an d t h e re with wh ite e l e m e n ts s e e m s
, ,

al o n e t o o ccupy t h e are a i n qu e sti o n T h e ci rcu m f e re n c e .

o f t h is re gi o n i s p e o pl e d by it t o t h e n o rth t h e e as t t h e , ,

s o ut h e ast an d t h e w e s t
-

,
I n t h e s o u t h it i s m o re m ix e d
.
,

but it n o n e t h e l e s s f o rm s an i m po rtan t e l e m e n t o f t h e
p o pul ati o n T h e wh ite rac e by i t s all o p h yli an re pre
.
,

s e n t at i ve s s e e m s t o h av e di s pu t e d t h e po s s e s si o n o f e v e n
,

t h e c e n t ral are a it s e l f with t h e ye ll o w rac e I n e arly .

ti m e s we fin d t h e Y u Tc h i t h e U S u n s t o t h e n o rth o f
-
,
-
,

H o an g H o ; an d at t h e pre s e n t d ay i n L ittl e Th ib e t i n
-
,

E ast e rn Th ib e t s m all i s l an d s o f w h it e p o pul ati o n s h av e

,
 O T H E R R E S U L TS
37

b e e n po i n te d o ut T h e Mi ao T s é o ccu py t h e m o u n tai n
.
-

o u s re gi o n s o f Ch i n a ; t h e S i aput h e s are p ro o f ag ai n s t

al l att ack s i n t h e go rge s o f B o l o r O n t he co n fi n e s o f .

t h i s are a we fin d t o t h e e as t t h e A mo s an d t h e J ap a n e s e
o f h ig h c as t e th e Ti n gui an s o f t h e P h ili ppi n e I s l an ds ;
,

t o t h e s o ut h t h e H i n du s T o t h e s o ut h w e s t an d w e s t
.
-

t h e w h it e e l e m e n t pu re o r m ix e d i s c o m pl e t e ly pre d o m i
, ,

n an t . N o o t h e r re gi o n o n t h e f ac e o f t h e gl o b e pre s e n ts
si m il ar re u n i o n o f t h e e xt re m e type s o f t h e h u m an rac e
dist ribute d aro u n d a c o mm o n c e n t re Th i s f ac t o f it se l f .

m igh t s ugg e s t t o t h e n atu ralist t h e c o n j e ct u re w h ic h I

h av e e x pre s s e d ab o v e but we m ay app e al t o o t h e r c o n
sid e rati o n s .

O n e o f t h e w e igh ti e s t o f t h e s e is d raw n f ro m p h il o l
o gy . T h e t h re e f u n d am e n t al f o rm s o f h u m an l an gu age
are f o u n d i n t h e s am e re gi o n s an d i n an al o g o u s c o n n e c

ti o n s I n t h e c e n t re an d t h e so ut h e as t o f o ur are a t h e
.
-

m o n o syll abic l an gu ag e s are re pre s e n t e d by t h e Ch i n e s e ,

t h e A n n a m it e t h e S i am e s e an d t h e T h ib e t an
, , A s agglu .

t i n at i v e l an gu age s we fin d f ro m t h e n o rth e as t t o t h e
, ,
-

n o rt h w e s t t h e g ro up o f t h e U g ro J apan e s e
; i n t h e s o ut h
- -
,

t h at o f t h e D ravidi an s an d t h e M al ay s ; an d i n th e we st
t h e Tu rki s h l an gu ag e s L as tly S an s c rit wit h its d e riv a
.
,

t i ve s an d t h e I ran i an l an gu age s re pre s e n t i n t h e s o ut h

, , ,

an d s o u t h w e s t t h e i n fl e c t i o n al l an gu age s
-
, W i t h t h e lin .

gu i s t i c type s acc u m ul at e d aro u n d t h i s c e n t ral re gi o n o f

A s i a all h u m an l an gu age s are c o n n e cte d e it h e r by t h e i r ,

v o c ab u l ary o r t h e i r gram m ar S o m e o f t h e s e A s i atic lan

.

gu age s r e s e m bl e v e ry cl o s e ly l an gu age s s po k e n i n re gi o n s
f ar re m o v e d o r s e p arat e d f ro m t h e are a i n qu e sti o n by
,

v e ry di ff e re n t l an gu age s .

L as t ly it i s f ro m A s i a a ai n t h at o u r e arli e s t t am e d
, ,
g
,
-

d o m e s tic an i m als h ave c o m e I s id o re G e o fI ro y S ai n t .

-

H il ai re i s e n ti re ly ag re e d o n t h i s po i n t wit h D u re au d e
la M all e .

Th u s t aki n g i n t o acc o u n t o n ly t h e p re s e n t e p o c h
, ,
38 P A RA O I S E F 0 ON O .

e v e ryth i n g l e ad s u s b ack t o t h i s c e n t ral pl ate au o r rath e r ,

t h i s v as t i n cl o s u re H e re we are i n cli n e d t o s ay t o o ur .
,

s e lv e s t h e fi rs t h u m an b e i n gs a p e are d an d m ulti pli e d

, p ,

d o wn t o th e m o m e n t wh e n t h e po pu l ati o n s o v e rfl o we d
lik e a b o wl wh i c h i s t o o f ull an d po u re d th e ms e lv e s o u t .

i n h u m an w av e s i n all di re c ti o n s ? ‘

Th i s V i e w o f t h e l o c a ti o n o f t h e fi r s t c e n t re o f t h e
r ac e i s v e r y w id e ly ac c e pt e d I t h as t h e s u pp o rt o f .

m an y g r e a t n a m e s T o it s e st abl i s h m e n t c o n t ri b u .

ti o n s h a v e b e e n m ad e by s ch o l ars i n a g re a t v ari e ty
o f fi e l ds A m o n g th e m m ay b e m e n ti o n e d L a ss e n
.
,

B ur n o u f E w ald R e n an O b ry D E c k s t e i n H Of e r
’

, , , , , ,

S e n art M a sp ero L e n o r m an t e t c
,
P e rh aps t h e m o st, , .

i m p o rt an t s i n gl e t re ati s e re p re s e n ti n g t h e V i e w i s
Cr adl e o f t h e H u m an S p e ci e s,
’
“
O bry s a w o rk
?
o f si n gul ar i n t e re s t t o e v e ry sc h o l a r

B u t t h e l at e s t w r i t e rs o n t h e qu e st i o n are by n o
m e an s c o n fi n e d t o t h e t wo l o c ati o n s j u st m e n ti o n e d .

T h e di ffi cu l ty o f acc o u n ti n g f o r t h e fi r s t adv e n t o f
h u m an b e i n gs i n A m e r i c a w i th o u t s upp o si n g i n ,

e ar ly ti m e s a cl o s e r l an d c o n n e cti o n b e t w e e n th e -

e as t e rn an d w e st e r n h e m i s ph e re s i n t h e i n t e rt rO p

i c al r e gi o n s th an n o w e xi sts h as le d n o t a f e w e t h ,

n ol o g i s t s t o p o stul at e a l o s t A tl an ti s i n clu di n g pe r ,

h ap s t h e Can ary an d M ad e ir a I sl an ds o r t he A z o re s , ,

1 7 5—1 7 7 — Q u at re f age s n o t e wo rt h y
’
1 Th e I m an Spe c i es ,
fu pp . .

s ugge s t o n i as t o t h e po s s i ili
b ty o f a m o d fic at i io n of th e ab o v e co n

c lus i o n in co n s e q u e n c e of t h e re v e at o n s o fl i re c e n t pa leo l i
n t o o g c al

re s e arc h e s w ill be n o t ce d i i n P art I I I .

, Ch apt e r 7 .

d e l E spec e H u m a i n e s e lo n n di e n s , le s P er s e s e t les I
2 ’
Le B e r cea u

i ’
l
S e e a s o L e n o rm an t , Or zgvn es d e l I I zs
' ‘

les H e br e u x A m e n s , 1 8 58
’
. .

t oi r e . P ar i s, 1 88 2 : t o m 1 , pp 4 1 , 1 44, 1 4 5
. ii ( T ran s at e d i n part
. . . l
i n Th e Co nte mpor a ry R e v i e w, S e pt . F r ag m en ts c os m og on i gu es

dc B e r os e,
pp 30 0
—
33 3 R e n a n , I I i s t oi r e g én ér a le des L angu es S em i
—
. .

t i gue s , pp 47 5 48 4 W .
— . ilf o rd, A s i at i c R e s e ar ch e s , v o l v i , pp 455 5 36, . . .

f ll
an d t h e o o w n g v o um e s i l .
 0 1 E S U L TS
c
.

39

or l o c at e d t o t h e N o rth o r S o u th o f th e m a n d t o ,

pl ac e i n i t t h e fo u n t ai n h c ad o f t h e st re am s o f po pu
l a ti o n wh i ch c o l o n iz e d b o th t h e O ld an d t h e N e w
W o rl d 1
.

A n o th e r l o c ati o n l at e ly ad v a n c e d with gre at c o n

fid e n c e an d s u pp o rt e d w it h re m a rk a bl e a c u t e n e s s
and l e arn i n g i s th at a dv o c at e d by D r F ri e d ri c h .

D e l i tzsch i n h i s v al u abl e w o rk e n t i tl e d W o lag

2
d as P aradi e s This s it e i s o n t h e E uph ra t e s b e
3 ’
tw e e n B a gd ad a n d B a byl o n I n t h e a uth o r s c o n .

“
st ru cti o n t h e f o u r ri v e rs a re t h e g re at c an al w e s t
o f t h e E u ph r a t e s c all e d by t h e G r e e ks t h e Pal lac o ,

1 U n
g e r, D ie t re r s zm he n e [ u s e] A lla n /i s . V ie n n a, 1 860 . A n A me r
i ca n wo rk i n ad v o c ac y o f i
t h s t h e o ry i s I gn a t i us D o n ne ll y s A t l
’

an

Th e A u te d z u / wan Wor ld N e w Y o rk 1882

'

I E pe t h e
’

11 s : .
,
. n u ro

h ypo t h e s i s h as b e e n re pre s e n t e d as l arge ly ab an d o n e d

S e e E n g e r, . l
O ze de r Pfl a n ze n we /t L e ps c , 1 8 79 : v o l
'
. i i .

i p 82
.
, B ut a n e w m o d ficat o n
. . i i i
h as s n c e a ppe are d i n t h e wo rk o f
M B e rli o ux o f Lyo n s : L es A t/m ztes
’
H zs i ozr e d e lA t /a zzi i s de
’ ’

. . et
’ ’ ’
I A f la s pr i m /hf o n f n t r oa u c/i orz a lh i s /oi r e d c I E u r ope
’
Par s , . i 1 88 3 .

2 PVo a E i n e bi bli s ch as syr i o/og7 s ch e S lu d ze [W

'
l g cla s P a ra d i es
'

-
. it
za h /r e zch m a s sy r i o /og i sc h e zz B i ge 7z z u r bi bli s ch e n L cm a e r mid V61
'
’
’ ’

e zlr c
'

h e r h m zd e
’

by/o m en s V o n D r F r e d r c h D e t zs c h ,
a n d ei n er A
'

a r le B a . . i i li
f
P ro e s s o r d e r A s s yr o o g e an d e r U n i v e rs i t at L e pz g L e ps c, i l i i i . i i
1 88 1 T h e au t h o r i s a s o n o f t h e we k n o wn B b c a s c h o ar P ro
. ll -
i li l l
fe s s o r F ran z D e l it z s c h , an d i l gi s t is h m s e i lf i
e m n e n t as an A ss
yr o o .

p e the l f hi y i l o gy P o f ll
3 Co m ar w t d an t i A ua e o s e o s u en n ss r o r
g g
-
,

f so F li c F i
es r i M t e c e e l c ull a d g l i A i i d b b i
e e nz : en r a rcar a e r an o

a mo lge c i d O i vo t agl i U t t
r a K u d gl i I d i a i al m i t i c o
r en e, a ra - ur e n n ,

di d e gl i m i i de l m te M e u ll A i y e m V édjo d gl i
’
ara so no n on r a r an a e
p ,

l i l re g d i U d y p e
ra n ,
a al C
no chm i ; m e t e i q u l he
ana r ss o as r n r n a c

g p p o d
rue l i s t m u l a lt i c d
s ee f e i a d i c i ilc t d i f m
ra o a o o rs e n a rs e n ro or a

i
z o ne d e ll f m i gli t u ic a e l a g fi d l C auc o po t a f
a ran e a, a o ro ra a e as r o rs

s ol d t mi a il i t pi i
e er pp rt n are p l s il uppo d ll e t i b uc h e
o i o o un o er o sv e r

se ne a tt t t tt ; i S em iti ci i m
e s an o a u o t figli d i q u ll t e
o nc s o s r an o e a rra

o e si v l t l p gi pi h b e ll d l l l s t
s o n o s vo e e E 131 f
a ne e in e e a o ro o r la . o rs

u g ln an li q e t p o o ( i c u t m p d ll pl d e d i u a
u s o ae s e r co n e o e o s en or na n

t lu ra gg i t e h
u s s u re
c e l t i b i m i t
an i f m o — Ri h p
a 10 r i se a s or .
”
ce r c e e
r

S lu d d ll A t ch m) A T i 1 872
’
p 43 3 s su e o r no ,
‘

zo e n / . . .
40 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

p ,
as t h e S h at N il an d t h e l o w e r Tigri s an d E u
-
eu -
,

h r at e s B u t d e s pit e t h e c o n c e d e d a bility o f t h e
p .

pl e a th e re s e e m s at pr e s e n t l ittl e p ro sp e c t th at i t
,

wi l l s e c u re a cc e pt an c e am o n g sch o l ars T h e d is ti n .

g u i s h e d Th e o d o r N o e ld e k e i n a re c e n t r e vi e w w h il e , ,

c o rd i ally pr ai si n g t h e l e arn i n g an d i n g e n u ity o f t h e

1
w o rk p ro fe ss e s h i m s e lf u n m o v e d by its argu e ts
,
m n .

S i m il arly a c r iti c i n th i s c o u n t ry wri t e s : U n f o rt u “

n at e l f o r t h e th e o ry s o p o we rful ly adv an c e d a l m o s t
y ,

al l t h e l i n gu i sti c e vid e n c e s by w h ich i t i s s upp o rt e d

are stil l o f d o u btful v al u e t h e e ty m o l o gy o f t h e ,

B abyl o n i an n am e s i n m o s t c as e s an d t h e re adi n g i n ,

s o m e b e i n g di sput e d by h i gh au th o r iti e s i n th is o b
,

s cu re fi e l d o f i n qu i ry W e re t h e l i n gu i stic p o i n ts .

pr o v e d it w o uld b e h ar d t o re si s t t h e p o we r o f t h e
,

a rgu m e n t i n spit e o f v ari o u s d iffi cul ti e s ari si n g fr o m

,

t h e sc an ty t e xt o f G e n e si s its e lf A s it i s al th o ugh .
,

al l o th e r s o l u ti o n s o f t h e k n o tty B i bli c al pr o bl e m
m ay b e s ubj e ct t o s til l g rav e r o b j e cti o n s t h e f o ll o w ,

i n g qu e sti o n s m il it at e t o o st ro n gly a g a i n s t Pr o f e ss o r
D e lit z s c h s s o l u ti o n : W h y if t h e str e am o f E d e n b e
’

t h e m iddl e E uph rat e s i s i t l e ft u n n am e d i n t h e n ar ,

ra t i v e th o u gh it i s c e rt ai n th at t h e H e b re w s we re
,

p e rf e ctly f am il i ar b o th w ith t h e m iddl e an d t h e u p

p e r c o u r s e o f th a t r iv e r ? W h y if t h e Pi s o n an d ,

G ih o n d e s ig n at e t h e c an al s Palla c o pa s an d S h at e m -

N il are th e y s aid t o co mpas s l a n ds w h ich t h e c a n al s

,

o n ly t rav e r s e P I f t h e lo w e r Tig r i s b e m e an t by t h e
H i dd e k e l w hy i s th i s r i v e r d e sc r ib e d as fl o wi n g i n
,

fr o n t o f A ssyri a w hi c h lay a bo v e t h e c e n t ral M e s o

,

1 S ie ne A i h t b g ii d w d t
ns c zu e hr i l G l h mk i t
n en en e e r se r v e e e rs a e

un dnoc h m h S h f i e r cf b i h fu h t
ar s n n au m t N h s g
,
a er c rc e u so ns . ac or

f al t i g P ii f g m
er r un i h f th ltu ss i L g d P di
c es ai e n an e ne r a e es ara ese s n
” —
U t pi tw
’
wi pd t t i h Z t h if t d
’

D t h
'

o en, e er e gt
as s sc sa . e z sc r er e u sc e n

M org en lam i i sch e n Ges e lls ch af t , 1 882 , p . 1 74 .

 O TH E R R E S U L TS .

4!

p o t am i an l o wl an d a ss e rt e d t o b e E d e n H o w sh o ul d
a w r it e r f am il i ar wi th t h e wh o l e c o u rs e o f t h e Tig ri s

d e e m i ts l o w e r p ar t a b ran ch o f t h e E u ph rat e s ?
W h y sh o u l d Cu s h a n am e w h i ch c o mm o n ly d e s i g ,

n at e d E th i o pi a h av e b e e n u s e d by t h e n arr a t o r i n a
,

s e n s e i n wh i ch i t n o wh e r e e l s e o c c u rs i n t h e S c r ip
t u re s w ith o u t t h e l e ast fu r th e r d e fi n i ti o n ? W h y
, ,

o n t h e o th e r h an d i s H avil ah if t h e A r ab i an b o rd e r , ,

l an d s o w e l l k n o w n t o t h e H e b re w s b e m e an t s o ,

fully d e s c rib e d by i ts pro d u ct s ? W h o t e ll s u s th a t

t h e g o ld t h e bd e ll i u m a n d t h e sh o h am o f B a byl o n i a
, ,

w e re al s o ch aract e ri st ic o f t h e ad j o i n i n g H avil ah ?
B u t wh e th e r t h e s e o bj e cti o n s i n t h e p re s e n t s t ag e ,

o f A ssy r i o l o gi c al s tu di e s b e f at al t o t h e th e o ry o f ,

P ro f e ss o r D e litzsch o r n o t we h av e n o h e s it at i o n i n ,

s ay i n g t h at h i s di ss e rt ati o n am pl i fi e d as i t i s by ,

su ppl e m e n t ary tr e at is e s o n t h e an c i e n t g e o gr aphy

an d e th n o l o gy o f t h e M e s o p o t am i an an d n e ighb o r

i n g c o u n t r i e s o f Can aan E gypt an d E l am i s a pe r

, , , ,

f e c t t re as u ry o f k n o wl e dg e — m ad e m o s t acc e s s i bl e ,

by e xc e ll e n t i n d e x e s — an d p ro b abl y t h e m o s t b r il ,

l i an t pr o d u cti o n i n all B ibl ic o A ssy r i o l o gi c al l i t e ra -

” 1
t u re .

A t t h e p re s e n t w r iti n g t h e l a t e st m o n o g raph ,

u p o n t h e s ub j e ct i s t h e o n e j u s t pu blis h e d i n t h e
“ ’
R e vu e d e l H i s t o i re d e s R e l i gi o n s fro m t h e pe n o f ,

2
M B e auv o is
. T h i s l o c at e s t h e E d e n o f e th n i c t ra
.

d i t i o n s i n A m e ric a an d asc ri b e s t o t h e K e l ti c r ac e ,

1 Th e N a t i o n M ar 1 88 3 S e e L e n o rm an t c ri t i
’
. N e w Y o rk ,
. 1
5
,
. s

i
c s m s i n L e s Or
’
igi n “ dc I H i s lo i r e , t o m . ii . an d H alév ’
y s i n t h e R ev u e
Cr i /i q u e , Par i s, 1 88 1 , pp 4 57 463
.
-
477 48 5
,
-
.

2 “
L E lys ée T ra n s a t an t q ue
’
l i e t l E d e n O c c d e n ta
’
i l par E B e au
,
.

vo s i . R ev u e , Par s , 1 8 8 3 pp 2 73 i , . ss . Se e a sol L E lys ée d e s M e x

’
i
i
c a ns com
par é a ce u l i d e s Ce l te s ,
”
by th e s am e a ut h o r, in s am e Re
i
v e w, 1 884 .
42 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

no s m all i n fl u e n c e u p o n t h e G re c o R o m an m yth o l -

og i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f s u ch i d e a s as th o s e pe r
y
t ai n i n g t o t h e G ard e n s o f t h e H e sp e rid e s t h e I sl e s ,

o f t h e B l e ss e d e t c T h e s it e adv o c a t e d i s n o t n e w
, .
,

th o u gh t h e li n e o f argu m e n t i s f re sh an d sch o l arly

T h e hyp o th e s is th a t t h e c radl e o f t h e r a c e i s t o b e
s o u gh t i n A m e ri c a h as b e f o r e f o u n d ad v o c acy at t h e
h an ds o f J Kl ap ro th G o b i n e a u an d o t h e r s
.
, , .

Th at th is h o w e v e r i s n o t t o b e t h e l a s t an d o n ly
, ,

w o rd o n th e s u bj e ct i s e vid e n t f ro m t h e f act th at i n ,

a h u g e w o rk j u st fr o m t h e p re s s an E n gli sh w ri t e r ,

“
s ays : I f t h e re b e an e arth ly o rigi n al f o r t h e b e av
e nl y E d e n it wil l b e f o u,n d i n e qu at o ri al A f r i c a t h e ,

l an d o f s e e th i n g s w arm i n g m u l tit u d i n o u s an d c o
, , ,

lo s s al l i f e w h e r e t h e m o th e r n a t u r e g re w gr e at w ith
,

h e r l at e st r a c e ; t h e l ai r i n w h ich t h e lu sty b re e d e r
b ro ugh t f o rth h e r bl ack b ar b ari an b ro o d an d pu t , ,

f o r th f o r th e m s u ch a w arm w e l l i n g b o s o m a s c an ,

n o t b e p ar a ll e l e d e l s e wh e re o n e ar th T h i s w as t h e .

w o rld o f w e t an d h e av e n o f h e a t t h e l an d o f e qu al
d ay an d d ark th at s u ppl i e d t h e T w o T ru th s o f
U a r t i ( E gypti an ) ; t h e t o p o f t h e w o r ld ; t h e v e ry
n ippl e ( Kepa ) o f t h e b re a st o f e ar th wh ich i s th e r e ,

o n e v a st st re am i n g f o u n t o f m o istu r e q u i ck w i th
l if e S o su re l y as a t o p o gr a ph i c al M e ru i s f o u n d
.

i n H ab e s h s o s u r e l y i s t h e E arthl y P ara di s e t h e
, ,

o r i gi n al o f t h e m yth ic a l wh i ch was c arr i e d f o r th

o v e r t h e w o r l d by t h e m ig ra ti o n s f r o m Ka m t o b e ,
” 1
f o u n d th e re if at all , .

1 Th e N a t u r a l Ge n es i s , c o n ta i n i ng a n a t te m r ecove r a n d
pt to r e c on

Myt h s M Sym
’
s /cr i e s , Typ
’
s t i t u te t h e lo s t Or igi n s f
o th e an a '
es an a

an a A
f
’
bols , R e li gi on an d L a ng w i th E gypt f or t h e
uag e , m ou t hpi ece ,
r i ca a s t h e bi r t hpla ce . l
B y G e ra d M as s e y L o n d o n , . 1 8 83 vo l . ii .
,p .

1 62 . i i l
I t i s m po s s b e t o u n d e rs t an d h o w M r M ass e y re c o n c e s . il the

f i l i
o re g o n g an g u age w t h t h at us e d o n p 2 8 o f t h e s am e vo um e , wh e re . l
 PA R T S E CO N D .

A NEW H YP O T H E S I S .

HA
C P .

I . T H E H Y PO T H E S I S A N D I T S A D M I S S I B I LI T Y .

ll . I T S E F F E CT U P O N T H E PRO B L E M A N D I T S S O LU T I O N .
 W he n N e wt o n s a id H ypo th e se s n on fi n
go
”
h e did
m e an t h at h e d e pr v e d
n ot i
l
h im s e f il i f i
of th e ig i
fac i t es o i fi i
n ve s t at o n aff o rd e d b y as s u m n g i n t h e rs t n s t an c e

wh t h h p d l i m t l y
a e o e b bl t p
u t a e Wi h to h empt i
a e i o ro v e . t out s uc ass u ons sc ence

c ould h
n e ve r tt i d it p
av e a t t t — J S T UAR T M
a ne s re s e n s a e .
-
or1N 1 L L.

I i ti fi i t ig t i it i p mi tt d t i t y h yp t h i d i f i t
n sc e n c nv e s a o ns s er e o nv e n an o e s s , an ex

pl i i l g di dp d t l
a n s v ar o us ar e an f f t it i
n e then k f w ll
en c as s e s o ac s r se s to e ran o a e

gro un d d the y CHARL E D A R W N

e or . S I .
 CH A PTE R I .

THE H Y P OT H E S I S .

T he g old e n g ue ss
I : f t r ut h
mo r n i ng st a r t o t he f ull r o u nd o .

T E NN Y SO N .

F R OM th e f o r e g o i n g ch apt e r s i t w o ul d s e e m as if
n e arl y e v e ry i m agi n a bl e s it e fo r t h e G an E d e n o f -

G e n e si s h ad b e e n pr o p o s e d e x am i n e d an d fo u n d u n , ,

v
a a a il bl e O en .h o w e v e r r e m a i,
n s — a r e gi o n o f rar
, ,

e s t i n t e r e st i n a st r o n o m ic al physic a l a n d h i st o r ic al , ,

g e o gr aphy t h e n at u ral c e n t re o f t h e o n l y h i st o r i c
,

h e m i sph e re Co n sid e ri n g t h e f asc i n ati o n o f t h e s ub

.

n d t h e i n e xh au sti bl e i n g e n u i ty th at h as b e e n
je c t a

e xp e n d e d u p o n it i t s e e m s r e m ark abl e th at i t sh o ul d
,

b e l e ft t o t h e cl o si n g y e ar s o f t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n
tu ry t o b r i n g f o r w ar d an d s e ri o u sly t o t e s t t h e pr o p
o sitio n T H A T TH E CR A D L E OF THE H U M A N R A CE ,

T H E E D E N O F P R I M I T I V E T RA D I T I O N W A s S I T U A T E D ,

A T THE N O R T H P O L E I N A CO U N T R Y S U B M E RG E D ,

1
AT TH E T 1ME OF TH E D E L U GE .

1 A s to t he a ll e ge d n e wne s s of th e ab o v e h ypo t h e s i s, it is
i li
pro pe r t o s ay t h a t s o m e t h ng k e a ye ar e apse d a t e r i t s u a c ce pt l f f ll
li
an c e an d pub c an n o u n c e m e n t b y t h e wr t e r be o re h e c o u d fin d an y i f l
i i
e v d e n c e t h at i t h ad e v e r b e e n e n t e rt a n e d o r ad vo cat e d by a n y o t h e r

pe rs o n i ll i
H e t h e n m e t w t h t h e a us o n i n t h e pas s age q uo t e d ro m
. f
i
B s h o p H ue t as a m o t t o t o c h apt e r se co n d o f t h e pre ce d n g part , i
i i il ll i
an d w t h a s m ar a u s o n i n an an o n ym o us art c e i n D c k e n s A l l i l i '

t he Yea r R o u n d . W he the r the s e we re m o re t h an rh e t o r ic l flo i

a ur s he s

h e was l o ng i n d o ub t . Not un t il af t e r t h e
m an us c r pt o f t h e pre s e n t i
wo rk h ad be e n l
co m p e t e d , pac k e d , an d addre sse d t o t h e pub is h e rs , l
48 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

Th i s i s t h e hyp o th e s is wh i ch i t i s pr o p o s e d i n t h e
f o ll o wi n g p ag e s t o e x am i n e an d a cc o rdi n g t o t h e
e vid e n c e s t o a d j udg e W e pr o p o s e t o m ak e t h e t e s t
.

b o th st ric t an d c o m pr e h e n s i v e H yp o th e s e s h o w .
,

e v e r pr o m isi n g m u s t b e b r o ugh t f a c e t o f a c e w i th
,

r e ality . O u rs l ik e it s n u m b e r l e s s p re d e c e ss o r s
, ,

m u s t be r e j e ct e d if t h e s o l i d f a c ts o f an y o f t h e f o l
l o wi n g s ci e n c e s sh o w th at i t i s i n ad m i s si bl e
1 .G e n e ra l G e og o ny o r t h e s ci e n c e o f t h e o rigi n
,

o f t h e e ar th ;

2 . M a t h e m at i ca l o r A s tron om i ca l Ge og raphy par ,

t i c ularl
y its t e ach i n gs as t o t h e i n h ab i table n e s s o r
u n i n h ab it abl e n e s s o f t h e c irc u m p o l ar r e g i o n wi th
r e sp e ct t o l igh t
3 P hys i og ra
.
ph i ca l Ge ology p articul arly i ts t e ach ,

i n gs as t o t h e p r o b abili ty o r i m pro b abil i ty o f t he

f o r me r e xis t e n c e an d s u bs e qu e n t s ub m e rs i on of a
circu m p o l ar c o u n try
4 P re h i s t or i c Cli m a t ology p arti cul ar ly w i th ref
'

.
,

e r e n c e t o t h e t e m p e ra tu re at t h e P o l e at t h e ti m e Of
t h e b e gi n n i n g o f h u m an h ist o ry

5 . P a le on t o log i ca l B o t any ;

7 P ale o n to logi ca l A
. n t h ro p olo
gy an d E thn o logy
an d

8 . Co mpa ra t i v e Myt h o logy ,

vi e w e d as th e sc i en c e
was t h e d o ub t l
re s o v ed b y fin d i n g i n an an o n
ym o u s E n g li s h m agaz i ne

i l
ar t c e o f i
m o re t h an t h rty ye ars ago t h s b r e s t at e m e n t i
Pa s t e llus i f
will h i
a ve i t t h at Parad s e w as u n d e r t h e N o rt h P o e
”
W h o Pas t e l . l
lus was an d wh at h e wro t e u po n the s u b e c t re m a n
j i to be i nv e s t ig at e d .

S uffi ce t o s ay t h at u p t o t h e d at e of th s i wr i ti
g th e
n au th o r ha s f o un d

no bo o k or t rac t at e i n wh i ch t he ab o v e h ypo t h e s is h as e ve r be e n
a d v o c at e d . Th is f ac t re n d e r s s ome of t h e m o t t o e s pre fix e d t o t h e
c h apt e rs farth e r o n re m ark ab l y s i gni fic an t an d i m pre ss i v e I n m an y
w
.

c as es t h e i r auth ors e xpre s s t rut hs hic h t he y t h e mse lves d id n o t

pe rce i ve .
 P R OP OS E D H YP O TH E S I S .
49

of t h e o ld e st tr ad iti o n ary b e l i e fs an d m e m o ri e s o f
m an ki n d . O n t h e c o n t rary if t h e hyp o t h e s i s i s c a
,

p ahl e o f m e e ti n g th i s e igh tf o l d t e s t an d e sp e c i ally

,

if we c an sh o w n o t o n ly th at i t i s ad m iss ibl e b u t
, ,

a l s o th a t i n gr e a t e r o r l e s s d e gr e e it i s s u pp o rt e d by

t h e p o sitiv e e v id e n c e o f t h e f a ct s i n n e a rly al l of
th e s e fi e l d s o f k n o wl e dg e we sh al l aff o rd a m u c h
,

m o r e c o m pl e t e an d c o n vi n ci n g v e rifi c at i o n th an is
at al lu su al i n m att e rs o f pr e h ist o ri c r e s e arc h .

4
 CH A PT E R I I .

I M P O RT A NT NE W F E A T U RE S AT O N CE I N T RO D U CE D
I NT O TH E P R OB L E M OF TH E SI TE OF EDEN . SI G

N I F I CA N CE OF T H E SE F OR A VA L I D S OL U T I O N .

I t appe a r s , the n , t o he a c on d i t io n of a g e n u i n e l
y s c i e n t ifi c hypo t he s is t h a t i t he
n ot d e s t i ne d a lw ays t o r e m a i n a n hypo t he s i s, bu t be ce r ta i n t o he e i t he r pr ov e d or
d i spr o ve d by t ha t co mpa r i s o n w i t h o hse rv e d fi tc t s w h i c h i s t e r m e d ve r g
fi ca t i o n .

Ver if i ca t i on is pr o of ; if t h e suppo s i t i on ac co r d s w i t h t he phe no m e na t he r e n e e d s

n o ot he r e v i d e n ce 4 i t . O J H N T UAR T
S M 1LL .

’
I T i s e v i d e n t o n a m o m e n t s t h o u gh t th at o ur
, ,

hyp o th e si s i mm e di at e l y an d m at e r i ally m o di fi e s t h e
wh o l e p ro bl e m o f t h e l o c ati o n o f P ar adis e .

G iv e n a pr e h i s t o ri c c i r c u m p o l a r c o n ti n e n t at t h e
N o rth P o l e as t h e cr adl e o f t h e ra c e wh at m u s t ,

h av e b e e n m ark e d an d m e m o r abl e f e atu re s o f th at

p r i m i tiv e ab o d e ?
1 T o t h e firs t m e n th e r e w o u l d h av e b e e n b u t
.

o n e da an d o n e n igh t i n a y e ar
y .

2 T h e st ars i n s t e ad o f s e e m i n g t o ris e an d se t
.
, ,

w o ul d h av e h ad an app are n tly h o riz o n t al m o ti o n

r o u n d an d r o u n d t h e o bs e r v e r fr o m l e ft t o righ t .

3 T h e P o l e t h e u n m o vi n g c e n t re p o i n t o f t h e
.
,
-

h e av e n s d i re c tly o v e rh e a d w o uld n at u rall y h av e

,

s e e m e d t o b e t h e t o p o f t h e w o rld t h e tru e h e av e n , ,

t h e ch an g e l e s s s e at o f t h e s u p re m e allrul i n g G o d ,
-
.

A n d if acc o r di n gly thr o u gh all t h e l o n g life ti m e o f

, ,

t h e an t e dil uv i an w o rl d t h e c i rc u mpo la r sky was t o

-
,

h u m an th o ugh t t h e tru e ab o d e o f G o d t h e o l d e s t ,

p o st dil-
u vi a n p e o pl e s th o u gh sc att e re d d o w n t h e
,
 P A RA D I S E F OU N D
52 .

fl o wi n g i n t h e o pp o s it e dir e cti o n s g re w at l e n gth i n t o

f o u r o pp o sit e fl o wi n g riv e rs fl u m i n a pri n cipa li a as
-
,
“

m an y o ld th e o l o gi an s h av e c all e d th e m —d ivi di n g ,

t h e ci rc u m p o l ar l an d i n t o fo u r n e arly e qu a l qu ar t e rs ,

i t w o uld h av e c o n sti tut e d a n e v e r t o b e f o rg o t t e n - - -

f e at u r e o f th at fi r st h o m e o f m e n .

6 I n an o th e r ch apt e r we sh al l e xp o s e t h e b as e
.

l e s s n e s s o f t h e p o p ul ar i m p re ssi o n th at at t h e P o l e
s i x m o n th s o f e v e ry t w e l v e are sp e n t i n d ark n e s s ,

a n d s h all s h o w th at o n t h e c o n t rar y l e ss th an o n e
, ,

fift h of t h e y e ar is s o sp e n t w h i l e m o re t h an f o u r ,

fifth s are sp e n t i n l igh t Thi s b e i n g t ru e a p r i m i .

,

t iv e ab o d e i n th at p art o f t h e w o rl d w o ul d h av e b e e n
re m e m b e re d by t h e d e sc e n d an t s o f t h e fi r s t m an as

pr e em i n e n tly a l an d o f b e au ty — pr e em i n e n tly t h e ,

h o m e o f t h e s un M o re o v e r A rcti c e xpl o r e rs fin d
.
,

i t i m p o ss ibl e t o d e s c rib e t h e n o ct u r n al S pl e n d o rs of
t h e A u r o r a B o re al i s i n th o s e r e gi o n s — t h e wh o l e ,

t o p o f t h e gl o b e o ftt i m e s s e e m i n g v e il e d i n an d
o v e r c an o pi e d w ith q u i v e ri n g c u r t a i n s an d b an n e rs
-

an d str e am e rs o f l iv i n g l e ap i n g fl am e —i t i s th e r e
,

f o r e e asy t o b e l i e v e t h at o n c e e x il e d f ro m s u c h a ,

h o m e m an ki n d w o u ld e v e r h av e l o o k e d b ack t o it as
,

t o an ab o d e o f u n e arthly an d pr e t e r n at u ral e ff ul
e n c e — a h o m e fi t f o r t h e o c c u p an cy o f g o ds an d
g ,

h o ly i mm o rt als .

F i lly s s u m i g t h p r e v al e n c e o f a n e qu abl e
7 . n a a n , e

tr o p ic al t e m p e ratu re w e fin d t h e bi o l o gic al c o n diti o n s

,

o f t h e re gi o n — s u ch as t h e e xt r ao r di n ar y pr e v a

le n c e o f d ayl ight t h e i n t e n s e r t e r re s t r i a l m ag n e tis m

, ,

t eor s , s pe ak n g o f i th e c o u rs e t h e V apo urs ,

of sa i th ,
t h e re is a R i ve r

i n t h e A i r, c o ns t an t y fl l i
o w ng b e tw x t t h e H i e a v e ns an d the E arth ,
m ade by t h e as ce n d n g i an d d e sce n d i ng Vapo urs .
” —B urn e t , S a cr e d
a r th , 226
Th eory o
f th e E p . .
 P R OB L E M A A I ) 1 TS S OL U T I ON 53
’

E F F E C T ON .

an d t he u n p arall e l e d e l e ct ri c f o rc e s w h ic h f e e d t h e
N o rth e rn L ights all c o m bi n i n g t o ra is e a h igh
pr o b abi l ity th a t if e v e r s uch a l an d as we h av e su p
p o s e d e xi s t e d i t m u st h av e p re s e n t e d f o rm s o f l if e
,

s u rp as si n g th o s e w ith w hi c h we are fam il i ar ; a fl o ra

an d f a u n a o f al m o s t u n i m a gi n e d vig o r a n d l u xu ri an c e

of d e v e lo pme n t U n d e r s u ch c o n d iti o n s m e n th e m
.

s e lv e s m ay w e ll h a v e h ad a s t atu r e an d s t re n gth an d
l o n g e vi ty n e v e r att ai n e d s i n c e t h e D e l ug e w h ich ,
”
d e st ro y e d t h e w o rl d th at th e n was an d i m m e
“
,

d i at e ly o r ul ti m a t e ly o cc a si o n e d t h e tran sl o c a ti o n o f
t h e s e e d o f o u r n e w p o st d il u vi an h u m an ity i n t o t h e
-

c o ld an d b arr e n an d d e s o l at e r e gi o n s o f t h e N o rth
e rn T e m p e rat e z o n e A n d if t h e fi r s t m e n w e r e o f
.

t h e st atu re an d str e n gth an d l o n g e vi ty su pp o s e d ,

h o w c e rt ai n ly w o uld t radi ti o n s o f t h e f a c t l i n g e r i n
t h e m e m o ry o f m an ki n d l o n g aft e r i ts e xil e fr o m i t s
e arl i e r a n d h appi e r h o m e

G l an c i n g b ack n o w o v e r th e s e v a ri o u s p o i n ts o n e ,

i n s t an tly s e e s th at th e y p re s e n t c o n diti o n s o f h u
m an e xi st e n c e t o t ally u n lik e t h e c o n diti o n s o f l i fe
as w e k n o w i t o r as i t h as e v e r b e e n k n o w n i n w h at
,

a re c al l e d h is t o ri c a g e s .Th e y n e c e s s ar ily m o dify

i n t h e p ro f o u n d e st m an n e r t h e wh o l e pr o bl e m o f t h e
s it e o f E d e n N o s o l u ti o n e v e r h e re t o fo r e p re s e n t e d
.

e xp o s e d i ts e lf t o r e fu t ati o n at s o m a n y p o i n ts None .

e v e r b e f o re p o st ul at e d s o e xt rao rd i n ary an adj ust

m e n t o f b o th h e av e n s an d e ar th N o n e e v e r b e fo re
.

r e q u i re d i n o rd e r t o i ts e st abl ish me n t s o i n cr e dibly

, ,

w id e a c o n c u rre n cy o f t e sti m o n y A g ai n st n o o th e r
.

h as i t e v e r b e e n p o ssibl e f o r t h e v e r y stars i n th e i r
c o u rs e s t o fi gh t I f f al s e i t d e m an d s o f h u m an t ra
.
,

d iti o n sh ad o wy r e c o l l e cti o n s o f w o rl d c o n d i ti o n s -

whi ch h av e n e v e r e x is t e d i n h u m an e xp e r i e n c e A n .
54 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

h yp o th e si s s o p e c ul i arly diffi cult m u st s u r e l y br e ak

d o w n if i t b e n o t tru e P ro m i si n g t h e r e ad e r t h e r e
, .
,

f o r e n o t a n e w i gn i s f a t u us ch as e bu t at l e as t t h e
,
-
,

s atisfa cti o n o f a d e fi n it e r e su lt as re sp e c ts o n e h y
p o t h e s i
, s w e c o r di ally i n vi t e h i s cri ti c al an d p a ti e n t

att e n ti o n t o t h e f acts t o b e p re s e n t e d i n t h e f o l l o w

i n g ch apt e r s .
 PA RT TH I RD .

TH E H YP O T H E S I S S CI E N T I F I CA L LY T E S T E D
A ND CO N F I R M E D .

CH A P .

I . TH E T E ST I M O N Y O F S CI EN T I F I C GE OGO N Y .

I I . TH E T E ST I M ONY O F A ST R O N O M I CA L G E O G R A P H Y .

I I I . T H E T E S T I M O N Y O F P H Y S I OG R A P H I CA L G E O L O G Y .

I V . T H E T E ST I M O N Y O F P R E H I S T O R I C C L I M A T O LO G Y .

V . T H E T E S T I M O N Y O F P A L E O N T O LO G I CA L B O T A N Y .

VI . T H E T E S T I M O N Y O F PA L E O N T O LO G I CA L Z O OL O G Y .

VI I . T H E T E S T I M O N Y O F P A L E O N T O LOG I CA L A N T H R O P OL
O GY A N D E T H N O L O G Y .

VI I I . CO N CL U S I O N O F T H I S PA RT .
 I t fo o ws ll t h at man , ss ui ng f ro m a
“
i
m oth e r-re gi on s t un de t e rmi n e d , b utill
i i i
wh c h a n umbe r o f co n s d e rat o n s n d cat e t o h av e b e e n i n t h e i i
o rth , h as rad at e d N i
l i
i n se v era d re c ti o n s i i
t h at h i s m grat o n s h av e b e e n c o n st an t y f ro m o rth t o l N
S o uth M.
— LEM A Rq s G
. S O , i n P op
ul . D E A P R TA
a r S c i e n ce M o n t h l
y, O c t o b e r,
1 883 , p 753

E i ne je de i l
R e s e , we c h e n ac h d e r e i su mgurt e te n I n se we t i m l l N
o rd e n A m e ri k as

i i li
un t e rn o mm e n wu rd e , we s s v o n A n ze c h e n d e r e h e m a ge n A n we s e n h e t e n e s V o i i
es lk
z u e rz ah l l i
e n , we c h e s L an d e r b e wo h n t e , d i e h e u t e k e n m e n s ch i c h e r F usl s m e h r zu

b e t re t e n s ch e i n t .
—
D R F B oss , i n Z e i tsch r if t de r Gese llschaf t fi i r E r d k un de i n
. .

B er lin , B d xvii . i
p 118
. . .
 CH A PTE R I .

TH E T E S T I MO NY OF G E OG O NY , OR TH E S CI E N CE OF

THE ORI GI N OF TH E E A RT H .

’
I hypo thése
’
L e s lo is g én ér a l
e s de l
a g éog én ie f a v or i s e n t d u ne /a con r e ma r qua bl
e

de n t n o us v e no us d e ba uc he r le s t r a i t s
’
CO
. U NT
S A PO R I A ’ ‘
.

CO U L D itc e be p ro v e n th at t h e A rcti c t e r m i
on

n u s o f t h e e arth h as al ways b e e n t h e i c e b o u n d re -

gi o n whi ch i t n o w i s an d w h i ch f o r th o u s an d s o f
,

y e ars it h as b e e n i t w o u l d o f c o u rs e b e u s e l e ss t o
,

e n t e rt ai n f o r a m o m e n t t h e hyp o th e si s th a t t h e c ra

d le o f t h e h u m an r a c e was t h e re l o c at e d Pr o b .

ably t h e p o pul ar i m pr e ss i o n th a t fr o m t h e b e gi n n i n g

o f t h e w o r l d t h e f ar N o rth h as b e e n t h e r e gi o n o f

u n e n du rabl e c o l d h as b e e n o n e o f t h e ch i e f re as o n s
w h y o u r hyp o th e s i s i s s o l at e i n cl a i m i n g att e n ti o n .

A t t h e pr e s e n t ti m e h o w e v e r s o far as th i s di ffi c ul ty
, ,

i s c o n c e rn e d sci e n tifi c st u di e s h av e ab u n d an tly pre

,

p are d t h e way f o r t h e n e w th e o ry .

Th at t h e e arth i s a sl o wly c o o li n g b o dy i s a d o c
t ri n e n o w all b u t u n i v e rs all y ac c e pt e d I n s ayi n g .

th i s we s ay n o th i n g f o r o r ag ai n s t t h e s o c all e d n e b -

u l ar hyp o th e s i s o f t h e o rigi n o f t h e w o rl d fo r b o th ,

fri e n d s an d f o e s o f th i s u n p ro v e n h yp o th e si s b e l i e v e
i n w h at i s t e rm e d t h e s e c ul ar c o o l i n g o r r e f rig e ra
t i o n o f t h e e arth A ll a u th o r iti e s i n th is fi e l d h o l d
.

an d t e a ch th a t t h e t i m e was wh e n t h e sl o w ly s o l id

i fyi n g pl an e t was t o o h o t t o su pp o rt an y fo r m o f l ife ,

an d th at o n ly at s o m e partic u l a r t i m e i n t h e c o o li n g
 58 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

pro c e s s was th e r e a t e m p e r at ur e re ac h e d wh i ch was

a d apt e d t o t h e n e c e s s iti e s o f l ivi n g thi n gs .

O n wh at p o rti o n o f t h e e ar t h s s u rf ac e n o w ’

, ,

wo ul d th i s t e m p e ra tu re fi r st b e r e ach e d ? O r w o ul d
i t e v e rywh e r e b e re a ch e d at t h e s am e ti m e ?
Th e s e are m o s t i n t e re s ti n g qu e s ti o n s an d t h e ,

writ e r h as o ft e n m arv e l e d th a t i n s ci e n ti fic t re ati s e s

o n t h e c o o l i n g gl o b e h e c o ul d n o wh e r e fin d th e m

f o rm ally dis c u ss e d G r an ti n g h o w e v e r a u n if o r m
.
, ,

i n t e ri o r h e a t an d a u n ifo r m l o ss of i t i n t h e m o d e
o f s up e rfi c i al r ad i ati o n i n al l di re cti o n s i n t o sp a c e ,

i t i s c e rt ai n th at if th e s e w e r e t h e o n ly f act o r s i n
t h e p ro bl e m t h e c o o l i n g p ro c e ss wo u l d a ff e c t e v e ry
p art of t h e s u rf ac e i n a u n if o rm m an n e r an d we ,

m igh t c o n fid e n tly i n fe r th a t t h e t e m p e rat u re c o m

p at ibl e wi th o rgan i c l if e was r e ach e d at t h e s am e
t i m e at all p o i n ts o f t h e e arth s s u rfac e B ut t h e
’
.

fact o rs n am e d are n o t t h e o n ly o n e s o f t h e pro bl e m .

I n th o s e f ar o ff ge o l o gic ag e s t h e h e at r e c e iv e d f ro m
-

t h e gr e at c e n tr al fu rn ac e o f o u r syst e m t h e s u n , ,

c an n o t h a v e b e e n l e s s th an at t h e pr e s e n t ti m e .

S o m e a st ro n o m e rs an d g e o l o gists Cl a i m t h at i t was
t r c s t h f ly h e ti m e
1
g r e a e. I n an
y a e ,e r e o r e a s e a r
, as t
wh e n t h e e arth s a t m o sph e re b e c am e p e n e tr abl e by
’

t h e r ay s o f t h e s u n l o c al d iff e re n c e s o f t e m p e ratu r e
,

m u st h av e b e e n pr o d u c e d at t h e b as e o f t h e a t m o s
ph e re w h e th e r t h e b o dy o f t h e gl o b e was as ye t
,

cru s t e d o v e r o r n o t T h e n as n o w vi e w e d ap art
.
,

fr o m ai r an d w at e r c u r re n ts e v e ry p artic ul ar sp o t o n
,

t h e su rfa c e o f t h e gl o b e m u s t h a v e h ad a t e m p e r a
t u r e d e t e r m i n e d fi rs t by t h e fi x e d an d u n if o rm i n
,

h e r e n t h e at o f t h e e art h m ass an d s e c o n dly by t h e

-
,

varyi n g qu an ti ty o f h e at r e c e i v e d fr o m t h e s u n B ut .

1 S e e W i ch e ll W ld L e
n , or -
if pp 484 490
, .
-
.
 CH A PTE R I I .

THE T E ST I M ON Y OF A S T R O N O M I CA L G E O GRA PH Y .

T he n ig h ts a r e ne v e r s o da rk at t h e P o le as in o t h e r r eg i ons , f or the m oon an d

m u c h lig h t a n d gfl u l I n a d d i t i o n , t he r e i s a
'

s ta r s se e m to po ss e ss t w ic e as g e nc e .

c on t i n uo us lig h t i n t he N or t h , t h e v a r ie d s ha d e s a n d play of w h i ch a r e a m ong st

th e s t r a ng e s t phe n o m e na of na t u r e . RA M B o s so n s
’
A s tro n o my .

The f ac t w h i c h g i v e s t h e ph e n o m e n o n of th e po la r a u r or a i t s g r e a te s t i mpor
ta n ce i s f - lu m i n o us ; t h a t , be s id e s t he lig h t w h i ch a s a
t h a t t h e e a r t h be c o m e s s e l

pla ne t i t r e ce i v e s f r o m t he ce n t r a lbo dy , i t s h ow s a ca pa bi li ty of s us ta i n i ng a ln
m i n o us pr oce ss pr ope r t o i t se fii H O LD T UMB .

W E are apt t o th i n k o f an u n b ro k e n n i gh t o f s i x
m o n th s at t h e P o l e E m i n e n t sci e n ti fic auth o riti e s
.

sp e ak as if th i s c o n c e pt i o n w e re c o rr e ct Th u s Pro .

f e s s o r G e iki e i n his ad m i rabl e n e w m an u al o f G e o l

,

og w ri ti n g o f t h e A r ct ic fl o ra o f t h e M i o c e n e a e
y , g ,

s ays ,W h e n we re m e m b e r th at th i s v e g e t ati o n
“

’
g r e w l u x u r i a n tl y w ithi n 8 1 5 o f t h e N o r th P o l e
°
,

in a reg i o n wh i ch i s i n d a rh n e s s
f or h a lf of th e ye a r ,

we c an r e al iz e t h e d i ffi c ul ty o f t h e pr o bl e m i n
t h e di strib u t i o n o f cli m at e wh i ch th e s e f ac ts pr e s e n t
” 1
t o t h e g e o l o gi st .

I n l ik e m an n e r S i r Ch ar l e s L y e ll di sc u s si n g t h e ,

qu e s ti o n o f t h e p o s s ibil i ty o f wh al e s r e ach i n g t h e
s u pp o s e d o p e n s e a at t h e P o l e s ays “
Th e y c o uld , ,

p ass u n d e r c o n s i d e rabl e b arr i e r s o f i c e pro vid e d ,

th e r e w e re O p e n i n gs h e r e an d th e re ; an d s o th e y
m ay p e rh aps re ach a m o r e o p e n s e a n e ar t h e P o l e
, , ,

1Te x t booh of Geology

-
. By A rc hi b a ld G e ik ie , LL D . .
, F . R . S .

L o nd o n , 1 88 2 : p 8 69 . .
 TE S TI M ON Y OF A S TR ON OM I CA L GE O GRA PH Y . 61

an d fin d s u st e n an c e th e re d u ri n g a d ay o f m o re th an
'
1 "
v e m ou t h s d u rati o n
fi .

F r o m s u ch r e pr e s e n t ati o n s as th e s e t h e re ad e r
n at u rally c arri e s a w ay t h e i m p re s si o n th a t d ayligh t

l asts at t h e P o l e s o m e wh a t o v e r fiv e m o n th s w hil e ,

al l t h e r e s t o f t h e y e ar t h e r e gi o n i s sh ro u d e d i n
d ark n e ss W e r e th is t ru e i t w o u ld c e rt ai n ly b e an
.
,

u n p ro m isi n g re gi o n i n w hic h t o s e arc h f o r t h e t e r

re s t ri al P a rad i s e .

F o r tu n at e ly fo r o u r hyp o th e s is th is c o n c e pti o n o f,

t h e d u ra ti o n o f t h e p o l ar n igh t i s v e ry far f ro m t r u e .

T h e h alf y e arly r e ig n o f d ark n e s s e xi sts o n ly i n t h e

-

u n i n st r u ct e d i m agi n ati o n A st ro n o m ic al g e o g raphy

.

t e ach e s th at as re sp e ct s d ayl ight t h e p o l ar re gi o n s

, ,

are an d al w ays h a v e b e e n t h e m o s t f a v o re d p o r ti o n s

o f t h e gl o b e A s e arl y a p o pul ariz e r o f n at u ral s c i

.

e n c e as t h e R e v Th o m a s D ick s e t f o rth t h e r e al
.

facts as f o ll o ws U n d e r t h e P o l e s wh e r e t h e d ark ,

n e s s o f n i gh t w o ul d c o n ti n u e s ix m o n th s w ith o u t i n

t e rm i s s i o n if th e re w e r e n o r e fr acti o n t o t al d ark ,

n e s s d o e s n o t pr e v a il o n e h alf o f th i s p e ri o d Whe n .

t h e s u n s e t s at t h e N o r th P o l e ab o u t t h e 2 3 d o f ,

S e pt e m b e r t h e i n h abi t an t s ( if an y) e n j o y a p e rp e t
,

ual a u r o ra til l h e h as d e sc e n d e d e igh t e e n d e g r e e s

b e l o w t h e h o riz o n I n h i s c o u rs e th ro ugh t h e e c lip

.

t i c t h e s u n i s t wo m o n th s b e f o re h e c an r e ach th i s
,

p o i n t d u ri n g wh i ch t i m e th e re i s a p e rp e tu al tw i
,

l igh t I n t wo m o n th s m o re h e a rriv e s ag ai n at t h e
.

s am e p o i n t n am e ly e igh t e e n d e g re e s b e l o w t h e h o
, ,

riz o n wh e n a n e w tw il igh t c o m m e n c e s wh i ch i s
, ,

c o n ti n u all y i n c re as i n g i n b rill i an cy fo r o th e r t wo
m o n th s at t h e e n d o f wh ich t h e b o dy o f th is l u m i
,

n ary is s e e n r is i n g i n a l l i ts gl o ry S o th at i n thi s .

1 P r i nc iple s f
o G eology , N e w Y o rk cd .
, vo l
. i .
, p . 2 46 .
62 P A R A D I SE F 0 UN D

r e gi o n t h e l igh t o f d ay i s e n j o y e d i n a gr e at e r o r
l e s s d e g re e f o r t e n m o n th s w i th o u t i n t e rru pti o n by ,

t h e e ff e c ts o f at m o s ph e r i c r e f racti o n ; an d d u r i n g
t h e t w o m o n th s wh e n t h e i n flu e n c e o f t h e s o l ar li gh t
i s e n ti re ly w ithd raw n t h e m o o n i s sh i n i n g a b o v e t h e
,

h o riz o n f o r t wo h alf m o n th s w ith o u t i n t e rm i ssi o n ;

an d th u s i t h a pp e n s th a t n o m o re th an t wo s e p arat e

f o r t n ights are p ass e d i n t o t al d ark n e s s an d th i s ,

d ark n e s s i s al l e vi at e d by t h e l ight o f t h e s t ar s an d
t h e fr e qu e n t c o r u s c ati o n s o f t h e A u r o ra B o r e al i s .

H e n c e i t app e ars th at th e re are n o p o r ti o n s o f o u r

g l o b e wh ic h e n j o y th r o u gh o u t t h e y e ar s o l arg e a

p o r ti o n o f t h e s o l ar l igh t as th e s e n o rth e rn re
” 1
gi o n s .

S t r iki n g as is th i s a cc o u n t o f t h e p o l a r d ay i t i s ,

n o t e w o r thy th a t e xp e r i e n c e h as r e p e at e dly sh o w n
th at t h e act u al d u rati o n o f l ight i n h i gh l at itu d e s
e xc e e d s e v e n t h e c alc ul at i o n s o f t h e ast ro n o m e r s .

Th u s i n t h e sp ri n g o f 1 8 7 3 t h e o ffi c e r s o f t h e A us
, ,

tri an e xp e di t i o n u n d e r L i e u t e n an ts W e ypre c h t an d
,

P ay e r w e re s u r p r i s e d t o b e h o l d t h e s un th r e e d ays
,

b e f o re t h e d at e o n w h ich h e was e xp e ct e d t o ris e .

A l at e writ e r th u s st at e s t h e c a s e : I n t h e lati tu d e
'
( 79 5 N ) i w h ich h e T e g e th o ff was lyi n g t h e
°
1 n
. t ,

s un o ugh t t o r e app e ar a b o v e t h e h o r iz o n o n t h e 1 t h
9
o f F e bru ary ; b u t o wi n g t o an e ff e c t o f r e fr a cti o n
, ,

d u e t o t h e lo w t e m p e rat u re pr e v aili n g
°
30 R t h e , .
,

e xpl o re rs w e r e a bl e t o s al ut e i ts r ays th r e e d ays e ar

” 2
l ier .

’
L i e ut e n an t P ay e r s o wn acc o u n t i s as f o l l o w s :

°
Th o ugh t h e s u n d id n o t r e tu rn t o o ur l atit ud e ( 7 8
1 Worhs of T h om as D i ch , L L D . .
, Th e P ract i calA s tron om e r , ch .

1L H artf o rd , v o l . ii .
, s e co n d lf
ha , p 30
. .

2 R ecen t E xped i ti on s i n E as te r n P ola r S eas . L o n d o n, 1 882 : p 83. .

 TE S TI M ON Y OF A S TR ON OM I CA L G E O G RA P H Y . 63

l o n g ) till t h e lgt h o f F e b ru ary

E
’ °
N 38
’
1 5 .
, 71 . .
,

w e w e re abl e t o g re e t h i s b e a m s th re e d ays p r e vi o u s
t o th a t d a t e o wi ng t o t h e st ro g r e f rac ti o n o f 1 40
’ °
,
n

wh i ch acc o m p an i e d a t e m p e r a t u re o f — 30 R ” 1 °
.

S till m o r e r e m ark abl e was t h e e xp e ri e n c e o f B a

r e n tz s A rctic e xp e diti o n al m o s t th re e h u n d re d y e ars
’

“
ag o D r D i c k a ll u d e s t o i t as f o ll o w s : T h e r e
. .

f rac t i v e p o w e r o f t h e at m o s ph e re h as b e e n f o u n d t o
b e m u ch gr e at e r i n c e rt ai n c a s e s th an w h a t h as
, ,

now bee n st at e d I n t h e y e ar 1 59 5 [1 596—97] a

.

c o m p an y o f D u tc h s ail o r s h avi n g b e e n w re ck e d o n
t h e sh o re s o f N o v ai a Z e m lia an d h avi n g b e e n o bl ig e d ,

t o re m a i n i n th at d e s o l at e r e gi o n du ri n g a n igh t o f
m o r e th an th re e m o n t h s [i t w as a l ittl e l e s s th an
th re e m o n th s ] b e h e l d t h e s u n m ak e h is app e aran c e
,

i n t h e h o riz o n a bo u t s i x t e e n d ays bef o re t h e t i m e i n

wh i ch h e s h ou ld h a ve ri s e n acco rd i n to cu l
ca l a t i on ,
g
an d wh e n h i s b o dy w as ac tu al ly m o r e th an f o u r d e
”
g re e s b e l o w t h e h o riz o n T h e o n ly e xpl an ati o n o f
.

th i s ast o n i sh i n g ph e n o m e n o n wh ich t h e s am e w rit e r

“
o ff e r s is f o u n d i n th i s app e n d e d Cl au s e wh ic h ,

ci r c u m st an c e h as b e e n att rib u t e d t o t h e gr e a t re frac

ti v e p o w e r o f t h e at m o sph e re i n th o s e i n t e n s e ly c o l d
”
r e gi o n s T h i s i s s o u n s ati sfact o ry th at n o t a f e w
.

p re fe r t o b e l i e v e wh a t s e e m s e n ti re ly i n c re d i bl e
, ,

n a m e l y th a t B are n t z a n d h i s m e n i n t h e sh o r t sp ac e
,

o f l e s s th an th r e e m o n th s m a d e a bl u n d e r o f s ixt e e n

d ays i n th e i r ti m e re c o rd .

P ro f e s s o r N o rd e n sk j ol d h as re c e n tl y r e fe rre d t o
“
t h e c as e as f o l l o ws : O n t h e 1 44 1 N o v e m b e r t h e 11

s u n d is a pp e are d an d w as ag a i n vi sibl e o n t h e £1 5 2;
Th e s e d at e s h av e c au s e d s c i e n ti fi c m e n m u ch pe r
ple x i t y b e c au s e i n l a titud e 7 6 N o rth t h e u pp e r
°
, , ,

1 N ew La n ds wi t h i n t h e A r ct i c Ci r cle . Lo nd . 1 8 76 vo l . i .
, p . 237 .
64 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

e dg e o f t h e s u n o ugh t t o h av e c e a s e d t o b e v i sibl e
w h e n t h e s u n s s o ut h d e cl i n ati o n i n a utu m n b e c am e
’

re at e r th an a n d t o h av e b e c o m e visibl e a g ai n
g
w h e n t h e d e cl i n ati o n ag ai n b e c am e l e ss th an th a t
fi gu r e ; th at i s t o s ay t h e s u n o u gh t t o h av e b e e n
,
’
s e e n f o r t h e l as t ti m e at B a re n t z s I c e H av e n o n t h e
fit? O ct o b e r an d i t o ught t o h a v e app e are d ag ai n
,

th e r e o n t h e F eb I t h as b e e n s upp o s e d th at t h e
.

d e v i ati o n ar o s e f ro m a c o n s id e rabl e e rr o r i n c o u n t
i n g t h e d ays b u t thi s w as u n an i m o u sly d e n i e d by
,
”2
t h e c r e w wh o w i n t e r e d I n a f o o t n o t e h e giv e s
.
-

pr o o fs wh ic h s e e m c o n v i n ci n g th at n o s u c h e rr o r
c an h a v e b e e n c o m m i tt e d .

B ut wh il e t h e s e e xp e r i e n c e s o f B are n t z an d t h e
A ust r i an s p o i n t t o a du r a ti o n o f d ark n e ss at t h e
P o l e o f l e ss th an s ixty d ays o u t o f t h e th re e h u n d re d
an d s ixty fi v e s o m e app ar e n tly g o o d au th o r i ti e s e x
-
,

t e n d t h e p e r i o d t o s e v e n ty si x o r s e v e n ty s e v e n d ays- -
.

Thu s Capt ai n B e df o rd Pi m o f t h e R o y al N avy o f ,

G re at B r it ai n m ak e s t h e f o l l o wi n g st at e m e n t : O n
“
,

t h e 1 6 th o f M arch t h e s u n r is e s p re c e d e d by a l o n g ,

d aw n o f f o rty s e v e n d ays n am e ly f ro m t h e 2 9t h o f
-
, ,

J an u ary wh e n t h e fi r st gl i m m e r o f l ight app e ar s

,
.

O n t h e 2 5 t h o f S e pt e m b e r t h e s u n s e t s a n d aft e r a ,

t w i l igh t o f f o rt ye i gh t d ays n am e ly o n t h e 1 3 th o f
-
, ,

N o v e m b e r d ark n e s s r e ig n s sup r e m e s o far as t h e

, ,

s u n i s c o n c e rn e d f o r s e v e n ty si x d ays f o ll o w e d by
,
-
,

o n e l o n g p e r i o d o f l igh t t h e s u n r e m ai n i n g ab o v e ,

t h e h o riz o n o n e h u n d r e d an d n i n e ty f o u r d ays T he -
.

e ar th e r e f o r e i s th u s divid e d a t t h e P o l e : 1 94 d ays
y , ,
”3
s u n ; 76 d a rk n e s s d ys d w n ; 4 8 t w il ight
.
47 a a .

1 O n th e ass um pt i f h i t l f ti
on o a f b t o r zo n a re rac on o a ou

2 T h e Voyag e of t h e Veg a L o n d o n , 1 8 8 2 : p 1 92
. . .

i q uo te d i n K n n s H i a r m ony
’
8 P m s M a r i n e P och e t Ca s e : qf th e
’

B i ble wi th S c i e n ce L o n d o n , 1 88 2 2 d c d , p 474
.
. . .
 TE S TI M ON Y OF A S TR ON OM I CA L GE OGRA P H Y . 65

E ve n cc o rd i n g t o th is a cc o u n t we sh o ul d h av e at
a

t h e P o l e o n ly 76 d ay s o f d a rk n e s s t o 2 8 9 d ays o f
l igh t i n t h e y e ar I n o t h e r w o rd s i n st e ad o f b e i n g
.
,

i n d ark n e ss l i ttl e sh o r t o f h al f o f t h e ti m e as at t h e ,

e qu at o r , o n e w o ul d b e i n d ark n e s s b u t ab o u t o n e

f o urth o f t h e t i m e A s f ar as l igh t i s c o n c e rn e d
.
,

th e r e f o re e v e n o n th i s c al c ul at i o n t h e p o l ar r e gi o n
,

is twic e as f av o rabl e t o l if e as an y e qu at o ri al re gi o n
th at c an b e n a m e d .

B u t wh e n c e th i s d isc re p an cy am o n g t h e as t ro n o .

m e rs ? W h y sh o uld s o m e o f th e m m ak e t h e p o l ar
n igh t sixt e e n d ays l o n g e r th an o th e rs

T h e s i m pl e an s w e r i s th at th e y p ro c e e d u p o n d if
f e re n t as su m pt i o n s as t o at m o sph e ri c re f rac ti o n i n
t h e r e gi o n o f t h e P o l e I n o u r l at it ud e twili gh t i s
.

u su al ly r e ck o n e d t o b e gi n w h e n t h e c e n tr e o f t h e
°
ri s i n g s un i s
y e t 1 8 b e l o w t h e h o riz o n S t a rt i n g
.

w i th thi s as t h e li m i t an d c o u n t i n g s u n ri s e an d s u n
,

s e t t o b e t h e m o m e n ts wh e n t h e s u n s u pp e r l i m b i s
’

o n t h e h o riz o n we ar r i v e at t h e d i vi s i o n o f t h e p o l ar
,

y e ar giv e n by Capt ai n Pi m B ut as t ro n o m e rs s ay.

th at i n E n gl an d tw iligh t h as b e e n o b s e rv e d wh e n
t h e s u n was 2 1 b e l o w t h e h o riz o n
°
T o b e e n tir e ly
.

s af e s o m e h av e th e re fo r e t ak e n 2 0 as t h e l i m it o f
°

s o l ar d e p re ss i o n an d re ck o n i n g w i th th i s d at u m i n
, ,

st e ad of t h e 1 8 b e fo r e m e n ti o n e d h av e f o u n d th at
°
,

at t h e P o l e t h e m o r n i n g twil i gh t w o u l d b e gi n
J an

u a ry 2 0 t h an d t h e e v e n i n g tw il igh t w o u l d c e as e N o
,

ve m b e r 2 t s t . Th is w o u l d m ak e t h e p e r i o d o f d ark
n e s s b u t 60 d ays an d t h e p e ri o d o f l
, igh t 3 0 5 Th u s .

a d iff e re n c e o f o n ly t wo d e g re e s i n t h e a ss u m e d

l i m i t o f s o l ar d e p re ss i o n at t h e b e gi n n i n g a n d e n d
o f t h e tw il igh ts m ak e s t h e diff e re n c e o f sixt e e n d ays

i n t h e s u pp o s e d d u rati o n o f d ark n e s s W h i ch o f
.
66 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

t h e t wo c al c ul at i o n s w rit e s an e m i n e n t A m e ri c an
,

m ath e m at ici an “
i s t h e m o re c o rre ct i s k n o w n I i m
, ,
” 1
agi n e by n o o n e
, .

T o u s i n t h e pr e s e n t d isc u ssi o n t h e d isc re p an cy i s

o f v e r y l ittl e m o m e n t I t i s o n ly a qu e s ti o n as t o
.

wh e t h e r at t h e P o l e th e re i s d ayl igh t th r e e f o u rth s

o r fiv e s ixth s o f t h e y e a r B o th s u pp o siti o n s m ay
.

“
b e an d p ro b ably are wr o n g F o r if i n tr o pi c al
.

°
cl i m at e s 1 6 o r 1 7 i s s ai d t o b e a s u ffi ci e n t all o w
°

a n c e f o r t h e e xtr e m e s o l ar d e pr e ssi o n w h il e o n t h e , ,
°
o th e r h an d i t i s s ai d i n E n gl an d t o v ar y fr o m I 7
, to
it c e rt ai n l y l o o k s as th o u gh i n ye t h igh e r l ati
t u d e s t h e l igh t o f t h e s un m igh t b e di sc e rn ibl e wh e n
i ts b o dy i s as m u ch as 2 3 o r 2 4 b e l o w t h e h o riz o n ; ° °

an d th i s w o ul d r e d uc e t h e an n u al p o l ar d ar k n e s s t o

l e ss th an fifty d ays Th i s s u pp o si ti o n i s r e n d e r e d
.

t h e m o r e p ro b abl e by t h e f ac t th at wh il e t h e e x ,

p e d i t i o n s a l r e a dy al l u d e d t o f o u n d m u ch m o re o f
d ayl igh t th an th e i r as t ro n o m i c al c al c u l at i o n s h ad
le d th e m t o e xp e ct w e h a v e n o o ffs e t t i n g ac c o u n t s
'

wh e r e t h e s u n was awai t e d i n v a i n T h e fi n al a n d .

a u th o ri t a tiv e s e ttl e m e n t o f t h e q u e sti o n c an b e

r e ach e d o n ly by a ct u al o bs e rv a ti o n A m o n g t he .

f as ci n ati n g p ro bl e m s w h o s e s o l u ti o n aw a i ts t h e
pro g re ss o f A rc t i c e xpl o rati o n w e m ust th e r e f o r e ,

pl ac e t h e s ci e n tifi c d e t e r m i n ati o n o f t h e u n k n o w n
d u rat i o n o f t h e p o l ar d ay .

I n vi e w o f t h e f o re g o i n g we are c e r t ai n ly s af e i n
c o n c e ivi n g o f t h e p o l a r n igh t as l as ti n g n o t o v e r
f o u r f o rt n igh ts D u ri n g t wo o f th e s e as D i ck re
.
,

m i n ds u s t h e m o o n w o ul d b e w alki n g i n b e a u ty
,

1 P f
ro e ss o r J M V Vl k L L D f W l y U i
. . an ec ,
i ty i
. .
,
o es e an n v e rs , n

a l tt t t h
e er o th
e au d d t f O ct b
o r un er 1 1 1 88 3
a e o P f V an
o er ,
. ro e s s o r

Vl k w
ec f
as m y ye s a ll b
or an t ar p th e A m i
co E ph m
a ora e u r u on e r ca n e e

H e i s t h e aut h o i ty f or t h e e t q u t e d
‘

i
r s an d N ut i l A lm
a ca c an a . r n x o

st at e m e n t .
68 P A RA O I S E F OUN D .

I n l ati tu d e t h e A u r o r a B o r e ali s i s a c o m p ara

o ur

t i v e ly rare an d t am e ph e n o m e n o n I n t h e h igh e s t .

A r cti c r e gi o n s i t a l m o s t n i gh tly ki n dl e s its u n e ar thly

1
gl o r i e s I n i ts e lf i t is l igh t n i n g d il u t e d an d s u bli
.

2
m at e d t o t h e p o i n t o f h ar m l e s s n e ss S o m e ti m e s .

th e s e e l e ctri c d is ch arg e s n o t o n ly fill t h e w h o l e

h e av e n w ith p alpi t ati n g dr ap e ri e s b u t al s o tip t h e ,

h ill s w i th l am b e n t fl am e an d c a u s e t h e v e ry s o il o n ,

w h ic h o n e st an d s t o prickl e wi th a k i n d o f l if e 3
.

B u t aft e r all t h e gl o r i e s o f t h e n igh t b e gi n t h e

g re at e r gl o ri e s o f t h e p o l ar d ay W h o w i th an y .

appr o a ch t o ad e qu acy h as e v e r d e s cri b e d a d aw n ?

W h at p o e t h as n o t att e m pt e d i t an d w h at p o e t h as ,

n o t f ail e d ? B ut i f it b e i m p o ss ibl e t o pi c tu r e o n e

1 A l
l y publ i s h e d re po rt s pe k i ng o f t h e l ast w i n t e r at o n e o f
at e , a

t h e e c i c umpo l
s r s t at i o s o f t h e f r N o rt h s ys
ar nA u ro rae h av e a ,
a

b e e n s e e h e e d uri g t h e w i n t e r al m o s t e v e y i gh t an d d ur i g all
n r n r n , n

we at h e s rT h e auro r l f o m s o t ype s wh i ch h a e appe are d h ave

. a r r v

b e t h e ge n e ll y k no w f r m t h e g a d c o r n t o t h e m o d e st pul
e n os ra n, o r n o a ,

s at i g l i ttl e l um i o u s c l u d ; b u t as
n , ch
n c t e i s t i c f e at ure a
o tt e di g a ara r n n

t h m all I m us t m
e , t i o n t h e b e ce o f s t ab ili ty i n t h e t ype s
en T hu
a s n .
s

o lyo a f e w o c c as i o s h as t h e e b e e n o ppo rt u n i t
n n n
y t o wat ch t h e r n a

st t i o
a y c b ut i
n ar ,
ge e ral t h e uro rae h e r p e se t e d waf t i g
ar , n n a av e r n n

d rape i s a d s h i n i g s t e m e rs wi t h e e r c h an g i n g po s i t i o an d i n
r e n n r a v -
n
”—
t e s i ty T h e N o we gi C i c um po l S t at i o
“ ”
n A S S te e
. . . n, in r an r ar n,

N a t u r e , O c t o be r 1 1 , 1 883 , p 568. .

2 T he i s c h ge s wh i ch t ak e pl ac e i t h e po l a
l
e e c tr c i d ar n r re
gi ons
b e t w e t h e po s i t i e e l e c t ri ci ty f t h e t m o s ph e e a d t h e
e n v o a r n ne
gat i e v

e l e c t i c i ty f t h e
r a th e t h e e ss e t i l
o e d u i q ue c u e o f
r ar n a an n a s the fo r
m t i o n o f t h e po l ar li gh t
a
”
M d e la R i e i Th A t i M . . v n e rc c a n ua l, p .

742
3 “
M r L e m s t ro m
. l
c o n c u d e d t h at an e le ctr c i i sc h
d arge wh i ch cou ld
on ly b e se en by m e an s of t h e s pe c tr o sc o pe wa s t k i a ng p ac e l on t he
s u f ac e
r of t h e g ro u n d all ro u n d h i m , an d t h at ro m fi t nc a d s a e i t wo u d l
appe ar f i i l
as a a n t d sp a
y o f A u rc ra,
”
a d sp i l y l ik e a t h e ph e
n o m e n a o f pal e an d fl am i g l i gh t wh i c h n i s s o m e ti m e s s e e n o n th e top
o f t h e S pi t b e rge m o u t i ns — Th A
z ti M
n n a e r
'

c a n u a l, p 73 9
. . Co m
pare E l i as L o m i A u a B li o S m i th s o n i
s, r or or e a s, an R e po rt , 1 8 65 . H .

F ri tz D L e i ps i c 1 88 1
'

, P l li h tas o ar c .
, .
N I G H T S KI ES OF EDE N .

A lA
11 ac t ua u ro ra li
B o re a s .
 TE S TI I I ’I ON Y OF A S TR ON OM I CA L GE O GRA P H Y . 69

of o ur bri e f an d e v an e s c e n t d ay d a w n s wh o sh all at -
,

t e m pt a d e s c ripti o n o f th a t s urp as si n g s p e c t acl e i n

wh ich all t h e S pl e n d o rs an d l o v e l i n e s s o f s ixty o f o u r
d aw n s are c o m b i n e d i n o n e N o w o rd s c an e v e r po r .

tr ay i t N o p o e t s i m agi n ati o n e v e n h as e v e r giv e n

.
’

, ,

u s s u c h u n e arth ly sc e n e ry .

F irst o f all a pp e ars l o w i n t h e h o riz o n o f t h e n igh t

sky a sc arc e ly v isibl e fl u sh o f l igh t A t fi rst i t o n ly .

m ak e s a f e w s t ar s l igh t s e e m a trifl e f ai n t e r b u t
’

a ft e r a l ittl e i t is s e e n t o b e i n c re a s i n g an d t o b e ,

m o vi n g l at e rally al o n g t h e ye t d ark h o riz o n T we n .

t y f o ur h o u r s l a t e r i t h as m a d e a c o m pl e t e C irc u i t
-

ar o u n d t h e o b s e rv e r an d i s c au si n g a l arg e r n u m b e r
,

o f s t ars t o p al e S o o n t h e w id e n i n g ligh t gl o ws w i th
.

”
t h e l u str e o f O ri e n t p e arl O n w ard i t m o v e s i n
“
.

its s t at e ly r o u n ds u n til t h e p e arly wh it e n e s s b ur n s

,

i n t o r uddy r o s e — l igh t fri n g e d w i th p u rpl e an d g o l d

, .

D ay aft e r d ay as w e m e asu re d ays th i s s pl e n di d

, ,

p an o ram a c i rcl e s o n an d acc o rd i n g as at m o sph e ri c

, ,

c o n dit i o n s an d cl o u ds p re s e n t m o re o r l e ss fav o rabl e

c o n d iti o n s o f r e fl e cti o n k i n dl e s an d fad e s ki n dl e s
, ,

an d fa d e s — fad e s o n ly t o k i n dl e n e xt ti m e ye t m o r e
,

brigh tly as t h e s till h idd e n s u n c o m e s n e are r a n d

,

n e are r h i s p o i n t o f e m e rg e n c e A t l e n gth wh e n f o r .
,

t wo l o n g m o n th s s u ch p ro ph e t c d ispl ays h a v e b e e n
i
fill i n g t h e wh o l e h e av e n s w i th th e s e i n c re s c e n t an d
r e v o lvi n g spl e n d o r s t h e s u n b e gi n s t o e m e rg e f ro m
,

h i s l o n g r e ti re m e n t an d t o d ispl ay h i m s e lf o n c e
,

m o re t o h u m an vi si o n A ft e r o n e o r t wo c i rc u i ts
.
,

d u ri n g wh ich h i s d azzl i n g u pp e r li m b gr o w s t o a ful l

o rb e d d isk h e Cl e ar s al
, l h ill t o ps o f t h e di st an t h o ri -

z o n a n d f o r s ix
, full m o n th s c ircl e s ar o u n d an d
’
aro u n d t h e w o rl d s gr e at a xi s i n full vi e w s u ff e ri n g ,

n o n igh t t o f all u p o n h i s fav o re d h o m e l an d at t h e -

70 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

P o l e E v e n w h e n at l as t h e si n k s ag ai n fr o m vi e w
.

h e c o v e rs h i s re t re a t wi th a r e p e t iti o n o f t h e d e e p e n
i n g an d f adi n g spl e n d o rs w h ic h fil l e d hi s l o n g d a w n
i n g as if i n th e s e p ul s e s o f m o re an d m o re d i st an t
,

l igh t h e w e r e s i g n al i n g b a ck t o t h e f o r s ak e n w o rld
t h e p ro m i s e s an d p ro ph e ci e s o f an e arly r e t u rn .

I n th e s e p ro s ai c s e n t e n c e s w e ai m at n o d e s c ri p
ti o n o f t h e i n d e sc r ib abl e ; we o n ly re m i n d o u rs e l v e s
o f t h e b ald fa ct s an d c o n d it i o n s w h ich g o v e rn t h e
«

u n pi ct u r abl e tr an sf o rm at i o n s o f e ach y e ar l o n g p o l ar
-

n igh t an d d a
y .

E n o u gh h o w e v e r h as b e e n s ai d f o r o u r pu rp o s e
, , .

W h o e v e r s e e ks as a pr o b abl e l o c at i o n fo r P ara dis e

t h e h e av e n li e st sp o t o n e ar th with re sp e c t t o l igh t
an d d ar k n e ss a n d wi t h r e sp e ct t o c e l e sti al s c e n e r y
, ,

m u st b e c o n t e n t t o s e e k i t at t h e A r c ti c P o l e .

H e r e i s t h e tru e City o f t h e S u n .H e re i s t h e o n e
an d o n ly S p o t o n e ar th r e s p e cti n g wh i ch i t w o ul d

s e e m as if t h e Cre at o r h ad s ai d as o f H i s o wn b e av
,

r sid n ce Th e r e sh all be n o n igh t th e r e

“
e nl y e e ,
.
 CH A PT E R I I I .

THE T E ST I MO NY OF P H Y S I O G R A P H I CA L G E O L O GY .

D ie a r ct i s c he Ge olog ie bi rg t d ie S c hlus se le u L as u ng
'

v ie l
er R d ths e l . P R om s

S OR H BER .

A n ex te ns i ve c o nt i n e n t occ u pi e d t h i s po r t io n of t he g lo be w he n the se st r at a we r e
depo s i te d . B AR N N RDE N
O O SKO
J LD .

OU R hyp o th e s i s c all s f o r an a n t e d il uvi an c o n t i

n e n t at t h e A rc ti c P o l e I t i s i n t e r e sti n g t o fin d .

th at a writ e r u p o n t h e D e lu g e w riti n g m o r e th an
1
f o rty y e ars ago advan c e d t h e s am e p o s tul at e Is .

t h e su pp o s iti o n th a t th e re e xi st e d s uc h a c o n ti n e n t
sci e n ti fic ally ad m i s sibl e
U n til v e ry r e c e n tly t o o l ittl e was k n o w n o f t h e
g e o l o gy o f t h e h igh l ati t u d e s t o w arran t o r e v e n t o
o c c a s i o n t h e d i sc u s si o n o f s u c h a qu e sti o n E ve n .

n o w w ith al ,
l t h e c o n t e m p o rar y i n t e r e s t i n A rctic
e xpl o rati o n i t i s d i ffi c u l t t o fin d an y au th o r wh o h as
,

d i s ti n ctly pr o p o u n d e d t o h i m s e l f an d d i sc u ss e d t h e
q u e sti o n as t o t h e g e o l o gic age o f t h e A rct ic O c e an .

I t w il l n o t b e str a n g e th e re f o re if we h a v e h e r e t o , ,

c o n t e n t o u r s e lv e s w i th s h o w i n g firs t th at g e o l o gist s , ,

1 “
O n pe ut s uppo s e r, e t je t ach e ra i d e d e v e lo ppe r c e t te i d e e pl us
'

t ard , q u a ex st
’
il i é
un e pe r o d e g o o
g q ue p us re co ulée , i é l i l et qu a
’

c e tte é
po q ue I E uro pe , lA s i e , e t lA m éri q ue s e pt e n t r o n a
’ ’ ’
i le se jo ign
i
a e n t au po le no rd d e m an i ére a o rm e r f n u c o n t ne n t i d
’
un e ét e n d ue

pro d ige us e , s e pro lo n gue an t ve rs le pOI e s u d e n t ro s i

pre s q u i le s , s a
’

i
v o r : lA m éri q ue m
’
é idi
r o na e, l
l A f ri q ue ,
’
c t l O c éan i e
’
C e s t de s
’
.

é
d bri s d e ce t an c e n i co tin n e n t q u e d e s rev o l u tio n s i l
v o e nt e s o n t fo rm é
le s t e rre s act ue e s
”
ll . F réd éri k Kl e e ,
'
Le D eluge, F re n ch ed . Pari s,
1 847 : p 83 . .
( D an i s h or i gi n al,
 P A RA O I S E F OU N D
72 .

an d p al e o n t o l o gi sts d o n o t th i n k t h e pr e s e n t di s t ri
b u t i o n o f A rc tic s e a an d l an d t o b e t h e p ri m e v al
o n e ; an d s e c o n dly th a t i n th e i r O pi n i o n i n c id e n t al ly
, ,

e xpr e ss e d , a c o n ti n e n t o n c e e xi st e d w i th i n t h e
A rc t ic Circl e o f wh ic h at pr e s e n t o n ly v e s tig e s r e
m ai n .

W e w ill b e gi n w i th t h e d isti n gu ish e d A lfr e d R u s

s e l W a ll a c e wh o i n sp e a k i n g o f t h e M i o c e n e p e ri o d
,

pr e s e n ts u s wi th a v e ry diff e r e n t N o r th e r n h e m i
sph e re f ro m o u rs o f t o d ay F o r i n st an c e i n h is
-
.
,

v i e w S c an di n av i a w as at th a t ti m e a v a st i sl an d H e .

s ay s : T h e d istrib u ti o n o f t h e E o c e n e a n d M i o c e n e
“

f o r m at i o n s sh o ws th at d u ri n g a c o n si d e rabl e p o r ti o n
o f t h e T e rti ary p e r i o d an i n l an d s e a m o re o r l e s s o c
,

c u pi e d by an arch ip e l a g o o f i sl an ds e xt e n d e d a c ro ss
,

Ce n tr al E u r o p e b e tw e e n t h e B al t ic an d t h e B l ack
an d Caspi an s e a s an d th e n c e by n arr o w e r ch an n e l s
,

s o u th e as tw ar d t o t h e v all e y o f t h e E u ph rat e s an d
t h e P e rsi an G ul f th u s o p e n i n g a c o m m u n i c ati o n
,

b e t w e e n t h e N o r th A tl an ti c an d t h e I n di an O c e an .

F r o m t h e Ca spi an a ls o a wi d e arm o f t h e s e a e x
t e n d e d d u ri n g s o m e p ar t o f t h e T e rti ary e p o ch
, ,

n o rth w ar ds t o t h e A rct i c O c e an an d th e r e i s n o th
,

i n g t o sh o w th a t th i s s e a m ay n o t h av e b e e n i n
e xi st e n c e d u r i n g t h e w h o l e T e rti ary p e ri o d A n .

o th e r ch an n e l pr o b ably e xis t e d o v e r E gyp t i n t o t h e

e ast e r n b asi n o f t h e M e di t e rr an e an an d t h e B l ack

S e a ; wh i l e i t i s p ro b abl e th at th e re was a c o m m u n i
c at i o n b e t w e e n t h e B al ti c an d t h e W h it e S e a l e a v ,

i n g S c an d i n avi a as an e xt e n siv e i sl an d Tu r n i n g t o
.

I n di a we fin d th at an ar m o f t h e s e a o f gr e at w id th
, ,

an d d e pth e xt e n d e d f ro m t h e B ay o f B e n g a l t o t h e
,

m o u th s o f t h e I n d u s ; wh il e t h e e n o r m o u s d e p re ssi o n
i n dic at e d by t h e p re s e n c e o f m ari n e fo s s il s o f E o
 P A RA O I S E F OUND
74 .

a ls o ll u d e s t o t h e c o n spi ri n g e vid e n c e s o f i t s fo r
a

m e r e xist e n c e f o u n d i n diff e re n t d e p art m e n ts o f re

s e arch T h e s e b as al t b e d s h e r e m ark s
.
“ “
pr o b , ,

ably o r i gi n at e d f ro m a v o lc a n ic ch ai n a ct iv e d uri n g ,

t h e T e r ti ary p e ri o d w h i ch p e r h aps l i m i ts t h e an
,

ci e n t p o l ar c o n t i n e n t i n t h e s am e m an n e r as i s n o w
,

t h e c a s e w ith t h e e ast e rn c o a s t o f A si a an d t h e
w e s t e rn o f A m e ri c a ; th i s c o n fi r m i n g t h e divisi o n o f
l an d an d w a t e r i n t h e T e r ti ary p e r i o d wh ic h U p o n ,

t o t ally d i ff e r e n t gr o u n ds h as b e e n s u pp o s e d t o h ave
” 1
e xi s t e d .

A n o th e r au th o rity i n th is fi e l d wri ti n g o f t h e ,

th e o ry th at c o n ti n u o u s l an d o n c e c o n n e ct e d E u ro p e
“
an d N o r th A m e ri c a at t h e N o rth r e m arks In , ,

fu r th e r s upp o r t o f th i s th e o ry w e h av e t h e f a ct th at
n o trac e o f s e a d e p o s it o f E o c e n e a e h as e v e r b e e n
g
f o u n d i n t h e p o l ar are a all t h e v e s ti g e s o f strata ,

r e m ai n i n g s h o w i n g th a t th e s e l ati tud e s we r e th e n
Occu pi e d by d ry l an d ” 2
.

F i n ally a s o u r a s s u m pti o n o f t h e e arly e xist e n c e

,

o f a ci rc u m p o l ar A rct i c c o n ti n e n t i s th u s su pp o rt e d

by m o s t c o m p e t e n t g e o l o gi c al au th o rity s o i s als o ,

o u r hyp o th e s i s th a t i ts d is app e ar an c e w as d u e t o

a s ub m e rg e n c e b e n e ath t h e w at e r s o f t h e A rctic

O c e an O n th i s p o i n t wh at c o u ld b e m o re e xpli ci t
.

a n d s ati sfa ct o ry th an t h e f o ll o wi n g f ro m o n e o f t h e
,

g t st
r e a e o f l ivi n g g e o l o gi sts : W e k n o w v e ry w e ll
“

th at with i n a c o m p arati v e ly re c e n t g e o l o gi c al
p e ri o d a wid e s t r e tch o f A r cti c l an d o f w h ic h ,

N o v ai a Z e m lia an d S pi tzb e rg e n f o r m e d a p art h as ,

” 3
be e n s ub m e r g e d .

1 A Ala n ua l, p 42 0
r ct i c . .

2 .
i
S t ark e G ard n e r i n N a t u r e , L o n d o n , D e c 1 2 , 1 8 78 : p 1 2 7
J . . .

3
J
am e s G e k e , L L D , F i i
R S , P r e h i s t o r i c E u r ope
. . . . . A Ge o .

log i cal S h et ch L o n d o n , 1 88 1
.
p 41 Co m pare L o u s F a es , E t u des
. . i li
 T E S T/I lI ON Y OF P H YS I O GR A P I /I CA L GE OL O G Y
-
.
75

A s t u r al c o n diti o n s an d f o rc e s wh i c h
to th e na

m ay b e c o n c e i v e d as h a vi n g b ro u gh t ab o u t th i s
c o n ti n e n t al c at a st ro ph e g e o l o gists are n o t s o w e l l ,

a g re e d T h e F r e n c h s a v a n t A lf o n s e J o s e ph A dh e
.
,
-

1
m ar h as a dv an c e d a th e o ry th at th i s N o r th p o l ar
,
-

d e l ug e was o n ly o n e o f an a lt e rn ati n g s e ri e s wh i ch ,

i n age l o n g p e ri o d s r e c u r fi r s t at t h e N o rt h an d
-

th e n a t t h e S o u th P o l e F l am m ar i o n w riti n g o f it .
, ,

s ays : Thi s th e o ry d e p e n d s o n t h e f ac t o f t h e u n
“

e qu a l l e n gth o f t h e s e a s o n s i n t h e t wo h e m is ph e re s .

O ur a u tu m n an d wi n t e r l ast 1 79 d ay s I n the so u t h .

e rn h e m isph e re th e y l a s t 1 8 6 d ays Th i s s e v e n .

d ays o r 1 68 h o u r s o f diff e re n c e i n c re as e e ach y e ar

, ,

t h e c o l d n e ss o f t h e p o l e D u ri n g ye ar s t h e .

i c e accu m ul a t e s at o n e p o l e a n d m e l ts at t h e o t h e r ,

t h e re by d i s pl aci n g t h e e arth s c e n tr e o f g ravi ty ’

N o w a ti m e w ill a r riv e w h e n aft e r t h e m axi m u m o f ,

e l e v ati o n o f t e m p e ratu r e o n o n e s id e a c at a str o ph e ,

wi ll h app e n wh ich wil l b ri n g b ack t h e c e n tr e o f

gr avity t o t h e c e n t re o f t h e fi gu re an d c au s e an im ,

m e n s e d e l ug e T h e d e l u g e o f t h e N o rth P o l e was
.

y e ars ago ; th e re f o re t h e n e xt w il l be
2
he n ce .

A n o th e r r e c e n t th e o r y t e ac h e s th a t t h e p o l e s are
p e r i o d ic ally d e l u g e d b u t si m ult an e o u sly n o t i n al , ,

t e rn at i o n T h e al t e rn ativ e m o v e m e n t i s at t h e e qu a
.

tor . T h e crus t o f t h e e ar th at t h e e qu at o r i s allt h e

t i m e ri si n g o r si n k i n g i n a ki n d o f ae o n i an rhyth m .

h i stor i qu e s cl ph i losoph i q u es su r les Ci v i li sa ti o ns E u ro

pee n n e R om a i n e
, ,

Gr eq u e , et c . Par s ,i 1 87 4 : v o l . i .
, pp 348 3 52
.
-
.

1 hi s R év olu t i o n s d e la file r
I n . 2 c d , 1 860
. .

2
F l am m ar o n i n at u ra ll y add s ,
“
I t is y o b v o us t o as k
ve r i on i
th s,
Why sho u ld t h e re be a ca t a s t r o ph e , an d wh
y s ho u d n o t t h e l c e n t re o f

i y, as i t was grad ua y d s p a c e d
g rav t y re t urn g r a d u a ll A st ro n o m i ll i l
ca l lily/11 s , p 4 2 6 B u t a grad ua d s p ace m e n t wo u d pro d uce a d e l
. . l i l l
ug e , o n y a l
grad ua o ne l .
76 P A RA O I S E F OUN D .

W h e n e v e r it s i n k s b e y o n d t h e e q uil ibri u m fi gu r e ,

d ue t o its a ct u al ra t e o f r o t ati o n l an d s e m e rg e at t h e
,

p o l e s ; wh e n e v e r i t r i s e s b e y o n d t h e e qu ilib r i u m
figu re t h e p o l ar l an ds s i n k an d are s ub m e rg e d b e
,

n e ath t h e w at e r s o f t h e o c e an P ro f e s s o r A l e x an d e r
.

W i n ch e ll t h u s e xp o u n ds t h e V I CW I t h as b e e n
' “

s h o w n th at o n e o f t h e act i o n s o f ti d e s u p o n a pl an
e t ar
y b o dy t e n d s t o d i m i n i sh it s r a t e o f r o t ati o n .

Co rr e sp o n di n gly i ts e qu at o r i al p ro tu b e ran c e w ill

,

t e n d t o di m i n ish I n t h e c as e o f a pl an e t stil l re
.

t ai n i n g i ts li qu i d c o n d it i o n t h e e q u at o ri al su bsid e n c e
,

wil l k e e p n e ar ly e v e n p a c e w i th t h e re t ar d ati o n .

T o wh a t e v e r e xt e n t v isc o si ty e xi sts t h e s ub sid e n c e ,

w ill f o llo w t h e re t ar d ati o n . Th e re will e xis t an e x

c e ss o f p ro t ub e ran c e b e y o n d t h e e qu il ib ri u m figur e
d ue t o t h e ac tu al ro t ati o n an d th i s w ill ac t as an
,

a dd iti o n a l r e t ar d a ti v e c a u s e I n t h e c as e o f a n i n
.

c r u st e d an d s o m e w h a t r i gid pl an e t t h e e xc e ss o f ,

e ll ipt icity w o ul d a tt ai n its g r e at e st v al u e I t w o uld .

c o n ti n u e t o au g m e n t u n til t h e st rai n u p o n t h e m a ss
s h o uld b e c o m e s u ffi c i e n t t o l o w e r t h e e xc e ssiv e pro
t u b e ran c e t o t h e e qu il ib riu m figu re T h e r e c o v e ry
.

o f thi s fi gur e m igh t t ak e pl a c e c o n vul s iv e l y T he .

e qu at o ri a l r e gi o n s w o u l d th e n s u bs id e an d t h e p o l ar ,

w o u l d r i s e I n t h e c a s e o f an i n c r u st e d pl an e t e x
.

t e n s i v e ly c o v e r e d l ik e t h e e arth by a film o f w at e r
, , ,

r e t ar d e d r o t at i o n wo u l d b e a tt e n d e d by a p ro m pt
s ubs id e n c e o f t h e e qu at o ri al w at e rs an d r is e o f t h e
p o l ar w at e rs t o a b o u t t wi c e t h e s am e e xt e n t I n .

o th e r w o rds t h e e qu a t o ri al l an ds w o u l d e m e r g e a n d
, ,

t h e p o l ar l a n d s w o u l d b e c o m e s u b m e rg e d T he .

am o u n t o f e m e rg e n c e w o ul d d i m i n i sh with i n c r e a s e

o f di st an c e f ro m t h e e q u a t o r a n d t h e am o u n t o f
,

s u b m e rg e n c e w o ul d d i m i n ish wi th i n c re as e o f di s
78 P A RA O I S E F 0 UND .

m e n t wo ul d p ass t h e e qu ilibri u m
fi gu r e t o an e xt e n t
p ro p o rti o n al t o t h e c u m ul ati o n o f s t rai n T h e e qu a .

t o ri al r e gi o n w o uld b e c o m e t o o m u c h d e p re s s e d a n d ,

t h e p o l ar r e gi o n s t o o m u ch e l e v at e d T h e e ff e ct o f .

th i s w o u ld b e t o acc e l e r at e t h e r o tat i o n s u ffi ci e n tly

t o n e u tral iz e t h e c e a s e l e ss tid al r e t ard ati o n T he .

d ay w o ul d b e sh o rt e n e d T h e o c e a n w o ul d r i s e stil l
.

h i gh e r al o n g t h e sh o r e s o f e qu at o ri al l an ds an d s u b ,

s id e al o n g t h e sh o r e s o f p o l ar l an d s A n e xt e n si o n .

o f p o l a r l an d s w o ul d i m m e di at e ly m o dify t h e c l i
m at e s o f t h e h i gh e r l a ti tu d e s Th e y w o ul d b e c o m e
.

s u bj e c t t o gr e at e r e xt re m e s A c o n s id e rabl e e l e v a
.

ti o n o f p o l ar l an ds w o u ld d i m i n ish t h e m e an t e m
pe rat u r e an d t h e r e gi o n o f p e r p e tu al s n o w w o ul d b e
,

e n l a rg e d Th e s e e ff e c ts w o u l d vi si t t h e n o rth e r n
.

an d s o u th e r n h e m i sph e r e s si m ult an e o u sly .

S u ch e ffe cts w o u l d f o ll o w f ro m an e xc e ss iv e su b
s i d e n c e o f e qu a t o r i al l an d s B u t t h e c o n st an t re
.

t ar d at i v e a cti o n o f t h e tid e s w o u l d c a u s e t h e e qu a
t o ri al l an d s a g ai n t o e m e rg e an d pr o t r u d e b e y o n d
,

t h e l i m it s o f t h e e qu il ib r iu m fi gur e a tt ai n e d i n a
l at e r age T h u s t h e f o r m e r c o n d iti o n w o u l d r e tu rn
.
,

an d t h e f o r m e r e v e n ts w o ul d b e re p e at e d I n the .

n at u re o f f o rc e an d m att e r th e s e o sc il l ati o n s sh o u l d

b e r e p e at e d m an y ti m e s Pr o f e ss o r T o dd s u gg e st s
.

th at t h e pr e s e n t t e r re st ri al age i s o n e o f e qu at o ri al
l an d s ubsid e n c e an d o f h igh l ati tud e e m e rg e n c e .

I m m e d i at ely p re c e di n g t h e p re s e n t t h e Ch am pl ai n ,

e p o ch w as o n e o f n o r th e rn an d p ro b ably o f s o u t h

p o l ar s ubs id e n c e wh il e fu rth e r b a ck i n t h e G l ac i al ,

e p o ch ,
we h av e e vid e n c e o f n o rth e r n an d p e r h ap s ,

1
al s o s o u th l ati tud e e l e v a ti o n .

1 Wor ld -
L if e or Co mpar at i ve Ge ology . Ch i cag o, 1 883 :
pp
. 2 78
 T E S TI NI ON Y OF P H YS I O GRA PH I CA L GE OL O G Y .
79

L e ib n i tz , D e luc , th e rs h av e p re s e n t e d a s till
an d o ,

diff e re n t vi e w o f t h e e ti o l o gy o f all d e l u g e s acc o rd ,

i n g t o wh ich th e y are t h e r e s u l t o f a st e ady sh ri n k

a ge o f t h e e ar th i n c o n s e qu e n c e o f i ts s e c u l ar c o o l

ing . A c c o rd i n g t o th i s th e o ry aft e r o n c e a s o l id
,

e ar th c r u s t h ad b e e n f o r m e d t h e c o o l i n g n u cl e u s
-
,

wi th i n i t w i th d re w t h e su pp o rt o n w h ic h t h e c r us t
h ad re st e d i n p ro p o rti o n as i t sh ran k a w ay f ro m b e
,

n e ath i t u n til
, , as o ft e n as t h e s u bt e rr an e an v o id s

th u s c re at e d b e c am e t o o g re at f o r t h e s t re n gth o f t h e
crus t th is o f n e c e ss ity f e ll i n w i th t h e f o rc e o f i n
,

c o m put abl e t o n s c arryi n g t h e ru i n e d s u rfac e t o su ch

,

a d e pth a s t o c a u s e i t i m m e d i at e ly t o b e o v e rfl o w e d

a n d s u b m e r g e d by t h e adj ac e n t w a t e rs o f t h e o c e an .

T h e g e o l o gi c h i st o ry o f t h e e ar th i s divid e d i n t o
i ts st ro n gly m ark e d p e ri o ds by th e s e s u cc e s siv e
col laps i o n s o f t h e ro cky s t ra t a wh ich c o n stit u t e d
t h e p r i m i tiv e cru s t E ach s u cc e e di n g c at acl ys m
.
,

s ays a re c e n t adv o c at e o f t h e vi e w c o n s id e re d as a ,

u n i v e rs al c at ast ro ph e m ust l e av e t h e gl o b e a w r e ck
, ,

l ik e t h e r u i n o f s o m e i m m e n s e c ath e d ral w h o s e d o m e
an d arch e s h av e f all e n i n Co rn i c e an d f ri e z e pill ar
.
,

an d e n t abl a tu r e br o k e n an d d i sl o c at e d li e a t al
,
l an
,

gl e s o f i n cl i n ati o n an d i n t h e u t m o st c o n fu si o n S o .

i t i s w ith t h e an c i e n t ro ck s an d m o r e m o d e rn s tr at a .

O n ly t o th i s m igh ty w re ck h av e b e e n add e d t h e o ut
u s h i n s of m o l te n m a tt e r i n t o fi s s u re s c re ati n g
g g ,

d ik e s a n d t h e u n sp ari n g m o v e m e n ts o f o c e an s
,

sw e e pi n g l o o s e m at e r i al s a n d p e ri sh i n g f o rm s o f all
s o rts fr o m o n e pl ac e t o an o th e r p arti ally c o v e ri n g
,

"
u p an d d i sgu i si n g t h e d e s o l ati o n .

A g ai n t h e s am e w ri t e r s ay s : T h e pr e s e n t s ur
,
“
.

f ac e o f t h e e arth i s c o m p arat iv e ly re c e n t T h e l as t .

g re at c at aclys m i s g e o l o gic ally sp e aki n g n o t v e ry

, ,
80 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

an ci e n t A cc u m u l ati n g e vid e n c e c o m p e l s u s t o b e
.

l i e v e th a t o n e o f th o s e d e s t ru ct iv e e v e n ts h as o c
c u rre d s i n c e t h e h u m an rac e was c re at e d T h e f a cts .

I h av e pr e s e n t e d pl a i n ly i n d ic a t e th a t an o th e r i s i n
t h e c o u rs e o f pr e p arati o n E ach o f th e s e v a s t p e r i .

o d i c al v o id s b e tw e e n t h e n u cl e u s an d t h e c r u st i s

fill e d by c o llaps i o n o f t h e s u rf ac e Th u s i f we .
,

as s u m e th at t h e gl o b e w as o n e h u n d re d o r thr e e
h u n dr e d m il e s gr e at e r i n all i ts di am e t e rs wh e n i ts
cru st b e c am e h ard an d was b a th e d wi th t h e e arl i e st
s e as an d wh e n m ar i n e pl an ts an d t ril o bit e s a n d m o l
,

lu sc a b e g an t o app e ar t h e l ith o l o gi c a l Ch ara c t e ri s ,

t ic s o f t h e p al e o z o i c ag e s w ill b e m o re acc e p t ably

d e ciph e r e d S o s u cc e ss iv e ly w ith t h e c ar b o n if e r o u s
.

p e ri o d s w h o s e v ast are as h av e b e e n f o l d e d u p an d
,

o v e rfl o we d an d wh o s e fi e lds f o r re p r o du c ti o n h a v e
,

b e e n s o n u m e ro u s an d e xt e n s iv e as t o c o n v i n c e u s
th at A r ctic A m e ric a d u r i n g th o s e r e m o t e ag e s pre , ,
” 1
s e n t e d t ro pi c al p o si ti o n s t o t h e s u n .

A lth o ugh st ar ti n g w ith n o s uc h p u r p o s e t h e au ,

th o r i n e xp o u n di n g th is g e n e ral L e i b n itzi an th e o ry
,

o f al l d e l u g e s i n ci d e n t al ly e xpl a i n s t h e s u b m e r s i o n
,

o f t h e p ri m e v a l A rctic c o n ti n e n t I n a cc o rd an c e .

w ith h i s th e o ry h e a ss e rts th a t t h e di am e t e r o f t h e
,
“

e arth at t h e p o l e s m u s t h av e b e e n at s o m e m o r e an

ci e n t e p o ch v e ry m u ch g re at e r th an n o w I t m u st .

h av e b e e n m o re th an t w e n ty s e v e n m il e s gre at e r t o -

p e rm it s uc h e qu a t o r i al o r t ro pic al e xp o s u re s t o t h e
1 C F . . W insl ow M , . D .
,
Th e Cooli ng Glo be , or th e M ech a n i cs of
Geology . B o s to n, 1 86 5 pp 50 , 5 1 F . . or th e l at e s t pre se n t at io n s an d

cr it i ci sms of th s i l
ge n e ra t h e o ry, s e e W i n c h e ll ’
s Wor ld 1 88 3 ,

pp .
30 2
—30 8 ,
an d the li t e ra t ure t h e re g i ve n . A m o ng t h e o ld er t re a
t i ses c o n s t ru c t e d u po n i t, non e i s pe rh aps o f s o g re at n t e re s t t o i
t h e ge n e ra l re ad e r a s th e wo rk o n Th e D elug e , b
y F réd éri k K e e l
( D an i s h 1 842 , G e rm a n 1 8 43 , F re n c h
 2 P A RA D I SE F OUN D .

m ak e s M o s e s o n e o f t h e t wo m e n wh o s e d e cl ara “

t i o n s an d a u th o r i ty m o re th an t h e st at e m e n ts o f all
,

o th e r s h av e r e t ar d e d t h e adv an c e m e n t o f g e n e ral
,
”
k n o wl e dg e H appily f o r M o s e s t h e s e c o n d i n th is
.
,

p o r t e n t o u s du u m v ir at e i s n o w o r s e a m an th an S i r
I s aa c N e wt o n
I t i s by n o m e an s n e c e ss ary t o c o m m i t o u rs e l v e s
t o an y o n e o f th e s e t h e o r i e s o f d e l u g e s o r t o s e e k ,

st il l o th e r e xpl an ati o n s o f t h e re c o g n iz e d s u b sid e n c e

o f t h e b a s i n n o w o cc u pi e d by t h e A rcti c O c e an .

E n o u gh f o r t h e p re s e n t th at u p o n t h e a u th o r i ty o f
e m i n e n t physi o gr a ph i c g e o l o gi st s we h a v e sh o w n

1 Th a t t h e p re s e n t d i st r i b u ti o n o f l an d an d w at e r
.

w ith i n t h e A r c ti c Ci r cl e i s g e o l o gic al ly sp e ak i n g o f
, ,

v e ry r e c e n t o r igi n .

2 Th at t h e p al e o z o ic d at a o f t h e h igh e s t e xpl o re d
.

l at itu d e s d e m an d f o r th e i r e xpl an ati o n th e h ypo t h e

s i s o f an e xt e n s iv e c irc u m p o l ar c o n ti n e n t i n M i o
ce n e t i m e .

3 . Th a t l i th o l o gic al a u th o rit i e s affi rm th at s u ch a

c o n t i n e n t e xist e d .

Th t phys i c l g g a phy h as r e ach e d t h e c o n

4 a a e o r

e l u si o n th a t t h e k n o w n i sl an ds o f t h e A rctic O c e an ,

s u ch as N o v a i a Z e m lia an d t h e S p itzb e r g e n are ,

s i m ply m o u n t a i n t o ps s ti ll r e m ai n i n g ab o v e t h e s u r
fac e o f t h e s e a wh ich h as c o m e i n an d c o v e re d u p
t h e p r i m e v al c o n ti n e n t t o wh ich th e y b e l o n g e d .

A d fi n ally th a t t h e pr o bl e m o f t h e p ro c e ss by
5 .n ,

w h i ch th i s g ran d c at a st r o ph e w as b ro u gh t ab o u t i s
n o w sp o ra di c ally e n g a gi n g t h e th o u gh ts o f t e rr e s
1
tri al physi cist s an d g e o l o gist s .

1 S e e th e i
v e ry n t e re s t n g i pape r ge T h e o r e s , i n Tr a n s
On I ce - A i
act i o n s qf t h e B r i ti s h A ss oc i a t i on , 1 88 4, by E H , M A .
,
il l
F G S . . . . .

l t h e s ame v o um e W F S t a n e y s c r t c s m o f t h e t h e o ry o f
l l ii i
’
A so in . .

C ro ll .
 CH A PT E R I V

TH E T E S T I MO N Y OF P RE H I S T O R I C CL I M A T OL O GY .

Vc r i llud e ra t , ver m ag n u s ag e a t b O r bi s . V ER G L I .

t he m o s t s ta r t li n g a n d i mpo r t a n t f t h e sc ie n t if i c d is cov e r i e s f t he las t

O ne of o o

lu x u r i an t [P
li o c e n e fl or a in v a r i o us
t we n ty ye a r s ha s be e n t ha t o f t he reli cs o f a

pa r t s of t he A r ct i c r eg i o ns . Is a y u n e x pe c t e d , a n d
d i s c o ve ry w h i ch w a s t o t a ll
I t
i s e v e n no w c o n s id e r e d by m a ny m e n of s c i e n ce t o be c o mple te ly u n i n t e lli g i ble , bu t
i t i s s o t h o r o ug h l s ta b li s h e d a n d i t h a s s u c h a n i mpo r t a n t be a r i ng o n t h e s u b j e c ts
y e ,

we a r e d is c u ss i n g i n t he pr e se n t v o lu me , t h a t i t i s n e ce s sa ry to lay a t o le r a bl y co m

ple t e o u t li n e o f t h e f ac t s bef or e o ur r e ad e r s A R W C . . . ALLA E

T H U S far th e n w e h av e f o u n d th e o re ti c al g e o g
, ,

o n y d e m an d i n g a l o c a ti o n a t t h e P o l e f o r t h e fi rs t

c o u n t ry p re s e n ti n g c o n d iti o n s o f E d e n l if e we h av e
f o u n d t h e r e q u i sit e ast ro n o m ic al c o n d i ti o n s t o giv e
i t an ab u n d an c e o f l igh t ; w e h av e f o u n d t h e ge o lo
gi sts att e st i n g t h e f o rm e r e x is t e n c e o f s uch a c o u n
try ; we m us t n o w i n t e rro g at e Pr e h i s t o ri c Cli m at o l
o gy a n d a sc e rt ai n wh e th e r th i s l o s t l an d e v e r e n j o y e d
,

a t e m p e ra t u re wh i ch ad m its o f t h e s u pp o s iti o n th a t

h e re was t h e p ri m itiv e ab o d e o f m an T h e an s w e r .

t o o u r qu e s ti o n c o m e s n o t fr o m o n e b u t f ro m s e v , ,

1
e r al s o u r c e s .

1
1 We h av e n o u se h e re f o r m e re f an cy s k e t c h e s , l ik e the fo ll o w i n g,

wh ich appe are d on t he 1 0 th o f M ay ,

1 88 4, i n T h e N o rw o od R e vi ew
an d i c h l o k s e y m uc h li k e
Crys ta l P a la ce R epor te r ( E n g ), an d w h o v r

an l l
u n ac k n o w e d e d
g f
o an i ll f A c t i c f m e
ro m C apt a n H a We , o r a :
“

d o o t d m i t t h t t h e i s i c up t t h e P l e
n a a er N e h as b e ne o o . o on e

n e e r t h at p i t t h an 464 m il
ar o n O ce i i d th e g e t i b i e s. n ns e r a ce - arr e r,

a w w ld b
ne k u po t h e
or re a pl o e ; a c li m t e fi s t m il d li k e t h t
s n ex r r a r a

o f E n gl a d d ft e w d s b l m y
n , an a th t of the G e e k I l e s
r ar w i ts
a as a r s , a a

t h e h a d y ad e t re r wh o fi s t b e h l ds t h o se wo d f ul h
r v n u r W o n er s o re s . on

d e rf ul i d e e d f
, n h e wil l be g e e t e d by a b ra c h o f t h e h u m n ace
or r n a r
84 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

F i rst g e o g o n y gi v e s us an al m o st i rre si stibl e an

,

t e c e d e n t p ro b a bili ty F o r if t h e e arth f ro m its e ar

.

l i e s t c o n s o l id ati o n h as b e e n st e ad ily c o o l i n g i t i s ,

h ardly p o ssibl e t o c o n c e i v e o f a m e th o d by w h i c h
an r e gi o n o n c e t o o h o t f o r hu m an r e sid e n c e c an
y
h av e b e c o m e a t l e n gth t o o c o l d e xc e pt by p ass i n g
th ro u gh all t h e i n t e rm e di at e st ag e s o f t e m p e ratur e ,

s o m e o f w h i ch m u st h av e b e e n p re c is e ly ad apt e d t o
h u m an c o m f o r t .

A g ai n p al e o n t o l o gi c al b o t an y sh o w s th at i n E u
,

ro pe i n T e r ti ary ti m e s th i s hyp o th e t ic al c o o l i n g o f

t h e e arth w as g o i n g o n an d g o i n g o n i n t h e st e ady
,

l
an d re gu l ar w a p st ul at e d by th e o r e ti c o o n
y o g e g y .

B u t if a t e ll u r i c p ro c e ss as e ss e n ti ally u n iv e rs al as
th i s was g o i n g o n i n E u ro p e th e re is n o re as o n w hy ,

i t sh o ul d n o t h av e b e e n g o i n g o n i n all c o u n t ri e s ,

wh e th e r t o t h e n o rth o r t o t h e s o u th o r t o t h e e a st
, , ,

o r to t h e w e s t o f E u ro p e .

B u t w e are n o t l e ft t o i n f e r e n c e s o f th is s o r t It .

i s n o w ad m itt e d by all s ci e n tifi c a u th o r it i e s th a t at

o n e ti m e t h e r e gi o n s w i thi n t h e A r ctic Ci r cl e e n

j o ye d a t ro pic al o r n e arly t ro pi c al cl i m at e Pr o f o s .

c ut o ff f ro m the re s t of i
h um an ty by t h at c h an ge o f c m at e wh ch li i
c am e N o rth e rn E uro pe abo ut e ars ago , b ut s u rro u n d e d
ove r y
”
by a pro f us i o n o f l if e be w il d e r i n g i n t h e e x t re m e .

S pe c u l at i o n s o r f an c i e s o f t h i s s o rt h av e e v e r c l u s t e re d ab o ut t h i s
m ys t e ri o u s re g i o n o f t h e P o l e A s we s h a ll h e re af t e r s e e , t h e y
.

ab o u n d e d i n re m o t e an t i q u i t y . E v e n t h e s i n gu l ar f an cy k n o wn t o t h e
p u b li c a s S y m m e s
’
H o l e a n t e d at e s S ym m e s , an d m ay b e f o u n d i n

m uc h m o re att rac t i v e f o rm i n Kl o ps t o ck s M ess i a h ( K s S a m m tli c /

’ ’
. . ze

PVe r h e L e i ps i c 1 8 54 : v o l i , pp 2 4
.
,
. . .
,

1 ’
é
L ét ud e d e s fl o re s n o us d m o n t re q ue le c l i m at d e lE uro pe ,
’

p e n d a nt l e s t e m p s t e rt i a i re s , e s t t o uj o urs a ll é
e n s e r ef r oi o zssan t d n n e
’ ’ '

” ‘
m a n i er e c o t n i n u e e t r eg uli er e . L e P r éh i s t or i q u e A n t i q u i
. te d e

Par G ab ri e l d e M o rtille t , Pro fe s s e ur d an t h ro po lo gi e

’
I H om m e
’
.

p é
r h i s t o ri q u e a l
’
E c o l e d
’
A n t h ro po l o gi e d e P ar i s P ar i s , 1 88 3 : p
. .

1 13 .
86 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

l ittl e m o re E d e n i c th an i s th at o f t h e h o t t e st por
of o u
1
ti o n s r p e s e t e arth
r n .

S i r Ch arl e s L y e ll w h o i n t h e di sc uss i o n o f th is
,

s ubj e ct i s ch a r act e ri st ic al ly c au t i o u s an d u n if o rm i
t ari an d o e s n o t h e s it at e t o s ay T h e r e s ult th e n
, , , ,

o f o u r e x am i n a t i o n i n th is an d i n t h e p re c e di n g
,

ch apt e r o f t h e o r g an ic an d i n o rg an ic e vi d e n c e as t o
,

t h e s t at e o f t h e cl i m at e o f f o rm e r g e o l o gi c al p e r i o ds
i s i n favo r o f t h e O pi n i o n th at t h e h e at was g e n e rally
i n e xc e s s o f wh at i t n o w i s I n t h e g re a t e r p ar t o f .

t h e M i o c e n e an d p re c e di n g E o c e n e e p o ch s t h e f a u n a
an d fl ora o f Ce n t ral E u ro p e w e re s u b t ro pi c al a n d a -
,

v e g e t a ti o n r e s e m bl i n g th a t n o w s e e n i n N o rth e rn

E ur o p e e xt e n d e d i n t o t h e A rct ic re gi o n s as f ar as
th e y h av e ye t b e e n e xpl o re d an d pr o b ably r e a ch e d ,

t h e P o l e i ts e lf I n t h e M e s o z o ic ag e s t h e pr e d o m i
.

n an c e o f r e ptil e l if e a n d t h e g e n e r al ch ar a ct e r o f t h e

fo s s il typ e s o f th at g re at cl ass o f v e r t e b rat a i n di c at e

a w ar m cl i m a t e an d a n a bs e n c e o f f r o s t b e t w e e n t h e

4o t h p arall e l o f l ati tu d e an d t h e P o l e a l ar g e i ch thy ,

” 2
o s au r u s h avi n g b e e n f o u n d i n l ’ °
at
77 1 6 N . .

A v e r agi n g t h e ab o v e vi e ws an d e st i m at e s o f s c i
e n t i fic a u th o ri ti e s w e h av e a t t h e P o l e i n t h e a e o f
, g ,

t h e firs t app e aran c e o f t h e h u m a n r a c e a t e m p e ra ,

t ur e t h e m o st e qu abl e an d d e ligh tful p o s sibl e ; an d

with th i s w e m ay w e ll be c o n t e n t .

Z i h 1 8 68 B d i pp 60 —
1 Fl ora F i li A
oss sti rc ca . ur c 77 S e als o, : . .
, . . e

A l f e d Ru
r ss el W ll a I l d L if
ac e , Lo d
s an 8 80 h i PP 1 63 e . n on, 1 : c . x .
, ~ “

20 2 . W e ll t h e f e i g
, re o r , lli k i g h ym s t f th e ge
s n s a ro c n r er o a ,

Wh hen t ll d i f h m l b ill w
e s e a ro e ts at o e ss o s
A h b
c ro s s t d pl i
e f N b
ro a k ; a ns o e ras a

Wh d h N
e n aro u n h P l g wb
t e d wi ll w
o rt o e re an an as an o s,
A d m n d f gh t wi h t h g
as t o on s ou m d i ll t e re at ar a os

F t h pi
or epp l w
n e -a
g i A l k ” es ro n n as a .

f G lg e l e e t h c d vo l i p 2 3 x
9 P ri
ncipl es o eo o f
, v n . . . .
, .
,
 CH A PT E R V .

THE T E ST I M O NY OF PA L E O N T O L O G I CA L B OT A N Y .

D a m a ls , d ar t a ns
vo n —
d h a n s d i e s e m B i ld n ng s h e r a’ fl t r d i e Pf la n ze n ui
sl

—
. .

li che r B r e i t e n i m [ whe n N or d e n ha t e i n e s t r a h le n/or n e Ve r br e i t u ng v an

Type n s t a t tg e ha bt P O SSO
. R FE R
H ar m .

I t is now a n e s t a bli s h e d co n c lus i o n t h a t t h e g r e at a g g r e ss i v e f a u n as a nd fl o r as

f
o th e co n t i n e nt s ha ve or i g i na te d i n t h e N o r t h , s o m e o f t he m w i t h i n t he A r ct ic
Ci r c le . P R N P AL D A W N
I CI SO

A tr ad iti o n s o f t h e p ri m e v al P arad is e r e qu ir e u s
LL

t o c o n c e iv e o f i t as p o s s e ss e d o f a t ro pi c al fl o ra o f
'

h
t e m o s t b e a ut ifu l an d l uxu r i a n t s o r t — as a d o r n e d ,

w i th e v e ry t r e e th at i s pl e as an t t o t h e sigh t o r
“
,
”
g o o d fo r f o o d A n y th e o ry th e re f o re as t o t h e s it e
.
, ,

o f E d e n m u st o f n e c e ss i ty p r e s e n t a l o c al ity w h e r e

th i s c o n d i ti o n c o u ld h av e b e e n m e t H o w i s i t w i t h .

t h e hyp o th e si s n o w u n d e r c o n si d e rat i o n
T o r e ply th at a p o l ar E d e n i s sci e n tifi c al ly ad m i s
s ibl e i n th i s r e sp e ct w o uld b e t o s ta t e bu t a s m al l
p art o f t h e t ru th S o m u ch m igh t u n h e sit ati n gly b e
.

affi rm e d i n vi e w o f t h e f a ct s p r e s e n t e d i n t h e l ast

ch apt e r G iv e n i n an y c o u n try o n t h e f ac e o f t h e
.

gl o b e a l o n g c o n ti n u e d t ro pic al cl i m at e an d a tr o pi
-
,

c al v e g e t a ti o n m ay w e ll b e e xp e c t e d A n yth i n g e ls e .

w o ul d b e s o ab n o rm al as t o re q u i re e xpl an ati o n .

B u t t h e st u dy o f P al e o n t o l o gic al B o t an y h as j u s t
c o n d u ct e d t o a n e w an d e n t i re ly u n an ti cip at e d re
s ul t T h e b e s t a u th o riti e s i n thi s sci e n c e b o th i n
.
,

E u ro p e an d A m e ri c a h a v e l at e l y re a ch e d t h e c o n cl u
,

si o n th at a ll t h e f lo ra ltypes an d f or ms re v e a le d i n t h e
88 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

old es t f os s i ls of th e e a r t h o ri i n a t e d i n th e reg i on o
g f
the N o rt h P o le , an d th e n ce pre a d fi rs t o v e r t h e n orth
s

e rn a n d th e n ove r t h e s o u t h e r n h e m i sph e re proce e d i ng ,

f ro m N o r th t o S o u th Th i s i s a c o n c e pti o n o f t h e
.

o r igi n an d d e v e l o p m e n t o f t h e v e g e t a bl e w o r l d w h ich

b u t a f e w y e ars ago n o sc i e n t ifi c m an h ad d re am e d
o f a n d w h ich t o m an y i n t e l li g e n t r e a d e r s o f th e s e
, ,

p ag e s w ill b e e n ti re ly n e w I t s p ro fo u n d i n t e re s t
, .
,

as re l at e d t o t h e pr e s e n t d i s cu s si o n w ill at o n c e b e ,

se e n .

W ith o u t att e m p ti n g a ch r o n o l o gi c al h is t o ry o f th is
r e m ark abl e di sc o v e ry o r i n an y w i s e a s s u m i n g t o as
,

s i g n t o e ach pi o n e e r stu d e n t h is sh are o f t h e c re dit ,

we m ay s ay th a t P r o f e s s o r A s a G ra y o f A m e r ic a , ,

Pr o f e s s o r O sw ald H e e r o f S witz e rl an d S i r J o s e ph
, ,

H o o k e r o f E n gl an d O tt o K u n tz e o f G e rm a n y an d
, , , ,

Co u n t G d e S a p o r t a o f F ran c e h av e all b e e n m o re
.
, ,

o r l e ss p ro m i n e n tly a s s o ci at e d w i th t h e e st ablis h
‘

m e n t o f t h e n e w d o c t ri n e
’
S i r J o s e ph H o o k e r s
.

s t u d i e s o f t h e fl o ra l typ e s o f T a s m an i a fu rn i sh e d

d at a b e f o re l ack i n g f o r a g e n e ral t ran s l atitud i n al

, ,
-

s u rv e y o f t h e wh o l e fi e ld H e was struck by t h e f act

.

th at i n th at f ar O ff S o u th e rn w o rl d t h e S c an d i n avi an
-
“

”
typ e as s e rts h i s p re ro g at i v e o f u b iqu ity Th ou gh .

at th at t i m e h e s e e m s n o t t o h a v e d i vi n e d i ts si g

n i fi c an c e h e cl e arl y s aw t h e p al e o n t o l o gic al an d
,

o th e r v e stig e s o f t h e g r e a t m o v e m e n t by w h i ch t h e

far N o r th h as sl o w ly cl o th e d t h e n o r th t e m p e rat e -
,

t h e e qu at o r i al an d t h e s o u th e r n re gi o n s with v e r
,
~

d u r e I n o n e p ass ag e h e d e s c ri b e s t h e i m p re s s i o n
.

m ad e u p o n h i m by t h e f a ct s i n t h e f o l l o wi n g g raph i c
l an gu ag e : W h e n I t ak e a c o m p re h e n s i v e vi e w o f
“

t h e v e g e t a ti o n o f t h e O ld W o rld I am st r u ck w i th ,

t h e a pp e ar an c e i t pr e s e n ts o f th e r e h avi n g b e e n a
 P A RA D I S E F OU N D
90 .

H r e th e n i s a n e w an d w o n d e rful l igh t j u st
e , ,

thr o w n u p o n t h e pr o bl e m o f t h e sit e o f E d e n T h e .

o l o gy i n s o m e o f i ts r e p r e s e n t ativ e s h ad an t icip at e d
’
t h e g e o l o gi s ts i n t e a ch i n g th a t t h e e ar th s v e st m e n t
o f v e g e t ati o n o rigi n ally p ro c e e d e d fr o m o n e pri m e v al

c e n t re b u t i t i s t h e gl o ry o f p al e o n t o l o gy t o h av e
,

l o c at e d t h a t c e n tr e an d t o h av e giv e n u s an e vid e n c e
s c i e n tifi c ally v al id W h e r e v e r m an o r igi n at e d t h e .
,

bi o lo gis t an d b o t an i s t n o w k n o w wh e re wa s t h e c ra
d le o f s o m e o f t h e w o r l d s t e n an t s W h at e v e r t h e ’
.

dir e cti o n o f t h e fi rst h u m an m ig rati o n s we are n o w ,

c l e ar as t o t h e di re ct i o n o f th at g re at i n v asi o n o f
“

( M e m oi r s of th e A m e r i ca n A ca d e m y o
f S c i en ce, 1 8 57 , v o l v i , pp 3 7 7 . . .

P ro fe s sor A sa G ray s ugge s t e d t h e po ss i ili

b ty o f t h e c o m m o n
or i gi i i
i n h gh n o rt h e rn at t u d e s o f v ar o us re at e d s pe c e s n o w
n at o n l i i l i
i l '

W d e y s e parat e d i n d i fle re n t po rt o n s o f t h e n o rth t e m pe rat e z o n e i -

.

f f
I n 1 8 7 2 , o u r ye ars a t e r t h e pub c at o n o f H e e r s wo rk , i n t re at n g
’
li i i
”
of T e S q
h e u o i a a d i s H
n t s t r
o y, i n an add re s s i ( s e e you r n al of th e
A m A ss f or t h e A d v a n ce m en t of S c i e n ce ,
. . he re n e we d in a

l
c e are r an d s tro nge r m an n e r h i s ad v o c acy o f th e id ea . I n t h e s am e

ye ar, an d a sol in 8 7 6, Co un t S apo rt a, w t h d u e a ck n o e dgm e n t o f

1 i wl
t h e wo rk of P ro f e s s o r H e e r,
gav e c u rre n c y t o t h e t h e o ry i n t h e s e e n i
t ific i l
c rc e s O f F ran c e . A ll ud i n i
g t o t h s , t h e Co un t h as re c e n t y w r t l i
te n, A sa G ray was not th e on l i
y b o ta n s t w h o h ad t h e d e a o f e x i
l i i
p a n n g t h e pre s e n c e o f d s j o n e d s pe c e s an d ge n e ra d s pe rs e d ac ross i i i i
l
t h e b o re a t e m pe rat e z o n e an d t h e t wo c o n t n e n t s , b y m e an s o f i
i
e m g rat o n s i
ro m t h e f
po e as t h e m o t h e r re g o n wh e n c e t h e se v e ge l -
i
t ab l e race s h ad rad at e d i in o n e o r s e ve ra l di re c t o n s i . Th i s h ad b e e n
pa r a llele m e n t c o n ce v e d an d i de ve l o pe d i n F ran c e upo n the o cc as o n i
of t h e re m ark ab e l w o rk s of Pr o f e sso r 0 . H e e r.
”
Am .
7 o u r n al of
S ci en ce , M ay, 1 8 8 3 , p 3 94 T h e an n o t at o n . . i appe n d e d to t h s i by Pro
f e s s o r G ray m ay b e s e e n o n t h e s am e page . F or a G e rm an a c k n o wl

e dgm e n t s e e E ng l e r, E n t wi che lu n
g s
g es ch zch te de r Pfl a n z e n welt , T h i . .
,

S . 23 ; fo r an E ng li s h ,
se e N atu r e, Lo n do n, 88 1 , p 446 ; f o r an
1 .

A mer ic an ,
J . W . D aws o n , T he G e ne s i s i
an d M grat o n o f P an t s ,
”
i l
i n T h e P r i n ce t on R ev i ew ,
1 8 7 9, p 2 77 . B ut D r D aws o n re e rr n g t o
. .
, f i
S apo rta
’
s A n ci en n e Vegeta t i on ’
P la e , H o o k e r s P r es i d e n t i alA d d r es s
o i r

of 1 8 7 8, Th i t l e to
s n D ye r
’
s L ect u r e on P la n t D i s t r i bu t i on , an d J .

S t ark ie G ard n e r s
’
L ette r s i n N at u r e, 1 878 , we re m ark s t h at ll
th e
“

b as is of m os t of these b ro ch ure s i s t o f ’
b e o un d i n H e e r s F lor a P os e
 T E S TI A/OzV Y OF P A L E ON T OL OGI CA L B O TA N Y 1
.
9
A rctic pl an t s an d an i m al s wh ich i n t h e b e gi n n i n g
” 1
o f Q u at e rn ary ag e s c am e s o u th w a rd i n t o E u r o p e .

B u t i t m ay be th at t h e t e st i m o n y o f P al e o n t o l o gi
c al B o t an y i s n o t ye t e xh au s t e d W h at i f it sh o ul d .

a t l e n gth a pp e a r th at al o n g w ith t h e pl an ts e h i
p r s

t o ri c m e n — an d c i viliz e d m e n at th at m u st h a v e
d e s c e n d e d f ro m t h e m o th e r re gi o n o f pl an ts t o t h e -

pl ac e wh e re h ist o ry fi n d s th e m W ith o u t an y r e f e r
e n c e t o o r app are n t re c o g n it i o n o f t h e g re a t an th ro

po lo g i c al i n t e re s t o f s uc h a q u e s ti o n at l e ast o n e ,

b o t an is t o f G e r m an y re as o n i n g f ro m b o t an ic al facts ,

an d p o stul a t e s al o n e h a s r e a ch e d p re c is e ly th i s c o n ,

clus i o n .

Th i s sa v a n t i s Pr o fe s s o r O tt o Ku n tz e wh o h as ,

m ad e sp e ci al s tud i e s o f t h e c ul tiv a t e d t ro pi c al pl an ts .

W h at o th e r b o t an ist s h ad f o u n d tru e o f t h e wil d

fl o ra i n c o n ti n e n t s s e p ar at e d by w id e o c e an s h e
fi n d s t ru e o f d o m e stic at e d pl an t s B ut t h e pr o bl e m .

o f t h e sp re ad o f th e s e pl an t s fr o m c o n ti n e n t t o c o n

1 G ik ie e T t b h f G lgy p 8 7 4 C m p
, ex oo o W ll c eo oW ,
. . o are a a e :
“ '

h av e n o w ly t ti th
on i g l w t f i p c i ty i t h m i g
o no ce e s n u ar an o re c ro n e ra

ti o ns o f th d
no r th t yp
e rn an f g t ti I
so u t f th
e rn es o ve e a on . n re u rn or e

v as t mb nu f E p l
er o
p t w h i h h
u ro h d A
e an t li t
an s c av e re a c e us ra a, n o

o ne s ni gl A t l i pl t h e t
u s ra d y p t f th
an an th t mp as e n e re an ar o e no r e er

t
a e d th
z o n e , an m m yb i d f t h t ypi l
e sa e th a g t e sa o e ca so u e rn v e e a

ti on i g n l wh t h d l p d i th A t t i l d N w Z
e n e ra ,
e er e ve o e n e n arc c an s, e ea

l d S th A m i
an ,
ou S th A f i I l d L if
e r c a, or L dou 188 r ca . s an -
e . on o n, 0

p 48 6
. I li k m
. Si J
n ph H
e k
an ne r fli m G g ph i ll y
r ose oo er a r s eo ra ca

s p k i
ea g t h n i ,
A t t i fl
e re s no pt a f w l i h n a rc d c o ra e x ce e c e ns an sea

w d ee
”
N t
s . 1 88 1 p 447 a ure, P i bl y h w th
: p g. f . oss ,
o e v e r, e ro re s s o

re s e arc h m y b i g t l i gh t a id r n f e od d l p w f lev e nce s o a s co n an e ss o er u

p l b i ld g h d f p i m i t i fl f m i t h A t t i gi
’
o ar un s er o r ve o ra or s n e n arc c re on .

S m o f th di c
e o i f F P M e s l k i th t d i ti
o ve r e s o S . . o re n o oo n a re c on . ee
”
h oy yi d o A l
'

P a tag o n i a de a n t / u o c o n t i n e n /e sn m ez
, r es t o un
g . n a es

d e la s oc i e ta d c i e n t
ifi ca A rge n t i n a T x i v , E n t rég u a ”L , p 9 7 A
. . . . . l s o,

L a fi zu n e lo c ezze d e la P a t ag o n i e a u s t r a le e t le g r a n d e co n t i n e n t ah

t a r c t i au e .
"
Pa r M E L T ro u e s s art
. . . . R e v u e S c i e n t ifiq u e , Pa r i s , x xx ii .
,

pp 5 88 5 5 ( N o v 1 0
. . . . A l so S a m ue l H a ug h t o n in l as t le c t u e r

o f Phys i ca l Geo r a h
g p y . D ub li n, 1 880 .
 P A RA D I S E F OU N D
92 .

ti n e n t rai s e s p e c ul i ar an d m o s t i n t e re sti n g qu e sti o n s .

T aki n g t h e b an an a pl an t ai n w h ich was c ul tiv at e d i n

-
,

A m e ri c a b e f o r e t h e arr i v al o f E ur o p e an s i n 1 49 2 ,

P ro f e ss o r Ku n tz e a sks I n wh a t way w as th is pl an t ,
“
,

w hi c h c an n o t st an d a v o y ag e th ro u gh t h e t e m p e ra t e
”
z o n e c arr i e d t o A m e r i c a ?
,
T h e di ffic ulty is th a t
t h e b an an a i s s e e dl e s s an d c an b e p ro p ag at e d i n a ,

n e w c o u n t r y o n ly by c arryi n g th ith e r a livi n g ro o t

an d pl an ti n g i t i n a su i t abl e s o i l I t s v e ry s e e dl e s s .

n e s s i s e vi d e n c e o f t h e e n o rm o us l e n gth o f ti m e th at

i t h as b e e n c ar e d f o r by m an A s t h e Pr o f e ss o r .

s ays A c u l ti v at e d pl an t wh ich d o e s n o t p o s s e ss
,
“

s e e ds m u st h av e b e e n u n d e r c ultu re f o r a v e ry l o n g
p e ri o d w e h av e n o t i n E u ro p e a s i n gl e e xcl u si v e ly
,

s e e dl e ss b e rry b e ar i n g c ul ti vat e d pl an t
,
-
an d h e n c e ,

i t i s p e rh a ps f ai r t o i n f e r th at th e s e pl an ts w e re c ul
t i v at e d as e ar ly as t h e m iddl e O f t h e dil u vi al p e ri o d .

B u t n o w as t o its t ran sp o r t ati o n f ro m t h e O ld W o rl d

“
t o t h e N e w o r v i ce v e rs a , I t m u s t be r e m e m .

” “
b e re d h e s ays
, th a t t h e pl an t ai n i s a tr e e lik e
,
-
,

h e rb ac e o u s pl an t p o s s e s s i n g n o e asily tran sp o rt abl e

,

bulbs l ik e t h e p o t at o o r t h e d ahli a n o r p ro p ag abl e

, ,

by c utti n gs l ik e t h e w ill o w o r t h e p o pl ar I t h as
, .

o n ly a p e re n n i al r o o t wh ich o n c e pl an t e d n e e d s
, , ,

h ardly an y c are A ft e r d i s cu ssi n g t h e s u b j e ct i n

.

al l a sp e ct s h e r e ach e s t h e tw o f o l d c o n cl u s i o n fi rst
, , ,

th at c i vil iz e d m an m u s t h av e b ro u gh t t h e r o o ts o f
t h e pl an t i n t o an y n e w re gi o n s i n t o w h i ch i t h as
e v e r c o m e ; an d s e c o n dly th a t it s app e aran c e i n ,

A m e r i c a c an o n ly b e a cc o u n t e d f o r o n t h e supp o s i
t i o n th at it was c arr i e d th i t h e r by w ay o f t h e n o rth
p o l ar c o u n t r i e s at a t i m e wh e n a t ro pi c al cl i m at e
1
pr v il e d at t e N th P o l e
e a h o r .

1 Pfl l B w i d
an z e n a s Ei w d
e g d
e s A m ik er nA si an e ru n er er an e r au s en

i n p égl i le Z i t
r az a P b li h d i A
r e . / d 1 8 78 pp 1 9 7 1 98
u s e n n s an , , .
, .
94 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

th e A rcti c z on e , th e re m ak e t h e c irc u i t o f t h e
an d

gl o b e w e
, ar e e v e rywh e r e s u r r o u n d e d by t h e s am e

sp e c i e s .

O n the th e r h an d if w e t ak e g re at c ircl e s o f t h e
o ,
’
e arth s l o n gitu d e an d p a s s f r o m t h e A r cti c r e gi o n
,

d o w n al o n g t h e c o n ti n e n t al m ass e s o f t h e N e w
W o r ld t o t h e S o u th P o l e th e n c e re tu r n i n g u p a ,

m e r idi an wh i ch c r o s s e s A f r i c a an d E ur o p e o r A u s ,

t ralia a n d A si a w e s h al l fin d i n t h e d e sc e n t ab u n
,

d an t f o s s i l e vid e n c e th at we are m o vi n g f o rw ard o n

t h e p ath way a l o n g wh ic h t h e p re h i st o r i c m igr at i o n s
o f t h e a n i m al w o rl d p r o c e e d e d ; wh il e o n o u r r e t ur n

o n t h e o th e r sid e o f t h e pl an e t w e sh all fin d th a t w e

ar e n o l o n g e r f o ll o wi n g i n t h e t rack o f an ci e n t m i

g ra t i o n s b u t are a d v an ci n g c o u n t e r t o th e i r o bvi o u s
,

m o ve m e n t A ll th is i s a s tru e o f t h e fl o ra o f t h e
.

wo rl d as i t is o f t h e f au n a H e n c e t h e l an gu ag e o f
.

t h e l a t e P r o f e ss o r O rt o n O n ly ar o u n d t h e s h o r e s
o f t h e A rc tic S e a are t h e s am e an i m al s an d pl an ts

f o u n d t h r o u gh e v e ry m e r id i an an d i n p as si n g ,

s o uth w ar d al o n g t h e th re e pri n c ip al l i n e s o f l an d
sp e c ifi c id e n tit i e s giv e way t o m e re id e n ti ty o f g e n
e ra ; th e s e ar e r e pl a c e d by f am i l y r e s e m bl an c e s an d ,

at l a s t e v e n t h e f am il i e s b e c o m e i n a m e a s u re di s

ti n ct n o t o n ly o n t h e g re a t c o n ti n e n ts b u t als o o n
, ,

t h e i sl an ds till e v e ry li ttl e r o ck i n t h e o c e an h as it s
,
” 1
p e cu li ar i n h ab it an ts .

“
A n o th e r w e l l k n o w n n a tu ral i st s ays : I t sh o ul d
-

al s o b e o b s e rv e d th at i n t h e b e gi n n i n g o f th i n gs t h e
c o n ti n e n ts w e re b u ilt u p fr o m N o rth t o S o u th —s u ch ,

h as b e e n at l eas t t h e hi st o r y o f t h e N o r th an d S o u th
, ,

A m e ri c an an d t h e E u r o p e o A s i ati c a n d t h e A fri c an -

c on t i n e n t s an d th u s it w o u l d app e ar th a t n o rth o f

1 Compara ti v e 2 0 5109 . N e w Y o rk , 1 87 6 : p 3 8 4 . .
 TES TI AI ON Y OF P A L E ON TOL OGI CA L Z O OL OG Y .
95

th e qu a t o r at l e as t an i m al s sl o wly m ig rat e d s o u th
e , ,

w a rd k e e pi n g p ac e as i t w e re wi t h t h e g ro wth
,

a n d s o u th w a r d e xt e n s i o n o f t h e g ra n d l an d m a s s e s
-

w hic h app e are d ab o v e t h e s e a i n t h e Pal e o z o ic ag e s .

H e n c e sc an ty as i s t h e A rcti c a n d T e m p e r at e re gi o n
,

o f t h e e ar th at t h e p re s e n t ti m e i n fo r m e r ag e s ,

th e s e r e gi o n s w e r e as p ro l ific i n l if e as t h e tro pic s

n o w a re t h e l a t t e r r e gi o n s n o w s o v ast h avi n g
, , ,

th ro u gh all t h e T e rti ary a n d Q u at e rn ary a g e s b e e n

u n d istu r b e d by g re at g e o l o gi c al re v o l ut i o n s an d ,

m e an wh il e b e e n c o l o n iz e d by e m i g ran ts d ri v e n d o w n
” 1
by t h e i n c o m i n g c o ld o f t h e gl a ci a l p e ri o d .

A s l o n g ago as 1 8 76 M r A lf re d R u ss e l W all ac e .

w ro t e “
A ll t h e ch i e f typ e s o f a n i m al l if e a pp e ar
,

t o h av e o rigi n a t e d i n t h e g re at n o rth t e m p e rat e o r

n o r th e r n c o n ti n e n ts wh il e t h e s o u th e rn c o n t i n e n t s ,

h av e b e e n m o r e o r l e ss c o m pl e t e ly is o l at e d d u ri n g
l o n g p e r i o d s b o th f ro m t h e n o rth e rn c o n t i n e n t a n d
,
”2
fr o m e ac h o th e r A n d ag a i n s p e aki n g o f m am .
,

m ali a h e s aid , A ll t h e e v id e n c e a t o u r c o m m an d
,

p o i n ts t o t h e N o rth e r n H e m i sph e r e as t h e bi r th
pl ac e o f t h e cl as s an d pr o b ably o f all t h e o rd e r s , .

F ro m all t h e f a c ts b ut o n e c o n cl u si o n i s p o s si bl e ,

an d th at i s th a t l ik e as t h e A r cti c P o l e is t h e m o th e r

r e gi o n o f all pl an ts s o i t i s t h e m o th e r re gi o n o f all ,
-

an i m al s t h e r e gi o n wh e r e i n t h e b e gi n n i n g G o d
, , ,

cr e at e d e v e ry b e a s t o f t h e e arth a ft e r h is ki n d an d ,

1 A S P ac k ard , Z ob/ogy
. . . N e w Y o rk , 2 d cd
p 66 5 . I n h is
, 1 880 . .

E le m e n ts f
o Ge oloo i
, N e w Y o rk , 1 8 7 7, p 1 59, Le Co n t e g v e s a gra ph
. i
i ca l re re s e n t at o n
p i o f t h e po lo c e n t ri c z o n e s o f t h e e art h s fl o ra an d
’

fau na ( F ig . wh i ch o ugh t t o h av e s ugge s t e d t h e t rue ge n e t c c o n i

ne ct i o n o f t h e wh o le .

2
Th e Geog r aph i ca lD i st r i bu ti o n f
o A n i m als . N e w Y o rk cd .
, vo l. i .
,

P 1 73 ~

Ib d i .
, vo l i i . .
, p 544
. .
96 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

c attl e aft e r th e i r ki n d an d e v e ryth i n g th at cre e p e th

,

o n t h e e arth aft e r hi s ki n d A n d th i s i s t h e c o n
.

cl us i o n n o w b e i n g r e a ch e d an d an n o u n c e d by al l
c o m p ar at iv e z o ol o gi sts wh o b usy th e m s e l v e s with
t h e p ro bl e m o f t h e o rigi n an d pr e h i st o ri c d i s t ri b u
ti o n o f t h e an i m al w o rl d B ut t o b e l i e v e th at Pro
.

”
fe s s o r H e e r s
’
M i o c e n e A rc ti c Co n t i n e n t w as t h e
cradl e o f allfl o ral typ e s an d t h e c r adl e o f all f au n al
f o r m s an d ye t d e n y th at i t was al s o t h e c radl e o f
,

t h e h u m an r ac e is w h at f e w ph il o s o phic al m i n ds are
,

lik e ly l o n g t o d o .
98 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

” l
H u m an S p e ci e s . c c o rdi n gly i n d is cu s si n g t h e
A ,

pr o b abl e v e r di ct o f thi s sci e n c e up o n t h e ad m i s s i

b i lity o f t h e n e w th e o ry o f hu m an di strib u ti o n t h e ,

l e ctu r e r pr e s e n t e d t h e f o ll o w i n g p aragraph an d ,

th e re r e st e d t h e c as e
A n th r o p o l o gy as r e pre s e n t e d by Q u at r e f ag e s
s e e m s t o b e actu ally f e e l i n g i ts way t o t h e s am e h y
o t h e s i s Th i s w it e r fi rst a rgu e s t h at i n t h e p re s
p . r

e n t st a t e o f k n o wl e d g e we sh o ul d b e l e d t o pl ac e t h e

cr adl e o f t h e r ac e i n t h e g re at r e gi o n b o u n d e d o n
t h e s o u th an d s o u th w e s t by t h e H i m al ay a s o n t h e ,

w e st by t h e B o l o r m o u n t ai n s o n t h e n o r th w e st by ,

t h e A la T au o n t h e n o rth by t h e A l t a i ran g e an d
-
,

i ts offsh o o ts an d o n t h e e as t by t h e Ki n g k h an o n
, ,
’
t h e s o u th an d s o u th e a st by t h e F e l i n a an d Kw e n lu n -
.

L at e r o n h o w e v e r h e s ays th at p al e o n t o l o gi c al st u d
, ,

i e s h av e v e ry r e c e n tly le d t o re s ul ts wh ic h are c a ‘

p ahl e o f m o difyi n g th e s e p r i m ary c o n cl u s i o n s A n d .

’

aft e r b r i e fly st ati n g th e s e r e su lts h e st arts t h e qu e s ,

t i o n wh e th e r o r n o t h e fi rst c e n tre o f h u m an app e ar

an c e m a n o t h av e b e e n c s id bly h t h
‘
y o n e r a t o t e n o r

o f t h e re gi o n
’
j u s t m e n ti o n e d e v e n i n po la r A s i a , .

W i th o u t d e ci di n g h e adds , P e rh aps p r e h i st o r i c
,

a rch e o l o gy o r p al e o n t o l o gy will s o m e d a c o n fir m o r
y
c o n fu t e th i s c o n j e ct u re .
’

T h e c au t i o u s an ti ci p ati o n h e r e e xpr e s s e d was

quickly fulfi ll e d A t t h e c o n cl u di n g l e ct u re o f t h e
.

s am e fi rs t c o u rs e i t w as p o s sibl e t o p re s e n t t h e f o l
l o w i n g as t h e r ip e c o n cl u s i o n o f a fe ll o w c o u n t ry
m an o f Q u at re f ag e s o n e o f t h e f o re m o s t s av an t s o f
,

1 N e w Y o rk ii
e d t o n, pp . 1 75, 1 7 7, 1 78 . S e e M Z ab o ro ws k i
.
’
s s up

po rt o f Q uatre fage s ’
j
c o n e c t ure i n t h e R ev u e S ci en t ifigue , Pari s , 1 883 ,

p 496
 A N TH R OP OL O G y A N D E l vo z 0 0 y .
99

E u r o p e , Co u n t S a p o rt a W e are i n cl i n e d t o re ° 1 “

m o v e t o t h e c i rc u m p o l ar re gi o n s o f t h e N o rth t h e
p ro b abl e c radl e o f p ri m i ti v e h u m an ity F ro m th e r e .

o n ly c o u ld i t h av e r ad i at e d as fr o m a c e n tr e to
spr e ad i n t o t h e s e v e ral c o n t i n e n ts at o n c e an d t o ,

gi v e r i s e t o s u cc e ss i v e e m igr at i o n s t o w ard t h e S o u th .

Th i s th e ory be s t ag ree s w i t h th e pre s u m e d m a rch of

” 2
t h e h u m a n race s .

1 T he f ll o wi
o ng n o t e appe are d i n th e B os t on D ai l
y A d ve r ti se r of

M ay 2 5 ,
1 88 3
TH E CRA D L E OF TH E R A CE .

A f e w ye ars ago , ab o u t t he t ime of t h e appe aran ce o f t h e firs t e d i

t io n of D r . W i n c h e ll ’
s P r ea d a m zt e s , i n a l e t te r a dd re s se d to i ts
l e arn e d au t h o r, I e x pre s s e d m y be li fe t h at t h e G ard e n of E de n, the
firs t ab o d e o f m an , was t o b e s o ug h t in a n o w s ub mg e r e d c o u n t ry, s i t

u at e at the N o rt h Po le . M o re t h an a ye ar ago , i n a pr n t e d i e s s ay

on A n ci e n t Cos m ology, I m ad e the s t at e m e t t a t

n h “
all e th n ic t ra
d i t i o n s po n t us i i
t h the r fo r t h e c rad e l of the E a r y as t an
rac e . l l J
uary I b e gan a c o u rse of l e c t ure s in t he po s t grad uat e d e part m e n t
-

i i i
o f t h e u n v e rs ty, s e t t n g i i ma s o f fo rt h my v i e w d the a an s to n s h ng s

co s m o l gi c l hi t ic
o m yt h
a , s or ,pal e th i c a d o o l g i c p l e o t o l gi c
,
a n o ,
oe n ,
n

o the e i d e ce s wh i c h
r v con pi e t o i ts upp t L as t M o d y f t e ns r s or . n a a r

noo b u t t we t y m i
n, a o ut e b e f o e I w s t g i e t h e c c l ud i g l e c t u e
n n s r a o v on n r

o f t h e c o u se I O pe e d t h e f e s h c ut l e a e s o f t h e R
’
r , n D r -
v ev u e a es enx

M d ‘
on th es , m be f r t h e fi t f t h i m o t h I
e nu r it mye y q i ck l yf ll
o rs o s n . n e u e

i n wh i c h M l M q u i G
’
up U E
on ni d Sy t h e P l t h i q
ssa e n se a e oe n ue , . e ar s .

d e S po t s um s up
a r a d se t f t h t h e l t e t re l t s f p l o t l g i c l
an s or a s su o a e n o o a

re e sch ar f , the y b
so up ar as th l gy J dge o f m y g t i fi e ar on e no o . u ra ca

tio to fi d
n m t we t y p ge s d o t d t o t h e q e t i o o f t h e c d l e
n so e n a ev e u s n ra

o f t he h m ce i
u t h e li gh t o f t h e l t e t c i e c e
an ra n d t re d as t h e a s s n , an o a

co c l u i
n o f th i
s on l e d s a a t t h at t h i s c rad l e m us t h a e b e e n
s e arn v n v

wi t h i t h e A c t i c C i c l e
n r r .

A s Co t S apo t un h a l t l y s h o w a li t tl e
r a i e ty t h t A m e i c an
s a e n an x a r

sch l h i p h ul d
o ars ot e ce i e t o e c l u i e c re d i t f o
s o n fi s t p o po i g
r v o x s v r r r s n

a c l o e l y e l at e d d c t i e wh i c h h
s r h o l d i c o m m o wi t h ur P o
o r n e s n n o r

f s G y d wi t h S wi t l d P fe s o H e e ( e e A m i ’
e sor ra , an z e r an s ro s r r s e r ca n

y l f S i
ou r n a e o M y 1 88 3 p 396 f o t t e ) h e will d o ub t l e s s
c en c , a , ,
.
, o no ,

pa d r t h e pub l i c s t t e me n t o f t h i s t m e m
on t i t e e s t i g c o i ci
a , o ,
os n r n n

d e n ce .
W I LL I A M F . W A R RE N .

B o s t o n , M ay 2 4, 1 883 .

1
S e e A PP E D I N X , S e ct I I . . H o w th e E art h was Pe o p e d l .
I 00 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

I n the
f o r e g o i n g w e h av e m o re th an a d e m o n str a
t i o n o f t h e b are ad m iss ib il ity o f o u r hyp o th e si s W e .

h av e i n i t t h e l at e st w o rd o f an th ro p o l o gic al sc i e n c e
r e sp e cti n g t h e bi r th pl ac e o f t h e h u m an r ac e T o -
.

m ak e i t a c o m pl e t e c o n fi r m ati o n o f o u r th e o r y s o ,

far as th i s fi e l d o f k n o wl e dg e i s c o n c e r n e d b u t o n e ,

t h i n g i s l acki n g an d th at i s a cl e ar e r r e c o g n it i o n o f
,

t h e g re at n atu ral r e v o l u t i o n o r c at as t ro p h e w hi ch
’
d e st ro y e d m an s pri m itiv e h o m e an d o cc a si o n e d t h e
w o rl d wi d e p o s t d ilu vi an d i sp e rs i o n Th is l ack h o w
- -
.
,

e ve r is ab u n d an tly s u ppli e d by t h e f o re m o s t G e r
,

m an e th n o g ra ph e rs an d e v e n by s u ch as r e pr e s e n t ,

t h e m o s t r adi c al D a rw i n i an vi e ws Th u s P ro f e ss o r .

F r i e dric h M illle r o f V i e n n a an d D r M o r i tz W a g n e r
‘

.
, , ,

b o th o f w h o m pl ac e t h e p ro b abl e c radl e o f t h e rac e

i n s o m e h ig h la t i t u d e i n E u ro p e o r A s i a lay t h e u t ,

m o st st re ss up o n t h e m igh ty cl i m ati c r e v o l u ti o n
‘

w h i ch c am e i n w ith t h e gl aci al age a sc ribi n g t o i t ,

t h e m o st s tup e n d o u s an d tran sf o r m i n g i n fl u e n c e s
1
th at h av e e v e r a ff e ct e d m an ki d n I n o u r vi e w t h e .

d e t e ri o r ati o n o f n at ur al e n vi ro n m e n t r e d u c e d t h e
1 E s m us s d o rt , wo d e r M e n s ch a us d e m Z us tan d, d e n er m i t de n
T h i e re n ge m e n s am h at , s c h e n tw c k e te , e i n ge wa t ge r W e ch s e d e r
i i i l li l
i
N at urk raf t e u n d s e n e r U mge bun g s t attge un d e n h ab e n
'

N ch ts is t f . i
n at ii rl i i
i ch e r als an d i e E s z e t d e s E n d e s d e r Ple i o can e n un d d e r D i
'

luv i al Pe r -
i od e , we l ch e d u rc h e nei R e he i l
s c h age n d e r ge o l gi
o sc h e r

T ha t s ac h e tii t
n d as n Ord liche i ca b e s t at ig t
E u ro pa, A s eni un d A me r
i
w rd , u de k e
z n n . D m l a wo d s P a d i e s d e i d e r B e f i d i gu g
a s, a ra s n r e n

l e i b li c h e B e d ii
r rf n i ss e i i g u d a ll i
e nz d h i l e be de
n u s c h u l d i ge e n a n n n, n n,

G ut e s un d B Os e s noc h i h t u t e ch e i d d e M e s c h e m i t e i i g e r
n c n rs en n n n s

H an d z e rt rii mm e r t wu d e d m l s fi g d
r , M e sc h d e e i ge t li c h
a a n er n n n en

Kam pf um s D as ei n u d ti g d u ch A
an , n pa u g all e
s e se i e r r ns nn n r n

Kraf t e z um d e r N at u r e m po r
H e rrn A s t h e t re e n o m o re b o re .
”

f i
ru t t h e c mb e r li
was o rc e d t o f
b e c o m e a r un n e r th s d e re n i iff
f f
t i at e d t h e o o t ro m t h e h an d , m o d fie d t h e le g an d i n t m e c h an ge d i , i
i i
t h e p t h e c o d an c e s t o rs o f h um an t y n t o m e n F r e d r c h M iille r, i i . i i
ge m e i n e E th n og r aph i c
A ll . W i en ,
1 8 73 p 36. .
 CH A PTE R V I I I .

C O N CL U S I O N OF P A RT T H I RD .

We m us t now be pr epa r e d t o a d m i t t h a t G o d ca n pla n t a n E de n ev en i n S pit z

be r g e n t ha t t h e pr e se n t s t a t e of t h e w or ld i s by no m e a n s t he be st poss i bl e in re

I a t i o n t o cli m a te a n d v eg e t a t i on t ha t t h e r e ha v e be e n a n d m i gh t be ag a i n c o n d i
t i o n s w h i ch c o uld c o n v e r t t h e i c e -cla d A r ct i c r eg i o ns i n t o blo o m i ng P a r a d is e s
.

R N P AL J
P I CI . . A
W D W SO N .

W E are at t h e e n d o f t h e fi rst s e ri e s o f t e sts an d ,

w ith wh a t r e su l t s ?
1 . S ci e n t i fi c Co s m o l o gy s e a rc h i n g f o r t h e pl ac e
,

wh e re t h e phys ic al c o n d it i o n s o f E d e n l if e fi r s t ap -

e a e d o n o u r gl o b e i s b r o u gh t t o t h e v e ry sp o t
p r ,

w h e re w e h av e l o c at e d t h e cr adl e o f o u r r ac e .

2 . Co n tr ary t o all o rd i n ar y i m p r e s s i o n s w e h av e ,

f o u n d th i s s am e sp o t t h e m o s t f av o r e d o n th e gl o b e ,

n o t o n ly as r e sp e cts t h e gl o r i e s o f n igh t b u t a ls o i n ,

r e sp e ct t o p re v al e n c e o f d ayl igh t .

3 . I n i t s g e o l o gy w e h a v e f o u n d sci e n tific e vid e n ce

o f t h e v a s t c a t acly s m wh ich d e st ro y e d t h e a n t e d i l u

v i an w o r l d a n d p e rm a n e n tly tr an sf e r r e d t o l o w e r

l atitu d e s t h e h ab it at o f h u m an i ty .

4 W e h av e f o u n d sc i e n ti fi c al ly acc e pt e d e vi d e n c e
th at at t h e ti m e o f t h e a dv e n t o f m an t h e cl i m at e
at t h e A r c tic P o l e was al l th a t t h e m o s t p o e ti c le g
e n d s o f E d e n c o uld d e m an d .

F m P l n t o l o gi c al B o t an y we h av e l e arn e d
5 . r o a e o

th at th i s l o c ali ty w as t h e c r adl e o f t h e fl o ral l if e

f o rm s o f t h e wh o l e k n o w n e ar th .

6 B y Pal e o n t o l o gic al Z o ol o gy we h av e b e e n as
.
 CON CL (I S /ON OF PA R T TH I RD . 1o3

s u re d th a t h e re t o o o rigi n at e d an d fro m th i s c e n tr e ,

e rad i a t e d t h e f a u n a o f t h e p re h i s t o r i c w o rl d
, .

7 A n d l astly w e h av e f o u n d t h e l at e s t e th n o g
.
,

raph e rs an d a n th ro p o l o gists sl o wly b u t s u re ly gr a v

i t at i n g t o w ar d t h e s am e A rc ti c E d e n as t h e o n ly
c e n tr e f ro m w h ic h t h e m ig rati o n s o f t h e h u m an r ac e
c a n b e i n t e lligi bly i n t e r p re t e d .

W e ask e d o f th e s e s c i e n c e s si m ply I s o ur h y
“
,

p o t h e s i s a d m is s ibl e ? Th e i r an sw e r i s m o re th an an
a fli rm at i v e ; i t i s an u n an ti c ip at e d an d pr o n o u n c e d
c o n fi rm ati o n .

S o m e m o n th s ft e r t h e f o re g o i n g c h apt e rs h ad
a

b e e n wri tt e n an d d e l iv e re d i n l e ct u r e s b e f o r e cl ass e s
o f stu d e n t s i n t h e U n iv e r s ity a v e ry i n t e re sti n g r e ,

i n fo r ce m e n t o f t h e vi e w s th e re i n adv an c e d app e are d

i n a li ttl e w o r k by M r G H il t o n S c r ib n e r o f N e w . . ,

Y o rk e n ti tl e d W h e r e d id L if e B e gi n ?
,
“ ” 1
A s Mr .

S c rib n e r was c o n d u ct e d t o a b e li e f i n t h e n o rth p o l ar

o rigi n o f al l r a c e s o f livi n g cr e a tu r e s by c o n s id e r a
t i o n s qu it e i n d e p e n d e n t o f th o s e m y th o l o gic al an d
h i st o r ic al o n e s wh i ch fi rs t le d t h e p re s e n t w r it e r t o
t h e s am e O pi n i o n t h e re ad e r o f th e s e p ag e s w ill fin d
,

i n t h e f o ll o wi n g e xt rac ts a sp e c i al i n c e n t iv e t o pro
c u re an d r e ad t h e e n ti re tr e atis e fr o m wh ich th e y
a re t ak e n Th at t wo m i n d s s t art i n g w ith s uc h e n
.

t i re ly d i ff e re n t d at a sh o u ld h a v e r e ach e d s o n e arly

s i m u l t an e o u sly o n e an d t h e s am e c o n cl u s i o n t o u ch
i n g s o d i fli c ult a n d m an y s id e d a p ro bl e m i s s u r e ly -

n o t w ith o u t s ig n ific a n c e .

1 P b li h
d by Ch l S ib S New Y k 1 m pp 64
’
u s e ar e s cr ner s o ns, or . 2 0 ,
. .

E Ch
x- ll W i h l l (
an ce or m
nc l y) e i w t h w k wi t h m h
e an o n y o us r v e s e or uc

res p ect i S i
n M c h 7
c e n ce, 1 88 2
4 p 9ar2 F u
,
t p m i i, . . o r co r e o us er ss on

to q t
uo e f o m t h t t i wi t h t e s t i c t i o I p bl i c l y e t u t h e
r e re a se ou r r n u r rn

au t h o r m y t h an k s .
104 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

O ur fi rs t e xtr a ct i s fr o m pp 2 1 —2 3 wh e r e t h e f o l
.
,

l o w i n g s u m m ary o f p re vi o u s r e as o n i n gs an d c o n cl u
s i o n s i s giv e n W e m ay th e re fo re s af e ly c o n cl u d e ,

if t h e c o d e o f n a tu r al l aws h as b e e n u n i f o r m ly i n
f o rc e ,

F i r st ,
Th at l if e c o m m e n c e d o n th o s e p arts of
t h e e arth w h i c h w e r e fi rs t p re p are d t o m ai n t ai n i t
at a n r at e th at i t n e v e r c o ul d h av e c o m m e n c e d
y ,

e l s e wh e r e .

“
S e cond A s t h e wh o l e e arth w as at o n e t i m e
,

t o o h o t t o m a i n t a i n lif e s o th o s e p art s w e re p ro b
,

abl y fi rst p re p ar e d t o m ai n t ai n i t wh i ch c o o l e d fi rst .

Th ird — Th at th o s e p ar ts wh ich re c e iv e d t h e
,

l e ast h e at fr o m t h e s u n an d w h ic h radi at e d h e at
,

m o s t rapi dl y i n t o sp ac e i n p r o p o rti o n t o m as s an d
, ,

h ad t h e th i n n e st m a s s t o c o o l c o o l e d fi rst , .

F o u rth —Th at th o s e p ar ts o f t h e e ar th s s ur
’

f ac e an d th o s e o nly an s w e r i n g t o th e s e c o n di ti o n s
, ,

ar e t h e A rctic a n d A n t ar cti c z o n e s .

F ifth —Th at as th e s e z o n e s w e re at o n e ti m e
,

t o o h o t an d c e rt ai n p ar ts th e re o f are n o w t o o c o ld
, ,

f or s u c h l if e as i n h abi ts t h e w ar m e r p ar ts o f t h e
e arth th e s e n o w c o ld e r p arts i n p a s si n g fr o m t h e
, ,

e xtr e m e o f h e at t o t h e e xt re m e o f c o ld m u st h av e ,

p as s e d sl o w ly th r o u gh t e m p e r atu re s e x actly s u it e d
t o all pl an ts an d all an i m al s i n s e v e r alty w h ich n o w
l iv e o r e v e r l i v e d o n t h e e arth .

“
S ixth I f t h e c o n cu rre n t c o n d iti o n s wh ic h
,

h av e u su ally f o ll o w e d l o w e r i n g t e m p e ratu r e f o l l o we d
t h e cl i m ati c ch a n g e s i n th i s c as e l if e d id c o m m e n c e .

o n t h e e ar th w ith i n o n e o r b o th o f c e r t a i n z o n e s s u r

r o u n di n g t h e p o l e s an d s u ffi c i e n tly re m o v e d th e re
,

fr o m t o r e c e i v e t h e l e a s t am o u n t O f s u n l igh t n e c e s
s ary f o r v e g e t al an d an i m al l ife .
10 6 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

i n t he c e n tr e o f a z o n e j u st s u ffi ci e n tly r e m o v e d
fr o m t h e p o l e t o c o m bi n e t h e i n fl u e n c e o f t h e s u n
w it h i ts o wn c o o l i n g t e m p e rat u re s o as t o b e c o m e
,

t h e firs t fi t h abit at i o n o f l if e .

“
Th is c e n t ral c o l d cr e a ti n g a t e m p e rat e cl i m at e
wo u l d th u s h av e b e c o m e t h e fi rs t an d alls u ffic i e n t -

c au s e o f a d isp e r s i o n an d d is trib u ti o n o f b o th t h e
t ro pic al pl an ts an d an i m al s o v e r an o th e r z on e n e xt
s o uth n e xt fu rth e r r e m o v e d fr o m t h e p o l e an d n e xt
,
,

s u ffi ci e n tly c o o l t o m ai n t ai n s u ch l if e M o r e o v e r
.
,

th i s c o o l e r cl i m at e o cc u rr i n g i n t h e c e n tr e w o ul d
h av e d r i v e n o u t an d disp e rs e d s u c h l if e e qu ally i n ,

al l p o ssi bl e dir e cti o n s . S o if t h e fi r st h ab it abl e z o n e

,

i n clud e d t h e n o rt h e r n m o s t l an d o f all t h e g re at c o n
t i n e n t s wh ich c o n v e rg e ar o u n d t h e N o r th P o l e th i s ,

disp e rs i o n fr o m an i n cr e asi n g c o ld t o t h e n o rth o f

e ach o f th e m w o u l d h av e s e n t s o u th w ard pl an t s a n d

an i m al s f ro m a c o m m o n o r igi n a n d a n c e stry t o pe o ,

l e d t o pl an t al l t h e c o n t i n e n ts o f t h e e ar th w i th
p an ,

t h e p o ss ibl e e xc e pti o n o f A u str al i a wh o s e fl o ra an d

,

fau n a are c e rt ai n ly an o m al o u s an d p o ssibly i n dig e

”
nous

I n s e cti o n f o u r th ( pp
. 2 8 — 34) t h e a u th o r bri e fly
t o u ch e s u p o n s o m e o f t h e su rf ac e f e at ur e s o f t h e
gl o b e p e c uli arly f av o rabl e t o t h e s o u th w ard m ig ra
ti o n o f pl an ts an d an i m al s : L e t u s n o w s e e h o w
a d m ir ably t h e e arth i s ad apt e d by its s u rf a c e f o rm a
,

t i o n an d t o p o g raphy f o r a s o u th e r n m ig rat i o n f ro m
,

a z o n e su rro u n di n g t h e N o r th P o l e . I n t h e fi rs t
pl ac e n e arly t h e wh o l e o f t h e e arth s s u rf a c e ( an d
,
’

al l t h e n o rth e r n h e m i sph e re ) i s c o rru g at e d n o rth an d

s o u th with al t e rn at e c o n ti n e n t s an d d e e p s e a ch an
n e l s al m o st f ro m p o l e t o p o l e . B o th t h e e as t e r n an d
'

we st e r n c o n ti n e n ts e xt e n d w i th u n b ro k e n l an d c o n
 CON CL U S I ON OF PA R T TH I RD . 10 7

n e ctio n s f ro m rc ti c z o n e th ro u gh t h e n o rth e r n
th e A
t e m p e r at e t h e t o rr id a n d th r o ugh t h e s o u th e rn
, ,

t e m p e ra t e al m o s t t o t h e A n t arc ti c z o n e B e tw e e n
,
.

th e s e g re at c o n t i n e n ts lie t h e d e e p o c e an s w h o s e ,

ch an n e l s ru n n o rth an d s o u th th ro u gh as m an y d e
g re e s o f l atitud e T h e g re at ai r an d o c e an c u rre n ts
.

r u n n o rth o r s o u th ; al l t h e m o u n t ai n ra n g e s o f t h e
w e st e rn c o n ti n e n t an d m an y o f t h e e a s t e rn c o n ti
n e n t s r u n m ai n l y n o rth an d s o u th N e arly all t h e .

g re at ri v e r s o f t h e n o r th e rn h e m i sph e re r u n n o rth
o r s o u th . T o a s o u th e r n m i g ra ti o n — i n o th e r
w o rd s a m i g rati o n f ro m t h e A rc ti c r e gi o n t o w ar d
,

t h e e qu at o r th e s e p e cul i ariti e s o f t o p o gr aphy th e s e ,

g re at c o rrug at i o n s a n d m o u n t ai n r an g e s th e s e ch an ,

n e l s a n d cu r re n ts are r o ad s a n d v e h icl e s gu id e s a n d
, ,

h e lps w h il e t o an e ast an d w e s t m ig rati o n t h e s am e

f e atu re s are n o t o n ly o bst acl e s an d h i n d ran c e s b u t ,

i n t h e m ai n b ar ri e rs i n s u p e rabl e .

T h e i m p ass abili ty o f m o u n t a i n r an g e s fo r m o s t
pl an t s i s s h o w n by t h e f ac t th at s t ro n gl y m ark e d
v a ri e ti e s i n g re at n u m b e rs an d m an y d i st i n c t S pe
c i e s o c cu r u p o n t h e e ast e r n sl o p e s o f t h e R o cky
M o u n t ai n s t h e S i e rra N e v ad as t h e A lle gh an i e s a n d
, , ,

e v e n l o w e r r an g e s wh ich a r e n o t f o u n d a t al
, lu po n
th e ir w e st e r n s id e s an d v i ce v e rs a S u ch a c o n d i
, .

t i o n o f th i n gs i n c o m p atibl e as i t i s wi th an e ast e rn
,

a n d w e s t e r n m ig rati o n i s qu it e c o n s i st e n t h o w e v e r
, , ,

w i th a n o rt h an d s o u th m o v e m e n t F o r all t h e cl i .

m ati c c o n d iti o n s e sp e c i all y th a t o f rai n f all are s o

, ,

d iff e re n t o n t h e o pp o s it e sid e s o f all l o n g m o u n t ai n

r an g e s th at t h e s am e v a ri e ty S pli t an d s e p arat e d by
,

t h e n o rth e r n e xt re m i ti e s o f th e s e ra n g e s w o uld i n , ,

m o vi n g s o u th w ard al o n g th e i r e ast e rn an d w e st e rn
sid e s an d e n c o u n t e ri n g s uch d iv e rs e c o n d iti o n s
, ,
 10 8 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

h av e b e c o m e i n t h e c o u rs e o f ti m e u n d e r t h e l aws ,

o f ad apt ati o n d isti n c t v ari e ti e s a n d p ro b ably d iff e r

, ,

e n t sp e ci e s .

I t m ay b e w e l l n o w t o e x am i n e s o m e o f t h e
c o n di ti o n s a ssisti n g th i s m o v e m e n t H o t ai r b e i n g .

l igh t e r th an c o ld t h e h e at e d ai r o f t h e n o rth e r n
,

e qu at o ri a l b e l t h as al ways r i s e n an d p a s s e d m a i n ly

t o w ard t h e N o rth P o l e i n an u pp e r c u r re n t wh il e t h e ,

c o o l e r an d h e avi e r c urr e n t s fr o m t h e n o rth h av e

s we p t s o u th w a rd h u ggi n g t h e su rfac e o f t h e c o n ti
,

n e u ts l ad e d w i th p o ll e n m i n u t e g e r m s an d sp o r e s
, , ,

an d al l t h e w i n g e d s e e d s o f pl an ts b e n d i n g g ras s ,

a n d sh r u b s an d t r e e s c o n s t an tly t o t h e s o uth w ard ,

an d s o by s m all y e ar ly i n c re m e n ts m o vi n g t h e wh o l e
, ,

v e g e t al ki n gd o m th ro u gh v all e ys an d al o n g t h e s id e s
o f m o u n t ai n r an g e s d o w n t h e g re at c o n ti n e n ts al
, ,

ways m o vi n g wi th an d n e v e r ac r o s s t h e s e g re a t s u r
, ,
.

f ac e c o r r u g ati o n s I t i s u n n e c e s s ary t o ad d th at all

.

i n s e ct s an d h e rbi v o r o u s an i m al s w o ul d f o l l o w t h e
pl an ts o r th at t h e b i rd s an d c arn iv o ro u s an i m al s
,

w o ul d f o ll o w t h e h e rb i v o r o u s an i m al s a n d t h e i n
s e cts S o t o o t h e cu r re n ts o f t h e o c e an h av e b e e n
.
, ,

e st abl i sh e d i n obe d ie nce t o si m il ar l aw s : as h o t

w at e r i s ligh t e r th an c o l d gre at su rf ac e c u rre n t s
,

h av e b e e n f o r m e d i n b o th t h e A tl an t i c an d P ac ifi c
o c e an s fl o wi n g fro m t h e e qu at o r t o t h e A rct i c r e
,

gi o n s ; wh il e t h e c o o l e r an d h e av i e r c u rr e n ts f ro m
t h e A rc ti c h av e s w e pt t h e fl o o r o f b o th o c e an s f ro m
sh o r e t o sh o re t o t h e s o u th w ar d c arryi n g all ki n d s
,

o f m ari n e l if e f ro m t h e p o l e t o w ard t h e e qu a t o r w ith

th e m .

“
I t m ay b e w e l l i n thi s c o n n e cti o n t o al lu d e t o an
o th e r f a c t s e r i o u sly a ff e c ti n g t h e b o tt o m c u rre n t s
fro m t h e p o l e t o w ard t h e e qu at o r o f b o th ai r an d
I I O P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

th e ir j o urn e yi n gs s e arch i n g al o n g e v e ry p ar al l e l o f
l a ti tu d e ac ro s s l o fty m o u n t ai n ran g e s b ro a d c o n
, ,

t i n e n t s d e e p an d w id e o c e an s an d o c e an c u rr e n ts
, , ,

t o a n d f ro ; an d if p e rch an c e th e y l o o k e d n o r th o r
s o u th i t w as o n ly i n s e ar ch o f s o m e f e r ry o r f o rd
s o u th o f t h e i c e fie ld s by wh ich t o p a ss t h e fl o ra an d
-

fau n a f ro m o n e c o n t i n e n t t o an o th e r an d th u s ao ,

c o u n t f o r w h at i s v e ry e vid e n t n am e ly th at m an y , ,

w id e ly d ist r ibu t e d sp e ci e s an d v ari e ti e s h av e c o m e

fr o m t h e s am e l o c al ity an d h ad a c o m m o n an c e st ry
an d o rigi n I s i t n o t e vid e n t th at t h e v e ry pl an ts
.

an d an i m al s ( i n a t r ib a l s e n s e ) w h o s e m ig ra ti o n s

th e y h av e b e e n e n g ag e d i n u n rav e l i n g w e re as
m uch o ld e r th an i c e an d s n o w o n t h e e ar th as i t
w o ul d re qu i re i n ti m e t o l o w e r t h e av e rag e t e m p e r
a tu r e o v e r a v as t ar e a fr o m a tr o p ic a l t o a f rigid cl i

m at e
T h e p o rti o n o f t h e l ittl e tr e ati s e l e ast s ati sfact o ry ,

e v e n t o i t s au th o r i s t h e p art w h ich re l a t e s t o m an
,

( pp .
5 2 B y m a ki n g t h e h u m an r a c e t h e d e
s c e n d an t s ( o r as o n D arw i n is t pri n cipl e s w e o u gh t
,

r ath e r t o s ay t h e as ce n d a n ts ) o f o n e o r m o r e p airs
,

o f l o we r an i m al s an d a ss u m i n g th at o u r an i m al ah
,

c e s t ry h ad al re ady b e e n d riv e n f r o m t h e p o l a r r e gi o n

b e f o re th e y w e re bl e ss e d wi th th i s u n an tici p at e d
p ro g e n y t h e au th o r s u gg e sts a p o ss ibl e m an n e r i n
,

w h ic h “
t h e ab s e n c e o n t h e e ar th o f o u r i m m e di at e
pr e d e c e ss o r t h e m i s si n g l i n k m igh t b e ac c o u n t e d
, ,

fo r. H e s ays “
I f i t i s tru e th a t i n c o m m o n w ith
, ,

m an y e xi st i n g pl an ts an d an i m al s t h e an c e s t ry o f ,

m an — s o m e an i m al with a th u m b an d s o h avi n g ,

t h e p o ssi bility o f all th i n gs — sh ar e d th i s n o rth e rn

h o m e th i s c o m m o n an d i m m e n s e ly re m o t e o rigi n
, ,

e arl i e r by l o n g e p o ch s th an t h e gl aci al p e ri o d it ,
 CON CL U S I O N OF PA R T TH I R D . I I I

w o ul d a ffo rd a p o s sibl e g ro u n d f o r t h e cl a i m o f t h e
u n i ty o f t h e o ri gi n o f m an an d al s o a r e as o n fo r t h e ,

a bs e n c e o n e arth o f h i s i m m e d i at e p re d e c e ss o r H is .

ar b o r e al pro g e n it o r i n t h e pi o n e e r r an k s o f th i s
g re a t s o u th e rn m o v e m e n t ag e s b e f o re t h e Q u at e r
,

n ary ( d u r i n g al l o f wh ic h p e ri o d m an h as p ro b ably
i n h abi t e d t h e e arth ) was p o s sibly d riv e n n ak e d by
,

t h e e v e r f o ll o wi n g m e rci l e s s c o l d th u s k e e pi n g h i m
-
, ,

w ith i n t h e s o u thw ard m o vi n g t ro pic al cl i m at e d o w n

-
,

t h e e as t e rn a n d w e st e rn c o n ti n e n ts al ik e u n t il i t an d ,

h e arr ivi n g i n t h e l ap s e o f ag e s at t h e e qu at o r i al
,

b e lt an d b e i n g al w ay s at t h e h e ad an d stil l r i si n g i n
,

t h e sc al e o f b e i n g by th is m o v e m e n t disc ipl i n e an d , ,

p ro c e s s b e c am e s u ffi ci e n tly ad v an c e d by sl o w d e
,

g re e s t o b u ild fi re s cl o th e h i m s e lf m ak e i m ple
, ,

m e n ts an d p o s sibly d o m e stic at e an i m al s
, , ,
a t l e ast ,

t h e fi r st an d m o s t u s e ful t o p ri m it iv e m an t h e d o g , ,

— an d s o p re p ar e d fo r c o n fl ict an d fo r all cl i m at e s ,

tu rn e d b ackw ard t o t h e v e rg e o f e v e rl as ti n g i c e ,

s ubd u i n g sl ayi n g an d e xt e rm i n ati n g fi rs t h i s o wn

, , ,

an c e st ry h i s n e are s t bu t n o w w e ak r i v al wh i ch by
, ,

l i n g e r i n g b e h i n d a n d st ru ggl i n g fo r l if e i n a c li m at e
o f i n c re as i n g c o ld w o u ld h av e b e c o m e e xt re m e l y d e
,

ge n e rat e d an d s o e as il y d i sp o s e d o f i f n o t actu all y ,

e xt e r m i n at e d by t h e cl i m at e i t s e l f ; th u s l e avi n g as

t h e n e are st i n r e s e m bl an c e t o m an an d ye t t h e re ,

m o t e s t i n actu al re l ati o n sh i p b o th t o h i m a n d t o h i s
a n c e st ry t h e l a t e r t r ib e s o f a n th r o p o id a p e s si n c e
,

d e v e l o p e d n e are r t o t h e e qu at o r fr o m t h e n e xt
, ,

l o w e r an i m al s wh ich acc o m p an i e d h i m i n h i s s o u th
w ard m arch .

I n th i s s p e c ul a ti o n i t w il l b e o bs e r v e d t h e pl a c e
, ,

o f t h e o r igi n o f t h e h u m an ra c e i s e n ti re ly i n d e t e r

m i n at e . W h e n i ts f ar o ff arb o re al an c e st o r l e ft t h e
-
I I 2 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

P o l e h i s o n ly pro ph e t ic e n d o w m e n t was a th u m b .

B ut p o s s e ssi n g th i s h e “
h ad t h e p o ssibi l i ty o f all
,
”
thi n gs I n h i s s u cc e s s or s a g e s aft e r w ar d t h e r e al
.
, ,

tr an siti o n fro m t h e pl an e o f an i m al t o th at o f h u m an
l if e s e e m s t o b e re pr e s e n t e d as h avi n g t ak e n pl ac e
“ ”
at t h e e qu a t o r i al b e l t U n f o r t u n at e ly h o w e v e r
.
, ,

f o r t h e th e o ry t h e cl a i m Of t h e n e w m e n t o t h e
,

v i r tu e an d n am e o f h u m an ity was n o w p o o re r th an

b e f o re t h e ch an g e f o r th e i r fi rst ac t was t o t u rn
,

fi e rc e ly up o n t h o s e wh o br o ught th e m i n t o b e i n g ,

s ubd u i n g sl ayi n g an d e xt e rm i n at i n g th e i r o wn an
, ,
”
c e s t ry i n a fr e n zy w o rs e th an b r ut al T h e sh o ck .

t o t h e f e e li n gs o f t h e n e ar b u t y o u n g e r re l at iv e s o f
t h e m ass a c re d vi cti m s — t h e m il d m an n e r e d ap e s -

m u s t h av e b e e n vi o l e n t i n t h e e xt re m e I n f act .
,

a m o n g al l t h e t en s o f th o u s an d s o f th e i r d e sc e n d an ts
n o t o n e f ro m th at d a t o this h as e v e r b e e n s e e n t o
, y ,

s m il e .

B u t i n j u stic e t o o u r au th o r i t sh o uld b e s t at e d
th at h e att ach e s l ittl e if an y w e igh t t o th is D ar wi n
, ,

i s t i c e pis o d e H e f ran kly s ays

. Th i s l as t p ro p o si ,

ti o n h o w e v e r i s b u t a v a gu e an d v e ry d e d u ctiv e
, ,

s upp o sit i o n fo r wh i ch n o th i n g i s cl ai m e d b e y o n d a
,
”
p o ssibil ity o r b ar e pr o b abil ity I t i s p o s s ibl e th at .

h e i s o n ly slyly i n dul gi n g i n a b i t o f qu i e t pl e a s an try

a t t h e e xp e n s e o f t h e n e w s ch o o l an t h ro po go n i s t s -
.

W h e th e r s o o r n o t h e h a st e n s wi th o u t fu rth e r w o rd s
,

t o re t u rn f r o m it t o t h e i m p re g n abl e p o si ti o n s o f h i s
m ai n argu m e n t an d t o re i n f o r c e th e m by a fr e sh
,

s tu dy o f t h e p o w e r an d fu n c ti o n o f h e at i n t h e c o s
m i c u n fo l d m e n t an d di st rib u ti o n o f l if e .

T h e n e xt t wo d ivisi o n s o f t h e p re s e n t w o rk wil l
sh o w u s th at t h e bi rth m e m o ri e s o f m an ki n d c o n -

“ ”
d uc t u s n o t t o t h e e qu at o ri al b e l t b u t t o t h e
, ,
 PA R T F O U RT H .

THE H YP O T H E S I S CO N F I R M E D B Y ETH NI C
T RA D I T I O N .

CH A P .

A N CI E N T CO S M O L OG Y A N D M Y T H I CA L G E O G RA PH Y .

I I . T H E C RA D L E O F T H E R A C E I N J A PA N E S E T H OU G H T .

I I I . I N CH I N E SE T H OU GH T .

I V . I N E A ST A RYA N OR H I ND U T H O U GH T .

V . I N I RA NI A N O R OLD PE R S I A N T H OU G H T .

VI . I N A K KA D I A N , A S SYR I A N . A ND B A B Y LO NI A N T H OU GH T .

VI I
’
. I N A N CI E N T E G Y PT I A N T H O U GH T .

VI I I . I N A N CI E N T G RE E K T H OU GH T .
 l th e se th
Al i ng s h appe n e d i n th e N o rt h ; an d af te rward , wh e n
m e n we re c re at e d ,
t h e y w e re c re at e d i n t h e N
o rt h ; b u t as t h e pe O pl l i li
e m u t p e d t h e y m o v e d t o w ard

i l l
t h e So ut h , t h e E art h gro w n g arge r a s o , a n d e x t e n d n g t s e l i i
f i n t h e s am e d re c t o n i i .

H H B . . A N R FT
C O ,
N a t i v e R a ce s , v o l , p 1 62. iii . . .

1 1 y a d o n e b e auco up d appare n c e q ue le s pe u p e s d u
’
l
o rd , e n d e sc e n d an t v e rs lN
e

i i l i i l
M d , y po rt e n t le s e m blém s re at fs ao ph ys q u e d e e ur c m at e t c e s e mb em s s o n t li l
l i i
d e v e n us d e s f ab e s , pu s d e s pe rs o n n age s, pu s d e s D e ux , d an s d e s mag n at o n s i i i i
i i ll
v v e s e t prét e s a t o ut an m e r, c o mm a ce e s d e s O ri e n t aux E SY V I B I Y.
—J A N L A N A LL .
1 18 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

fe s s o r F A
P al e y a id s t h e i m agi n ati o n o f h i s
. .

r e ad e rs as f o ll o ws W e m igh t f am ili arly il l ustra t e

t h e H e s i o di c n o ti o n o f t h e fl at c irc ul ar e ar th an d t h e
c o n v e x o v e rarch i n g sky by a ci rc ul ar pl at e w ith a
h e m i sph e ri c al d ish c o v e r o f m e t al pl ac e d o v e r i t a n d
-

c o n c e al i n g it A b o v e t h e c o v e r ( w h ic h i s s upp o s e d
.

t o r o t at e o n an a xi s m ik s) l iv e t h e g o d s Roun d , e .

t h e i n n e r c o n c avity i s t h e p ath o f t h e s u n givi n g ,

” 1
l igh t t o t h e e arth b e l o w .

T h at all w r it e r s up o n G re e k m yth o l o gy i n cl u di n g ,

2
e v e n t h e l at e st sh o ul d p ro c e e d up o n t h e s am e as
,

s um pt i o n s as t h e p ro f e s s e d H o m e r i c i n t e rp re t e r s
an d g e o g raph e rs b u ild i n g u p o n th e ir f o u n d a ti o n s i s

o n ly n a tu r al A n d t h a t t h e c u rre n t c o n c e pti o n s o f
.

t h e c o s m o lo gy o f t h e an ci e n t G re e ks sh o ul d pro
f o u n d ly aff e ct c u rr e n t i n t e rp re t a ti o n s o f t h e c o s m o
l o gi c al an d g e o gr aph ic al d at a o f o th e r an ci e n t pe o
pl e s i s al s o p re c i s e ly wh a t t h e h i st o ry an d i n n e r
r e l a ti o n sh ips o f m o d e r n ar ch ae o l o gi c al s t u di e s w o u l d

l e ad o n e t o e xp e ct I t i s n o t s u rp ri si n g th e re fo r e .
, ,

th at t h e e arth o f t h e A n c i e n t H e b re ws E gypt i an s , ,

I n d o A ry an s an d o th e r an c i e n t p e o pl e s h as b e e n
-
,

a ssu m e d t o c o rre sp o n d t o t h e su pp o s e d fiat e arth o f

t h e G r e e ks 3 .

1 Th e E pi c s L o n d on ,
f
o H es i od, wi th an E n
g li sh Comm en ta ry .

1 861 p. 1 72 .

2
Se e , fo r e x am p e , l S i r G e o rge W . Co x : A n I n t r o d u cti on to t h e
S ci e n c e o
f Compa r a t i ve [Myt h ology a n d F olh L or e L o n d o n an d N e w -
.

Y o rk , 1 8 8 1 : p 2 44 D e c h arm e , Myt h olog i e de la G r ece A n ti qu e

. . .

Par s i , 1 8 79 : p 11 . .

8
I t is t ru e t h at H e nri i ch Z i m m e r re m ark s ,
“
D ie A n s c h auu n g d ie
i
s ch be i G r i e che n un d N o rd ge rm an e n fi n d e t , d as s d i e E rd e i
e ne

S ch e be i s e i , um d ie s chi d as M e e r s c h li n gt , b e ge gn e t i n d e n i
v e d s ch e n

S am h i t é n i rge n d s A lt z
’ ”
n a i s ch es L e be n
. B e rli n , 1 8 79 : p 3 59 B ut . . .

e v e n h e d o e s n o t ad v an c e f ro m t h i s n e at i v e ass e rt i o n t o an e x po s i t i o n
g
of t h e t rue V e d ic co smo o
gy C o m pa re M F o n t l
a n e . L e ur cos mo g .
 A /VCI E N T COS M OL O G Y . 1 19

A pr o tract e d s tu dy o f t h e s u bj e c t h as c o n vi n c e d
t h e p re s e n t w r it e r th at th i s m o d e rn a ssu m pt i o n as ,

t o t h e f o rm o f t h e H o m e ri c e ar th i s e n ti re l y b as e
l e s s an d m isl e ad i n g H e h as fu rth e rm o re s ati sfi e d .
, ,

h i m s e l f th at t h e E gypti an s A kk ad i a n s A s sy ri an s , , ,

B a byl o n i a n s Ph oe n ic i an s H e b r e w s G re e k s I r an i
, , , ,

ans ,I n d o A ry an s Ch i n e s e j ap an e s e — i n fin e all
-
, , , ,

t h e m o s t an ci e n t h i st o r i c p e o pl e s — p o ss e ss e d i n ,

th e i r e arli e s t t rac e abl e p e ri o d s a c o s m o l o gy e ss e n

t i a ll id e n ti c al an d o n e o f a far m o re a d v an c e d typ e
y ,

th a n h as b e e n a tt r ib u t e d t o th e m T h e pu rp o s e o f .

th i s ch apt e r i s t o s e t f o r th an d il l u st ra t e th i s o ld e s t
k n o w n c o n c e pt i o n o f t h e u n iv e rs e an d o f i ts p ar ts .

I n a n ci e n t th o u g h t t h e g ran d d ivisi o n s o f t h e ,

w o rld are f o u r t o w i t : t h e ab o d e o f t h e g o d s t h e
, ,

ab o d e o f l ivi n g m e n t h e ab o d e o f t h e d e ad an d , , ,

fi n ally t h e ab o d e o f d e m o n s T o l o c at e th e s e i n
,
.

righ t m u tu al re l at i o n s o n e m u st b e gi n by r e pre s e n t ,

i n g t o h i m s e l f t h e e arth as a S ph e r e o r S ph e ro id ,

an d as s i tu at e d w i th i n an d c o n c e n tric w i th t h e , ,

st arry sph e r e ea ch h a v i ng i ts ax i s pe rpe n d i cu la r a n d

, ,

i t s n o rt h po le a t th e t op T h e p o l e st ar i s th u s i n t h e .
-

tru e z e n ith an d t h e h e av e n ly h e ights c e n t ri n g a b o u t

,

i t are t h e ab o d e o f t h e s u pr e m e go d o r g o d s A c .

c o rd i n g t o t h e s a m e c o n c e pti o n t h e u pp e r o r n o r th ,

e rn h e m i sph e r e o f t h e e a rth i s t h e pr o p e r h o m e o f

l i vi n g m e n ; t h e u n d e r o r s o u th e r n h e m is ph e re o f
t h e e arth t h e ab o d e o f d is e m b o d i e d spi rits an d ru l e rs
,

o f t h e d e ad ; a n d fi n ally t h e u n d e rm o st r e gi o n o f
, ,

al l th a t c e n t ri n g ar o u n d t h e s o u th e rn p o l e o f t h e
,

raph ie e st e m b ryo n ai re . L a t e rre es t po u r lA rya

’
ro n d e et
p at e l
c o m m e un i
d s q ue .L e fi rm am e n t v édi qu e , c o n c av e , v e n i se s o ud e r h

la t e rre , i
c rc u a l i re m e n t , é
’
l
h o r zo n i .
"
I w i e Ved i gu e Par s , 1 88 1 p 94 . i . .

W it h i
t h s agre e s B e rga i ne , La R eli gi on t i gue Par s, 1 8 78 : p 1
. i . .
I 20 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

1
h e av e n s t h e l o w e s t h e ll
, T h e t wo h e m i sph e re s o f .

t h e e arth w e re furt h e r m o r e c o n c e iv e d o f as s e p arat e d

fr o m e ach o th e r by a n e qu at o ri al o c e an o r o c e a n ic
cu rr e n t .

T o i ll u str at e th i s c o n c e pti o n o f t h e w o rld le t t h e ,

t wo c ircl e s o f t h e d i agr am wh i ch c o n s tit u t e s t h e

f ro n ti spi e c e o f th is w o r k re p re s e n t re sp e ct iv e ly t h e
e arth sph e re -
an d t h e o u t e rm o s t o f t h e r e v o lvi n g
s t arry s ph e re s A i s t h e n o rth p o l e o f t h e h e av e n s
.
,

s o pl ac e d a s t o b e i n t h e z e n ith B i s t h e s o uth p o l e .

o f t h e h e av e n s i n t h e n a di r T he l i ne A B i s th e .

a xis o f t h e app ar e n t r e v o l uti o n o f t h e st arr y h e a v e n s

i n a p e rp e n di cul ar p o si ti o n C i s t h e n o rth p o l e o f .

t h e e arth D i ts s o u th p o l e ; t h e li n e C D t h e axis
o f t h e e ar th i n p e rp e n d ic ul ar p o sit i o n an d c o i n c i ,

d e n t w ith t h e c o rr e sp o n d i n g p o rti o n o f t h e a xi s o f
t h e st ar ry h e a v e n s T h e sp a c e 1 I I I i s t h e ab o d e .

o f t h e s u p re m e go d o r g o d s ; 2 E u ro p e ; 3 A s i a 4 , , ,

L i by a o r t h e k n o w n p o rt i o n o f A f r ic a ; 5 5 5 t h e
, ,

”
o c e an o r o c e an str e am ;
, 6 6 6 t h e ab o d e o f d is ,

e m b o di e d spi r its an d rul e r s o f t h e d e ad ; 7 7 7 7 ,

2
t h e l o w e st h e l l .

1 I t i s wort h y of n o t ce it h at t h e s gh t o f po rt o n s o f t h e s o ut h i i
po l ar h e av e n s , e s pe c a i ll h l
y t e s t ar e ss re g o n k n o wn as
“
t h e b ac k C o a i l l
”
S ac k , i s t o t h i s d ay c apab l e o f s ugge s t i n g t h e ass o c i at i o n s o f t h e
b o tt o m l e ss pi t T h us i n a re ce n t t rav e l e r s l e tt e r o f t h e o rd i n ary k i n d
.
’

we r e ad ,
“
E v e ry l
c e ar e v e n n
g i we co u ld se e th e M age ll an C l o u d s ,

so ft an d fl o e oe li k e fl o at i n g ai ril y am o n g
-
, th e far o ff
-
c o n s te l l tio
a ns .

T h e s e m ys t e r o u s b o d e s i i lo ok l ik e s t ar - s pra y, o r b o rro we d b t s i of the

M k y W ay T h e n , t o o ,
il . o ur e e s
y wo u d l se e k o u t , as by s o m e s t ran ge

f as c i at i t h s e s t ill m e m y t e i u
n on, oh mb f or s r o s c a e rs o the S o ut , t h e
h ’

bl c k C o al S c k w i t h i t s
a t e at i g d pt h
a f d k
, re r n e s o ar ne ss , wh e re i n no

s t ar s h i e s Th s i
n
gu l .s p ce e m pt i e s e s
e se rre ar a s, n s ,
a i t we re , i n t h e
h e e s i m pre s o e w i t h a
av n , se f m th i g u
s n se n o so e n n ca n n
y , a s t h o ug h
t h ese we r e , i n d ee d , t h e ’
blac h n es s of h n es s f o r eo e r
'
aa r . Th e S u n d ay
S ch ool Ti m es . il
Ph ad e ph a 1 88 3 l i , : p 58 1
. .

”
2
T he re c e pt o n i acco rd e d t o t he fo re go n g i T rue Ke y is ill us
t rat e d i n t h e A P P E ND I X , Se ct I I I . .
I 22 P A RA D I SE F 0 UND .

w ard s ail i ng v o y ag e r c o ul d s u dd e n ly h e f o u n d i n
wate rs an d am id isl an d s u n e qu i v o c al ly as s o c i at e d
w ith t h e E a st T h e p r e s e n t k e y e xpl ai n s i t pe r
.

f e c t ly sh o w i n g wh a t n o o n e s e e m s h e r e t o f o r e t o
,

h av e s u sp e ct e d th at t h e v o y a g e o f O dyss e u s i s a
,

p o e ti c al ac c o u n t o f an i m agi n ar y c i rc u m n a v i ga t i o n
of t h e m th i ca l e a r t h i n t h e up p e r or n o r t h e rn h e m i
y
p
sh e re , i n c l
u d i ng a t r ip t o t h e s o u t h e rn o r u n d e r he m i
ph e re
s an d a v i s i t t o th e OMa AaS Ga ma 0 -
7 9,
7 or N o rth

I n th i s c o s m o l o gi c al c o n c e pt i o n t h e u prigh t axi s
o f t h e w o r ld i s o ft e n p o e ti c al ly c o n c e iv e d o f as a

m aj e stic pil l ar s u pp o r ti n g t h e h e a v e n s an d fu r n ish

,

1
i n g t h e p iv o t o n wh i ch th e y r e v o l v e E u ipid e s an d
r .

A ri st o tl e u n m ist ak abl y id e n ti f y t h e Pill ar o f A tl as

2

w ith th i s w o r l d axis H o w i n t e re sti n g a f e atu r e th is

-
.

p ill ar b e c am e i n an ci e n t m yth o l o gi e s will b e s e e n

b e l o w i n c h apt e r th i r d o f th i s p art i n ch apt e r s e c ,

o n d o f p ar t si x an d e l s e wh e re i n th i s v o l u m e
,
.

A g ai n a cc o rdi n g t o th is vi e w t h e h igh e st p art o f

,

t h e e ar th its t r u e s u m m it w o uld o f c o u rs e b e at t h e
, ,

N o rth P o l e A n d s i n c e t h e w h o l e o f t h e u pp e r or
.

n o rth e r n h e m i sph e re w o ul d i n th i s c as e b e c o n
c e i v e d o f as r i si n g o n al lsi d e s f ro m t h e e qu at o ri al
o c e an t o w ar d th at s u m m it n o th i n g w o ul d b e m o r e ,

n a t u r al th an t o v i e w t h e e n tir e u pp e r h alf o f t h e e ar th

a s i ts e lf a v a s t m o u n t a i n t h e m o th e r an d s u pp o r t o f
,

an e l ss e r mo n au t i n s 3 M o re o v e r as t h e ab o d e o f t h e
.
,

s up re m e G o d o r g o d s was th o u gh t t o be d i re ctly
o v e r th is s u mm it o f t h e e arth it w o ul d b e e xtr e m e ly ,

e asy f o r t h e i ma gi n ati o n t o c arry t h e s u m m i t o f s o

1 P e i r i t h ous, 597, 3 5, e d N a u c k
-
. .

9 D e A n i m M ot i on e, c 3
. . .

Se e B un d ah i sh , c h aps . v ii i .
, xu .
, e tc.
 A N CI E N T COS M O L O G Y . 123

st u p e n d o u s a m o u n t ai n i n t o an d far ab o v e t h e cl o u ds ,

a n d e v e n t o e xt e n d i t t o s u ch a h e igh t th a t t h e g o d s

o f h e av e n m igh t b e c o n c e iv e d o f as h avi n g th e i r
ab o d e up o n i t s t o p Th i s i s pr e c i s e ly wh at c am e t o
.

p ass an d h e n c e i n t h e c o s m o l o gy o f t h e an ci e n t E gyp
,

ti an s A kk adi an s A s s y ri an s B abyl o n i an s P e rsi an s

, , , , ,

I n d i an s Chi n e s e an d o th e rs w e fi n d u n d e r v ari o u s
, , ,

n a m e s b u t al w ay s e as ily re c o g n iz abl e
, th is We lt be rg , ,

or M o u n t a i n o f t h e W o rld si t u at e d at t h e N o rth
“
,

P o l e o f t h e e arth s u pp o rt i n g o r o th e rw is e c o n n e c t
,

i n g w i th t h e c ity o f t h e
g o d s an d s e r vi n g as t h e axi s
,

a ro u n d w h ich s un m oo n , ,

an d st ars re v o l v e O ft e n .

we al s o fi n d e vid e n c e th a t
t h e u n d e r h e m isph e r e w as
i n l ik e m an n e r c o n c e iv e d o f
as a n i n v e rt e d m o u n t a i n ,

an t ip o d a l t o t h e m o u n t ai n

o f t h e g o d s an d c o n n e c ti n g ,

at i ts ap e x with t h e a b o d e

of d e mo n s 1 T h e adj o i n
.

i n g fi gu re m ay il lu st ra t e t h i s
S
c o n c e pti o n o f t h e e arth ,
T h A t ip d l P l M t o o u n a i n s.
t h e u pp e r p ro t u b e ran c e b e
e n a o ar

i ng the “
M o u n t o f t h e G o ds t h e l o w e r t h e i n ,

v e rt e d M o u n t o f D e mo n s .

A cl e ar v i e w o f t h e fi rs t o f th e s e r e m ark abl e
1 D l c pt i
an s d l es m g i m yt h i q
o n ce d I dio ns e a cos o on e ue es n e ns o n
o ppo s e au S o u- M e ro u le bo n M e ro u ,
’
d u N o rd , un Ko u M e ro u m au
-

i
va s e t f une s t e ,
q ui y f i
a t e x ac t e m e n t
pe n d an t e t e n es t lan t i t h és e
’
. D e
l é
m ém e le s Ch a d e n s o ppo s a e n t a la d i i i v ne e t ie b n h e u re us e m o n t agn e
d e lO r ie n t acc ad i e n ’g a r s a ba bba r r a ssy i e
’

g
-
a r n f a d ci t ‘
s a m li ,
‘
un e
m o n t agn e f
u n e s t e e t t n b re us e é é ac c ad i e n ,
’
g g g i gga
nr s a as s y
—L
-

i
r en f ad eri b fa m i i , s it é d
u e ans le s part ie s b ass e s d e la t e rre .
"
<>
no rm a n t , Or zgzne s d e ls
’
t oi r c, t o m . ii . 1, p . 1 34 .
I 24 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

W o rl d M o u n t ai n s i s s o e s s e n ti al t o an y righ t u n d e r
-

s t an di n g o f m yth i c al g e o g raphy an d o f t h e m yth ic al

t e r re st r i al P aradi s e th a t a m o re e xt e n d e d e x am i n a
ti o n o f t h e s ubj e c t s e e m s a n e c e ssity .

B e gi n n i n g wi th t h e E gypti an s we m a y n o te th i s
r e m ark abl e f act ; th a t n o tw ith s t an d i n g h is sh ar i n g
t h e c o m m o n an d m i st ak e n m o d e rn a s su m pti o n th a t
t h e E gypti an s c o n c e iv e d o f t h e e arth as fl at B r ugs ch , ,

c o n f e ss e dly t h e f o re m o st auth o r ity i n an c i e n t E gyp

t i an g e o gr aphy pl ac e s t h e h igh e st an d m o s t s ac re d
,

p art o f t h e E gypti an s e arth at t h e N o r th m a h i ng ’

th e lan d t h e re t o ri s e un t i l in a c t u a l co n t ac t wi t h
t ea m m m
?

M ay o f t h e th
th e r l o fty m o u n t ai n Ap
e ar an o ,
” 1
e n to
-
o r T ap e n t o,l i t e ral ly t h e h o r n Of t h e w o rl d
- - “
.

N o w wh il e s e v e r al pr o f e ss e d E gypt o l o gi sts h av e re
,

c e n t l c o m e t o t h e c o n vi cti o n th at t h e e arth o f t h e
y
E gypti an s w as a sph e r e n o o n e h as b ro u gh t o u t t h e ,

f ac t th at th e s e t wo h e igh t s are t wo an tip o d al p o lar

p ro j e c ti o n s o f t h e S ph e ri c al e arth t h e u pp e r o r c e l e s ,

ti al o n e b e i n g t h e m o u n t o f t h e g o d s an d t h e l o w e r ,

o r i n f e r n al o n e t h e m o u n t o f d e m o n s O f t h e fo r .

m e r t h e f o l l o wi n g p ass ag e i n t h e B o o k o f H ad e s
m ay n atu r al ly b e u n d e r s t o o d t o sp e ak
D ra w m e [t h e n o ctu rn al s u n ] i n fe rn al o n e s ,

R e t re a t t o w ard s t h e e a st e rn h e av e n s t o w a rd t h e ,

dw e ll i n g s wh i ch s u pp o rt S ar th a t m yst e ri o us m o u n ,

t ai n t h at spr e ad s li gh t am o n g t h e g o ds [o r th at I ,

m ay spr e ad ligh t am o n g t h e g o d s P] wh o re c e i v e m e ,

w h e n I g o f o rth fr o m a m o n gst yo u f ro m t h e re ,

” 2
tr e at .

1 G
g p
eo h irah I h i
f
sc t e lt gyp t
n sci h rD en/ m l L aip i a’ sc er en
e
a er . e s c,

1 8 58 l ii p 37
vo . .
,
. .

2 R eco rd f th P ts o l e p 1 3as I,
dvo t
. d
x t h
. i t
,
f t
. 0 . un e rs an s o re e r o

the (nor t hw d dar th w d )

an sou l d t t arth e d i l m a n n ua , an no o u rn a ,
o ve

m e nt o f t h e s un .
126 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

kk adi an s wh o an t e d at e d e v e n t h e m o st an
T he A ,

c i e n t e m p ir e s o f t h e Tig ro E u ph r at e s v all e y h ad i n -
,

l ik e m an n e r a M o u n t ai n o f t h e W o rld wh i ch was
“ ”
,

u n li ke all o th e r m o u n t ai n s i n th at it was a s upp o rt

o n w h i ch t h e h e a v e n s r e st e d an d aro u n d w h i ch th e y

r e v o lv e d I t was c al l e d Kh ars ak Ku r r a I t w as s o
. .

r ic h w ith g o l d an d s il v e r an d p r e ci o u s st o n e s as t o

b e d azzli n g t o t h e s igh t A n an ci e n t A kk adi an .

hy m n r e sp e cti n g i t u s e s th i s l an gu ag e
O m igh ty m o u n t ai n o f B e l I m Kh ars ak wh o s e ,
-
,

h e ad riv al s h e av en w h o s e r o o t i s i n t h e h o ly d e e p ! ,

A m o n g t h e m o u n t ai n s l ik e a st r o n g wi l d b ull i t
li e th d o w n .

” 1
s t ar o f h e av e n i t i s fil l e d wi th sh e e n
L ik e t h e .

I n an o th e r hy m n app are n tl y o f g re at an tiqu ity we , ,

fi n d t h e g o dd e ss I s t a r a dd r e ss e d as Q u e e n o f th i s “

M o u n t ai n o f t h e W o rld wh i ch i s fu rth e r l o c at e d ,

t h e axi s o f
“
a n d id e n ti fi e d by i ts c o n n e c ti o n w i th
”
h e av e n an d w ith t h e f o u r r i v e r s o f t h e A kk adi an
,
“

2
P arad i s e .

tu r n ed u ps i de d ow n , an d two typi cal per so n ag e s a r e also t u r n ed ps i de

u

d ow n . Th i s is an i l lu s t rat o n o f i t h e passage of t h e s un t h r o ugh t h e

U n d e rwor d l . T he r ev e r s ed on the s am e m o n um e n t are th e d e ad .

T h us t h e O s iri fie d d e c e as e d , wh o h as at t a n e d i t h e s e co n d life , i n th e
R t ua i l l t i gl y I d
sa s
y exu n , o n ot w a lh u pon my h ea d .
’
T h e d e ad , as

th e A k hu e the pi i t s a d
, ar s r , n t h e A t ua [o f th e N e w Zea l an d l e ge n d ]
pi i t wh o c m e s wa l k i g ide ”
is a s r o M ass e y, 7 h e N a t u r al n u ps d o wn .

Ge n e s i s L o n d o n 1 8 8 3 : v o l i p 5 2 9 ( T h e i ta l i c s are M ass e y s ) T h e
’
. . .
, .
, . .

pass age i s t h e m o r e re m ark ab l e f ro m t h e f ac t t h at M as s e y e l s e wh e re

s t at e s t h at the e ar th
.
w as co n s i de re d fl at by t h e firs t m yt h m ak e rs , -
”

wh o i n h i s s c h e m e a ppe ar t o h av e b e e n t h e E gypt an s I b d , vol i i . i . . .

,

p 465
. .

1 R e cor d s f
o th e P a s t . L o n do n , vol xi . .
, pp . 1 31 , 1 32 . L e n o rm an t ,
Ch a ldaea n I llag i c, p 1 68 L e n o rm an t s at e s t r e v s e d t ran s a t o n m ay
. .
’
l i l i
be s e e n i n L es Or zgi n es d e I H zs toi r e , t o m
’
1 , pp 1 2 7 , 1 2 8
’

. ii . . .

2 i
G e o rge S m t h , A s syr i a n D i s cove r i e s , pp 3 92 , 393 M r G M as . . . .
 A N CI E rV T COS /V OL O G Y . 127

L e n o rm an t pl ac e s th i s m o u n t ai n i n t h e N o rth ( bu t
s o m e t i m e s i n c o rre ctly i n t h e E a s t o r N o rth e a st ) an d ,

m ak e s i t t h e bu t
’

li e n d e l a s s e 7n blee d e s d i e ux ;
“ ’

w h e n h e l o c at e s t h e c o r re sp o n d i n g an tip o d al m o u n
t ai n o f H ad e s i n t h e W e st i n st e ad o f i n t h e S o u th , ,

h e s e e m s t o h a v e g o n e e n ti re ly b e y o n d t h e e vid e n c e .

A t l e a st D r F ri e d rich D e l itzsc h affi rm s th at i n t h e

, .

c u n e ifo r m l i t e rat u re th u s fa r k n o w n h e h as d i s c o v
1
e ed
r n o t ra c e o f s u ch a l o c a ti o n B u t o n t h is qu e s .

t i o n o f t h e s it e o f th e s e m o u n t ai n s m o re w il l b e s aid
i n ch apt e r S ixth o f t h e p re s e n t d ivis i o n .

T h e A ssy ri an s an d B abyl o n i a n s i n h e r i t e d t h e
A kk ad i an c o n c e pti o n O n e o f t h e t itl e s o f t h e s u .

p re m e d ivi n ity o f t h e A s sy ri an s r e l at e d t o t h e s a
c re d m o u n t A n i n v o c a ti o n t o h i m o p e n s th u s
.
°

A ss u r t h e m igh ty go d w h o d w e l l s i n t h e t e m pl e
, ,

o f Kh a rs ak
” 2
K u rr a A n A s sy ri an hy m n sp e ak s .

of the
f e as t s o f th e s il ve r m o un ta in ,

T h e h e av e n y l c o u rt s ,
”

an d t ran sl at o r m ak e s t h e e xp re s si o n r e f e r t o
the
” 3
“
th i s A s s y ri an O ly m p o s S ayc e fi n d s i n t h e f o l .

l o w i n g a pl ai n re f e re n c e t o t h e s am e
“
I am l o rd o f t h e st e e p m o u n t ai n s wh i ch t re m bl e ,

wh il st th e i r s u m m its re ach t o t h e firm am e n t .

s e y re m ark s ,
“
I n an Akk ad an i h ym n t o I s h t ar, t h e go dd e ss i s ad
d re s s e d as t h e Qu een of the M o u n t a n o f t h e W o r d an d Q ue e n
i l
o f the l an d o f th f e i
o ur r v e rs o f E re c h t h at is, as t h e go d d e s s o f th e

i l
m yt h c a M o u n t of the Po l e an d t he f i
o u r r v e rs o f the f o urq ua rt e rs ,
i
wh c h aro s e i n Parad i se . T he M o un t ai n of the W o rl d was t h e
”
M o un t o f th e N o rt h . Th e N a t u r a l Ge n e s i s , vol . ii .
, p . 21 .

1 W0 lag d a s P a r o d i e s L e ps i i c, 1 88 1 p 12 1 . .

2 Cu n e if o r m I n sc r i
pt i o n s o
f We s te r n A sia Lo n d o n
. : vo l. i .
, pp .

44, 45 . T ran s l ate d by M r S ayc e i n

. R eco r d s q/ t h e P a st , vo l . xi .
,

5 .

3 R e co r d s f
o t/
re P a s t , v o l . iii .
, p . 1 33 .
128 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

T h e m o u n t ai n of a a l b ast e r l apis , , an d o n yx , in
” 1
my h an d I p o ss e ss i t .

H o w c u r r e n t t h e i d e a m u s t h av e b e e n am o n g t h e
B abyl o n i a n s i s S h o wn by t h e rh e t o r ic al u s e m ad e o f
i t by t h e p ro p h e t I s a i ah R e bu ki n g t h e arro g a n c e .

o f t h e ki n g o f B abyl o n a n d pre a n n o u n c i n g t o h i m -

h i s d o o m t h e p ro ph e t b e h o l ds h is f al l as al re ady ac
,
~

c o m plish e d an d i n a p ass ag e o f w o n d e rful pi ct o ri al

,

“
p o w e r an d b e auty e xcl a i m s H o w ar t th o u f all e n ,

f ro m h e av e n O L u c if e r s o n o f t h e m o rn i n g ! h o w
, ,

art th o u c u t d o w n t o t h e g ro u n d wh ich did s t w e ak e n ,

t h e n at i o n s ! F o r th o u h ast s a i d i n th i n e h e ar t I ,

w il l a sc e n d i n t o h e av e n I w i ll e x al t m y th ro n e ,

ab o v e t h e s t ars o f G o d : I will si t als o u p o n t h e

m o u n t o f t h e c o n re tig M e S id e s o f t h e N o r th
ga
c

( o r m o re c o rre ctly i n t h e u t t ei m o s t p arts o f t h e

N o rth i n t h e e xt re m e n o rth e rn re gi o n s ) I w ill as
, ,

c e n d ab o v e t h e h e i gh ts o f t h e cl o u d s I w ill b e l ik e
qu l M st igh Y e t th o u s h a l t b e
( o r e a t o ) t h e o H .

b ro u gh t d o w n t o S h e o l t o t h e s id e s (o r r e gi o n s ) o f ,
” 2
t h e pit .

’
S i n c e t h e p u bl ic at i o n o f G e s e n i u s s c o m m e n t ary
o n th i s p as s a g e a n d h i s e xc u rs u s u p o n t h e G ot t e r
’

be rg i m N o rd e n a pp e n d e d t o it n o qu e s ti o n h as re ,

m ai n e d i n t h e m i n d s o f s ch o l ars as t o t h e c h ara ct e r
”
o f t h e H a r M oe d t h e m o u n t o f t h e c o n gr e g ati o n
, ,

i n t h e f ar o ff N o rth -
.

A m o n g t h e Ch i n e s e we fin d a s i m il ar c e l e sti al
m o u n t t h e m ythic al K we n lun
,
I t i s o ft e n c all e d -
.

”
S i m ply T h e P e ar l M o u n t a i n O n i ts t o p is P ara
“
.

d is e w i th a l ivi n g f o u n t ai n fr o m wh i ch fl o w i n O pp o
,

S i t e d i rect i o n s t h e f o u r g re at ri v e rs o f t h e w o rld
3
.

1
R d f th P t
e co r s o l iii p 1 2 6
e as ,
I i h i 12 15
vo . .
,
. .
2 sa a x v .
-
.

3
S t l lb g M m i Ch i t i p 1 0 1 cit d i
’
o er , t l
e i
o r es con ce r n an es n o s, . .
, .
,
e n

Ke lL h
e r , m P e di
re vo B l e 1 86 1 p 796
a ra es . as ,
. .
 1 30 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

po i n t s an d t h e i n t e rm e di at e q u ar t e rs are S it u at e d t h e ,

mag n ifi c e n t c i ti e s o f I n dr a a n d t h e o th e r r e g e n ts o f
‘

t h e sph e r e s T h e ci ty o f B rah m a i n t h e c e n tr e o f
.

t h e e ight i s su rr o u n d e d by a m o at o f s w e e t fl o w i n g
c e l e st i al w at e rs a k i n d o f r i v e r o f t h e w at er o f l if e
,

n ga wh i ch aft e r e n c i rcl i n g t h e ci ty d ivi d e s i n t o

( G a ) ,

f o u r m i gh ty r iv e rs fl o wi n g t o w ards f o u r o pp o sit e
p o i n ts o f t h e h o riz o n an d d e s c e n di n g i n t o t h e e qu a
,

1
t o ri al o c e a n wh ich e gi dl e s t h e e arth
n r .

S o m e ti m e s M o u n t M e r u i s re p re s e n t e d as p lan t e d
s o fi r m ly a n d d e e p l y i n t h e gl o b e th at t h e an t arc tic
o r i n f e r n al m o u n t a i n is o n ly a p ro j e c ti o n o f i t s l o w e r

e nd . Th u s t h e S ti rya S iddh an t a s ays : A c o l l e e“

t i o n o f m an if o l d j e w e l s a m o u n t ai n o f g o ld i s M e ru
, , ,

p as si n g th ro u gh t h e m idd l e o f t h e e ar th gl o b e ( bh u -

g ol a ) an d p ro tru di n g o n e i th e r s i d e
,
A t i ts u pp er .

e n d ar e st a t i o n e d al o n g w i th I nd ra t h e g o d s an d
t h e G r e at S ag e s ( m ah a r i s h i s ) ; at it s l o w e r e n d i n ,

l ik e m an n e r t h e d e m o n s h av e th e ir ab o d e —e ac h
, ,

cl ss n e m y o f t h e o th e r u rro u n di n g i t o n
[ a ] t h e e S .

e v e ry sid e i s fix e d n e xt th is g re at o c e an l ik e a
, , ,

girdl e ab o u t t h e e arth s e p ara ti n g t h e t wo h e m i ,

sph e re s o f t h e g o d s a n d o f t h e d e m o n s .

Co n c e ivi n g o f M e r u i n th i s way as a k i n d o f c o re ,

e xt e n di n g th r o u gh t h e e arth a n d p ro j e cti n g at e ach

p o l e o n e c an e as il y u n d e rst an d t h e f o ll o w i n g pas
,

s age i n wh i c h t wo p o l e st ar s are S p o k e n o f i n st e ad
,
-

“
of o n e : I n b o th [i e t h e t w o o pp o s it e ] di re cti o n s
. .
,

f ro m M e r u are t w o p o l e s t ar s fix e d i n t h e m id s t o f -

”
th e Sk y A s th e s e m ark t h e t w o O pp o sit e p o l e s o f
.

Vor bi ld an d E gypt i an c o u n t e rpart o f t h e c t y o f i B rah m a, t h e i ty fc o

'

gS ak ra, an d a l i i
o t h e r A s at c G ot t e r s t da te i n t h e
l the
’
c e l e s t i l po l e ?
a

l
I t wo u d be v e ry i n te re s t n g t o k n o w i .

1 S ee A P PE D I
, S e ct
IV N X T h e E arth o f th e H i nd us
. . .
 A N CI E N T COS AI OL OG Y . 1 31
“
the h e av e n s it i s c o rre c tl y add e d th at t o th o s e
‘

w h o are s itu at e d i n pl ac e s o f n o l at i tud e [i e o n . .

,

t h e e qu at o r] b o th th e s e p o l e st a r s h av e th e i r pl ac e -

i n t h e h o r iz o n F ar th e r o n i n t h e s a m e t re atis e .

t h e c o mm o n d e si g n at i o n u s e d f o r t h e n o rth e rn h e m
i S ph e re i s t h e h e m i s ph e re o f t h e g o d s an d fo r t h e ,

1
s o uth e rn t h e h e m i s ph e e o f t h e a s u ra s o r d e m o n s
r , .

A pictu re o f t h e E art h o f t h e H i n d u s S h o wi n g
“
,

t h e e x act p o s i ti o n o f M e r u a n d i ts b u tt re s s m o u n ts -
,

wil l b e gi v e n b e l o w i n ch apt e r f o u rth o f t h e p re s e n t

P a rt ( p .

T h at t h e c o s m o l o gy o f an c i e n t I n di a S h o u ld h av e
b e e n re t ai n e d a n d pr o p ag at e d i n i ts m ai n f e atu re s
by all t h e f o l l o w e rs o f B uddh a was o n ly n atu ral .

A cc o rd i n gly i n th e i r t e ach i n gs o u r e arth an d e v e ry

, ,

o th e r h as its S u m e r u a ro u n d wh i ch e v e ryth i n g c e n
, ,

2
t re S I t s t o p acc o rd i n g t o t h e N yayan o u s ara S h as
.
,

t e r i s f o u r sq u are a n d o n i t are s i t u at e d t h e th r e e
,
-
,

an d th i r ty ( T rayas t ri fi s h as) h e a v e n s E ach f a c e o f .

t h e s u mm i t m e as u r e s i an as E a c h o f t h e .

f o u r c o r n e rs o f t h e m o u n t a i n t o p h as a p e ak s e v e n -

h u n d r e d y oj an as h igh Th e s e o f c o u rs e are si m ply .

, ,

t h e f o u r b u tt r e s s m o u n t ai n s o f t h e H i n d u M e ru -

l ift e d t o t h e s u m m it an d m ad e t h e c ul m i n ati n g
1 Ch apt e r xi i . . s e ct o n s i 45 7 4
-
. O n th e or i gi n an d age o f i
t h s t re a

t i se se e the n o te s of t he t ran s l a t o r, Re v . E b e n e z e r B urge s s , i n t h e

O r i e n tal S oc i ety , vo l vi New H
7 o u r n al of t h e A m e r i ca n . . av e n ,

1 8 60 : pp . 1 40 - 48 0 .

2 I ts n a m e , in J apan e se , i
i s wr t t e n S x i m e r u ; i n C h n e s e , S i m i
~
i -

li u , or S i n m i ; i n T b e t an ,
-
i lt i rap o r R i r ap h lu mpo ; i n M o n go an
’

,
- -
li
( Kal m uc k ), S u m m e r S o i a , or Sf a m e r S u la i n B u rm e s e , I I I i e m m o -
.

C F . . Ko e ppe n , D i e Re li gi on a es
’
B u d d h as . Ber li n, 1 8 57 : v o l . i .
, p .

2 32 . Se e .
l
a so , A . B as t i an , D i e Vii /h e r d es os t li c h e n A si en s, Bd . iii .
,

S pe n c e H dy,
S .
3 53 3 52 , 567 , 568 , 578 , 5 80 58 7 , 589, 590
; vi .
, , . ar

I an u al of B u dd h i sm , pp 1 3 5 T h e s am e , L eg e n ds
IP .
-
.
f
o th e B u dd h i s ts .

Lo n d o n , 1 866 : pp . xx x i .
, 42 , 8 1 , 1 0 1 , 1 76, e t c.
1 32 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

p e aks Th e y are o rn am e n t e d we are t o l d w ith t h e

.
, ,

s e v e n p re c i o u s s ubs t a n c e s g o ld S il v e r l api s l azu l i , , ,

-
,

c ryst al c o r n e l i an c o ral an d r u by O n e o f t h e c it i e s
, , , .

o n t h e s u m m i t i s c al l e d S u d ars an a o r B e l l e v u e It ,
-
.

is i an as i n c i r c u it T h e s t o ri e d g a t e s are .

hi i
s a n as h igh a n d th e r e ar e ,
o f th e s e g at e s ,

fully ad o rn e d E ac h g at e h as 50 0 bl u e cl a d c e l e sti al
.
-

gu ard s fu lly ar m e d I n i ts c e n t re i s a ki n d o f i n n e r
, .

c ity c all e d t h e G o ld e n C i ty o f Ki n g S akra w h o s e ,

p avil i o n i s an aS i n c i rc u it an d i ts fl o o r is o f
i ,

pu re g o l d i n l ai d wi th e v e ry ki n d o f g e m Th i s r o y al
, .

r e s id e n c e h as 50 0 g at e s an d o n e ach o f t h e f o u r ,

S id e s are 1 0 0 t o w e rs wi th i n e ach o f wh ich th e re are

,

ch am b e rs e ach o f wh ic h ch am b e rs h as w ith i n
,

i t s e v e n D e v i s an d e ac h D e vi i s a tt e n d e d by s e v e n
,

h an d m aid e n s A ll th e s e D e vi s are c o n s o rts o f Ki n g

.

S ak ra wi th w h o m h e h as i n t e r c o u rs e i n d i ff e re n t
,

f o rm s an d p e rs o n ati o n s acc o rd i n g t o h i s pl e as ur e ,
.

T h e l e n gth a n d b r e adth o f t h e th i rty t h re e b e av -

e ns is Th y a r e s u rro u n d e d by a
i an a s e .

s e v e n f o l d ci ty w all a s e v e n f o ld o rn am e n t al rai l i n g a
, ,

s e v e n f o l d ro w o f ti n kli n g c u rtai n s an d b e y o n d th e s e ,

a s e v e n f o l d r o w o f T al a s t r e e s A ll th e s e e n c i rcl e -
.

o n e an o th e r an d ar e o f e v e ry c o l o r o f t h e ra i n b o w
, ,

i n t e r m i n gl e d an d c o m p o s e d o f e v e ry p re ci o u s s u b
st an c e W ith i n e v e ry s o rt o f e n j o y m e n t an d e v e ry
.
,

e n ch an ti n g pl e as u r e is p r o vid e d f o r t h e o c c up an ts .

O utsid e th is w o n d e rful c i ty o f t h e g o d s th e r e i s ,

o n e a ch o f it s f o u r S i d e s a p ark o f r a vish i n g b e a uty .

I n e ach p ark th e r e i s a s a c r e d t o w e r e re ct e d o v e r
p e rs o n al r e l ic s o f B u ddh a E ach p ark h as al s o a .

m agi c l ak e fi ll e d with w at e r p o ss e s si n g e igh t p e o u

,

l i ar e xc e ll e n c e s Th u s b e a ut i e s are h e ap e d u p o n
.

b e au ti e s S pl e n d o r s u p o n spl e n d o rs m arv e l s u p o n
, ,
1 34 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

T he f o ll o w i n g d e sc ri pti o n o f i t i n o n e O f t h e i n v o ~

c ati o n s o f R ash n u i n t h e R as h n Y a s h t f o rc ibly re

m i n ds o n e o f t h e O dyss e an d e scripti o n o f t h e b e av
e mly O ly m p o s : W h e th e r th o u O h o ly R ash n u art , ,

o n t h e H ara b e re z ai t i t h e b r igh t m o u n t a i n aro u n d

-
,

wh i c h t h e m an y s t ars re v o lv e w h e re c o m e n e i th e r ,

n i gh t n o r d ar k n e s s n o c o l d w i n d a n d n o h o t w i n d , ,

n o d e athfu l s ick n e s s n o u n cl e an n e ss m ad e by t h e ,

D aév as an d t h e cl o ud s c an n o t re a ch u p t o t h e H a
,

” 1
r ait i B ar c z a w e i n v o k e w e bl e s s R ash n u , .

T h e f o l l o w i n g d e s c ript i o n i s fro m L e n o r m an t
L ik e t h e M e r u o f t h e I n di an s H ara b e r e z ai t i i s t h e ,
-

P o l e t h e c e n t re o f t h e w o rld t h e fi x e d p o i n t aro u n d
, ,

w hi c h t h e s u n an d t h e pl an e ts p e rf o rm th e i r r e v o lu
t i o n s A n al o g o u sl y t o t h e G an g a o f t h e B r ah m a n s
.
,

it p o s s e ss e s t h e c e l e st i al f o u n t ai n A r dv i S u ra t h e -
,

m o th e r o f all t e rre st r i al w a t e r s an d t h e s o u rc e o f all

g o o d thi n gs I n t h e m i ds t o f t h e l ak e f o r m e d by
.

t h e w a t e r s o f t h e s a c re d s o u r c e g ro ws a s i n gl e m i
rac ul o u s t re e si m il ar t o t h e J am b u o f t h e I n di an
,

m yth o r e l s e t w o t re e s c o rr e sp o n d i n g e x actly t o
, ,

th o s e o f t h e B ibl ic al G an E d e n Th e re i s t h e -

g ar d e n o f A h u ra m azd a l i k e th at o f B r ah m a o n M e ru ,
.

Th e n c e t h e w at e r s d e sc e n d t o w ard t h e f o u r c ard i n al
p o i n ts i n f o u r l arg e s t re am s wh ich sy m b o liz e t h e ,

f o u r h o rs e s a tt ach e d t o t h e c ar o f t h e g o dd e ss o f t h e
s ac re d s o u r c e A rdv i S u ra A n ah it a Th e s e f o u r
,
-
.

h o r s e s r e c al l t h e f o u r an i m al s pl ac e d at t h e s o u rc e
” 2
o f t h e p ara di s ai c r iv e r s i n t h e I n di a n c o n c e pti o n .

t P hl i T
o a t t l t d b yE W W t V l
ev ex s, f S
ran s a e d B h . . es . o . v. o acr e oo s

of t h E et A l H as g R l i g.i f th P
so 2dau d B,
t e on o e a r se e s . e .
,
o s o n,

1 8 78 pp 5, . 1 90 , 1 9 7, 2 0 3 —
20 5 ,
2 1 6, 2 5 5, 2 86, 3 1 6, 3 3 7 , 3 6 1 , 3 8 1 , 38 7 ,
390 .

1 D arm e s t e t e r , Th e Z e n d - A ves ta , 1 1 . 1 74 .

”
2 A ra rat an d E de n . Th e Co n te mpor a r y R e v i ew , S e pte m b e r, 1 88 1 ,
 M Y TH I CA L GE OGR A P H Y . 1 35

T he H ll e n ic a n d R o m an m yth s c o n c e rn i n g t h e
e

W o rl d m o u n t ai n w e re n u m e ro us bu t i n l at e r
-
,

ti m e s n o t a l ittl e c o n fu s e d as I d e l e r h as l e arn e dly ,

Sho w n
1
B y s o m e as f o r e x am pl e A ri st o tl e i t was
.
, ,

i d e n tifi e d w i th t h e Cau c as u s a n d i t was ass e rt e d ,

th a t its h e igh t was s o p ro d igi o u s th at aft e r s u n s e t

i ts h e ad was illu m i n at e d a th ird p ar t o f t h e n igh t ,

a n d ag ai n a th i r d p art be f o r e t h e r is i n g o f t h e s un

i n t h e m o rn i n g Th is i d e n ti fic ati o n e xpl a i n s t h e .

l at e r l e g e n d acc o rd i n g t o wh ich i n o rd e r t o pr o v e h is
, ,

ri ghtfu l l o rd ship o f t h e w o rl d A l e x an d e r t h e G re at ,
’
pl u ck e d t h e S h ad o wl e ss l an c e ( t h e e arth s axis )
“

2
o u t o f t h e t o p m o s t p e ak o f t h e T a u ru s M o u n t ai n s .

M o re c o m m o n l y t h e m o u n t is c al l e d A tl as o r t h e ,

A tl an tic m o u n t ai n Pr o cl us qu o ti n g H e racl i tu s s ay s .
, ,

of i t I t s m ag n it ud e i s s uc h th a t i t t o u ch e s t h e
“
,

e th e r a n d c a sts a sh ad o w o f fi ve th o u s an d st adi a i n

l e n gth F ro m t h e n i n th h o u r o f t h e d ay t h e s u n i s
.

c o n c e al e d by i t e v e n t o h is p e rf e c t d e m e rsi o n u n d e r,

A m . cd .
, p 41.
g: . Co m pare t h e
L A lb o rdj d e s Pe rs e s c o r f o l l o wi n
’

f i
re s po n d par a t e m e n t a u M e ro u d e s lI i n d o us tle m em e q ue l a t ra
-

ii i i
d t o n d e c e u x ce d v s e la t e rre e n s e pt D wi pas o u s e s , d e m em e le s
-
i l
li v re s ze n d s e t pe h lv i s i
re c o n n a s s e n t s e pt Kes ch v a r s ou co n t r e s é
g ro u
pé ég l es a e me n t aut o u r d e la m o n t agn e i
s a n te ,
”
e tc .
— R e lgi on s de r
’
I A n tr u i t
o t . Cre uz e r, t rad . G u i gn i a u t . T om . I .
, pt .
p 70 2 ,
. n o te .

1 O n t he H o me r c i an d H i i
es od c O ym po s , l se e be l o w, part i
s x th ,

c h apt e r s e c o n d .

2
A uc h i n d e n A le x an d e rs age n ( le s M t t e i l l te a rs i s t d ie E r i n n e ru n g

an d as N at u rc e n t rum i m N o rd po le l
rh a t e n , u n d z war i n m e rk wii rd ige r
U e b e re i n s t i m m ung d e r m o rge n un d abe n d lan d is c h e r D
'

ich te r . I n

de m a l t e gli n sche n Ge d i cht vo n A lis au n d e r ( b e i j ac o b s und U ck e rt ,

l
S 46 1 ) h ud e t A e x a n d e r d e r G ro s s e a u f d e m h oc h s t e n G p e d e s T a u
. i f l
i
r us e n e s c h a t t e n o s e L an z e , v o n we c h e r l
ge we ss agt war, we r s i e a us l i
d e m B o de n i
re s s e n k On n e , we rd e H e rr d e r \Ve t we rd e n l . A l e x an d e r

ab e r r s s S i e i h e rau s . D i e L a nz e i s t e in S i nn b il d d er W e l t ac h s e . S ie
we i t s vo m h oc h s t e n B e rge au f d e n N o rd po l h in , un d is t s c h a t te n o s l
we il vo n d o rt u rs prii ng lic h a ll e s L icht aus g n i g .
” —M e n ze l , D ie vor

ch r i s t li c h e U n s te r bli ch le i ts /e h r e , B d i S 86
‘
. .
, . .
1 36 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

” 1 ’
the rth ea S t r ab o s acc o u n t o f i t i s fu ll o f t h e
.

l e g e nd ary f e at ure s ch ara ct e ri stic o f an e ar th ly Par

a dis e T h e o l iv e t re e s w e re o f e xt rao rdi n ary e x
.
-

cel le n c e an d th e r e w e r e th e r e s e v e n v ar i e ti e s o f
,

r e f re sh i n g w i n e H e i n f o r m s u s th a t t h e gr ap e
.

cl u st e r s w e re a c u bi t i n l e n gth an d t h e vi n e t r u n k s ,
-

s o m e ti m e s s o th i ck th at t w o m e n c o uld s c arc e ly
cl as p ro u n d o n e o f th e m H e ro d o t u s d e sc r i b e s t h e .

m o u n t ai n as “
v e ry t ap e ri n g a n d ro u n d ; s o l o fty ,

m o r e o v e r th at t h e t o p ( th e y s ay) c an n o t b e s e e n
, ,

t h e cl o ud s n e v e r q uitti n g i t e ith e r s u m m e r o r w i n
ter . T h e n ativ e s c all th is m o u n t ai n Th e P i lla r ‘

’
of H eav e n an d th e y th e m s e lv e s t ak e th e ir n am e
,

f ro m i t b e i n g c all e d A tl an t e s Th e y ar e re p o r t e d
,
.

n o t t o e at a n
y l ivi n g th i n g a n d n e v e r t o h a v e a n
y
” 2
d r e am s E qu al ly s t ran g e i s t h e s t o ry t o ld by
.

M axi m u s T yri u s acc o rd i n g t o wh i ch t h e w av e s o f ,

t h e o c e a n at h i gh w a t e r s t o pp e d sh o rt b e f o re t h e

s a c re d m o u n t st an di n g u p l i k e a w al l a ro u n d i ts
,
“

b as e th o ugh u n re st rai n e d by an y e ar thly b arr i e r

, .

N o th i n g bu t t h e ai r an d t h e s ac r e d th ick e t p re v e n t
”
t h e w a t e r f ro m r e a ch i n g t h e m o u n t a i n A cc o rd i n g .

t o o th e r an ci e n t l e g e n d s a r iv e r o f m ilk d e s c e n d e d ,

f ro m th i s m ar v e l o u s h e igh t N o tic i n g suc h cu r i o u s .

st o ri e s Pl i n y w e ll d e s c rib e s t h e m o u n t ai n a s f a bulo
,

3
s zss zm u m .

1 S e e T ay o r s N otes l ’
on P a u s a n i as , v ol. iii .
, p . 2 64 .

2
H e ro d o t us , B k i v . . 1 84 .

3 “
W he n C l e an t h e s as s e rt e d t h at t h e e art h was i n th e S h ape o f a

co n e , i
in m y o p n
th s, i i on , is to be u n d e rs t o o d on ly of th si m o u n ta i n,

ca ll i A i m e i d t h t t h i c l m w pl i
e d M e ru i n I n d a . n ax en s sa a s o u n as a n

an d f t e o c t l y li k
s on th e M u p g w tt
e xa f t h e i h ab i t t s o f Ce y
e er -
ar e e o n an

l c o di g t o M
o n, a c r J i ill i t h s e t h o l um e f t h e A i ti
n r
. o nv e n e ven v o s a c

R h
es e a r c T hi es m o u n t ai n
.
y h e is e t i e l y of s t o e
s ,
sa s ,
n r n ,

yoj s h i gh a d
an a i ci cumf
, e f
n m t p t b tt m T he
n r e re n c ro o o o o .

d i i e s o f T i be t s y i t i s s q ua e
v n d li k e i
a t e d py m i d S ome r ,
an an n ve r ra .
1 38 P A RA D I S E F OU ND .

r e l igi o u s i d e as h all o w e d i n s ac re d s o n g an d s t o ry
, .

I f s o m e th o u s an d s o f y e ar s h e n c e o n e o f M a c a u l ay s
’

, ,

ar ch ae o l o gist s o f N e w Z e al an d w e re t o t ry t o as c e r

t ai n an d s e t fo r t h t h e g e o g raph ic al k n o wl e dg e o f t h e
C h r isti an E n gl an d o f t o — d ay by a s tudy o f a f e w
f rag m e n t s o f E n gli s h hy m n s o f o ur p e r i o d c rit i c ally ,

e x am i n i n g e v e ry e xp re s si o n ab o u t a c e r t a i n w o n d e r

ful m o u n t ai n l o c at e d s o m e ti m e s o n e ar th an d s o m e
,

t i m e s i n h e av e n an d b e ari n g t h e v aryi n g n am e o f
,

”
S ion or Zi o n ; th e n m aki n g a m i c ro sc o pi c al
“

study o f all t h e r e f e re n c e s t o t h e st ra n g e r iv e r wh ich ,

a cc o r d i n g t o t h e s am e t e xts w o u l d s e e m t o b e v a
”
ri o u s l r e pr e s e n t e d as d rk a n d a s p o s s e ss e d o f
“
y a ,

“ ” ”
s t o r m y b an k s an d
, as ro ll i n g
“
b e tw e e n the
si n g e r l iv i n g i n E n gl an d an d t h e ab o d e o f t h e d e ad
l o c at e d i n W e st e rn A si a an d c all e d Can aan
,
a ,

riv e r s o m e t i m e s a dd re ss e d an d re p re s e n t e d as s o
m i r ac ul o u sly d i sc r i m i n ati n g a s t o k n o w f o r w h o m t o
”
d ivid e i ts e lf l e tti n g th e m c r o s s o v e r d ry sh o d
, ,

s u r e ly u n d e r s u ch a p ro c e s s o f i n t e rp re t a ti o n e v e n
, ,

t h e E n gl an d o f t h e n i n e t e e n th c e n t u r y w o u ld m ak e
i n g e o g raph ic al s c i e n c e a v e ry s o r ry S h o wi n g Or .

ag ai n if s o m e S chl i e m an n o f a f ar o ff fu t u re w e r e t o
,
-

e xc av a t e t h e s it e o f o n e o f t h e d o z e n A m e r ic an v il
”
l ag e s k n o w n by t h e n am e o f E d e n an d fi n di n g
“
, ,

u n e qui v o c al m o n u m e n t al e vid e n c e th at i t w as th u s
c all e d w e re th e r e u p o n t o c o n cl ud e an d t e ac h th at
,

t h e A m e r ic an s o f t h e d a t e o f th a t vill ag e be li e v e d its
S it e t o b e t h e t ru e s i t e o f t h e E d e n o f S a c r e d H i s

t o ry an d th at h e re t h e ra c e o f m a n o r i gi n at e d th i s
, ,

w o ul d b e a g rav e m i st ak e b u t i t w o uld b e a m i st ak e
,

p re c is e ly si m il ar t o m an y an o n e wh i ch h as b e e n
c o mm itt e d by o u r ar ch ae o l o gi s ts i n i n t e r p re ti n g an d
r e c o n str ucti n g t h e g e o gr aphy o f t h e an ci e n ts .
 I I I Y TH I CA L GE O GR A P H Y 1
.
39

I n c o n cl ud i n g th is sk e tc h o f an ci e n t c o s m o l o gy
o n e fu r th e r q u e s ti o n n a t u ra lly a n d i n e vi t ably th r u s ts

its e l f u p o n u s I t i s thi s : H o w a re t h e r i s e an d t h e
.

s o w id e diffu s i o n o f th is si n gul ar w o r ld vi e w t o b e
-

e xpl a i n e d ? I n o th e r w o rds h o w c am e i t t o p as s
,

th at t h e an c e st o rs o f t h e o ld e s t h i s t o ric r ac e s a n d
p e o pl e s a g re e d t o r e g ar d t h e N o rth P o l e as t h e t ru e
s u m m i t o f t h e e arth an d t h e c i rc u m p o l ar sky as t h e
t r u e h e a v e n W h y w e r e H ad e s a n d t h e l o w e s t h e l l
a d j u s t e d t o a s o uth p o l ar n adi r 1 T h e o n e an d s o l e
s a tisfac t o ry e xpl an ati o n i s f o u n d i n t h e hyp o th e si s
O f a p r i m i ti v e n o r th p o l ar E d e n S t u d i e d f ro m t h a t
.

s t a n d o i n t t h e a pp e aran c e s o f t h e u n iv e r s e w o ul d b e
p ,

e x a ctly ad apt e d t o p ro d u c e th i s c u r i o u s c o s m o l og

i c al c o n c e pt i o n Thu s t h e v e ry syst e m o f an c i e n t
.

th o ugh t r e sp e cti n g t h e w o rl d b e tr ays t h e p o i n t o f

vi e w fr o m wh ic h t h e w o rl d was fi rst c o n t e m pl at e d .

Th i s t h o u gh an i n di re ct e vid e n c e o f t h e tru th o f o ur
,

h yp o th e s is i s f o r th i s v e ry r e as o n all t h e mo r e c o n
,

vm c m g .
 CH A PT E R II .

TH E CRA D L E OF TH E RA CE I N A N CI E NT J A PA N E SE
T H OU GH T .

A cco r d i ng t o t h e m os t a nc i e n t te x ts 7 apa n is th e ce n t r e of t he e a r th . W . E .

G R FFI I S .

A CCO R D I N G l i e s t c o s m o go n y of t h e J
t o th e ap e ar

an e s e a s giv e n i n th e i r m o s t an ci e n t b o o k t h e K0
, ,

j k t h e c re at o rs an d fi r st i n h abi tan ts o f o ur w o rl d
1
i -
i ,

w e r e a g o d an d g o dd e s s I z an agi an d I z an an i by ,

n am e Th e s e i n t h e b e gi n n i n g —w e q u o t e fr o m
. , ,

S i r E d war d R e e d s t an di n g o n t h e b ridg e of ,

h e av e n pu sh e d d o w n a S p e ar i n t o t h e g re e n pl ai n o f
,

t h e s e a an d sti rr e d i t ro u n d an d r o u n d
, W h e n th e y .

d re w i t u p t h e d ro ps w h i ch f e ll fr o m i ts e n d c o n s o l i
d at e d an d b e c am e an i sl an d T h e s u n b o r n p ai r .
-

d e sc e n d e d o n t o t h e i sl an d an d pl an t i n g a sp e ar i n ,

t h e gr o u n d p o i n t d o w n w ar ds b u il t a p al ac e ro u n d
, ,

it t ak i n g th at f o r t h e c e n t ral ro o f pi l lar T h e S p e ar
,
-
.

p k i g f th i w k M L é y ll i t l
1 S d m
’
ea n o d R s or ,
u . on e o sn ca s un es on

m t l pl
en s th ti q
es de l
us i ill l i tt é t e j p i
au en ue s d a v e e ra u r a o na se, an

sa s,
y N d o us l m ta t g l
e vo n s n o n s e u e i de en ce o u v ra e a c o n n a s s an c e

d N i pp té i é e m i l
’ ’
lh i t i s o re u ii ié l d
o n an t r e u re au v . s c e e n o re r ,
a s ex

p é l pl i é d l t i q m yth l gi i t i t 1 1 y m ém e ’
‘

os te us a u o r s e an ue o o e s n au s e . a

cc f i t m q bl
a re
q l di
ar
p im di
ua e, d p th é
ue j pes is e ux r or au x u an on a ona ,

m ti en é d onn li s fig t d éja pl
a nS c c mm
v re , n e m t du ure n us an co e n ce en

Y m t b mi q i
a a o t p té i
u ,
l m t d q lq
u es os é it la
r e ur se u e en e ue ue s an n es

p b li c t i di p im di i b li
'

u d [( j i h i
a on C u o
p . t es e ux r or au x ara s s e n ou e s,

o t
u t oum i é gl i gé d l
au o ns n g i di gé q is, t p u an s es o u v ra es n ne s u on ar
”
P i 1 88 2
’

p l ar a Q ti A h lg i 7 p u es i on s a p 3 rc eo o e a o n a se . ar s , .

A n E gl i h t nl t i o f t h e K ji k i by B H C h m b l ai h as
s ran s a on o- -
,
. . a er n,

j us t appe are d i Tr ns t i f the A i ti c S i ty f j pa vol v

n a ac ons o s a oc e o a n, . .
I 42 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

J ap an e s e tr adi ti o n N o th i n g c o ul d be m o r e u m .

I z an agi s d ivi n e ly p re c i o u s s p e ar o f j ad e 1
’
e qu i v o c al .
,

l ik e t h e tr an sv e r s e j ad e tu b e o f t h e an c i e n t S h u -

2
Ki n g i s an i m p e ri s h abl e i n d e x n o t o n ly t o t h e
, ,

a st ro n o m ic al att ai n m e n ts o f pr e h ist o r i c h u m an ity ,

’
b u t al s o t o h u m an i ty s pr e h is t o ric ab o d e .

I n P ar t fifth ch apt e r f o u rth fu rth e r ill u str at i o n

, ,

o f t h e J a p an e s e c o n c e pti o n o f t h e o rigi n o f th e ir

r ac e w ill b e gi v e n .

1 E m il B uf eL pi q él t d j d e g
urn o , L Myth
a ue C es e e a ro u e . a o

7 p i d p e l K h Z i Ry h i P i 1 8 7 5 p 6
'
’
lgi d
o e es a on a s a r s e o z -s -
a z . ar s , . .

2
H e “
m i d th p
e xa l d ned t i g ph e wi th i t t e ar -
a o rn e u rn n S e re , s rans

t b
v e rs e f j du d
e o d d t a h m
e, i an y t m th m re u ce o a ar o n o us s s e e ove

f the S D i ct ”
T l ti i Th S d
’
m t en s o L e gg
e ve n re o rs . e s ran s a on n e a cr e

B h f th E
oo s ( t l i ii p 38
e as P f, L gg
vo c
. mi d .
,
. . ro e s s o r e e on e e xa ne

th i p s ge i m y p
as s a d f
n d u p t d co b ti
re s e n ce , a n of o un nex ec e rro o ra on

the i te p t t i wh i h i d t i fi s s e s e t ub o f j ade
“
n r re a t h e tr
on c wi th
en e an v r e

t he ax i s o f h e av e n .
 CH A PT E R I I I .

TH E CR A D L E OF TH E R A CE I N CH I N E SE T H OU GH T .

T he li s t i c g e n i us of t h e m a t t e r of f a c t Ch i ne se is a ppa r e n t e ve n i n t he
i
r a t o na -

way i n w h i ch t h ey co n c e i v e d t he i r pr i m i t i ve h is t o ry ; a n d i n t h i s r e spe c t , a s i n
m a ny o t he r s , rt br i n g s t he m i n t o n e a r e r r e la t i o n s w i t h t he be s t m o d e r n s c ie n ce
t ha n be lo n g to th e ot he r O r ie n t a l r a ce s . S A M UEL JH N N O SO ( of Sa l em ) .

I t i s t h r o ug h t h i s w o n d e rf ull y pu r e se e r [L a o-tse ] , as it a ppe a r s to m e , t ha t

we a s ce n d t o t h e pr i m i t i v e r e v e la t i o n f
o t r ut h g i v e n to t h i s a n c i e nt pe ople .

t u mu H E N R Y CH A NN NG I .

A P P R O A CH I N G t h i s th e m e
vi e w e r o f t h e S h i n , a re

S e en T u n K e en — a G e n e r al A cc o u n t o f t h e G o d s
g
”
an d G e n ii i n t w e n ty t wo v o l u m e s
,
o ff e rs t h e f o l -

l o wi n g o b s e rv ati o n s A ll n ati o n s h av e s o m e t rad i “

t i o n o f a P aradis e a pl ac e o f p r i m e v al h ap pi n e s s a
, ,

1
st at e o f i n n o c e n c e an d d e l i gh t T h e T an i s ts are .

by n o m e an s b e h i n d i n re f e rri n g t o an ab o d e o f l ast
i n g bl is s w h ic h h o w e v e r still e xi sts o n e arth
, ,
I t is ,
.

” 2
c al l e d Kw e n lun -
.

I n a n o th e r arti cl e by a st u d e n t o f Ch i n e s e s o u rc e s
, ,

i t i s st at e d Thi s l o c al ity b e i n g t h e a b o d e o f t h e
,
“
,

g o d s i s P arad i s e ; i t is ro u n d i n f o rm an d l ik e E d e n
, ,

i t i s t h e m o u n t o f as s e m bl y
‘ 3
.
’

L ik e t h e G a n E d e n o f G e n e s i s i t i s d e scri b e d as a
-

1 D ie S e c t e d e r T ao h a t d i e S age n 11 n d
-
s se re lig i Os e n G e b ra u ch e
l
d e s a t e n Ch i n a s
’

i f
n o c h a m M e s t e n a u be wah rt
L ii k e n , Tr u d i /zo u e n .

d es llI e n s ch e ug e s c h /e c h t e s , p 7 7 L ao t s e ab o u n d s i n s e n t e n c e s o ut
. .
-

”
o f so m e a n c i e n t l o re o f w h i c h we h av e n o k n o w l t d
ge b ut f ro m h i m
‘

.
.

S am ue l J o h n s o n O r i e n ta l Re ligi o n s
, Ch i n a B o s t o n , 1 8 7 7 : p 80 1 . . .

2 T he Ch i n es e Repo s i to ry, v o l vii

.
p 51 9
.
,
. .

3 Th e Ch i n e se R e co r d e r a n d M i ss i o n a r y y ou r n a , l vo l . iv .
, p 94. .

Co m pare I sa i ah xi v . 1 3, 1 4 .
r44 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

gard e n , w i th a m arv e l o u s
tr e e i n t h e m id s t al s o w ith
a f o u n t a i n o f i m m o rt al i ty fr o m wh ich p r o c e e d f o u r ,

ri v e r s w h ic h fl o w i n o pp o si t e d i re cti o n s t o w ard t h e
,

f o u r qu art e rs o f t h e e arth 1
.

I n t h e l an gu ag e o f t h e w ri t e r fi rs t q u o t e d i n t hi s
ch apt e r S p arkl i n g f o u n t ai n s an d p u rl i n g st re am s
“
,

c o n t ai n t h e f ar f am e d am bro s i a -
O n e m ay th e r e .

re s t o n fl o w e ry c arp e t e d s w ard s l i s t e n i n g t o t h e ,

m e l o d i o u s w arbl i n g o f bi rds o r f e as ti n g u p o n t h e ,

d e l ic i o u s fru i ts at o n c e f ragran t an d l u sc i o u s wh ic h
, ,

h a n g fr o m t h e br an ch e s o f t h e l uxuri an t g ro v e s .

W h at e v e r th e r e i s b e a u tiful i n l an dsc ap e o r g ran d

i n n at ur e m ay al s o b e f o u n d t h e re i n t h e h igh e s t
st at e o f p e rf e cti o n A ll is ch ar m i n g all e n ch an ti n g
.
, ,

an d wh i l st N at u r e s m i l e s t h e c o m p an y o f g e n ii d e

l igh ts t h e r av i sh e d visit o r .

W h e re n o w i s th i s P arad is e m o u n t ai n l o c at e d ?
, ,

A t t h e N o rth P o l e .

T h e s e n t e n c e b e fo r e th o s e l ast qu o t e d r e ad s as
f o ll o w s : H e re is t h e gr e a t pill ar th at s u st ai n s t he
w o rld n o l e s s th an
,
m il e s h igh .

Th i s w o rl d p il l ar o r axi s o f t h e e arth i s s o m e
-
, ,

ti m e s c o n c e i v e d o f as sl e n d e r e n o u gh f o r t h e u s e o f
a cl imbe r Th u s w e re ad
.
“
O n e o f t h e Ch i n e s e ,

k i n gs an xi o u s t o b e c o m e acqu ai n t e d w ith t h e d e
,

l igh t fu l sp o t s e t o u t i n s e arch o f i t A ft e r m u c h
, .

w an d e r i n g h e p e rc e i v e d t h e i m m e n s e c o l u m n sp o k e n
o f b ut t r yi n g t o as c e n d i tm
, , sl ipp e ry
th at h e h ad t o a b an d o n all h o p e s o f gai n i n g h i s e n d ,

an d t o e n d e a v o r by s o m e m o u n t a i n r o ad w hich was

ru gg e d i n t h e e xt re m e t o fin d hi s way t o P ar adis e .

Wh e n al m o s t fai n ti n g wi th fatigu e s o m e fr i e n dly ,

1 L ii k e n Tra d zt i on e n ci es M e n sch eng esch lech tes p 7 2

'

. .
, ,

2
Th e Ch i ne s e Repos i tory, v o l vi i
. .
, p 519
. .
1 46 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

we fin d t h e s am e T h e upp e r is s i tu at e d i n t h e ce n
.

t re o r p o l e o f h e av e n t h e l o w e r d ir e ctly u n d e r i t at
, ,

t h e c e n tr e o r p o l e o f t h e n o rth e r n t e rre st ri al h e mi
sph e r e T h e Pill ar c o n n e ct i n g th e m is o f c o u rs e
.

t h e a xi s o f t h e h e av e n ly v a ul t .

W e qu o t e : W i th i n t h e s e as i n t h e v all e ys o f
“
,

Kw e n lun at t h e n o rth w e st i s S h an g t e s L o w e r
-
,
-
’

R e c r e ati o n P al a c e I t i s e igh t h u n d re d le s qu ar e
.
,

an d e igh ty th o u s an d f e e t h i gh I n fr o n t th e r e are .

n i n e w all s i n clo s e d by a f e n c e o f p re c i o u s st o n e s
, .

A t t h e s i d e s th e r e are n i n e d o o rs th r o u gh wh ich t h e ,

ligh t st re am s an d i t i s gu ard e d by b e as ts S h an g
, .

t e s w if e als o d we ll s i n th i s r e gi o n i m m e d i at e ly o v e r
’

wh i ch i s S h an g—
’
t e s H e av e n ly P al ac e wh i ch i s s i tu ,

at e d i n t h e c e n tr e o f t h e h e av e n s [t h e c e l e sti al p o l e ] ,

a s h i s e arthly o n e is i n t h e c e n tr e o f t h e e arth [t h e
1
t e rr e stri al
Th e re c an b e n o m i st ak i n g th i s u se o f t h e t e r m
c e n t re f o r p o l e f o r t h e Ch i n e s e ast ro n o m e r s
,

e xp r e ssly st at e
“
T h e P o l ar st ar i s t h e c e n tr e o f
,
” 2
h e av e n .

m s e w h e re i n st e ad o f Kw e n lu n b e i n g a W o rl d
,
-

” ”
p i ll ar i n t h e v all e y s o r pl ai n o r m o u n d o f
“ “ “
, ,

t h e t e rr e stri al P arad i s e w e fi n d i t d e scrib e d as a st u ,

p e n d o n s h e av e n s u st ai n i n g m o u n t ai n m arki n g t h e
-
,

c e n t re o r p o l e o f t h e e arth : T h e f o u r qu art e rs o f
“

t h e e arth i n cl i n e d o w n w ar d s O n th is v as t pl ai n .

o r m o u n t s u rr o u n d e d o n al
,
l s i d e s by t h e f o u r s e as ,

a ri s e t h e m o u n t a i n s o f K w e n l u n t h e h igh e s t i n t h e -
,

wo rl d acc o rd i n g t o t h e Ch i n e s e g e o gr aph e rs : Kw e n

1 i v , p 95
Yh e Ch i n es e R e cor de r , vol . . . .

Th e Ch i n ese Repos ztory, v o l i v p 1 94 Co m pare M e n l

“
2 ze : D er
. . .

Po lars te rn h e is s t Pa as t de r M i t te l
U ns te r bli ch he i tsleh r e, E d 1 . .

P 44~
°
 P A RA D I S E I N CH I N E S E TH O U GH T . 1 47

lun i s t h e n am e o f a m o u n t ai n i t i s s i tu at e d at t h e
n o rth w e st , fi fty th o us an d le f ro m t h e S u n g K ao u -

m o u n t a i n s a n d i s t h e ce n t r e of th e ea r t h I t i s e l e v e n
, .

’
1
th o us an d e l i n h e i gh t ( K an g
T h e si g n ifi c an c e o f t h e f o re g o i n g as r e sp e c ts t h e
lo c a ti o n o f P aradi s e c a n n o t b e d o u btful B ut c o m .

p a re fu rth e r t h e s ixt h h e ad u n d e r ch apt e r th ird o f

P art fi fth al s o c h apt e r fo urt h o f t h e s am e Part .

1 Th e Ch i n ese Re cor d er , vo l iv
. .
, p 94
. .
 CH A PT E R IV .

TH E CR A D L E OF TH E RA CE IN E A ST A RY A N OR

HI ND U T H OU GH T .

T he r e a d e r ca n n ot ha v e f a i le d t o be s t r uch , a s t he fi r st ex plor e r s of S a ns k r i t
li te r a t u r e h a ve be e n , w i t h t he close a na logy , w e m ig h t e v e n s ay t h e pe rj e c t i d e n

l the e s s e n t ia l f e a t u r e s of th e I lI o n n t M e r u i n t he
typi ca l d e s c r ipt i o n of
t i ty , o f al

P ur a na s w i t h t he t opog r aphy of E d e n i n t h e s e co n d c h a pte r of G e ne s i s T he g a r .

de n f E d e n (g a n -
o E d e n ), t h e g a r d e n of G o d ( g a i t E lo h i m E z e k xx v i -
wh ic h ,
. ii .

i s g ua r de d by t he a n o i n t e d a n d pr o t e c t i ng Ke r n b ( E z e x xv 14 is pla ce d , k . iii .
,

lik e t he g a r de n of d e lig h t of t he g o ds of I n d i a , on t he s um m it o f m o u n ta i n , the

a

h oly m o u n t a i n of G o d ( ha r q ode sh E lo h i m ( E z e k . xx v iii . 14, all spa r k li ng w it h

pr e c i o us s t on e s LE NO RM A N T .

wh at k i n d o f a w o rld l iv e d t h e an ci e n t B rah
I N

m an ? A n d wh at was h is c o n c e pti o n o f t h e l o c ati o n

o f t h e c ra dl e o f t h e rac e

O n e o f t h e o l d e s t o f t h e e l ab o ra t e g e o g raph i c al
tr e at is e s o f I n di a i s t h e Vi sh n u Pu ran a T aki n g .

th i s as a gu id e le t u s pl a c e o u rs e l v e s al o n gs id e o n e
,

o f t h e an ci e n ts o f t h e c o u n t r y a n d l o o k ab o u t u s , .

F i r st we w ill l o o k t o t h e S o u th f ar d o w n t h e
, ,

I n di an O c e an W h at was s upp o s e d t o lie i n th at

.

1 T he i i
c o n t n u at o n o f t h e pas s age i s as o o ws f ll :
“
T he J e ho vi st ic
i
wr te r d o e s n o t say s o in i
G e n e s s , b ut t h e pro ph e t s are e x p e ss i t h i s
r n

re s pe c t . T h e t re e of lif e g ro ws
‘
in th e m dst i of t h e gard e n ( be th och
i
h agg an ) w t h th e t re e o f t h e k n o w e d ge o f go o d an d e v ( G e n 9; l il .ii .

iii . e x ac t y k e t h e t re e l li
am b u i n t h e c e n t re o f t h e d e g h t u plJa , li f l
i
t e au wh c h c ro wn s t h e h e gh t o f M e ru i
A r v e r go e s o u t o f E d e n t o . i
wat e r t h e gard e n , an d f ro m th e nc e i t d i idv es an d f o rm s f o ur arm s

( Gen . ii . Th is
i n t h e m o s t pre c s e m an n e r w t h t h e
c o rre s po n d s i i
i i
way i n wh c h t h e s pr n g G an gfi, a t e r h av n g wat e re d t h e C e e s t a f i l i l
J
L an d , o r t h e L an d o f o y at t h e s um m t o f M e ru, o rm s o ur ak e s o n i f f l
t he f o u c o u t e rf ts of t h i h o l y m o un t i
r n or s a n, wh e n ce i t a ft e rward s fl o vi s
o ut i n f o ur la ge ri e rs t o wa d t h e f o u c i l i ”
r v r r ar d n a po n ts .
1 50 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

F i rs t , of c o u rs ec o m e t o t h e H i m al ay a r an ge
,
we ,

t h e H i m a v a t o f I n di a n g e o g raph y A ll th at po r .

ti o n o f t h e e arth ly i n g b e tw e e n th is m o u n t a i n r an g e
a n d t h e gr e a t o c e an t o t h e S o u th c o n stit u t e s o n e o f
”
the se ve n o r n i n e o r div isi o n s o f t h e
“
,
v ars h as , ,

h a bi t abl e ( u pp e r) h e m i sph e re I t s n am e i s B h ar at a
. .

I f n o w o ur an ci e n t H i n d u c o u l d p r o c e e d d u e N o rth
an d c r o s s t h e H i m av at — w h ich h e d o e s n o t th i n k
,

p o ssi bl e t o m o rt al s h e w o uld fi n d h i m s e l f i n Ki m
,

p u ru sh a an e qu al ly e xt e n siv e b u t m o r e e l e v at e d an d
,

b e au tiful v arsh a e xt e n di n g n o r th w ard til l b o u n d e d

,

by a s e c o n d r an g e o f i n cr e dibly l o fty m o u n t ai n s ,

t h e H i m ak u t a S til l
.
“
as c e n di n g o r g o i n g N o rth , ,

u n til h e h ad cr o s s e d th i s d ivi si o n an d p ass e d t h e

H i m ak u t a h e w o ul d e n t e r H ari v ars h a a s ti ll l o ft i e r
, ,

a n d d ivi n e r c o u n try Th i s e xt e n ds i n tu r n t o an
.
, ,

o th e r b o u n d ary r a n g e t h e N i s h ad h a cr o s si n g wh i ch
, ,

o n e w o uld c o m e t o I l av ri t a t h e c e n t r al v ar sh a o f all
, ,

wh ich o c c u pi e s t h e t o p as w e l l as t h e c e n tr e o f t h e
wo r ld T o t h e ad e qu at e d e s c r i pt i o n o f t h e b e au ty
.

an d gl o ry an d p r e ci o u s n e ss o f t h i s c o u n t ry n o t o n gu e

i s e qu al I n i ts c e n tr e i s si t u at e d t h e m o u n t o f t h e
.

“ ”
g o ds , B e au tiful M e r u d e scrib e d i n ch apt e r first
,

o f t h e p r e s e n t P art I t i s at t h e P o l e an d ar o u n d
.
,

i t r e v o l v e all c o n st e l l ati o n s o f h e av e n I t i s t he .

c e n tr e o f t h e h abit abl e w o rl d .

Co n ti n u i n g o ur i m agi n ary j o u r n e y ac ro s s th is d i
vi n e c o u n t ry o f I lav r i t a cr o ssi n g o f c o u rs e th i s c o
,

lo s s al c e n tr al m o u n t a i n w e sh o u l d n o w b e gi n t o d e
,

s c e n d o n t h e m e r id i an o pp o s i t e t o th at o n wh ich we
a sc e n d e d o n t h e I n d i a sid e o f t h e gl o b e T h e bo u n .

d ary o f t h e c e n tr al r e gi o n o n th at sid e i s t h e N il a
ran g e th e n c o m e s t h e v arsh a o f R u m yak a i ts
,

f arth e r b o u n d a ry i s t h e S w e t a r an g e b e y o n d wh ich ,
 P A RA D I S E I N H I ND U TH O U G H T . 151

i s t h e v arsh a o f H i ran m aya S till d e sc e n d i n g w e ,

c ro s s th i s a n d t h e r an g e w h ich b o u n d s i t o n t h e far
th e r s id e t h e S ri n gi n an d w e are i n U t t arak u ru t h e
, , ,

la s t o f t h e s e v e n g ran d d ivis i o n s o f t h e e a rth t h e ,

o n e c o rre sp o n di n g i n d is t a n c e f ro m M e ru t o B h a
,
,

rat a o r o u r st arti n g p o i n t
,
I t o f c o u rs e i s o n t h e
-
.
, ,

e qu at o ri al o c e an a n d h e r e t o o w e h av e o n ly t o c ro s s
,

th i s o c e an i n o rd e r t o re ach t h e u n d e rw o rl d .

T h e w ay i n w h i c h t h e v ars h a s are m ad e t o n um
be r n i n e i s by s u b d ividi n g t h e g r e at c e n tr al cr o s s
“

s e cti o n o f t h e h e m isph e ri c al s u rf ac e l e avi n g I lav ri t a ,

a p e r f e ct squ are o n t h e t o p o f t h e gl o b e t h e l an d ,

d e sc e n d i n g e a stw ard t o t h e s e a b e i n g c all e d B h ad

r as v a a n d t h e c o rr e sp o n d i n g c o u n t ry t o t h e W e s t
,

b e i n g c all e d Ke t u m ala .

T o as si s t t h e r e ad e r t o a cl e ar e r c o n c e pti o n o f
thi s s acr e d g e o graph y we giv e h e re w ith t w o c ut s ,

o n e o f w h i ch p re s e n t s i n o u tl i n e t h e s id e asp e ct o f -

t h e Pur an i c e arth an d t h e o th e r a fl at po lo c e n t ri c
,

f 1
p j e cti o n o its u pp e r h e i s ph e re
ro m .

H avi n g n o w an s w e r e d o u r fi r st qu e sti o n an d ,

s h o w e d i n w h at k i n d o f a w o rl d t h e an c i e n t H i n d u
l iv e d we p ass t o t h e s e c o n d : W h a t w a s h i s c o n
,
“

c e pt i o n o f t h e l o c a ti o n o f t h e c radl e o f t h e ra c e

T h e q u e sti o n i s a n s w e re d t h e m o m e n t w e s ay th at
i n t h e H i n d u c o n c e pti o n an d t ra d iti o n m a n pro
c e e d e d f ro m M e r u H i s E d e n l an d was I lav ri t a
. It -
.

was th e re f o re a t t h e P o l e .

H o w st ra n g e th a t L e n o rm an t c o uld h av e w r i tt e n
t h e f o ll o wi n g a n d still h av e i m agi n e d th a t t h e t ru e
,

p ri m e v al E d e n o f t h e H i n d u was an ywh e re e l s e th an
a t t h e t e rr e s tri al P o l e ! H e s ays “
I n all t h e le g ,

1 Se e l
a so A PPE ND I X , S e ct I V . .
,
“
T h e E arth an d th e W o rl d of
”
th e H i n d us .
1 52 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

en ds o f I n di a t h e o rigi n o f m an ki n d i s pl ac e d o n
M o u n t M e r u t h e re sid e n c e o f t h e g o ds a c o l u m n
, ,

wh i ch u n it e s t h e sky t o t h e e a rth A t fi rst s igh t .

,

o n r e a di n g t h e d e script i o n o f M o u n t M e r u fu r n i sh e d

by t h e P u r an as i t app e ars o v e r ch arg e d w ith s o

,

m an y p ur e ly m y th o l o gic al f e at u re s t h at o n e h e si

T h e E a rt h of t h e H i n d us , vi e we d f ro m ab ove .

U t t arak uru H ari vars h a

1. .
5 . .

a. H i ran m aya . 6 . Ki m puru sh a .

3 . R am yak a .
7. B h arat a ( I n d i a) .

8 . Ke t um ala .
9 . B h ad ras va .

4 SU - M ERU i n I lavri t a .

t at e s t o b e l i e v e th at i t h as an y b as is i n r e ality T o .

’
r e ali z e th e s e d e s c r ipti o n s o n e m u s t r e pr e s e n t o n e s
s e lf i n t h e c e n t r e o f a v ast l e v e l an d v e ry e l e v at e d
s u rfac e s u rr o u n d e d by v ari o u s m o u n t ai n r an g e s a
,
-
,

gig an tic bl o ck th e ax i s of t h e world r aisi n g it s h e ad

, ,

t o t h e h igh e s t p o i n t o f t h e h e a v e n s wh e n c e th e re ,
 P A RA D I S E I N H I ND U T H O U GI I T . 1 53

f all s u p o n i ts s u m m it on th e N o rth P ole t h e d ivi n e , ,

G an gfi t h e s o u rc e o f all riv e rs wh i ch th e r e d i s
, ,

ch arg e s i ts e l f i n t o an id e al l ak e t h e M an as a S aro ,
-

v ara .
M e ru th e n i s at o n e an d t h e s am e t i m e
, ,

t h e hi gh e s t p art o f t h e t e rre st ri a l w o rld an d t h e c e n

tral p o i n t o f t h e v i s i bl e h v e a e n — t h e t wo h avi n g ,

1
b e e n c o n fo u n d e d th ro ug h i g n o r a c e o f t h e r e al
n

c o n st it u ti o n o f t h e u n iv e rs e : it i s al s o at o n e an d ,

t h e s am e ti m e t h e n o r t h po le a n d th e ce n t re of t h e
,

h a bi ta ble e a rt h J am bu d wi pa ,
l it e ral ly o f t h e c o n ti
-
,

n e n t o f t h e tr e e J a m b u t h e t re e o f l if e L e avi n g ,
.

t h e h igh e r b as i n o f t h e m o u n t ai n i n wh i ch i ts w a
t e rs h av e at fi rst c o ll e c t e d t h e s o u rc e G an g a t rav e l s ,

s e v e n ti m e s ro u n d t h e M e ru i n d e s c e n d i n g f ro m t h e
a b o d e o f t h e s e v e n R i sh i s o f t h e G r e a t B e ar t o ,

e m pty its e lf aft e rw ard i n t o f o u r l ak e s pl ac e d o n f o u r

s u mm its adj ac e n t t o th i s v a s t pyr am id an d s e rvi n g ,

as b u tt re ss e s o n i ts f o u r sid e s F e d by t h e .

w at e rs o f t h e c e l e s ti al G an g a t h e f o u r l ak e s i n
t h e ir tu rn f e e d f o u r t e r re st ri al riv e r s wh i c h fl o w o ut
th ro u gh t h e m o u th s o f f o u r sy m b o l ic al a n i m al s .

Th e s e f o u r gr e at riv e rs w at e r as m a n y d ist i n c t re
gi o n s ,
an d d isch arg e th e m s e l v e s i n t o f o u r O pp o

sit e s e as t o t h e e ast s o u th w e st a n d n o rth o f t h e

, , , ,

c e n t ral M e ru T h e f o u r l ak e s t h e f o u r riv e rs
.
, ,

a n d t h e f o u r o c e a n s are c o m p o s e d o f di ff e r e n t liq

u id s c o rre sp o n di n g t o t h e f o u r c ast e s an d th e s e
, ,

l att e r w ith wh ic h are c o n n e ct e d all t h e n ati o n s o f

,

t h e h u m an ra c e are r e pu t e d t o h av e s e t o u t f ro m
,

2 "
t h e f o u r s id e s o f M e ru t o p e o pl e t h e wh o l e e a rth .

1 L m t h
e no r f l l w t h m i l d i g g m t f W i lf d i
an e re o o s e s ea n ar u en s o or n

A i ti R
s a c h ol ii i pp 3 1 3 3
esea r c es , v . v .
,
. 2, 1 .

2 Th
C t mp
e y R i w S pt 1 88 1
on e ora r A m e d p 39
ev e A l ,
e .
, : . .
, . . so
’
L es Or ig i n es d c lI I i s toi r e , t o m 1 1 1 , c h 1 Co m pare E ss a i d c Co rn
. . . .

men ta i r e d es F r ag m e n t s Cos nzog o n i au e s d e B i r os e Par s , 1 8 7 1 : pp . i .

1 54 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

A i m il ar ill u s trat i o n o f t h e p o w e r o f a wr o n g pre

s s

p o s s e s s i o n i s giv e n u s i n t h e il l u s tri o u s Car l R i tt e r ,

wh o aft e r e xp re s sly d e cl ari n g th at t h e n u m b e rl e s s

Pur an as an d th e i r m o st d iv e rs e i n t e rpr e t at i o n s by
t h e Pu n di ts t e ach th at M e r u i s t h e m i dd le of t h e
e a rth a n d its e lf lit e rally d e s ig n at e s i ts c e n t re a n d
,
” 1
ax i s th e re up o n i n t h e c o o l e s t m an n e r i m agi n abl e
,

p ro c e e ds t o id e n tify t h e s am e s a c re d h e igh t w i th
t h e m o u n t a i n s o f Ce n tr alA s i a S till w o rs e i s t h e .

p ro c e d ur e o f M r M a ss e y wh o aft e r l o c ati n g t h e .
,

G ard e n o f E d e n o n M o u n t M e r u an d s ayi n g e x plic ,

”
i t ly Th e P o le o r pola r reg i on i s M orn an d a g a i n
, , , , ,
”
“
de ru i s t h e g a rd e n of th e T re e of L if e n e v e rt h e
’
il ,

l e s s t e ll s us th at i n e qu at o ri al A fr i c a b e asts fi rs t
g re w i n t o m e n 2
H appi e r i s t h e i n c o n si st e n cy o f
.

M r L ill i e wh o d e spit e h i s adh e si o n t o t h e fl at e arth

.
, ,
-

th e o ry o f H i n d u c o s m o l o gy still i n cid e n t all y sp e aks ,

” 3
of
“ “
t h e bl i ssful G ard e n as at t h e P o l e .

30 0
-
32 8 . A l so M u i r, S an sh r i t Tex ts p , I n h i s ln
vol . . 1 39 .
“

di s ch e S t u d i e n , vo l . i .
, p 1 65, W e be r s pe ak s o f t h e A ryan I n d an s b e
. i
i n g d r i ve n by a d eluge f i
ro m t h e r h o m e , an d c o m n g ro m t h e N o rt h , i f
n o t ro m t h e W e s t ( as L as s e n , i
f .
, 5 1 5 w il l h av e i t ), i n to I n d a. i
1 “
D ie z ah ll ose n P uran as un d i h re v e rs c h e i d e n art gs t e n A usle i
gunge n d urch d i e Pun d i t s le h re n, d as s M e ru d i e i M t t e d e r E rd e s e i ,
l
un d s e b st wii rt lic h a u c h d as Ce n t r um , d i e A x e , b e z e i ch n e .
” —E r d ~

hu n d e , B d i i , p 7 . . . .

2 Th e N a tu r a l Ge n e si s v o l
, pp 2 8, 1 62 . . .

p 8
8 B uddh a a n d E ar l B udd h i sm L o n don, 1 882
y . . .
1 56 P A P A D I SE F OUN D .

M az dae an s h as v e r pro fe s s e d t o b e abl e t o t e l l

e

e ith e r t h e o rigi n o r t r u e m e a n i n g O f t h e m yth M o st .

i n t e rp re t e r s h a v e e ith e r c are ful ly ab st ai n e d f ro m all

a tt e m pts a t e xpl an a ti o n o r h av e s ugg e s t e d th a t i t ,

p ro b ably re f e r s t o t h e rai n b o w o r t o t h e M ilky W ay ,

o r t o b o th
1
T o d i sp o s e o f t h e s e s u gg e sti o n s le t u s
. ,

r ais e a f e w qu e st i o n s
I D o w e fi n d i n a n y p art o f t h e A v e st an l it e r
.

a tu re a n e vid e n c e th a t t h e Ch i n v at B ridg e po s
y
s e s s e d a c u r vil i n e ar f o rm 9
No ne .

2 S t ra ight o r c u rv e d as a wh o l e w e re i ts t wo
.
, ,

?
e n ds c o n c e i v e d o f as o n a c o m m o n l v l
e e

N o f o r m o ti o n up o n i t i n o n e di re ct i o n i s d e scrib e d
,

as u pw ar d a n d i n t h e O pp o si t e di re c ti o n a s d o wn
,

w ard .

3 W. h e r e w a s t h e u pp e r e n d 7

I n t h e h e av e n o f A h u ra M azd a t h e S upr e m e G o d , ,

t o wh o s e a b o d e t h e b r idg e c o n d u ct s g o o d s o ul s .

4 B.u t w h e r e i s th is a b o d e 9

A t t h e N o r th e rn P o l e o f t h e sky as e l s e w h e re ,

sh o w n .

5 W. h e r e is t h e e a r th w a r d e n d 1

I t re st s u p o n t h e D ai ti k p e ak
“
.

6 I s th is p e ak i n P e rs i a
.

N o i t i s p art o f a s ac re d m o u n t ai n i n A i r an v e j -
,

t h e E d e n o f I r an i an t radi ti o n .

7 A n d wh e re is A i ran v e j -

I n t h e m iddl e o f t h e w o r ld .

1 “
Th B i dg f S
e lr t b
e l w y t h M il k y W y
O ou s c an n o e a a s e a .

S pp i g t h m yt h wh i h
u os n e b l g d t t h M il k y W y t h
s c o n ce e on e o e a o ave

b een p d t th
as se R i b w th
on o m f th f m
e m i gh t l
a n o , e na e o e or er a so
”
h av e b i h i t d by t h l t t
een n er C F K
e y P i m i ti B li ef :
e a er e ar r ve e

—
. .
,
.

L ond 1 88 .
,p 9 2 C2 m p pp .2 826 94 347 . Al J t i H db h
o . . 2 , . so us ,
an uc
”
Le ip i 1 864
'
o er Z dp en h s rac e.
p 1 1 1 ub Ci s c,fit : .
, s v oce nv a .
 P A RA D I S E I N OL D P E RS I A N TH O U GH T 1 57
-
.

8 . I n w h at k e s h v are ?

I n Kv an i ra s c e n t ral o f t h e s e v e n d ivi s i o n s o f
,
the

t h e e arth a n d t h e o n e i n w h ic h m e n an d t h e g o o d
,

r e ligi o n w e re fi rst c re at e d .

A n d i n wh at d i re c ti o n f ro m P e rsi a was A i r an
9 .

ve j su pp o s e d t o li e 1

F ar t o t h e N o rth .

10 W h at n atu ral c e n tr e o f t h e e arth i s s itu

.
”

at e d i n th a t d i re cti o n

T h e N o rth P o l e .

1 1 W h a t o th e r e vi d e n c e i s th e re th at t h e D ai t i k
.

p e ak i s at t h e N o r th P o l e
T h e f ac t th a t t h e m o u n t a i n o f wh i ch th i s i s si m ply
”
t h e p e a k o f j ud g m e n t is H ar a be re z ai t i aro u n d -
,

wh ich t h e h e av e n ly b o di e s re v o lv e a n d w hi ch as all , ,

al l o w a n sw e rs t o t h e n o r th p o l ar S u M e r u o f t h e
-

1
H indus .

12 Th e n t h e Ch i n vat bridg e e xt e n ds fro m t h e

.

N o rth P o l e o f t h e h e av e n s t o t h e N o rt h P o l e o f t h e
e ar th wh at i s its sh ap e
“ ”
I t is bea m s hape d T o q u o t e t h e s ac re d b o o k
-

Th a t b ridg e i s l ik e a b e am o f m an y s id e s o f wh o s e , ,

e dg e s th e re are s o m e w h ic h ar e b ro a d an d th e re ar e ,

s o m e w h ich are th i n an d s h arp i ts b ro a d s id e s are

s o l ar g e th at i t s w id th i s t w e n ty s e v e n re e ds a n d its -
,

sh arp sid e s a re s o c o n t ra ct e d th at i n th i n n e s s i t i s
j u st l ik e t h e e dg e o f a raz o r A n d wh e n t h e s o uls .

o f t h e righ t e o u s a n d wi ck e d a rriv e i t t u rn s t o th e m ,

2
th t sid e wh ic h i s su it abl e t o th e i r n e c e ssiti e s
a .

Lik M f th I d i it i i t h p l
1 “
th e e H
e ru o d b e n d an s , ar -
e re z a s e o e an

t
c e n re f th w l d th fi d p i t
o e or ,d wh i h t h
e xe d th o n aro u n c e s un an e

p l
ane s t p f m t h
er ori l t i ”
L m
e r re v o u t A t d Ed
o ns . e no r an ,
rara an e n,
"

i n t h e Co n t e mpo r a ry R ev i ew , S e pte m b e r 1 8 8 1 A m cd p 41 , . . .
, . .

9 D dd i s td n
f D i n i h c h xx i , 2 9 “f e s t , P a h la vi Te x ts ,
- -
, .
pp 47 49
.
-
. ii .
, .
-
.

i i i
I t i s a c u r o us co n c d e n ce t h at i n Po n e s an m yt h o o gy B uat arangay
y l i l
1 58 P A RA D I SE F 0 UN D .

T h e Ch i n v at b ri dg e th e n i s si m pl y t h e axi s o f t h e , ,

n o r th e r n h e a v e n s t h e Pill ar o f A tl as t h e T a l m udi c , ,

S t re n gth o f t h e H il l o f S i o n t h e c o l u m n wh i ch i n ,

t h e Ch i n e s e l e g e n d t h e e m p e ro r v a i n ly s o ugh t t o
Cl i m b ! I n s o l vi n g th i s l o n g st an d i n g p ro bl e m w e -

h av e at t h e s am e ti m e u n l ock e d t h e m yst e ry whi ch

1
h as h ith e r t o a tt a ch e d t o B if rost a n d A l S i ra t .

B u t i n l o c a ti n g o u r b r idg e w e h av e l o c at e d t h e
P e rsi an E d e n A n d t h e l o c at i o n is u n q u e st i o n ably .

at t h e N o r th P o l e M o r e th an th i s w e h av e m ad e .
,

cl e ar t h e f a ct th a t i n t h e m yth ic al o r s ac re d g e o g
raph y o f th i s a n ci e n t p e o pl e t h e w o rld o f l ivi n g m e n

was o r i gi n al ly t h e n o r th e r n c i rc u m p o l ar h e m isph e re .

T h e arran g e m e n t o f t h e k e s h v ar e s n o w b e c o m e s
2
e n ti r e ly cl e ar L ik e t h e d ivi n e ly b e a ut ifu l I lav r i t a
.

v ars h a Of t h e H i n d us ill u st ri o u s Kv an i ras h o l d s

“
,

t h e c e n t ral p o s i ti o n I n i ts c e n t r e as i n t h e c e n t r e .
,

gu ard an
i of i i s i b l e wo l d i s wife t o R u t h e
th e ro ad to the nv r , ,
“

”
s u pp t f th h
or er o e G ill Myth e e avd S g f th S ns .
th P a ,
s an on s o e ou

ci
fi c L. o d o 1 87 6 np 5 1 S
n, O if H e i m d ll : t .
t ti .
w e at a r s
’
r ue s a on er
”
th e t p o f t h e o i bo w h is t i t l e s o f n i e m th e
ra n , ( V i gf uss o n “
on n o rs

a d P w ll C p
n o P ti u m B
e ,
or l Lo do
us 1 8 83
oe ii 465) wo ul d
e o rea e , n n, ,
.

h e o uc h o b i o us s i g i fic c
av n s s
v u r i te p e t t i o n gi e s an e a o n r r a n v .

1 O o f t h e
ne t ym l o g i e s f C h i e t m k e so i t t h e B i d g e of the
o n va a
“
r

J udg ” ( H ug E y 2 d e d p 1 65 ) A s m o g t h e a c i t
e . a ,
s sa s, .
,
. n . a n n en

A ss y i s r and me ,
th r pan p l e s so t h e p l e s ta o h s be e
e s tyl e d
eo ,
o r a n

“ j
t h e u d ge f h
”
i t i s
o p ss i b l t h
e av e n ,t w e h a h e t o c e t he
o e a ve er a n

o igi w id ti fi t i o n o f t h e po i t i o
r of the
n m a d a na e n
f th e
ne en ca s n o

i
m yt h c a l be m h p d “ ”
b i dg
a I t is i t
-
s a sti g to
e o te i r th is e . n e re n n n

c t i n t h at H im d l l th e N d w h o sta d at t h e t p f
o n s o o
co n ne o g e a r, o rs e
”
B if o t i r
' '

l
s ,
t ym l g i c ll y c
s a s o, i d d t h e W l d j ud ge o r
e o o a ons e re ,
“
or -

W dd d l i
or i ”
M
-
v l U t bli h h i t l h i 1 34 I Pl t o
er . e nz e ,
n s er e e s e re , . . n a

(R p e b 6 1
u 4 ff ) . t h
,
j d g t d . a t t h b o t
e t m u o f t h e c o
e s anl m F or s e o u n .

g r o t q e
es i ul f t h B i
s u rv v a sd g e f S o uls io f l k l o se e
e T yl o r
r o n o re , ,

P r i m i t i v e Cu ltu r e , I nde x .

2 T he d b y W i n d i s c h m an n , Z or oa s t r i s ch e S t u d i e n ,
i agram a t t e m pt e d

p 7,6. i s n co ns s t e n t w t h t hie B i
u n d a h zs h , c h V , 9 S o m us t b e e v e ry i ‘

. . .

att e mpt t o arran ge t h e k e s h v are s o n a fl at e arth .

1 60 PA RA D ISE F OUN D .

pl an e l
p o c e n t ri c
p ro j e cti o n m ay b e re pr e s e n t e d as
o

o n t h e f o r e g o i n g p ag e t h e p o l ar c e n tr e o f c o u rs e ,

b e i n g o c c upi e d by H ara b e re z ai t i -
.

I t w o uld b e a f asc i n ati n g t a sk t o r e i n t e r p re t t h e

w h o l e A v e st an l it e ratu r e an d m yth o l o gy i n t h e n e w
li gh t o f th i s re c o v e re d g e o g raphy an d c o s m o l o gy bu t ,

th i s w o u l d re q u i re a b o o k o f i ts e lf I t i s w o r thy o f .

r e m ark th at t h e V e n i d ad e xp re s sly c al l s t h e e ar th

ro u n d an d app ar e n tly r e c o g n iz e s t h e e xis t e n c e o f

,

i ts t wo f ar s e p arat e d p o l e s 1
A s we h av e s e e n i ts
-
.
,

Ch i n v at b r idg e o r b e am wh i ch i s al s o an id e a s o an ,

c i e n t as t o b e f o u n d i n t h e A v e st a i ts e lf ( F arg xix .
, .
,

) i s t h e axis o f t h e w o rld c o n du ct i n g
'

t s zm
3 0 e p a s , , ,
”
g o o d s o ul s by a n u pw ar d fl igh t i n t o t h e n o rth “

p o l ar h e av e n o f A h u ra M azd a b ut t h e e vil by a f al l ,

”
h e adf o re m o st i n t o t h e s o u th p o l ar h e ll A i ran .
2

”
ve j o r w as t h e m o s t n at ur al n am e i n
“
O ld I ran
, ,

t h e w o rl d f o r t h e I ran i a n s t o giv e t o t h e t ra d iti o n a l

bi th pl ac e o f th e i r rac e
r - 3
B u t all a tt e m pts t o fin d it .

o n t h e b an k s o f t h e A ras or i n t h e f ar o ff l an d s -

(D m t t ) i p 2 5
1
Tfi A t e v es a
pp 1 43 1 44 C mpar es e er , ,
. 0 .
, . o are

W i di h m n i sc f th F di
an n sY ht i 3
’
d i b id
ve rs o n o e a r v ar n as , . :
“
e e en

H im m l
”
E d n i S/ i
en c es
p 3 3 e s ,
’
u a en , . 1 .

2
A pp tl y t h gh t h p g f
ar e n d th gh t h ro ut h by e as s a e o rce ro u e e ar

Ah m (A h im ) S
ar anZ é Sp m m h ii 3 4 5
r W t P l
an . ee a
’
a ,
c . .
, , ,
. es ,
a :

lw T t l i p 161 A l d fi / iii 1 3 R h de D i [ i
' ’

a
'
ex s , v o B . .
, . . so un a zs z, . . o ,
e ze

lg S g d
z e Z d / p 235
a e W i d i hm
es en t l ti f B er, . . n sc an n s
’
ran s a on o un

d / l h
a zzs z, c i (i D m t t
'

mb
. d
x xx ) . ms p i ll y t
n ar es e er nu e re xx x ,
se e es ec a o

su pp t t h i i d A h im
or d di S hl g w d
s ea : d h di e K f t r an u n e c an e er en u rc ra

d erL bg a g g hl g
o d h ulfles nd hw h g m h t
e esc A f a e n un os un sc ac e ac . u

je ne r B uk d H im m l r f w l h
c e h b ili f w i d
es i di e s, au e c er e r er e e ,
r er n e

ti f t
e s e Fi t i ii k l f A h di
n s e rn s s i t g gt D i
z ur c au e n . uc es s e sa : e se

E d wi d
r i ed b i r d m B g G k t Ci
re n un wi d e en s e n : auss e r e er a a -
n v ar r
”
A f t ig d i H i i ht i tm / S t
‘

i
e n u s e bt g en Z un e n na ra en n c se n . o r oa s s e ze u

Pl t w i t h w y l d i g h ll
” “
C mp h m
’ ’
’
a s ea n e
a ze n , p 1 17 . . o are a o s c as s,

ward an R epu bli c , 6 1 4

d h e av e n ward . .

3 F C Co o k , Or zg i m qf R eligi on an d L a ng uag e L o n do n, 1 88 4
'

. . .
p .
 P A RA D I S E I N OL D —P E R S I A N TH O U GH T . 16I

of i si n g s u n
the ar e e n tir e ly u s e l e s s
r E qu ally .

m i st a k e n i s t h e gl o s s w h i ch m e r e ly m ak e s it p ri m
i t i v e ly t h e m yth i c l a n d wh e r e t h e d i s e m b o d i e d
"
“
s o u l s o f t h e right e o u s are as s e m bl e d by A h u ra
2
M azd a T h e s am e m u s t b e s a id o f t h e a ss e rti o n
.

th at t h e re al sit e o f t h e A i ran v e j i n its a n ci e n t an d

“
-

o rigi n al c o n c e pti o n is t o t h e e a s t o f t h e Caspi an S e a

” 3
a n d o f L ak e A ral B y e v e ry p arti c u l ar o f i ts d e .

s c r i pt i o n i t i s id e n t ifi e d w ith t h e D ai t i k p e ak w i th ,

H ara b e re z ai t i w i th t h e p o l a r
-
“
ri ve r t h e p o l ar , ,

“
t re e t h e p o l ar c e n t re o f t h e u pp e r h e m i sph e re
,
“
.

I t i s s i m pl y t h e A r ctic E d e n o f h u m an ity re m e m
b e re d as i t was b e f o re t h e E v il O n e e n t e re d an d by ,
“

h is w itch cr aft c o u n t e r c re at e d w i n t e r an d t h e w o r s t -

” 4
o f pl a gu e s Th i s b e i n g t h e c as e we n e e d n o t wo n
.

"
d e r th at i n a p ap e r o n T h e A ry an B irth pl a c e “
-
,

r e ad i n J an u ary 1 8 84 b e f o r e t h e R o y al S o c i e ty o f , ,

L it e r at u r e M r C J S t o n e e xp re ss e d h i s s t ro n g
, . . .

d o ubt o f t h e c u rre n t d o ct ri n e th a t t h e c radl e o f t h e

5
A ry an s was t h e u pp e r v all e ys o f t h e O xu s T he .

1 D arm e s t e t e r, T/ze A ves ta , i .

, p 3 . .

2 I b d i .
,
i .
, p . 1
5 .

8 L e n o rm a n t , T/ze Con te mpo r a ry Rev i ew , S e pt , 1 88 1 .

(A m .
p .

41 .
— Pi e t re m e n t L e s A ryar, lo c at e s i t j us t e as t o f L ak
, e B alk ac h , i n
lat 450 —
.
47
0
. Gr il l
b e w d e re d b y t h e n u m b e r
is so il o f at t e m pt e d i de n

t ific at i o n s t h a t h e pro n o u n ce s t h e an d a pu re y m yt h l l ic l a o n e , an d de i es
n

to the n am e allh s t o r c o r i i ge o graph ic re a li ty . E r m a/e r , i . 2 1 8, 2 1 9 .

4
E zr
ga r d , 3 i
T h e pas s age c o n t n u e s ,
. . T h e re are ( n o w) t e n i “

w i n te r m o n t h s t h e re , t wo s umm e r m o n t h s a n d t h o s e are c o d f o r t h e l
wa t e rs , co ld f or t h e e art h , an d c o ld fo r th t es e T hi e m i i c e ce
re .
”
s r n s n

o f t h e o n - c o m ng o f t h e i l ci lG a a A ge a t t h e Po l e l o pp i the a s a e ars n

F l oo d leg e nd of t he A m ic er an ab o r i gi e s p t i ul l y t h e L e i
n ,
ar c ar nn

L e n api , or D e awa rel I di n s an . R afi n e s q u e , T /

ze A
'

/zze r ze a n [Va /i on s .

Ph il a .
, 1 836 : S o ng I I I .

5
See a sol D r . 0 . S c h rad e r, u m!

L i ng u i s t i se /z lzi rt o r i re /ze B E or re / d e: i n d og e r m a n
f zzm
’

e zt r ag e zu r r
g
i r e /ze n A lte r tfiu m s . Je n a, 1 883 . D r. S . f l
o rm e r y ad h e re d t o t h e

1 1
1 62 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

c radl e of the
wh o l e A ry an f am ily w ill at l as t b e fo u n d
A i r an t h e A n ci e n t — an d thi s i n t h e
”
t o be i n , ,

A rcti c b irth pl ac e o f m an -
.

t h e o ry o f a M id A -
i
s an A ryan b rt h i -
l
an d , b ut h as b e e n le d t o ab an d o n

it . St il l m o re p s i t i veo an d e m ph at ic is Kar l Pe n k a, wh o b o d y lo l l
c at e s t h e o i gir l h m na o e of the A ryan s i n S c an d n av a i i
S e e h is .

U n t e r s u e /zw zg e n
' ’

Or zgzf zes A r za e ce . z zer

i e s le n
'
ae r A /
r i s e ze n Valé e r
'

un a
’
Spr a c/
ze zz . V ie n n a, 1 88
3 .

Mr . Jo h n G bb i argue s i n th e s am e d i re c t o n ,i “
i
T h e O r gi n a l H ome
”
of t h e A ryans , i n Tlze B r i efs/
z Quar t . Revi e w, O c t .
,
1 884
.
1 64 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

s c i e n ti fic argu m e n t s I t i s of v e ry a n ci e n t ori gi n a
.
,

re m nan t o
f t/ze i d e as of th e pure ly A k k a d i an pe r i o d .

L e t u s i m agi n e th e n a b o a t tu r n e d o v e r ; n o t
, , ,

s u ch an o n e as we are i n t h e h ab i t o f s e e i n g b u t a ,

r o u n d skiff l ik e th o s e wh i ch are stil l u s e d u n d e r t h e

,

n am e o f Kuf a o n t h e sh o r e s o f t h e l o w e r Tig ri s an d

E u ph ra t e s a n d o f w h ich th e r e are m an y r e p re s e m
,

t at i o n s i n t h e h is t o r ic a l sc u l ptu r e s o f t h e A s sy ri an

p al ac e s ; t h e si d e s o f th i s ro u n d skiff b e n d u pw ard s
f ro m t h e p o i n t o f t h e g re at e st width s o th at th e y ,

ar e sh ap e d l ik e a h o ll o w sph e r e d e pri v e d o f t wo
th i r d s o f i ts h e igh t [P] an d s h o w i n g a c i r c ul ar o p e n
,

i n g at t h e p o i n t o f d ivi si o n S u c h w as t h e f o rm o f .

t h e e arth a cc o rd i n g t o t h e au th o rs o f t h e A kk ad i an
m agic al f o r m ul ae an d t h e Ch ald ae an ast r o l o g e rs o f
aft e r y e a rs W e sh o u l d e xpr e s s t h e s am e id e a i n t h e
.

pr e s e n t d ay by c o m p ar i n g i t t o an o ran g e o f w h ich
t h e t o p h ad b e e n c u t o ff l e avi n g t h e o r an g e u pri gh t
,

u p o n t h e fl at s u rf ac e th u s pro d uc e d T h e u pp e r an d .

c o n v e x s u rf ac e c o n st itu t e d t h e e arth pr o p e rly s o

c al l e d t h e i n h abi t abl e e ar th ( ei ) o r t e rraqu e o u s su r
,
l

f ac e (k i a ) t o wh i ch t h e c o l l e cti v e n am e k a /a m a o r
-
, ,
” 1
t h e c o u n t r i e s i s als o g iv e n
,
.

I t i s w e l l k n o w n th at i n m i n o r d e t ail s D i o d o rus i s
o ft e n f o u n d n o t alt o g e th e r t r u stw o rth y H e w as n o t .

a c r i ti c al r e p o r t e r W h il e th e r e f o r e i n t h e ab o v e
.
, ,

q u o t ati o n h e h as u n d o ubt e dly p re s e r v e d t o u s o n e o f

t h e an ci e n t Ch al d ae an s i m il e s
2
by t h e u s e o f wh ich ,

t h e t ru e fi gur e o f t h e e ar th was t a ugh t I c an bu t ,

th i n k th at t h e st at e m e n t as t o t h e h o ll o wn e ss o f t h e

1 Giza/de an M ag i c p
,
. 1 50 .

2 T h e figure was l
a s o u se d b y t h e E gypt an s , an d i o th e r an c e n t n a i
i
t o ns . S e e W ilf o rd, i n A s i a t i c R e sear c/
zes , v o l v . iii .
, p. 2 74 . A l so
”
art c es i l an d wo rk s o n T h e A rk an d A rk ite S ymb o ls .
 P A RA D I S E 1 1V A KKA D I AN TH O U G H ? ! 1 65

ea rth u n d e r n e ath i s an u n a u th o ri z e d i n f e re n c e s u g ,

g e st e d by t h e h o ll o w b o at an d m ad e by t h e c o m p ar ,

at i v e l u n i n s truc t e d G re e k s o l e ly u p o n h i s o w n re
y
s p o n sibil ity I t i s t ru e t h at i n t h e s am e w o rk f ro m
.
,

wh ich t h e ab o v e e xt rac t i s t ak e n L e n o rm an t e n d e av ,

o rs t o ad j u s t A kk ad i a n c o s m o l o gy t o s u c h a n o t i o n

o f a h o l l o w sph e re s ayi n g T h e i n t e ri o r c o n c avity “

, ,

o p e n i n g f ro m u n d e rn e a th wa s t h e t e rre st r i al a bys s ,

e wh e re t h e d e a d f o u n d a h o m e ( k zzr n u a e k i — al ’
g g
- -
, , ,

a m t/i ) T h e c e n t ral p o i n t i n it was t h e n ad i r o r as

.
, ,

i t was c al l e d t h e ro o t u r n t h e f o u n d ati o n o f t h e
,
‘
,
’

wh o l e stru ctu re o f t h e w o rl d ; th is gl o o m y r e gi o n w it
"
1
n e s s e d t h e n o ct u rn a l j o u r e y o f t h e s
n u n B ut n o th .

i n g c an b e m o re e vid e n t o n e x am i n ati o n th an th at
th is att e m pt i n v o l v e s t h e w ri t e r i n at l e as t th r e e i n
c o n si st e n ci e s : F i rst i f t h e s un vi s i ts t h e i n t e ri o r o f ,

t h e e arth at n igh t its p ro p e r o rbi t c a n n o t b e r o u n d ,

an d r o u n d t h e M o u n t ai n o f t h e W o rl d t o t h e n o rth

e a s t o f B abyl o n i a as o u r a uth o r e l s e wh e r e r e pre ,

s e n t s S e c o n d if a m t/i t h e a b o d e o f t h e d e ad i s i n
.
, , ,

t h e i n t e ri o r o f t h e h o l l o w e arth i t c an n o t b e t o t h e ,

n o rth e as t o f B abyl o n i a a s it is r e pre s e n t e d t o b e i n ,

t h e c o n t e xt Th i rd if t h e e arth w as c o n c e iv e d o f
.
,

a s h o ll o w o f c o u rs e it s wh o l e c e n t ral p o r ti o n was
,

e m pty s p ac e ; b ut acc o rdi n g t o th is p re s e n t ati o n i ts

“
c e n t ral p o i n t was c all e d t h e ro o t u rn t h e f o u n ‘
,
’

d ati o n o f t h e wh o l e s t r uctu re o f t h e w o rl d S u re l y .

t h e f o u n d ati o n o f t h e w o rl d c a n sc a rc e ly h a v e b e e n
s u pp o s e d t o b e m e r e e m pti n e s s T o a l ay m an i n .

t h e s e s tud i e s th is u r n w o uld m u ch rath e r s u gg e s t

i
Ibd p 5
.
,
. 1 0 .
—I t i s wo rt h y o f n o te t h at t h e e x pre s s o n i r oot

o f th e wo r d , o r l “
ro o t l d
-
an ,
”
is app e d li to t he s am e s ub t e rran e an
”
i
re g o n of d ark n e ss in J apa
m yt h o o gy S e e
ne se S h n to s m, l .
“
i i by
G riffis i n Mc c li n t o c k an d S t ro n g s C yclope d i a , v o l ix , p 688
’
. . . .
1 66 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

the t rcti c Tap e u to m o u n t ai n o f an c i e n t E gyp

an a - -

ti an th o ugh t t h e Ku M e ru o f an ci e n t I n di a
,
-
.

B ut i t i s ti m e t o r e tu r n t o t h e A kk adi an Or A k ,

k ad o S u m e ri an m o u n t ai n o f t h e g o ds A g ai n we
-
,
.

“
qu o t e L e n o rm an t : A b o v e t h e e arth e xt e n d e d t h e
sky (a n a ) S p an gl e d w i th i t s fi x e d s t ar s (m a t) an d
, ,

r e v o l vi n g ro u n d t h e M o u n t ai n o f t h e E as t ( K/za rs a é
Ku r ra ) t h e c o l u m n wh i ch j o i n s t h e h e av e n s an d t h e
,

e arth an d s e r v e s as an a xi s t o t h e c e l e st i al v a ul t
, .

T h e c u l m i n ati n g p o i n t i n t h e h e av e n s t h e z e n it h ,

( n uz é u ) was n o t th i s a xi s o r p o l e o n t h e c o n tr ary
1
, ,

i t was s itu at e d i m m e d i a t e ly ab o v e t h e c o u n try o f

A k k ad i a wh ic h was r e g ar d e d as t h e c e n tr e o f t h e
,

i n h abi t e d l an d s wh il s t t h e m o u n t ai n w h i ch ac t e d as
,

a piv o t t o t h e s t arry h e a v e n s w as t o t h e n o rth e a st o f

th is c o u n t ry B e y o n d t h e m o u n t ai n an d al s o t o t h e
.
,

n o rth e ast e xt e n d e d t h e l an d o f a ra l
, /i wh i ch was ,

v e ry rich i n g o l d an d was i n h ab it e d by t h e g o d s an d
,
” 2
bl e ss e d spi r its .

H e r e w e h av e t h e “
M o u n t ai n o f t h e E as t lo
c at e d n o t i n t h e e a st b u t i n t h e n o rth e ast
, , E l se .

wh e re o u r a uth o r r e c o g n iz e s m o st fully t h e id e n tity

o f thi s m o u n t wi th t h e H a r M o e u o f I s a i a h xiv 1 4
’
-
.
,

an d t h e d iffi c ul ty o f pl a c i n g i t an y wh e r e b u t at t h e
3
N o rth P o l e H e a dd u c e s f ro m t h e c u n e ifo r m t e xt s
.

n o e vid e n c e w h at e v e r f o r a l o c a ti o n t o t h e n o rth
“

”
e a st , an d s e e m s t o fix u p o n th at d ir e cti o n o n l y as a
”
c o m p ro m is e o f h is o wn N o u s a e o on s con clu re i s
.
' '

h i s l an gu ag e H i s o n ly r e as o n f o r th i n k i n g o f an y
.

o th e r p o s iti o n th an o n e d u e n o r th app e ar s t o b e a

c u n e if o rm e xpr e s si o n w h ich s e e m s t o m ak e Kh ar
s ak K urr a at t h e s a m e ti m e t h e m o u n t ai n o f t h e
“

1 P eu i ch e d i t i
2 Cb l a an M ’ ’
a th e F n re n gi p 1 50
on . a a a c, . .

F ragme n ts de B e rose , pp 392 , 3 93

'
8 . .
1 68 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

r o m s o e m i n e n t an au th o r i ty o n e n a tu r ally h e 5 1
F
t at e s t o diff e r b u t i n as m u ch as M J o achi m M en ar d .
,

i n a w o rk as re c e n t as t h e o n e f ro m wh ich we h av e
qu o t e d wh il e agr e e i n g w ith M L e n o rm an t i n m ak
,
.

”
i n g A kk ad t h e t ra d iti o n a l c e n t re o f t h e e ar th d if ,

f e rs fro m h i m i n l o c ati n g preci s e ly i n t /i i s ce n t ra l

t h e m o u n t a i n o n w h o s e a p e x t h e h e av e n o f
“
co u n t ry
” 1
t h e fix e d s t ars i s pi v o t e d we c an n o t av o i d t h e ,
’
c o n cl u si o n th at L e n o rm an t s d isti n c ti o n b e tw e e n t h e
z e n ith o f A k k ad an d t h e c e l e st i al p o l e i s b as e d up o n

a m is app r e h e n s i o n an d i s p ro d u cti v e o n ly o f c o n
,

fu si o n T h e s o l u ti o n o f all d i ffic u l ti e s i s f o u n d t h e
.

m o m e n t t h e m yth o l o gi c al A kk ad is m ad e a c ir
c u m po l ar m o th e r c o u n try aft e r wh ich t h e A kk ad o f
-
,

t h e Tigr o E uph rat e s v all e y w as c o m m e m o r a t iv e ly

-

2
n am e d Th i s su pp o si ti o n is m ad e allt h e e asi e r by
.

th r e e n o t e w o r thy f ac ts : ( 1 ) th at b o th t h e n am e s
A kk ad an d S u m ir are n o t A s s yri o B abyl o n i an b u t -
,

l o an w o r d s fr m an o ld e r p re hi st o ri c t o n gu e ;
-
o
3

( 2 ) th at t h e e ty m o l o gic al s ig n i fi c ati o n a n d app e l l a

t i v e s o f A kk a d th o ro u g h ly i d e n tify i t w i th t h e l o fty
4
c o u n try at t h e n o rth p o l ar s u mm it o f t h e e ar th ;
1 “
L e pays d A k k ad e s t re gard
’
é , d
’
apres le s p l us an t i qu es t rad i
t i o ns , co m m e le c e n t re d e la t e rre
’
c e st 1a q ue s
’
élev e la m o n t agn e
s ur la ci me de l aq u e l le pi v o te le c i e ld e s é t o i l e s fix e s .
”
B abylon e et
la C/za ld ee . Par is , 1 8 75 : p 46
. .

2 Co m pare t h e pr m t i ii ve n am e of B aby o n , l Ti n ti r é i ,
- -
“
P l ace of
”
t h e T re e of L ife
L e n o rm an t , B eg i n n i ngs of H i s to ry, p 8 5
. . .

3
i
I le s t c e rt a n q ue le s m o t s S u m r e t A k k ad n appart i e n n e n t pas
’
i
‘
a la l an g u e as s yro - c h a d e nn e l é
I ls s o n t pro pre s a u n e an gue ant er
. l i
e ure e t n o us s av o ns , par le s e xp li c t i o a ns m em e s d e s A i
yr e n s , q ue
ss

A k k ad v e ut d i re m o n t agne .
’
—M e n an t , B ab
ylon e et la C/ zal a ee
'
.

Par is , 1 87 5 p 47. .

4 A k k ad i s b o ve n di e n zek er e en h oog l an d , ge e n l
ge v lak t e b l] d e
a
”
z e e , z o o als o ok e en glos s e h e t d o o r t i l/a , h o o gte , v e rk laart C P . . .

T ie le , I s S u m er en fd e als M a é a n e n M e lu c/za
A k k ad ne t ze l Am
s t e rd am , 1 88 3 p 6 . . Co m pare las t pre c e d i ng n o te A k k ad mo n
 P A RA D I S E I N T H O U G H T: 1 69

th t c tly d i c v r d t bl ts re c o m p e l
an d ( 3 ) a re e n s o e e a e a

l i n g t h e A ssy ri o l o gi s ts t o r e c o g n iz e t wo A k k ad s ,

o ne i n t h e Tig ro E u ph rat e s v a ll e y a n d o n e m uc h -

f arth e r t o t h e N o rt h th o u gh as ye t n o n e o f th e s e ,

s ch o l ars h av e l o o k e d a s fa r i n th a t d i re cti o n as t o
1
t h e Po l e .

I f fu rth e r p ro o f w e re n e e d e d th a t t h e Kh ars ak
K u r ra o f t h e e arl i e s t i n h abit an ts o f M e s o p o t a m i a
w as i d e n ti c al w ith t h e n o rth p o l ar W o rl d m o u n t a i n -

o f E gypt an d t h e s u rro u n di n g A si atic n at i o n s i t ,

w o u ld b e f o u n d o n i n v e stig ati n g th e i r c o n c e pt i o n s o f
t h e re gi o n o f t h e d is e m b o d i e d d e a d a n d th e ir n o ti o n
o f a m o u n t ai n o f t h e r u l e r s o f t h e d e ad a n t ipo d a l t o

th e mo u n t of t h e go d s T h e A kk adi an s l ik e t h e .
,

an c i e n ts g e n e r ally c o n c e iv e d o f t h e r e al m o f t h e ,

d e ad as l o c at e d t o t h e S o u th Th e i r u n d e rw o rl d be .

i n g s i m ply t h e u n d e r o r s o u th e r n h e m i s ph e r e o f t h e
e a r th th e y c o u l d n o t pl a c e it i n an o th e r d i r e ct i o n
, y .

I n n am i n g t h e c ar di n al p o i n ts t h e A kk ad i an s th e r e
“ ” 2
fo re c all e d t h e S o u th t h e f u n e re a l p o i n t I n thi s .

q u art e r was l o c at e d t h e m o u n t o f t h e rul e rs o f t h e

t agn e . A l so i
S m t h , Tne P /zon eti c Va lu es o
f tb c Cu n e if or m C/
za r a c

te rs . L o nd o n , 1 87 1 p . 17 .

1 S e e P r oce e d i ng s f
o th e S oc i e ty f
o B i bli ca l A r cfiee olo
gy . Lo ndon,
Nov .
-
D ec .
, 1 88 1 . M r Pi n c h e s i n
.
, a fu rt h e r c o m m u n c at o n o n i i t he
Par i s T b l e t [i n c u e if m c h c t e s b t s pp s d t be C app d o
a n or ara r ,
u u o e o a

c i an i n i gi ] o b e s T h e q ue t i o o f t h e i gi l h m f t h e
or n , s e rv s n or na o e o

A k k ad i s i affe c t e d t h e e by
an A s it e e ms t h t t h c o
s t y tl r . s a e un r no r z

o
f A y i was al
ss c ll e d A k k d
r a we l l as t h e o th so n p t ofa a , as n r er ar

B byl o i a t h e e i gh b o rh o o d o f C ppad c i
a n , th e h me o f t h e A k
n a o a as o

k ad i c e m y be
an e gard e d as a
ra e y po ss i b l e e pl
a t i n e tc
r v r x an a o ,
.
’

B wn Myt fi q K nee Lo d o F i i i h is C la
”
ro , 1 88 3 p 87 . n n, : . . nz , n ar

del M on ao
'
’
con os c i u t o a ag li A ’
s si r i t r a cc i ata s e c on a o le i n s c r i z i on i cu n e i

f or m i , doe s n o t v e n tu re to l o c at i
e e t he r A k k ad or Kh ars ak Ku rra .

2
C/za la a a n M ag i c , E ng e d , p 1 68 ,
’ ’
. . . 1 69 . Co m pare F F n z . i i , Ri
ce r c/
ze
pe r 10 S t u d i o de ll A n t i c /ut a A
’ '

ss i r a . i
T ur n , 1 8 7 2 : p . 109

no te 1 8.
1 70 P A RA D /S E F OUN D .

d e ad . I t was t h e
u n d e r o r s o uth p o l ar p ro j e cti o n
o f t h e e ar th I t c o rr e sp o n d e d w i th t h e s o u th p o l ar
.

m o u n t o f d e m o n s i n H i n du an d i n E gypt i an th o ught .

E v e n L e n o rm an t w h o s e m i st ak e i n l o c ati n g t h e
,

m o un t o f t h e g o ds i n t h e E a s t l o gi c ally l e ads t o ,

t h e m i st a k e o f l o c a t i n g th is m o u n t o f t h e r ul e rs o f
t h e d e a d i n t h e W e st s till u n c o n sci o u sly giv e s e v i
,

d e n c e as t o t h e t r u e l o c ati o n by s t ati n g th at i t is
” 1
s i tu at e d i n t h e lo w d o w n p o rti o n s o f t h e e arth
-
.

A n d e ls e wh e r e h e h as t o l d u s th at i n t h e A kk adi an
l an gu ag e t o d e sc e n d an d t o go s o u th w ard w e r e s y
n o n m o u s e xp re s s i o n s 2
y .

W i th Pr o fe ss o r F ri e d ri ch D e l itzsch th e n w e 10 , ,

c at e t h e A kk ad i an Kh ars ak Ku rra at t h e N o rth 3 .

O n c e m ak e t h e pri m e v a l A kk ad t h e e qu i v al e n t o f
I lav ri t a i n H i n d u o r o f Kv an i ras i n I ran i an m yth o l
, ,

o gy an d al ,
l is p e rf e ctly pl ai n an d s e lf c o n si st e n t -
.

t h e c e n tr e o f al
“
T h e pri m i t iv e A kk ad i s n o w l
l an ds i n t h e s am e s e n s e i n wh i ch I lav ri t a an d
Kva n i ras are i n th e i r re sp e ctiv e sys t e m s A s in .

b o th th e s e sy st e m s t h e m o u n t o f t h e g o d s i s i n t h e
c e n t r e o f th i s c e n tr al c o u n try s o i s Kh ar s ak K u rra ,
.

S u M e r u an d H ara b e re z ai t i an d Kw e n lu n are
- - -

e a ch e x actly u n d e r t h e— P o l e st ar h avi n g i t i n th e ir
—
-
,

z e n ith ; t h e s am e i s t rti e T KHars ak K u rra A s

/
'

O .

e v e ry spl e n d o r o f a di vi n e a b o d e c ro w n s t h e t o p o f

al l t h e f o rm e r s o i s t h e s u m m i t o f Kh ars ak r e s ple n
,

d e n t b e y o n d d e sc ri pt i o n A s t h e s u n m o o n an d .
, ,

s t ar s r e v o lv e aro u n d t h e H i n d u an d I ran i an an d
Ch i n e s e m o u n t s s o i s Kh ars ak t h e p o i n t o n wh i ch
,
“

1 S tui ée d an s le s part i es b asse s d e la t e rre . Or i gi nes, t om . 11

1, p . 1
34
.

2 Tfie B egi n n i ngs of f i/s t ory , p 3 1 3 . n .

4
.

2
W lg a P
o a a
’
s a ra a
’
i es p 12 1 . .
 CH A PTE R VI I .

TH E CRA D L E OF THE R A CE I N A N CI E N T E G Y PT I A N

T H OU GH T .

A cc o r d i ng t o t he Ka m i te le g e n d a te d
r el hy D i o d or u s , Os i r i s a n d I s i s li v e d t o
H e r e t he r e w a s a g a r d e n w h e r e i n t h e d e a th l
g e t he r i n A fysa , o r P a r a d i s e .
e ss

d w e lt H e r e t h ey li v e d i n perf e ct h appi n e ss
.
u n t i l Os i r i s was se i z e d w i t h t he d e
sir e t o d r i n h t h e w a te r of i m m or t a li ty T he n h e w e n t f or t h i n se a r ch of i t , a n d
.

f ell . B u t a n e a r lie r c ouple t ha n Os i r i s a n d I s i s w a s S e v e k h a n d T a -u r t , w h o

as t he t w o c on ste lla t i o n sof t he s e v e n s t a r s r e v olv i ng r o u n d t he T r e e , or P o le , w e r e
t he pr i me v a lpa i r i n P a r ad is e T he
. N at ura lG e nes s i .

g e o g raphy o f t h e an ci e n t E gypti an s
T H E m yth ic al
i s as ye t t o o l ittl e k n o w n t o all o w u s t o h o p e f o r m u ch
l igh t f ro m th i s qu art e r o n t h e qu e sti o n o f t h e si t e o f
E de n E v e n th e i r c o s m o l o gy i s l ittl e u n d e rst o o d
.
,

a n d th e i r sc i e n tifi c a tt a i n m e n ts ar e by m an y i n e x c u s

ably u n d e re st i m at e d S o g o o d a sch o l ar as M r V il
. .

l i e r s S tu art c o ul d r e c e n tly w r i t e T h e E gypti an s ,

“

h ad n o t att ai n e d t o a su ffic i e n tl y a dv an c e d p o i n t i n
s c i e n c e t o s o l v e t h e p ro bl e m o f h o w t h e s un i n h i s
d aily c o urs e h av i n g s u n k b e h i n d t h e w e st e rn h o ri
,

z o n r e tu r n e d t o r i s e at t h e o pp o s it e qu a r t e r o f t h e
,
” 1
h e av e n s N e v e rth e l e s s as w e d e si re t o t e st o ur
.
,

hyp o th e s i s as far as p o ssibl e by allm o s t an ci e n t t ra

d i t i o n s an d m yth s w h e th e r f av o rabl e o r u n f av o rabl e
, ,

w e m u st i n q u i re wh e th e r an yth i n g c an b e as c e r
tai n e d as t o t h e id e as o f t h e an ci e n t E gypti an s t o u ch

1 I Vi le Glea n i ngs . L o n do n , 1 8 79 : p . 2 62 . Th i s is as b ad as th e
d e c l arat i o n o f L aue r : U n d s o gl a ube i c h d as s au c h H o m e r n i e
“

d aran ge d ach t h at , wi e d i e S o n n e w i e d e r au s d e m VVe s t e n i n d e n O s t e n

”
ge l an ge N a ch lass
. B e rl i n , 1 8 5 1 : v o l i , p 3 1 7
. . . . .
 P A RA D I S E I N E G YP TI A N TH O U GH T . 1 73

i ng th e f o r m o f t h e e arth an d t h e th e at re o f m an s '

fi rs t h i st o ry .

T h e l e a di n g f e atu re s o f E gypti an c o s m o l o gy as ,

i n t e rp re t e d by t h e p re s e n t w rit e r are i n p e rf e c t ac ,

c o rd w i th t h e c o s m o l o gi c al id e as o i o th e r a n ci e n t
n a ti o n s as d e sc rib e d i n ch apt e r fi rst o f t h e p re s e n t

d ivis i o n Th e y m ay b e bri e fly e xpr e s s e d i n t h e s ix

.

f o ll o wi n g th e s e s
1 .Th at i n an c i e n t E gypti an th o ugh t t h e e arth
was c o n c e i v e d o f as a sph e re w ith i ts axi s pe rpe n ,

d i c u lar an d i t s N o r th P o l e at t h e t o p -
.

2 .T h at i n t h e e arl i e st ti m e A n ze n t i was c o n c e iv e d
o f n e ith e r as a c av e r n i n t h e b o w e l s o f t h e e arth ,

n o r as a r e gi o n o f t h e e ar th t o t h e W e s t o n th e ,

s am e g e n e ral pl an e as t h e lan d o f E gypt b u t was ,

si m ply t h e u n d e r o r s o u th e rn h e m isph e re o f t h e
e arth c o n c e iv e d o f as j u s t d e sc r ib e d
, .

3 Th a t t h e Ta t pil l ar sy m b o l iz e d t h e axis o f t h e
.

w o rld ( h e av e n an d e arth ) u prigh t i n sp ac e .

4 Th at Ta n n te r wh a t e v e r i ts l a t e r appl i c ati o n s
.
, ,

o ri gi n al ly si g n i fi e d t h e e xtr e m e n o rth e rn o r t o p m o s t
p o i n t o f t h e gl o b e w h e r e e arth an d h e av e n w e r e fa
,

bl e d t o m e e t .

5 .Th a t C h e r m i t e r w a s t h e i n f
-
e r i o r c e l e sti al h e m i
S ph e r e u n d e rarc h i n g A m e n ti .

6 Th at H e s a n d N e ht h a ( I si s an d N e ph thys ) w e re
.
-

r e s p e ct iv e ly g o dd e s s e s o f t h e N o rth an d S o u th p o l e s ,

1
o r o f t h e n o rth e rn a n d s o uth e r n h e a v e n s .

A s su m i n g n o w wi th Ch ab a s L i e b le i n L e f evr e
, , , ,

an d E b e rs th a t t h e e arth o f t h e an ci e n t E gypti an s
, ,

1 I b i f c mm i c ti
n a r e
p bl i h d i
o un Th I d p d t N w
a on u s e n e n e en en , e

Y k F b 8 1 8 83 t h
or , e . i t i c l t t ti
, ,
f E gypt l g i t w
e cr a a p t
en on o o o s s as re s ec

f ll y i i t d t t h t h
u nv e o S i c th t t i m m h
e se e se s . w id c f
n e a e uc ne ev en e o

the i r c ct o rreh s c m t li gh t
ne ss S e f
a o m pl
e th
o e w Th . e ,
o r e xa e, e n e

sa u ra s I n sc r r pti o n u m of B rugs c h , pp . 1 7 6, 1 7 7 , e t pa s s i ni .
1 74 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

lik e th at o f t h e an ci e n t A s i at i c n at i o n s was sph e ri c al , ,

wh at w as th e i r c o n c e pt i o n o f i ts n o r th e rn t e r m i n u s ?
I n ch apt e r fi r s t o f th i s P art s o m e i n d ic ati o n h as ,

b e e n al re ady giv e n B ut o u r pr e s e n t i n v e stig ati o n .

d e m an d s a fu l l e r an s w e r t o th i s qu e sti o n T u rn i n g .

t o t h e g re a t w o r k o f B ru gsch o n t h e G e o g raph ic al “

I n sc ripti o n s o f t h e O ld E gypti an M o n u m e n ts we -
,

fi n d th at t h e E gypti an s c o n s id e r e d t h e f ar th e st l i m i t
i n t h e N o rth t o b e t h e f o u r pil l ar s o r s u pp o r ts o f
“

” 1
h e av e n T h e f a ct t h a t th e s e f o u r s u pp o r ts o f
.

h e av e n i n st e ad o f b e i n g sit u at e d i n f o u r o pp o s it e
,

d i re cti o n s f r o m E gyp t are a ll i n t h e f a rth e s t N o r t h , ,

i s v e ry si g n i fi c an t I t sh o w s th at th o u gh t h e p e o pl e
.

m igh t S p e ak o f h e av e n as s u pp o r t e d o n f o u r p ill ars ,

i t i s n o t t o b e i n f e rre d th e re fr o m t h at th e y c o n c e iv e d
o f t h e e ar th as fl at a n d o f t h e sky as a fl at O r i e n t al
,

2
ro o f o n e s t o ry a b o v e i t B ru gsch h i m s e lf th o u gh .
,

w ri ti n g up o n t h e s upp o siti o n th at t h e E gypti an s

’

e ar th was fl a t av o id s th i s m i st a k e , H i s i n f e re n c e .
,

c o m i n g fr o m o n e wh o h ad a t rad iti o n al w ro n g th e o ry
t o Su pp o r t i s m o st i n t e r e sti n g an d v al u abl e
, He .

“
s ays I n a s m u ch as th e s e f o u r s u pp o rts o f h e av e n
,
‘
,
’

t h e n o rth e rn l i m i t o f t h e e ar th a s k n o w n t o t h e
E gypti an s n o wh e r e e l s e o cc u r as n am e o f p e o pl e
, ,

l an d o r riv e r i t s e e m s t o me m o st p ro b abl e th at we
, ,

h av e h e re i n t h e d e sig n ati o n o f a high m o u n t ai n

wh i c h was p e rh aps ch ar ac t e r iz e d by f o u r p e aks o r ,

1 D ie A i n s ch t v o n de n E n de n d e r Welt is t i
e n e u ra l te un d v e e n i l
V Olk e rn ge m e i n sam e A ls d i e au s s e rs t e G re n z e i m S ii d e n g a t l
‘

d e n E gypt e rn d as M e e r
”
( S a r ) u n d d e r B e rg ap e n to O d e r tap e u t o, - - - -

wOrtlic h d as H o rn d e r We l t ; als d i e au s s érs t e G re n z e i m N o rd e n

d age ge n d ie v eri S tii tz e n d e s H m m e i l s .
’
Ge og raph i s ch e I n s ch r ifl en ,
Bd . ii .
, p 35
. . Co m pare T ay o r s l ’
P a u sa n i as , v o l ii i , 2 5 5, b o t
. . .

2
M as pero , ’
L es Con te s P opu la i r e s de lE gypte A nc i en n e . Par is
—
,

1 88 2 pp lx i
. . l iii
x .
1 76 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

in al
l t e m pl e s t h e sy m b o l o f A d i B uddh a t h e
the ,

m i 1
s upr e e n h i s h e av e n ly g ard e N a d a a g ro v e
,
n n n , .

B ut r e t ur n i n g f ro m th i s m e re ly c u r i o u s qu e sti o n ,

we r e m i n d o urs e l v e s th a t w e h av e s e e n r e as o n t o
b e l i e v e th at t h e an ci e n t E gypti an s c o n c e iv e d o f t h e
e a rth a s a sph e r e w i th a h e a v e n s u pp o r ti n g m o u n
,
-

t ai n i n t h e e xt re m e N o rth I n t h e e xt re m e S o u th .

was an o th e r m o u n t ai n “
T h e H o rn o f t h e W o rld
, ,

r e p re s e n t e d as o f i n cr e dibl e h e igh t ( e igh t a t u r o r

2
s t ad i a) . Th i s c o r re s p o n d s s o p e rf e ctly w ith t h e
e ar th o f t h e Pu r an a s wi th i ts S u M e r u an d Ku M e ru ,
- -
,

th at we are i rre s i st ibly i m p e l l e d t o i n qu i re wh e th e r

t h e p arall e li s m e xt e n d s an y f ar th e r .

W e t ak e t h e qu e s ti o n o f t h e d i re cti o n o f t h e ab o d e
o f t h e d e ad A ll ag r e e th a t i n I n di an th o ugh t t h e
.

ab o d e o f t h e d e a d i s i n t h e S o u th 5 0 w as i t i n t h e .

th o u gh t o f t h e an ci e n t E gypti an T h e re c e n tly dis .

c o v e re d e p it aph o i Q u e e n I s i s e m Kh e b m o th e r i n - -
,
-

law o f S h i s h ak k i n g o f A s syri a (c i rca 1 0 0 0 B

,
.

th u s r e ads S h e i s s e a t e d all b e au tiful i n h e r pl ac e

e n th ro n e d am o n g t h e g o d s
,
of th e S o u t h s h e i s
c ro wn e d w i th fl o w e rs S h e i s s e at e d i n h e r b e au ty .

i n t h e arm s o f Kh o n s o u h e r f ath e r fulfi ll i n g h i s , ,

d e sir e s H e i s i n A m e n ti t h e pl ac e o f d e p ar t e d
.
,
” 3
spi r it s .

A g a i n i n t h e m yth o l o gic al e ar th o f I n di a t h e
, ,

ab o d e o f t h e d e a d b e i n g t h e s o u th e rn o r u n d e r h e m i
,

sph e re i s l o o k e d u p o n as i n v e r t e d Vi e w e d f ro m
, .

t h e s t an dp o i n t o f g o ds an d m e n i t i s b o tt o m u p ,

ward an d i ts i n h abit an t s m o v e a b o ut h e ad d o w n
,

1 L i ll i B dd h
e, u d E y B d d h i m p 50
l a an ar u s ,
.

2
S ee fi t q t t i f m B g h b
rs uo a on ro ru sc a o ve .

3 V i llie rs St t Th F
u ar lT t f
,
E gypti
e Q
u n e ra L n en o an an u ee n . o

don , 1 88 2 p 34 .S l .H m A b d of t h D
ee a so
”
“
d i t heo er s
’
o e e ea n

A PPE N D I X S t V I,
ec . .
 P A RA D I S E H v E C YI ’ T I A /V TH O U GH T . 1 77

w ard 1 T h e s am e i s t ru e o f A m e n ti t h e E gypti an
.
,

2
u n d e r wo rld a n d o f i ts i n h a bit an ts ,
.

A g ai n i n H i n d u th o ugh t all d e adly i n fl u e n c e s pro

,

c e e d f ro m t h e S o uth t h e a b o d e o f d e a th ; al l be n e fi ,

c e n t an d l if e gi vi n g i n fl u e n c e s f ro m t h e N o rth T h e - .

s am e i s t ru e i n an c i e n t E gypti an th o u gh t I t is .
“

c u ri o u s s ays t h e E n gl i s h e d it o r o f L e n o rm a n t s
,

Ch ald ae a n M agic 3 “
i t i s c u ri o u s th at i n E gyp t ,

al l g o o d a n d h e al i n g a n d l ife p ro c e e d e d f ro m t h e
W e s t t h e l an d o f t h e s e t ti n g s u n a n d all e vil f ro m
, ,

t h e E a s t t h e l a n d o f its r i s i n g T h e s t at e m e n t i s .

“
c uri o u sly i n c o rre ct T h e N o r th i s t h e s ac re d .

q u art e r an d f ro m t h e N o rth c o m e l ife an d bl e s si n g

,
.

T h e N o r th w i n d i s t h e v e ry b re a th o f G o d It .

“
p ro c e e d s f ro m t h e n o st ril s o f Kn um an d e n li v e n s
” 4
al l c re at u re s I t i s o n e o f t h e h igh p re ro g a t iv e s .

o f t h e bl e s s e d d e ad t o b re a th e t h e d e l i ci o u s ai r “

” 5
o f t h e N o r th w i n d Th at th e y m ay b re ath e i t i s .

1 “
T h e go d s i n h e a v e n are l
b e h e d by t h e n h ab t an t s o f h e as i i ll
t h e y m o v e w t h t h e r h e ad s i i i n v e rt e d — G a rre t t , Clas s i cal D i ct i on a ry
.

”
f
o I n di a A rt . N ara k a .

yph i s c h e s D e m oti s c h e s Wb r te r lnzch , S 1 3 3 1 ,

2
S e e B rug s c h , H i e r og l .

su h v Se t
”
.S e t m at
”
A s o c h apt e r firs t o f t h e pre s e n t d v s o n
,
-
i . l i i i .

3
P age 5 1 — U n d o u b t e d y t h e re are E gypt a n t e x t s i n wh c h t h e
. l i i
s un -
go d Ra is re pre s e n t e d as
go n i g i n to
“
the l an d o f life at his se t

t i n
g (see B rugs c h , T h e s a u r i /s I n sc r i
pt i o n n m E gypti a c a r n n i , ls t e A bt h .
,

i i
L e ps c , 1 88 3 : p b ut t h . i s i
i s m ad e q u t e n t e g b e b y M e n z e s i l li i l l ’

S o n n e n garte n am N o rd po l i n h i s Vo r c h r i s t li c h e U n s te r hli c h h ei ts

4 R e cor d s / the
o P a st , vo l . iv .
, p 67. .

5 Ibd i p 3.
, . . Co m p the
are e x pre s s o n , i “
G i ve th e s we e t b re at h
of the N o rt h w i nd to the O s r s ,
”
B i i oo h o
f th e D ea d ( B i rc h ) , p 1 70 .

a sol 3 3 12 G e ra d M as s e y re m ark s ,
1 1, . I n E gypt an t h e l “
i l
i leh i s
t h e N o rt h , t h e q u art e r o f t h e wat e rs , an d t h e n am e o f t h e c o o l wi nd

h
t at b re at h e d n e w e
”
Th e I Va t zc r a l Ge n es i s , v o l , p
lif
1 68 . . ii . . . T he
fo ll o w i n g ve r i
y c u r o u s pas s age ro m t h e a po c ryph a f A da m ,
oo h o f lB
t ran s l at e d f ro m t h e E t h o i i
p c b y D i llm an n , s h o ws t h at t h s an c e n t i i
E gypt i an i de a s u rv v e d i to a ve r
y l at e
pe r i od :
“
A ls d e r H e rr de n
12
I 78 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

the of
v e d aff e cti o n 1
pr y e r ab The F i e l ds o f
e re a .

”
P e a c e are at t h e N o r th o f t h e fi e lds o f S an e h e m u 2 -
.

Th e re i s t h e p ro p e r h o m e o f t h e gr e at go d o f w h o m
t h e N il e p o e t s an g

T h e re i s no bu d il i ng t h at c an c o n t a i n h im
T h e re i s n o c o un s e o r l i n t h y h e art
T h y yo ut h d e g h t i n li t h e e , t h y c hi dre n l
i
T h o u d re c t e s t t h e m as Ki n g .

T h y law i s e s t ab li s h e d i n t h e wh o e l la n d,

I n t h e pre s e n c e o f t h y s e rv an t s i n th e N o r th .

Of the s am e go d i t i s s aid
H e c re at e t h all w o rk s t h e re n , i
A llwri t i n gs alls ac e d w ,
r o rd s ,

A llh i s i m pl e m e t s i t h e n ,
n N o rt h .
”3

A ye t n o t e xts h av e b e e n
s d i sc o v e re d wh ich re p
r e s e n t t h e e arl i e s t E gypti an id e as o f t h e o rigi n o f
m an an d t h e l o c ati o n o f h i s bi r th p la c e O n e p ro o f -
.
,

h o we v e r th at m an was c o n c e i v e d o f as h avi n g pro

,
”
c e e d e d f ro m t h e L an d o f t h e G o ds i n t h e N o rth
a pp e a rs i n c o n n e cti o n wi th t h e m yth o f t h e r e ig n o f

Ra I n E gypti an m yth o l o gy t h e r e ig n o f R a was

.
,

l ik e t h e p ri m e val r e i g n o f K ro n o s ; t h e m yth o f i t
4
was a r e m i n i sc e n c e o f t h e s i n l e s s G o l d e n A g e B ut .

A d m u t i b w ll t
a a ih
s r e f d S ii dg
,
o d s G a te s i ht
e er n au er re n z e e r n n c

w h e l s
o n n w il d N d wi d w
a se n , ed i hl t d er or n , an n er ar n as e , en s u sse n

Ge r u ch d e r B a u m e d es Ga r te n s n ach d e r S ii dgeg e n d h i nf ii h r t ; un d
ll i
A d am s o t e n c h t d i e s ii s s e n G e rii c h e d e r B éi u i n e r e c h e n , un d d i e i
U e b e rt re t u n g v e rge ss e n , u n d s i c h ij b e r d as was e r ge t h an t rOs t e n ,
un d d ur c h d e n G e ru c h d e r B au m e b e fr i e d i gt di e B us s e f ur d i e U e b e r

tr e t u n g u n t e r l as s e n V i e l m e h r li e s s d e r b arm h e rz i ge G o tt d e n A d am
i n d e r G e ge n d we s t li c h v o m G art e n w o h n e n ”
D i llm an n , S 1 3 . . .

1 “ D an s l 1 6, o n s o u h ai t a n u d e f un t
'
e papyr e B o u l ak N o .

le s agr ab l e s v e n t s d a N o r d d an s la A M H I
é ’
‘
B rugs c h , D i cti on .

L e i ps i c , 1 8 79 : p 37
’
n a i r e Geog r aph i gu e . . .

2 R eco r d s o t h e P as t v o l i v
f , , p 1 22 . . . .

8 Ibd i .
, p . 10 1 .

M as pe ro H istoi re A n ci e n n e
'
4 d es P e uple s d e l Or i e n t, p 3 8
'

, . .
 1 80 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

in c o m pl i c at e d al ph ab e t o f sy m b o l is m c o ul d
th e ,

h av e b e e n s e l e ct e d f o r t h e pu rp o s e th an a ci rcl e an d
a c ro s s t — t h e o n e t o d e n o t e a r e gi o n o f a b s o l ut e

p u r i ty an d p e rp e tu al f e l i ci ty t h e o th e r th o s e f o u r ,

p e re n n i al s t re a m s th a t d ivid e d a n d w at e re d t h e s e v
M r W ilki n s cl a i m s th at i n
” 1
e ral qu ar t e rs o f i t . .

t h e E gypti an h i e ro glyph a b o v e gi v e n w e h av e t h e
s am e sy m b o l as i n t h e I n di an S was t i ha I t was .

th e re fo r e p r i m e v al P ara dis e wh ic h was c o m m e m o ~

ra t e d by t he s ac re d ci rc ul ar c ak e s o f t h e E gyp
“

ti an s c o m p o s e d o f t h e r ich e st m a t e r i al s — O f fl o u r
, , ,

o f h o n e y o f m il k a n d with wh i ch t h e s e r p e n t a n d
, ,

b ull as w e ll as t h e o th e r re ptil e s an d b e asts c o u s e

,

c r at e d t o t h e s e r vic e o f I si s an d th e ir h igh e r d ivi n

i ti e s w e re d aily f e d an d wh ic h u p o n c e rt ai n f e sti
, ,

v al s we re e at e n w i th e xt rao rdi n ary c e re m o n y by t h e

”
p e o pl e an d th e i r p r i e st s H e c o n ti n u e s “
T he ,
‘

c ro s s c ak e s ays S i r G ar di n e r W ilk i n s o n w as th e i r
-

,
’

,
‘

h i e ro glyp h f o r civiliz e d lan d — o bvi o u sl y a lan d ,

’

s up e r i o r t o th e i r o w n as i t was i n d e e d t o all m un , , ,

d an e t e rr i t o r i e s ; fo r i t was th a t d ist an t tr a diti o n al ,

c o u n t ry o f s e m p it e rn al c o n t e n t m e n t a n d r e p o s e o f ,

e xqu i s i t e d e l igh t a n d s e re n i ty wh e re N at u r e u n as , ,

s i st e d by m an p ro du c e s all th at i s n e c e s s ary f o r h i s
,

”
s us t e n t ati o n .

”
Th is s ay s D o n n e lly th o u gh argu i n g i n f av o r o f
, ,

a m i d A tl an ti c isl an d E d e n th i s was t h e G a rd e n
-
“ -
,

o f E d e n o f o u r ra c e I n t h e m ids t o f i t was a .

s ac re d an d gl o r i o u s e m i n e n c e t h e u m bi li c us or hi s ,

t e rra r u m t o w ar d wh i ch t h e h e ath e n i n all p art s

,
‘

1 “
Th P Ch i t i e C E d i hm g h R i w J
re - r s an
y 1 8 70 ro s s . n
'

ev e ,
an u ar , ,

p 2 54
. ZO k I . d id t th i k th
c p im i ti
er ch t f th i
no
ym n e r ve arac e r o s s

b li m w ll
o s t b l i h d ( Th C
e f Ch i t p 3 5) b t t h m m t
es a s e e r oss o r s ,
. u e o en

Ed i i d t i fi d wi t h t h
en s enm i dd l e t y f th P l th et e c o un r o e o e e na u

r al d p i miti
n e s s an f th ym b l b
r me m t e y f b lief
v e n e ss o e s o e co os as o e .
 P A RA D I S E H v E G YP TI A N TH O U G H T . 18 1

o f the w o rl d an d i n all ag e s tu rn e d a w i stful g az e

, ,

i n e v e ry ac t o f d e v o ti o n an d t o wh ic h th e y h o p e d
,

t o b e a d m i tt e d o r r a th e r t o b e r e st o r e d a t t h e cl o s e
, ,

1 ’
o f th i s t ra n si t o ry sc e n e .

I n P ar t fi fth ch apt e r f o urth i t w ill b e sh o w n th at

, ,

t h e m n hi li cus o r hi s t e r ra r zn n i s i n d ispu t abl y t h e t e r

r e s t r i al p o l e.

F i n a lly i f as Pl at o re p re s e n ts t h e st o ry o f l o s t
, , ,

A tl a n ti s was re c e iv e d f ro m E gypt a n d c o n stit ut e d a ,

p ar t o f t h e p ri e stly t e ach i n g o f t h e d w e l l e rs u po n
t h e N il e o u r n e xt c h apt e r w il l p re s e n t u s fu rth e r
,

e vid e n c e th a t t h e E d e n a n d t h e an t e d il u vi an w o rl d

o f a n c i e n t E gypti a n t ra d iti o n w e re p re ci s e l y w h e r e

t h e tr ad iti o n o f o th e r an c i e n t p e o pl e s pl ac e d th e m ,

t o w it i n t h e l an d o f s ac r e d m e m o ri e s i n t h e far off
,
-
,

f ae ri e N o rth .

1 D ll y A tl ti p 3 2 2
o n ne , an s, . .
 C H A PTE R VI I I .

TH E CR A D L E OF TH E R A CE IN A NCI E N T G RE E K

T H OU GH T .

I f the S e a i s the W h i te I s le of g r e a t Z e us ,
t he Ce n t r e o
n

T he r e i s M ou n t I d a , a n d ou r r ac e ’ s Cr ad le .

lE N E A S .

A llt h a t is be a u t if u la n d r a r e s e e m s to co m e f rom t h e N o r th . H ER D T U
O O S .

Wh e n t r a ns a c t i o n s a re o f s u ch a n t i q u i ty i t i s n ot wo n de rf ul if t he h i s t ory s h o uld

pr o ve o bsc u r e PLU I’ ‘
. A R CH .

T he wr i t i n g s t ha t n a r r a te t h e se f a ble s , no t be i ng de li v e r e d
f t he as i n ve n t i o n s o

w r it e r s bu t a s t h i n g s bef or e be li e v e d a n d r e ce i v e d appe a r li k e a s of t w h is pe r f r o m
, ,

t he t r a d i t i o n s of m o r e a nc ie n t na t i o n s , co n v ey e d t h r oug h t he f lu te s of t he Gr e c i a ns .

B A N
CO .

R E S PE CT I N G t h e o rigi n o f m e n th e r e w e re am o n g
“
G re e k w r i t e rs a s P re ll e r st at e s ,
v e ry d i ff e re n t o pi n ,
”
ion s .Part o f th i s d iv e r si ty h e as c ri b e s t o a d if
f e re n c e i n t h e n atu r al e n vi r o n m e n t o f t h e fi rs t i n
h ab i t an ts s o m e r e si di n g i n t h e w o o dy h ill s w o ul d
, ,

n at u rally th i n k t h e fi rs t m e n c am e fro m th e s e ;
o th e rs i n h ab it i n g a v al l e y w o ul d m o r e n at u ral ly
, ,

t h i n k o f th e ir an c e st o r s as h avi n g c o m e o u t o f t h e
wat e r T h e A si atic G re e k b e li e f th at t h e fi r st o f
.
-

t h e h u m an r a c e w e re m a d e o u t o f t re e s h e c al l s
qu it e p e c uli ar ” 1
W h at if i t s h o ul d b e f o u n d th at
.

al l th e s e n o ti o n s w e re m e r e ly f ra g m e n ts o f an o ld ,

Ol d f a ith a cc o rd i n g t o wh i ch m an o ri gi n a t e d o n t h e
,

m o u n t a i n o f all m o u n t ai n s by t h e s o u r c e o f allw a ,

t e rs an d u n d e r t h e t r e e o f allt re e s
,

H o w e v e r th i s m ay b e i t i s c e r t ai n ly v e ry i n t e r e st ,

1 Gr i ech i sch e Myth olog i e , i .

, pp 56, 5 7. .
1 84 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

B ut t h e i sl an d o f S iph n o s is als o r e p u t e d t o h av e
b e e n c all e d M e r o pi a i n vi rt u e o f a si m il ar t radit i o n ,

an d S t rab o sp e ak s o f a f ab ul o u s r e gi o n o f t h e n am e

o f M e rO pi s w hic h was d e sc r ib e d by T h e o po m pu s
, ,

an d wh ic h s e e m s t o h a v e b e e n pl a c e d n e ar t h e c o u n

t ry o f t h e H yp e r b o re an s M e r o ps i s al s o gi v e n as .

a ki n g o f t h e E th i o pi an s t h e m o st p i o u s an d m o s t
v i rtu o u s o f m e n t h e hu sb an d o f Kly m e n e t h e m o th e r
,

o f Ph ae th o n a n d c o n s e qu e n tly an t e r i o r t o t h e c at as
'

t ro ph e o f t h e c o n fl agrat i o n o f t h e u n iv e rs e by w h i ch ,

t h e fi rs t h u m an r a c e th at o f t h e G o l d e n A g e i s o ft e n , ,

s a i d t o h av e b e e n d e st ro y e d O r e l s e t h e s am e .

n am e i s giv e n t o a p ro ph e t ki n g o f R h yn d ak o s in ,

M y s i a wh o al s o re c e iv e s t h e v e ry s ig n i fi c an t app e l
,

l ati o n o f M ak ar o r M ak are us t h e h appy A ll

, ,
‘
.
’

th i s sh o w s th a t t h e p aradis ai c m yth o f t h e M e r o p e s
w as n o t p e c ul i ar t o t h e i sl an d o f Ko s b u t was c u r ,

r e n t e l s e wh e r e i n t h e G re e k w o rl d an d h ad u n d e r ,
” 1
g o n e m o re th a n o n e l o c al iz ati o n th e re .

’
Pl at o s st o r y o f l o st A tl an tis t h e i sl an d wh i ch ,

t h e o c e an g o d P o s e i d o n p re p are d f o r h i s s o n A tl as
-

t o r ul e o v e r i s a f asc i n ati n g p ict u r e o f t h e an t e

,

d il u vi an w o rld W h e th e r o r igi n ati n g i n E gypt as .

,

2
cl ai m e d by Pl at o o r i n h e r it e d as a p ar t o f t h e ,

l e g e n d ary w e al th o f t h e H e ll e n e s i t is o f sp e ci al ,

i n t e r e s t t o u s i n t h e p re s e n t d i scu s s i o n ; a n d th i s
‘

f o r th re e re as o n s

1 A rarat an d E de n Th e Con te mpor a ry R ev i e w , S e pt , 1 88 1 , A m

. .

cd .
p 44
,
. . Co m pare ys i s of A n ci e n t Myth ology
B ryan t , A n a l Lo n .

d o n , 1 80 7 vo l v
pp 7 5 . .
,
.
-
92 . A l so S am u e l Bea l :
“
I t c an h ard y l
be i
q u e s t o n e d t h at t h e B u dd h i i
s t c o s m c arra n ge m e n t is a lli e d w th i
G re e k t r ad t o n ii as e m bod e d i in H ome r .
”
B u dd h i s t L i te r a t u r e i n
Ch i n a . L o n d o n, 1 88 2 p
. xv .
2
B ut , O S o c rat e s , yo u c an e as il y i nve nt E gypt ia
ns o r an yth n g i
l
e se P h a d r us , 2 7 5 B’
.
 P A RA D I S E H v GR E E R TH O U GH T: 1 85

irst : we h av e e l s e w h e re sh o w n th at i n o ld e s t
F
'

G re e k th o u gh t A tl a s b e l o n gs at t h e N o r th P o l e an d ,

i t i s o n ly r e as o n a bl e t o l o c at e t h e ki n gd o m o f A tl as
i n t h e s am e l o c al i ty .

S e c o n dly s o m e a u th o r it i e s h av e u n c o n sc i o u sl y
,

pl ac e d A tl an ti s i n j ust t h is p o l ar p o si ti o n by i d e n t i
” 1
fyi n g its i n h abit an ts w ith t h e H yp e rb o re an s .

Thirdl y A p o ll o d o r u s an d T h e o po m pu s e xp re s sly
,

c all t h e l o s t l an d M e ro pi a an d i ts i n h ab i t an ts M e ,

r o p e s ; i e ac c o rdi n g t o t h e a b o v e a u th o r iti e s i s
. .
, ,
“

"
2
su e d f ro m M e ru .

T h e f abl e d c o u n try fu r th e r r e s e m bl e s E d e n i n t h e
d i ffi c u l ti e s which sch o l arsh i p o f e v e ry k i n d h as f o u n d
i n gi vi n g i t a l o c a ti o n i n h a rm o n y w ith all t h e d at a .

Th e s e d iffi c ult i e s are s o g re at th at s o m e l e ar n e d

w r it e r s h av e l o c at e d it a s far t o t h e W e s t as A m e r
i c a o th e r s as far t o t h e E a s t a s i n t h e S e a o f A z o f
, ,

o r i n P e r si a E v e n o f th o s e w h o h av e s o u gh t a
.

pl ac e fo r it i n t h e m i d A tl an t ic s o m e h av e pu s h e d i t -
,

u p a n d s o m e d o w n u n til o n e o f t h e l at e st w rit e rs ,

” 3
s ays A ll hyp o th e s e s a re p e r m i ssi bl e
,
H i s il l us .

1 L uk en, D i e Tr a d i t i on e n d e s M e n s ch c ng e s c h lech te s , p 7 3 B ryan t , . .

A n al si s
y f
o A n ci e n t I l
lyth ology , v o l V , p 1 5 7 : P n d ar m an e s t y . . . i if l
”
m ak e s the m [t h e H ype rb o re an s ] t h e s am e as t h e A t la n t i an s .

2 I t was a c o m m o n prac t ce w t h t h e G re e k s t o d s g u i i i i se i
th e r
o wn ig n o ran ce o f t he
pu rpo rt o f a o re gn w o rd by s upp y n g a wo rd f i l i
of a s i m il ar s o u n d an d n v e n t n i i
t h us M e ru, i
g a s t o ry t o agre e w t h i t
or the l
N o rt h Po e , t h e s u ppo s e d ab o d e o f t h e D i v a /as , b e n g c o n s i d i
e re d as t h e b i rt h - p ac e l of t he god , gav e r i se to the f bl e
a t h at B ac
’
c h u s s s e co n d b i rt h w as f ro m t h e t h gh o f i J u pi t e r, b e c a us e M e ro s , a
G re e k wo rd pro ac h n g M e ru i n
ap i s o un d, s ig i fi
n es i
t h g h i n t h at lan
”
g uage .
J . D Pat e rs o n ,
. Or g n i i of t he H i nd u Re g li i o n,
”
i n A si a t ic
R es ea r c h es . Lo n do n , 1 80 8 vo l. v ii i .
, p 51 . .

2 Re f e re n ce i s h ad t o M le M a rq u . i s d e N ad a ill c wh a ,
o, be i ng h im
lf i é té i t é le N o rd,
“
Q ue l A t lan t i d e
’
se u n c e rt a n , s ays , ai t s u e v e rs

q ue ses li m i t e s a e n t e t é re c ui '

lé es v e rs le S u d 11 e s t d i fii c i le d e i
r en
’

i
pre c s e r e t t o us le s h ypo t h es e s s o nt pe rm s e s i . L A m t r i q n e P r e‘h i s
’
1 86 PA R A D I S E F OUND .

tri o n s c o u n t ry m an M o n si e u r J S B ailly a c e n t ury , . .

,
‘

ag o c am e n e are r t h e t r uth wh e n i n v i e w o f t h e
, , ,

p e rpl e x it i e s att e n d i n g all o th e r l o c ati o n s h e c o r ,

re c t l pl ac e d h i s l o s t A tl an ti s i n t h e P a l e o A rc tic -

y
O c e an .

A g ai n t h e an t e dil uvi an w o rl d w as o f c o u r s e i n
, , ,

t h e vi ci n ity o f l o s t E d e n B u t i t is t o b e O b s e r v e d .

th at i n H e ll e n ic tr a d it i o n D e uk al i o n i s n o t a G re e k ,

b ut an i n h ab it a n t o f a c o u n t ry i n t h e hi gh N o r th ,

a S cyth i an M o re o v e r t h e S cyth i an s as w e k n o w
.
,

f ro m J u st i n w e re c o n si d e re d a v e ry m u ch m o re an
,

c i e n t p e o pl e th a n t h e G re e k s ; i n d e e d as t h e v e ry ,

1
o l d e s t i n t e h w or ld M o re o v e r S cyth i a l ik e p o l ar .
, ,

M e r u an d H ar a b e re z ai t i was c o n c e iv e d o f a s a l o fty -
,

r e gi o n fr o m w h ich all t h e r i v e r s o f t h e e arth d e

2
sce d n A llo f whi ch O bvi o u sly c o n n e ct s t h e an t e
.

t ig
or P i
ue . 1 88 3 p 566 S U g
ar s , D i h I lA t
: . . ee n e r, e vers un ene n se

l ti
an Vi s . 1 8 60 D ll y A tl t th A t di l i W ld
e n n a, . on n e ,
an i s : e n e uv an or .

N w Y k e 88 A
or j t l m p i gi
, 1 2. i B y de S i t c o n e c u ra a s ve n n or a n

Vi T h U7
’
t lH m m E i Z lg i q l g h i
'

n cen ,
o e, ss a oo o ue s u r e en re u nza n . e

i yC l
'
ti m T a b l A tl t i d
e or a by D P d
so re d N a p an a, . e ro e o vo o son, a

p d d t th M d id ’ ’
en e th Vi j o Ap if ed 7 d F
au or s a es oc r os e n an e uc a , a r ,

1 88 pp 1, 1 9
— 23 h . i d p d t l1 2 b i g b , d th
as no n e en en v a ue , e n as e on e

S tu di e s of M G aff are l . A n e xte n de d e ssa

yb yE . F . B e rli o ux , i s en

il
t t ed Le s A t l an t e s H i s t o re i d e lA t lan t i s
’
d e l A t las pr m t ,
et
’
i i if ”

a ppe ar n i
g i n t h e j u s t s sue d A n n uai r e i d e la F a c u lte d e Lyon Par s ,
’
. i
1 884, Pre m ere A n n e , F as c i ,
pp i
1 —1 70 é . . . .

1 S cyt h arum ge mt e m s e m pe r h ab t am u ss e an t i q u i s s i m am i f i .

2 “ T he
ge o graph c a n d c at o n s o f t h e i l i i
gre at e p c po e m o f t h e i i
M ah abh arat a re pre s e n t M e ru rat h e r as a v as t an d h gh y e e v at e d re i l l
i i i
g o n t h an as a d s t n c t m o u n t a n , an d m ak e i t s u pp y all t h e r v e rs o f i l i
t h e wo r d w t h w at e r l i
T h s s ys t e m i s pre t t y m u c h i n c o n o rm t y . i f i
i i J
w t h t h at wh c h u s t n h as b o rro we d ro m T ro gu s Po m pe i u s , an d i f
acc o rd n g i t o wh i ch S cyt h i a, t h e c o u n t ry o f t h e m o st an c e n t i of m an
k i n d , w t h o u t h avi i n g, l
pro pe r y s pe ak n g, an y m o u n t a n s , i s h gh e r i i i
t h an t h e re s t o f th e e art h i n s u c h a way as t o b e t h e s t art n g po n t o f i -
i
all t he i d i ti
r v e rs , e or e m om n i bu s te r r i s e sse , ut c u n e ta
f lu m i n a i bi
”—
n a ta . L e n o rm a t n ,
T h e Con te mpor a ry Re v i e w, S e pt ,
1 88 1 ( A m .

p 40. .
1 88 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

ond of P art s e c o n d an d i n qu i re wh e th e r t h e v ari o u s

,

p o i n ts th e r e hyp o th e ti c ally s e t f o r th as o f n e c e s sity

m ar k e d an d m e m o r abl e f e a t u re s o f a n o r t h p o l ar

P ar adi s e if s u ch an o n e e v e r e xi st e d are c ap abl e

, ,

o f an n ot e t all e g e d c o n fi r m at i o n f ro m t h e fi e ld s
y y
o f h is t o ry an d sci e n c e . T h e r e sul t s o f th i s i n qu iry
w il l app e ar i n t h e P ar t n e xt f o l l o w i n g .
 PA RT F I F TH .

F U RT H E R V E R I F I CA T I O N S B A SE D U PO N TH E
P E CU L I A R I T I E S OF A P O LA R P A RA D I S E .

TH E ED E N ST A R S .

TH E ED EN D AY .

TH E E D E N ZE NI T H .

TH E NA VE L OF T H E E A RT H .

QU A D RI F U R CA T E RI VE R .

TH E CE NT RA L T RE E .

TH E E X U B E RA N CE OF LI F E .

R E V I E W O F T H E A RGU M E NT .
Wh e n t h e S un t h e E as t f o rge t s ,
When th e S t ar no l o ng e r s e t s ,

W he n t h e s ac re d R i his s se v e n

W h e e l alln i gh t i n h i gh e st h e av e n ,
W h e n t h e s k y d e sc e n
- di ng Sea
W at e rs but a s i ngl e T re e ,

W h e n e ach Y e ar i s b ut a D ay ,

What s h allallt h e se po rt e n ts say ?

 1 92 PA RA D I SE F OUND .

r e v o l v e i n a t h o lif o rm m an n e r i s t o re
Now to
v o l v e i n a h o riz o n t al pl an e l ik e t h e 06mg o r
“
do m e , , ,

o f an a str o n o m i c a l o bs e rv a t o ry A n ax a g o r a s h i m .

sel f d e fi n e d t h e m o ti o n m o re fu lly w h e n h e s ai d th at
it was a m o ti o n n o t 13 6 u n d e rn e a th b u t m p1 a r o u n d ,
-
71
, , ,

YO ? ”
I

x i m e n e s w o ul d s e e m t o h av e h ad t h e s am e
A na

id e a f o r h e i s re p o rt e d t o h av e lik e n e d t h e pri m i tiv e

,

r e v o l uti o n o f t h e s k t o M t

W A n o th e r e xpl a n at o r y e xpr e s si on .

( wh e th e r o r igi n ati n g w i th A n ax ag o r as o r w ith h i s re

p o rt e r we d o n o t k n o w) i s th i s : A t fi rs t t h e P o le
“

s t a r w h i ch i s c o n ti n u all y vi sibl e
, al ways appe a re d i n ,

b u t aft e rw ard i t a c qui re d aj zéfi am

’

the z e n i t i
’
2
n ad o n 3

th e n we h a v e as a d o ct ri n e o f t h e an c i e n t
H e e, r ,

astr o n o m e r s t h e s i n gul ar n o ti o n th at i n t h e b egi n ,

n i n g o f t h e wo rl d t h e c e l e sti a l Po l w as i n t h e ze ,

1 See D es E cri t s et d e la D o ctr n e i d A

’

go re i n H i s toi r e d e
n ax a

lA
’
ca d e m i e
’
d e s S c i e n ce s ci B e lles L e tt r e s d e B e r li n B e r n , 1 7 55 v o l . li .

ix .
, pp 3 78 . ff .
1
2 D i o ge nes L aert i us ,
'

9 : Th b
’
éa rpa
'
. dpxtzs név Gv
nar
'
’ ‘
et adis
’

d i e l (put ri d/ s fvat bo
pvtphv 7 533 7 733 7 61!
’
e ve x e ua i fi , {ha v e h ar . no c ;
x er ox u ,

Eyi mw w A a B e i v
‘ '
fi 17V (D Opi ni ons Cos m og ra
’

at
-
r epay 8 1s 7 Le t ro n n e . es

ph i q ues d e s P er es d e l Egli se
’
ra
ppr och ées d es D o ct r i n es P h i losoph i qu es
de la Gr ece ) s ays t h at t h e o p n on i i c an n o t h av e b e e n li m i t e d t o t h e
s ch o o l o f i m e e s a d Z e n o ph a e s
A n ax ll n n n .
“E e a d fi f i re part i e d e
a

la d o c t i e ph y i q u e d e pl u s i e u s d e s s e c t s a c i e ”
r n s es R u d r n nn . ev e es

D ux M de P i s 1 8 3 4 p 650
on es . I n thi c ar e ct i i t i we l l
, : . . s o nn on s

w o rt h y o f t e th t i th e J ap no s e c o s m o go y t h e pre d e c e ss o r o
a n an e n r
”
“
fat h e o f o u p e t s u a d m o o i s e pre s e t e d as b e gi n n i g
r, r r sen n n n r n n

h i s ac t i i t i e s i t h e e w cv t e d wo l d b y r pe at d l y pe f o m i g i
n n -
re a r e e r r n n a

h i t lpl
or z on a a c i c um m bu l t i o an e of the I s l a d o f t h e Co ge al e d
r a a n n n

D ro p al s o t h at i C h i n e e t ad i t i o n t h e firs t m an h ld t h p i m
n l s r e e r ev a

sun d m an i h h d O ur l at e s t Ch i e s e w i t e upo n t h e
oo n on e n e ac an . n r r

s ub j e c t s pe ak s o f th i s as p t i c ul l y no t i ce ab l e Rev d D u x ar ar . ue es e

M d s M ay 1 4 J un e 1 an d J un e 1 4 1 88 4 A fe w pass ge s a e c i t d
on c , , , , . a r e

i n The Cat h olic Wor ld , D e ce m be r, 1 8 8 4, pp .

3 20 -
32 3 .
 TH E ED EN S T A RS . 1 93

pi th , th at t h e re v o l uti o n s o f —
an d t h e s t ar s w e re r o u n d
a pe rp e n d c
fi
i u lar axis
l
Wha t could h av e le d an a s .

t ro n o m e r t o i n v e n t s u c h a d o c t r i n e i t i s i m p o s s ibl e
t o s ay O n t h e o th e r h an d if i t w as o n e o f t h e
.
,

i n t e re sti n g an d s e e m i n gly p a rad o xi c al tr ad iti o n s o f

t h e e a rly p o stdil uv i a n w o rld it is p e rf e ctly e asy t o ,

s e e h o w i m p e r i s h abl e a st o ry i t w o uld b e part i c u ,

larly a m o n g t h e s t ar l o vi n g Ch ald ae an s an d B abylo n i -

a n s f ro m w h o m t h e e arl i e s t G re e k a s t ro n o m e r s an d
,

2
s ci tis ts c iv d
e n re e e n o s ll sh are o f th e ir d o ct ri n e s
m a .

A n d th at t h e Ch al d ae a n s an d pr o b ably t h e E gyp
t i an s h ad p re c is e ly th is id e a i s n o t a n o ti o n h e re
3
a dv an c e d f o r t h e fi r st ti m e .

A n o th e r i n t e r e sti n g q u e sti o n n o w s u gg e sts i ts e lf .

W h e n an d u n d e r wh at ci rc u m st an c e s was th is al
”
le gc d “
d e cl i n ati o n o f t h e P o l e i m a gi n e d t o h av e
t ak e n pl ac e ? W as it grad u al o r s udd e n ? D i d t h e ,

t e d fro m a m o v e
’

an ci e n ts su pp o s e i t t o h av e re s u l

m e n t i n t h e r e gu l ar o rd e r o f n atu r e o r f ro m o n e i n ,

1 S i n ce
i n g t h e abo ve I h a e re ad R i c h ard A Pro c to r s N e w
wri t v .
’

”
T h e o y o f A c h i ll e s S h i e l d t i c u l a l y s t uc k wi t h
’
r an d h a e b e e n p , v ar r r

h i s argu m e t f ro m t h e p i t i n ,o f the q uat i c co s t ll t i os i th e on a n e a o ns n

mo s t a c i e t t n m y t h t t h e c e l e s t i al e q u at o r at t h e t i m e f t h e
n as ro n o , a o

i e t i n o f t h e co t e ll t i s m u t h b
nv n o ns i h a t lp i
on s av e een
“
n a on z o n a
'

os
”
ti on . L ig h t S c i e n ce f or L e i s u r e H o u rs . Lo n d o n , 1 8 70 : pp 3 12 . 0
3 9
-
.

2 T he i n s t ru c t o r of T ha l es was a Ch a d ae an , l a f ac t wh c h wr t e rs i i
on l gi c al s pe cu l t i o s o f t h e G e e k h a l m t u i
t h e e ar yc o s m o l o a n r s ve a os n

f o rm l y o e l o k e d S e e l s o L
v r o S ch . d e r Pyth g d di
a . vo n ro e ,
a or a s u n e

I / nt er L e i p i c 1 88 4
. s , .

I le s t d m em ai se m b l b l e q u e le s C h l d é e n s o t e u l i d ec
‘
3 ’
e e vr a a n

d u e d e t u c t i o n e t d u n re o u e ll e m e t d u m o d e c e t a d i e d la
’ ’ ’
n s r n v n n , s - -
r , e

s u rf ac e d e n o t re gl o b e e t c j o i t e m e t a e c ce t t e d e s t uc t i ’
, d on n n v r o n, un

D i e rs e s i s i pt i o ns
’
d epl e m t dac p el t
en fi m m t
e s co r s c es cs a u r a en . v n cr

d s le t e m pl E gypt i e s e t d e s h i o glyph e s i se t ’

an s es me p n er ara s n

au s i é t re d e s e s s i s
s d e re pré s e t e r d i s t i ct e m e n t la c atas tro ph e
a n n
”
d u d eluge
’
le ch a ng e m e n t r é do n s lana e n ci el.
' '

qu i al é
’
et o r s s es t o
p
Kle e , Le D elug e .
Pari s , 1 84 7 : p 30 7
. .

13
1 94 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

vi o l ati o n t h e r e o f ? W as i t t o th e m a n o r m al an d

e v e r o n g o i n g ch a n g e o r w as i t t h e r e c o r d o f a
-
n at

wO
,

hyp o th e s is w o ul d l e ad u s t o e xp e c t t h e l att e r
ur

o f th e s e s u pp o sit i o n s
1
T h e o n ly rati o n al an d c re d
.

i bl e e xpl a n ati o n o f t h e d e cli n ati o n i s t o b e f o u n d i n

a t ran sf e r o f t h e th e a tr e o f h u m an h i st o r y f ro m t h e

c irc u m p o l ar h o m e t o s o m e l an d o f l o w e r l ati t ud e .

N o w if d u r i n g t h e p r e v al e n c e o f t h e D e l ug e o r
, ,

l at e r i n c o n s e qu e n c e o f t h e o u c o m i n g o f t h e I c e
,
-

age t h e s u r viv o r s o f t h e F l o o d w e r e tr an sl o c a t e d
,

f ro m th e i r an t e dil uvi an h o m e at t h e P o le t o t h e
”
g re a t Ce n tr al A si an pl at e au o f P am ir t h e p ro b
“
,

abl e s t a rti n g p o i n t o f h ist o ric p o std il u vi an h u m an

-

i ty t h e n e w asp e ct pre s e n t e d by t h e h e av e n s i n th is
,

n e w l ati tu d e w o u l d h av e b e e n pr e ci s e l y as if i n t h e

g r an d w o rld c o n vul si o n t
-
h e sky i ts e lf h ad b e c o m e

displ ac e d i ts p o l ar d o m e til t e d o v e r a b o u t o n e th ird

,

of t h e di s t an c e f ro m t h e z e n ith t o t h e h o riz o n .

T h e a st ro n o m i c al k n o wl e dg e o f th o s e s u rvi v o r s v e ry
l ik e l y e n abl e d th e m t o u n d e rst an d t h e t r u e r e as o n
o f t h e ch a n g e d app e ar an c e b u t th e ir r u d e d e s c e n d ,

a n ts u n fav o r e d w ith t h e t re as u re s o f an t e dil uvi an

,

s ci e n c e an d b o rn o n l y t o a s av ag e o r n o m a d ic l ife
,

i n th e ir n e w an d i n h o spi t abl e h o m e m igh t e a sily ,

h av e f o rg o tt e n t h e e xpl an at i o n I n ti m e su ch ch il .

d re n s ch ildr e n m igh t e as ily h av e c o m e t o e m b o dy

’

t h e st ran g e s t o ry h an d e d d o w n fr o m th e ir f ath e r s
i n s tr an g e m yth s i n wh ic h n o th i n g o f t h e o r igi n al
,

f acts re m ai n e d be y o n d an o bsc u r e a c c o u n t o f s o m e
m yst e ri o u s displ ac e m e n t o f t h e sky s u pp o s e d t o h av e ,

1 Ba i ll y i h i s f z i s toi re ae Z A s tron om i e a es A n c i e n s n c n e s t o t h e
n
' '
’ ’
i li
i i
o p n on i i
t h at t h e an c e n t E gypt an s t h o ugh t t h e d e c n at o n a grad ua li i l
o ne , b ut Kl e e e x pre sse s i
de c d e d d o ub t . L e D elug e , p 30 . 1 .
1 96 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

o cc as i o n e d Th i s m ak e s t h e c o n n e cti o n cl e ar an d
.

di re ct T h e F l o o d an d t h e
. d e cl i n ati o n o f t h e “

h e av e n ly b o di e s r e v o lvi n g ro u n d t h e e ar th are at
1
o n c e b r o ugh t i n t o a t r u e h i st o r ic r e l a t i o n .

I n l ik e m an n e r i n t h e B u n d a h ish i n t h e fi rs t fiv e , ,

c h ap t e rs an d i n Z ad S param s p ar aph ras e o f t h e

,
’

s am e i t i s st at e d th at d u r i n g t h e fi r s t th re e th o u s an d
,

y e ars b e f o re t h e i n c o m i n g o f t h e E vil O n e t h e
, ,
“

s u n m o o n a n d st ars s t o o d s till
, ,
b u t as s o o n as t h e ,

D e s t ro y e r o f t h e g o o d c re a ti o n c am e h e ass a ul t e d
2
an d d e r an g e d t h e sky as w e ll as t h e e a r th an d s e a ,
.

A n d r e m ark ably e n o ugh i t i s st a t e d th a t as a r e s ult ,

o f thi s as s a u l t t h e E vil O n e m a s t e r e d a s m u ch a s
”
on e t h i r d o f t h e sky a n d o v e rs p re a d i t wi th d ar k
3
n ess M o re o v e r i n t h e th i rti e th ch apt e r i n gi v
.
, ,

i n g a p ro ph e ti c a cc o u n t o f t h e fi n al re st o r ati o n o f
t h e m at e ri al w o rl d t o its p ri m e v al st at e th e re s e e m s ,

t o b e an all u s i o n i n v e rs e th irty t wo t o a n e c e ss ary -

r e s e tti n g o r re adj u st m e n t o f t h e c e l e s ti al v ault by

t h e h an d o f its Cr e at o r 4 .

T o all s u ch f acts wh e re v e r f o u n d w e h av e i n t h e , ,

hyp o th e si s o f an A r ct i c E d e n an d a t ran sf e r o f t h e
h u m an h o riz o n at t h e t i m e o f t h e D e l u g e t o l o we r
l ati tud e s a p e rf e ct k e y .

1 il
Co m pare M t o n P a r a d i s e L os t, x 648 690 , .
— .

2 i
T h e A z t e c s s a d t h at wh e n t h e s u n h ad r i sen f o r t h e firs t t m e , i
”
at th e be g i i
n n n g, i t lay on th e h or i zon , an d m ov e d n ot . D o rm an ,

P r i m i t i v e S upe r s t i t i on s p 3 30 . Ph il a .
, 1 88 1 . . B oth o f t h e se re po r ts

lo o k as if
t h e y h ad s prun g ro m m s appre h e n s f i i on of th e o r g i i al t
n rad i
i i
t o n g v e n b y A n ax ago ras .

3 W e st , P a h la v i T e x ts . L o n do n , 1 8 80 : Pt i . .
, p . West t ran s
l at e s u n c e rt a n i ly J t i e de . us r n rs t h e pass age , Er n ah m v o m I n n e re n

de s H imm e ls e i D it th e i l e in
”
D B u n d a h zs h L e psi i 1 8 68
'

n r . er . c,

p 5 . .

W e s t P a h la v i Tex ts P t i p 1 2 9
4
, , . .
, . . Th is l as t re m ark i s b as e d
upo n W e s t s v e rs i o n i t i s n o t s uppo rt e d by W i n di s c h m an n
’ ’
s.
 CH A PT E R II .

TH E EDE N DAY .

S uc h day
A : h e ave n s
'
g r e a t ye a r br i ng s f o r t h .

MI LT N
O .

T o t hefi r st m e n if t h e G ard e n o f E d e n was lo ,

c at e d a t t h e P o l e th e re c o u ld h av e b e e n b g ,
u 925; g a
y
an d o n e n i
ghgi n a
ye ar M o re o v e r at t h e b re ak o f
‘
.
,

th at s t ran g e d ay t h e s u n m u st h av e ri s e n n o t i n ,

t h e E a s t as i n p o stdilu vi an ti m e s bu t i n t h e S o u th
, , .

D o t h e tr adi ti o n s o r s ac re d b o o ks o f t h e an c i e n t
w o rl d aff o rd a n y h i n t o f s u ch a s u n ri s e an d o f s uc h
an E d e n d av ?

A p art i al a n s we r t o th is q u e sti o n is fo u n d i n t h e
b e l i e fs o f t h e an c i e n t N o rth m e n A l e arn e d D an ish .

”
w r it e r p ro n o u n c e s i t re m ark abl e th at t h e S c an d i
“

n avi an m yth o l o gy i n f o r m s u s th at b e f o re t h e e st ab ,

lis h m e n t o f t h e p r e s e n t o rd e r o f t h e w o rld t h e s u n , ,
” 1
wh ich n o w r is e s i n t h e E ast ro s e i n th e S o u th ,
“
.

E qu all y st r iki n g c o n fi rm a t i o n s app e a r i n o th e r

m yth o l o gi e s Tu rn i n g t o t h e s e c o n d F arg ard o f t h e
.

A v e s t a w e fin d t h e m o s t an c i e n t I ra n i an a cc o u n t o f
,

/ Y i m a t h e fi rs t m an a n d
, t h e Ki n g o f t h e G o ld e n
“

”
‘
A ge . A d e t ail e d a c c o u n t i s al s o gi v e n o f a c e rt ai n
1 C e q i l y d pl m q b l d s l m yt h o l o gi d N d
’
u a e u s re ar ua e an a e u or ,

c
’
t q
es ll e
u e
’
t q t l dr
n o us re c o n e ct l d s ch ( t
’
u av an
’
or e a ue e o se s av an

q ue l fil d B
es c st ad i e l di u
o r,
’
t es é M i dg d ) l
- -
re es e x, e us s e n c re
'

ar , e

l i l l i t S d t d i q a p é t i l e l e alE t
so e se e va au u ,
an P é s u
’
r se n s ve
’
s .
”
r

de i k Kl e e L D el g F
r , d e P i 1 847
u
p 2 4
e, r
. e . ar s , : . 2 .
 9 8 PA RA D I S E F OU N D .

V ar a , i n cl o s u re w h ich as a s af e h ab it ati o n — a
or ,

k in d o f G ard e n o f E d e n — h e was d i vi n e ly c o m
m an d e d t o m a k e Th e n c o m e s th i s s i n gul ar qu e s
.

ti o n an d an s w e r : 0 M ak e r o f t h e m at e r i al w o rl d
“
,

th o u H o ly O n e ! W h at l ight s are th e re i n t h e V ar a
”
wh ich Y i m a m ad e P
“
A h u ra M a zd a an s w e re d : Th e re are u n cr e at e d
ligh ts an d c re at e d l ight s Th e re t h e s t ars t h e .
,

m o o n an d t h e s u n are o n ly o n c e a ye a r s e e n t o r i s e
,
” 1 ’
a n d s e t an d a m s on l as a d ay H an g s
y ,e a r s e e y .

v e rsi o n o f t h e l ast cl au s e i s A n d t h e y thi n k th at a ,

” 2 3
m al
’
d ay wh i ch i s a y e ar S pi e g e l s i s t h e s a e
.
,

th o ugh i n h i s Co m m e n t ary h e c o n fe s s e s h i m s e lf pe r
le x e d a s t o t h e m e an i n g o f s o r e m ar k a bl e a d e c l a
p
“ ”
r ati o n T h e r e a lly g e n u i n e w o r d s
. h e o bs e rv e s , ,

“
are v e r y d i ffi cul t T h e y are n o t s o w h e n o n c e
.

t h e k e y i s fo u n d .

Th a t t h e E as t A ry an s h ad t h e s am e id e a is a l s o
e vi d e n t f ro m t h e L a w s o f M an u A m o n g th i s pe o .

p le Y am a t h e s am -
e a s t h e I r a n i a n Y i m a — was
t h e fi rst m an H i s fi r s t ab o d e as w e h a v e s e e n was
.
, ,

at t h e N o r th P o l e a n d at d e a th h e b e c am e a o d
, g ,

t h e gu ar di an o f t h e S o u th P o l e at wh i ch w as t h e ,

r e gi o n o f t h e d e ad B u t th o u gh t h e H i n d u s n o
.

l o n g e r ass o ci at e d h i m w ith t h e N o rth at t h e t i m e o f

t h e wri ti n g o f th i s an ci e n t b o o k th e y w e l l u n d e r ,
’
s t o o d th at Y am a s p ri m iti v e E d e n i n I lav ri t a aro u n d ,

t h e n o r th p o l ar M e ru wh e re t h e g o ds r e si d e h as ,

o n ly o n e d a n d o n e n igh t i n t h e y e ar Thi s i s t he
y a .

l an gu ag e o f t h e Co d e “
A y e ar o f m o r t al s i s a d ay
1 D
m t t
ar T l ti
es e er s
’
l i p 20
ran s a o n, v o . .
,
. .

2 H ys on t h e R e ligi on of t h e P a r s i s , 2 d c d , p 2 3 5
’
an g s E ssa . . .

”
3 D ie se l
( d i e B e wo h n e r ) h a t e n f ii r e n e n T ag was e i n ah r i s t i J .

i
S p e ge l , A v e s ta . i ic
L e ps , 1 8 52 : v o l . i .
, p 77 . . See a sol hi s Cow me n
tar uhe r d a s A
‘

ves ta . Wie n, 1 864 vol . i .

, pp 7 8 , 7 9
. .
200 PA P A D I SE F 0 UND .

T h i s str an g e ti o n is p e rf e ctly cl e ar an d c o m pr e
no

h e n s i ble t h e m o m e n t we a ss u m e th at t h e l o n g l iv e d -

f ath e r s an d fi rs t r e g e n ts o f t h e h u m an rac e o rigi n al ly

dw e l t at t h e N o rth P o l e an d th at th e s e ap o th e o siz e d , ,

a n d gl o r ifi e d i n t h e i m a gi n at i o n o f l at e r g e n e rati o n s ,

i n ti m e b e c am e t h e g o d s w hi ch an ci e n t n a ti o n s w o r
s h i pe d .

B o t h in th e I l i ad an d O dys s e y t h e l e ar n e d A n t o n
Kri c h e n b au e r fi n ds t w o ki n ds o f d ays c o n t i n u ally re
f e rre d t o I n w h at h e c o n si d e rs t h e m o r e an ci e n t
.

p o rti o n s o f t h e p o e m s t h e d ay i s a p e ri o d o f o n e ,
’
y e ar s d u rati o n e sp e ci al ly w h e n u s e d i n d e sc r ibi n g
,

t h e l if e an d e xpl o i t s o f t h e g o ds ; i n wh at h e c o n
si d e rs t h e m o r e m o d e r n p o rti o n s t h e t e rm h as i ts ,

m o d e rn m e an i n g as a p e r i o d o f t w e n ty f o u r h o u r s -
.

“
H e q u o t e s L e ps i us as r e c o g n izi n g a s i m il ar o ne
”
d ay y e ar i n t h e E gypti an an d o th e r an c i e n t c h ro
nol o gi e s a l s o t h e m e n ti o n m ad e o f i t by Pal ai f at o s

1
an d S u i d as .

I s u ch h ith e r t o u n n o ti c e d t e st i m o n i e s
n all an d
2
we h av e n o t e xh au s t e d t h e l i st o f th e m w e h av e
n e w an d si n gul a rly u n i m p e a ch abl e e vid e n c e s th at i n

t h e th o u gh t o f th e s e an ci e n t p e o pl e s t h e l an d i n
w h ich t h e g e n e rat e d g o ds an d m e n al ik e o r igi n at e d
was a l an d i n wh i ch a s i n o u r P o l ar E d e n a d ay an d , ,

a m gh t fill e d o u t t h e y e ar A n d if s u ch was th e ir .

1 B it
g e h m i h
ra U
e zu r g ph i Wio e 1 8 74 pp
e r sc I —
34 en ra n o r a e . n, . .

C o m p p 68 . . .

2 E ve n t h e B u h m e n
s of S o ut h A f i ca
r h av e t h e s t ran ge de a t h at i
t h e s un d i d no t sh n e on i the i r c o u n t ry in t h e b e gi n n n g i
O n y a te r .
l f
the ch il d re n o f the firs t B us h m e n h ad b e e n s e n t up t o th e [N o rt h
e rn t o p of th e l
wo r d an d h ad au n c h e d t h e l sun was li gh t p o cu r re d

f or th i s [ s u b t e rran e a ] S o uth A f i c i B h m P th l e a or
-
o re n us an
n g r an . .

By W H . .
J . B le e k Ph D
, Pa li m e t R e p t
. .
,
Cape t o w an d L o n
r a n or . n

d o n, 1 87
5 : p 9 . . A s i m il ar m yth was f o un d am o g t h e A us t ralian n

ab o r i gi n e s.
 TH E E D EN D A Y .

i d e a wh e n c e s av e fr o m ac tu al t raditi o n c o u ld th e y
, , ,

h av e d e ri v e d it ? A s c auti o u s a s c i e n ti fic au th o rity
a s S i r Ch arl e s L y e ll s p e a k i n g o f th e s e c o s m o l o gic al
,

an d ch r o n o l o gic a l t rad iti o n s o f t h e H i n d us s ay s : ,

“
W e c an by n o m e an s l o o k u p o n th e m as a p ure
e ff o rt o f t h e u n a s si st e d i m a gi n a ti o n o r b e l i e v e th e m ,

t o h av e b e e n c o m p o s e d w i th o u t r e g ard t o o pi n i o n s
1
a n d th e o r i e s f o u n d e d o n th e o bs e rv a t i o n of N a t u re .

E v e n wh e r e t h e t rad i ti o n h as b e c o m e d ist o rt e d o r
i n v e r t e d am o n g b arb ari an s t h e p ar al l e l is m o f t h e ,

y e ar an d t h e d ay i s n o t al w ays l o s t A c u r i o u s i n .

st an c e o i th i s h as c o m e u n d e r t h e n o ti c e o f t h e
“
w ri t e r s i n c e t h e pr e s e n t ch apt e r was b e gu n : I n
th o s e d ays ( i n t h e w o rld b e f o re t h e pr e s e n t ) t h e s e a
s o n s w e re m u ch sh o rt e r th an th e y are n o w A y e ar .

” 2
th e n was b u t as a d ay o f o ur ti m e .

1 E le m e n ts f
o Ge olo,s l1 t h c d .
, vol . i .
, p 8
. .

2 W M at t h e ws
.
,T h e N av aj o M yt h o o gy, i n Th e A me r i can A n l ”

ti qu a r i a n a n d Or i e n ta l yo u r n a l C h c ago , u y, 1 883
. i p 2 0 9 Co m J l . .

i i i
pare t h e e x pre ss o n g v e n b y G arc a as ro m t h e M i x te q ue c o s m o g f
o n y, i n P D ab r d T hi O
t igi nc de s I nd ie ns d a N ouveau
-
.
y e e rs an , r

M on d e . i
Par s , 1 88 3 : p 1 40 n 2. . .
 CH A PTE R I I I .

TH E ED EN ZE NI T H .

T he s h r i ne wher e m o t i o n fi r s t beg a n , 1
A n ellig h t a n d lif e i n m i n g li n g t or r e n t r a n ,
F r om w h e n ce e ac h br ig h t r o t u n d i ty w a s h ur le d ,
The T h r on e a f Go d , —th e Ce n t r e of t he Wor ld .

C A M P BELL ’
S P l e as ure s o f H ope .

E x w a lk e th i n the C
. HU G of he a v e n . B ook of Jb o .

To first m e n o n t h e hyp o th e s i s o f an A rct i c

th e ,

E d e n t h e z e n ith an d t h e n o rth p o l e o f t h e h e av e n s
,

we r e id e n tic al S u c h an a sp e c t o f t h e st a rry v a ul t
.

t h e h u m an i ty o f o ur l at e h i st o ric ag e s h as n e v e r
se e n .U n d e r s u ch an adj u st me n t o f t h e r o t at i n g
firm am e n t h o w r e gul ar an d o rd e rly w o ul d n atu r e
,

app e ar ! W h at p ro f o u n d si g n i fi c an c e w o ul d o f n e
c e s s it att ach t o th a t m yst e ri o u s u n m o vi n g c e n tr e
y
p o i n t o f c o s m i c r e v o l u ti o n d i re ctl y o v e rh e ad ! A s
i n t i m at e d o n p ag e 50 th at p o l ar c e n tr e m u st n at l ,
-

u ral ly h a v e s e e m e d t o b e t h e t o p o f t h e w o rld t h e ,

tru e h e av e n t h e c h an g e l e ss s e at o f t h e s u pr e m e G o d
,

o r go d s A n d if th ro u gh all t h e l o n g l if e ti m e o f
.
,
-

t h e a n t e dil u v i an w o rld th i s c irc u m p o l ar sky was ,

th u s t o h u man th o u gh t t h e tru e ab o d e o f G o d t h e ,

1 Th
p t i s p k i g f th N th P l
e oe s ea T he fi t th e l i s
n o e or o e . rs re ne

are ill t t d by t h
u s ra e l i g h pt f P t th i d b
e c os n; th l t c a e rs o ar r , a o ve e as

su m s up t h e f ct t b t f
a th i t h p
s ot h pt A w d f m
e se or n e re s e n c a er . or ro

M l i h i pl
e nze s e re N y wi d in i l g i h i h M yt h
ace sa r n v e en r ec sc en en

l i m C t lp k t b
a s e n ra i h t un w d W ltl be
e ze c gi g u d ne von o as e e n au s n n

w hi
o n ii k k h t
es z ur D cid l N y k b
e r . wi i ge d as ea e sa n ne n r n r n
”
an de s l i m A u g g pu k t d e W l t i m N d po l s h e
r a s s an s n D i e s e , or uc n. e

v or c h i tli h U t bli h h i t l h
r s c e i 65
n s er l o p 42 c e s e re , . a s . .
 204 PA PA D I SE F OU N D .

p e ar s h av e b e e n r e g ar d e d as t h e h igh e st p art o f
to
’
t h e e ar th s s urf ac e i n c o n s e q u e n c e p e rh ap s o f t h e , , ,
” 1
m o u n t a i n r an g e s whi ch e xi st e d th e re .

A n oth e r t o u chi n g u p o n t h e s am e s ubj e c t s ays

, , ,

T h e H e b re w s re g ard e d wh a t lay t o t h e N o rth as

h i gh e r an d wh at lay t o t h e S o u th as lo w e r : h e n c e
,

th e y w h o tr av e l e d f ro m S o u th t o N o rth w e re s ai d
t o go u p w hil e th e y wh o w e n t f ro m N o r th t o S o uth
’

2
we re s a i d t o go d o w n
’
.

I n Ps al m s e v e n ty fif t h v e rs e sixth we re ad “
Pro -
, , ,

m o ti o n c o m e th n o t fr o m t h e E ast n o r f ro m t h e W e st , ,

n o r fr o m t h e S o u th
”
W h y th i s s i n gul ar e n u m e r a .

ti o n o f th re e o f t h e p o i n ts o f t h e c o m p ass an d th i s ,

o m i ssi o n o f t h e f o u rth ? S i m ply b e c a u s e h e av e n ,

t h e p ro p e r ab o d e o f t h e su pr e m e G o d b e i n g c o n ,

c e i v e d o f by al l t h e su rro u n di n g n at i o n s if n o t by ,

t h e H e br e ws th e m s e l v e s a s i n t h e N o rth i n t h e c ir , ,

c u m po l ar sky th at w as t h e s a cr e d qu ar t e r , an d i t ,

c o ul d n o t r e v e re n tly b e s aid th at p ro m o t i o n c o m e th
3
n o t fr o m t h e N o r th I t w o ul d h av e b e e n as o ff e n .

s iv e as am o n g u s t o s ay th at pr o m o t i o n c o m e th n o t
fr o m ab o v e Th e re f o r e h avi n g c o m pl e t e d h i s n e g
.
,

ativ e st at e m e n ts t h e Ps a l m i s t i m m e di at e ly adds , ,

B u t G o d i s t h e j u dg e ; H e p u tt e th d o w n o n e an d ,
”
s e tt e th u p a n o th e r .

A c uri o u s t rac e o f t h e s am e c o n c e pt i o n app e ar s

i n th e bo o k of J o b i n t h e e igh th an d n i n th v e r s e s ,

1 Re W illi m L t h m B e
v .
A M i S m i th D i ti
a a y f th a v an , . .
,
n
’
s c on a r o e

B i bl A t e, E art hr
”
l i p 63 3 63 4 ( H ck e t t
.
,
M c c li t ck
vo . .
,
.
,
a
’
s n o

a d St ”
l i i i p 7 92
’
n
g Cy lp d i A t
ro n G g ph y
s c o e a, r . eo ra , vo . .
, . .

”
2 M c Clin t o c k an d S t ro ng , Cyclope d i a , A rt N o rt h vol v i 1 ,
p .
“
, . . .

1 85 . T h e A k k ad i an s h ad t h e s am e d o m i i
L e n o rm an t , B egi n n i ngs .

3 A pe c u li ar s a n ct i ty i s att ac h e d t o t h e N o rt h i n t h e O ld T e st a
”
m e n t re c o rd s KC h e yn e , Th e B ook oj ls a za h L o n don , 1 8 70 :
' ‘

. T . . .

”
pp . 1 40 , 141 .
[S e e o ur c ut T h e E art h o f t h e H i n d us , p .
 TH E ED EN Z E N I TH 20 5

of thetw e n ty thi rd ch apt e r I n O ld T e st am e n t -

.

t i m e s t h e H e b re ws an d t h e A rabi an s d e sig n at e d
,

t h e c a rd i n a l p o i n ts by t h e p e r s o n al t e r m s b e fo re ,

f o r E a st b e h i n d f o r W e st l e ft h an d f o r N o rth
”
,
“ “
, ,

an d r igh t h an d f o r S o u th Th u s J o b i n t h e pas .
,

s ag e i n d ic at e d i s c o m pl ai n i n g th at h e c an n o w h e re
, ,

E as t o r W e st N o rth o r S o u th fi n d h i s d ivi n e j udg e

,
1
,
.

B u t i n sp e aki n g o f o n e o f th e s e p o i n ts h e add s th is
, ,

s i n gul ar qu al ific ati o n w h e r e God d o t h w arh

“
Th i s,
.

i s s aid o f t h e l e ft h an d o r N o rth I t s e e m s t o be , .

i n s e rt e d t o r e n d e r p e c ul i ar ly e m ph at ic t h e d e cl ar a
“
t i o n I go , [e v e n t o t h e l e ft h an d wh e re H e d o th
] ”
w o rk bu t I c a n n o t b e h o l d H i m
, I f at fi r st bl u sh .

s uc h an app are n t l o c al izi n g o f t h e divi n e ag e n cy

’

s e e m s i n c o n s i s t e n t w i th J o b s S pl e n did d e s c ripti o n s
o f G o d s o m n ipr e s e n c e i n o th e r p a ss ag e s i t s h o ul d
’

b e r e m e m b e re d th at we t o o sp e ak o f t h e o m n i , ,

pre s e n t d e ity as d w e lli n g o n h igh an d add r e s s “

,

H i m as O u r F a th e r wh i ch ar t i n H e a v e n .

A n atu r al c o u n t e rp ar t t o th i s i d e a o f a n o rth e rn
h e av e n w o u l d b e a b e l i e f o r i m p re ssi o n th at s pi ri tu al
p e ril s an d e vil s w e re i n a p e c u l i ar d e g re e o r m an n e r
t o b e app r e h e n d e d f ro m t h e righ t h a n d o r S o u th , ,

a s t h e p ro p e r a b o d e o f d e m o n s t h e qu art e r t o ,

2
wh ich A s m o d e u s fl e d wh e n e x o rc i s e d by t h e an g e l .

W e c an n o t p o si tiv e l y affi rm th at s u ch a b e l i e f c o n
1 A d m Cl k e C mm t y i
a ar l T h e b t e pl o ti the
en ar n an a
, , oc . es x on

o l d t c m m t t k w h w t gi i t h i T h e w e m e h u
es o e n a o rs no o o ve s s re er or

m b i g a d m i te lli g t N th f J b
’
an e n s n o re t y th
n i en o ne s or o o s c o un r an n

e i th f t h th
er o t he di
e l d i c t i ; p i ll yw t h N t h
re e o r c ar na re o ns es ec a as e or

th t f th g
e se a t Ao yi m pi
e b t G d d i
re a t id d
ss r an e re u o e s re s o re s e an

t w
o k p ém i
or t ly m re
g m h ne nth l g g f th t t ! a on e n, e n ce e an ua e o e ex

M t t h w P l i D i t lm i
a e d B
oo e, mg t n B i b lw h e e l a r an au ar en s
’
e er ,
vo . V .
,

p 63 4
. .

2
T o b t, i v iii .
3 . Co m pare Th e B oo h f
o E n oc /
z, xv iii . 6 -
16 ; xx i .

3- 1a
20 6 PA P A D Js E F OU N D .

s c i o us l pr e v a il e d am o n g t h e an ci e n t H e br e w s b ut
y , ,

h o ld i n g t h e p o ssi bil i ty i n m i n d we fin d p ass ag e s ,

o f S c r ip tu r e w h ich s e e m t o st an d o u t i n a n e w an d

s t riki n g l igh t Thu s i n c a s e t h e re wa s s u c h a b e

.
,

l i e f h o w g re at t h e f o rc e an d b e au ty o f t h e e xpr e s
,

s io n B e c a u s e [t h e L o r d ] is at m y r igh t h an d [t h e
,
” 1
s i d e e xp o s e d t o d an g e r] I sh all n o t b e m o v e d .

W ith th i s m ay b e c o m p are d t h e c o n fi d e n t e xp re s
s i o n s o f t h e o n e h u n d re d an d t we n ty fir s t Ps al m -

T h e L o r d is thy k e e p e r : t h e L o r d i s thy sh a d e u p o n
thy ri gh t h an d S o al s o i n t h e n i n e ty fi rs t i t i s o n
.
-

t h e r igh t h an d th at d e st r u cti o n i s an tic ip at e d : A “

th o u s an d s h all f al l at thy s id e a n d [o r e v e n ] t e n ,

th o u s an d at thy r i gh t h an d ; b u t it sh all n o t c o m e
”
n i gh th e e A g ai n i n t h e o n e h u n d re d an d f o r ty
.
,

s e c o n d i t i s s ai d , I l o o k e d o n m y r igh t h an d b u t
“
,

th e r e was n o m an th at w o uld k n o w m e : re fu g e f ail e d

”
m e ; n o m an c are d f o r m y s o ul N o ti c e al s o t h e .

i m pr e c ati o n L e t S at an st an d at h i s r i ght h an d
“
,

c ix an d t h e vi s i o n o f Z e ch ar i ah wh e r e t h e
( P s . .
,

r e t a dv e r s ary m ak e s h i s a pp e ara n c e o n t h e r igh t

g a

o f t h e o n e wh o m h e c a m e t o re s i s t ( Z e ch i ii . .

B u t as S at an h e re r e v e a l s h i m s e lf f ro m b e n e at h
an d f r o m t h e S o u th s o t o E z e ki e l t h e t r u e G o d re ,

v e al s h i m s e l f f ro m ab o v e an d f ro m t h e N o r th ( E z e .

’
i. I n th at qu art e r was G o d s h o ly m o u n t ai n ( I s .

xiv . t h e c ity o f t h e G re a t Ki n g ( Ps xl vi ii . .

t h e l an d o f g o l d ( J o b xxxvi i 2 2 t h e pl ac e .
,

wh e re divi n e p o we r h ad h u n g t h e e ar th u p o n n o th
i n g (J o b xxvi H e n c e t h e p r i e s t o ffi ci ati n g at
.

1 Ps . x vi . 8 . T he f
re e r e n c e se ems all th e m o re i
un m s t ak ab e l
i
s n ce the n e xt t wo v e rs e s s pe ak of Sheo l ,
or H ad e s .

2 I m N o rd e n s ndi d i e h oc h s t e n B e rge ,
’

vor a ll en der he i l i ge G lit

t e rb e rg I s . 1 4, 1 3 . V o m N o rd e n h e r k o mmt in der Re g l J e h o
e
208 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

S e con d — T h e c o rre
. Th e E gypt i a n Co n cept i o n .

s po n d e n c e o f t h e an ci e n t E gypt i an
c o n c e pti o n o f
t h e w o rl d an d o f h e av e n w ith t h e f o r e g o i n g w o ul d
b e r e m ark abl e di d w e n o t k n o w th at E gypt was
t h e cr a dl e o f t h e H e br e w p e o pl e T h e an ci e n t i n .

h abitan ts o f t h e N il e v al l e y h ad t h e s am e id e a a s t o
t h e di r e cti o n o f t h e tru e s u m m it o f t h e e ar th To .

th e m as t o t h e H e b re w s i t was i n t h e N o rth Th i s
, , .

was t h e m o re r e m ar k abl e s i n c e i t w as e x actly c o n

t rary t o all t h e n at u ral i n d i c ati o n s o f th e i r o wn
c o u n t ry wh ich c o n ti n u ally as c e n d e d t o ward t h e
,

S o u th A s st at e d i n a p re vi o u s ch a pt e r B ru gsch
.
,

s ays T h e E gypti an s c o n c e i v e d o f t h e e arth as ris

,

i n g t o w ard t h e N o r th s o th at i n i t s n orth e rn m os t ,
” 1
oi n t i t a t l o i n e d t h e s hy I n c o rr e sp o n d e n c e
p as t
j .

h e r e with t h e E gypti an s l o c at e d th e i r Ta h u te r o r -
,

2
l an d o f t h e g o ds i n t h e e xt re m e N o rth O n th i s ,
.

a cc o u n t i t i s o n t h e n o rt h e rn e xt e r i o r w a ll o f t h e

g re at t e m pl e o f A m m o n at Karn ac th at t h e divi n ity

pr o m is e s t o Ki n g R am e s e s I I t h e p ro d u cts o f th at .

“
h e av e n l y c o u n t ry s ilv e r g o ld l api s l azul i an d all , , ,
-

t h e v ari e ti e s o f p re ci o u s s t o n e s o f t h e l an d o f t h e
”
go d s H e n c e al s o c o n t rary t o all n atu ral i n d ic a
.
, ,

ti o n s t h e n o rth e rn h e m i sph e re w as c o n s id e re d t h e
,

3
r e al m o f ligh t t h e s o u th e rn t h e re al m o f d ark n e ss , .

h ad t ran s fo rm e d t h e i r c i e t D é as f o m an n a v r go d s t o d e m o n s H e n ce , .

wh e i n il r on v
po t i n s of the A
er e s ta li t at u re ( ge n e ra ll
y t h e o de r) t h e l
h e av e n o f A h u ra M az d a i s i n t h e N o rt h , i n other po rt io ns t h e N o rt h
i s t h e wo r d l of d e at h an d d e m o ns . See S le ek ’
s A ve s t a , i pp 3 , 1 3 7,
.
, .

1 43 ; ii 30 .
, 31 iii . 1 3 7 , 1 38 , e t pass i m . D arm e s t e t e r, I n t ro d u c t o n , i
p. l ii l
xv .
, x xx . H au g , R e li gi on o f t h e P a r s i s , pp 2 67 . ff .

1 Ge og r aph i sch e [ n sch r g/te n a lta

gypt i sch e r
’
D e n h m aler
'

. L e psi ic ,

1 8 58 vol . ii p 37 .
, . .

2 I n one
'

place B rugs c h t ran s l at e s ta u n ta r t

- -
m a h ti d as n o rd li ch e
G otte s la nd . A s t r on om i sc h e
’

u n d as t r olo
g i s ch e I n s ch r i f te n , p . 1 76 .

3 T o t h e t we l ve gre at go d s of h e av e n are i mm e d i ate l y s ubj e cte d

 TH E ED EN Z E N I TH . 2 09

T he p ass ag e o ut o f t h e s e c re t ch am b e r s o f t h e G re at
Pyr am id was p o i n t e d p re c i s e l y at t h e N o rth P o l e
o f t h e h e av e n s A ll t h e o th e r pyr am id s h ad th e i r .

o p e n i n gs o n ly o n t h e n o rth e r n s id e Th at th i s ar .

r an g e m e n t h ad s o m e r e ligi o u s s ig n ifi c an c e fe w s t u
d e n ts o f t h e s ub j e c t h ave e v e r d o u bt e d I f o u r i n .

t e r pre t a t i o n i s c o rr e ct s u ch p a ss ag e s fr o m t h e b u ri al ,

ch am b e r t o w ard t h e p o l ar h e av e n i n ti m at e d a vi t al
faith th at f ro m t h e ch a m b e r o f d e ath t o t h e high e st
a b o d e o f l if e i m p e ri sh abl e an d d ivi n e t h e r o ad is
, ,

straigh t an d e v e r O p e n 1
.

Thi rd Th e Co n cept i o n of th e A h h a d i a n s A ssy r i

.
,

ans B a bylon i a n s I n d i a n s a n d I ra n i a n s
, A ft e r , , .

wh at h as b e e n s aid i n fo rm e r ch apt e rs r e sp e cti n g

t h e l o c a ti o n o f Kh ars ak K u rra S ad M a t ati H ar , ,

M o e d S u M e r u an d H ara b e re zai t i n o fu rth e r p ro o f

,
-
,
-
,

i s n e e d e d th at all t h e p e o pl e s ab o v e n am e d ass o c i
at e d t h e tr u e h e a v e n t h e ab o d e o f t h e h igh e s t g o d s , ,

t h e s t ars d i s pe rs e d i te
in i n fin n um b e r t h ro ugh all t h e e t h e re a l s pac e ,

an d i i de d i t
d v n o f ur p i c i p l
o r n a
gro ups ac c o rd n g i to the f o ur
q uart e rs
o f t h e wo l d T h e y we er . r the n i i i t
d v de d n o t wo o rd e rs m o re l
e e v at e d ,

t h e o e filli g t h e
n o the n n r rn h e m i ph e e a
s r l nd be o ng ng i to li gh t , to t h e

go o d p i c i pl t he o the
r n e, r t o the s o t h e rn h e m i
u s ph e re , d ark , d,
co l fu
”
f A me ti G u i gn i aut C re uz e r,
’
n es t e , an d to the s o m b re ab o d e s o n . s

Re li gi o n s d e l A
’
n ti
q u /t l, v o l , p
. ii
8 36 A v e ry c ur o us s urv . . . i i l
va o f t he

ab o v e c o n c e pt o n i f
i s o u n d i n t h e T a m ud c E m ch H a m m e le ch l i . See
E i s e n m e n ge r, E n t rtec h t cs
y u d e n th u m , S t e h e lin
’
s v e rs o n , i vo l . i .
, p.

1 8 1 ; comp .
p . 2
5 5 ff .

1
T he i i
as s o c at o n o f S e t w t h t he i co n s t e ll t i oa n of t he G re at B e ar,
re po rt e d b y Pl ut arc h an d l at e l y co n firm e d b y or i g i al n as t ro n o m c a i l
t agy t i sch cr e n hm a
'

t e x ts ( B rugs c h ,
A s t r o n om i sc h e I n sch r
ifte n al p D le r ,
i i
Le ps c , 1 88 3 , pp 8 2 8 4
.
-
, 121 s e e ms at firs t v ewi i n c o n s s te n t i
i
w t h the s o ut h po ar l l o c at o n o f i de mo ns an d d e s t ru c t i ve d i i i ti e s
v n .

B ut t h e appare n t i
d ffi c u t y i s t ran s o rm e d n t o l f i an all t h e s t ro n ge r

pro o o f t h e f c o rre c t n e s s o f o u r t h e o ry wh e n i t i s re m e m b e re d t h at i n
t h e m o s t an c i ent t im es Se t was no t a go d o f e v il ,
”
b ut t h e s u pre m e

wo rld '
s o v e re ig n f wh o m t h e E gypt an k n gs d e r v e d t h e r a u t h o r
ro m i i i i
i t y o ve r t h e t wo h e m s ph e re si I t w a s n ot 11 11 t h e de cli ne of th e E m
.

14
2 10 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

1
w ith th e
th e rn c e l e sti al p o l e
n or I n e ach c as e t h e .

ap e x o f th e ir r e sp e cti v e m o u n ts o f t h e g o d s pi e rc e d

t h e sky pr e c is e ly at th a t p o i n t T o thi s d ay t h e .

H aran i t e S a b ae an s t h e m o s t d i re ct h e i r s o f t h e
r e l igi o u s t radi ti o n s o f t h e Tigr o E uph rat e an w o rl d -

—c o n s t ru c t t h e i r t e m pl e s wi t h c are fu l re f e re n c e t o
2
t h e an ci e n t f a i th Th e i r p ri e sts al s o i n t h e ac t .
,

of s ac r i fi c e l i k e all a n c i e n t p ri e sth o o d s f ac e t h e
, ,

3
N o rth .

we r e ad o f t h e a m r
’

I n t h e R i g V e d a i i 40 I ,
.
, , , ,

”
t h e N av e l o f t h e H e a v e n s
“
T he
’
t a sya n a bh i m ,
.

s am e o r si m il ar e xpr e s si o n s o cc ur ag a i n an d ag ai n
i n t h e V e d ic l it e r atu r e Th e y re f e r t o t h e n o r th e rn .

c e l e sti al P o l e j us t as t h e e xp re ss i o n n dbh i r prth i vyds

, ,
”
N av e l o f t h e E arth R V i i i 2 9 4 an d e l s e wh e r e , . . .
, , , ,

s ig n i fie s t h e n o rth e rn t e rre s t r i al P o l e T o e ach i s .

asc r ib e d pr e em i n e n t s an c tity T h e o n e i s t h e h o li .

pi re t h at t h i s d e i t yc am e to be re gard e d as an ev il d e m o n , t h at hi s
n am e was e ff ac e d f ro m t h e m o n u m e n t s , an d ot h e r n am e s i
s ub s t t ut e d

fo r h is i n t h e R it l ua .
”
Re n o u f ,
R eli gi on f
o A n ci e n t E gypt , pp . 1 1 9, 1 2 0 .

T he e x pre s s o n i n av el o r ce n t r e f
o h ea v en , as a d e s gn at i ion fo r th e
n o rt h e r n l
ce e s t a i l Po le , so com m o n am o n g an c e n t i i
n at o n s , wo u d l
seem to h av e b e e n c urre n t am o n
g the E gypt an s a s o i B ru gs c h, l .

Ib d i .
, p . 1 22, 123 . I n t h e t e x t as t ran s l at e d , h o we v e r, t h e re i s s o m e

o b s c ur i ty
Co m pare p 1 54 . . .

1 T h e re c an b e n o d o ubt t h at t h e H e av e n o f A n n was t h e par

t i c ular li i l i l
m t e d ce e s t a re g o n , c e n t r n g i n t h e Po e s t ar an d pe n e i i l
t rat e d b y t h e s um m t o f t h e P arad s a ca M o u n t ” i
Re v 0 D M i l i i l . . . .

le r, Th e Or i e n tal a n d B i bli ca l yo u r n a l Ch c ag o , 1 88 0 : p 1 7 3 . i . .

2 “ L’ e ’
li
g s e n a q u e d e ux f e n ét re s e t u n e po rt e q u i e s t t o uj o urs
o u v e rt e d u c 6t e d u s u d afin
’

q u e c e u q ui y e n t re ai t et o e po a re
’
,
l i l il l i
”
d e v an t lul . N . S i o uffi, E t u d es sur la R e li gi on d es S ou bbas ou Sa
becu s, le s D ogm e s , leu r M azu r s
'

Par s , 1 88 0 . i p . 1 18 .

3
C e t t e po s t o n d e la v c t m e pe rm e t ii i i au s ac ri ficat e u r, q ui a le
m o rgn o yé
lépa ule gau c h e , d e s e p ac e r, po ur l re m p r s o n li
’
ap u s ur
p
rfile de
,
’
aco n q u lai t l f ’
i
a figu r e t o urn e v e rs l ét o i l
e po a re q u i c o uv re é l i
”
A v at h e r, t o ut e n ayan t e n m em e t e m ps la t et e d e lan i m alas a d ro i t e
’
.

- I bi d .
, p . 1 12.
2 12 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

F o u rth . Th e P h ce n i c i a n , Gr e e h , E t r us ca n , an d

R om a n Con cept i o n — Th at t h e Ph oe n ici an s sh are d

t h e g e n e r al A si a tic vi e w o f a m o u n t ai n o f t h e g o ds
i n t h e e xtr e m e N o r th app e ars fr o m M o v e rs l e ar n e d ’

1
w o rk u p o n th at pe O ple .

T h e e vid e n c e th a t i n an ci e n t H e ll e n ic th o u gh t ,

al s o t h e h e av e n o f t h e g o ds w as i n t h e n o rth e r n
,

sky i s i n c id e n t al b u t c u m ul ativ e an d s atisfac t o ry , .

F o r e x am pl e h e av e n i s u ph e l d by A tl as b u t t h e t e r
, ,

re s t ri al s t a ti o n o f A tl as as we h av e e ls e wh e r e sh o w n , ,

i s at t h e N o rth P o l e A g ai n O ly m p o s was t h e .
,

ab o d e o f t h e g o d s b u t if t h e n o w g e n e ral ly curr e n t
e ty m o l o gy o f thi s t e r m i s c o rr e c t O ly m p o s w as s i m ,

ply t h e A tl an t e an pill ar p ic tu re d as a l o fty m o u n ,

t ai n an d s u pp o rti n g t h e sky at its n o rth e rn P o l e 2

, .

I n f ac t m an y w r i t e rs n o w affi rm th at t h e O ly m p o s
,

o f G r e e k m y th o l o gy w a s o rigi n ally si m ply t h e n o r th

p o l ar W o rl d m o u n t ai n o f t h e A s i atic n ati o n s 3
”
-
.

N o rt h , as t h e h om e f
o t h e i r g od s i s s uppos e d to be i n t h e la tte r d i r ect i o n .

T hey ca ll t h e N o rt h D e o gu h r s o m e t im e s , an d the S o u t h , M urah o , i s

l o o k e d u po n as a re g o n o f i t e rro r so th e fe e t a e l i r a d t o ward s D e o ~

guh r i n o rd e r t h at t h e y m ay c arry t h e d e ad m an i n t h e r g h t di re c i
t i on .
” — R epor t of
E th n olog i cal Com m i tte e , q u o t e d i n S pe n ce r s D e
’

s cr ipt i ve S oci ology , D i v I , P t 3 , A , p 3 6 . . . . . .

1 D i e P h n i zi r B o n n , 1 84 1 —56, v o l i , pp 2 61 , 4 1 4
'

o e . . . . .

2 i
H e re t h e d e a i s t h at t h e go d s re s d e ab o v e t h s m o un t a n [S u i i i
M e ru] wh i ch i s , , as i t we re , t h e s u ppo rt o f the ir d we lli n gs . Th is
i i
b r n gs t o o ur m n d t h e ab e o f A t as s uppo rt n g t h e h e av e n s ; t h e f l l i
s am e i
d e a m ay pro b ab y b e t rac e d i n t h e G re e k O ym pos ( S an s k r t , l l i
d la m ba , a S am ue B e a , F o u r L ect u r es on B u dd h i s t L i t l l
e r at u r e i n Ch i n a . L on do n, 1 88 2 p . 1 47 . C o m pare G r il l .

8
C o m pare A . H . S ayc e , T ra n sa cti on s o
f S oc i e ty B i b A . r c h eology,

vol . iii .
, 1 52 . E v e n i n th e m at h e m at ic la cosm o s of P h i lo lao s , t h o ugh
t he s e d es de or u m s e e ms t o be p l ac e d in H i
e s t a, at t h e c e n t re o f t h e

i s ye t a s t e e p way e ad n g pe rpe n d c u ar y t o t h e po ar
s ys t e m , t h e re l i i l l l
s um m i t o f t h e h e av e n s , by m e an s o f wh c h t h e go d s an d h o y s o u s i l l
at t a n t h e i d i i v n e r re a lm o f allpe rf e c t o n i D ii v e ro ,
q uan d o ad con

v i v i um pergunt , t um quide m acc livi vi a pro fici s c unt ur s ub s u mmum

 TH E ED EN Z E N I TH . 2 I 3

I pr ay e r t h e G r e e ks t u r n e d t o w ard s t h e N o rth
n ,

an d fr o m H o m e r w e k n o w th a t wh e n th e y add re s s e d
”
t he O ly m pi an g o d s t h e y s tr e tch e d o u t th e i r h a n d s
“
t o w ard t h e s t arry h e av e n s G re e k p ray e rs th e r e ,

f o re m u s t h av e b e e n ad dre s s e d t o w ard t h e n o rth e r n

,

h e av e n s E n ti re ly c o n fi rm at o ry o f th i s i s t h e ac
.

c o u n t Pl at o gi v e s o f t h e h o ly h abit a ti o n o f Z e u s “
,

i n wh i ch t h e s o l e m n c o n v o c a ti o n s o f t h e g o d s w e r e
h e ld an d wh i ch h e e xpl ai n s
,
was pl ac e d i n t h e , ,

Ce n t re o f t h e W o r ld
” 1
.

Th at th i s Ce n t re i s t h e n o rth e rn c e l e st i al P o l e i s
pl ac e d b e y o n d qu e sti o n by a w e l l k n o w n p as s ag e -

2 “
f ro m S e rvi u s M au ru s wh e re i t i s c al l e d t h e d o m i ,
”
i n m 7 ar i s an d w h e re w e are i n f o r m e d th a t t h e
'

ci l i
,

E t ru sc an an d R o m a n au gu rs c o n sid e re d th u n d e r an d
l igh t n i n g i n t h e n o rth e rn sky m o r e s ig n ific an t th an
“
i n an y o th e r qu ar t e r b e i n g h igh e r an d n ea re r t o ,
” 3
t h e a bod e of 5 0 v e‘ Co u n tri e s i n high n o rth e rn .

l atitu d e s s h ar e d i n th i s p e c ul i ar s an ct ity T o w a rd .

q ui s ub cce lo e st f o rn i c e m et i m m o rt ale s q uae d i c un t ur an i m m,

q uan d o ad s um m um pe rv e n e run t , e x t ra pro gre s s ze i n c cx ali d o rs o c o n
s i s t un t , c i rc u m lat a s an i m ab u s , q uaa c o m i t ari e as po t u e run t ,
e q ue c um i l

l l
o ca s u pra c oe um s pe c t an t , ub i pura e t ab s o u t a v e r tas c o gm ti o v i r l i ,

”
t us , pulc h ri t ud o , at
q ue o m n i s o m n i n o pe rfe c t i o pa t e t . A ug . B oe c k h ,
D e v e ra i l
n d o e as t ro no m se i P h i lo lai cze
”
Ge s a m m e lte Kle i n e S e h r ij
—
.

te n . Le ps i ic , 1 866 : v o l iii
. .
, p . 2 88 . Co m pare pp . 2 90 2 92 .

1 Cr i ti as , 120 .
2 xE n e i d ii, . 693 .

8
E i d eo ips a pa r te si gn ifica n t i or a f u lm i n a
’

q u o m a m a lti or a
’
. ex e ss e ,

yam C o m pare R e ge l ]
"
ct v i c i n i o r a d om i c i li o .
, D as S c h a u te mpcld er
”
A n
gu r u i n the [Ve ue j rh r buc h e r d e r P h rlo lqgi e
'

, Bd . c xx iii .
pp 593
, .

63 7 T h e H a wa
.
“
ii a n s o o t h s a ye r, o r h zlo-h i lo, t u rn e d
'

a lw a s to the
y
N o rt h wh e n o b s e rv i g
n t he h e av e n s f o r s ig n s o r o m e ns , o r wh e n te

gard i ng t he fl i gh t o f bi rd s fo r i m il r pu po s a r se s . T he anc e n t i H i n d us

t urn e d la so to the N o rt h f o r d i i i g pu po s e v n n r s , an d so d id t h e I ra

n i ans be f o re th e s c h s m, i af t e r wh i c h t h e y pl a ce d t h e d e v s i n t he
N o rt h so d i d t h e G re e k , an d s o d id t h e S c an d i n av an si be f o re the r i
”
co n v e rs o n i to Ch r i s t i an i ty . A . F o rn an d e r, The P ol
yne s i a n Rac e .

Lo nd o n , 1 8 78 vo l . i .
, p . 2 40 .
2 14 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

the e nd of
s t at e p ag an i s m s ays Mth e of fi ci al or , .

B e au v o is “
t h e R o m a n s r e g a r d e d G r e a t B ri t a i n a s
,

n e ar e r h e a v e n a n d m o r e s a c re d th an t h e M e d i t e rra
” 1
n e an c o u n t r i e s V arr o an d o th e r L ati n wri t e rs .

c o n fir m thi s g e n e ral re pr e s e n t at i o n s o th at all m o d ,

e rn e xp o u n d e rs o f t h e o l d E t r u s c an r e l igi o n u n i t e
i n l o c ati n g t h e ab o d e o f t h e g o ds o f E t r u ri a i n t h e
Ce n tr e o f H e av e n t h e n o rth e rn c irc u m p o l ar sky 2 , .

N i e b uh r an d o th e r au th o ri ti e s o f t h e h igh e st ran k
a ss u re u s th a t t h e R o m an s s h ar e d t h e s am e fa ith 3 .

1 S acra ti or a su n t pr oj ecto M ed i te r r an e i s loco v i c i n a ca lo . B e au

v o s, ii n Rev u e de lH i s toi r e d e s R e ligi on s Par s , 1 8 83 : p 2 83
’
. i . . T he
s t at e m e n t i s b as e d upo n e x pre s s o n s i n t h e o fi c a pan e gyr c i f i l i of th e
E m pe ro r Co n s t ant i
g : D o do ne A ugus t us . C o m pare t h e f ll o ow n i i
rus S i c ulus s pe ak s o f a n at o n wh o m h e c a s t h e H ype rb o re an s , wh o i ll
ii
h ad a trad t o n t h at t h e r c o un t ry i s n e are s t t o t h e m o o n , o n wh c h i “

i
i
t h e y d sc o v e re d m o un t a n s k e t h o s e o n t h e e art h , an d t h at A po o i li ll
c o m e s t h e re o n ce e v e ry n n e t e e n i ye ars T h s pe r o d , b e n g t h at . i i i of t he
m e ton i c c yc l e of t h e m o on , s h o ws t h at t h s c o u d h a ve b e e n if i l re a ll y
d isco v e re d by t h e m t h e y m u s t h av e h ad a l on
g ac q u a n t an ce i wi t h
as t ro n o m y . F l a mm ar o n , i A s t r o n o m i ca l Myth s . L on do n p 88 . .

2
I m N o rd pun k t e d e r We lt .
”
K . O . M ii lle r ,
D i e E t r u she r B re s .

lau, 1 82 8 Bd ii . .
, pp . 1 2 6, 1 2 9 . Su i v an t e ux , c e u x - c i de v a ie nt h ab i
t e r d an s la pa t i er s e pt e n t r o n a e i l du i l a ai o
c e ,
r s n de son i mm o b ili t é .

”
C
’
e st d e la é gi
r po a on l i re
q u ils
’
ve i l l i e t sur t
a n o ut e la t e rre . A .

M aury i n , R e lig i o n s d e Cre u z e r et G u i gn i au t , t o m .

p .

1217 .
“
La t h é l i e q ue n o us
o o gi e ét rus
q ue , ac c ue i ll an t un e d octr n

d éja e c t e s d s l t h é o l o gi e g a l et co f
’
t d e e
’
avo ns r o n re cq ue a e r v n u an a re ,

pl eai t ale t ém e n o d l s j u d e s ZE u dieu M is t d i s

’ '
a x r s r e e o r s ar o x . a ,
an

q u e lH llén e s t o u rn e le s d i e u p u l s i t le T o sc
’
r e n e rro e r, an
e e g v e rs x o

i m i t e l e u t t i t ud s uppo é e afi d e o i r le p c e c m m e ils le o i e t
r a e s , n v
’
s a o v n

eu m ém s
x- Ay t d e c l i ag t ur é e s l m i d i i l app ll e
. an on e v s e o n v r e , e

l m o i ti m é idi l d u c i e l e t c A B uch e L le q L a
” ’
an ti ca a e r ona e , . . o -
ec rc ,

D i i ti le s E t u q e s
’
v na che on R d lI i t i
z d R ligi r s u . ev ue e I s o re es e on s .

P i s 1 8 8 1 t m iii p 3 6
ar , o . .
, . 2 .

”
3 D e W h it d r G ot te wa d i m N o d e n d e r E de ge gl aubt
o ns z er r r r r .

N i b uh R om i h G hi ht ol i i A h I t is w l l “
'

e r, sc
g p 70 2 e es c c e, v . .
, n an ,
. . e

k o w t h at t h R m
n n pl c d t h e s e t o f t h e go d s i t h e e t e m e
e o an s a e a n x r

N o rt h Th O i t l y
. l Ch i c go 1 8 80
e l i p 1 43
r en a N ie ou r n a . a ,
vo . .
, . .

b uh s re m a k d ch t s i c h s c h aue d wi e d i e t uf
’
r D e A ug r ,
ter ur a e n r a

ex pl ai s t h e so me wh at un q ual i fie d and mi s l e ad
”
di e E rd e s ch aue n ,
n
2 16 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

as the go d of
h e av e n B ut h i s pro p e r pl ac e o f .

ab o d e h is p al ac e i s c a ll e d T s z e w e i
, A n d if w e i n
,
-
.

qu ir e as t o t h e m e an i n g an d l o c ati o n o f T s z e we i -
,

t h e n ativ e c o m m e n t at o rs u p o n t h e s ac r e d b o o k s i n
f o r m u s th a t i t i s a c e l e s ti al sp ac e ab o u t t h e N o r th
” 1
Pol e .

H e re as i n J ap a n an d i n E gypt an d i n I n di a an d
, , , ,

i n I r an an d i n G r e e c e t h e P o l e i s
, th e ce n t re of ,
”
t h e sky A w ri t e r i n t h e
. Ch i n e s e R e p o sit o ry
qu o t e s fr o m au th o r i t ati v e r e li gi o u s b o o ks th e s e d e c
“ ”
larat i o n s : T h e P o l ar s t ar is t h e Ce n tr e o f H e av e n .

S h an g t e s th ro n e i s i n T s z e w e i i e t h e P o l a r
’
- -
, . .
,
”
st ar . I m m e di at e ly o v e r t h e c e n t ral p e ak o f
K w e n lu n app e ars t h e P o l ar st ar w h i ch i s S h an g
-
,
’
“
t e s h e a v e n ly ab o d e I n t h e c e n t ral pl ac e t h e .

P o l ar st ar o f H e av e n t h e o n e B righ t O n e t h e , ,
” 2
G re at M o n ad al w ays dw e ll s , .

I n acc o r d an c e wi th th i s c o n c e pti o n t h e E m p e r o r ,

an d h i s a s sist an t s w h e n o ffi ci ati n g b e f o r e t h e A l t a r
,

3
o f H e a v e n al w ays f a c e t h e N o rth , T h e P o l e s t ar .
-

i t s e lf i s a pr o m i n e n t o bj e c t o f w o rsh i p 4
A n d h ow .

p re v al e n t th is l o c ali z at i o n o f t h e ab o d e o f G o d at
1 Le
gg Th Ch i Cl i
e, l iii Pt i p 3 4
e S e f th
n es e a ss cs , vo . .
,
. .
,
. n . e ur e r,

L e gge , Spr i ng L e ct u r es on t h e R elig i o n s f

o Ch i n a , L on d on , 1 8 80 ,p .

1 75, an d the we ll
praye r i n D o u g as ,
n ot u n d e rs t o o d l Co nf u ci a n i s m
a n d Ta u i s m , L o n d o n , 1 8 7 ,
9 p 2 78 F ro m t h e s e an d o t h e r re e re n ce s . . f
l i f i
i t i s p a n t h at Co n uc an s an d T aui s t s a k e d e n t fie d t h e n o rt h e rn li i i
s k y wi t h t h e ab o d e o f God .

2 V ol iv . .
, p . 1 94 . So, li k e wi se in W e st M o n go li an t h o ugh t t h e
l
ce e st a i l l
po e an d t h e ape x o f t h e G o de n M o un t a n l i arei de t i c ln a

A lta n h a d as u n i h e u n a ra Tag r i ds ch i n u r h i lha

-
. Ap m tis
ex on

au re i , n om ne i Card o l i, st e ll a po l is
ar .
”
U r a n og r aph i a M ong oli ca .

F u n d r u be n
g d es Or i e n ts , B d . iii .
, p 181
. .

3
S e e E ng li sh T r a n sla ti on of th e Ch i n e s e Ri t ua lf or th e S a c r ifi ce t o
H e av e n . i
S h an gh a , 1 8 77 pp 2 5 2 6, 2 7 , 2 8 , 3 1 , 48 .
, .

4 J
o s e ph E dk i n s , R e lig i on i n Ch i n a, p 1 1 5 Co mpare G S c h . . . l e ge l
,

U ra n og r aph i e Chi n oi se , pp 50 6, 50 7 . .
 TH E ED EN Z E N I TH . 2 17

the P o l e r e m ai n s aft e r f o u r th o u s an d y e ars m ay be

il l u st rat e d by t h e f o ll o wi n g i n cid e n t n arrat e d by
R e v D r E dki n s :
.
I m e t o n o n e o c c a s i o n a s ch o o l
.

m a st e r f ro m t h e n e igh b o rh o o d o f Ch apo o He .

a sk e d if I h ad an y b o o ks t o giv e a w ay o n a str o n o m y

a n d g e o g raph y S u ch b o o k s are e ag e rly d e s ir e d by

.

al lm e m b e rs o f t h e l it e r ary cl ass T h e i n qu i ry .

w as pu t t o h i m W h o i s t h e L o rd o f h e av e n an d
‘

e ar th ? H e r e pl i e d th a t h e k n e w n o n e b u t t h e P o l e
’

s t ar c all e d i n t h e Ch i n e s e l an gu ag e Te e n h w a ng ta
,
- -

” 1
te,
t h e G r e a t I m p e r i al R u l e r o f H e a v e n .

S e v e n th Th e A n c i e n t Ge r m a n a n d t h e F i n n i c Co n
.

cept i o n L ik e t h e an c i e n ts w h e n pr ayi n g an d s ac
. ,

ri fic i n g t o t h e g o d s t h e p ag an G e r m a n s tu rn e d th e i r ,

2
f ac e s t o w ard t h e N o r th T h e r e i n t h e n o rth e r n .
,

h e av e n at t h e t o p o f Y ggd rasil t h e w o rld axi s st o o d

, ,
-
,

t h e f a i r ci ty o f A g rd t h e h o m e o f t h e A s e n T he
f i ,
.

E dd as e xpr e s sly s ay o f i t th a t i t was b u il t

“
in the
Ce n tr e o f t h e W o rl d 3
A t th at p o i n t wh e n c e al o n e ,

1 Re ligi on i n Ch i n a , p 1 0 9 . . Th i s t i tl e i
i rre s s t i b l y s ugge s t s t he
”
i
A s s yr an o n e , D aya n S a m e , -
J udge of H e av e n . Tr a n s ac ti on s S o
ci cty B i b A r c h a o logy,
. 20 6 ii i . .

2 J ak o b G r mm ,i B e te n d e u n d o pf e re n d e H e i d e n s ch aute n ge n N o r
”
den . D e u tsc h e ll/yt h olog i e , B d i . .
, p 30
. .

1 m M t t e pu n k t e d e r W e t
i i l l ”
2 Gr m m, . D e u tsc h e Myth olog i e p , .

7 78 . f ll
T h e o o w n g i s ro m t h e Pro s e E dd a i f “
T he n th e s o ns of E hr
il i l
b u t i n t h e m dd e o f t h e u n v e rs e t h e c i i ty c all e d A s gard , wh e re
ll
d we t h e go d s an d t h e r k n d re d , an d ro m i i f t h at ab o d e wo rk o u t s o
i
m an y w o n d ro us t h n gs b o t h o n t h e e art h an d i n t h e h e av e ns ab o v e i t .

i
T h e re i s i n t h at c t y a p ac e c a e d H lid s k jalf , an d wh e n O d n i s l ll i
l f
s e at e d t h e re u po n h i s o t y t h ro n e h e s e e s o v e r t h e wh o e w o r d , d i s l l
c e rn s al i
lt h e act o n s o f m e n , an d c o m pre h e n d s wh at e v e r h e c o n t e m
pl t e
a H i s wife i s F i gg t he d augh t e r o f F j o gy
s . r d the y a d a, r n , an n

t he i ff p i g f rm t h e r c e t h at we c all t h Ai i — a ce t h t d we ll
r o s r n o a e s r, ra a s

i n A g d t h e ld
s ar d i t h e re gi o o u d i t a d t h at we k
an n w t n s aro n , n no o

be e t i e l y d i i e
n r M ll t N t h v n . A ti q i t i p 40 6
a T he e e , or er n n u es , . . x

p ess i n f ro m t h at ab o de wo rk o ut s o m a y wo d us t h i g
“ ”
r o , e n n ro n s, r

c all s t o m i nd J o b s d e s c ri pt i o n o f t he N o rt h as t h e
pl ace wh e re G od
’ “

”
do t h wo rk .
2 18 P A RA D I S E PoUND .

t h e whplm ld p f me n
i s e v e r vi sibl e by n i gh t an d
g

by d ay st o o d H lid s k jalf t h e w atch t o w e r o f O di n

, ,
-
.

“
F ro m th i s pa r t i e s ept e n t r i o n a le d u c i e l h e an d
F rig ga lik e t h e g re a t g o ds o f t h e E t r u sc an s
, ve i l ,
” 1
la i e n t s ur t o u t e la t e rr e .

A mon g th e c i e n t F i n n s t h e n am e o f t h e s u
an

p re m e go d w as U kk o I n t h e ir m yth o l o gy h e is .

s o m e ti m e s r e pr e s e n t e d as u p b e ari n g t h e firm am e n t ,

l ik e A tl a s a n d s o m e ti m e s h e is c all e d Ta i v ah a n N a
,

”
e N a v e l o f H e av e n
“
t h A s Cas t rén sh o w s
p a n en , .
,

thi s c u ri o u s titl e i s giv e n h i m s i m pl y b e c a us e b e re

s id e s i n t h e c e n t re o r P o l e o f h e av e n 2
I n t h e g re at .

e pic o f th i s p e o pl e t h e K a l e v al a t h e a b o d e o f t h e
, ,

s u pr e m e G o d i s c al l e d T aht e l a w h ich w o rd s i m ply

3
,

m e an s Pl ac e o f Tcth t i E sth o n i an Tci h t t h e P o l ar

' '

, ,
”
s t ar .

W e h av e n o t e xh au st e d o ur m at e ri al s i n h an d fo r
t h e i ll u st ra ti o n o f th i s p o i n t 1
b u t s u re ly we h av e ‘

pr e s e n t e d e n o u gh R e vi e w i n g th i s s i n gul ar u n a
.

n i m i t y o f t h e an c i e n t n a ti o n s n o th o u gh tf u l r e ad e r ,

c an f ail t o b e i m pr e s s e d w ith i ts s ig n i fic an c e No .

o th e r e xpl an ati o n o f i t c an b e s o s i m pl e a n d o bvi o u s

'

as t h e s u pp o s i ti o n th a t t h e h e av e n w h ich o v e r
a rch e d t h e c ra dl e o f h u m an ity was a h e av e n wh o s e

z e n ith was t h e n o rth e rn P o l e .

B e f o rec o n cl u di n g t h e pr e s e n t ch apt e r an o th e r ,

p o i n t o f c o n s id e r abl e i n t e r e s t sh o ul d b e n o tic e d I n .

r e adi n g t h e E d e n i c t rad iti o n s o f t h e an ci e n t n ati o n s

1 Vi d e su pr a p , . 2 14 n . 2 .

2
Cas t rén , F i n n i s c h e Myth ologi e (T r . S c h i e f n e r ), pp 3 2 , 33 . .

3 Run e 3 2 , 36, 40
1 1, .

4 See, f o r e x am p e , G l ill ,
Myth s an d S ongs f
o th e S ou th P a cifi c . L on
do n, 1 876 : p . 17 .
 22 0 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

A m o n g t he A k k adi an s an d A s syri an s if we m ay r e l y ,

u p o n a qu e sti o n abl e s t at e m e n t o f L e n o r m an t s til l ,

a n o th e r adj u st m e n t p re v a i l e d : t h e righ t h an d w as
”
t h e N o rth t h e l e ft t h e S o u th an d t h e fr o n t d i re c
“
, ,

ti o n ,
o f c u s t e
o r e h W e st
1
, .

I n vi e w o f th e s e f ac ts i t i s pl ai n th at an t e r i o r t o ,

t h e fi x ati o n o f H e b r e w u s a g e th at i s i n pre A br a ,
-

h am i c ti m e s Qe d e m o r t h e fr o n t c o u n try m ay as
,
“
,
-
,

. w e l l h av e m e an t t h e N o rth as an y o th e r qu art e r .

A n d th e r e i s m u ch r e a s on t o s upp o s e th at it d id
h av e th is m e an i n g W e h av e s e e n th at th i s was pe
.

c ul i arly t h e s a cr e d qu art e r o f t h e wh o l e A s i atic an d

E gypti an w o rld T o ward i t fac e d all e arl i e st p r i e s t
.

h o o d s an d w o rsh ip e rs o f w h o m we h av e an y k n o wl
e dg e
?
W h at s o n at u ral as th at th e y sh o ul d c o n
t e m pl at e an d d e sig n at e t h e diff e r e n t qu ar t e rs o f t h e
wo rl d fro m t h e st an dp o i n t o f th e ir n o rm al p o st u re
i n w o rs h i p A n d if o n c e w e ass u m e th at s u ch was
t h e u s a g e o f all t h e N o ac h i d ae a n t e ri o r t o th e i r dis
”
p e r s i o n a n d th a t a c c o r di n gly
,
“
t h e fr o n t c o u n t ry -

m e an t t h e N o r th all at o n c e b e c o m e s pl ai n
, Ge n .

e s i s th e n u n it e s w i th u n iv e r s al e th n ic t ra dit i o n i n

l o c a ti n g t h e c ra dl e o f m an ki n d i n t h e N o r th T h e .

r e c o rd th e n re ads “
A n d t h e L o rd G o d pl an t e d a
,

p re ci s e ag re e m e n t h e re wi th i t i s d o w n f ro m t h e ,

m o u n t ai n o u s h e igh ts o f th i s N o rth c o u n t ry “
fro m
1 F r agm e n t s d e B lr os e , p 3 6 7 ; a s o , 3 80 , 4 1 9
. l
B ut c o m pare Ch a l .

d cea n M agi c , pp 1 68 , 1 69, wh e re , b y d e n t y n g t h e W e s t w t h t h e

. i if i i
p o in t b e h n d t h i
e b
o se r v r
e ,
”
i l
h e d re c t y c o n t ra d c t s t h e ac c o u n t g v e n i i
i n h i s Co m m e n t ary o n B e ro s us T h e paragraph d o e s
. no t appe ar in
th e or i gi l
na F re n c h ii
e d t on o f t h e wo rk .

2 E ve n am o n g th e ab o r i gi nes of A mer ica an d A f i c we

r a are to ld
t h at
“
th e W e st is t h e l ft h d nd
e an a t h e E as t t h e ri gh t
”
. M as s e y,
Th e N a t u r a l Ge n es i s , v o l ii
.
p 231 .
, . .
 TH E E DEN Z E N / Tl] . 22 1

Q e de m — th a t t h e d e s c e n d an t s o f N o ah i n aft e r
”
ti m e c o m e i n t o t h e pl ai n i n t h e l an d o f S h i n ar
“

G xi S o is cl e are d u p s i m ul t a n e o u s l y an
( e n . .

o th e r m yst e r y f o r h o w t o bri n g t h e fi rs t c o l o n iz e rs
,

o f S h i n a r i n t o t h e Tig ro E u ph ra t e s v all e y f ro m a n
y
-
,

p ro b abl e A rarat by an y p ro b abl e j o ur n e y i n g f ro m

“ ”
t h e E as t o r as t h e m argi n giv e s i t
, ,
e a s t wa r d s , ,

h as a l w ay s p e rpl e x e d t h e c o m m e n t at o r 1
.

Th i s i n t e rp re t at i o n h a rm o n iz e s fo r t h e fi rs t ti m e
G e n i i 8 w ith E z e xxvi i i 1 3 b o th n o w re f e r ri n g t o
. . . .
,

o n e a n d t h e s a m e p o i n t o f t h e c o m p a s s t h e s ac r e d ,

N o rth A g a i n t h e w e l l k n o w n diffi cul ty o f b a r m o

.
,
-

”
n i z i n g t h e r e f e re n c e s t o t h e ch ild re n o f Q egl
“
g n _
,

f o u n d i n t h e o l d e st o f t h e H e b re w S c ri pt u re s s uc h ,

as G e n xxix 1 an d J
. ob i 3 . i s s o l v e d at o n c e by
, .
,

th i s i n t e rpr e t ati o n A t t h e s a m e t i m e it g iv e s u s a .

”
l o c ati o n f o r t h e l an d o f U z e x ac tly c o rre sp o n d
“

i n g w ith t h e e xpl i ci t d e cl ara t i o n o f J o s e ph u s : U z

f o u n d e d T rac h o n iti s an d D am asc u s th i s c o u n t ry
” 2
l i e s b e t we e n P al e s ti n e an d Coe lo s yri a .

T o m o s t re ad e rs th i s s o l ut i o n o f t h e p ro bl e m o f ,

t h e e xc e pt i o n a l ch arac t e r o f t h e H e b re w t rad iti o n

w ill p ro b ably at o n c e c o m m e n d its e lf a s e m i n e n tly
s atisf act o ry T o s o m e h o w e v e r i t m ay s e e m a l ittl e
.
, ,

d iffi cu l t o f b e l i e f th a t o n e a n d t h e s a m e t e rm c o ul d
i n s ucc e ss iv e ag e s h av e f o u n d appl ic ati o n t o d i ff e r
3
e n t p o i n t s o f t h e c o m p as s T o s u c h t h e f o ll o wi n g .
,

1 O f c o u se t h i i te p e t at i p c d u p t h c o m m as s um p
r s n r r on ro ee s on e on
,

ti
on t h t M ga d m i s t
a z lo c t i e i
e e i g i fic at i a d t h t t h l d
ran s a v n s n on, n a e an

of S hi r wna i n t h T ig E u ph t s b i
as I e a o the te I h
ro e’
ra e as n . n n r no av

i nd i c te d t h e p i b ili ty t h t t h l d f S h i was i p i m e l Q
a o ss a e an o n ar n r va e
_

d m i n wh i c h c as e hI q a d m i G
e , i 2 h ul d b t z l t d pe
c e n en x . s o e ran s a e r

ci e l
s
y i G
as ii 8 i t h N t h
n en . .
,
“
n e or
2
A n ti
q u i t i e s qf t h e
6, 4 ye ws , B k . i .
,
.

2 Se
e d agram i ill i
us tr a t ve o f t h e d s c re pa n cy b e t we e n E u ph ra t e an i
an d E i
gypti an o r e n t at o ns i n B ro wn , Myth d Kzr he i
Lo n d o n , 1 88 3
’
’
.
222 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

wri tt e n o f c o u rs e w ith n o r e fe r e n c e t o o u r pr o bl e m
, , ,

wi ll b e o f sp e ci al i n t e r e st : T h e n am e s o f t h e f o u r
c ar di n al p o i n t s an d w h at i s v e ry r e m ark abl e t h e , , ,

hi e ro glyph ic sig n s by w h ic h th e y are e xpr e ss e d are ,

i n a c e rt a i n m e a s u re t h e s am e i n t h e A kk ad i an an d
Ch i n e s e c ul t u r e s Th i s I i n t e n d t o sh o w i n a s pe .

c i alm o n o gr a ph u p o n t h e s ubj e ct ; b u t th a t wh ich i s

h e re o f i m p o rt an c e t o n o t e i s t h e d i spl ac e m e n t o f
t h e g e o gr aph i c a l h o r i z o n p ro d u c e d i n t h e e st abl i s h
’
i n g of t h e hu n d re d f am ili e s T h e S o u th w h ic h
‘
.
,

was s o t e r m e d o n t h e c u n e if o rm t ab l e ts c o rre sp o n d s ,

i n Ch i n e s e t o t h e E a st t h e N o rth t o t h e W e st t h e , ,

E a s t t o t h e S o u th m ak i n g th u s a di spl ac e m e n t o f ,

qu ar t e r o f a c i rcl e I t w o ul d b e i n t e re sti n g if o n . ,

e x am i n ati o n o f t h e A kk adi an an d A s syri an n am e s ,

w e c o ul d fin d th a t th e y i n th e i r t ur n d e n o t e d an
e arly d i spl a c e m e n t o f w h i ch o n l y th e s e tr a c e s re
” 1
m ai n t o u s .

p 99
. Co m p p 1 0 1 , b o t
. M r G M asse y, i n h i s v as t as t ro typo lo g
. . . . .

i l l f
c a m e d e y, re e rs t o t h e h o r z o n d s p ac e m e n t , b ut aff o rd s n o i n t e l
li i -
i l
gib le e x p an a t o n l
H e s ay ,s
“
i
I n m ak n g t h e c h an ge t o a c rc e o f
. i i l
t we l ve s ig ns, th e i
po n t o f c o m m e n c e m e n t i n t h e N o rt h w as s le we d
ro un d e as t ward H e nce t h e A k k ad an M o u n t a n o f t h e W o r d b e
. i i l
c am e th e M o u n t ai n of t h e E as t . M o u n t M e ru , t h e pr m o rd i i l bi
a rt h

l
p a ce i n t h e N o rth , k e w s e b e c am e t h e M o u n t a n e as t ward li
Th s i i . i
f ll
m ay be o o we d i n t h e A d am ah o f t h e G e n e s s an d i n t h e B o o k o f i
E n o ch i t s ays , T he fo u rt h w i nd, wh i ch i s n am e d t h e N o rt h , i s d i i de d
v

i n t o t h re e p t d th t h i d p t c t i s P
ar s , an d i se T h u E de e r ar on a n a ra .
’
s n,

wh i c h b e g at t h s um m i t o f t h e M u t
an and d e sc d e d i t o t h e
e o n , en n

C i l e o f F ur Q u t s p e p
rc o d by Sl ing i t h e A e t a gai s t
ar e r r are
)
n v s , a n

th e c m i g D l
o
ge w s fi l l y pl t d i t h t w lf t h d i i s i
n e u f the
a na an e n e e v on o

z od im
,

t we l e s i g s as t h e ”
g d e n e s t wa d
v Th N t u l G
n , ar a r . e a ra en

e i
s s. L o d o n 1 883 n l i i p 2 63 , vo . .
, . .

1 T er ie de L u pe i
r n E y H i t y f th Ch i
l ac o Ci i li ti r e, ar s or o e n ese v za on .

Lo d n 1 88 0 : p 2 9
o n, O th i c u i u s m tt e M r T G P i ch e s
. . n s r o a r . . . n

th e wr me sow l i gh t t a m e t i g f t h S c i t y f B i b l i c l A c h
ne a e n o e o e o a r e

o l o gy F e b 6 1 88 3
, I M y M T e i e d e L c o pe i e
.
,
. d n
pape r a r . rr n a u r re a a

b e f o e t h e R y l A i t i c S i ty e t i t l e d
r o a T h e S h if t i g o f th e Car
s a oc e , n n
2 24 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

an c e w i th s uch a u s ag e i t w o ul d be qu i t e p o s sibl e
,
”
t o u s e Qe de m fo r a
“
f ro n t c o u n t ry i n t h e N o r th -
,

an d a g a i n w ith o u t e m b arra s s m e n t t o u s e t h e s am e
, ,

1
t e rm i n sp e aki n g o f t h e E ast .

g me t f th wi d t h ce ili g f t h P o
1 C m
o p e th ar e arran e n o e n s on e n o e r

n ao s of t h t m pl
e t Be d e a B g ch A t
en mi h I
e ra. h f te
ru s , s r on o sc e n sc rz n

ltagvpt h D h m al L e i p i c 1 88 3 pp 2 6 b o t a d 2 7 t o p
' '

a zs c er en er . s , : . .
, n .
 C H A PT E R I V .

}
TH E N A VE L or TH E E A RT H

H e is t he g o d w ho s it s i n t he c e n t r e , on t he N a v e l of t he E a r th a nd he is the
i n t e rpr e te r of r e li g i o n t o a ll m a n k i n d . P LA T O .

B ut at t he N a v e l of the E a r th s ta nd s A g n i, o t he d
cl in r i c he s t a ppa r e l . R ig
Ve d a .

T o w ho m t he n w i ll y e li k e n G o d I t is H E: t ha t s i t te t h u po n t he C H U G f
o the
E a r t h , a nd the i n ha bit a n ts t he r e of a r e as g r as s h o pp e rs . —I S A 1 A H .

A f te r d is ta n c e we pa us e d t o ta k e br e a t h w he r e t he cr owd was
pr oce e d i n g some

m or e de n s e a nd o bs t i n a t e t ha n us ua l: a n d I was s e r i o us l y i nf or m e d t ha t t h is w as
g r i m s w e r e bow i ng a nd
t he e x ac t N a v e l of t he E a r t h , a n d t ha t t he se o bs t i na te pi l
h i ss i ng i t .
—T h e L an d an d the B oo k .

'
ye d e s Vo lh ha t e i ne n N a bc lde r E r de . KL B U KB R .

ST U NTS o f an
t iqu i ty m u st o ft e n h av e m arv e l e d
D E

th at i n n e arly e v e ry an c i e n t l it e ratu re th e y sh o ul d
e n co u n te r th e st ran g e e xp re s si o n t h e N av e l o f
“

t h e E ar th S til l m o re u n a c c o u n t abl e w o u ld i t
.

h av e s e e m e d t o th e m h ad t h e y n o tic e d h o w m an y
a n ci e n t m yth o l o gi e s co n n e c t t h e cra d le of t h e h u m a n

ra c e w i t h t h i s e a r t h n a v e l T h e adv o c at e s o f t h e
-
.

d iff e re n t s it e s w hic h h av e b e e n as si g n e d t o E d e n
h av e s e l d o m if e v e r re c o g n iz e d t h e f act th at n o
, ,

hyp o th e sis o n th i s s u bj e c t c an be c o n sid e r e d acc e pt

abl e wh ich c a n n o t acc o u n t f o r th i s p e cu l i ar a s s o c i a

ti o n o f m an s fi rs t h o m e w ith s o m e s o rt o f n atu ral

'

c e n tr e o f t h e e arth A ss u m i n g h o w e v e r th at t h e
.
, ,

h u m an r ac e b e g an its h i st o ry at t h e P o l e a n d th at ,

1 Pr
i t d i d ce i t h e B t U i i ty Y B b v l XL
n e n a v an n os on n ve r s ea r oo , o .

1 884 .
2 26 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

al
l tr aditi o n al r e c o ll e c ti o n s o f m an s u n f all e n s t at e ’

w e r e c o n n e ct e d wi th a po la r E d e n t h e m yst e ry ,

wh ich o th e rw i s e e n v e l o p s t h e s ubj e ct i mm e di at e ly
v an ish e s .

W e h av e al re a dy s e e n t h at t h e t e r m n av e l was
an ci e n tl y u s e d i n m an y l an gu ag e s f o r c e n t re an d ,

th a t t h e P o l e o r c e n tral p o i n t o f t h e re v o l vi n g c o n
,

st e l lat i o n s was t h e N a v e l o f H e av e n
, B ut as t o .

t h e c e l e sti a l P o l e th e re c o r r e sp o n d s a t e r r e st r i a l o n e ,

s o i t i s o n ly n a tu ral th a t t o t h e t e r m t h e
“
N av e l o f
H e av e n th e re sh o u l d b e t h e c o rre sp o n di n g e xpre s
s i o n t h e N av e l o f t h e E arth .

B e gi n n i n g w ith Ch ri st i an tr aditi o n s le t u s m ak e ,

a pilg r i m a g e t o t h e Ch urch o f t h e H o l y S e pu l c h re

at J e r u s a l e m Th e re i n t h e p o rti o n b e l o n gi n g t o
.
,

t h e G re e k Ch r ist i an s w e sh all di sc o v e r a ro u n d pi l ,

lar s o m e t wo f e e t high p ro j e cti n g fr o m t h e m arbl e

, ,

p av e m e n t bu t su pp o r ti n g n o th i n g I f we i n qu i r e as
, .

t o i ts pu r p o s e we sh all b e i n f o r m e d t h at it i s d e
,
”
sig n e d t o m ar k t h e e x ac t c e n t re o r N av e l o f t h e
1
E arth E ar ly pil g r i m s an d ch ro n icl e rs r e f e r t o th i s
.

1 A s m y o wn i n s pe c t o n i o f th s i m o n um e n t was n e ar ly th i rt
y ye ars
ag o , I h av e t h o ugh t i t we l t o m ak l e i i
q u ry as t o i ts pre s e n t s t a te
n .

T he fo l l i
o w n g, wr tt e ni un d e r d at e o f O c t 2 8 , 1 88 4, b y m y o b g n g
. li i
f ie d
r n , D r. Se l ah M e rrill , t h e U n i t e d S t at e s C o n s u l Je
at rus a e m , an dl
we l l k n o wn as an Or i e n ta l arc h ae o o g s t, l i w ill be re a d wi t h m uc h i nte r

e st : T he i c h yo u fe r s t ill t d i t h e m i dd l e o f t h e
s to n e t o wh re s an s n

Ch u c h ( G e e k ) o f t h e H o l y S e pu l c h e
r r n d i s c all e d t h e Ce t re o r r ,
a n

N a e l o f th e E t h I t i c ll e d a pil l al t h ugh i t i s n o t a pi l
‘ ’
v ar . s a ar, o

lar, b ut a e co fo m i g i
vas i t s ge e l s h ap t o a l ge t al l f ui t
, n r n n n ra e ar , r

di h s T h e t o p i i th e f m f a b i
. s wi t h a rai d p t i
n or i i ts o as n , se or on n

c e t e ; t h at i
n r i t h e b o tt o m
s, f th b s i
n I w s t l d t h t at e e y o e a n. a o a v r

fe s t b e d w l i d o t h i pil l
a r a as I m
a ure d t h t i t i s c ll d t h e
n s ar . a as s a a e

Ce t e f t h e E t h
n r o l y by t h e A r b o r t i e Ch i t i a s o f S y i
ar on a na v r s n r a,

a d
n o t by t h e G
n ks p p ; l o t h at e y G e k c h c h i
re e ro er a s , ve r re ur n

S y i t h t i s bu il t af t e r t h e f o m f t h i s e h as s u c h a pill ar i
‘
r a a r o on n

t h e ce n t re W i t h i n t wo o r t h re e ye a s p s t an o ld c h u c h h as be e
. r a ,
r n
 TH E N A VE L OF Ti lE E A R TH 227

c u ri o u s m o n u m e n t b u t its an tiqu ity n o o n e k n o ws .

1
,

A s u s u al ly d e s c r ib e d i t i s a m o n u m e n t o f t h e g e o ,

g raph ic al ig n o ran c e o f th o s e wh o pl ac e d i t th e re a ,

”
p ro o f th at th e y s u pp o s e d t h e e dg e o f t h e fl at d isk
o f t h e e ar t h t o b e e v e rywh e re e qu idis t an t f ro m th i s

s t o n e I n re al i ty i t i s a m o n u m e n t o f p ri m e v al as
.
,

t ro n o m i c an d g e o g raph i c sc i e n c e .

e te d
x c av a l i t tl d i t th f th D m
a g t I eth P l s an c e n o r o e a asc u s a e . n e a

t
es i n e F d R p t f O t b
un 1 8 83 I w t m e t f thi
or or c o e r, , ro e so e ac c o u n o s

t ppl m
o su t wh t h d b e w i tt enb f by t h I th a t a een r en e o re o e rs . n e c e n re

o f t h t ch h th
a i i m il t u rc b t th t i l pi ll T hi
e re s a s ar s o n e , u a s a re a ar . s

ch h i
u rc d bt y ld s nod i p p l ly p k ou f th Ch h ve r o ,
an s o u ar s o en o as e u rc

o f S t S t ph . I m y j d gm t i t t d o t h
e en i te f.
’
ld n u en s an s n e s o an o er

c h u rc h .

I t se e me d to m e a li t t l e s i n gu ar l t h at t h s o bj e c t s h o ui ld be ca lle d
a pill ar ( A m h d ) , wh e n i t i s on ly a v as e , o r v as e - s h ape d but as the

t ra d i ti o n c o n ne c t e d i
w t h i t is d,
v e ry o l the n am e m ay h ave c o me d o wn
f ro m i
t h e t m e wh e n t h e o b e c t us e d j fo r t h is purpo s e was ac t ua ll y a
p ill ar o r c o um n l .
”

I t is i n t e re s t n i g t o c o m pare i
w t h th e f i i o gi e n
o re go n g i the d e s c r pt n v

by B e rn a rd S u r n s , o f B rus s e i l s, in t h e ye a 1 646 p ti cul

r l y s at , ar ar a

t h at t m e t h eiO r e n t a G re e k i l s se e m to h h d o s c u pl e i c all
ave a n r n

i n g t h e p a r t h e C e n t re o f ill t he E ar th O m t re t h e t m i d d e n s t e ck t n

i
c e n e n w t t e n m ar m e r s t e e n -
nyt , v an t we e e te i syvo ie k t d er n n n v r an ,
a

put te k e n i n i s , t we lc k 5 0 0 d e O o s t s c h e G ri e c k e n s e gge n,
’
e e n ro n d t

i
h e t m d d e n v an d e n ae rd t b o d e m i s R eys e v a n 7 e r u s a le 7n A nt -
. .

we rp, 1 649 p 664 . .

1 B s ho i
p A rgu lf , i n h i s p g m g ,
r a e A D 7 ,0 0
“
s aw s o m e o t h e r il i . .

re li c s , an d he o b s e rv e d a l f ty c o l
o um n i n t h e h o y p ace s t o t h e n o rt h l l
of the Ch urc h o f G o go t h a, i n t h e l i l
m d d e o f t h e c t y, w h c h at m i d i i
d ay a t t h e s um m e r s o s t c e c as t s n o l i s h ad o w wh i ch s h o ws t h at t h s is i
t h e c e n t re o f t h e e art h .
”
W ri g h t , E arl
y Tr a v e ls i n P ale s t i n e , p 4 . .

A s l at e as A . D . 1 10 2, it st il l s e e ms t o h av e be e n o ut s d e t h e t h e n e x i
i s t i n g Ch urc h . i
B s ho p S ae u f s ys ,
w l a
“
A t t h e h e ad o f t h e C h u rc h o f
t h e H o y S e pu l l c h re , i n t h e w a ll ou ts i d e n o t f ar ro m t h e p ace o f C al , f l
v ar
y i s t h e p ac e c a e d Co m/a s , wh
,
l ll i ch o ur L o rd J e s us Ch r s t h i m i
lf i i
se s gn fie d a n d m e a s u re d w t h h i s i o wn h an d as t h e i l
m dd e o f t he
w l d cc
or a o rd n g i t o t h e wo rd s o f t h e Ps a m l i st, G o d is m y k ng o f i
old, wo rk i n
g s a va t o n l i i n t h e m ds t i of t h e e a rt h .
’
I b d , p 38 In i . . .

1322, h o we v e r, i t is d e s c r be d by S i r o h n d e M a un d e v i lle as i n the i J

i
m d s t o f t h e C h u rc h ”
I b d , p 1 67 A t o ne t me in t he M dd e . i . . . i i l
A ge s , t h e s po t s e e m s to h av e be e n m ark e d b y a l e tt e r o r i nsc r i pt i o n.
228 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

T o fin d t h e tru e sy m b o l i c a l an d c o m m e m o r at i v e
ch ara ct e r o f th is pil l ar we n e e d t o re m i n d o u r s e lv e s
,

o f a t e n d e n cy e v e r p re s e n t a n d a ctiv e a m o n g m e n .

W e h ave al re a dy al lud e d t o t h e s c o re s o f Cal v a “

ri e s which h av e b e e n s e t ap ar t i n R o m an Cath o l i c
l an d s an d h all o w e d as m e m o r i al m o u n t s U p t h e
’

.
,

s id e o f e a ch le ad s a Vi a d olo ros a wi th i ts diff e re n t ,

”
st ati o n s e ach re c all i n g t o t h e m i n d by s c ulptur e d
, ,

r e l i e fs o r o th e rw i s e o n e o f t h e i m m o rt al i n cid e n ts
,

of the P as si o n O n t h e s u m m i t i s t h e f ull cru ci

.

fix i o n t abl e au —t h e S avi o u r h an gi n g al o ft up o n
,

t h e cr o ss b e t we e n t wo cru c i fie d m al e f ac t o r s
,
T he .

sp e ar t h e r e e d w ith t h e sp o n g e t h e h am m e r
,
all , ,

are th e r e s o m e ti m e s t h e l add e r al s o
, an d n e ar by ,

t h e t o m b w h e r e i n n e v e r m an wa s l aid I n t h e m i n ds .

o f t h e w o r sh ip e r s i t i s a h o ly pl a c e .

E v e n i n o u r P ro t e st an t re publ i c o n t h e sh o re o f ,

L ak e Ch au t au qu a w e h av e s e e n s u cc e ssfully c arri e d
,

o u t i n o u r o wn d ay a c o m pl e t e re pr o d u ct i o n o f Pal
, ,

e stine T h o us an ds h av e vi sit e d i t t o t ak e o bj e ct
.

l e ss o n s i n S ac re d G e o g raphy F r o m it th e s e th o u .

s an d s h av e g a i n e d c l e ar e r id e as o f t h e re l ativ e
p o s iti o n s an d b e ari n gs o f H e r m o n an d T ab o r an d
O l i v e t o f K e d ro n an d Ch e r ith an d t h e J o rd an o f
, ,

N az are th an d H e b ro n an d t h e H o ly City th an e l s e ,

th e y e v e r w o u ld h av e b ad W h at h e re h as b e e n.

d o n e f o r pu rp o s e s o f i n st r u c ti o n h as e l s e wh e re an d
o ft e n u p o n a g re at e r o r s m a ll e r sc al e b e e n d o n e f o r ,

pu r p o s e s o f d i re c t re l igi o us e d i fic at i o n an d f o r t h e ,

gratifi c ati o n o f r e l i gi o u s s e n ti m e n t .

N o w j u st as Ch r is ti an s l o v e t o l o c al iz e i n th e i r
,

l
B arc ay, Ci ty t h e G r ea t A i ng
f
o
’
Ph ad e ph a, . il l i 1 8 58 : p 3 70
. . Se e
M i c h e lan t e t R e yn au d , lt zn er a i r es d 7er u sa lem
’
G e n éve , 1 882
'

.
pp .

36, 1 0 44, 1 8 2 , 2 3 0 , e t c .
2 30 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

a st o n ish i n g e l ab o r at i o n th i s id e a h as s o m e ti m e s b e e n
c ar ri e d o u t m ay b e s e e n i n t h e S e n byo o t e m pl e i n
M e n go o n n e ar t h e c apit al o f B u r m ah 1 Th a t t h e
, .

n a t u ral f e a tu r e s o f t h e l a n d sc a p e w e re o ft e n u tiliz e d

i n pr o du ci n g th e s e sy m b o l i c s h r i n e s an d h o ly pl ac e s
i s o n ly wh a t we sh o ul d e xp e ct “
T h e B u ddh ists o f .

”
Ce yl o n as O b ry s t a t e s
, h av e e n d e av o re d t o t ran s ,

f o rm th e ir c e n tral m o u n t ai n D ev a Ka ta ( P e ak o f t h e ,
-

G o ds ) i n t o M e r u an d t o fin d f o u r st r e am s d e sc e n d
, ,

i n g f ro m it s s i d e s t o c o rr e sp o n d w i th t h e r i v e rs o f
” 2
th e i r Parad is e .

A gai n i n t h e r o ck c u t t e m pl e s o f E ll o r a w e
,
“
-
,

h av e i n l ik e m an n e r a c o m pl e t e re p re s e n t a t i o n o f
, ,

t h e P ara d is e o f S i v a F ab e r d e v e l o ps t h e e vid e n c e .

o f thi s p racti c e am o n g t h e a n ci e n ts w ith g re at fu l l

n e ss a n d w ith r e sp e ct t o t h e H i n d u s a n d B uddh is ts
,

s ays E ach p ag o d a e ach py ram id e a ch m o n tifo rm

, , ,

‘
h igh pl a c e i s i n v ari ably e st e e m e d t o b e a c o py o f
-
,
’

” 3 ’

t h e h o ly h ill M e u r th e H i d u s Pa adis e
n r , .

F ro m R e c o rds o f t h e P a st vol x p 50 we s e e , . .
,
.
,

t h at t h e E gyp ti a n s h ad t h e s am e c u st o m o f b u il d i n g
t e m pl e s i n s u ch a m an n e r th at th e y sh o u ld b e s ym
bo lic alo f t h e a b o d e o f t h e g o ds S o i n G re e c e an d .

1
See 7 on r n alof t h e R oyalA s i a t i c S oci e ty . L o n do n, 1 8 70 : pp 40 6 .

42 9 .

2 1 18
’
Le B d e l E spece H u m a zn e , p
’

e r ce a u . .

3 O r i gi n P ag a n I d ola t r y L o n d o n, 1 81 6 v ol i S o an
o
f . .
p 345
.
, . .

A mer i c w i t e r s ys A k k ad A am d llt h e
an r a ,
“
i l , r ,
an a o th e r h gh an d s
o f a t i q u i t y we e b u t
n p o d ct i o s t d i t i o
r
y i h e i t ce s f o m
re r u n ,
ra n ar n r an r

t h i s p i m i t i e h i gh l
r d t h i s O l ym pu o f allA s i
v an ,S i m il n o t i o ns s a . ar

we e a r c i te d t
ss ol t p i d w i th M u t Z i o i J e
a a a a er lem d
er o o n n n ru s a ,
an

wi t h t h M h m m d e Me c a d o the
o a e
c d l c li t i s
an S u ch
c a n r s a re o a e .

i d s [ t h t t h e y w e e pe c t i l y i t h e ce t e o f t h e wo l d] e
ea as a er r s ve n n r r ar

no i dic t i n o f th e i g
a on f the ci t t h e y we e
n o ran c e o ym b li c l an en s r s o a

a d n t d i ti o
ra y c pt i o s i h e i t e d f
n ar m th e
con ec e d m o u t of
n n r ro sa r n

di
”
P ara Th e A m i
se . A t i gu i d O i t l7 u
e r ca n l Ch in ar a n a n r en a o rna .

c ago , 1 88 1 p 3 12
. . Co m pare 1 8 84, p . 1 18 .
 TH E N A VE L OF TH E E A R TH 2 31

Ro m e t h e c it ad e l m o u n t s i n th e i r c i ti e s h ad qu i t e as
g re at r e l igi o u s as m il i t ary s ig n i fi c an c e L e n o rm an t .
,

sp e aki n g o f R o m e an d O ly m pi a re m ark s I t i s i m , ,

p o s s ibl e n o t t o n o t e th at t h e Capit o l i n e was fi rs t o f

al lt h e J Wo u n t of S a t u rn an d th at t h e R o m a n arch ae ,

o l o gi st s e st a bl ish e d a c o m pl e t e a ffi n ity b e tw e e n t h e

Capit o l i n e an d M o u n t Cro n i o s i n O ly m pi a f ro m t h e ,

s t an d p o i n t o f th e ir tram sii ? an d re ligi o u s o rigi n

-

( D i o n ys i u s H alic a rn i Thi s M o u n t Cro n i o s

.
, .
,

i s as it w e re t h e Omph a los o f t h e s ac re d ci ty o f
, ,

E l i s t h e p r i m i ti v e c e n t re o f i ts w o r sh i p
, I t so m e .

” 1
ti m e s re c e iv e s t h e n a m e O ly m p o s H e re i s n o t .

o n ly sy m b o l is m i n g e n e ral b u t al s o a sy m b o l is m ,

p o i n ti n g t o t h e A r ctic E d e n al re ady s h o w n t o b e ,

t h e p r i m e v a l m o u n t o f K ro n o s t h e Oznph a los o f t h e
—— — T q T “
,
~

o w, a s
J e ru s al e m i s o n e o f t h e m o s t an ci e n t o f
t h e s ac r e d ci ti e s o f t h e w o r ld an d a t t h e s am e t i m e , , ,

t h e o n e w h e re t h e t rad it i o n o f t h e p ri m e v al P ar adis e
w as p re s e rv e d i n it s cl e are s t a n d m o s t h i st o r ic fo r m ,

i t w o u ld b e st ran g e if i n all its l o n g h i s t o ry n o ki n g , ,

o r p r i e sth o o d h ad e v e r t ri e d t o e n h a n c e i ts a ttr ae

t i v e n e s s an d s an cti ty by m ak i n g i t o r s o m e p a rt o f ,

i t sy m b o l iz e E a rth s e arli e st H o ly L an d a n d c o m
’

, ,

m e m o rat e m a n s e arl i e s t Th e o c ra cy
’

Th at t h e at .

B eg i n n i ng s of b 'i s t ory, pp 1 1 ,
5 . 1 53 .

2
A m o n g t h e R o m an s n o c t , o r
y i e ve n c a m p, w as r i te e s t ab li s he d
an d f o un d ed i
w t h o ut a s ac re d U m bi li c u s . I t
“
fie l i n d e n S c h n t t i
pun k t d e s D ec u r na n u s un d Ca r d o h i a x i ni u s , d h wo h n d i e Vi a de c u . .
,
i
i
n za n a , s c h m i t d e r Vi a
pr i n ci/m li s k re u z t d e s e r S c h n t t pu n k t b e an d i i f
i
s c h v o r d e m i n t r o i t u s P r ae t o r i i d a s t a n d a uc h ( lie A r a ca s t r o r u m ,
(la wa r ( l e r U m bi li c u s d e s S s t e m s
y D e s e n U m b c us n u n fin d e n . i ili
w i r i n Ro m no c h i n M a ue rre s t e n v o rh a n d e n a m n o r d os t lic h e n A f
n an g

( l
es F o rum w i e d e r, we l c he S te ll e al
s U m b ili c us b e z c ic h n e t w urd e .
”
J .

ll . Ku n t z e , P r oleg o m e n a zur Ges ch i c h te R o m s . Le ps i ic ,

1 88 2 : p . 1 5 4.
See n o te s be lo w , on ii
t he c t e s o f C uz co an d Me x i co .
2 32 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

t e m pt was m ad e is b e y o n d a d o u bt T o th is d ay t h e .

vi sit o r i s s h o w n t h e s p o t w h e re acc o rd i n g t o o n e ,

1
t raditi o n A d am was c re at e d,
N o t m an y f e e t aw ay .
,

u n d e r t h e c u st o dy of an o th e r r e l igi o n h e fi n ds t h e ,

s ac re d ro ck h e w n g rav e i n wh ic h at l e as t t h e h e a d
-

2
o f t h e fi r s t o f m e n w as b u r i e d I n t h e l it tl e G ih o n .
,

t h e n am e o f o n e o f t h e P a rad i s e riv e rs s til l liv e s .

T h e m i r ac ul o u s vi rt u e o f t h e P o o l o f B e th s aid a
was asc rib e d i n e arly Ch ris ti an l e g e n d t o i ts b e i n g
i n su bt e rran e an c o n t ac t w ith t h e T re e o f L if e _
,

wh ic h g re w i n t h e m i ds t o f Paradi s e 3
Ch rist s .
’

c ro s s was s ai d t o h av e b e e n m ad e o f t h e w o o d o f t h e
s am e t re e T h e v e ry n am e M o u n t S i o n i s a m e m o
.
, ,

ri al o n e T h e T al m u di c acc o u n t o f T h e S t re n gt h
.

o f th e H ill o f S i o n sh o w s th at t h e P al e s ti n i an
m o u n t was n am e d aft e r t h e h e av e n ly o n e an d n o t ,

v i ce v e rs a as c o mm o n ly s u pp o s e d
,
T h e t r u e s ac r e d .

n am e of t h e H o ly Ci ty i s th e re fo re n o t S i o n , ,

( th o u gh i t is o ft e n c all e d by t h e h e a v e n l y app e ll a

M
”
t i o n al s o ) b u t D ,e r o f S ion S h e is s i m ply .

1 M u rray s H ’
an d booh f or Syr i a a n d P a les t i n e L o n d o n , 1 8 58 P t i , . . .

p . 1 64 . A n othe r ac c o u n t re ad s , E d e I h e rus ale m aS e i n t H abrah am

s un t . v iii l i we s
.
, e la fu st A d am fo u rm e
.
”
lti n e‘ra i r es a ye r u s a le nz,
ci D es c r i pt i on s d e la Te r re S a i n te . R d g s é i é c en f ran a s i au x XI "
,

XI I "
, XI I I °
s i ecl e s . Pub l i és par M i c h e lan t e t Re yn aud . G e n eve ,
1 88 2 : p . 233 .

2 See F . i
P pe r A d a m s Gr a b
, f
au goth a
Go l . E va n
g e li s ch e r Ka le n
der , 1 86 1 p 17. ff ill
( us t rat e d ) . . Ph ili ppe M o us k e t ( A . D . in
h i s d e s c r pt v e po e m i i on the H o ly P l ac e s , m ak es i t t h e t o mb of bo t h
A dam an d E v e
E t la to u t d ro i t 11 I ud e u
Cruc i fii ére n t le fil D e u ,
E u A d a m , li pre m i e rs o m , m i s
E t e n t ie rés e t s o u po u lis ,
E t E ve , sa f e m e , av o e c lu i , ” e t c .

( M i c h e lan t e t R e yn au d , ut s upr a , p.

3 W . H e n d e rs o n ,
"
I d en ti ty in th e S ce n e o
f M an
’
s Cr ea t i on , F all, a n d
R e dempti on . L o n d o n, 1 864 : p . 10 .
2 34 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

I nth is c i t ati o n i n a dd iti o n t o a str o n g ass e rt i o n

,

o f t h e sy m b o l ic al ch ar a ct e r o f t h e t o p o g ra phy an d

w at e rw o rks o f J e r us al e m we h av e t h e l o c ati o n i t ,

s e l f i n clu d e d i n th is sy m b o l is m T h e c ity i s s a id t o .

h av e b e e n t h e U m bi li c us o r N av e l o f t h e E arth fo r ,

t wo re a s o n s : first b e c a u s e o f its r e l ati o n t o s u r ,

1
r o u n di n g c o u n t r i e s ; an d s e c o n d b e c a u s e o f i ts , ,

c o n t ai n i n g t h e s o u rc e o f t h e ri v e rs I n o ur n e xt .

ch apt e r thi s l as t re as o n will b e c o m e m o r e si g n i fi c an t

,

th an e v e n t h e w rit e r i n t e n d e d A t p re s e n t we w ill .

o n ly add th at t h e t r u e ph il o s o phy o f t hi s sy m b o l ic a l

c e n t ral ity o f J e ru s al e m i s f o u n d i n t wo f a cts : fi rs t ,

t h e H e b re w s h ad a t radi ti o n th a t pr i m e v a l E d en
2
w as t h e C n t re of t h e E a rt h
e an d s e c o n d by s tyli n g , ,

J e ru s al e m t h e N av e l o f t h e E arth as th e y d id i t was , ,

sy m b o l ic al ly all t h e m o re as si m il a t e d t o t h e p ri m
i t i v e P a radi s e wh ich i n s o m an y o t h e r w ays i t s a
c re d l y c o m m e m o rat e d .

Pa ssi n g t o t h e fi e l d o f H e l l e n ic tr adi t i o n we are ,

t o l d by all m o d e r n i n t e rp re t e r s th at t h e G re e k s
“
sh ar e d t h e n arro w c o n c e i t a n d i g n o r an c e o f all
”
an c i e n t n ati o n s an d s up p o s e d th e i r o wn l an d t o
,

o c c upy t h e m id dl e o f t h e fl at e ar th di sk A nd “
-
.

b e c aus e o f c e rt ai n e xp re ssi o n s i n Pi n d ar an d a pas

s ag e i n P au s an i as i t i s affi rm e d as a fi r s t p ri n cipl e
,

i n t h e g e o g raph y o f t h e an c i e n t G re e k s th at D e lph i
was b e l i e v e d t o b e t h e e x ac t t o p o g raph i c al c e n tr e
p o i n t o f t h e w h o l e e arth .

1 T h t th
i t d i t i l l y gi
a sfi tra f th
on a pp ll t i i -
t ve n rs re aso n or e a e a on s no

w ll f
e d d i
o un i d t f m t h f t t h t the H b w h d N el
e s ev en ro e ac a e re s a a av

o f th E th e
”
f th t t h N t h b f e
ar , ar erth y h d p
o e d e or , e or e ve r e a o ss sse

the m l f th
se ve s o it f J l m ( J dg i
e s e o e r us a e u . x .

2 I
O ig
n S l ti rd G i
e n,w e ecd T d s a t H b i l e n es a ,
e re a ,
“
ra un e raa o

c um i , q nP d i m pl t i t D
uo ar aEd su i t j t ip m an av e us , e n v o cat , e a un su
”
m u n d i m e d i u m e ss e , u t papi llo m oculi. Co m pare H e rs h o n , Tal
m u d i c M s ce lla ny, p 3 00
'

. .
 TH E A ’A VE L OF TH E E A R TH : 2 35

S u ch r e p re s e n t ati o n i s far f ro m s at i sf act o ry

a .

F o r wh il e t h e t e rm O mph a los o f t h e E arth w as u n

d o u bt e d l y appl i e d i n a s e n s e t o D e l ph i i t b e l o n g e d ,

t o i t o n l y as t h e n am e A th e n s b e l o n gs t o m a n y a
t o w n th u s d e s i g n at e d i n A m e r ic a I t h ad o th e r an d .

o l d e r t o p o g ra ph ic al c o n n e c t i o n s an d a s s o c i ati o n s .

W e fin d t rac e s o f t h e s am e t itl e i n c o n n e c ti o n w i th
O ly m p o s w it h I d a w ith P a r n as s o s wi th O gygi a
, , , ,

w ith Ny ss a w i th M o u n t M e ro s w i th D e l o s wit h
, , ,

A th e n s w ith Cre t e an d e v e n w ith M e ro e I n t he

'

.
, ,

m ulti plici ty o f th e s e l o c al iz a ti o n s t h e p e o pl e s e e m t o .

h av e l o s t t h e c l u e t o t h e o rigi n al sig n ifi c an c e o f t h e
c o n c e pti o n an d t o h av e c o n t riv e d c ru d e e tym olo gi
,

c al m yth s o f th e i r o w n f o r t h e e xpl an ati o n o f wh at

1
s e e m e d t o th e m a r e m ark abl e d e si g n ati o n .

T h e m o m e n t w e m ak e t h e t r ue o rigi n al O mph alos _

.

o f t h e E ar th t h e N o rth P ol e an d i n v e st i t with s a ,

cr e d t radi ti o na ry r e c o lle c t i o n s _
_

W
”
ee ome s g e ar of
“
h T h e c e n tr e st o n e .
-

D e lph i l ik e t h e O m ph aliu m o f t h e Cr e t an s b eg gne s

m
, ,

re ly a an att e m pt e d c o py o f t h e
e
g r m a l A n d if al l t h e O ly m ps . a n d I d a s
a n d P arn ass o s m o u n t s w e r e al ik e c o n v e n i e n t re p ro

d u c t i o n s a n d l o c al iz ati o n s o f t h e o n e c e l e s ti al m o u n
t ai n o f t h e g o d s at t h e N o rth P on d efi f m '

w e fi n d e a ch o f th e m i n s o m e way d e s i g n at e d as t h e
Ce n t re o f t h e E arth .

Omph a lo s o f t h e s e a
’
H o me r s “
Calyps o s i sl e
’

, ,

A pe i ne l e fa
‘
n nt [Z e us ] ve no it de n ai t re ,
q ue le s Curét e s le po r
t ere n t s u r l I d a
’
. D an s le t raj e t, le c o rd o n o mb ca il i l
s e d e t ac h a e t

ili e u d e pl i q i wa
’
t o m ba au m un a ne ui pr t d e 11 le nom de s bs , n om

br i l ( no m u
q e ll e d e
’
it a i vo vo r —T . B . E m e ri c - D
’

av id ,

yupi te r ; R e ch e r ch es s u r ce D i e u, sur so n Cu l/e ,

e tc .
, Par s , i 1 8 33 , t . i .
,

p . f
2 48 , re e rr n
g i to Ca ll i m ac h us , H ym n u s i n 7 aoe m , v .
44 D i o d o rus
S ic , v .
70 .
2 36 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

h as i n l ik e m an n e r all t h e m arks o f a m yt h i c o t rad i -

t i o n al n o rth p o l ar E d e n I t s n am e O gygi a c o n n e ct s .
, ,

1
i t wi th a f ar o ff an t e dil u vi a n a n ti qu i ty
-
I t i s s i tu .

a t e d i n t h e f ar N o r th an d O dyss e u s n e e ds t h e bl a s t ,

o f B o re a s t o bri n g h i m a w ay f r o m its sh o re s o n
t h e h o m e w a rd j o u rn e y I t s qu e e n Calyp s o is t h e .
, ,

d au gh t e r o f A tl as ; an d A tl as p ro p e r st ati o n i n ’

G re e k m yth o l o gy as e l s e wh e r e sh o w n i s at t h e t e r , ,

re s t ri al P o l e I t s b e a u ty i s P aradi s ai c it b e i n g
.
,

ad o r n e d w ith g ro v e s an d s o ft m e ad o ws o f V i o l e ts ,

— s o b e a u tiful i n f act th at o n b e h o ldi n g i t e v e n an

, ,

”2
I m m o rt al w o ul d b e s e iz e d wi t h w o n d e r an d d e ligh t .

F i n al ly id e n tifyi n g t h e pl ac e b e y o n d all qu e sti o n

, ,

w e h av e t h e E d e n “
f o u n t ai n wh o s e w a t e r s p art ,

i n t o f o u r s t re a m s fl o w i n g e ac h i n o pp o s it e d i re c
“
,

” 3
t ion s .

I n M o u n t M e ro s we h av e o n ly t h e G r e e k f o rm
4
o f M e ru as l o n g ag o sh o w n by Cre u z e r
,
T he one .

is t h e N av e l of t h e E ar th fo r t h e s am e re as o n th at
t h e o th e r i s E gypti an M e ro e ( i n s o m e E gypt i an
.

t e xt s M e r i n A s sy ri an M i ruhh o r
, ,

s e at o f t h e f am o u s o ra cl e o f J upit e r A m m o n was ,

p o ssibly n am e d f ro m t h e s am e W o rl d m o u n t ai n
” “ -
.

Thi s w o uld e xpl ai n t h e p as s ag e i n Q u i n t u s Cu r

ti u s wh ic h h as s o t ro u bl e d c o m m e n t at o rs wh e re i n
, ,

t h e o bj e c t wh ich r e p r e s e n t e d t h e divi n e b e i n g i s
” 5
d e sc r ib e d as r e s e m bli n g a n av e l s e t i n g e m s “
.

W l k h i h G btt l h i 7 75 t q
’

1
'

S ee G e c e r, r ze c sc e er e re, .
,
e se .

3 Ib d i .

4 Sym bolik , v o l i , p 53 7 . . . .

5 I d q u o d pro d e o c o lit u r, n on c an d e m e ffigi am h ab e t , q uam

v ulgo dii s i m ili
ac c o m m o d av e ru n t : u m b i ili co m ax m e i s s e s t h ab t us ,

sm g
arad e t g m moi c o gm t teu s
”
Q u i t u s C u t i us D
s R b G s
a en a . n r ,
e e . e .
,

m a is 1 8 2 2 ; al s o D i o d o ru s
’
i S t i L ai e s ed P e r r
v .
7 2 3
, e e e.s no n .
, ,

S i c ulu s ii i 3 C pt W i lf o rd o t i c e s ano t h e r co i c i d e c e :
“
. . a .
T he n n n
,
2 38 PA R A D I S E F OUND .

h e l p e d t h e i n t e rp re t e rs o f Pi n d ar o u t o f m o r e th an
1
o n e p e rpl e xity A cc o rdi n g t o H e c at ae u s L et o t h e
.
, ,

m o th e r o f A p o l l o an d h i s s ist e r A rt e m i s was b o rn ,

o n an i sl an d i n t h e A rc tic O c e an be yo n d t he ,
”
N o rth wi n d M o r e o v e r o n th is i sl an d i n h abit e d by
.
,

t h e H yp e r b o r e an s A p o l l o is u n c e asi n gly w o rs h ip e d ,

i n a h u g e ro u n d t e m pl e i n a c ity wh o s e i n h abit an t s ,

are p e rp e tu ally pl ayi n g u p o n ly re s an d ch an ti n g t o

2
h is p ra i s e S o r e p o rt s D i o d o ru s ( i i 4 7) an d h e r e
. .
,

w ith a gr e e s t h e i m agi n ary j o u rn e y o f A p o l l o n i u s o f

Ty an a — a n am e s ak e o f A p o ll o — wh o t e ll s o f h i s
, ,

j o u rn e y far t o t h e N o rt h o f t h e Cau c a s u s i n t o t h e
r e gi o n s o f t h e pi o u s H yp e rb o re an s am o n g w h o m h e ,

f o u n d a l o fty s acr e d m o u n t ai n t h e Omph a los o f t h e ,

3
E a thr .

I n t h e Ph ae d o we h av e a ch ar m i n g d e s c ri pti on o f
“ ”
Pl at o s t e r r e stri al P ar adi s e
’
I n th i s f a ir r e gi o n .
,

é h pp
c a i g e s d lh i
e au x
”
M i m e C ll i g
r u ur Myth lg i e
’
ve r . ax o n o n, o o e

P i S e A l ae u
’
1 88 3 p 96 H ym
'
F g i d l G e
u r ee e a r ce . ar s , : . . e c s n, re

f d t by M e l U t bli h h i t l h i p 87 T h p
e rre o e nz t
, n s er c e s e re , .
, . . e re se n

w itr i t th fi t t b
er s no mi d d h f p l
e M rs B i ih o e re n e e re o o ar e ru : e ne n

(d H yp b
en ) w h b t a d ig d
er S
o re e rn
g tt A p l l ,
d o nen es n er o n ne n o o o un

s i e S hw
e n t A t m i wi
c f d m i di h
es er M b f ll I
r e s, e au e n sc en e ru e en a s n

L i h t g i t un d S H i i h L uk
”
d ra, d er g tt w h t
c D
e s onne n o ,
o n . r . e nr c en,

D ie Tr a d i ti on e n d e s M e n s ch e ng es ch lech ts , ode r di e U r ofie n bar u ng

u n te r d e n H e i de n . M ii n s t e r,
p 73 2 d cd .
, 1 8 69 . .

1 See Ol ympi a n Ode s , i v , 74 ; v i , 3 ; v , 62 ; . . iii . xi .

, 10 . N e m ean ,
V 11 .
, 33 . F r ag , i , 3 , an d pass i m
. co m p Ol ymp , ,
. . ii iii . . Pyt h .
, iv .
, etc .

”
2 T he D o r ani wo rs h p o f A po i ll o y B o re a l
was pr i m i ti v e l . H um

b o l d t , Cos m os ii i d ar i in
’ ’
(B ohn s , 51 1 . . C o m pare P n s e x pre s s o n
”
s e con d Ol y m p i an Od e : t h e H yp e rb o re an o k wh o s e rv e
“
f l A po ll o .

”
3 C e t t e m o n t agn e e s t s ac r e ; c e s t lo m bi li c d u m o n d e
’ ’
Mo é .

J
o n n és , L Ocea n d es A n c i e n s , p 1 62 A s t o t h e [E ge an
’
de ’
re au . .

D l
e o s, t h e b e s t e x p an a t l i on Ke ary c an g i v e i s t h i s D l e os was af t e r
w ard d e e m e d t o b e t h e n av e l of t h e e ar t h , b e c ause , be i n g i n s pe c a i l
fa vor i ll o
i t m i gh t be t h o ug h t to s ta n d u n de r t h e eye of t h e
w t h A po ,

mi d day s u n
”
. l
( ) P r i m i t i v e B e li ef , p 1 8 3 Co m pare , o n t h e o t h e r . .

i
h an d , P n d ar s F r ag m en t i n h o n o r o f D e o s , t h e H o m e r c H ym n t o
’
l i
A pollo, and t h e J apan e s e m yt h of O no goroji m a b e fo re de s cr be d i ,
 TH E N A VE L OF TH E E A R TH 2 39

S o cr at e s is m ad e t o th i n gs th at gro w
s ay, l
al

t re e s an d fl o w e rs an d f ru i t — are f air e r th an
an h e r e ; an d th e r e are h i ll s an d s t o n e s i n th e m
y
s m o o th e r an d m o re t ran s p ar e n t an d fai r e r i n c o l o r
th a n o ur h igh ly v al u e d e m e r ald s an d s ard o n yx e s an d
-

j as p e rs a n d o th e r g e m s wh ic h are b u t m i n u t e f rag ,

m e n t s o f th e m : fo r th e r e all t h e s t o n e s are li k e o u r
p re c i o u s s t o n e s an d f air e r s till T h e t e m p e ram e n t
, .

o f th e i r s e a s o n s i s s u c h th a t t h e i n h ab it an ts h av e

n o d i s e as e an d li v e m u ch l o n g e r th a n we d o an d
, ,

h av e si gh t an d h e ar i n g an d s m e ll an d all t h e o th e r
s e n s e s i n m u c h g re at e r p e rf e c ti o n A n d th e y h av e .

t e m pl e s an d s acr e d pl ac e s i n wh ich t h e g o d s r e ally

dw e ll an d th e y h e ar th e ir v o i c e s a n d re c e i v e th e i r
, ,

an s w e rs an d are c o n sc i o u s o f th e m an d h o ld c o n
, ,

v e rs e w ith th e m an d th e y s e e t h e s u n t h e m o o n
, , ,
"
1
a d t h e s t ar s a s th e y r e ally are
n .

I f we as k as t o t h e l o c ati o n o f th i s d ivi n e ly b e au
t iful ab o d e e v e ry i n d ic ati o n o f t h e t e xt ag re e s w i th
,

o u r h yp o th e sis I t i s righ t u n d e r t h e e ye w h e n
.

t h e w o rl d i s l o o k e d at fr o m its s u m m i t t h e N o rth ,

2
e rn c e l e sti al p o l e Vi e w e d fr o m t h e s t an dp o i n t o f
.

”
G r e e c e an d its n e ighb o r l an d s i t i s a bov e it “
,
” ”
i s th e uppe r E a r th t h e d azzl i n g t o p o f t h e ro u n d
“
,

w o rl d I n i t m o r e o v e r i s t h e N a v e l o f t h e E arth
.
, , ,

aw y o a ca , i n h abi t e d by h a ppy m e n
'

I f an yth i n g i s n e e d e d t o d isp r o v e t h e c o m m o n n o
t i o n th at g e o g raph i c al i g n o ra n c e a n d n ati o n al s e l f
e st e e m fi rs t g o v e r n e d t h e an c i e n t p e o pl e s i n l o c a ti n g

o f t h e e ar th i t i s
“
i n th e i r o w n c o u n t r i e s n av e l s ,

fu rn i sh e d by w h at i s i n all pr o b ability t h e o l d e s t , ,

e pi c i n t h e w o rl d th a t o f I z d h ub ar frag me n t s o f
, ,

1 F b a da, 1 10 , 1 1 1 .

2 E1 7 1: b wfle v 05 431 0 .
2 40 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

w h ich h av e s urvi v e d i n t h e o ld e st l i t e r at u r e o f B aby

l o n i a Th e s e f rag m e n t s sh o w th a t t h e e arl i e s t i h
.

h abi t an ts o f t h e Ti g ro E u phrat e s b asi n l o c a t e d t h e

“ -

Ce n tr e o f t h e E arth n o t i n t h e i r o w n m i d s t b u t i n ,

a f ar o ff l an d o f s acr e d ass o ci ati o n s

, w h e re “t h e , _

”
h o l yh o u s e 61 1112: go d s i s s itu at e d a l an d
“
i n to ,

t h e h e art whe r of
e m an h a th n ot
w

pl ac e u n d e rn e ath t h e o v e rshadowi n g wo rl d
“

” 1
an d b e 5 1 d e t h e
“
ful l w at e rs N o d e sc r ipti o n c o ul d .

m o r e p e rf e ctly id e n tify t h e sp o t with t h e A rcti c P o l e

o f an ci e n t A s i ati c m yth o l o gy Y e t thi s t e st i m o n y .

s t an d s n o t al o n e ; fo r i n t h e fr ag m e n t o f an o th e r
an c i e n t t e xt t ran sl a t e d by S ayc e i n
, R e c o rds o f t h e
” ”
P as t w e are t o l d o f a d we ll i n g wh ic h t h e g o ds
,
“ “

c re at e d f o r t h e fi rst hu m an b e i n gs — a d we l l i n g i n
”
,
” “
w hi ch th e y b e c am e gr e at an d i n cr e as e d i n nu m
b e r s an d t h e l o c ati o n o f w hi ch i s d e s c rib e d i n
,

wo rd s e x actly c o r r e sp o n d i n g t o th o s e o f I ran i an I n ,

d i an Ch i n e s e E d d ai c an d A zt e c l i t e r atur e n am e ly
, , , ,
” 2
i n t h e Ce n tr e o f t h e E arth .

I n t h e H i n d u Pu r an as we are t o ld o v e r an d o v e r
th at t h e e arth i s a S ph e r e an d th at M o u n t M e ru i s ,

3
i t s N av e l o r P o l e B u t t h e e xp re s si o n n d bh i o r .
,

“
N av e l o f t h e e arth is o l d e r th an t h e Pu r an as ,

th o u gh t h e v e ry m e an i n g o f Pu ran a is an c i e n t“
.

”
L ik e t h e t e r m N av e l o f H e av e n i t o c c ur s i n t h e ,

1 A . HS ayc e , B a bylo n i an L i ter a tu r e

. L o n d o n , 1 8 78 : p 39 . . . T he
S un is fi
o f N o rt h we s t e rn A r c a, i n o ur o wn da y, fix t h e c e n t re of th e
wo r ld o ut s ide t hei o wn r t e rr t o ry, i b e twe e n t h e mse l v e s an d the S ou
d an . R G . . H al i b u t o r n, N otes on M ou n t A tlas an d i ts T r a d i t i o n s .

S ale m , M ass .
, 1 883 p 8 . .

2
R ecor ds o
f t h e P ast , xi .
, pp . 1 0 9 seq G e o rge S m th , Ch ald a an
. i
A ccou n t o f Ge n es i s , 2 d cd .
, p 92. . L e n o rm an t, B eg i n n i ngs of H i st o ry ,

app , .
pp .
5 0 8-
51 0 .

3 T he i
c o nv e x ty i n t h e ce n t re is t h e n ave l of V ishnu . A s i ati c
R es e a r c h e s , vol v . iii .
, p . 2 73 .
2 42 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

I p e rf e ct acc o rd h e r e w i th we fi n d t h e b ard ask

n ,

i n g i n an o th e r hy m n w h e re t h e N av e l o f t h e E arth
, ,

i s an d i n d o i n g i t h e a ss o c i at e s it as cl o s e ly as po s
s ibl e n o t w ith s o m e c e n t ral h o m e sh ri n e i n h i s o w n
,
-

l an d b u t w i th t h e e xt re m e E n d of t h e E a rth — an
,
“ ”
,

e xp re ssi o n u s e d a g a i n an d ag a i n i n an ci e n t lan ,

l
gu ag e s f o r t h e P o l e an d it s vi ci n ity
, .

A g a i n i n a n o th e r V e di c p ass ag e t h e N a v e l o f t h e
, ,

E ar th i s l o c at e d up o n t h e m o u n t a i n s a n d th is as ,

2
s o ci ati o n p o i n ts u s t o t h e N o r th S till st ro n g e r e v i .

d e n c e o f i ts p o l ar l o c ati o n i s f o u n d i n o th e r hy m n s ,

w h e r e t h e s u pp o rti n g c o l u m n o f h e av e n — t h e A tl as
pil l ar o f V e di c c o s m o l o gy — i s d e s c r ib e d as st an d
3
i g n o r up o n t e N a v e l o f t h e E ar th
n i h .

F i n al ly s o u n m i st ak abl e i s t h e V e di c t e ach i n g o n
,

th is s ubj e ct th at a r e c e n t w r it e r aft e r a ss e rti n g wi th ,

al l h i s t e ach e rs th a t t h e c o s m o g raph y o f t h e V e d i c
”
b ard s w as e m b ry o n i c a n d th e ir e arth a fl at ,
”
d isk o v e rar ch e d by a s o l id firm am e n t wh ich was ,
”
s o l d e r e d o n t o t h e e dg e o f t h e d isk at t h e h o riz o n ,

n e v e rth e l e s s l at e r i n st u dyi n g o n e o f t h e c o s m o
, ,

o n i c al hy m n s o f D i rgh a t am as t h e s o n o f M am at a
g , ,

r e ach e s t h e c o n cl u s i o n th at t h e si n g e r h ad k n o wl
e dg e b o th o f t h e c e l e sti al a n d o f t h e t e rr e st ri al P o l e ,

an d th at i n s e e ki n g t o a n s w e r t h e qu e s ti o n as t o th e
,

A ro un d t h e fire i n l i
s o e m n r t e t h e y tr o d ,

The l ove ly l ad y an d t h e g o r o us g o d l i
M d n zgh t whe n t hey m e t
'

L ik e D ay a n d s t a r ry
”
I n t h e br oa d pla i n s at lof ty M e r u
’
s f e e t .

( Gri fi th s
’
T ran s at i o n l of Ku m ar a ‘
S a m bha v a , or T he B i r th o
f the Wa r -
God .

L on do n ,

1 T he fo l l o wi g i s G rass m an n
n
’
s t ran s l tion
a I ch f rage n ac h dem
ausse rs e n t E n d e d e r E rd e , i c h f ra
ge wo d e r We lt N abe l i s t, e tc.

Ri g Ve da , i , 1 64, 3 4 ; co m p 3 5
. . .

2
R i g Ved a, i x .
,
82 , 3 .

8 Ibd i .
, ix .
, 86, 8 ; ix .
, 7 9, 4 ; i x .
, 7 2 , 7, e t c.
 TH E N A VE L 0E TH E E A R TH . 2 43

l o c a t e s i t p re c i s e ly at t h e
h u m a n i ty h e
bi rt h pla ce f -
o ,

p o i n t o f c o n t ac t b e t w e e n t h e p o l a r m o u n t a i n an d
l
t h e P o l e o f t h e n o rth e r n sky .

W e h av e s e e n th at acc o rd i n g t o O ld I r an i an t ra ,
-

“
d iti o n al s o m an was c re at e d i n t h e ce n t ra l d i vi s
,

i o n o f t h e e arth
“
T h e p ri m o rd i al t re e w h ich k e pt
.
,
”
t h e st r e n g t h o f all k i n d s o f t re e s w as “
i n t he v i ,

” 2
c i n i ty o f t h e M i d d l e o f t h e E a r th T h e p r i m e v al .

0 x wh ic h st o o d by t h e P a ra d is e r i v e r wh e n t h e d e
,
”3
str o y e r c am e was i n t h e M i dd le o f t h e E arth ,
“
.

M o u n t T aéra ( Pah l T erak ) t h e c e l e sti al P o l e a n d .

, ,

K ak ad i —D ai t i k t h e m o u n t ai n o f t h e t e rre st r i al P o l e
-
, ,

are e ac h d e s c r ib e d i n s i m il ar t e rm s : t h e o n e as
“
Ce n tr e o f t h e W o r ld t h e o th e r as
“
Ce n t re o f t h e ,

” 4
E ar th T h e e xp re s s i o n A pd m N epali t h e
. N av e l ,

o f t h e W at e rs
”
o c cu r s i n t h e A v e st an w r iti n gs a g a i n
,

an d a g ai n an d i s a l w ays a ppl i e d e i th e r t o t h e w o rl d
,

f o u n t ai n f ro m wh ic h all w at e rs p ro c e e d o r t o t h e ,

5
S pi ri t pr e s idi n g o v e r i t B u t as th i s w o rld f o u n .
-

1 T he re ad e r w il l
d o ub t be g ad t o s e e t h e e x ac t an g u age
no Le l l
c o n t ac t d e la t e rre e t d u c e , s e ra t i ] lh ym e n m ys t r e u x d o t lh u i l i -
’
é i ’
i ’

i
m an i t é n aq u t ? L e c e , c c s e ra t le pe re q ui e n ge n d re ; la m ere c c i l i ’

se ra t ila g ran d e t e rre , ayan t s a m at r c e d an s la par t e la p us h a u t e d e i i l

sa f
s u r ac e , s ur le s h a u t s m o n t s ; e t c c s e ra t
q ue le pé re
‘
c o n de i fé
ra i i ll
t le s e n d e c e e q u i e s t e n m em e t e m ps , s o n e po u s e e t s a fille
’ '
.

On a c ru v o r c c po i i nt de co n t ac t d o n t par le D i rgh a t a m as , O u ttd

n dya h tch a m wd/
z e n d ro it s e pt e n t r o n a i l o i1 le s d e ux s ur f ace s se

t o uc h e n t, po
’
— au le no r d, co n n u d e laut e u r
’
l ’ '

e to il e po l i
a re s e n o m

m an t o u tta n apa d a . I l es t c e rt a n i
q ue la s o m m e d e s c o n n a s s a n c e s i
po s iti ve s co lle c t i o n ée s par c c il
ph o s o ph e t a t re at v e m e n t m po r é i l i i
t an t .
” -
M a ri us F o n t a n e , I n de Véd i q u e Par s , 1 88 1 pp 94, 2 0 0
. i . .

2 \Ve s t, P a h la v i Tex ts , pt i , p 1 6 1 . . . .

3 \Ve s t , P a hla v i Tex ts , pt i , p 1 62 . . . .

4 I b d , pp i .
36 S o , i n c o n s e q ue n ce
. . of th e li
d ua ty an d o ppo s t e i
po l i ty al l
ar ud e d t o in t h e c o n te x t, H e ll i s in t he i l
m dd e o f t h e e ar t h ,
”

at t h e S o u t h Po l e , 19 .

5
Se e I nd e x to D arm e s t e te r s
'
Zen d A -
ve s t a . C o m pare t h e V e d ic
h ym n ( ii .
,
“
A n d e n S oh n de r Wass e r ,
”
A pd m na
pdt , wh o s e l oc a
2 44 P A RA D I SE F OU N D .

t ai n , A
dvi S u r a i s l o c at e d i n t h e n o r th p o l ar sky
r ,

( ee
s n e xt c h a pt e r
) w e h av e h e re a l s o a re c o g n i t i o n ,

o f a w o r ld omph a l os i n s e p arabl e f ro m t h e an c i e n t
-
,

an d s ac r e d P a radi s e m o u n t a i n at t h e P o l e 1 -
.

T h e Chi n e s e t e rre st ri al P ara di s e is d e scri b e d n o t

o n ly a s a t t h e Ce n t re o f t h e E ar th b u t al s o as ,

y u n d e r S h an g t e s h e av e n ly p al ac e which i s
’

d i re c t l -
,

d e cl are d t o b e i n t h e N o rth st ar an d wh i ch i s s o m e ,
” 2
t i m e s styl e d P al ac e o f t h e Ce nt re
“
V e ry p r o b .

“
a bly t h e h ist o r ic d e sig n ati o n T h e M iddl e Ki n g ,

3
do m was o ri gi ally a s ac re d n am e
,
n c o m m e m o ra ,

t i v e o f th at p r i m e v al m iddl e c o u n t ry w h ich t h e
A kk ad i an c all e d A kk ad t h e I n di an I lav ri t a t h e I ra , ,

n i an Kv an i ras an d t h e N o r th m an I d av o l lr ,
I n the .

fu n e ral ri t e s o f Ch i n a t h i s s upp o siti o n fi n d s a c o ,

4
g e n t c o n firm at i o n .

ti on i d m h h t
s O t
an ( 3 G
e m ) C mp e q o ta
oc s en r e V .
, 1 ,
ras s an n . o ar u

ti on f m R i t t i p t i h pt fi t p
ro e r, n ar v .
, c a er rs , su ra .

1 D i A lb dj d L i h tb g d
e se r N b l d E d wi d
or , n er c er ,
er a e er r e, r vo
”—
S o nn e M d d St on mg b C l Ri tt
un E dh d Bd
e rn e n u e en . ar e r, r un c, .

v iii p 46 .
, . .

2
I Kw l i S h g tn l w
en c -
ti p lun Sh g
s an -
e s
’
o e r re re a on -
a ac e . an

wif d w ll i t h i gi imm di t ly wh i h i S h g t
’ ’
te s e e s n s re on, e a e o ve r c s an -
e s

h e av e ly p l wh i h i
n i t t d i th
a ac e , t f th h c hi s s ua e n e c e n re o e e av e n s , as s

e ar th l y i i th tone f th s th Th n Q m th
e ce n re o e e ar . e ue e n o er

d w ll e l i i t m i d t i t h pl wh t h g ii p t A t t h e
s a on e n s s , n e ace e re e en s or .

s um m i t t h i pl d t e re u h ll w i t h l k
s a re s i l d by p e en en az re a ,
a es nc ose r

ci o ns
g m d m y t m pl e
e Ab
s , an l th l th anf th e s . o v e ru e s e c e ar e er o e
”—
e v e r-fi d th p l xe t , C d ed f m t h Ch i o ar, s arR d . on e ns e ro e n es e e c or er ,

vol . iv p 95
.
, . .

3 F re d er k
’
i Kl e e L e D elug e ,
’
. Pa r i 1 8 47
s, : p . 1 88 , n o te .

4 “
Q uan d je v o us ai parl é de s li b t i a o ns en u s age a la C h i ne,
je
v o us ai d it, M on s i e ur, qu on
’
se to u it
rn a le p61e s e pt e n t r o n a
v e rs i l
po u r a re le s f i l ib ti a o ns en lh o n n e u r d e s
’
m o rt s E n c o ns id e ran t la
.
’

'
v e n erat o n d e i ce pe u p e l po u r s e s an c é t re s , o n n ape rco i t
’
qu
’
un e e x pli

i
c at o n n at u re lle de c e t u s age c e st
’
de d i re q u e le s Ch i i no s se t o ur

ne n t v e rs le pays d a m o n d e , ils ont i

pr s n a ss an c e , e t i e u r an l
’

c ét re s re po s e n t
”
B a y, L e tt r e s .
— il l sur l Or zgi n e d e s S ci e n ces ci s u e
’

ce lle d es P e uples d e l A s i e
’
. Par is , 1 77 7 p . 2 3 6.
2 46 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

T aki n g th e s e f acts i n c o n n e cti o n w ith th o s e pre

s e n t e d i n ch a pt e r s e c o n d o f t h e p r e c e d i n g p art ,

o n e c an h ardly e va d e t h e c o n cl u si o n th at w h e n ,

G ri ffis i n f o rm s u s th a t t h e J a p an e s e c o n sid e re d th e ir
c o u n t ry as ly i n g at t h e t o p o f t h e wo rld an d wh e n
“
,

o th e rs s a th at t h e J a p an e s e o n c e r e g ar d e d th e ir
y
c o u n t ry as t h e Ce n tr e o f t h e W o rl d
“ ” 1
i t i s m o st ,

p ro b abl e th at th e s e w ri t e rs h av e appl i e d t o t h e
J ap an o f t o d ay i d e as w h i ch o ri gi n ally b e l o n g e d t o
-

a f ar di st an t p r e h i s t o r ic p o l ar J ap an
-
t h e p r i m it iv e ,

s e at o f t h e rac e as i t h as l i v e d o n i n th e s e m o s t
,

an ci e n t t r adi ti o n s o f t h e A i n o s .

I n S c an di n avi an m yth o l o gy we m e e t w i th a s i m
i lar id e a I n t h e E dd a s b o th A sg ar d an d I d av o llr
.
,

t h e Ce n t r e o f t h e W o r l d
“
are r e pr e s e n t e d as i n

an d at l e as t o n e a u th o r i n e xpl a i n i n g t h e r e a s o n o f ,
’
i t h as c o m e wi th i n a h air s b re adth o f t h e tru th
,
-
,

2
th o u gh m i s si n g i t .

T h e an c i e n t M e xi c an s c o n c e iv e d o f t h e c ra dl e o f
t h e h u m an ra c e a s situ at e d i n th e f ar th e st N o rth ,

u p o n t h e h igh e s t o f m o u n t a i n s cl o u d s u rro u n d e d ,
-

1 T he J ap an e s e i n th e i r e a r li er se
pa r a ti on i
re gard e d t h e r c o u n t ry
”—
as t h e c e n t re an d m ost i m po rt an t part o f t h e wo r ld .
JJ . . Re i n,

yapan , Tr a vels an d Res ea r ch es , li

E n g s h t r an s at o n l i . L o ndon , 1 884 :

p 6 . .

2 N os an c ét re s s c an d n av e s i placai e n t la d e m e ure d e le u rs d ie u x,

A s gard , a u m ili e u d u m o nd e , c e s t ad re a u c e n t re d e l
’
- -
ia s u rf ac e de
la t e rre d alo rs
’
. I le st as s e z re m arq u ab e l ’
q u un e t e ll e i d é e e t pas n
’
s

f c ro i s l a o i r d é
’ ’
s an s f o n d e m e n t , pu i s q u i l au t ad m e tt re , c o m m e je v

é
m o n t r , q u e lE u ro pe , lA s i e , e t l A m éri q ue ,
’ ’ ’
un s i v e rsle p61e n o rd ,
f i l uge l i F red er k K e e , L e
i l
' ”
o rm a e n t avan t le d e um s e u c o n t n e nt .

D élug e , F r . ed . Par i s, 1 84 7 p . 1 88 11 . B u t, b y c ng n g t o li i t h e h gh i
e s t m o un t a i ns o i A sii i ll
a, as t h e c e n t re o r g na
y m e an t , M . Kl e e l o se s

t h e c h i e f ad t age f h i s upp e d u i
v an oof th e s os n on i
c o n t n e n t s at t h e

Pol e T h e T e ut o i c mph l
. f th w ld i p se
n o a os o e or s re rv e d at F i n z i n ge n ,
ne ar A l t s t éi d t i S a e W i m ar
,
S e Kuh
n x an d -
e . e n S c h wart z , N o r d
d t he S g
e u sc a Le i ps i c 1 848 p 2 1 5
en .
,
. .
 TH E N A VE L OF TH E E A R TH 2 47

th e re sid e n c e o f t h e go d Tl al o c T h e n c e c o m e t h e .

ra i n s a n d a l l s t re a m s f o r Tl al o c is t h e g o d o f w a t e rs , .

T h e fi rst m an Q u e t za lc o alt aft e r h avi n g r ul e d as , ,

k i n g o f t h e G o ld e n A g e i n M e xic o re tu rn e d by ,

d ivi n e d i re c ti o n t o t h e p r i m e v al P aradi s e i n t h e
N o r t h ( Tlapa lla n ) an d p ar t o o k o f t h e d rau ght o f ,

i m m o rt al ity T h e stu p e n d o u s t e rra c e d py ram i d

.

t e m pl e i n Ch o l ul a wa s a c o py a n d s y m b o l o f t h e
s a c re d P arad i s e — m o u n t a i n o f A zt e c t rad i ti o n wh ich ,

was d e sc rib e d as s t a n di n g i n t h e Ce n t r e o f t h e “

M i d d le co u n t ry
” 1
S o m e o f t h e M e xic an m yth s
-
.

”
r e p re s e n t t h e m o u n t ai n as n o w c r o o k e d o r tu r n e d ,

p ar tly o v e r F o r t h e t ru e e xpl an ati o n o f th is s e e

.

abo v e , pp . 1 9 2 —1 9 6 .

A mo ng th e an ci e n t I n c a s u bj e c ts
-
of Pe ru 2
was

1 1 m Ce n t r u m d e s h i i ttella n d s . L ii k e n, Tr a d i t i o n e n , p 7 5 ; c t n g . ii
C lav ige ro , S to r i a d e l ll/es s i c o, t o m . ii .
, 1 3, 14
“
D ie M e x i c an e r o p
f
e t t e n auf d e n h Oc h s t e n B e rge n we il sie l
g au b t e n , d as s a u f h n e n i
T l la o c, der H e rr d e s Parad i e se s wo h n e . S i e wu rd e n e n e rs e t s als i i
d e r ll pu n ht d e r E
/i t te l rde b e t rac h t e t , an d e re rs e it s ab e r al
s d i e S t at t e ,
'

we l che de m H m m e l a m n ac h s te n
'

i s t, un d i hm i n n ah e re r B e rii h run g
al
s d i e E rd e se lb st s te h t .
”
Ke e rl , D i e S c h opf un
g sg es ch i c h t e, p 7 99 . .

I n lik e m an n e r the n at o na i l te m p e l f Tl l o a oc an d V i z ilpu t z l i, h is

b ro t h e r, s to o d in th e c e n t re o f th e c i ty o f M e i x co , wh e n ce f o u r c a us e

way ro ad s c o n d uc te d E as t , \Ve s t , N o rt h , an d S o uth . I n t he c e n t re

of the te m p e l was a i ly
r ch o rn am e n t e d P ill ar of li
pe c u ar s an c t t y i .

B an c ro ft , N a ti ve R a ce s , vo l p 2 92 . iii
T he .
, . . i
Q u c h e praye r t o
t he H e art o f H e av e n ,
"
H e art o f E art h , wo u d l se e m t o re s t u po n

s i m il a r c o n c e pt o n s i of the t rue ab o d e o f God . Po po l V uh . M ax

M ii lle r Ch ips f r o m
,
a Ge r m a n Wor hs h op . N e w Y o rk , 187 2 vo l . i .
, p .

33 5
2 “
T he c e n t re an d c ap t a i l o f th s g i re at i
t e rr t o ry was C uz c o (i . e .
,

‘
n av e l
’
J wh e n c e
,
to the b o rd e rs of the k i n gd o m b ra n c h e d o ff fo ur
gre at i
h gh ways , N o rt h an d S o u t h an d E as t an d \Ve s t , e ac h t ra v e rs n i g
o ne o f th e f
o u r pro v n c e s o r v c e ro ya t e s i i -
li i n to wh i ch Pe ru w as d i
vide d . Th e La n d f
o th e I n ca s , b y \V H . . D av e n po rt A d am s . Lo n
d o n, p 1 883 . 20 . I n t h e c e n t ra l te m p e l h e re , t o o , t h e re wa s a P i ll ar,

l d e n s lax e d a g r a n d te mple et t r a
’
d
’

pla cle d a n s 1c ce n t r e un ce rc e

le s t 21 lou es t P D ab ry d e T h i e rs an t ,
’
d i a m ét r e d e
'

v e r si e ba r nu . .
 2 48 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

fo u n d t h e s am e id e a o f a N av e l o f t h e E ar th an d ,

e v e n am o n g t h e Ch i ck as a ws o f M issis sippi 1 .

Th u s i s allan c i e n t th o ugh t fu l l o f th i s l e g e n d ary

i d e a o f a m ys t e r i o u s p r i m e v al h o ly P arad is a ic , , ,

E arth c e n t re a s po t
-
c o n n e ct e d as i s n o o th e r
,

with t h e “
Ce n t r e o f H e a v e n t h e P aradi s e o f G o d , .

W h y i t sh o uld b e s o n o o n e h as e v e r t o l d u s ; b u t
t h e hyp o th e si s w h ic h pl a c e s t h e B i bl i c al E d e n a t t h e

P o l e an d m ak e s all l at e r e arth n av e l s c o m m e m o ra
,

t i v e o f t h at p r i m al o n e aff o r ds a p e rf e ct e xpl an a ,

t i o n I n t h e l igh t o f i t th e re i s n o diffi c ulty i n

.
,

u n d e rst an di n g th a t E arth c e n t re i n J e ru s al e m w ith -

wh ich we b e g an T h e i n c o n sp i c u o u s pill ar i n t h e
.

Ch u rch o f t h e H o ly S e p ul c h re sy m b o liz e s an d c o m
m e m o rat e s f ar m o r e th an t h e g e o g raph i c al i g n o ran c e
o f m e d i ae v a l a g e s I t s t an ds f o r t h e J ap an e s e p il l ar
.

by wh i ch t h e fi rs t s o ul b o rn u p o n e arth m o u n t e d t o
t h e sky I t st an d s f o r t h e W o rl d c o lu m n o f t h e
.
-

E a st A r y an s a n d t h e Ch i n v at B r id g e o f I ran
-
It .

s t an d s f o r t h e law p ro cl ai m i n g pil l ar o f o rich al c u m -

i n A tl an ti s pl a c e d i n t h e c e n t re o f t h e m o st c e n t ral
,

l an d I t st an d s f o r th at T al m ud i c p ill ar by m e an s
.

of wh i ch t h e t e n an ts o f t h e t e rr e s tri al P aradi s e
m o u n t t o t h e c e l e s ti al an d h avi n g sp e n t t h e S ab , ,

D e
’
l Or igi n e d e s I n di en s d a N o u v ea u -
M on d e ci d e le u r Ci v i li s a ti on .

Par is ,
1 88 3 p 125 . St m o re
. il l i n t e re s t n g i is it t o n o te t h at t h e pre
d e c e s s o rs o f t h e P e ru v an s are i re po rt e d t o h av e h ad an i de a of t he

wo rk o f t h e c re at o n o f i the wo r d l as i
pro ce e d n g ro m t h e N o rt h t o t h e f
S o uth . D o rm an , O r i gi n o
f P r i m i ti v e S upe r s t i ti on s Ph ade ph a, . il l i
1 88 1 , p 3 34 . .

1 Some of the l arge m o un d s l e ft in M i i i ppi

ss ss we re ca ll e d
‘
n av e ls
’
b y t h e Ch i c k as aws , l
a th o u
gh t h e I di s a e
n an r sa id not to

h av e h ad an y id ea wh e t h e r t h e s e we re n at u ra l mou d n s o r art i fi c i al
s t ru c t u re s . i i i ppi was t th
T h e y t h o ugh t M ss ss a e ce n t r e
f
o th e ea r th ,
”
an d t h e m o u d s we e as t h e l i t h m i dd l o f
n r n ave n e e t h e h um an b o dy .

G e ral d M asse y re f e rri n g t o S ch o o l c f t i 3 1 1

,
ra ,
. .
 CH A PTE R V .

TH E Q U A D R I F U RCA T E RI V E R .

s ich
A l e r u n de n
f ha n ,
'

U s d e m pa r a d is e r a n
a uht e n 64m m u nd g r as ,
‘

U nd a l
le s d a s d a ry n ne w as ,
Z a g ute r m o s s e i n w as s er g r oss ,
D as i n v ie r t e i lda m ach e fl os s .

L v rwm
'
.

Wi r I za be n h ie r e in me r h wzi r a zgre s S t r o m sys te m

'
’
. G R LLI .

A ND riv e r w e n t o u t o f E d e n t o w at e r t h e
a

g a rd e n an d ,f ro m th e n c e i t was p art e d an d b e c a m e
”
i n t o f o ur h e ads .

I n ch apt e r s e c o n d o f Part S e c o n d we pr e s e n t e d
t h e s i m pl e a n d n at ur al i n t e rp r e t ati o n s u gg e st e d by
t h e hyp o th e si s o f a pri m i tiv e c i r c u m p o l ar c o n ti n e n t .

I f t h e r e ad e r w ill ki n dly tur n b a ck t o t h e st at e m e n t

th e r e m ad e ( p h e wil l s e e i n h o w n atu ral a m an
.

n e r t h e w at e r syst e m o f th a t l o s t l an d o f d e l ight s
“

m igh t h av e b e c o m e i n aft e r tr aditi o n t h e o n e di s , ,

p art e d ri v e r wh i c h w at e rs t h e w h o l e e ar th .

T h e i n s up e r abl e di ffi c ul ti e s o f all h i th e rt o at
t e m pt e d i d e n t i fic at i o n s o f t h e f o ur r iv e r s are t o o n u
m e ro us t o pr e s e n t h e re i n d e t ail 1
I n o ur i n t e rpr e t a .

1 W t i e l y ag e wi t h D l i t
e en r h [t hre l d ] th t P d i e i e z sc e e er a
‘
ara s s

l o t d th f
s ,
’
an t ems a e thi
o u r s re a u t i d d l wh i c h c i
r on s ac co n ; a r e r e s,

W he e i P d i ? th q
r s ara ti se m i i g wi t h t
’
e ue s won
”
re a n n ou an an s er .

Eb E gypt
e rs , { d di B it h M
en a n p 30 e S M c li t k a d
c er os e , . . ee c n oc n
”
Gih Pi
”
St ro n
g s Cy lpe d i
’
A t c o a, r s. Ed e tc on, son, e n, .

W h e e th e i s
er v r i h d th tre b e m d t o un
a r v e r- ea ll f ua can a e r on a -
o rs,

e e
v n by s um i g t h e i t ce o f w t c h
a s n e l no l g r e t t
x s en a e r- an n e s on e x an ,
 7l QU A D R I F U R CA TE R I VE R
'
. 2 51

t i o n t h e o rigi n al ri v e r i s fr o m t h e sky t h e d ivisi o n

t ak e s pl ac e o n t h e h e ights at t h e P o l e an d t h e fo u r .

r e s ul ti n g riv e rs are t h e ch i e f str e am s o f t h e c i rc u m

p o l ar c o n ti n e n t as th e y d e sc e n d i n d i ff e re n t d i re c
t i o n s t o t h e s u rr o u n d i n g s e a D o e s s uc h a vi e w .

fi n d a n y s upp o rt i n t h e tr ad iti o n s o f t h e an c i e n t
w o rl d ?
Th a t i t d o e s wil l b e cl e ar t o an y o n e wh o h as
c are fully re ad th u s far L e t u s t ak e t h e ri v e r s o f .

t h e P e r si an c radl e o f t h e rac e W h e re d o th e y ris e ? .

I f t h e i n v e stig a t o r o f th i s q u e sti o n h av e m a d e n o
pr e vi o u s s t ud i e s i n Co m p arativ e S ac re d H yd ro g
ra ph h e w il l b e s u rp ri s e d t o fi n d th a t i n P e rs i an
y ,

th o ugh t n o t o n ly t h e P aradi s e ri v e rs b u t al s o all

, ,

t h e riv e r s o f t h e w h o l e e arth h a v e bu t on e h e a d ,

spr i ng a n d bu t o n e pl ace of d i s c h a r e
g .

Th i s h e ad spri n g i s t h e A rdvi S fi r a s it u at e d i n
- -
,

t h e h e av e n o f t h e P o l e
“
h e av e n , Th i s h e av e n ly .

f o u n t ai n s ay s H au g s u m m arizi n g t h e c o n t e n ts o f
, ,

“
t h e A b an Y ash t th is h e av e n ly f o u n t ai n h as a
,

th o u s an d sp ri n gs an d a th o us an d c an al s e ach o f th e m ,

f o r ty d ay s j o u r n e y l o n g T h e n c e a ch an n e l g o e s
’
.

th ro u gh a ll t h e s e v e n k es h va res o r re gi o n s o f t h e ,

1
e a r th c o v e yi n g e v e rywh e re p u r e c e l e st i al w at e rs
n
, .

t h e B i bl i c l E d h b
a di en e d — wh t h
as i A i A f i ca
een s co v re , e er n s a, r ,

Am i l d M y Th N t l G i l ii
"
E u rope ,
or G e r ca . e ra as s e , e a u ra e n es s, vo . .
,

p 1 62 W m y d d t h t M S m l J h ti
’
. . e a a ugg a(O i t l r . a ue o ns o n s s es on r en a

R lgie i P
on s i B t 88 5 p
ers a . t o th ff c t t h t t h f
os o n, 1 e e e a e
“
o ur

i
r v e rs f th e H b w t y
o i t d f tw e l i
e re th e T i g i
s or d
c o ns s e o o r a r v e rs , r s an

t h E ph t
e u pl t w i m g i
ra e s ,
y w d t h t i m pl y m
us o fl wi g
a na r or s, a s e an o n

w t
a e rs , d th t w
’
an d g a i t m f t h e pu p e f m k
e re u s e as e ne r c er s or r os o a

i g p th
n u mb / e nu th ti
er l i g f c m pl t
ou r , i ll
e co n ve n o na s n o o e e n e ss n a
”
E t
as e rn m yt h l g i is h
o o t i ti c p i m
es, f th h l
a c arac e r s S ec en o e u n sc o

ar l y d d gm t i c p i f p t h i t i c e ge i i t h fi l d f
an o a ca r ce o an e s ex s s n e e o an

cien t li gi
re id d th i hi t y
o us e as an e r s or .

E ssa
y d d p 1 98 s, 2 See D c m s t e te s t
.
, . l ti . F om ar e r
’
ran s a on : r

th i s ir ve r of mi e l e fl w l lt h w t e s t h t p
n a on d llo e r t h e
o a e a r a s re a a v
 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

T he
f o l l o wi n g i s an an ci e n t i n v o c at i o n t o A n d
h it a t h e spi r it o f th e s e h e av e n ly w at e rs : Co m e
,
“

b e f o re m e A r dv i S ura A n ahit a ,
c o m e d o w n f ro m -

y o n d e r s t ar s o n t o t h e e arth c r e at e d by A h u r a
M az d a l Th e e sh all w o rsh ip t h e h an dy l o rd s t h e ,
” 1
r ul e r s o f c o u n t r i e s s o n s o f t h e rul e r s o f c o u n tri e s , .

F ro m i ts e l e v ati o n t h e h e av e n ly h e igh t i s c all e d

“
H ug ar i e ,t h e l o fty
. .H ug ar t h e l o fty is t h e
, , ,

m o u n t fr o m w h ic h t h e w a t e r o f A rdvi S u ra l e aps -

”2
d o w n t h e h e i gh t o f a th o us an d m e n A g ai n i t i s .

writt e n “
H ag a r t h e l o fty o n wh i ch t h e w at e r o f
, , ,

A rdv i S u ra fl o ws an d l e aps i s t h e ch i e f o f s u m m its

-
, ,

s i n c e i t i s th at ab o v e w h ich i s t h e re v o l u t i o n o f
” 3
S at av és t h e ch i e f o f r e s e r v o i r s
, .

A s allt h e riv e r s o f t h e e ar th s s e v e n r e gi o n s so
’

al l l ak e s an d s e as an d t h e o c e an its e l f are fro m th i s ,

o n e c e l e sti al f o u n t ai n T h ro u gh t h e w arm th an d
“
.

cl e arn e s s o f t h e w at e r p u rify i n g m o r e th an o th e r ,

s e ve n k h es; th i i f mi e
v are s l e g e b i gi g w t s r ve r o n a on o s on r n n a e rs

d i wi t
”
b th i
o mm n su Th Ze r andA t Pt i i pp 5 2 84 n n er . e en -
v e s a, . .
,
.
-
.

g I b i d p 1 98 I b i d p 73
1 H au D me t t . ar s e e r,
,
. . .
,
. .
,

( West )
2
xii . arm e s t e t e r )
’
B n n aah i s h , 5 . Th e Z en d A -
v e s ta (D , n.

P 54
3 B u n da h i sh , xx v i . 17 . W h e n W e s t ( Pah lavi Te x ts , P t i . .
, p 3 5,
.

n o te 6) u se s th e l as t c au s e l of th is q uo t at o n i to sh ow t h at t h e l oc a
”
ti H ugar i s l
“
o n of pro b a by i n t h e we s t e rn q uarte r, h is argume n t
re s t s upo n t wo m i s t ak e s ,
i
b o t h o f wh c h s e e m t o b e s h are d by all
m o d e rn A v e s tan s t ud e n t s T h e fir s t ak e i s t o s uppo se S at av és a . st m i

iff f
d e re n t s t ar ro m T i s h t ar ( T i s t rya ) ; an d t h e s e c o n d i s t h e n o t o n i
/ t h at T i s h t ar was t h e s t ar n o w c a e d S r us T h e ac t i s t h at o r g ll i i . f i
i n ally S at av aés a an d T i s t rya we re s m p y t wo d e s gn at o n s f o r o n e i l i i
an d t h e s am e o bj e c t , an d t h at ob e ct j w as n o t o ur S i i us b ut t h e m
m
r

w
,

a s»
.
I
fi m fl
lo i l
fi

o n ce be n
ge d t o a ve r
y d ff e re n t h e av e n
y b o d , an d t o o n e s i t u at e
y
M ai d s ,
”
i e , at t h e Po e ( I d e e r, S te r n en n am en ,
. . l . l
p . H figar ( H uk ai rya ) i s t h e h e av e n y h e gh t o f t h e po ar s k y, l i l
h gh i ab o v e H ard b e re z ai t i , wh e n e v e r t h
-
is te rm is app e d , li as o ri g i l ly na ,

t o t h e t e r re s t r i a l po l ar m o un t . A pdn Yas h t , 88 . See W i n di s c h m ann,

Z or oast r i s ch e S t u a i e n , p
’
. 171 .
2 54 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

1
c u m ul at e Th i s c e s sp o o l o f t h e u n iv e rs e h as a pe r
.

v i on s b o tt o m B y t h e v ari o u s p ro c e s s e s o f stra i n
.

i n g v ap o rizi n g ae r ati o n e t c
,
t h e p o llu t e d w a t e rs
, ,
.
,

are by T i s h t ar b ro u gh t b a ck d is till e d an d pu r ifi e d ,

an d ar e r e di sch ar g e d i n t o t h e z e n i th r e s e r v o i r wh ch
i
- -

p e rp e tu al ly s u ppl i e s t h e gu sh i n g st re am s o f A rdvi
2
S fira I n t o s u ch a m ar v e l o u sly c o m pl e t e c o s m ic al
.

ci r c ul a t o r y w at e r sy st e m d id t h e I ran i c i m agi n ati o n

d e v e l o p t h e p ri m it i v e h e ad st re am o f E d e n B ut -
.

n e ve r e v e n i n t h e m o s t e xt ra v ag an t
, m yth o l o gic al
a d o rn m e n ts o f t h e id e a w as it f o r a m o m e n t f o r g o t ,

t e n th a t t h e o rigi n al u n d ivid e d s tr e am o rigi n at e s i n

t h e n o rth p o l ar sky ; an d th at its d ivi si o n i n t o e a r th ly
s t re am s an d r i v e rs i s o n t h e h o l y m o u n t wh ich
st an d s i n t h e c e n tr e o f Kvan i ras t h e c e n tr al an d ,

c i r c u m p o l ar h e s h o a re o f t h e W h o l e h abi t abl e e arth 3 .

T h e v ar i o u s f rag m e n t ar y a ll u s i o n s o f t h e o ld e st
G r e e k p o e ts t o O k e an o s a n d t h e r iv e rs w o ul d s e e m
t o i m ply t h e e a rly e xi st e n c e an d p e r h ap s e arly l o s s , ,

o f a s i m il ar H e ll e n i c c o n c e pti o n o f t h e w a t e r c ir

c ul ati o n o f t h e e n t ire e arth Th u s ac c o rdi n g t o .

,

H o m e r s f am il i ar c o u pl e t i t i s fr o m O k e an o s i n
’

, ,

1 Th i ld
i s t h e lo n g m s un d e rs t o o d c av e , i n wh ch , i n
s u n d e rwo r -
i i
i
t h e V e d c m yt h , t h e d e m o n s t ry t o m pr s o n t h e s t o e n ra n c o ws, s o i i l i -

t h at t h e e arth m ay b e c urs e d w t h d ro ugh t i .

2
I b d , xx 4 i Ve n a i ci da , v 1 6 1 9
.
’ ’
. M o re fuly an d graph c a y
. .
-
. l i ll
i
d e s c r b e d i n D da i s t dn i D i n i k ,
’
-
ch . xc iii . T he an cie nt i de a seems
ye t
to s urv v e i i n m o d e rn i ch t e v o I k i m a f lk l
o -
o re I n d e r Ge s ch n r un d

C h u i m a ( i d e E r ah lu g d e r 1 0 0 1 N ach t ) i t e we i E g l d e r
'

se n n z n en e s z n z n e

ei e i
n G e s t l t e i e L é we
n de r a de a i de n i Sti es s i er n, n re n r e nes er vo r e n

Pfo t W c h e h l t d d G t t p i s d D i e Pf o t e we l c h e u l e r
r e, a a en un o re en . r ,
n r c

E ge l G b i l 6ff
n k a f ii h t u i e m
r e R ub i g e b i g
ne n um an n , r z e n von n r en

fl e M
o ss e n d Q u ll e l l W s
n e e re , uf E d e ;
er i h m s h ii p e a er as e r a r n au s c

f e E g l d i e G e wa r d
n n e W e l t b i um A u f t e h u gs t g sse
”
J us t i er s z e rs n a e .
,

P e rs i e n s , 1 879, p 80
’
G es ch i c h te a es a lte n . .

3
Co m pare S p e ge i l E r d n i sch e A lt e r th u m sh u n de i ic
L e ps 1 87 1
—
,
.
,

vo l i , pp 1 98 2 0 2
. . . .
 Q U A D R I / l/R CA T E
‘

TH E v
R I VE R . 2 55

s o m e appl ic ati o n o f t h e t e rm t h at all riv e rs a n d ,

“

1
e v e ry s e a a d a l f o u n t a i s
n l n fl o w E u r ip id e s pre .

2
s e n ts t h e s a m e id e a Th e re i s th e re fo re o n e f o u n
.
, ,
'

t a i n o f al l t h e w o rl d s w a t e r s T h e s am e c o n c e pti o n .

i s e xp re ss e d by H e s i o d i n h i s Th e o g o n y w h e re all ,

r iv e rs as s o n s an d all f o u n t ai n s a n d b ro o k s as
, , ,

d au gh t e rs are t rac e d b ack t o O k e a n o s

,
Th e n w e .

h av e a c o n st an t d e s c e n d i n g m o v e m e n t o f all w at e rs
u n til th e y re ach t h e w o rl d s u rro u n d i n g O c e an riv e r - -

a t t h e e qu at o r b e y o n d whic h i s t h e U n d e rw o rld
,
.

F r o m th is e qu at o ri al o c e an p ar ti n g o ff f ro m t h e ,

s o u th e rn o r u n d e r sh o re n e w b ran ch e s d i v e rg e an d ,

f o rm t h e riv e r syst e m o f t h e H ad e an ki n gd o m .

O th e r U n d e r w o rl d r iv e rs w e re p e rh aps c o n c e iv e d o f
a s p e rc o l a ti n g th ro u g h t h e e ar th a n d e m e rgi n g t o

t h e s u rf ac e i n t h e l o w e r h e m i sph e re Th e re i s at .

l e as t s o m e e vid e n c e th at t h e G re e k s l ik e t h e Pe r ,

s i an s h ad th i s id e a o f i n t e rt e rran e an w at e r c o u r s e s
,
-
,

a n d e v e n r iv e r s r e s e m bl i n g t h e c i rc ul ati o n o f t h e
,

3
bl o o d i n t h e h u m an b o dy S o m e ti m e s th e s e U n d e r .

w o rl d r iv e r s are re p re s e n t e d a s f o u r i n n u m b e r th u s ,

m ak i n g t h e c i r c u m p o l a r w at e r sy st e m o f t h e U n d e r
w o rl d a p e rf e c t c o u n t e r p ar t o f t h e E d e n r i v e rs a t
h
t e s u m m it o f t h e u pp e r h e m i s ph e re 4
A ll m o re .
,

o v e r l ik e th o s e o f t h e P e rs i a n U n d e rw o r l d s e e m t o
, ,

b e pl u n gi n g f o rw ar d an d e v e r d o w n w ard u n til i n ,

t h e l as t gli m ps e wh i c h t h e i m a gi n a ti o n c an c atc h
th e y are s e e n s t re am i n g f ro m t h e ro o f o f t h e g ro t
o f t h e g o dd e s s S tyx an d as P re ll e r e xp re s s e s i t, , ,

1 I li a d , xx i 19
.
5 .

2 I li ppo lyt us , 1 19 .

8 B u n da h i s h , 4 v iii . .

4 “
l
I n d e r U n t e rwe t gab e s a us s e r d e m S t yx n o c h d re i P l us s e .

i l i i Wl
”
D ie V e rz a h e n ts pr c h t d e rj e n ge n d e r v ie r Pa rad ie s fliis s e . f o

gan
g M e nz e l , D ie zf o r e h r i srli ch e U n s le r hli ch he i ls /e h r e , vo l . ii .
, p 6
. .
 2 56 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

fall i n g th e n c e b e n e ath t h e E arth d o w n ward i n t o , ,

” 1
t h e d e e p d e e p N ight , .

H e re th e n we h av e a u n it ary wat e r syst e m e m

, ,
,

b raci n g t h e wh o l e e ar th an d t h e re m ark abl e H o ,

m e r ic an d H e si o d i c t e rm dt/éfifi s “
re fl u e n t
”
m ay z oo , ,

w e l l i m ply th at t h e U n d e rw o rl d wp x i) o r o u t flo w
“ ”2
o o , ,
’
re t u r n s i n n a t ure s p e rf e c t o r d e r t o f e e d i ts o r igi n al

f o u n t ai n th u s c o n fo r m i n g t h e wh o l e i n e v e ry p art
, , ,

t o t h e s ac re d hyd ro g ra phy o f t h e P e rs i an s 3 .

G r an t i n g th is o n e sh o u ld l o c at e t h e O k e an o s ,

f o u n t ai n n o t w h e re Pr e ll e r a n d W e lck e r an d V ol ck e r
,

an d t h e o th e r m yth o g r aph e rs h a v e h i th e r t o pl a c e d

it b u t i n t h e f arth e s t N o r th an d i n t h e sky Th at
, , .

thi s l o c ati o n was t h e o rigi n al o n e i s pl ai n fro m all

t h e l o c al i m pl i c ati o n s o f t h e m y th o l o gic al acc o u n t s
o f t h e p r o p e r h o m e o f O k e a n o s a n d T ethys an d i s ,

fu rth e r c o n fi rm e d by m an y i n cid e n t a l e vid e n c e s c o n

4
n e c t e d with s u c h m yths a s th o s e o f t h e E r id an u s the ,

A c h e lo os t h e bi r th o f Z e u s an d p artic ul arly th o s e
, ,

o f A tl as an d h is ch ild re n
5
.

1 P ll G i h i h Myt h lgi i 2 9 P l t i h i
re e r, r ec scm i cal e o o e, . . a o, n s cos

sk t h i Ph ae d
e c m k th n H d i p i t T t
o, a es e a e an r v e rs o ur n o ar aro s .

2
Odyssey, xx . 65 .

3 “
F o un t f ul I da c o rre s po n d s l m o st
pe rf e ct y t o t h e I ran an
a l i
H ugar, d o wn wh o s e s d e s i le ap an d fl o w t h e wat e rs o f A rd vi S ura -
.

M o re o v e r, i n i t s v e ry n am e L e n o rm an t an d o t h e rs s e e a ro o t c o n n e c t
i n g i t w t h I lav ri t a i ,
th e i
c rc um po ar parad s a c l i i va r sh a of P uran ic
ge o graphy I t s h o u d be . l add e d t h a t t o I lav ri t a c o r re s po n d s s i g ni fi

c an t l
y t h e N o rs e I d avollr,
“
p a n o f I d a, wh c h i s
or l i i n t h e m i d dle
”
i
of the d i iv ne a bo d e .
”
ll
M a e t , N or th er n A n t i qu i t i e s , p 40 9 . .

4 “
D er E r d an u si i s t u r spr ung li ch e in m yt h s c h e r F us s
'
”
I d e e r, i l . l
U r spr u ng d e r S te r n e n n a m e n , p 2 2 9 S e e e s pe c a y Ro be rt B ro wn, . . i ll
J r , E r i da n us
. L o n d o n , 1 88 3 . .

5 C o m ar
p e th e li
k e c o n c u s o n o f G r , D i e E r z wzte r d er M e n sch l i il l ‘ ’

h ezt
'

. i i
L e ps c , 1 8 7 5 : i , pp 2 2 2 , 2 2 3 Gr a s o c a m s t h at t h e an
. . . il l l l i
i
c en t i m il r wo l d i
G e rm an s h ad p 2 23 I ca t h lp th i k
a s a r -
r v e r, . . n no e n

i g t h t i t h e d e s ce d i g U k k s ce d i g A m
’
n ’ a n t e m d i the n n o s s r a an n a n n

m a s s t e am o f F i n i s h m yth o l o gy we h ave t race s o f a l i k e c o s m i c

’
r n
2 58 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

il l u s tr at e d i n sc o r e s o f p ass age s f o r e x am pl e i n t h e ,

b e au tiful p ray e r f o r i m m o rt ality w h e r e t h e fo u rf o l d 1 ,

h e ad spri n g o f all w at e r s i s l o c at e d i n t h e s ac re d
-

2
Ce n tr e o f H e a v e n S o m e ti m e s t h e h e av e n spru n g .
-

3
s t re am i s c all e d t h e S i n dh u s o m e ti m e s t h e S aras ,

4
v ati I n t h e l at e r M ah abh arat a i t s h e ad sp r i n g i s
.
-

pl ac e d i n t h e h e a v e n o f Vish n u h i gh ab o v e t h e ,

l o fty P o l e st ar ( D ru v a) O n th e ir d e sc e n t t h e e th e
-
.

r e al W at e rs w a sh t h e P o l e s t ar an d t h e S e v e n R i s h i s -
,

( t h e G r e a t B e a r) a n d t h e p o l a r p iv o t o f “
t h e l u ,
” 5
n ar o rb th e n c e f al l i n g u p o n t h e t o p o f b e au tiful
,

des i t t t
r v i e re s e id t i qu
e rre s re s
p t t s es re c o n n u en e ar s a n a u re e on

o ri g i a ll e d i i e cé l t
ne
”
ce t t L R lgi
es Véd i q
r v re s es e s, e c .
,
e c. a e i on u e,

t o rn . i
p .
, . 2 56 . S e e pp . 2
51
—2 61 .

1 R i g Ve d a , i x 74, 6
. .

2 R i g Ve d a , i x . 1 13, 8 . G rass m an n t ran s l at e s i t

W 0 Kbn ig i s t V i v as va t s S o h n ,
U nd wo d e s H i mm e l s H eili gt h um
Wo ew ig st ro mt d e s W ass e rs -

B o rn ,
li c h m i D a m ac h e d u u n s t e rb ch .
”

S e e th e H ym s t o t h e W t s ge e ll y n a er n ra ,
an d
part i c u l a l y th at
r ad

d re s s e d t o A pd nt N pd t t h e N el f th a ,
“
av o e W at e rs ,
”
R V ii . .
, .
35
com p i g t h e w i t h t h e i o cat i o t t h e
ar n re nv ns o
“
N av e l of the W at e rs
i n t h e Y as h t s D arm e s te t e r, Zen d A ve s ta , 1 1 6 n 1 2, 1 4, 20,
36, 3 8 ,
-
. .
,
.

3 9, 7 1 , 94, 10 2, 20 2 . W i n di s ch m an n , Z o r oas t r i s ch e S t u d i e n , pp 1 7 7 .

1 86 .

3 “
D e r v e d s ch e i I n de r re d e t vo n de m S i n dh u ica r -
’
e
’

goxfiy d e m ,

E i ne n hi mm li sc he n S t ro m W e l t s t ro m i n d e m e r d i e G e s am m t
o de r ,

h e t d er i at m o s ph ar i s c h e n D ii n s t e un d W ass e r als i n B e we gu n g b e
'

‘
gri fie n e r u n d d i e E rd e r n gs u m e sse n d e r s c h i fli i z ur A n s c h a u un g
”—
br n gt i . i ll
G r , D i e E r z vate r d er M e n s ch h e i t, T h i
'

. .
, p . 1 97 .

4 See th e V ed ic pass age s i n B e rga ign e , L a R e lig i on t i gu e , t o m .

i .
, pp .
32 5
—
32 8 .

5 W il k i n s . H i n du Myth ology . Lo ndo n, 1 88 2 : p . 10 2 . I n I i

n d an

c o s m o o gy t h e l lu nar s ph e re is c o n ce n t r c i w th i an d i n c u d e s l t h e e art h
s ph e re i l l fro m t h c e l e s t i al t o t h e
h e n ce wat e r f lli
a ng pe rpe n d c u ar y e

t e e s t i l po l e c l u s ph e e ”
rr
ye t o r a an S to o n i t s way was h t h e n ar r . o

a m u t i t the N
o th P l if o l y h i gh e ugh will e c h t o t h e
n a n a or o e, n no ,
r a

l u ar s ph e e S uc h i f ct w s t h e c e wi th t h e P d i e m o u
”
n r .
, n a ,
a as ara s n

t ai n o f I d i an c os m o lo gyf a d t ac s f t h e i d e a li e o
n i t h e T al n r e o v n n ~
 TH E QU A D R I F U R CA TE R I VE R . 2 59

M e ru O n t h e s u m m i t o f M e ru
.
“
s ays t h e Vi s h n u ,

Pu ra n a i s t h e v as t c ity o f B rah m a
,
i n cl o s e d ,

by t h e riv e r G an g a which is su i n g f ro m t h e fo o t o f , ,

Vi sh n u an d w as h i n g t h e l u n ar o rb f al l s h e re [o n ,

t h e t o p o f M e ru ] f ro m t h e sk i e s an d a ft e r e n c i r , ,

1
cl i n g t h e c i ty d ivid e s i n t o fo u r m igh ty r i v e rs fl o w
, ,

i n g i n o pp o s i t e d i re ct i o n s Th e s e ri v e r s are S i t a .
,

t h e A la k a n an d zi t h e Ch a k s h u an d t h e B h ad ra T h e, ,
.

fi r st f al l i n g o n t h e t o ps o f t h e i n f e ri o r m o u n t ai n s
,

o n t h e e a s t sid e o f M e ru flo w s o v e r th e i r c r e sts , ,

an d p a s s e s th ro u gh t h e c o u n t r y o f B h ad ras wa t o
t h e o c e an T h e A lak an an d a fl o w s s o u th t o t h e
.

c o u n t r y o f B h ara t a an d divid i n g i n t o s e v e n riv e r s , ,

o n t h e w ay f all s i n t o t h e s e a , T h e Ch ak s h u f all s .

i n t o t h e s e a aft e r t rav e rs i n g all t h e w e s t e rn m o u n

t ai n s an d p as si n g th ro u gh Ke t u m ala A n d t h e .

B h ad ra w ash e s t h e c o u n t ry o f t h e U t t arak u r u s an d
” 2
e m pt i e s it s e l f i n t o t h e n o r th e rn o c e an .

m ud an d i n P at r s t i ic t h e o o gy t o ol pa l in fo r e ve n M as s e y to re n d e r

m ue l
e ss W m b e th e m o un t _ A wl
c h fi
fi
r
g ac h e d to t h e
Jn Q OJI an d b e c am e a figu re o f t he f o ur lu n ar
q u art e rs H . . e n ce the
t rad t i io n t h at Parad i se was pre s e rv e d d u r i n , o r was e x e m pt
g f ro m, the
D l
e u ge b e c a us e i t was o n t h e s um m t o f a m o u n t a i i n t h at re a c h e d to
t he m o o n ( B e re s h i t h R abb a, xx x i ii .
) wh ich s h o ws th e c o n t i n uat o n i
o f t he typ c a i l m o un t o f t h e s e v e n s t ars i n to the lu n ar ph as e o f t m e i
k i
e e p ng , wh e re t h e m o u n t of th e f o ur
q u art e rs c arr i e d E de n w th i t
”
i .

T h e N a t u r al Ge n es i s , vol . ii .
, p . 2 44 .

1 H l
i s pro b ab y t h e o r g n o f t h e c u r o us n o t o n o f t h e S ab man s
e re i i i i
i
t o u c h n g t h e E u ph ra t e s O r was t h e b o rro w n g o n t h e o t h e r s d e ?
. i i
“
Le s S o u b b as o n t la c e rt t ud e q ue lE u ph rat e , q ui , d a prés e ux ,
’
i ’

pre n d s a s o u rce s o us le t r6n e d A v a t h e r ( pe rs o n n age q u i pres i d e au

'

j uge m e n t d e s fim e s ct d o n t le t r6n e e st l '

p ac e s o us l étoi le pola i r e ),
’

pas s a t i f i
a u t re o s 1 Je rus a e m l .
”
M N . . S i o uffi, L a Reli gi o n d e s S ou b
has o n S a bée n s . Par i s, 1 88 0 : p 7, . n o te . J e h o v ah s c t y h e re
’
i t ak e s
t h e p ace o f l B ra h m a
’
s .

2 Th e Vi s h n u P a r a n a , VV i lso n
’
s v e rs o n , v o l V 11 i . .
, p . 1 20 . Co m pare
i
h e re w t h t h e n o t o n s o f i t he Ch i nese B ud d h i s ts :
“
W i th f
re e re n ce to
th si l an d o f J am b u d wi pa
-
[t h e e art h ] , the B ud d h i s ts s ay t h at i n t he
2 60 P A RA D I S E P0 UND .

H g ai n as o u r i n t e rp re t ati o n o f G e n e sis re
e re , a ,

qu ir e s t h e f o u r r iv e rs t rac e d b a ck t o th e ir o rigi n
,

b ri n g u s t o t h e s u m m it o f t h e e arth at t h e P o l e ,

t o t h e o n e ri v e r w h ic h d e s c e n d s f ro m t h e n o rth p o l a r
sky C u r i o u s c o n fi rm at i o n s o f th i s p r i m itiv e c o n
.

c e pt i o n c o m e e v e n fr o m t h e m o st d is t an t c o n ti
1
n e n ts L at e Ch ri sti an l e g e n d sh o w s e vi d e n t tr ac e s
.

o f it f o r i n M a u n d e v il le s d e sc r ipt i o n o f t h e P ar a
’
,

d i s e f o u n t ai n h e s ay s A ll t h e s w e e t w at e rs o f t h e
- “
,

w o rld a ho v e a n d he n e a th t ak e t h e i r b e gi n n i n g f ro m
th a t w e ll o f P arad is e an d ag ai n O ut o f th at w e l l ,

al l wat e rs co m e a n d g o gi vi n g th u s c l e ar e xp re s ,

s i o n t o t h e i d e a o f a u n i t ary c o s m i c w at e r c i r c ul a
m id t f it i
s c o t (h t ) al l d t h l k A
s a e n re i t (A e ar t pt ) , c e e a e -
n e o u- o n av a a u

i t li s t t h
e ut h o f th F g e so t M t i d t th
o eth f t h ra ran o u n a n s , an o e n or o e

g e t S
r a wy M t ino ( H im t) I t i 800 l i i c i
o un a n s it I th av a . s n rc u . n e

m id t f th i l k
s oi th b d s f N g wh i s i f t t h t
a e s e a o e o a a a, o n ac e ran s

f m d pp
or e af D b h m i B d h i t wa (
e aran c e f th B dhi
o as a u o sa or o e o sa

tw as f th t o th ) F e m hi b de p
en e ar d f s f hi g
. ro s a o ro c e e our re re s n

i
r ve rs , wh i h mp J m b d wi pa A t t h
c co t ide f t h l k e
as s a u- . e e as s o e a ,

f m t h e m th f s i l e
ro ou fl w t th G o g a Ri A f te r
v r ox, o s ou e an es ve r .

c mpo i g th l k
as s n it t th e t w d
a e thonce th t e n e rs e se a o ar s e s ou e as .

F om the
r th i d f th l k e f m th m
s ou s th fe o g ld l ph te a , ro e ou o a o en e e an ,

fl w t h S i d h u [I d ] R i
o s e n A ft mp i g the l k e
n us it ve r . er co as s n a o n ce

en t e s th
r th t hw t
e se a o n O th w t s i de f th l k e so u fl w es . n e es o e a e, o

i g f o m th m
n r th f a h e f l pi l ou li fl w t h i e F h —
o t u o rs e o a s - az u , o s e r v r o z

(V k hu i
a s O s ) wh i h
, . e fte o m p i g t h l k
.
,
xu , ce t s c ,
a r c ass n e a e on ,
en er

th e th e
se a on o t h we t O th th n i d o f t h l k e fl wi g
r s . n e nor s e e a , o n

f m a c y t l li fl ws t h e i S i d [H g h ] wh i h af t e r m k
ro r s a on, o r ve r a o an -
o , c a

B l B dd h i t
”
i g
n e c i c i t fl ws i t
on th
r u th e oth t n o e se a on nor e as . ea ,
u s

L i te r a t u r e i n Ch i n a p 1 49 . 1 88 2 . .

1 T h us fi
i n A r c a, am o n g t h e D am aras , “
t h e h gh e s t d e t y i s O m a i i
k uru , the i -
i
R a n g v e r, wh o d we s i n t h e f ar N o rt h
”
E B T y o r, ll . . . l
P r i m i t i v e Cu lt ur e , Am . ed .
,
vol . ii .
, p 2 59 . . So a sol in A m e r ica :

D ie a l te n M e x i k an e r gl au b t e n d as , Parad e s i li e ge a uf d e m h oc h s t e n
B e rge , wo di e W olk en i
s c h ve rs am m e n , v o n l wo sie R e ge n b r i n ge n ,
”
un d v o n wo au c h di e F lii s s e h e rab k o mm e n . L ii k en , T r a di ti o n en , i .
,

p . 115 . A nd th is Parad i s e m o u t i was i n t h e f

-
n a n art h e s t N o rt h . See
t h e pat h e ti c praye r t o T l al o c i n B an cro f t N ti , a ve R ace s , v ol . ii i .
, pp .

3 5
2 330
-
 CH A PTE R VI .

THE CE N T RA L T RE E .

T he T r ee of L i f e ,
The m idd l
e tr e e , a nd h ig h e s t t h e r e t h a t g r ew .

M 1 LT 0 N .

S 0 20 t de r A p f e lha u m u n d d ie Que lle , a ls a uc h de r D r ac he de s H e spe r id e ng a r

dyt he n u n d M a r che n d e r me i s t e n V olhe r i n d as Ce n t r u m de r
te n s , w e r d e n i n de n I l
N a t u r , a n d e n G ip f e l d e s W e lthe rg e s , a n de n N or dpol ve r leg t WO . LF G A NG
M E N EL Z .

I N c e n t re o f t h e G ard e n o f E d e n a c c o rdi n g
th e ,

t o G e n e s i s i ii 3 th e r e was a t re e e xc e pti o n al i n .
,

p o siti o n i n ch arac t e r an d i n i ts r e l ati o n s t o m e n

, , .

I t s f r u i t was g o o d f o r f o o d i t was pl e as an t t o
“ “
,

” “ ”1
the e ye s a t re e t o b e d e s ir e d
,
A t firs t s ight i t .

w o u l d n o t p e rh aps app e ar h o w a s tud y o f th i s tr e e

i n t h e d iff e re n t m yth o lo gi e s o f t h e an c i e n t w o r ld
c o ul d assis t u s i n l o c ati n g p r i m i tiv e P arad i s e I n .

t h e d is cu ss i o n s o f su ch sit e s as h a v e u s u ally b e e n
1 W th i t as f k wl d g s i d t i c l wi t h t h t
“
re e o f l if
no e e en a e
“
re e o e

P o ssibl y T h t d it i . f G“
i ”
e
y L
ra m t B gi on o i g e n e s s, sa s e no r an , e nn n s,

p 84
. t tim
, pp a t dm i t tw t
es a o f L if e
e ars d o f a o re e s , o ne an on e o

K wl dg
no d e g i m t
e, anp k f
a l y u i t i g i i t lf
a n se e s o s ea o o ne on ,
n n n se

b th t t i b t
o a (G ii 7 ; iii 1
r u es C mp en E
. t. B1 . o are rn s von un s e n ,

D Sy m b l d
as K h i ll N t i
o es B li
r e u ze s 1 8 76 p 5 e T a en a on e n . er n, . . o

m k t h wh l
a e e t l t t t
o e ac c o u nit w l d lyb re a e
y o one re e ou on e n e ce ss ar

fi tt t
rs ol t th l t l ran s a e f h i i 9 th t e asf lif l i th
c au s e o c . . e re e o e a so n e

m i d t f th g d
s o th te f k
ar wl dge f g d
e n , e ve n d e il e re e o no e o oo an v

an d th th l t len f h iii 2 2
e as d w l t h c
c a us e ti o t c . . an no es e on n ue o

p u t f t h h ior h d d t t k f
s t h ant f lifan
”
t f b
o t h of
a e o e re e o e, e c .
, or o

wh i h c t ti th
c o n s ru c bu d t p o ns d t if e re ly t h g are a n an re ce en s, on e a nz

b e re n d d wi t h t h f e re d m d i m th
e re e
p ss g As t o use n so e o er a a es . o

t h fi t
e rs S m i i 40 ;
, see 1 iii 3 ; D i 1 0 ; s t t h e s e c d
a . xv . xxv . an . v . a o on ,

t h e H b e w g am m e s o r th u f th f t
r ar C mp e l s o P n e se o e u u re . o ar a rov .

ii i . I 3 , 1 8, wh e re w i sd om i s a t re e o f lif e .
 TH E CE N TR A L TR E E . 2 63

pr o p o s e d i t c o u ld n o t ; bu t if t h e G ard e n o f E d e n
was p re ci s e ly at t h e N o rth P o l e i t i s pl a i n th a t a ,

g o o dly tr e e st an d i n g i n t h e c e n t re o f th at G ard e n
w o uld h av e h ad a v is ibl e an d o bvi o u s c o s m ic al s ig u lf
i c an c e w hic h c o ul d by n o p o s s i bili ty b e l o n g t o a n y
o th e r I t s f air st e m sh o o ti n g u p as arro w str ai gh t as
.
-

t h e b o dy o f o n e o f t h e gi an t t re e s o f Cal i fo rn i a far “
,

o v e rt o ppi n g i t m a b e e v e n s u ch gig a n tic g ro wth s

y , ,

as th e s e w o ul d t o an y o n e b e n e ath h av e s e e m e d
,

t h e l i vi n g pill ar o f t h e v e ry h e a v e n s A ro u n d i t .

”
w o ul d h av e tu rn e d t h e st ars o f G o d as if i n h o m “
,

ag e th ro u gh its t o p m o s t br an ch e s t h e h u m an wo r
s h i pe r w o u l d h av e l o o k e d u p t o th at u n m o v i n g
c e n t re p o i n t wh e re st o o d t h e c h an g e l e ss th r o n e o f
-

t h e Cre at o r H o w c o n c e iv abl e th at th at Cre at o r

.

sh o ul d h av e r e s e rv e d f o r s ac re d u s e s th i s o n e n atu r al
al t ar h e igh t o f t h e E arth a n d th a t by sp e ci al c o m
-
,

m an d H e sh o ul d h a v e gu ard e d it s o n e p art i c ul ar
ad o rn m e n t f r o m d e s e c rati o n ! ( G e n i i 16 If . .
,

an ywh e r e i n t h e t e m pl e o f n at u re th e r e wa s t o b e

an al t ar it c o u l d o n ly b e h e r e
,
Th at i t was h e r e .

fi n ds a f re sh an d u n e xp e ct e d c o n fir m at i o n i n t h e s i n
gu l ar agr e e m e n t o f m an y an c i e n t r e l igi o n s an d m y
t h o lo g i e s i n a ss oc i a t i n
g th e i r P a r a d i s e T r e e w i th t h e
ax i s o f th e w o r ld , or o t h e r w i s e , w i th e q u a l u n m i s ta h
1
a ble n ess , loc a t i ng i t at t he A rc t i c P o le f
o th e E a r th .

Th at the N o rth m e n c o n c e i v e d of the u n iv e rs e as

1 T h e M yt h i T re e , lik e the P il l a r an d the M o un t i s ,

a t ype of

the l
c e e s t a Po e i l l .
”
M as s e y Th e N a t u r al Ge n e s i s
, ,
vol 1 , p 3 54 . . T he
arg u m e n t s o f Pro f e ss o r Karl B u dd e i n f avo r o f e li m i n at ng i the P ar
i
ad s e - t re e f ro m the ori gi al G
n i
e n e s s ac e ri un t o f the G ard e n of E de n
be tray a s t ran ge l ac k of i i gh t
ns . D i e bi bli sch e U rg e sc h i ch te . G i e s s e n,

1 8 8 3 : pp 4
5 88 .
-
. E ve n Kue n c a re f us e s t o e n t e rt a n i so i
a rb t rary a

i
n o t o n , an d M Rév i lle we ll
. e xc al im s, W hat wo ul d a Paradi s e b e w th i
(m t
’
l A r br e de Vie I
 CH A PTE R VI .

THE CE NT RA L T RE E .

T he T r e e f
o L i /e ,
T he m idd le t r e e , a nd h ig he s t the r e th a t g r ew .

M u rr ow .

S owohlde r A p f e lha u nz u nd d i e Que lle , a ls a uch de r D r ache de s H e spe r ide ng a r

te ns , w e r de n i n de n [M y t h e n u n d M a r c he n de r me i s te n V blh e r i n das Ce n t r u m d e r
’ ’

N a t u r , a n d e n G ap /e ! d e s We lt he rg e s , a n de n N or dpol ve r leg t WO . LF G A NG
ME N ELZ .

I c e n t re o f t h e G ard e n o f E d e n a c c o rdi n g
N th e ,

t o G e n e s i s i i i 3 th e re wa s a tr e e e xc e pti o n al i n .
,

p o si ti o n i n ch ar act e r an d i n i ts re l ati o n s t o m e n
, , .

”
I t s f r u i t wa s
“
g o o d f o r f o o d it was pl e as an t t o “
,

” “ ”1
the e ye s a tr e e t o b e d e s ir e d
,
A t fi r st s igh t i t .

w o u l d n o t p e rh aps app e ar h o w a stud y o f th i s t re e

i n t h e d iff e re n t m yth o l o gi e s o f t h e an ci e n t w o rl d
c o ul d assi st u s i n l o c ati n g p r i m i tiv e P arad is e I n .

t h e d i sc u ss i o n s o f su ch sit e s as h av e u s u ally b e e n

W th i
1 t ee f k
as wl d g i d t i l wi th t h t
s
“
r o f l if
no e e en ca e
“
re e o e

P o ssib l y T h t d it i . f G i ”
y L
e ra m t B gi on o i g e n e s s, sa s e no r an , e nn n s,

p 84
. t tim, pp a t d m i t tw t
es ao o f L if
e ars d f
o a o re e s , ne e an one o

K wl d g
no d g i
e m t e, p kan f a l y i t i g i i t lf
a n se e s o s ea o one on ,
un n n se

b t h tt i b t
o a (G ii 7 iii 1
r u es C mp en E st
. . B 1 . o are rn von un s e n ,

D Sy m h l d
as K h i ll N t i
o es B li
r e u ze s1 8 76 p 5 T e a en a on e n . er n, . . o

m k t h wh l
a e t el t t t it w ld
o e ac c o u n lyb re a e
y o one re e ou on e n e ce ss ar

fi tt t
rs l t th l t l
o ran s a e f ch i i 9 t h t e f lif
as l i the
c au s e o . . e re e o e a so n

m id t f th g d
s o th t e f k ar w l d ge f g d
e n , ev en d il e re e o no e o oo an ev

an d th th l t l en f h iii 2 2e as d w l t h c ti
c a us e o t c . .
“
an no es e on n ue o

p t
u f th h i orh d d t t k f t h
s t an f lif ”
t
an f b th f
o a e o e re e o e, e c .
, or o o

wh i h c c t ti th o n s ru c bu d t p o ns d t if ly the g
e re are a n an re c e e n s, on a nz

b e re n d d wi t h t h f d m
e re d i m th e
p s g s re e As t o us e n so e o er as a e . o

th e fi t 1 S m
rs ii 4 ;
, se e iii 3 ; D i 1 0 ; a t t h e s e c d
a . xv . 0 xxv . an . v . s o on ,

t h H b w gr m m s
e e th
re f th f ta C o m pa e al s o P
ar on e us e o e u u re . r ro v .

iii 1 3 1 8 wh e e wi d m i t e o f lf
.
, ,
r s o s a re i e .
2 64 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

a tr e e ( t h e Y ggd ras il ) i s w e l l k n o w n t o o rdi n ary

r e ad e rs I t s ro o t s are i n t h e l o w e st h e ll it s m i d
. ,

bran ch e s i n cl o s e o r o v e rar c h t h e a b o d e o f m e n its ,

t o p r e ach e s t h e h igh e s t h e av e n o f t h e g o d s I t was .

th e i r p o e tic al way o f s ayi n g th at t h e w h o l e w o rl d

i s an o rg an i c u n i ty p e rv ad e d by o n e l if e A s t h e .

a b o d e o f t h e g o ds w as i n t h e n o rth p o l ar sky t h e ,

s u m m i t o f t h e t re e w as at th at p o i n t i ts b as e i n ,

t h e s o u th p o l ar abys s i t s tru n k c o i n ci d e n t w ith t h e ,

axi s o f h e av e n an d e arth
1
I t was th e r e f o re i n po .
, ,

s i ti o u an d i n n atu r e p re c is e ly wh at an id e alizi n g
i m agi n ati o n m ag n ifyi n g t h e p r i m iti v e t re e o f P ar a
d is e t o a re al W o r ld t re e w o ul d h av e pr o d u c e d 2 -
.

B ut w h il e m o st re ad e rs are f am il i ar w it h th i s
N o rs e m yth f e w ar e a w are h o w an ci e n t an d u n i v e r
,

s al an id e a i t r e p re s e n ts Thi s s am e t re e app e ars .

i n t h e e ar l i e st A kk adi an m y th o l o gy 3 A n d wh a t i s .

pr e ci s e ly t o o u r pu rp o s e it st o o d as we h av e b e f o re , ,

”
s e e n at t h e Ce n t re o r P o le o f t h e e arth wh e r e
,
“
,

“ 1
I t i s t h e s am e
is t h e h o ly h o u s e o f t h e g o ds
“
.

1 Me el D ie
nz S i b il d
, t t ht p ii gli h
se s d V t l
nn en s e urs r n c au s er o rs e

l g de W l t h e D i
un r
”
e h i tli h M t hli h h i t l h
ac s . i 7 e v or c r s c e i s er c e s e re, . 0 .

”
2
S e L e s C m g i es A ye
e p J D m e st t e R e
os o on r nn e s, ar ar e r, ev u

—
.

C i ti q
r P is 1 88 1
ue .
pp 47 476
0 ar , . .

3 B y th e f l l w t g w t h e gi e s h ad w i g t
’
t
u a e rs
e t he re an ov r o n re ,

Y ggd il f N
ras myth l gy wh
o b ch
o rse w e f l t o o o , o se ran es er o
‘
us r u s

yt l di g d w w d e
’ ”
cr s a t ,
e x en t th d n
p S y B hyl i
o n ar s ve n o e ee . a ce , a on a n

L i te r a t u r e , p 3 9 Co m pare L e n o rm an t , B egi n n i ngs of I J

. . i s tory, pp 8 3 .

10 7 . f i i
H ad Pr o e s s o r F n z d u y c o n s d e re d t h e T re e o f L e i n A k l i if
k ad ia
n t rad t ii on, he co u ld h ard ly h av e fe l t c o n s t ra n e d i to as c ri b e

the or i gi n of t h e s ac re d t re e o f t h e A ssy i
r an m o n um e n ts to
“
A ryan ,
m o re part i c u l arl y I ran i an i n fl u e n c e s .
”
R i c er ch e pe r to S t u d i o d ell
’

A n ti ch i t d A ss i r a p 553, n o te , . .

4
I n E r du i a pi n e gre w
d ark I t was p an t e d i n a h o y p ace . l l l .

I ts c ro wn was i i
cr s t al wh t e , w h c h s pr e ad t o ward s t h e d e e p v au t
y l
ab o v e . T he ab
yss of H ea was i t s pas t u rage i n E r du, a c an a u of i l f ll
wate rs . I ts s tat o n i was t h e ce n t re o f t h s e art h I t s s h r n e was t h e
i . i
co uc h o f Mo t h e r Z i k um . T he ( ro o f ) of i t s h o y h o us e l lik e a fo re s t
 TH E CE N TR A L TR E E .
2 65

tre e wh ic h i n an c i e n t E gypt i an m y th o l o gy i n cl o s e d
t h e s arc o ph agu s o f O s i ri s an d o u t o f wh ic h t h e ,

ki n g o f B y bl o s c au s e d t h e ro o f pill ar o f h is p al ac e -

t o b e t ak e n B u t th is was o n l y an o th e r fo rm o f .

1
t h e T at pil l ar w h ic h i s t h e axi s o f t h e w o rld
-
In , .

t h e l igh t o f c o m p ara tiv e c o s m o l o gy i t i s qu it e i m

p o ss ibl e t o ag re e w ith M r R e n o uf i n h i s t re at m e n t .

o f t h e T r e e i n E gypti a n m y th o l o gy I t i s n e i th e r .

”
t h e r a i n cl o ud t h e ligh t m o rn i n g cl o ud
“
nor n or , ,

t h e t ra n sp a r e n t m is t o n t h e h o riz o n H i s o wn
c it ati o n s o f t e xts cl e arly sh o w th a t u n d e r all i ts
n am e s t h e E gyp ti an T re e o f L ife i s a t r u e W o rl d

tre e wh o s e tru n k i s c o i n cid e n t i n p o s iti o n an d d i re c

,

sp d it h d
re a Th w s swh t d t wi t h i
a e it It e re e re no ne o e n e re no n
”—
. .

w thas t f t h e m i gh ty M t h
e se a R d f t h P t v l ix
o o er . ecor s o e as , o . .
,

p . 1 46 .

1
I t was m o s t l i k e l y at M e m ph i s , t o o , t h at h e [Pt ah ] was i m age d
as a p ill ar beg i n n i ng i n th e lowe s t a n d e n d i ng in th e h i gh es t h e av e n ,

a c o n ce t o n
p i wh i ch is u n d o ub t e d ly e f r e rre d t o i n t h at f e at u re o f t he

m yt h , as re at e d l
l ut a c h wh e e th e k i g o f B ybl o s cau e s a pi l
by P r ,
r n s

l r t o b e m ad e i h i s p l c e o u t o f t h e t e e wh i c h h ad gro wn aro u d
a n a a r n

t he c o ph agu s arf Osi i I fac t we p s e s d e li ne at i o s o f O s i ri s

s o r s . n , o s s n

as we l l s o f Pt h w i g to th i d
a i pt i o a O a p st
an s o er n s e s cr n . n o , n

wh i c h i s gr e a h um an c u t e a c e a d wh i c h i s c o e d w i th g y
av n o n n n , n v re a

cl o th i g t d the s n ,
ll e d
s an e ti
s l y m d up o f k i d o -c a n re a e a n

of p imp su d c pi t l
er e f wh i ch h s a ud e f e s c t c h d u p
o se a a s. o n o a r ac ra e on

it i te d d
, n d nbt t e e p e e t the sh i i g
, no ou O th e to p o f
, o r r s n n n _
s un . n

t h pill i s pl c e d t h e c m pl t e h d d re s o f O i i t h
’
e ar a m h os e ea -
s s r s, e ra s o rn ,
-

th the u
e s un , dd t h e d ub l e f th
re u s - a flr e mb l m f l i gh t
e rs , o ea e r, z e s o

a d n f i g t y d wh i c h i n m y j dgm e t m u t h e be e i n
o s o v e re n , an ,
u n , s av n o

te d d t n r p e t t h e h i gh e s t h e
o e e [S e t h pl ate i W il k i
re s e n av n . e e n nso n,

M d C 2d
. an i ppt pl t 2 5
.
, d 33 N 5 M i tt e A byd
se r es , s u . a e an . o . . ar e ,
os ,

I pl
.
,
T h T t pill
. i t h e ym b l f d
e b ili ty i m m t ab il i ty
a -
ar s s o o u ra ,
u .

T hi ep e s t ti r f O i i
r se n a wh i c h i t r d a d s i m pl on h a ac t e
o s r s, s u e n e c r r,

wi t h o ut t c f t p ra e
e to h e b e o e f t he m t a c i
ar ,
t
ro v s av e n on o os n en ,

m u t ppa tl y h
s a h l d t o be ym b l i c al
re n f h im e Lo d o f t he s o o as
‘
r e

l e gt h o f t i m e an d f t i t y
n T i e l e H i t y f th E gypt i o Re
e e rn .
’
, s or o e an

lgi
i pp 46 4 7 an , S e e l o G M s e y T h e N tu l G
.
,
. i ol i a s . as ,
a ra e n es s, v . .
,

pp 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 , 42 2 ;
. a nd B rugsc h , A s t r onom i sche a nd A s t r ologi s ch e
I ns ch r ifte n , p 7 2 . .
2 66 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

t i o n wi th t h e axi s o f t h e w o rl d a tr e e i n wh o s e
sky filli n g bran ch e s B e n n u t h e s un bird i s s e at e d ;
-
,
-
,

a tr e e fro m w h o s e n o rt h p o l ar t o p t h e N o rt h“

”
wind p ro c e e ds ; a t re e wh i ch l ik e t h e Y ggdras il , ,

yi e ld s a c e l e sti al ra i n th at i s as l if e gi vi n g as A r dvi -

’
S ura s an d th at d e s c e n ds n o t m e r e ly u p o n t h e fi e l ds
, ,
’
o f L o w e r E gypt but l ik e A rdvi S u r a s t o t h e U n d e r , ,
-
,
” 1
w o rl d its e lf r e f re s h i n g th o s e wh o are i n A m e n t i
, .

T h e s u p e r t e rre s t ri al p o rti o n o f t h e E gypti an s Y gg

’
-

d ras i l th e r e f o r e — l ik e th a t o f t h e N o rth m an s
’

, , ,

st an d s at t h e A r c tic P o l e .

T h e Ph oe n ici an s S y r i an s an d A ssy ri an s h ad e ach , ,

t h e ir s a c re d tr e e i n wh ich t h e u n i v e rs e was sy m b o l
2
ize d I n t h e l o st w o rk o f Ph e re c yd c s t h e f o r m e r
.

” 3
i s re pr e s e n t e d as a w i n g e d o ak
“
O v e r i t was .

th r o wn t h e m ag n ifi c e n t v e il o r peplos o f H arm o , ,

n i a o n w h ich w e r e r e p r e s e n t e d t h e al ls u rr o u n di n g -
,

O c e an w i th h i s ri v e rs t h e E art h w i th its omph a los ,

i n t h e c e n tr e t h e sph e r e o f H e a v e n v ar i e d by t h e ,

4
figu re s o f t h e s t ars B u t as th is s e lf i n t e rpr e ti n g .
-

1 See R e no u f , E gypt i an M yt h o lo gy part i c ul arlyw i th R e fe re n c e t o

,

T r a n sa cti o n s of th e S oc i e ty f or B i bli ca l A r c/za olog z

”
Mist an d C l o ud .
.

L o n d o n , 1 884 : pp 2 1 7 2 2 0 A be aut u c o n firm at o n o f o ur v e w

.
-
.
if l i i
is fo un d i n t h e m p o r t an t t e x t i n w h c h i t h e ab ss u n d e r t h e e ar t h
y i
“
( di e Ti f
e e u n te r d e r E r de ) i s po e t c a y e x pre s s e d b y t e t e rm
h the i ll
i
c av t y o f t h e P e rse a ( di e H oh l e d e r P e r se a ) B r ugs c h s v e rs o n , ro m
’
. i f
w ch hit h e a b o v e G e rm a n e x re s s o n s are t a k e n , m a
y b e s e e n in the
p i
Z e i tsch r if t f ur A egypti sc h e
‘

Spr a ch e un d A lter th u m s h u n d e .
i i
L e ps c,
1 88 1 pp 7 7
: .
ff . S ure y n o l o pe n n g i in an o rd n ary c o ud i l l
c o u d be

ca ll e d t h e s u b t e rran e an d e e p .

2 W . B aud is s i n i s w ro n g i n s u ppo s n g i it u n k n o wn t o t h e P h oe ni

ci ans . L e n o rm an t , B eg i n n i ng s of I iI s tory, v o l i , p . . . 104 n .

3 B ut Ss w as o r g n a y a ge n e ri c t e rm f o r t re e i i ll . S e e Curt i us ,

E tym olog i e , s . v .

2 “
Th s i ve il i s de n t i i cal i
w th th e s t arry pe p o s l of H arm o n a i .

Th e Myth
R o b e rt B ro wn , J r. , Th e U n i c or n . Lo n do n , 1 88 1 p 89
. .

q/ Ki r hé Lo n d o n , 1 88 3 : p 71
. .
.
2 68 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

as i m als w ith g rai n o f fi fty an d fiv e sp e ci e s

t h e an ,

an d t w e lv e s p e c i e s o f m e d ic i n al pl a n t s h av e aris e n ,

f ro m t h e p r i m e v al o x s o t e n th o u s an d s p e ci e s am o n g ,

t h e s p e c i e s o f pri n cip al pl an ts an d a h u n dr e d th o u ,

s an d sp e ci e s am o n g o r d i n ary pl an t s h av e g ro w n ,

f ro m all th e s e s e e d s o f t h e t re e o pp o s e d t o h arm ,

t h e m an y s e e d e d W h e n t h e s e e ds o f all th e s e
-
.

pl an ts w i th th o s e f ro m t h e pri m e v al o x h av e ari s e n
, ,

u p o n i t e v e ry y e ar t h e b i rd ( Kam ro s ) st rips th at
,

t re e an d m i n gl e s all t h e s e e ds i n t h e w at e r ; T i s h t ar
s e iz e s t h e m w ith t h e r ai n w at e r an d rai n s th e m o n -

” 1
t o all re gi o n s .

W h e re st o o d th i s tr e e wh i ch i n i ts d u al f o rm was , ,

at o n c e t h e s o u r c e o f al l o th e r t re e s an d t h e gi v e r
o f i m m o rt al i ty ? E v e ry i n d ic ati o n p o i n t s u s t o t h e
2
n o rth e r n P o l e I t was i n A i r an V e j t h e P e rs i an
.
-
,

E d e n an d th is w e h av e al re a dy f o u n d
,
I t was at .

t h e s o u r c e o f all w a t e r s t h e n o rt h p o l ar f o u n t ai n ,

o f A rd vi S fira 3 I t w as b e gi rt w i th t h e st arry gi r d le
-
.

o f t h e z o di ac al c o n s t e ll at i o n s w h i c h i d e n t i fi e s i t w i th ,

4
t h e a xi s o f t h e w o rl d
“
I t gr e w o n t h e h igh e st .

” 5
h e igh t o f H ara b e re z ai t i an d th i s i s t h e c e l e sti al
-
,

m o u n t ai n a t t h e P o l e F i n ally alth o u gh G r ill m i s .

,

1 I bi d
3
.
, x xv n . 2, .

2 B d hi h
un i 5 a s , xx x . .

3 I bi d ii 4 C m p e \Vi di s ch m
.
,
x xv . . Al o d B m d
o ar n an n s er au es

L bee wa h t i d m W
ns c d s Le b i nd Q ll A d i cfira
e as s e r es e ns, n er ue e r v

B e li
”
A éi i t
nh Z
a . t i h St d 863
o r oas r s c p 171 e u zen . r n, 1 . .

4 om a
H Ya s h t , 2 6.
g, E s says , 2 d c d , p 1 8 2 H au . . .

5 Y as h t
, I X ( Gos h ), 1 7 C o m par e B u n d ah i sh , x v , as t ran s at e d
. . ii i . l
b y u s t an d W i n d i s c h m an n
J i S e e G r , D i e E r z vate r , i , pp 1 86 i ll '

. . .

1 91 W i n d i s c h m an n , Z or oa s t r zs ch e S t u d i e n , p 1 65 seq
. S p e ge ,
'

. . i l
E r d n i sch e A lte r th u m s h u n d e ,
463 s e q I t i s b y n o m e an s i n c o n s i s i . .

i i
t e n t h e re w t h t h at , acc o rd n g t o t h e M i n o k hi re d , t h e tre e gro ws i n t h e
s e a Va r R as h -
“
am v e rb o rge n s t e n O rt e ,
”
s n ce t h s s t at e m e n t h as re f i i
e re n c e t o t h e s ub t e rran e an ro o t i ng o f t h e t re e i n t h e l o we s t pa t o f t h e r

U n d e rwo r ld . Kuh n , H e r a hh u n
ft , p . 1 24 .
 TH E CE N TR A L TR E E .
2 69

t ak e n ly m ak e s t h e Ch i n v at bridg e c o rre s p o n d with

t h e M ilky W ay an d t h e ra i n b o w h e n e v e rth e l e s s ,

c o rre c tly d isc e rn s s o m e r e l ati o n sh i p b e tw e e n Ch i n

v a t an d t h e P e rsi an Tr e e o f L ife
1
B y t h i s id e n t i .

fic at i o n we are ag ai n b ro u gh t t o t h e o n e u n m i s t ak
abl e l o c ati o n t o w ard wh ic h all l i n e s o f e vid e n c e
p e rp e tu al ly c o n v e rg e .

T h e A ry an s o f I n di a as e arly as i n t h e far o ff ,
-

V e d ic age h ad als o th e i r Wo rl d t re e wh ich yi e ld e d

,
-

t h e g o d s th e i r s o m a t h e d r i n k whic h m ai n t a i n s i m ,

m o rt al ity A s w e sh o uld an ti c i p at e i ts r o o ts are i n

.
,

t h e U n d e rw o rl d o f Y a m a a t t h e h idd e n p o l e it s t o p ,

i n t h e n o rth p o l ar h e av e n o f t h e g o d s i ts b o dy is t h e ,

s u st ai n i n g axis o f t h e u n i v e r s e
2
W e b e r l o n g ag o .

e xp re s sl y id e n ti fi e d i t w ith t h e W o rld as h of the -

3 4 5
E dd a ; an d Kuh n S e n ar t a n d all t h e m o re r e c e n t , ,

w rit e rs acc e pt w ith o u t qu e sti o n t h e id e n tific ati o n .

G ril l s i n t e re s ti n g sk e tch o f t h e h ist o ric d e v e l o p

’

m e n ts o f t h e m vt h m ay b e s e e n i n t h e A pp e n d ix t o
3
‘
th is v o l u m e S o m e o f t h e l at e t rac e s o f i t i n H i n d u
.

G ill I bi d p 1 9 1
1
r C mp
,
t h e o i gi
.
,
l Z d i c t i i t he
. . o are r na en nvo a on n
“ ”
H om a Ya s h t : A m e r e z a g ayéh é s t h n a, 0 i mpe r i s h a ble P i lla r f
o
”
L if e . H aug, E s sa
ys , p . 177 n .

2
R i g Ve d a , x . 1 3 5, 1 A th a i v an Ve d a , vi .
9 5, 1 . Se e Kuh n , H e ra b

h u nf t d es fi tt e r s u n d d e s Gétte r t r a n h s
'

. Ber li n, 1 8 59 : p 1 2 6 seq
. .
J .

Gr ill E
'

r z vate r , i pp 1 69 —1 7 5 O b ry L e B e r ce a u
’
d e l E spece f lu

—
. . .
, , ,

m a i n e , pp . 1 46 1 60 . W i n d i s c h m an n , Z o r oas t r i s c h e S t u d i e n , pp 1 7 6, .

1 77 . I t i s t ru e t h at t h e ro o t s o f th s i i i
d v n e A f va tt h a a re s o m e t m e s i
re pre s e n t e d as i n t h e h e av e n o f t he go d s i ts gro wt h be,
i ng d o w n ward s ;
b ut th s i is on lyt o s ym b o li ze the i
e m an at o n o f N at u re a n d o f N at ure s
’

life f ro m t he di i v n e s o u rce , as c e ar l lye x pre s s e d i n the i

o pe n n g v e rs e s

of t he f
fi te e n th B h ag a va d Gi ta
re ad n g o f
Se e i the
"
. Joh n D av e s i ’

l i
t ra n s a t o n , L o n d o n 1 88 2 , p 1 50 ; an d f o r a para e , . . ll l M W o lff , lit u
.

ha m m ed a n i s ch e E sc h atologi e , L e ps c , 1 8 7 2 , p 1 97 i i . .

3 I n d i s ch e S t ud i e n , B d i . .
, p 397
. .

e ra hh u n 1 28
H ft ,
e tc .
, p . .

5
L a L ege n d e d a B dd h a , p
ou . 2 40 .

0 See A PP E ND I X ,
Sect V . .
2 70 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

art b e tr ay t h e an c i e n t c o n c e pti o n o f t h e P o l e as a
m e an s o f a s c e n t t o h e a v e n a b r idg e o f s o ul s an d ,
.

o f t h e g o d s a s t a i r s u bstitu t e d f o r t h e sl ipp e r y pil

,

lar u p wh ic h t h e T an i s t e m p e ro r v ai n l y s o ugh t t o
1
cli m b .

2
A m o n g t h e G r e e ks i t i s m o re th an pr o b abl e th at
“ ”
th e h o ly p al m i n D e l o s o n w h i ch L é t 6 l a id h o l d ,

at t h e bi r th o f A p o ll o re p re s e n t s t h e s am e m y th ic al ,

W o rld t re e I f s o an d if we f o ll o w H e c at ae u s i n
-
.
,

l o c ati n g t h e sc e n e w e sh all b e b ro u gh t t o t h e A rc ,

3
t i c Po l e T h e e t e rn ally fl o urish i n g o l iv e o f A th en e
.

( E u rip id e s I o n 1 4 3 3) s e e m s al s o b ut an o th e r f o r m
,

o f t h e h o l y p al m an d th i s i n s o m e o f i ts d e s c ri p ,

t i o n s b r i n gs u s ag ai n t o t h e l an d o f t h e H ype rb o
1 I n t h e N aga s c u pt u re s l ( F e rgu ss o n , Tr e e an d S e rpe n t Wor s h ip ,

pl . t h e T re e o f t h e M o un t or Po le i
i s d e n t fie d i at t h e b o tt o m b y
o ne t re e , an d at t h e t o p b y an o t h e r, an d b e t we e n t h e t wo t h e re i s a
k i nd of l add e r, i i
w t h a s e r e s o f s t e ps o r s t a rs w h c h asc e n d t h e t re e , i i
l
i n t h e p ac e o f a s t e rn T h e se d e n o t e t h e T re e o f t h e A s c e n t , M o u n t ,
.

”—
i
o r H e gh t , n o w t o b e c o n s d e r e d as re pre s e n t n
g t h e Po e G M as i i l . .

s e y, Th e j Vat u r a l Ge n e s i s , vol . i .
, p 3 54
. .

2 Kuhn ,
H e r a hh u n
pp f t, e tc .
,
. 1 33 —1 3 7 .

2 M e nz e l , U n s te r hli ch h e i ts le h re , i . 89 . I ts “
po s t o n w t h
c e n t ra l ii i
re s pe c t to th e wo r d l of me n is r e c o gn i ze d b
y o ld R o be rt B u rt o n i n
hi s A n a t om
y of M ela n ch ol y, N e w Y o rk , 1 8 49, p 2 92 . C o m pare .

M as s e y : T h e T re e o f t h e Po e i s e x t an t i n Ce l l e b e s , wh e re t h e n a

t iv e s be li e ve l
t h at t h e wo r d i s s u ppo rt e d b y t h e H o g, an d t h at e art h

q uak e s are c au se d wh e n t h e H o g rub s i t s e lf aga n s t i t h e T re e .

A t E ph e s us t h e y s h o we d t h e O li ve an d Cypre s s G ro v e of L ét fi, an d

i n i t t h e T re e of L if e to wh i ch th e G re at M o t h e r c un g l i n br i gin ng

fo rt h h e r tw i
pr o ge n y T h e re a s o was t h e M o un t o n wh
n . l i ch H e rm e s

an n o u n c e d t h e b rt h o f h e r t w n s D ia i
na an d A 0 110 [s un i an d m o o n] .

i
T h e m age ry i s at ro o t t h e s am e as t h e H o g r ubb n g i aga n s t i t h e T re e
h
o f t e Po e
”
l
Th e N a t u r a l Ge n es i s , v o l i , p 3 54
. . . . . A nd aga n , i the
c o s m ca i l i m age ry o f H es od : i D as i
le t e n d e B il d e i ne s B au m e s , d e s
sen S t m m i ch o
a s v n de n W u rz e l n e rh e b t u n d o b e n aus b re t e t , i tr t t i in
de n W o rt e n d e r T h e o go n ie T art aru s auf wart s s e i e n di e
'

v .
72 7 v o rn

W urz e l n d e r E rd e un d d e s M e e re s , d e u t li ch h e rv o r .
”
W . F . R i n ck ,

D i e R eli gi on d e r t f e lle n e i z
'
. Z ur i ch , 18
53 Bd i . .
, p 60. .
2 72 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

” 1
I ts l o c at i o n i s i n t h e M iddl e o f t h e E arth “
Not .

w ith st an di n g h i s d o ct ri n e o f a n A f r ic an o rigi n o f
m an k i n d G e ral d M as s e y s ays
, I n t h e l e g e n d ary ,
“

l if e o f G a u t am a B ud dh a i s d e s c r ib e d as h avi n g t o
,

p as s o v e r t h e c e l e s ti a l w a t e r t o r e ac h N irv an a w hi ch ,

i s t h e l an d o f t h e B od h i Tr e e o f L if e an d K n o wl
e dg e H e w as u n a bl e t o c r o s s fr o m o n e b an k t o t h e
.

o th e r b u t t h e S pi r i t o f t h e B odh i tr e e s t r e tch e d o u t
,

its arm s t o h i m an d h e lp e d h i m o v e r i n s afe ty B y .

ai d o f th is t re e h e at t a i n e d t h e s u m m i t o f w i s d o m

a n d i m m o r t al l if e I t i s t h e s am e Tr e e o f t h e P o l e
.

a n d o f P ara di s e al l m yth o l o gy th r o u gh T h e T re e o f .

t h e G u ara n i g ar d e n t h e H e b re w E d e n t h e H i n d u , ,

J am b u d wi pa i s l ik e wi s e t h e Tre e of N i r v an a Th is
-
, .

fi n al appl ic at i o n o f t h e i m ag e ry p ro v e s i ts o r igi n .

T h e r e al m o f re st was fi r s t s e e n at t h e p o l ar c e n t re
” 2
o f t h e r e v o l vi n g st ar s .

T h e an c i e n t G e rm an s c all e d th e i r W o r l d t re e t h e -

I rm e n s u l i e H e a v e n pil l ar
, . .
,G ri m m sp e aks o f -
.

i ts cl o s e r e l at i o n ship w ith t h e N o rs e Y ggdr a sil an d ,

1 “
Th B ddh i t e t t h t th i
u t m k
s s th m i d d l f th
asse r a s re e ar s e e o e

ea r th .
— E C B w D i ti .
y f Mi
. re l Ph il d l ph i
e r, 8 84 c on a r o . r ac es . a e a, 1 :

p 3 14
. .

2 T h e N a t u r al
Ge n es i s , vo l .
90 . O n th e i n d e pe n d e n ce of the
B u dd h i st c o s m o go n y an d c o s m o o gy l Bea l re m ark s , B ut wh il st we
m ay re gard B ud d h s m i n t h e i
gh t o f a re o rm at o n o f t h e po pu ar li f i l
li f i
b e e i n I n d a, we m u s t b e ar i n m n d th at t h e s t re am o f t rad t o n i ii
i i
wh c h re appe ars i n i ts t e ac h n g, an d m ay b e t ra ce d i n i t s b o o k s , i s i n
l
d e pe n d e n t an d pro b ab y d s t n c t ro m t h e B rah m an c a t rad t o n s i i f i l ii
i
e m b o d e d i n t h e P u ran as an d e s e wh e re A t an y rat e , t h s i s t h e c as e l . i
s o f ar as t h e i ii i
pr m t v e q u e s t o n o f c re at o n an d o f t h e c o s m c s ys t e m i i
ll
ge n e ra y i s c o n ce rn e d M r R h ys D av d s h as a re ady re m ark e d t h at
. . i l
‘
i
t h e B u d d h s t arc h an ge o r g o d B rah m a i s d e re n t l
ro m an yt h n g iff f i
k n o wn t o t h e B rah m an s , an d i s part o f an a t o ge th e r d e re n t s ys t e m l iff
of t h o u gh t ( B u d d h i st
S u tta s , p 1 68 . I am i cl i
n f u th er
ned t o go r

t h an t h s , i an d s a
y t h at t h e t rad t o n s ii of t h e B udd h i t s a e d i ffe e n t
s r r
”
f ro m tho se of th e B rah m an s i n a lmo s t e ve r
y r p ct
es S m ue l B e al
e . a ,

B u ddh i s t L i te ra tu r e i n Ch i n a . Lo n do n, 1 88 2 p . 1 46 .
 TH E CE N TR A L TR E E . 2 73

l e n d s h i s h igh au th o ri ty t o t h e vi e w th at i t w as s i m
'

ply a m y th i c al e xp re s s i o n o f t h e id e a o f t h e w o rl d s
a xi s 1
T h e
.
s a m e v i e w w as a dv a n c e d s till e a r l i er

by t h e d is ti n gu ish e d I c e l an d i c m y th o g raph e r F i n n ,

M ag u s e
n n
2
H o w p r o f o u n dly
.
t h e m y th a ff e ct e d m e

d i ae v al Chri s ti an art i s ill us t ra t e d i n m an y pl ac e s ,

am o n g h
t e r e st i n t h e sc u l pt u r e s o n t h e s o u th p o r t al

3
o f t h e B a pti st e ry a t P a r m a I t i s al s o n o t w ith o u t .

d p s i g i fic c e th a t “
i n t h e m e d i ae v a l l e g e n d of
a ee n a n

th s vis it G d f E d bt i n fo r h is
’

S e t o t h e a r e n o e n t o o a ,

dy i n g fath e r t h e O i lo f Co m pass i o n t h e T re e o f L if e ,

w h ic h h e s a w l ift e d i ts t op t o h e a v e n a n d s e n t i t s
roo t t o h e l l ” 4
a n d th a t o n t h e cruc ifi xi o n o f Ch ri s t ,
,

h i m se l f t he
A r bo r , u a: a b i n i t i o pos i t a es t ,
q

th i s c o s m ic al T re e of the G ard e n
d ie d ,
an d b e c am e
” 6
of m e d i ae v al st o ry
“
t he A r bre S ec .

1 “
M ir i
s c h e n t a uc h d ie i m e uts c h e n
(l A lt e rt h um ti e f ge gru n d e t e
V o rs t e ll un g v o n d e r 1 r m e n s a u le ,
”

je n e r al t i s s i m a ,
i
u n v e rs a li s c o um n a l
q uas i s us t i n e n s o m n a , i de m W e l t ba um Y ggd ras il n ah ve r wan d t .
”

J . G r m m, D i e u ts r h e t klyth otogi e , p 7 59 C o m pare pp . . . 1 0 4- 1 0 7 .

2 D e n ae ltre E dda Kj obe n h av n , 1 8 2 2 B d

.
, 61 . ii . . Co m pa re t h e
fo l l o wi n
g Y ggd ras il h as n e ve r be e n i f
s a t s ac t o r il y e pl i e d B ut x a n .

a t alle v e n t s t h e s ac re d t re e of t he N o rth is , no d b t i d t i c l wi t h
ou ,
en a

the r oba r
7 am s
’

,
’
or s ac re d o ak of Ge i s m ar, d e t ye d by B s ro if a on ce ,

an d the lr m i n s ulo f t h e S a x o n s , t h e ( alu m n a zu zi o e r sa /is, the t e rre s

tr i l
a t re e of o ffe i r n
gs , an l
e mb e m o f the wh o l e wo r d l as far as i t is
un de r d i i
v ne i fl n ue n ce .
”
T h o rpe , N o r t h e r n A b rth ology, vo l . i .
, p . 1 55 .

3 See F . Pi p e r, a n
ge li s ch e r Ka le n d e r f ii r 1 866, pp .
—
3 5 8 0 ( ill us
t ra t e d ) A l Pp
so i ers
’
B a um d e s Le be n s , in t he s am e A
'

a /m d e r fo r
1 7—
.

1 8 63 , pp .
94 .

G u be rn at is , Z oologi ca l [Myt h ology Lo n d o n , 187 2 : vo l .

p .

41 1 , n o te .

5 Th e B i ti o f C l H Y l e L d o
oo h o
f [ Va r ro P olo Ed n o o u on n,

—
. . . .

1 87 1 pp 1 2 0 13 1 N t i c p t i l l y t h e pi c t e o
.
p 1 2 7 wh i c h
. o e ar c u ar ur n .
,

P l bl u d f d i g t h A b S ! wi t h t h e A b
’
c ect
o rr s i c o o s n er n o n o un n e r re o r re

S ee T he bi d t t h t p f t h
. e tr l d h i gh t f t h t e d
a e o o e c n ra an es o e re s e

pi c t d c c l i l y i d e t i ti
e on i t w i t h t h \V l d t e e o f u i e
us ve l A n es e or r n v rs a P
-

y a tn d i ti O
ra t h i b i d se e Kuhon . n s r n .
2 74 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

T he P ar adi s e tr e e o f t h e Ch i n e s e T an ist s i s al s o
-

a W o r ld tr e e
-
I t i s f o u n d i n t h e c e n t re o f t h e e n
.

c h an ti n g G ard e n o f t h e G o d s o n t h e s u m m i t o f t h e
p o l ar Kw e n lu n I t s n am e i s T o n g an d its l o c ati o n
-
.
,

i s fu rth e r d e fi n e d by t h e e xp re s si o n th at i t g ro w s
” 1
“
h ard by t h e cl o s e d G at e o f H e av e n A s i n m an y .

o f t h e an ci e n t r e l igi o n s t h e m o u n t o n w hich aft e r

, ,

t h e F l o o d t h e a rk re s t e d w as c o n s id e r e d t h e s am e
,

as th a t f r o m wh i ch i n t h e b e gi n n i n g t h e fi r s t m an

c am e f o rth it is n o t str an g e t o fin d t h e tre e o n t h e

,

so m e of the l e ge n ds o f t h e D e l u ge . I n t h e T au i s t

M s t o t ak e Th u s
the pl ac e of t h e ark

m
.

w e are t nary an t e dil u vi an

s av e d h i s l if e by cl i m bi n g up a m o u n t ai n an d th e re ,

an d th e n i n t h e m an n e r o f b i r d s pl ai ti n g a n e st h e
, ,

p ass e d h i s d ays o n a tr e e w h il s t all t h e c o u n try be ,

lo w h i m was o n e sh e e t o f w a t e r H e aft e r w ard s .

liv e d t o a v e ry o ld ag e an d c o u l d t e s tify t o h i s l at e
,

p o st e rity th at a wh o l e ra c e o f h u m an b e i n gs h ad
” 2
b e e n s w e p t f ro m t h e fac e o f t h e e arth .

I t i s at l e ast s u gg e st i v e t o fin d th i s s am e id e a o f
-

s al v ati o n fro m a u n i v e r s al d e lu g e by m e an s o f a m i
rac u l o us tr ee g ro w i n g o n t h e t o p o f t h e divi n e
M o u n t a i n o f t h e N o rth a m o n g t h e N av aj o I n d i an s
o f o u r o wn c o u n t ry S p e aki n g o f t h e m e n o f t h e
.

w o rl d b e f o re o u r o wn an d o f t h e w arn i n g th e y h ad
,

r e c e iv e d o f t h e a ppr o ach i n g fl o o d th e i r l e g e n d s go ,

“
on : Th e n th e y t o o k s o il f ro m all t h e f o u r co rn e r
m o u n ta i n s of t h e w o rld an d pl ac e d i t o n t o p o f t h e
,

m o u n t ai n th a t s t o o d i n t h e N o r t h ; a n d th ith e r th e y
al l we n t i n cl u di n g t h e p e o pl e o f t h e m o u n t ai n s
, ,

1 L uk e n, Tr a d i t i on e n , p 72 . .

9 Th e Ch i n ese R eposi tory, vol v. ii i .

, p 51 7
. .
 2 76 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

j o s, it was ov e r th i s c e n t ral m o u n t ai n th at t h e s u r
v i v o rs of th a t w o rld d e st r uct i o n f o u n d d e liv e ran c e -
.

H o w e ve r e xpl a i n e d t h e c o i n c id e n c e s ar e re m ark,

a bl e .

K e ltic t rad it i o n t h e Tr e e o f P aradis e i s re pre

I n

s e n t e d by t h e t re e w h ich b o re g o l d e n appl e s i n
A v al o n B u t A v a l o n i s al way s re p r e s e n t e d as an
.

“ ”
isl a n d i n t h e f ar N o r th an d i ts l o adst o n e c astl e ,

s e l f e vid e n tly c o n n e ct s i t wi th t h e r e gi o n o f t h e m ag
-

1
n e tic P o l e .

I n t h e an c i e n t e pi c o f t h e F i n n s t h e K al e v al a w e , ,

s e e t h e W o r ld t re e o f an o th e r p e o pl e I f an y d o ubt-
.

c o u l d ris e as t o its p o s iti o n i n t h e u n i v e r s e t h e c o n ,

s t e ll ati o n o f t h e G re a t B e a r i n i ts t o? wo ul d s u ffi c e
2
t o e m o ve it
r .

1 M e nz e l , M i s t e r hli ch he i ts /eh r e i 87 , .
, 9 5 ; 11 1 0 Ke ary, Ou tli n es
. .

E s pe c i al l y s e e H um bo d t s re e re n c e s t o l f
’
o
f P r i nzi t i o e B eli ef , '

p 4 53
. .

hlou t e Ca la m i t i c o , th me d ie lm g ae v a a net c i m o un t a i n i n th e s e a to

the n o rt h of G re e n l an d . Cos m os (B ohu s

’
ii . 659 ; v .
55 . A lso ,

L e Cycle myth ologi q u e i r la n d a i s e t la Myth olog i e celt i q u e P ar H d A r

'
’
. .

i
b o s d e ub a n v e J
Par s , 1 884 i ill
D r Car S c h ro e d e r, S an ct B ran
. i . . l
dan . Er la n ge n , 1 87 1 pp 5 7, . 1 1 1 , 1 67 , e t c .

2 T h e G e rm an t ran s l tia on by A n to n S ch i e fn e r . H els i n f o rs , 1 8 52

R un e C o m pare S c h i e f n e r, H e ld en sag e n d e r m zn u ss i n i s ch en
’

x
3 1 42
-
. .
,

Ta t a r e n , p 6 2 s eg
. T rac e s o f t h e s am e m yt h are o un d am o n g t h e
. f
S am o an s ( S a m oa a H u n d r e d Ye a r s A g o a n d L ong B ef or e B y G e o rge .

T urn e r, LL D . . L o n don , 1 88 4 pp . 1 99, A l so , am o n g the

U gr i an tr ibes ( Pe s ch e l
p 40 6) a n d am o n g m an , y of
R a ces o
f M an ,
.

i
t h e t r b e s o f t h e A m e r c an ab o r g n e s , an d i n P o yn e s a See M i i i l i . .

H us s o n , L a Ch a i n e T r a d i t zon n e lle , Con te s cl L ég e n a’e s a u poi n t d e fl u e

'

myth i q ue . Pa r is , 1 8 74 : e s pe c a i l l y pp . 1 40 - 1 60 . M as s e y Th e N a tu r al ,

Ge n es i s .
“
I t was at th e t o p o f t h e T re e o f H e av e n the Po le
t h at t h e G u aran i s we
w t h t h e r A d am , A t u m , t/
re t o m e e t o n c e m o re i i
T um , o r T arn o i, wh o was t o h e p t h e m ro m t h e n ce i n t h e r as ce n t t o l f i
t h e h gh e r ei lif
H e re t h e T re e o f L e b e c o m e s a t re e o f t h e d e ad t o
. if
i
ra s e t h e m n t o h e av e n i
S o i n t h e A go n k n m yt h t h e t re e o f t h e d e ad
. l i
ill i
was a s o rt o f o s c at n g lo g f o r t h e d e c e as e d t o c ro ss t h e r v e r b y, as i
a b r d gei of th e ab
yss , b e yo n d wh i ch t h e D o g, as i n t h e P e rs an i m yt h o s ,
s t an d s wa t ii ng fo r the sou s l o f the d e ad , j us t as th e D o g s t an d s at
 TH E CE N TR A L T RE E . 2 77

Th u s t h e s ac r e d t re e s l ik e t h e s ac re d w at e rs o f , ,

e v e ry a n ci e n t p e o pl e i n v ar i ably c o n d uc t t h e i n v e s

t i ga t o r t o l an d s o u ts id e t h e h is t o r i c h a bi t a ts o f t h e

p e o pl e s i n qu e sti o n an d e v e r t o o n e a n d t h e s am e ,

pri m e v al h o m e c o u n t ry t h e l an d o f ligh t an d gl o ry -
,

1
a t t h e A r c ti c P o l e .

th N e th or P l f t h E gypt i
e rn o e o d i d pi t d i t h t e f t he an , an s e c e n e re e o

S ou th S l ti
e rn — th T o s f t h P l wh i h w
ce , e e t d d t th re e o e o e c as x en e o e

f q t
o ur
”
V l i p 40 4
u a r e rs . o . .
, . .

1Si m pl t i g t h f
n ce c o
g i g c h pt
e n I h e th w k
o re o n a er av e s e e n e or en

t i tl d P l t L
e L g d
an d Ly i
or e , mh
e en g t h Myt h s, a n T di r cs c ; a c ti n e s, ra

ti o n s, S p ti t i u d F /h l
e rs
f th Pl t Ki g d m B y Ri h d
on s , a n o -
or e o e an n o . c ar

F lk d J
o ar L d, 1 88 4
un . I th fi t th
on o n, h pt th d . n e rs re e c a e rs e re a er

will fi d n l bl ppl m t y d i g v a ua e su T h W ld T
e e n ar f th re a n on e or -
re e s o e
”
A i t
nc e n s, Th T “
f P di e
”
Th T
re e s o f Ad m
”
S ara se,
“
e re e o a , a

i llN t i Pl
”
c re d T re e s o t a O th c h pt e
a t
o ns, t f t S ym
e c . er a rs re a o
“
an

h li m Pl d of th f b l d mi l
" ”
o s , t L g g an an ua t e, an e a u o us re e s an rac e

pl t wh i h pl y
an s i m p t t p t i t h h i t y f li gi
c a so o r an d a ar n e s or o re o us an

i t ifi c d l ty S h l d y e d t h
sc e n c re u i . f b i l i d t l im
ou an r a er e re o e nc ne o c a

t h t
a
“
th p g ef ie c h f
ro
”
re ss o d sc w y wi t h n h ig e as o re v e r one a a s uc no

ran t m di l m y t g gy h wil l d w llt t t Th lV h/y I t

e aev a s a o ,
e o e o u rn o e ee n er

O ce a n Ch i g D, 1 1 8 84 i
ca o, wh i h iec . ill t t d t i l
1, ti , n c , n an u s ra e ar c e en ~

f L if e i f ci
“ ” “
tl d e Th T e w re e o m d th t e, h w di
e ar n or e a s e nc e as n o s

c o v e re d i m t n a p t d m os b th t h T
un e x d th Ri
ec e an n e r o e re e an e ve r

o f L if
”
Th f m
e . i th b i e or d pi er lc d fm s W d e ra n an s na or o an . e o

no t m th t t h b
e an i m l y l k li k
a e ra n t mb l o
e re oo s e a re e o r re s e es ne e x

te rn a lly W . t d l i g wi th
e are l gi
no B t w d m ea nth t an a o es . u e o e an a

th b e i d pi
ra n an l d S tna lt co r B y t h m t i gi d s i
are an a c u a re e . e os r c en

tifi c e xa mi ti it i h w t fi ll t h i d l t yp
na on s s d pl
o f n t o e ea e an an o a re e

m o re c o m pl t l y t h yt e e f th g t b l k i gd m T h
an an pi
re e o l e ve e a e n o . e s na

c or d i th t s k f th i g e ru n t t oI t t e th s f f l
re a re e . s ro o s ar e n e rv e s o ee

i g
n d m ti
an b hi g o on t t h b dy
ran c n T he T ou f L if o ve r e o . re e o e

i pl
s t d i
an e th m i d t f m y th
n e f th s he t i o t e th an o e rs , or e ar s a re , e

l g
un s are at e d th p re , an t m h li e d ll t h it l
an c re as , s o ac ,
v e r, an a ose v a

o r an s
g T h b i i it
. e di t
ra n d g c f l f li g
s s Th m t l ra an an ra e u o a e . e en a

f l ti
ac u l i fi d i t w l g p by t h m t
e s are c as s e n t i tifi
e ve ro u s e os re c e n sc e n c

an a l y i T hi T
s s . b tw ls ki d
re e f f t e ars O h id e ve n s o ru t . n e ac s e

o f th T e f L if i t h g re e o t Ri e f L if s L t ly
e m re a ve r o e . e us a a an

d w wi t h h i h d t t h
o n s th ea d hi o m t tch d te th w t
no r ,
an s ar s s re e o e es

lan d t th o t T h e Ri
e e as f L if h
. it f h d i th f ve r o e as s o ur ea s n e o ur

ch mb a f th he rs o t th e t w e i cl e ar d th tw ,
t i l Th o au r e s an e o ve n r c e s . e

b ran c h f thi es o i p pw d t t h h d
s r ve r th l d f g ld
as s u ar o e ea ,
‘
e an o o ,
’
2 78 P A 1 A 191 5 5 F OU N D
3
.

e as t ward t o t h e le t f an d we s t ward t o t h e r i gh t arm an d l un g . B ut

gre a t e s t o f all t h e b ran c h e s T h e R v e r o r Ph rat h are t h e ao rt a
,
‘
i , ,
’

i
an d ve n a c a v a, re a c h n g s o u t h wa rd t o t h e t ru n k an d o we r m bs I n l li .

b ran c h i go n ve r t he b o dy t h i s i
r ver d i id
v es i n to fo u r parts at s e v e n
te e n d i ff e re n t po i nts . T wo b ran c h e s of t he i
r ve r f o rm a n e t wo rk

a ro un d t h e v e r t re e , an d s pre ad u pward am o n g i t s e x
y t ru n k of the

pan d i n
g b ran c h e s . T he b l ood is t he W at e r of L if e,
’
an d it l o ok s
‘
as l
c e ar as c rys t a l ’
wh e n seen t h r o u gh t h e m ic ro s c o pe , t h e e ye of

i
s c e n ce . I t i s t h re e fo u rt h s wat e r , an d t h ro u gh t h s are d i i ff us e d the
re d c e ll s an d t h e li i
g m at e r a s wh c h are t o c o n s tru c t
v n i l i an d to ma i n

ta i n the il
b o d y o rgan s H ad t h s art c e an d i t s an t q u e
. i i l i -
l o ok i ng ill us ~

t rat i o n b e e n fo u n d in o ne of th e C h u rch f at h e rs , i t w o u d h ave l ai

fo rde d to a ce rt ai n c l as s of s ci e n t s t si gre at e d ificat i o n .

2 80 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

d e t e ri o r ati o n o f t h e cli m at e o f t h e m o th e r
T he
r e gi o n o f t h e rac e i s p ar ti c u l arly d e s c rib e d i n t h e
fi rs t F arg ard o f t h e A v e st a : T h e fi rs t o f t h e g o o d
l an d s an d c o u n t ri e s w h ich I A h u ra M azd a cr e at e d , ,

w as t h e A i ryan a V aéjo [A i r an V éj “
I ran t h e A n ,

cien t by t h e g o o d ri v e r D ai ty a Th e r e u p o n c am e .

A n g ra M ai n yu [A h r i m an ] w h o i s all d e a th an d h e , ,

c o u n t e r c re at e d by h is wi tch c raft t h e s e rp e n t i n t h e
-

riv e r an d wi n t e r a w o rk o f t h e d aév as Th e r e are

, , .

n w i n t e r m o n th s th e re t w o s u m m e r m o n th s
[ n o w ] t e , ,

a n d th e s e a re c o l d f o r t h e w a t e r s c o l d f o r t h e e arth , ,
” 1
an d c o l d fo r t h e tr e e s S o i n F ar g ard s e c o n d we .

h av e a l e g e n d ary ac c o u n t of t h e s ucc e s si v e m igra

ti o n s o f t h e e arl i e st r e m e m b e re d m e n o ut o f t h e
o ri gi n al N o r th c o u n try s o u th w a rds t o m e e t t h e
“
,
”
s un a n d n e arly al
, l c o m m e n t at o rs ascrib e th e s e
“
re p e at e d s o u th w ard m o v e m e n ts t o t h e gr adu al
r e frig e rat i o n an d g lac i ati o n o f t h e p r i m itiv e h o m e i n
” 2
I ran t h e A n c i e n t .

T h e s am e id e a o f a p e rf e ct p r i m e v al cl i m at e is
f o u n d am o n g all an ci e n t p e o pl e s O vi d r e p re s e n ts .

1 D arm e s t e t e r, p 8 i
H au g p 2 2 7
.
,
It w
. be .
, . . il l o bs e rv e d t h at
the w i nte r an d s um m e r h e re d e s c r b e d are t h e e x ac t i c o u n t e rpart o r
“
c o un t e r c re at o n -
i
i gi al p l r d ay ( t h e g wi g s a ) o f
”
of the o r n o a ro n e son

t e n m o t h s a d t h e o i gi
n . l p l a i gh t ( wi t o f r s t f o m
n r na o r n or n er e r

g o wt h ) o f t wo m o t h s
r T hi i a o t h e r i c i d e t al e i d ce t h at
n . s s n n n v en

ci was s i t t e at t he Po l e
”
I a t h
r ne A t n en ua .

2
O l e em t d e la pé i o d e gl c i ai e p u i t se u l e e pl i q ue
“ ’
r av n en r a r o rra x r

u n t lf i t c
e o a e co , i t au c u e
ar n nt e c use c pab l e d e re d e i
nna n au r a a n r n .

h ab i t b l a c us d f o i d u e c o t e q ui e t re p e e t e c m m e
’

a e, a e e r , n n re s r s n e o

ay t ét é a lo i gi e u
an p y d
’
ce l
r le t e t
n O se
n it d o e a s
’
ex n n a u re . n ra n

b li gé d e i f e e q u l E i e t co s é o n
'

i s st iqu
’
o e n n r r e es ran e n av e e s ava n n e rv , n

s e ul e m t le u e i r d e l pé i d e g l
en so i i m i
v n ss i e l ui d e s a r o ac a re , a s au c

b e au j o u s q i l gé é l o
’
t p éc d é ad m i t t
’ ’ ’ ’
x r uet c t ce q u
on r e e , es en n ra n n ra

pas f il e m t pri m i t if t pa u s o u e i r t ad i t i o el
’’
L i ge d
’ ’
ac en . z or n es s n v n r nn

d e s t e m ps p é gl c i i e s
”
e tcr P i ét m e t L
a A y
a r t le u P r em i e e
, . re n , es r as e r r

P t i
a r e. P i 1 8 79 p 15ar s , H o w n e ar t h e t ruth . .
 TH E E X U B E R A N CE OF LI F E .
281

'

t he spri n g , i n S at u r n
i g n t o h av e b e e n p e r e n s re ,

n i al . T h e sp ri n g o f o ur w o rl d age i s o n ly a n ab - .

b re v i at e d r e m i n d e r o f th at g re at o r igi n al 1
S o L ac .

t an t i us h as p re s e rv e d a f rag m e n t o f t h e o ld e th n ic
c re e d wh e n h e t e lls u s th at o n ly u p o n t h e l o ss o f
P arad i s e d ark n e s s an d w i n t e r c a m e o v e r t h e e arth "
1
, .

W i th th is s u pp o s e d d e t e ri o r at i o n o f s o il a n d cl i
m at e t h e d e t e ri o ra ti o n o i m an k e pt p ac e H e n ce .

an ci e n t w r i t e r s w ith h ardly a n e xc e pti o n r e pr e s e n t

, ,

t h e m e n o f th e i r o w n d ay a s f a r i n f e r i o r i n st at u re ,

i n st re n gth an d i n l o n g e vi ty t o t h e fi rs t p ro g e n it o rs
,

o f t h e rac e H e si o d A r atu s O v i d Ve rg il a n d Cl au
.
, , , ,

d i an v ary s o m e wh at i n th e ir ac c o u n ts o f t h e G o ld e n ,

S il v e r an d l a t e r a g e s o f h u m an h is t o ry b u t all
, ,

ag re e i n r e pr e s e n t i n g t h e m e n o f th e ir ti m e as w e ak

a n d p u n y a n d sh o r t l iv e d c o m p a re d w ith m e n o f t h e
-
,

e arl y a g e s o f t h e w o rld J u v e n al i n a w e l l k n o w n .
,
-

’
p ass ag e all ud e s t o H o m e r s j ud g m e n t a n d e xp re s s e s
, ,

h is o wn
N m g h a i jmd e n usb t H m o c v vo a e c re sc e a o e ro ,

m l h mi
” 3
T e rra d c t tq
a os p i ll o ne s n u n c e u a a ue us os .

“
Pl at o sp e ak i n g o f t h e an t e dil u vi an s s ay s
,
F or , ,

m an y g e n e rati o n s as l o n g as t h e d ivi n e n atu re l a st e d

,

i n th e m th e y w e re o b e d i e n t t o t h e l aw s an d w e ll
, ,

a ff e c ti o n e d t o w ard t h e g od s w h o w e r e th e ir k i n s

men fo r th e y p o s s e s s e d t r u e an d i n e v e ry way gre a t

S pi r its p ract ic i n g g e n tl e n e s s a n d w isd o m i n t h e
,

v ari o u s c h a n c e s o f l if e an d i n th e i r i n t e rc o u rs e wi th
o n e an o th e r B y su ch r e fl e c ti o n s an d by t h e
.
,

c o n ti n u an c e i n th e m o f t h e d ivi n e n at u r e all th at ,

1 ll/e ta m o rph oses , i . 1 13 .

2 P la ci d a s , 4 .

3 S a ti r e s x v 6
, 9 , 70 Co m pare H o m e r, I li ad ,
. . v .
30 2 ct se
q . Ve r
gil, E n e rd , x i i 90 0 ; L uc re t ,
’

. 1 1 51 . ii . .
2 82 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

we h av e d e s c rib e d w ax e d an d i n c re a s e d i n th e m ;
bu t w h e n th i s divi n e p o rt i o n b e g an t o f ad e aw ay i n
th e m an d b e c am e dil u t e d t o o o ft e n a n d w i th t o o
, ,

m u ch o f t h e m o rt al ad m ixtu re an d t h e h u m an n a ,

t u re go t t h e u pp e r h an d th e y b e i n g u n abl e t o b e ar
, ,

th e i r f o rtu n e b e c am e u n s e e m ly an d t o h i m wh o h ad
, ,

an e e t o s e e th e y b e g an t o app e ar b a s e a n d h ad
y ,

1
l o st t h e f ai re st o f th e ir pr e c i o u s gifts .

T h e an ci e n t I n di an c o n c e p ti o n o f t h e w o rl d s d e
’

c ad e n c e f ro m p e ri o d t o p e ri o d i s giv e n i n t h e L aws “

”2
o f M an u .O f t h e f o u r gr e a t ag e s o f t h e l if e o f
t h e p r e s e n t u n iv e rs e w e ar e l ivi n g i n t h e l ast an d
,

w o rst I n t h e fi rs t y ug a all m e n w e re h o ly ; i n t h e
.

p re s e n t all are u tt e r ly c o rru pt an d V il e I n t h e fi r st .

th e y w e re t all an d l o n g l iv e d ; i n e ach s u cc e e d i n g
-

ag e th e y h a v e g r o wn d w a rf e d an d f e e bl e .

S i m il ar t o t h e I n di an w as t h e I ran i an b e l i e f as
r e fl e ct e d i n t h e B u n d a h ish H e re t h e d u r at i o n o f
.

t h e u n iv e r s e i s re p r e s e n t e d as fi lli n g f o u r w o rl d
p e ri o d s o f t h re e th o u s an d y e ar s e ach D u r i n g t h e .

fi r st o f t h e f o u r all is p u re an d si n l e ss bu t at i ts ,

cl o s e t h e E vil O n e d e cl are s war ag ai n st A h u ra

M azd a t h e h o ly G o d wh i ch war i s d e st i n e d t o fill
, ,

t h e th re e l a st ag e s D u r i n g t h e fi r s t o f t h e th re e
.
,

t h e E vil O n e i s u n su c c e s sfu l ; d u r i n g t h e s e c o n d ,

g o o d an d e vil are e x actly b al an c e d ; wh il e i n t h e

l ast wh i ch i s o u r o wn e vil o bt ai n s an d till t h e d e s
, , ,

ti n e d o v e rth r o w at t h e v e ry e n d m ai n t ai n s s u
3
pre m ac y .

T h e c o n c e pti o n wh ich we are n o ti c i n g i s as o ld as

it i s u n i v e rs al . B e ro su s re p o r t i n g t h e e arl i e s t t ra
,

1 Cr i ti as , 1 20 .

f Man u, I
2 L aws o . 68 8 6
-
.

3 Th e B u n da h i sh , c h apt e rs l , . mo rn , xxx i v .
2 84 P A RA D I S E F 0 UN D .

ing b o u t t h e cradl e o f t h e rac e e n j o y e d a c o n t act

a ,

f m
s u ffi c i e n t ly cl o s e o r s o e c o m m o n t ra d iti o n s 1
.

T h e b e ar i n g o f th is u n an i m o u s v e r dict o f an c i e n t
tr aditi o n u p o n t h e p ro b le m o f t h e l o c a ti o n o f E d e n
i s o bvi o u s T h e t ra d iti o n s o f t h e w h o l e e th n i c
.

wo rl d n o t l e s s th an t h e re c o r d i n G e n e s is r e q ui re
, ,

th at t h e c radl e o f t h e r ac e b e pl ac e d i n t h e o n e sp o t
o n e ar th w h e re t h e b i o l o gic al c o n di ti o n s are t h e
m o s t f av o r abl e p o s sibl e A cc o r di n g t o all p ro c u r .

abl e d a t a th a t sp o t at t h e e ra o f m an s app e aran c e

’

u p o n t h e st ag e was i n t h e n o w l o s t M i o c e n e c o n ti
nent wh ich th e n s u rr o u n d e d t h e A r ctic P o l e Th at
, .

i n th a t t r u e o r igi n al E d e n s o m e o f t h e e ar ly g e n e r
,

at i o n s o f m e n a tt ai n e d t o a st at u r e an d l o n g e vity

u n e qu al e d i n an y c o u n t r i e s k n o wn t o p o stdil uvi an
h i st o ry i s by n o m e an s s c i e n t ifi c ally i n c re dibl e O n .

t h e c o n t rar y t h e e xc e pti o n al bi o l o gi c al c o n di ti o n s
,

o f th at l an d an d t h e re m ar k abl e c o n s e n su s o f al l
tr ad iti o n re sp e cti n g t h e v ig o r o f e arly gi an t rac e s
c o m bi n e t o f o rm a f re s h ill u st ra ti o n o f t h e p ri n cipl e
th at t h e m o re i n c re dibl e thi n gs an hyp o th e s is e x
pl ai n s t h e m o r e i rr e s i stibly cr e dibl e t h e hyp o th e sis
,

i ts e lf b e c o m e s .

L e n o rm an t , B egi n n i ngs of M st ory, p 3 54 T h e aut h o r con

’

1 . .

i
t nn e s, i
T o - d ay w e h av e s c e n t fic pro o t h at s u c h b e e [i n t h e e x i f li f
t rao rd i n ary s t at u re o f t h e e ar y m e n ] h as n o re a o u n d at o n , b u t i s l lf i
s i m pl y a pro d u c t of i m gi t i o
the B a na n .
”
ut h is a ll e ge d sc e nt i i fic
p o o f is
r pu re y n l eg ti e co s i t i g of the f
a v . n s n ac t t h at t h e h u m an s k e le

t s wh i c h pa e o n l t l gi t h
o o so f
s s f u d av e ar o n n on e o
f wh i c h ar e
f r ont
-
on

e o ly o f o di y i e
“
t h e h igh N o r t h ar n r n ar s z . A s f ar b ac k as we c an

t r ace t h e v e s t ge s i of wh o v e d i n t h e Q u a
m an k i n d , up t o t h e ra c e s li
i i i
t e rn ary pe r o d s d e by s d e w t h t h e g re at m am m e rs o f e x t n c t s pe i if i
i
c e s , i t m ay b e pro v e d t h at t h e m e d um h e gh t o f o ur S pe c e s h as i i i
n e v e r e x c e e d e d i ts e x s t e n t m ts
”
i i li i
I f o t h e r e ar y s pe c e s o f m am . l
m i te s we e g i ga t i c i
r r c mp i wi t h t h i r n e re s t li i g e pre
n n o ar s o n e a v n r

s e nt at i ve s o f t o d ay wh y m ay n o t t h e m amm ife r m an h a e ill us t rat e d

,
v

t h e sam e law
 TH E E X U B E RA N CE or L I F E . 2 85

B ack i n th at far o ff fo r e ti m e e v e n i n t h e l o w e r
-
,

l at itu d e s l if e wa s re m ark ably l u xu ri a n t T h e p al e

,
.

o n t o l o gist s al m o s t e xh a u st t h e r e s o u rc e s o f l an gu ag e

i n t h e e ff o rt t o d e sc ri b e i t Th u s o n a si n gl e p ag e
.
, ,

Pr o f e s s o r A ll e y n e N ich o l s o n o f S t A n dr e w s U n i , .
’

v e rs i ty s ays : T h e l if e o f t h e M i o c e n e p e ri o d i s
,
“

ex t re m e l y a bu n d a n t al s o ex t re m e l y v a r i e d i n i ts ch a r
.

a ct e r . T h e m ari n e b e d s h av e yi e ld e d n u m e ro u s
r e m ai n s o f b o th v e r t e b ra t e a n d i n v e r t e br at e s e a an i -

m al s , a n e n o r m o u s n u m be r o f pl a n ts T he .

r e m ai n s o f ai r b re a th i n g an i m al s are al s o a bu n d a n t ly
-

fo u nd . T h e pl an ts o f t h e M i o c e n e p e ri o d are
ex t ra o r d i n a i i l
y n u m e r o u s T h e pl a n t
. r e m a i n s -

i n d ic at e a n ex t ra o rd i n a ri ly ra n h a n d lux u r i a n t
1
v e g e t ati o n e tc F igu i e r gi v e s t h e f o l l o wi n g i ll u s
.

t rat i o n T h e L yc o p o d s o f o u r age are h u m bl e

pl an ts s c arc e ly a y ar d i n h e igh t an d m o s t c o mm o n l y
,

cr e e p e rs b u t t h o s e o f t h e an ci e n t w o rl d w e re t re e s
” 2
o f e igh ty o r n i n e ty f e e t i n h e igh t B u t we h av e .

b e f o re s e e n th at t h e m o th e r re gi o n o f all th e s e -

a b o u n d i n g a n d v ar i e d fl o ral a n d f a u n al typ e s was

w ith i n t h e A rc tic Ci r cl e an d f ro m th e i r am azi n g e x
,

u b e ran c e i n l o w l ati t u d e s w e m ay f o r m s o m e c o n c e p

ti o n o f t h e ye t s up e ri o r p o t e n c i e s o f l if e w h i ch w e re
a t w o rk i n th at m o re h ighl y f a v o re d c i rc u m p o l ar
s e e d pl o t o f t h e wh o l e e arth
-
.

I n o u r l ast c h a pt e r i t was s u gg e st e d th at t h e T re e
i n t h e m id s t o f P a r ad is e m ay h av e b e e n as l o fty as
o n e o f t h e gi an t S e qu o i a s o f Cal if o rn i a T he co m .

p aris o n was n o t m ad e at ran d o m I n t h e M i o c e n e .

r e mai n s i n B rit ai n c o n i fe rs are e sp e ci ally n u m e ro u s

, .

t h e m o st a bu n d a n t o f th e s e i s a g ig a n t i c pi n e
“
A nd ,

1 A nc ie t L if H st y f t h E
n e- i th
or N e w Yo k d 1 8 78 p 30 8
o e ar . r c .
, . .

9
The Wor ld bef or e th e D eluge , p . 1 34 .
2 86 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

t he S eq u oi a Co u t ts i d wh i ch i s v e ry n e arl y all i e d t o
,

t h e h ug e S e q uo i a g i ga n t e a o f Cal if o r n i a A n e arly .

a l l i e d f o rm , S e q u o i a L a ng s d o i i i , h as b e e n d e t e c t e d
y
” 1
in t he H brid e s
e . F r o m t h e l a t it u d e o f t h e S e
q uo i a g ro v e i n M ar ip o s a Co u n ty Cal if o r n i a t o th at , ,

o f t h e H e b ri d e s i s a l o n g st r i d e t o w ard t h e P o l e ;

b u t we are n o t l e ft t o m e re i n f e re n c e wh e n we rais e
t h e qu e sti o n wh e th e r t h e o rigi n al s t arti n g p o i n t o f -

th i s gig an ti c t re e S p e ci e s m ay n o t h av e b e e n st ill
-

h igh e r i n t h e A r ct i c re gi o n s T h e M i o c e n e f o s sil s .

o f t h e h igh e s t a tt a i n abl e A rct i c l a titu d e s t e l l t h e i r

o wn st o ry L i m i t e d as h av e b e e n t h e e xpl o rat i o n s
.

am o n g th e s e f o ss il s as S i r Ch arl e s L y e ll re m ark s
, ,

“
m o r e th an th i r ty spec i e s o f Co n if e r ae h av e b e e n
f o u n d i n c lu d i ng s e v e ra l S e q uoi as a lli e d t o t h e gi ga n
,

t i c We lli ng t o n i a o f Cal if o rn i a Th e re are al s o .

b e e ch e s o ak s pl an e s p o pl ar s w al n ut s l i m e s an d
, , , , , ,

e v e n a m ag n o l i a t wo c o n e s o f w h ich h av e l a t e ly
,

b e e n o b t ai n e d p ro vi n g th a t th i s spl e n d id e v e rgr e e n
,

n o t o n ly l iv e d b u t rip e n e d it s f ru i t with i n t h e A rc
, ,

ti c Ci rcl e .M an y o f t h e l i m e s pl an e s an d o ak s , ,

w e r e l ar g e l e av e d sp e c i e s an d b o th fl o w e rs an d
-
,

fru i ts b e si d e s i mm e n s e qu an t iti e s o f l e av e s are i n

, ,

m an y c as e s pr e s e r v e d E v e n i n S p itzb e rg e n
.
,

w i th i n 1 2 o f t h e P o l e n o l e s s th an n i n e tyj i v e s pe
°
,
-

”
c i e s o f fo ss il pl an ts h av e b e e n o bt ai n e d T h e vig o r .

o f t h e v e g e t abl e l if e o f t h e M i o c e n e age i n th e s e

A r c ti c r e gi o n s i m p re s s e s t h e v e t e ran g e o l o gis t as
”
t rul y r e m ark abl e .

W e h a v e a righ t th e n n o t o n ly t o dr aw a c o n cl u
, ,

“ ”
S i o n f ro m t h e
“
a b u n d an t an d e xtr ao rd i n arily ran k

an d l u xu r i an t v e g e t ati o n o f t h e A r cti c r e gi o n s i n

M i o c e n e t i m e bu t al s o t o l e ar n a S p e ci al l e ss o n fr o m
,

1 Ni h l L J M t y p 30 9
’

c o so n , e- s or ,
. .
 2 88 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

the m e n of pl ac e o f t h e o ri gi n ati o n o f
th e time an d

t h e S e q u o i a g ig a n t e a s h o ul d h av e av e rag e d m o re
t h an s ix f e e t i n s t at u re o r att ai n e d t o an age q u it e ,

s u rp as si n g o ur th r e e s c o re y e ars an d t e n ? A s t o t h e “

l att e r p o i n t i t w o ul d r e qu i re m o r e th an t h e c o m
,

b i n e d l iv e s o f t wo M e th u s e l ah s t o w atch t h e g ro w th
a n d d e a th o f a si n gl e t re e lik e th o s e o f Cal ifo r n i a .

T h e th o u gh t i s n o t t h e i n cu b ati o n o f t h e p re s e n t
w r i t e r ; i t i s wh at t h e tr e e s th e m s e l v e s s a id t o t h e
1
f o re m o st b o t an ist o f A m e ric a .

B ut t h e e xu b e r an c e o f an i m al l if e i n t h e M i o c e n e
p e ri o d i s n o t l e s s re m ark abl e W e q u o t e t h e s am e .

“
a u th o r as b e f o r e T h e I n v e rt e b ra t e an i m al s o f
th i s p e r i o d are v e ry n um e ro us T h e l ittl e sh e l l s .

o f th e F o ram i n if e ra are e x t r e m e l y a bu n d a n t .

Co ral s are v e ry abu n d a n t i n m an y i n st an c e s f o rm i n g ,

r e gul ar r e e fs N um e ro us cr ab s an d l o bst e rs
.

re p r e s e n t t h e Cr u st a c e a O f I n s e cts m or e t h a n
t h i r t e en h u n d re d spec i e s h av e b e e n d e t e r m i n e d by D r .

H e e r fr o m t h e M i o c e n e str at a o f S w itz e rl an d al o n e .

T h e M o ll u sc a are v e ry n u m e ro us P o lyz o an s .

1 We c an n o t gaz e h gh i up t h e h uge an d v e n e rab e t run k s , l wh i ch

o n e c ro s s e s t h e c o n ti n e n t t o l
be h o d, w t h o ut w sh i i i g t h at th e s e pat ri n

arc h s o f t h e g ro v e we re ab e , l li k e t h e l o g li e d n t e d il u i
-
of
v an v an s

i
S c r pt ure , t o h an d d o wn t o us t h r o u gh f e w ge n rat i s t h e t rad i
a e on

i i
t o n s o f c e n t u r e s , an d s o t e us ll s o m e wh t o f th h i s t o ry o f t h i r
a e e

F if t e e h un d re d u al l
rac e . n an n ye rs h av e b e e n c o un t e d o r s at i s fac
a

t o ri ly m ad e o u t upo n o n e o r f ll
t wo a e n t run k s I t i s pro bab e t h at . l
l
c o se t o t h e h e art of s ome of th e li i
v ng t re e s m ay b e o u n d t h e c rc e f i l
t h at re c o rd s
t h e ye ar o f t h e S av o ur s i ’
n at v t i i
y A f e w ge n e rat o n s o f
. i
y i
s u c h t re e s m gh t c arr t h e h s t o r
y a o n
g w a
y b ack B u t tih e g ro u n d l .

t h e y s t an d o n an d t h e m ark s o f v e ry re ce n t ge o o g c c h an ge an d v i l i
c i ss i t ud e in t he re g o n i aro u n d if
t e s t y t h at n o t v e ry m an y s uc h ge n e r
”
at i o n s c an h av e fl o ur i s h e d j l
us t h e re , at e as t i n u n b ro k e n se r e s i .

”
Pro fe ss o r A s a G ray , LL D
. . T h e S e q uo a an d i t s H s t o ry
, i P ro i .

cee d i n
gs f
o t he A me r i ca n A ssoci a t i on f or t h e A d va n ce m e n t of S c i e n ce,
1 872 , p 6
. .
 TH E E X U E E P A I VCE OF LI F E .
2 89

are a bu n d a n t . B iv a l v e s
iv al v e s are ex t re m e ly
an d U n

p / g llLI H A
/ T h e F i sh e s o f t h e p e ri o d ar e v e ry
a bu n d a n t . T h e re m ai n s o f R e ptil e s are f a r
f r o m u n co m m o n T h e L an d t o rt o i s e s m ak e th e ir
.
-

fi rs t app e ar an c e d u ri n g th i s p e ri o d T h e m o st re .

m ark abl e f o rm o f t h is g ro u p i s t h e h ug e Co los s och e l ys

A t la s o f t h e U pp e r M i o c e n e d e p o s its o f t h e S i walik
H ill s i n I n d i a d e s c r ib e d by D r F alc o n e r an d S i r
, .

P ro by Cau t le y F a r e x ce e d i ng a ny li v i ng t o r t o i s e i n
.

i ts d i m e n s i o n s th is e n or m o u s an i m al i s e sti m a t e d as
,

h avi n g h ad a l e n gth o f ab o u t tw e n ty f e e t m e as u r e d ,

fr o m t h e tip o f t h e s n o u t t o t h e e xt re m i ty o f t h e t ail ,

a n d t o h av e st o o d u pw ard s o f s e v e n f e e t T he .

a c c o m pl ish e d p al e o n t o l o gi s ts j u st qu o t e d S h o w fur

th e r th at s o m e o f t h e tr ad i t i o n s o f t h e H i n du s w o ul d
r e n d e r i t n o t i m pr o b abl e th at th i s co loss a l T o rt o i s e
s u rviv e d i n t o t h e e arl i e r p o rti o n o f t h e h u m an pe
ri o d. T h e M a mm al s o f t h e M i o c e n e are v e ry
n u m e ro u s . T h e E d e n t a t e s ( S l o th s e t c ) are re p , .

r e s e n t e d by t wo la rg e E u r o p e an f o r m s O n e of .

th e s e i s t h e la rg e M ac ro th e ri um g i ga n t e u m T he .

o th e r i s t h e s t i ll m ore g i ga n t i c A n cylo th e ri u m P e n
t e li c i wh i ch s e e m s t o h av e b e e n a s la rg e a s o r la rg e r
, ,

t h a n t h e rh i n oce ros
, W e m ay al s o n o t e h e re t h e
.

fi rst app e ara n c e o f tru e wh al e b o n e Wh a le s t w o s pe

‘
,
’

c i e s of wh i ch re s e m bl i n g t h e l i v i n g R igh t W h al e
,
’

o f t h e A rcti c s e a s a n d b e l o n gi n g t o t h e s am e g e n u s
, ,

h av e b e e n d e t e ct e d i n t h e M i o c e n e b e d s o f N o r th
A m e ri c a . T h e gr e at o r d e r o f t h e U n gul a t e s ,

o r h o o f e d q u ad ru p e d s i s v e ry la rg e ly d e v e lope d i n
,

s t rat a o f t h e M i o c e n e age v ari o u s n e w typ e s m ak

,

i n g th e i r ap p e aran c e h e r e fo r t h e fi rs t t i m e We .

m e e t fo r t h e fi rs t ti m e w ith r e pr e s e n t at iv e s o f t h e
fam ily R h i no ce r i dd c o m prisi n g t h e o n ly e xisti n g rhi
,

I 9
 2 90 P A RA D I S E P o UND .

n o c e ro s e s . f am ily o f t h e T ap irs i s re pre

T he
s e n te d , s o m e o f wh i ch w e r e q u it e di m i n u tiv e i n
p o i n t o f s iz e w hils t o th e r s a tt ai n e d th e d i m e n s i on s
,

o
f a h o rs e N e arly all i e d t o thi s f am i ly al s o i s t h e
.
, ,

S i n gul a r gr o u p o f u a d r u p e d s wh ic h M a rsh h ad d e
q
s c rib e d u n d e r t h e n a m e o f B ron to t h e r i dce Th e s e .

e xt rao rdi n ar y an i m al s typifi e d by B ro n to t h e ri u m

,

i ts e lf ag re e w ith
, an d d iff e r fr o m t h e e xist i n g T a

p irs . B ron t o t/ze r i u m g i gas i s s aid t o b e n e arly

as l a r e as a n e l e h a n t wh il s t B ro n t ot h e r i u m i n en s
g p , g
app e ar s t o h a v e a tt a i n e d d i m e n s i on s s t i l l m ore g i ga n
t ic. T h e w e ll k n o w n g e n u s Ti tan oth e r i u m wo ul d
-

al s o app e ar t o b e l o n g t o th i s gr o u p T h e f am ily .

o f t h e H o r s e s app e ar s u n d e r v ari o u s f o r m s i n t h e

M i o c e n e b u t t h e m o s t i m p o rt an t an d b e st k n o wn o f
,

th e s e i s t h e H ipp ari o n R e m ai n s o f t h e H ipp a

.

ri o n h av e b e e n f o u n d i n v ari o u s re gi o n s i n E u r o p e
a n d i n I n d i a ; an d fr o m t h e i m m e n s e q u a n t i t i es of

t h e i r bo n es f o u n d i n c e r t ai n l o c al it i e s i t m ay be s af e ly ,

i n f e r r e d th at th e s e M id dl e T e rti ary an c e st o rs o f t h e
H o rs e li v e d l ik e th e i r m o d e rn r e p re s e n t ativ e s i n
, ,

gr e at h e rd s A m o n gst t h e e v e n t o e d U n gu l at e s
.
-

we f o r t h e firs t ti m e m e e t wi th e x am pl e s o f t h e H ip
pp o o t a m u s w ith i ts
,
f o ur t o e d f e e t i ts m-
a ssi v e b o dy , ,

a n d h u g e t u sk l ik e l o w e r t e e th -
T h e t ru e D e e r .
,

w ith th e i r s o l i d b o n y an tl e rs app e ar f o r t h e fi rst t i m e,

h e re . P e rh ap s t h e m o st r e m ark abl e o f th e s e
M i o c e n e R u m i n an ts is t h e S i v a th e r i u m g i ga n t e um
o f t h e S i w al ik H il ls i n I n d i a I n th i s e xt rao r di n ary
.

an i m al th e r e we r e t wo p airs o f h o r n s I f all .

th e s e h o r n s h ad b e e n s i m pl e th e re w o u l d h av e b e e n ,

n o d i ffi c ul ty i n c o n sid e r i n g S i v a th e riu m as s i m ply a

i t i f o u h o r n e d A n te l o p e I t i s t o t h e M io
g g a n c r -
.

c e n e p e ri o d th a t we m u st r e fe r t h e fi rst app e a r an c e
2 92 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

tr ack s o f t h e Co n n e cti cu t s an d s t o n e o r t h e e n o r ,

m o us sk e l e t o n s o f t h e D i n o rn i s g i ga n t e u s a n d t h e
D i n orn i s e leph a n t opu s o r t h e e ggs o f t h e ( E pi o rn i s ,

m ax i m u s e ggs m e a su ri n g f ro m thi r t e e n t o f o u r
,
“

t e e n i n ch e s i n d i am e t e r
” 1
W e m igh t c o n s id e r t h e .

w h ich n siz e m u st h a v e m an y ti m e s
“
s ro t o d o n i ,

e xc e e d e d t h e di m e n s i o n s o f t h e l ar g e s t o f its l i vi n g

s u c c e s s o r s S i n c e t h e S kull m e as u re s n o l e ss th an
,
” 2
th re e f e e t i n l e n gth O r w e m igh t r e h abil it at e .

the c o l o s s al M eg a th e r i u m Cu v i e r i wh o s e th igh
“ “
,

b o n e i s n e arly th r i c e t h e thick n e s s o f t h e s am e b o n e
” 3
i n t h e l arg e s t o f e xi s ti n g E l e ph an ts O r a g ai n .
, ,

vi s i ti n g t h e J u rass ic b e d s o f o u r o wn Co l o rad o w e ,

m igh t c o n t e m pl a t e t h e T i t a n os a u ru s o n e o f t h e ,

l at e s t di sc o v e r e d o f t h e t e n an t s o f t h e e arly w o rl d ,

o f w h ich S i r J o h n L u bb o ck s ays th a t i t i s p e rh ap s
“

t h e l arg e st l a n d an i m a l ye t k n o w n b e i n g a h u n d re d ,

f ee t i n le n g t h a nd a t le a s t t h i r ty
f eet i n h e ig h t , ,

1 T he f ac t t h at f o ss i l re m a n s o f i t h e se g g an t i ic e xt i n c t b i rd s h av e
be e n f oun d ly i
on n th e S o u t h e rn h e m i s ph e re m ili t at e s in no w i se
aga n s t i the d o ct i d i n t h e h gh e s t N o rt h
r ne t h at t h e S pe c e s i or i gi n at e i .

i
F o r ( 1 ) b rd s are t h e b e s t e q u ppe d o f all c re at u r e s f o r m gra t o n t o i i i
t h e re m o t e s t part s o f t h e e art h T h e C o n n e c t c u t V a e y s an d . i ll
st o n e s , in t h e N o r th e rn h e m s ph e re , pr e s e rv e t h e t rac k s o f b rds i i
”
“
wh i ch m u s t h av e b e e n of c o ossa l l dim i s ens o n , t h e t ra ck s be i ng 2 2

i n ch e s in le n gt h an d 12 i n b re a d t h wi t h a p
,
ro po r t o n at e i le n gt h o f

str id e . T h e s e m e as u r e m e n t s i d i c at e f o t f
n a o o ur t im es as l arge as

t h at of th e A f ic r an O s tr i ch .
”
T h e s e t rack s we re m a d e i n th e

Tr i as s c i pe r o d , i wh il e t h e re m a n s i f ound in N e w Z e a l an d an d ad ac e n t j
r gi b l o g t th m h m e e t P t pl i o ce e pe i d t h us uc or r ce n os n r o
-

e o ns e n o e ,
,

g i i v n
g l g l p f ya s f t h
on p d m i g ti
a f t h e pe i
se o e ar or e s re a or ra on o s c es

f m t h e l t i t ud o f th e C
ro t i c ut V ll e yt
a th t o f the me t S th o nne c a o a os ou

e rn l d C m p G ik i
an s T h e h i gh
. f o f A u s t li i m o
are e e er au n a o ra a s re

n l y k i t t h t wh i h fl i h d i E pe f b k i M e
e ar a n o a c o ur s e n u ro ar ac n so
”
z i o c tim th t t h l i i g f un o f a y o t h r r gi on o f t h e gl o b e
e an o e v n a a n e e .

Ge o logy, p 6 1 9 . .

2 N ch o s on L
, i
ifi I i l -
'

zs tory, p 3 49
. .

3 I b d
, p 35
0 i . . .
 TH E E X U B E R A /VCE OF LI F E . 2 93

th o ugh it s e e m s p o s si bl e th at e v e n th e s e v ast d i
m e n s i o n s m ay h av e b e e n s u r p a s s e d by th o s e o f t h e
” 1
A t la n t o s a u r u s al s o a l a t e d i sc o v e r y
,
B u t w hy .

m u l tiply ill u st ra ti o n s ? N a t u ral h i s t o ry i n o ur ti m e s

c a n p ro d u c e n o sp e ci e s o f fi sh e s o r o f am ph ibi a n s , ,

o r o f re ptil e s o r o f bi r ds o r — a m o n g m a m m al s
, ,

o f m ar s u pi al s o r o f e d e n t at e s
, o r o f u n gul a t e s or , ,

o f p ro b o sc id i a n s o r o f c ar n iv o re s o r o f a p e s wh i ch
, , ,

i n n o r m al d i m e n si o n s a re n o t e xc e ll e d by sp e c i e s o f
t h e c o r re sp o n d i n g o rd e r s a n d cl as s e s b e l o n gi n g t o
T e r ti ary an d Qu at e rn a ry ag e s A n d th i s b e i n g s o .
,

i t i s s u r e ly p o ss i bl e an d c re d ibl e th at i n t h e s am e
a n t e d il u vi an ag e s s o m e o f t h e v a ri e ti e s o f t h e s pe

c i e s B i m a n a m ay h av e e xc e e d e d i n s t a tu re i t s pr e s
e n t av e rag e a n d e n j o y e d a c o rre sp o n di n g vi g o r o f
,

c o n stit u t i o n A t a n y ra t e i t wil l b e s o o n e n o u gh
.
,

t o d e n y i t a ft e r h u m an re m a i n s o f s u it abl e age sh al l
’
h av e b e e n f o u n d i n t h e vic i n i ty o f t h e rac e s o rigi n
an d e a rl i e r h i st o ry S o f ar as p a st fi n d i n gs a re c o n
.

c e rn e d e v e n B uch n e r wh o h o l d s th at p ri m i tiv e
, ,
“

m an wa s i n f e r i o r e v e n i n c o rp o r e al att ribu t e s t o t h e
”
m e n o f t h e p re s e n t d ay an d t h at t h e wid e l y s p re ad
,

b e l i e f i n t h e f o rm e r e xi st e n c e o f a ra c e o f h u m a n
gi an ts i s p e rf e c tl y e rro n e o u s s till h as t o s ay I t , ,
“

i s t r u e th at s o m e v e ry an c i e n t s k e l e t o n s o r p ar ts o f
sk e l e t o n s h av e b e e n f o u n d wh i c h m u s t h av e be ,

l o n g e d t o co mpa r a t i ve ly la rg e a n d v e ry m u s cu la r
m e n su ch fo r e x am pl e as t h e sk e l e t o n o f t h e f am o u s
, , ,

N e an d e rth al m an an d t h e h u m an b o n e s re c e n tly
,

f o u n d by M L o u i s L art e t i n o n e o f t h e c av e rn s o f
.

P e ri g o rd , wh i ch s e e m t o i n d ic at e a ru d e b u t
” 2
m u s c ul ar rac e o f m e n A g a i n sp e ak i n g o f t h e
.
,

1 N a tu r e Lo nd o n ,
. 1 88 1 p 40 6. .

2
Ala n i n t h e P a s t , P r e se n t , a n d F u tu r e . E ng . tr . by D a ll as , pp .

0,
5 51 .
2 94 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

S k e l e t o n t o wh ich t h e N e an d e r th al skull b e l o n g s h e ,

s ays T h e r idg e s an d c re sts e sp e c i al ly wh ich s e rv e d

,

as p o i n ts fo r i n s e rti o n o f t h e m u scl e s are v e ry

s t ro ng l y d e v e lope d s o th a t w e m ay c o n c lu d e th at
,

th e i r p o ss e ss o r was a v e ry s t ro ng a n d m us cu la r
” 1
m an . I t m ay b e a dd e d th at Carl V o gt o n e o f t h e ,

e ar l i e s t an d m o st i n flu e n ti a l o f
’
D ar wi n s G e r m an
dis c ipl e s al s o c o n c e iv e d o f t h e m an o f t h e o ld e st
,
“

” “
S t o n e A g e as of la rg e s t a t u re po w e rf u la n d long ,

” 2
h ea ded .

H e re i t w e ll t o r e m ark th at t h e pri m iti v e

m ay b e
f o r m s o f an i m al s w h il e o ft e n s o e xc e ll i n g i n si z e
,

t h e l a t e r f o r m s o f th e ir o wn ki n d a re by n o m e an s ,

t o b e th o ugh t o f as m o n st r o siti e s T h e p ro p o r ti o n .

o f a y o u n g c h il d s h e ad t o h i s b o dy i s v e r y d iff e re n t
’

fr o m th at o f an ad ul t s I n c o m p ar is o n w ith t h e
’

g ro w n m an h i s l i m bs an d h an ds an d f e e t are r e
,

m ar k ab ly pl u m p an d w e l l r o u n d e d H ad a p ai n t e r .

n e v e r s e e n a n d s tu di e d a h u m an b e i n g e xc e p t i n t h e

a d ul t an d s e n e s c e n t st ag e t h e i n fan t f o rm wo ul d ,

s e e m t o h i m s i n gul arly ab n o r m al Thi s il lu st rati o n .

m ay h e lp t o a r igh t j udg m e n t o f c e rt a i n e arl y typ e s

o f an i m als F or .
“
if we t ak e t h e e ar l i e s t k n ow n
an d o ld e s t e x am pl e s o f an giv e n g r o u p o f an i m al s
y ,

i t c an s o m e ti m e s be s h o w n th at th e s e p r i m iti v e
f o rm s t h oug h i n th e m s e lv e s h i gh l
, y o rg a n i z e d po s ,

s e ss e d c e r t ai n ch aract e r s s u ch as are n o w o n l y s e e n
i n t h e yo u ng o f th e i r e xi sti n g re pr e s e n t ati v e s In .

t e ch n i c a l l an gu ag e t h e e arly f o rm s o f l i f e i n s o m e
,
’
i n st an c e s p o s s e s s e m b ry o n i c ch ara ct e r s th o u gh
‘
,

th i s d o e s n o t p re v e n t th e m o ft e n att ai n i n g a siz e
m u ch m o re gig an ti c th an th e ir n e ar e s t l ivi n g r e l a
1 M a n i n th e P ast , P r e s e n t, an d F uture , p 53 . .

2 I bi d .
, pp 60 ,
. 2 59 .
2 96 F A A A 0 1 5 15 F O U N D
“
’
.

the t i m e of
dv e n t o f m an was a w o r l d o f cr udi
th e a

ti e s an d m o n str o siti e s — a n o ti o n t o wh i ch b o o k s
an d m a g azi n e s o f p o pul ar iz e d sci e n c e h a v e gi v e n an

a l m o st u n i v e r s al c u r re n cy i s th e re f o re e n ti re ly
f al s e 1
I n t h e l i gh t o f p ro f o u n d e r s c i e n c e t h e f a i r
.
,

e s t E d e n o f t h e o ld e s t l e g e n d i s s o f ar as p r i m e v al ,

z o olo gy i s c o n c e rn e d m o re c re dibl e th an wh e n t h e ,

s tu dy o f P al e o n t o l o gy was fi r st b e gu n .

I t m u st n o t b e f o r g o t t e n th at i n all th at h as n o w
b e e n h i n t e d r e sp e cti n g t h e f a u n a o f t h e e arly w o rl d
n o a cc o u n t h as b e e n t ak e n o f m o re f a v o ra bl e a n d

l e s s f av o ra bl e p o r ti o n s o f t h e e ar th P al e o n t o l o gist s .

a r e b u t j u st b e g i n n i n g t o c o n s i d e r th a t b e tw e e n t h e

b i o l o gi c a l c o n d iti o n s o f t h e A rc tic r e gi o n s an d th o s e
o f e v e ry o th e r p o rti o n o f t h e gl o b e th e re m u st h a v e

b e e n i n Pre i G lac i al t i m e s t h e p ro f o u n d e st an d m o s t
, ,

f ar r e ach i n g diff e re n c e
-
T h e g ro w th s o f a r e gi o n .

w h o s e d ay w as t e n m o n ths i n l e n gth an d w h o s e ,

n igh t w as but t w o c o ul d n o t f a il t o b e v astly diff e r ,

f
c h arac t e rs a t e rward s s o s e parat e d as to be l ong t o h gh e ri gro u ps .

T h e ba d l d t m pt u o us
an g ti con e ne a on of t h e se f ac t s by H ae c k e l an d

ot he b i l og i t d
r o t t e d t o gi
s s oes no n ve l i
ge o o g s t s m u c h c o n fid e n ce i n
”—
th e i r di ta P i
c ip l J W D w
. r nc a . . a s o n , i n h is P re s d e n t a A d d re s s i i l
”
b e fo e t h e A m i
r A ci t i f e r c an ss o a on or the A dv an c e m e n t of Sc ie n ce .

S i
c e n ce , C m b i d ge M s A g I 7
a r ,
as .
,
u .
, 1 88 3 : p . 1 95 .

1 “
D r . H ook er o b s e r ve s , i n h is re c e n t i n t ro d u c t o r y e s s ay o n the

F l o ra o f A u s t ra li a
,
t h at i t i s imp o ss ibl e t o e s t ab li sh a para e b e t we e n ll l
the i
s u c c e ss v e a ppe aran c e s o f v e ge t ab e l fo rm s in i
t m e an d t h e r c o m i
ple x i ty o f s t ru c t u r e o r s pe c a i li z at o n oi f o rgan s as re pre s e n t e d by t he
s u c ce s s v e i l y h i gh e r g ro ups in th e n at u ra l m e th o d of l
c as s ifi c at o n i .

H l
e a s o ad d s t h at t h e e ar li e st i
re c o gn z ab e c rypt o g r am sl ar e n o t o n ly
t he h i gh i i
b ut h av e m o re h g h y d e re n t at e d v e ge t a
e s t n o w e x s t n g, i l iff i
i
t v e o rga n s t h an a n y s u bs e q u e n t y a ppe ar n g, an d t h at t h e d i c o t yle d o l i
f
n o us e m b r o an d pe r e c t e x o ge n o u s w o o d w t h t h e h g h e s t s pe c a
y , i i i l
i if
i z e d t s s u e k n o wn ( t h e c o n e ro us w t h g a n d u ar t s s u e ), pre c e de d i l l i
l
t h e m o n o c o t y e d o n o u s e m b ryo an d e n d o ge n o u s wo o d i n d a t e of ap

pe aran ce o n t h e o be , gl
— f ac ts wh o ll y o ppo se d to the d o ct r i n e of pro
.

gr SSi o n
e
”
S ir Ch ar e s L ye
. l ll , Th e A n ti
qu i ty f M an ,
o p 40 4
. .
 E X U H E A A N CE LI F E 2 97
‘
’
TH E .

e nt fr o m th o s e o f t h e re gi o n s w h e re o n t h e av e r ag e , ,

al m o s t tw e lv e h o u r s o f e v e ry t w e n ty f o ur are s p e n t
-

i n d a rk n e s s N o r c an w e o v e rl o o k t h e f a c t th a t
.

t h e pl a n ts a n d sh e l l s o f t h e A r ct i c r e gi o n a re e m i
n e n tl v ari a bl e
1
I f th e re fo re i n l o w l a ti t ud e s t h e
y .
, ,

f o r m s an d p o we rs o f an i mal l ife w e re w h at w e h av e
s e e n wh o c an u n d e r t ak e t o d e pi c t i ts s u p e ri o r e x u
,

b e r an c e an d v ari e ty o f m an if e st ati o n i n th at p r i m iti v e

2
p o l a r fo c u s f ro m whi ch allfa u n al typ e s p ro c e e d e d
T h e A rc ti c ro ck s t e ll o f a m o re w o n d e rful l o s t
A tl a n ti s th a n Pl at o s T h e f o ssil i v o ry b e d s o f S i
’

b e r i a e xc e l e v e ry th i n g o f t h e ki n d i n t h e w o rld .

F r o m t h e d ays o f Pl i n y at l e a st th e y h av e c o n , ,

s t an t l b e e n u n d e rg o i n g e xpl o it a t i o n an d s t ill th e y
y ,

a re t h e ch i e f h e a dqu a rt e r s o f s upply
3
T h e r e m ai n s .

C h ar l es D arw n , i A ni m a ls an d P la n ts u n ae r
’
D o m es tzcati o n . New
Y o rk , 1 868 : ii .
30 9 .

2 T hi s
“
emi i life h as i ts be i g u p
ne n t v a r i a ble n e s s o f A rc t c ar n on

t he s c i e t i fic
c e d i b ili ty f pn h i t o i c A c t i gi
r t A t th e p e e t
o re s r r c an s . r s n

d y a d i ,
u w l t i tud e m
an n o o cc r o i ll y pp r wh o s e s t t ur
n a s, en as o n a a ea a e

is f u or fi e t i m e s t h e h i gh t o f t h e
r o v m ll e s t ad l t d wa f A c c rd e s a u r s . o

i gly if we we re t o a s um e t wo a d
n ,
e h lf f e t as t h e m i i m u m
s n on a e n

a d ul t t t u i po l s are g i in p i me
re n l t i m e s th t ll p e i li g
ar o ns r va , e s i r va n

r an
g f i t i wo u l d g i e u s i t h e t i m s m m e f o m e
e o v ar a on v n os es o e n r s ve n

a d n e h lf t on tw l e d a h lf f t i h e i gh t
o e v P ibly e w f s
an o ne a ee n . oss n o

s i le i d e c e v thi p i t i so o n t b e ff
on de d u
s T h e f ll w i g i
o n s n o a or s . o o n s

g i g th
o n ou d of th d il y pre
e r n A C s ( Ne ) di p t h y e a ss : ars o n v . s a c s a s,

Th f t p i t wh i c h we e
e oo m u h di
r n s d i thi t y d r so c s c us s e n s c o un r an

E o pe
ur d wh i c h we , o i g i all y p
an u c d b
yD H k re f r n ro n o n e r. ar ne ss, o

th eA c de m y o f S c i ces t
a b th o f m mm th ene w t te d , o e ose a o s , ar no s a

by h i m f te a y e , mi a ti r t b l y t h o e o f b ig f o t e d
e ar s
’
xa na o n, o e on s -
o

me n S e e P r oce e d i ng s o f th e Ca li/i i r n i a A ca d e my of S ci e n ce , 1 88 2
(A ug .
7 and 2
7 S e pt 4, O c t N ad a
, . . il l ac , in fl /a tc’r i a u x po u r li li s
'

t ozr e
’

pr /m i tw e c t n a t u r elle tle l l/o m w e . Par i s, 1 88 2 : pp .

31 3 32 l
-
.

i
T o p n a rd , i n R ev u e cl A
’
n /h r o p ologi c .
ppPa r 320 i s, 1 8 83 .

3 9
0 -
. A l so

M r Co pe i n
.
, Th e A m e r i ca n M ir/u r a lly P h il ad e l ph i a 1 83 3
, , .

3 V o n M i d d e n d o rff ( A c i se im A 1 8 48
’ ’
o r de n and Si bc r i e n s ,
‘

Os te n .
)
re c k o n s t h e n u m be r o f t he t us k s wh i ch n o w an n ua ll y co me i nto t he

mark e t as a t l e as t a h u n d re d pa i rs , o n wh i ch N o rd e n s k j o d l re m ark s
2 98 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

of th e m am m o th b u n d an t th at as G rat acap
ar e so a ,

“
s ays t h e n o r th e rn i sl a n d s o f S ib e r i a s e e rn bu i lt
,

” 1
up of i t s c r o w d e d bo n e s A n o th e r sc i e n tifi c w r it e r .
,

sp e ak i n g o f t h e i sl an ds o f N e w S ib e ri a n o r th w ar d ,

o f t h e m o u th o f t h e r i v e r L e n a u s e s th is l an gu a g e : ,

“
L ar g e qu an t iti e s o f iv o ry are du g o u t o f t h e g ro u n d
e v e ry y e ar I n d e e d s o m e o f t h e i sl an d s are b e l i e v e d
.
,

t o be n o t h i ng bu t a n a cc u m u la t i o n of d r if t t i m be r a n d -

th e bod i e s of i n a i n tn o th s a n d ot h e r a n t e d i lu v i an an i
” 2
m a ls f roz e n full
t og e t h e r o f th. e s e r e m a i n s is So
t h e s o il o f th e s e h igh A r c ti c r e gi o n s th a t t h e O s t
y aks an d o th e r i g n o ran t t rib e s h av e an id e a th at t h e
m am m o th i s an u n d e rg r o u n d an i m al pl o ugh i n g h i s
way th ro u gh t h e e arth l ik e a m o l e an d th at h e stil l ,

l iv e s i n h is s u bt e rran e an p as s ag e s N o r w o u ld th e re .

s e e m t o b e an yth i n g s o re m ark ably n o v e l i n t h e

th e o ry w e h av e ad v o c at e d i n th i s b o o k a cc o rdi n g ,

t o wh ic h t h e su b m e rg e n c e o f t h e p r i m e v al h o m e o f

m an k i n d an d t h e i n t ro du cti o n o f t h e g r e at I c e A ge
are c o n n e ct e d w ith t h e D e l u g e : f o r wh e n n e arly ,

t w o h u n d re d y e ar s ago t h e R u ss i a n am b ass ad o r , ,

E v e r t Y s s b ran t s I d e s m a d e h i s b o ld th re e y e ar , ,
-

o v e rl an d j o u rn e y t o Ch i n a h e i n t h e h igh N o rth ,

3
f o u n d an d r e p o r t e d th i s pr e c i s e t r aditi o n ary b e l i e f .

F m thi w m y i f
ro s th t d
e i g th e y s th t h e l p e d
a n er a ur n e ar a av e a s

i
s nce th R ei t f S ib i
us s an c o n
q u f l t k f om mo t h
ue s o e r a, se u us s r re an

o ll t t h e s me w i t
”
m mm t h h e b ea o s t d av I e n c ec e . n a no e a r er

pi i t h t V o M idd tim t i q i t to l w
’
ex p th
re sse s e o n on d o ffa n en r s es a e s u e o o ,

an d y t
sa sh t i g la t m
a s n w h i h
e s ea h il d p th Y
e r on i j i c e sa e u e e n se n

187
5 w t h t
as o ni g l t i p at k i
s ng m e t h r h d ad t k to
n o re an o n e un re us s

m ark e t Th e Voyage of t h e Veg a , p 30 5

. . .

1 h t r i i
Pre s o c M an i n E u ro pe
”
Th e A m A . . n ti ua r i a n a n d
g Or i e n tal

you r n al Ch i c ago 1 88 1
.
, p . 2 84 .

2 ’

7o h n s on s Cyclope d i a , s u b v o ce .

3 T he old i R us s an s li iv n
g in S be r i i a we re of o p n on i i t h at t h e m am
m o t h w s an a i m al
a n o f t h e s am e i
k n d as t h e e e ph an t , an d t h at be o re l f
t h e F l o o d S i b e ri a h ad be e n warm e r t h an n o w, an d e e ph an t s h ad t h e n l
 CH A PT E R V I I I .

R E V lE W OF TH E A RG U ME NT .

N o w 47 W a te r be t h e B e s t , a n d G o ld be t h e m os t pr e c i o us . s o n o w t o t he f a r t he s t
bo u n d d o t h Th e r o n by h i s f a i r d e e d s a tt a i n , a n d f r o m h i s o w n h o m e t o uc h t he
P i lla r s of H e r a c le s 1 P a t h le ss t h e t h i ng s beyo n d , pa th le s s a lch e t o t he u n w i se a n d
.

t h e w i se H e r e w i ll I se a r c h n o m o r e
. th e que s t w e r e v a i n PI (M S)
.
N DAR Y ER .

I N P ar t v e ry b e gi n n i n g o f o ur di s
Se cond ,
at the
c us s i o n att e n ti o n wa s c all e d t o t h e t wo cl a s s e s o f
,

t e sts w h i c h t h e hyp o th e sis o f an A rc t ic p o l ar s it e

f o r E d e n m u st o f n e c e s si ty m e e t : fi rs t t h e t e s ts ,

w h ich w o u ld apply al ik e t o all t h e o r di n arily pro

p o s e d s it e s i n t e m p e rat e an d i n t e r t ro pic al l atitu d e s ; -

a n d s e c o n d t h e t e st s ,
wh ich w o ul d b e i n s e p arabl e
fr o m t h e as p e cts an d adj u st m e n ts o f N atu re a t t h e
Po l e I n t h e fi rs t cl as s s e v e n we r e e n u m e rat e d an d
.
,

at t h e cl o s e o f P art F o u rth w e s aw h o w s u r p r i s

i n gly an d c o n vi n c i n gl y all o f t h e s e v e n h ad b e e n
me t . I n t h e s e c o n d cl as s s e v e n o th e rs w e re pa r
“
t i c ulari z e d as n e w f e atu re s i n t ro d u c e d i n t o t h e
p ro bl e m o f t h e s i t e o f E d e n by t h e v e ry n atu re o f
o ur hyp o th e s i s Th e y w e re all o f s o p e cu li ar an d
.

e xtr ao rdi n ar y a ch ar act e r an d th e y s o m o di fi e d t h e ,

r e qu i re m e n ts t o be mad e o f all c o rr o b o r ati v e h u

m an t raditi o n th a t n o th i n g sh o r t o i t h e t ru th o f t h e
,

i n t ri n sic ally i m p ro b abl e hyp o th e s is c o uld s av e i t

1 A tl g t H as l th b u f
av e o wh i h c o t i d llt h e
e rac e s e n o o v ic o ua s c n a ne a

R wl i
” ’
s c
e t
re s o f N t e a ur H .d t li p 5 5
a C m
n so n s ero o us , vo . .
,
. 0 n . o

b l w P t VI c h ii Al e L O e ’
j
’
p are e o , ar .
, pp 1 1 1 0 7
. . tso e nn s, c an , . 2 , , e

pass i m .
 R E VI E lV OF TH E A RGU M E N T 30
/
.
1

f ro m o bvi o us a n d rid ic ul o u s f a il u re at e ac h s u cc e s ~

s i v e p o i n t I n t h e p re s e n t P art we h a v e n o w b ro u gh t
.

t o g e th e r t h e f acts o r at l e as t a p o rt i o n o f t h e f ac ts
, ,

w h ich go t o d e m o n s t ra t e th a t t h e hy p o th e s i s o f a
P o l ar P a rad i s e a n d n o o th e r c an m e e t an d s atisfy
, ,

e ac h o n e o f th e s e n e w a n d m o re d i ffi c ul t r e q ui re

m e n ts . S p e ak i n g a ft e r t h e m a n n e r o f t h e m ath e
m a t i c i a n s th o ugh o f c o u rs e w i th d u e re m e m b ra n c e
,

o f t h e n a tu re o f t h e r e a s o n i n g e m pl o y e d i t m ay b e ,

s aid th at we h av e fi rs t s o l v e d o ur p ro bl e m an d th e n , ,

by a n e w p ro c e ss a n d w i th ch a n g e d e l e m e n ts p ro ve d ,

a n d v e rifi e d o u r an sw e r W h o e v e r w o ul d s e e h o w
.

s trik i n gly c o m pl e t e a n d c o g e n t th i s v e rifyi n g pro

c e s s i s sh o ul d t u rn b ack t o t h e s e c o n d ch apt e r o f
P art S e c o n d an d c are fully c o ll at e t h e s e v e n n e w “

f e atu re s th e re e n u m e rat e d with t h e f act s o f t h e

fi rs t s e v e n c h apt e rs o f t h e p re s e n t P ar t T h e re s ul t .

o f s uch a c o ll at i o n u p o n an y c a n did m i n d c a n h ardly

be d o u btful .

I n t h e w rit e r s firm gr o u n d e d c o n victi o n th e n

’
-
, ,

Lo sr E D E N I S F OU N D T o n o o n e o f h i s r e ad e r s
.

c an i ts t r u e s i t e b e m o re s u rp r i si n g th an i t was a t

fi rs t t o h i m E v e ry an t e c e d e n t pr o b abil i ty s e e m e d
.

i n array ag ai n s t i t F i r s t o f all i n s u ch pr o bl e m s
.
,

e v e ry n e w hyp o th e si s i s i n h e re n tl y u n l ik e ly i n d i

re c t p ro p o rti o n t o t h e n u m b e r o f hyp o th e s e s
p e
r

v i o us l
y p ro p o u n d e d a nd f o und w an ti n g Wh e re .

h ad m o re b e e n a d v an c e d by t h e l e arn e d an d i n g e n
i o u s t h an h e re P A g ai n f ro m i t s n atu re t h e h y
,

po t h e s i s g re a tly agg rav a t e d t h e c o n d iti o n s an d re

q u i re m e n t s o f t h e p ro bl e m i ts e l f A n d i f d u ri n g
.
,

c e n tu ri e s o f d isc u s s i o n n o s u bl u n ary si t e h ad b e e n
,

f o u n d wh i ch c o ul d m e e t t h e s i m pl e c o n d iti o n s o f
G e n e sis h o w u n l ik e ly th at w i th n e w a n d f ar m o r e
,
30 2 F A F A D I SE F OU N D .

e xtr ao rd i n ary c o n d iti o n s add e d a pl ac e Co u ld be

f o u n d c o r r e sp o n d i n g ! A g ai n i n o rd e r t o i ts v e r i fi
,

c ati o n t h e hyp o th e s is re qu i re d t h at a wh o l ly n e w i n
,

t e rpre t at i o n o f m an ki n d s o ld e s t c o s m o l o gic al i d e a s
’

a n d t r ad i ti o n s s h o ul d b e p ro p o u n d e d an d v e ri fi e d
,

a n i n t e r p re t a ti o n u n an i m o u sly f o rb idd e n by t h e c o n

s e n su s o f m o d e rn sch o l ar sh i p i n al m o s t e v e ry d e
p ar t m e n t o f h i st o r ic al an d a rch ae o l o gic al r e s e arch .

H o w sup r e m e ly u n l ik e l y t h at an y s u ch u n d e r t ak i n g
c o u l d b e c ro w n e d w ith su c c e s s
H a ppily h u m an e v e n ts d o n o t f a l l o u t a cc o r di n g
,

t o o ur sh o r t s ight e d h u m an lik e l ih o o d s
-
E ve n t h e.

th o u gh tl e ss m an s e e s i t an d e xcl a i m s I t i s al w ays
,
“
,
”
t h e i m p o ss ib le th a t h app e n s l T h e m o re r e v e r e n t
s o ul wh o di sc e rn s i n all h i st o ry a h igh e r th an h u
,

m an a g e n cy a n d i n wh o s e e y e s N a tu re i ts e l f i s
,

s u p e rn at u ral m u st l e a st o f all b e d au n t e d by t h e
,

u n p ro m i s i n g fi r st a pp e aran c e s o f an y cl u e t o t r uth .

H i s c o n c e pt i o n s o f t h e a ctu al are l arg e r th an th o s e

o f m e re b e l i e v e r s i n n a tu re an d th e re t o a re ad
,

j u s t e d h is c o n c e pt i o n s o f t h e p ro b abl e I d e n tify i n g
.

h i m s e l f w ith th at p e rs o n al P o w e r wh i ch e v e rywh e r e
m ak e s f o r t r u t h n o l e s s th an f o r righ t e o u s n e ss h e ,

i s e v e r e xp e cti n g t h e o th e rwi s e u n e xp e ct abl e an d f o r ,

t h e s am e r e as o n e v e r l o o k i n g u p o n e a ch n e w t ru th
a tt a i n e d n o t as a p e r s o n al a ch i e v e m e n t b u t s i m ply
, ,

as o n e m o re pr o o f an d pr e ci o u s pl e d g e o f pu pi l hood .

I n t h e p r o g re ss o f t h e s t u di e s h e r e s u m m e d u p
m an y c u ri o u s th i n gs h av e c o m e t o l igh t o n e o f ,

wh i ch m ay app r o p ri at e ly b e m e n ti o n e d i n th is pl ac e .

A r ch ae o l o gi st s are w e l l a w are th a t m o re th an o n e
h u n d re d y e ars ago i n h i s L e tt re s s u r lA tlan t i d e
,
“ ’

”
d e Pl at o n an d
“
L e t t re s s u r lO ri g i n e d e s
’
1 779
, ,
”
S c ie n c e s , 1 7 77 t h e l e ar n e d an d i n g e n i o u s J e an
,
 P A RA D I S E F OUN D
30 4 .

s t an d th at t h e p ri m itiv e G ard e n i n t h e F ro n t
c o u n t ry m ust h a v e b e e n i n t h e N o r th B ut s i n c e .

i n t h e P o s t G l ac i al a g e s this F ro n t c o u n t r y w as
- -

n at u ra lly a s s o ci a t e d w it h t h e E a st an d al l i n v e sti ,

g at o rs J e wish Ch r is ti an an d M o h am m e d an w e re
, , , ,

t ryi n g t o fin d s o m e O r i e n t al r e gi o n o f P ara dis a ic cl i

m at e w ith a c e n t ra l T re e an d a q u ad r i fu r c a t e R i v e r
,

b y w h i ch t h e p r i m i t iv e G a n E d e n m igh t b e i d e n t i -
‘

fie d we h av e i n th i s p re l i m i n ary m isc o n c e p ti o n r e a
,

s o n e n o u gh f o r th e i r f a il u r e ag e a ft e r a ge .

A g ai n i n r e vi e wi n g t h e re s u lts o f t h e th e o l o gi an s
, ,

w e s aw th a t n o t a f e w o f t h e m o r e m o d e rn h ad lik e ,

L u th e r b e e n r e p e ll e d an d di s gu st e d by t h e app ar
,

e n tly s e n s e l e s s an d c o n t r ad ict o r y r e p r e s e n t a t i o n s o f

t h e e ar l i e r f a th e r s a n d ch u r ch t e ach e rs i n s o m e o f -
,

w h i ch P aradis e was pl ac e d i n h e av e n an d ye t app ar ,

e n tly o n e a r th a n d a n o n p e r h a p s m id w ay b e t we e n
,

h e av e n a n d e art h ; as h igh i n f act as t h e m o o n , ,

.

I n V i e w o f s u ch re p re s e n t a ti o n s w e c an n o t b e s u r
p ri s e d t h at a k e e n w itt e d s ati r ist l ik e S a m u e l B u tl e r
-
,

i n e n u m e rat i n g t h e rar e acc o m pl ish m e n ts o f H u di

br as sh o uld h av e s aid
, ,

H k w th e t f P nedi e se a o ara se ,

C o l d t ll i wh t d g
u i t li
e n a e re e es

A d h w n di p , d as ld p
e asit s o se , co u ro v e
”
B l w th m e o l b e it o o n, o r e s e a ov e .

O ur s tu dy o f t h e p re h i s t o ri c P aradis e m o u n t ai n -
,

s t an di n g u p o n t h e e ar th at t h e A r cti c P o l e an d l ift
”
i n g i ts h e ad t o t h e o r bi t o f t h e m o o n b r i n gs i h ,

st an t l igh t i n t o all th i s c o n fu si o n T h e m o u n t a i n i s .

a t o n c e i n h e a v e n a n d o n e ar th A n d i t i s i n t e re s t .

i n g t o n o t e th a t l at e m e di ae v al th e o l o gi an s d e s pit e ,

th e i r m e ag re O pp o r t u n i ti e s f o r h ist o r i c al re s e ar c h ,

t rac e d th i s c o n c e pti o n t o j u s t th at ap o stl e wh o ac ,

 R E VI E W OF TH E A RGU M E N T .
30 5

c o rd i n g c cl e s i astic al t rad iti o n as s p e c i al A p o s

to e ,

”
t le o f I n d i a h ad b e s t O pp o r t u n ity t o l e ar n o f t h e
,

E a st A ry a n M e r u an d t o r e p o rt t hi s p e c ul i ar an d
-
,

1
v e n e rabl e t rad i ti o n o f P a rad i s e M o re o v e r as we .
,

h a v e s e e n th e re w e re i n s e v e ral A s i at i c r e l igi o n s
,

t wo P a rad i s e s a c e l e s t i al an d a t e rre st ri al c o n
, ,

n e c t e d by a pil l a r o r b ridg e u p an d d o wn w h i ch
, ,

h o ly s o u l s c o u ld p ass W h e n th e re fo re an an c i e n t .
, ,

wri t e r i s f o u n d al l ud i n g i n o n e pl a c e t o P arad i s e as
o n e arth a n d i n a n o th e r t o P a ra di s e as i n h e a v e n ,

t h e c o n fu s i o n i s n o t i n h is o w n m i n d bu t m e re ly i n ,

th a t o f h i s re ad e r .

H e re t o o a g o o d w o rd c a n b e pu t i n f o r p o o r
, ,

Co s m a s I n d i c O ple u s t e s t h e m a n w h o h as h ad t h e ,

h o n o r o f b e i n g m o re i g n o ran t ly a n d c o n t e m pt u o u sly
ab u s e d by m o d e r n s c i e n ti sts th a n an o th e r c os
y
m o g raph e r o f e arl y Ch risti a n a g e s D o ub tl e s s i t i s .

e a sy t o r id i c u l e h i s r u d e r e p re s e n t a t i o n o f t h e u n i

v e rs e bu t wh o w ill a s s u re u s th at th i rt e e n o r f o u r
, ,

t e e n c e n t u r i e s h e n c e i t m ay n o t b e e qu al ly e asy t o ,

ridi c ul e t h e s p e c ul a ti o n s o f H e rs ch e l as t o t h e f o rm
o f t h e Co s m i c W h l
o e ? H o w e v e r th i s m ay b e t h e ,

f o r e g o i n g ch apt e r s h av e gi v e n a n e w sig n i fic an c e t o
t h e th o u gh t o f t h e m o n k w h o s a il e d t o I n d i a “
,

sh o w i n g u s th at h is M o u n t ai n t o t h e N o rth o f
t h e k n o w n c o u n t ri e s o f h i s d ay w as n o n e o th e r th an
M o u n t M e r u t h e l e g e n d ary h e av e n su pp o rti n g c ul
,
-

m i n ati o n o f t h e N o rth e rn h e m i s ph e re H is l o ca .

ti o n o f E d e n s o far as t h e v e rd ic t o f sci e n c e i s
,

e t r e n d e re d i s at l e a st a s w e ll su pp o rt e d as H ac k e ls
’

y ,

1 “
I h av e f o un d it in so me m o s t an c e n t i boo k s t h at T h o m as , t h e
A po s t le ,
was t h e au t h o r o f t he o p i i
n on th t P a arad s e i was so i
h gh
”
as t o re ac h to t h e lu n a r c rc e i l . A l b e rt us M g us a n , S u m / no 77zeolog i a , '

Par s I I .
, T rac t . x iii .
, q u 79
. .

20
 30 6 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

L e m u ri a,
g e r s i n a m i d A tl an tic ’
i n lo st or U n -

“
A tl an t i s M o st re m ar k abl e O f all j u s t N O RT H ,

of th e A rct i c Oce a n bo u n d a ry of E u r ope n o t i n th e

1 —
”e s t a s s o m e ti m e s f al s e ly r e p re s e n t e d
f ,
h e lo
”2
c at e s t h e la n d w h e re m e n d w e lt bef o re t h e F lood .

I f o u r c o n cl u si o n s are c o r re ct Co s m a s was t h e e ar ,

l i e s t k n o wn g e o graph e r w h o g av e t o t h e Chri sti an

wo rld a t ru e ac c o u n t O f t h e o rigi n al s e at O f t h e p o s t
E d e n i c an t e d il u vi an w o rl d Thu s th o s e wh o h av e .

S O l o n g m ad e h i m th e i r e t il lu str ati o n O f t h e i g n o
p
r an c e an d u n sci e n ti fic sp i ri t O f Ch r is ti an t e a ch
i n g m ay ye t s e e o cc asi o n t o r e vis e th e ir j u dg m e n t ,

a n d t o t ran sf o rm a p o rti o n O f th e ir ri dic ul e i n t o

p ra i s e .

T h e s am e p r i n cipl e s wh ich e xpl ai n t h e s tran g e

w o rld o f Co s m as e xpl ai n al s o t h e s t ran g e c o n c e pti o n
o f t h e E ar th wh ic h w e f o u n d i n t h e l e tt e rs Of Co l u m

b u s A cc o rd i n g t o th is l att e r i t will be re m e m
.
,

b e re d t h e h i st o ri c h e m i sph e re was t r u e t o t h e
,

sph e r i c al fi gu re b ut t h e h e m i sph e re O f h i s f ar W e st
,

e xpl o ra ti o n s r o s e t o a l o fty e m i n e n c e at t h e e qu a t o r ,

i n wh a t h e s u pp o s e d t o b e A s i a b u t wh i ch aft e r ,

war ds p ro v e d t o b e t h e n o rth e r n p ar t O f S o u th
A m e ric a Th is g av e t o t h e E arth t h e fi gu r e sh o wn
.

i n t h e adj o i n i n g c u t —a fi gu r e wh ich h e c o m p are d t o ,

th t a O f a n e a r ly r o u n d p e ar A t fi rst V i e w th is c o n
3
.

1 E
g by D
. ll y A tl ti p 96 o nn e , an s, . .

2 T lt Oe rra u m bi t D il
ra i m h b it b t h m i
c e an u u an e uv u a a an o nes .

C m os I d i pl
as n t D
co M d lib ie us e s M tf . C ll ti e un o, . v. on au c o n , o ec o

N on a , t m ii o T b l i .
pp p 1 88
, a u a .
, O . . .

3 I t i p b b l t h t th i i d
s ro a ll y d t f m t h
e a th s e a re a a es ro e s eve n ce n

t y
ur . W m y ed i la m g ph i l m
re a n i pt f t h t
s e v e ra co s o ra ca an u s c r s O a

e p h th t t h
oc th h
a th f m f
e e ar as t p it f i
e or o a co n e or a o , s s u r ac e r s

i gf m
n ro th t so u th Th id o nor w i d b l y p d by
. e se e as e re con s e ra s re a

th e m pi l t i
co f J ha f B
o ns o i i 1 479 f o m wh m p b b l y
o n o e au v a s n , r o ,
ro a ,

C l um b u d e i e d hi ”
o s ot i r vF l mm i s A t m i l Myth
n o n. a ar o n , s r on o ca s,
30 8 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

c e n t re Of t h e h abit abl e h e m i s ph e re ; t h e o th e r was

c o n c e iv e d t o b e c o v e r e d w ith w at e r O ut O f th i s .

’
o c e a n t h e m o u n t a i n O f t h e p o e t s Purg a t o ry r is e s u p ,

l ik e t h e P e ak o f T e n e r i ff e fr o m t h e b o s o m Of t h e ,

w av e s an d i s e x actl y O pp o sit e t o M o u n t Zi o n s o t h at
, ,

t h e t w o b e c o m e t h e an tip o d e s o f e ac h o th e r T he .

m ath e m ati c i an s i n th e ir m e as u r e m e n t Of D an t e s
’

H e l l p ro c e e d e d i n th i s w i s e : A n arc Of th i r ty d e
g re e s w as m e a s u re d f ro m t h e m e ridi an Of J e ru s al e m
w e stw ar d as f ar as Cu m a n e ar N apl e s an d h e re at , , ,
’
th e F a uc e s A v e r n i O f V e rgi l i t pl e a s e d th e m t o
‘
,

l o c at e it s d re ary e n tr an c e A n o th e r are O f th i rty .

d e gre e s was n e xt m e as u re d f ro m t h e s am e m e rid i an

e as tw a rd s o th at b o th t o g e th e r m a d e u p a p o r ti o n
,

O f t h e e ar th s c irc u m f e re n c e O f a b o u t 4 3 3 0 E n gl is h
’

m il e s t h e ch o rd O f wh i ch w o u ld b e e qu al t o i ts s e m i
,

di am e t e r Th i s was m ad e t h e b a s e Of th e i r o p e r a
.

ti o n s s o th a t w i th t h e wo rl d s c e n t re f o r i ts ap e x
,
’

t h e I n f e r n o b e c am e as br o ad as it w as d e e p .

A t th i s c e n t r e O f g ravity fi rm ly w e dg e d i n e v e rlas t ,

i n g i c e t h e gri m m o n ar ch O f th e s e d o l o ro u s re al m s
,
”1
i s pl ac e d .

’
A m o re re c e n t e di t o r r e m arks
“
D an t e s Purg a ,

t o ry is fi gu re d as an i s l an d m o u n t ai n w h o s e s u m m it
j u s t r e ach e s t o t h e fi rst o f t h e c e l e st i al sph e re s th at ,

Of t h e M o o n I t i s e x ac tly at t h e an ti p o d e s O f
.

J e r us al e m an d i ts b u l k i s p re c i s e ly e q u al an d O pp o
,

s it e t o t h e c avi ty O f H e ll O n t h e s u m m it Of .

t h e m o u n t ai n i s t h e E arthly P ara dis e f o rm e rly t h e ,

” 2
G ar d e n O f E d e n .

1 H e r Cl l h D i i C
y k B n w C t i b t i t
ar t h S t dy f
ar ot ,
oni on r u on s o e u o e v na

med i a . L on d o n , 1 864 : pp . 1 69, 1 70 .

2 A .
J . B ut ler , Th e P u rg a to ry f
o D a n te . L o n d on , 1 8 80 : Pre fato ry
”
W i tt e i l l e ct u ’
W e lt ge b an de
'

N ot e Co m pare
’
. s ge n a re on D an t e s ,

i n his D a nte -F or s e h u ngm , Bd i . .

, pp . 1 61 - 1 82 .
 R E VI E I V OF TH E A R G U M E N T? 3 C9

p o n t h e c o r r e c t n e s s o f t h e m a th e m ati c i an s
U
“

ab o v e m e n ti o n e d t h e p re s e n t w ri t e r i s n o t p re p a r e d ,

to a p s s j u dg me n t l
bu t n o c are fu l re ad e r O f t h e D i vi n e ,
”
Co m e dy c an fa il t o s e e th a t it s M o u n t Zi o n an d “

t h e Pu rg at o ri al
“
M o n tag n a n za lag e v o le a lt i s s i ni a e t ,
"
”
c i n ta d e m a re are s i m ply u n r e c o g n iz e d s u rv iv al s
,

O f p re h ist o ri c th o u gh t an t ip o d al w o rl d m o u n t a i n s ,
-

o n c e s i tu at e at t h e p o l e s b u t h e re re l o c at e d t o s u it ,

t h e d e m an d s O f s ac re d m e d i ae v a l c o s m o l o gy Th e y .

are t h e S u M e r u a n d Ku M e r u O f I n d i a fi gu ri n g i n
- -

I n L o rd V e r n o n s il l u st rat i o n O f
’

Ch ri sti an p o e t ry .

th is c u r i o u s c o s m o s a H i n d u pu n d i t w o u l d al m o s t ,

2
c e rt ai n ly th i n k h e h ad a Pur an i c nzappe n zo n d e - .

Th at aft e r t h e P arad i s e m o u n t h as th u s d e cl i n e d -
,

fi r s t t o t h e l ati tud e o f Ce n t ral A si a th e n t o t h e ,

e qu at o r an d fi n ally t o t h e p e n d an t p o s iti o n i n wh ic h
,

L o rd V e rn o n pl a c e s it di re c tly u n d e r t h e City O f ,

G o d w i th a hyp o g e n e c e n tr al I n f e r n o b e tw e e n
, ,

th at aft e r s u ch t ra n sl o c ati o n s it sh o uld s o l o n g h av e

e lud e d t h e r e c o g n iti o n Of all P arad is e s e e k e rs is -

3
su re ly l i ttl e w o n d e r .

I D an t e s
’
i n s t ru c t o r in th e n at u ra l i
s c e n ce s was B run e t t o L at i i
n ,

wh o was b o rn A . 1 2 3 0 an d d ied 1 2 94 . H e i
i s pa d an a e c t o n at e ff i
tr i b u te in the I n
f er n o , xv . 85 . H e wro t e a w o rk O f wh c h L i L i t/r es i
d on T r e s or , Par i s, 1 8 63 , is an O ld F re n c h -
ii
e d t on. I n it ( lib i . .
,

part i ii .
, c . v .
) t h e a u t h o r ab ly ad v o c at e s t he do c tr i ne Of the s ph e r

i l
ca figure O f t h e e art h D an t e s re e re n c e s t o t h e au t h o r an d t o .
'
f
h i s wo rk h av e b e e n c are u y c o e c t e d an d pre s e n t e d i n a e arn e d f ll ll l
pa pe r i n t h e 7 a h r bu c h d e r D e u ts ch e n D a n t e Ge s e l/s c h af t B d i v ,
-
.
, .

pp . 1- 2 3 .

2
Se e t he
F gura u n i i v e rs a e l de ll a D i i
v na Co m m e d i a, p xx x Of . .

vo l . i .
’
O f L I /{
fer n o di D a n te A li gh i e r i da G G I V ar r c n . . L o r d Ve r n on .

L o n do n , 1 8 58 .

3 l am m a i o n s pi t e ( llfyt h f A / my p 3 1 1 ) c o rre s po ds
F r
’
c ur s o s r on o , . n

q i te c l e l y t L d Ve l y t he e t l y t h p l po s i t i on ’
u os s o or rn o n , on x ac so u o ar

of t h e m o u t ai i m ad e if p s i bl n m o e u e q i o cal b y i ns e rt i n g
n s , o s e, r n u v

S ut h rn H e m i s ph e e
"
th e wo ds r an d mak i n g t h e pe n da t m o un t
o e r , n
.

3 10 PA RA D I SE F OU N D .

O ur A r c ti c E d e n,
th e re f o r e by e xpl ai n i n g t h e
,

o r igi n o f t h e c o s m o l o gi c al c o n c e pti o n s Of an ci e n t
Ch ald ae a an d E gyp t an d I n d i a e xpl ai n s at t h e s am e ,

t i m e t h e o r igi n o f t h e m o s t e c c e n tri c an d app a re n tly

s e n s e l e ss c o n c e pt i o n s O f m e d i wval an d m o d e rn c o s
m o graph e rs an d pr e s e n t s wh at m ay p ro p e rly e n o u gh
,

b e c al l e d t h e ph il o s o phy Of t h e e rr o rs an d m i s c o n c e p
t i o n s an d fan c i e s O f p re vi o u s s e arch e r s afte r Pa r a
d is e I t i s m u ch th at an hyp o th e si s m e e ts all t h e
.

r e qu ir e m e n t s o f a giv e n pro bl e m it i s m o re th a t it
d o e s th is b e tt e r th an an y o th e r hyp o th e sis ; it w o u l d
s e e m t o b e p ast all qu e s ti o n w h e n i t s o ill u m i n at e s
an d e n ri c h e s t h e v e ry d at a O f t h e p r o bl e m th a t e v e ry

pr e vi o u s s o l u ti o n f all s aw ay Of it s e lf t h e p hil o s o phy ,

O f i ts o rigi n an d o f its i n ad e qu acy b e i n g p at e n t an d

u n qu e s t i o n abl e .

i l i i i
i t s pre c s e c u m n at o n po n t b e n e at h f
S e e , urt h e r, S G un t h e r o n
.
~
.

D i e Ko s m o o g s ch e A n s c h auu n ge n d e s M t t e a t e rs , i n D i e Ru n d
l i ”
i l l
s c h au f ur Ge og r aph i e un d S ta t i s t i h, B d i v
. .
 B ut as ligh t
wh e n dl t l k f
one t w th i g wh i h t h y w
s a c an t e o oo or one or o n s c e an ,

t h li gh t w ill
e t fi i t lf t t h t w bj t
no con m th i k
ne i se k i g ft o ose o o e c s , so e n s, n se e n a er

th tw
e se th U i o, l D l g d P di
e n v e rs ad i i i g th t i e u d
e an ara se , an n re t r e v n e no on an

d t i
oc r n e of th P i m l E t h p wh i h h y d p d d w h
e r eva ar t ligh t u on c t e e en e , e av e c as a

u p lA t i q i t y
l on a T H M A B UR N E T
n u . O S .

I h l i d it d w
ave a i i bl m i m
o t n tly t f ll w h i
as an i l t di
n v ar a e ax c o ns an o o o s to r c a ra

ti d t h l d f t by t h t l
o n , an o o wh
as m y thi g pp a g d lm t
c ue e ve n en an n s a e ar s t ra n e an a os

i pli bl
nex t l
ca t i gm i l ; f i t h i
e , or a e asig t i f i t h i t y th
en at ca or n e n ve s t a on O an c e n s or , e

m m t w l t li p h t h
o en e e d f A i d
s w fi d
t at l t f m t h l by i th
re a o r a ne , e c an n n o o ut e ro e a r n

O f f i f l th i
an c u d th h f l h i g pi i
e o r e s an F S
e c LEGE L P hi
aos o c as n o n o ns. . VO N CH ,

los ophy of H i s t o ry .

L e m yth e d u j ard n i d ’ Ed e n ’
n e st po i fo rm e
n t un e fict i on ii n o us do n n e , so u s un e

i i
d e n f an t i n e po és e , 1a pre m ere page d e l’ h i s t o i r e m o ra e d e h u m an t é, d e c e t t e hi s
’
l i
i l
t o re q ui a po ur d o c um e n t s n o n p u s s m p e m e n t q u e q u e s s le x p us o u m o n s t ailés , i l l i l i l
i ii
m a s t ou t e c e t te s urv i v an c e d ’ u n e v i e d v n e d an s l’ é m e h um a n e , m an fe s t ée par se s i i
i i l
as p rat o n s e t s e s d o u e u rs , e t par c e t u n v e rs a s e n t m e n t d e l i
a d éc h éan c e , q ui pal l i
i d t l m h l’
l i
i n s pi rati o n d o m i n e n t e d e t o ut e s le s re gi o n s li
— DE
p t e a n s o u t e s e s yt o o g e s e t e s t .

E P R E SS E N S E
. .

D T e mpe ] d e s H e id e n th um s i s t e i n ura te r B au , ab e r e i n B an d e r n c h t au s de m
er l i
i
H e i d e n th u m s t ammt u n d n ch t v o n d e n H e d e n s e b s t e rr c h t e t i s t D i e M yt h e n i l i .

i ili i
I n s c h r fte n u n d h e ge n L e g e n d e n d e se s T e m pe s e n t h a t e n u rs prii n glich d i e U rge l l
i l
s c h c h t e d e r W e t u n d d e s M e n s c h e n e sc h ec h te s , u n d d i e Ve rh e i s sun e n we ch e
g g l l
l
d e m s e be n i m A nfan ge ge word e n s nd L VKE N i . .
 CH A PT E R I .

TH E B E A R I NG OF OU R R E S U LT S ON TH E ST U D Y OF
B I O LOG Y A ND T E R RE ST R I A L P H Y S I CS .

H ow s e e m e d t h i s g lobe o
f o u r s w he n t ho u d i ds t sca n it
Whe n i n t hy lus ty y o ut h t h e r e spr a n g t o bi r t h
l t ha t ha t h lif
A l e , u n n ur tu r e d , a n d t he pla ne t
W as P a r a d i s e , t he t r u e S a t u r n ia n E art h !
F ar t o w a r d t he P o l
e s w as s t r e t c he d t he H a ppy Ga r de n ,
E h k ept i t f a i r by w a r m t h
art f rom he w n br e as t ;
r o

T a i lha d no t c o m e t o d w a rf he r s o ns a n d h a r de n

No cr i me ( t he r e was no w a nt pe r t u r be d t he i r r e st .

E DMU N D C . ST B D M A N , T he S k ll i
u n the l
Go d D r ft i .

The s olu t io n o f t he pr oble m of L if e m ay c o me f r om a n u ne x pe cte d q ua r t er .

OH N
J F I SK E .

I F ll g e d f ac ts an d t h e c o n cl u si o n s Of t h e
the a e
f o r e g o i n g ch apt e rs sh al l be acc e pt e d as c o rre c t i t i s ,

pl ai n th at i n fi n di n g t h e t ru e an sw e r t o o n e O f t h e
l o n g e s t s t an d i n g an d m o st b affli n g O f t h e p ro bl e m s
o f B i bl ic al th e o l o gy w e h a v e at t h e s am e ti m e f o u n d

o n e O f th o s e c e n t ral k e y t r u th s a cqu ai n t an c e w i th -
,

w h i ch aff e c ts a g re at m an y o th e r ki n d s O f k n o wl
e d ge . I n d e e d i t i s n o t t o o m u c h t o s ay th a t t h e
,

a cc e pt a n c e O f th i s al l e g e d tru th u p o n i ts a ppr o p ri

m u st aff e c t m e n s e sti m at e o f t h e
’
at e e vi d e n c e s ,

s o u rc e s O f k n o wl e dg e F o r if t h e s acr e d t rad iti o n s

.

o f m a n k i n d w h e n o n c e r ightl y i n t e rp re t e d are d i s
, ,

c o v e re d t o b e i n a st o n i sh i n g h ar m o n y w i th e ac h
o th e r a n d t o yi e l d r e s ul ts wh ic h o ur m o s t ad v a n c e d
,

s ci e n c e s w o rk i n g i n t h e m o s t v ari e d fi e ld s O f re
,

s e arch s i n gul a rly c o n spi re t o v e rify th i s d isc o v e ry

, ,

c an n o t f ail t o giv e n e w sig n i fic an c e t o h i st o ry i n all

3I 4 PA RA D I S E F OU ND .

it s d e p art m e n ts an d i n all it s t e ach i n gs B ut ap ar t .

f ro m th is g e n e ral e ff e ct o f a v e r ifi c ati o n o f an ci e n t
t e s ti m o n y o u r p re cis e c o n cl u s i o n a s t o t h e l o c at i o n
,

o f t h e c radl e o f t h e h u m an r a c e h as a m o st e vid e n t

an d i m p o r t an t c o n n e c ti o n w i th al l phys ic al p al e o n ,

t o lo g i c al ar ch ae o l o gi c al ph il o l o gic al m yth o l o gi c al
, , , ,

e th n o l o gi c al an d c ultu re h i st o r i c al sp e c ul ati o n
,
-
,

i n a w o r d a m o st e vi d e n t an d i m p o rt an t c o n n e ct i o n
,

w ith ab o u t e v e ry p ro bl e m w h i ch i n a m ark e d d e g re e
att ra cts an d o cc upi e s o u r m o d e r n th o u ght 1 I n th e .

p re s e n t P ar t i t i s pr o p o s e d t o n o t ic e t h e re l ati o n o f
o u r f act s an d c o n cl u si o n s t o a f e w o f th e s e fi e ld s o f

s tudy an d fi r s t o f all i n t h e p re s e n t ch apt e r th e ir

, , ,

h e ari n g u p o n t h e s t u dy o f bi o l o gy an d t e r re st r i al
physic s .

I n P art Thi rd an d i n t h e s e v e n th ch apt e r o f P ar t

F ifth an d e l s e wh e re w e h av e al re a dy h ad v ari o u s ,

il l u str at i o n s o f t h e f as ci n ati n g an d a u th e n ti c ati n g

l igh t wh ic h t h e b i o l o gi c al s c i e n c e s c an thro w u p on
t h e st u dy o f p re h i st o ri c t radi ti o n s P o ssibly t h e .

r e ad e r if d e v o t e d t o th i s ki n d o f st u dy h as wo n
, ,

d e re d why a fi e ld o f ill u s tr ati o n s o ri ch h as n o t

o ft e n e r b e e n u til iz e d by w rit e r s u p o n an ti qu ity .

B u t h o we v e r i m p o rt an t th i s b e ari n g o f bi o l o gi c al
u p o n p re h i st o ric s t udi e s m ay b e i t sh o u l d n o t b e ,

f o r g o tt e n th at t h e c o u n t e rp art b e ar i n g of t h e s tudy

1 E v e n ps yc h o o g l i c l s e arc h
a re m ay b e fo u nd t o h av e a pro o un d f
i n t e re s t i n o u r re s u t q ue s t o n ar l H e th e er i i s e s h o w f ar i t [t h e jug

gle r s
’
i
m n d po we r o v e r m at t e r] m ay be af e c t e d by, o r d e pe n d e n t
-
f
u po n , l i l i
e e c t r c a an d m agn e t c ph e n o m e n a an d s u rr o un d n g s an d c li i
m at c n fl ue n c e s , s n c e i t fl o ur s h e s at i t s b e s t , b o t h i n t h e O ld W o r d
i i i i l
an d i n t h e N e w, as o n e appr o ac h e s t h e r e g o n s o f t h e A rc t c C rc e , i i i l
an d e nt e rs t h e l
an d s o f t h e a u ro ra an d m d n g h t s un
”
G A rc h e i i . . i
S t o c k we ll ,
M D . .
,
“
I i
n d an J uggl e ry an d Ps yc h o l o gy,
”
i n Th e I n de

pe n d e n t N e w Y o rk , S e pt
,
. 2 7, 1 88 3 , p
. 1221 .
3 16 PA RA 0 1 5 5 F OUN D .

a tt e n ti o n t o th e s e m e n w h o d e n y i t o r t ak e n o i n ,

f e r e st i n i t O n t h e o th e r h an d a n y cl as s o f m e n
.
,

wh o ig n o r e t h e h i st o r y o f t h e h u m an m i n d an d b e
g i n all t r u e h ist o ry a n d all t ru e s c i e n c e w ith t h e i r
o wn a ch i e v e m e n ts by th i s v e ry pr o c e d u re pl ac e
,

th e m s e l v e s o uts id e th at S pi r itu al f e ll o wsh ip i n w h ic h

al l f orm s an d f r ag m e n ts o f k n o w l e d g e fi n d u n i t yan d
m u tu al s u ppl e m e n ti n g T h e c i rcl e o f th e ir i n t e l l e ct
.

u al sy m p ath i e s an d t a st e s i s n ar r o w e d W ith t h e .

l o s s o f br o a d sy m p ath i e s an d t a st e s th e y are i n d an
ge r o f l o si n g e v e n t h e c ap aci ty t o disc e rn an d appre
c i at e an y ki n d o f t r uth o u ts i d e t h e l i m i t e d r an g e o f
th e i r o wn sp e ci al iz e d fi e ld o f p ro f e s s i o n al re s e arch .

S o f ar h as th i s p e r il o u s t e n d e n cy al re a dy g o n e th at
i t is a di ffi c u lt th i n g i n an y c o u n try t o fin d a c e l e
b rat e d bi o l o gi st w h o s e p u bl i cly ad v o c at e d th e o ry o f
e d u c ati o n f o r h i s o w n fi e ld o f l ab o r d o e s n o t qu i e tly

ig n o re o r a ct iv e ly a n t ag o n iz e t h e b ro ad e n i n g h is
, ,

t o ri c al a n d h u m a n i sti c stud i e s w h ic h al o n e c an q u al
i fy a m an f o r i n t e l l i g e n t sy m p athy with all g o o d
l e arn i n g U n l e ss t h e t e n d e n cy c an i n s o m e way b e
.

c h e ck e d th e r e i s p o s itiv e d an g e r l e s t t h e s p e c i al
,

c ulti v at o r? o f bi o l o gy an d t h e n at u r al s c i e n c e s b e
c o m e as n arr o w an d i s o l a t e d an d i n fl u e n c e le s s a
gu il d o f e xp e rt s as ar e t h e a n tiqu ar i an c at al o gu e -

1
m ak e r s o f m o d e rn E u ro p e .

1 A f w e
y g M J h S t t M ill i
e ars a o r . odd s b e fo e a
n uar ,
n an a re s r

S t h
co c i i ty p t f th d f
u n ve rs , u f th cl im
or f l s i l t ud
a e e ns e o e a s o c as ca s

ies t o pl
a i t he ac e
g l nu i ity c i l m F th i
re u ar n v e rs u rr c u u . or s one

c ri m h w
e e tl y d i t i ll y
as re ce n il d d ili fi d t h gh e
e or a l
as s a e an v e ro u s v e ra

c l m
o u nsf Am i
o an g f t l ie
e r c an or d d pi t t h e
an o n a u ra sc n c e , an es e

f t th t h w
ac a t e i l y d i b li
as n o o r o us i R l ti a d w s e e ver n e ve a o n , an as a

p f d dm i f C mt th i ti l ti l i l gy t h e
’
ro e ss e a re r o o e s a e s c e vo u on a so c o o ,

d re ad f l c h ge i b
u ar gh t f w d s Hro u w i th G ld or Ag
ar : e as n e o e n- e,

P ar adi L t di p
se- os ti f t h ugh t i
s e nsa wh i h t h
on o ti f the
o , n c e no ons o

e ar l y p f ct i
er e f m k i d
on o d the peani i t yn f t h ean
a c i e t we e su r or o n n s r
 B I OL O G Y A M )
’
T E R A E S T/t I A L P H YS I CS
’
.

3 17

I n s t ud i e s l ik e t h e o n e wh ich h as th u s far e n
g ag e d u s l i e s t h e b e s t p o s s ibl e c o rre ct i v e fo r th i s
o n e sid e d n e s s
-
I n th i s fi e l d are f o u n d s ti m ul a ti o n
.

f o r t h e stu d e n t s c u ri o s ity f ac ts f o r h i s u n d e rst an d

’

i n g argu m e n ts fo r hi s r e as o n pl ay f o r h i s i m agi n a
, ,

ti o n A n d all t h e ti m e h i s stu dy o f N atu re an d h is

.

s tu dy o f M an are m u t u ally h e l pful t o e ac h o th e r .

H e n o w h as N a tu re an d h e r li fe b e f o re h i m i n t w o
f o rm s fi rs t as s h e h as e n t o m b e d h e rs e lf i n t h e g re at
,

c e m e t e ry o f t h e ro cks a n d s e c o n dly a s s h e h as pic ,

t u re d h e rs e lf i n h ist o ri c a n d e v e n p re h i s t o r i c h u m an

th o ugh t I f t h e f o rm e r gi v e s h e r w i th g re at e r t a n
.

g i b i li t y i t i s o n ly t h e t an gibil i ty o f t h e m o ul d e ri n g
,

sk e l e t o n I t i s t h e l att e r wh ich sh o w s h e r al i v e
.

’
an d fi ll e d w ith al l l ife s m e an i n gs E ach i s i m p o r .

t a n t i n i ts pl a c e b o th b e i n g re c ip ro c a l ly c o rre c tiv e
,

a n d m u t u al ly c o m pl e m e n t ary

A s ye t t h e bi o l o gist h as n o t p ro fi t e d by a n c i e n t
c o n c e pti o n s o f N a tu re as h e s h o ul d h a v e d o n e .

H o w l o n g an d sl o w h as b e e n t h e p ro g re s s o f t h e
b o t an i s t u p t o th i s l at e s t c o n c e pti o n th at all t h e l if e
fo rm s o f t h e v e g e t abl e k i n gd o m p ro c e e d e d o rigi n ally
f ro m o n e c e n t re an d th at at t h e P o l e ! T h e an ci e n t
,

I ran i an m yt h o f t h e t re e o f a l lse e ds f ro m wh i ch
“
,

”
p ro c e e d e d t h e g e rm s o f all s p e c i e s o f pl a n t s th at
“

e v e r g re w an d whic h m o re o v e r was l o c at e d a t t h e
, , ,

t
c o n ras e t d wi th t h d g y f th m d m ;
e e d c m pl t l y
e n e rac o e o e s an so o e e

w as h i i t ll c t p
s n e d e d p t d by t h i
o s se s se i w th t h w d i
an e rv e r e s v e a e as s

a b l d f m pp
e ro i ti g th i mm
a re c a d p h m ki g i fl
n e c f e n s e an e oc -
a n n ue n e o
”
th m d
e o d t i
e rn f l ti
o c r ne o Th D e d L g g S p
e vo u ti on . e a -
an ua e u e rs

ti
”
o n, P p l S i o u ar tl/ t h /y N w Yc e n ce k 1 88 3 p 70 3 S ch
on tu ,
e or , , . . u na

ra li t s s t o
are l t t d t k w t h i w p ty l d
o un e e re to be no e r o n ar ea e rs , o r o

a w a re o f th f t th t it i p e ac i l y t b i l gy th t M ill p y t h
a s re c s e o o o a a s e

S p l en d i d t i b t fr d l i g t
u e o h t m g ll d p t m
e c ar n t of h m a a on a e ar en s u an

k n wl dg i t
o e ff d
e y t t h e o l y e m pl o f t h t u p i i pl e
a or s as e n xa e e r e r nc s
”
o f ra ti l cl as i fic t i o
o na s a n.
3 r8 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

N o rth P o l e o u gh t l o n g ago t o h av e s u gg e st e d t o
,

h i m t h e t r u th a s t o t h e g e n e ti c u n i ty of t h e v e g e t a
ble ki n gd o m an d als o as t o i ts pri sti n e c e n tr e o f d is
t ri bu t i o n. T h e s am e m ay b e s ai d o f t h e z o ol o gis t
an d t h e s u gg e sti v e n e s s o f t h e m yth s o f t h e s am e

p e o pl e re sp e cti n g t h e p ri m e v al o x an d t h e Gos h
“
,
” 1
t h e p e rs o n i fic at i o n o f t h e a n i m a l ki n gd o m In .

th e s e s u r viv al s o f an ci e n t c u lt u re we h av e t h e f o r m s
i n wh ich pr e h i st o r i c z o ol o gy e xp re ss e d t h e u n ity t h e ,

m o n o g e n e s is a n d t h e n o rth p o l ar o r igi n o f t h e e ntire

,

f au n a o f t h e e arth .

I t i s n o w p e rh aps t o o l at e f o r t h e bi o l o gi st t o
, ,

g ai n fr o m th e s e p arti c ul ar m yt h s t h e i n s t ruc ti o n
w h i ch g e n e rati o n s ag o th e y c o u l d h av e gi v e n h i m .

B y sl o w e r an d m o re p ai n fu l m e th o ds th i s b e a utiful
po lo c e n t ri c c o n c e pti o n o f t h e v e g e t a bl e an i m al an d , ,

h u m an w o rld s h as at l ast b e e n re ach e d T h e p ro b .

l e m s o f e ar li e st fl o ral an d fau n al an d e th n ic d i s t ri
b ut i o n h av e sh u t m e n u p t o it s acc e pt a n c e B ut if .

t h e d is c o v e r y o f t h e a c c o r d an t s ig n i fi c an c e o f th e s e
an ci e n t m yth s h as b e e n e qu a l ly d e l ay e d w e m a
y at ,

l e a st i n d ul g e t h e h o p e th at t h e u n e xp e ct e d ag re e
m e n t o f t h e p re h ist o r i c c o n c e pt i o n with th at of
l at e st s ci e n c e w ill i n spi re i n c an d id s tu d e n t s o f N a
tu re a n e w an d h igh e r r e sp e ct fo r t h e p r i m e v al t e ach
i n gs an d b e l i e fs o f m an ki n d M e an t i m e le t it n o t
.

be f o rg o tt e n th at th e r e are o th e r m yth s o f e qu al ,

an ti qu i ty an d p o ss ibly o f w id e r p r e v al e n c e t h e sig ,

n ific an c e o f wh ic h f o r t h e p ro g re ss o f bi o l o gy m a
y
t o d ay b e as g r e at as e v e r w as th at o f t h e t r e e o f all
-

seeds .

N o tic e f o r e x am pl e th is cu r i o u s f a ct : th at wh il e
, ,

i n an c i e n t E a s t A ry an th o u gh t t h e g o d s o n M o u n t
1 D arm e s t e t e r, Th e Z e n d A
-
ve s t a , Part ii .
, p . 1 10.
 P A RA D I SE F OU N D
320 .

r e s e arch e s i n t o t h e o rigi n an d s u st ai n i n g c o n diti o n s

o f lif e t h e ph e n o m e n a o f t h e h igh e st N o r th s h o uld

b e t ak e n i n t o ac c o u n t ? T o o l o n g h a v e th o s e wh o
b u sy th e m s e l v e s w it h th e s e i n v e s ti g at i o n s b e e n
t u rn i n g th e ir att e n ti o n t o t h e i c e c o l d abyss e s o f t h e -

d e e p s e a h o pi n g i n s o m e b ath ybi u s cl o t o f t h e
,

s u n l e s s o c e an b o tt o m t o fi n d t h e p ro t o pl a s m i c p o we r
-

w h ich h as tr an s m ut e d i n o rg an i c m att e r i n t o m i cr o
c o s m s o f o r g an i c li fe I n n o s uc h r e gi o n o f c o l d an d .

1
d ark n e s s s h o u ld t his s e arch b e m ad e L e t l if e s .
’

’
b e gi n n i n gs an d lif e s f e e di n g f o rc e s b e l o o k e d f o r
wh e re i ts s up re m e vig o r an d e xu b e ran c e h av e b e e n
see n a t t h e p r i st i n e c e n t r e wh e n c e t h e typ e s an d
,

f o r m s o f l ife h ave S p re ad V i ct o ri o u sl y th r o ugh t h e

2
w o r l d le t th e m b e st ud i e d at t h e P o l e .

O n th i s s ubj e ct as c o n s e rv a ti v e an au th o rity as
1 A w d e c e d f m th
s e h i t d p w t th e t m p tu e
s n ro e s o re n o ee a e r, e e ra r

b e come l w s d l wo th d e r an
p w g t il w o m t er t e ee er e o , un e co e o a s ra

t um f w t
o r z o ne b t 3 o 36 F h h i t wh
a er a i mp l r ou 20-
0
a re n e ,
e re c rc u o a

o r A t i lif
rc l e b d
c e a on Th w t f tha ll
o un the s . e a er o e o ce an a o ve r

g l o b b l
e w d pt
e o h f t h a d fet h m i f o A t i c t m pe
one o u s an a o s s o an rc e r

at u re . Pack ard , Z oology, p 665 . .

2
S i n ce th e ab o v e was wr t t e n , a d i
i s t i gu i h e d s pe c i al i t i n d e p n s s e

s e a d e d g i g h as b
r n e t h e f o ll wi g s t i k i g t e t i m
o rn y W i t h re
o n r n s on

g a d
r t t h e o c o t i t ut i of the d e p
ns fonu a o e f t h e m os t e -
sea a n ,
n o

r em k b l fe t
ar a e i s t h e ge e l
a u re s b e ce f o m it of P l e o o i c n ra a s n r a z

f o m s e c pt i g f
r ,
x e e p s e t t i e s o f t h e M o l l u sc
n so a r as r a d B ac h
re n a v a n r

i o po d a e c ce
ar d ; on d i t is e m k b l e t h t m o g t t h e d e e p
rn e an r ar a a a n s

s e a M o ll p e s e t at i e s o f t h e N t l da a d
’ '

c o us a n re r n v au z z n

so e c x i l y b u d t i a c i t p i o d o c cu
e ss v e a n an n d t h t L g ul
n en er s, r, an a zn
'

a,
”
th e m t a ci e t B
os n c h i o po d s h o u l d
n ra cc u i s h ll o w w t e r o l y
,
o r n a a n .

P fe s
ro H N M o e l e y F R S B i l g i c al A d d
s or . . s ,
be fo e B i ti s h
. . .
,
o o re s s r -
r

A so c i t i
s i n 1 88 4
a on N t A ugu t 2 8 1 884 p 42 8
. a u re , T h e s me s , , . . a

h i gh ut h o i t y dd
a r W ith g d t th
a s,
“
i gi o f t h e d e e p se a
re ar o e or n -

f u a th e c n b e l i t t l e d ub t t h t i t h b
a n er a d e ri e d l m o s t e m
o a as een v a
”—
ti ly f m t h e l i tt
re ro lf u g o ra i g h e i wi t h P f e ss o r S e n
a n a, a re e n re n ro v
”
s pl e d i d m S t o c k h o l m 1 8 83
“
L e i hi
ov n n s og ph n P t l i on ra ,
ou r a es a , ,
.

T h e f un al s e rm n o f t h e b t hyé th y o f t h e o i gi o f lif e h as
’

er o a zu s eor r n

al re ad y be e pre ac h e d a d t h e t e t o f t h e se m o n was Jb x iii I 4

n ,
n x r o xv . .
 TE R R E S I Yt I A L P H YS I CS
’
B I OL O G Y A N !) .

32 1

“
P ri n cip al D aws o n r e c e n tly r e m ark e d : I t i s n o t
i m p o s sibl e th a t i n t h e pl a n s o f t h e Cr e at o r t h e con
t i n u o u s s u m m e r s u n of t h e A rc t zc reg i o n s m ay h av e
'

b e e n m ad e t h e m e an s fo r t h e i n t ro d uct i o n o r at ,

l e as t fo r t h e rapid g ro w th an d m ul tipl ic ati o n o f n e w ,

” 1
a n d m o re v ar i e d typ e s o f pl an ts .

I n th i s t ru e c e n t re wh a t n e w an d i n t e r e sti n g a s
2
p e e ts t h e p ro bl e m s o f lif e i m m e di a t e ly t ak e o n !
H e re we h a v e a r e g n a n cy o f s u n l i ght s u c h as w e
n e v e r d re a m e d o f i n o u r l o we r z o n e s H e re we h av e .

Th G i d Mig ti
e f Pl t i Th P i
e n e s s an t R i w ra on o an s , n e r n ce on ev e ,

1 8 7 9, p . 2 92 .

2
T he f o ll o wi g f o m a e c e t e ws p pe ugg t o m e o f t h e n e w
n , r r n n a r, s es s s

l i e s o f de i bl i e t ig t i o
n s ra e nv s a n
“
T h e N we gi pl t g g aph e
or S c h ube le
an an h o t t i m ago
~
eo r r, r, a s r e

c ll d
a e tte t i a t m n t ik i g on d u p i s i g pe u li i t i e s m i
o so e s r n an s r r n c ar an

f t d by e g t t i
es e i h i gh l t i t d
v e a wh i c h h e as c i be d t t h e i t e n
on n a u es, r o n

s i e li gh t
v ff c t f t h e l g d y M t pl ts i t h se re gi o s p
e e s o on a s os an n e n ro
-
.

d uce m h l g uc d h ar i d t h a i l we l t i t ude s
e r an e av e r s e e G ai i s n n o r a . r n s

h i i t h N t h t h i t h m e S u t h l t i t ud e s ; t h e l
e av e r n e or an n e or o e rn a n

cre as e f w i gh t b i g d u t o t h e
o e s i m il at i o
e n f n i t o ge o us
e as n o no n- r n

s ub t ce s wh il e t h e p o t i p d uc t s h a T he l e a e s
s an , pa t i i t
r e n ro ve n o r n . v

of m t pl
os t g w l g an s i t h h i g h e r l at i t d e
ro ar e r d t th e s me
n e u s , an a a

tim e t k e a de p on a d k c l T hi f t h
e e r, b e e o bs e rv e d
ar er t o or . s ac as n no

on l y i m t f t h e wil d t e
n os o n d s h ub b t l i f ui t t e e
r es d a r s, u a so n r r s an

e ve n i k it h
n
g d e pl c t e n- I t h as f u t h
ar b
n b e d t h t the
an s . r er een o s e rv a

fl o we f m t pl
rs o t l g a d m e d e pl y c l e d d t h at
os an s are ar er n or e o or , an

m y fl we
an o wh i h e wh i t
rs i t h e S ut h b c m i t h f
c ar N th
e n o e o e n e ar or

i l t
v o e .

S p t t
o o end i e p es ible an e t h p we rr f lif i h i g h t A c t i c
r s ar e o rs o e n es r

l ti t d t h t i th r d k s
a u es a ne the i d e i b bl ar ld ne s il nor n e sc r a e co av a

a g ia ns t th m T he e l gi c fl we l l ill t t t h i t t m e t A c
. a o ra u s ra e s s s a e n .

cor d g t in w it o i N t
a O t 3 0 1 88 4
r er n l y ll A t i c al gae
a u re , c .
, ,
n e ar a rc

li ve s e v e ra ly d i d r t h at t h e y m y b
e ar s , a n ,
b l e t e ff e c t t h e
n or e a e a o

w k f p p g ti
or o ro d u i hm
a a t th i r
on ang i no pe at i o n
r s en ,
e or ans are n o r

du i g t h d k
r n ew ll th
ar l i gh t as e W h il t w i t e i g t t he
as e s e as o n . s n r n a

no r th m o s t p t f S pi t b g
e rn iar 1 8 7 2 73
o P f Kj e ll m a
z er en n -
ro e s s o r n

— i
,

ob d i
s e rv e th, m i dd l n f th wi t e t t i m e wh
e o t he e n er v z .
, a a en

su n w l w t d th d k
as o es , th an f e m t i t e t h at
e ar ne ss , e re or , os n e ns a

cons i d e b l d l pm t d g wt h f t h
ra e e ve o g en f u i hm e t
an ro o e or an s o no r s n

t o k pl c e wh il
o a , g d th g
e , as f p p g tire ar h f u d t h at
s e or an s o ro a a o n, e o n

2 1
 P A RA D I S E P OU N D
32 2 .

a t e n si o n an d a d ir e c ti o n o f t e rr e stri al m ag n e ti s m
w ith wh o s e bi o l o gi c al s ig n ifi c an c e w e are u tt e r ly
u n acq u ai n t e d H e re we h av e e l e ct r ic f o r c e s wh i ch
.

p o u r th e ir c u rr e n t s t hr o u gh e v e ry g rass bl ad e an d -
,

ti p t h e v e y h ill s w ith l b e t
r am n fl a m e
1
S h all n o t .

s u ch abs o l u t e ly e xc e pt i o n al bi o l o gi c al c o n d iti o n s
an d e n e r gi e s b e f o u n d t o yi e ld s o m e e xc e p ti o n al
bi o l o gic al r e s ul t ? I s n o t th i s a m o re h o p e fu l fi e l d
f o r t h e st udy o f t h e o rigi n o f l if e th an t h e d ar k an d
a l m o s t c o n g e al e d r e c e s s e s o f t h e d e e p s e a ? T h e o ld
th e o lo gi an s w e r e acc u st o m e d t o c all A d am an d E v e
i t was j us t at i
m o s t d e v e o pe d
t h s s e aso n t h at t h e y we re
S po re s o f l .

al i
l k n d s we re pro d uce d an d b e c am e m at u re , an d t h e y d e v e o pe d l
in t o s p e n d d p an t s l i l
T h e A rc t c a gae , t h e re o re , pre s e n t t h e t e
. i l f
l
l l i l i
m ark ab e s pe c t ac e o f p an ts wh c h d e v e o p t h e r o rgan s o f n o ur s h i
m e t a d p rt i c u l a l y t h e i r g
n ,
n a f p p g ti r all t h e ye r ro u d or an s o ro a a on , a n ,

e e v d uri n g t h e l o g P l a
n i gh t g o wi g re gul arl y at a t m pe r t u e
n o r n r n e a r

— 1 a d —2 C a d e e
,

o f b e t we e n
°
tt i i g a g e t s i z e at a
n
°
.
,
n v n a a n n r a

e wh i c h ri s e s b o e f e e i g po i t A s t o m o t h e r “
t e m pe t ra u r e e n v r a v r z n -
n .

e gi o t h e re s u l t at wh i c h Pr f e ss o Kj e ll m a i e d w s t h at t h e
”
r n, o r n arr v a

al gae fl o o f t h e A ct i c O ce
ra i ot i mm ig t fl
r b u t t h at i t s
an s n an ran o ra,

o ri g i n l y i n t h e P o l ar S e a i t s lf
a T h i s t h e o y i h e b li e s p o e d e . r s, e ve , r v

by t h e f ac t t h t t h e A ct i c l gae fl a is i ch i e d m i c s p ci e s
r a o ra r n n e e .

T he e e m a y s pe c i e s f o u d b o t h i
r ar n th e N o th e A tl a ti c a d t he n n r rn n n

Pac ifi c O c e a l a ge pe c an s , t ge f wh i c h re a h s e y f
r o rt h
r en a o c e v r ar n

i t h e A ct i c S
n a d w h i c h h a e at t i e d
r e a, h i gh d g e e o f d e e l p
n v a n a e r v o

m e t t h e e b i g h ac t e i s t i c l gae o f t h e A rc t i c O ce a
n r , e n c ar an d t h at
r a n

t h e se s pe c i s h e be e n e i gi at e d t h e
av d g d u ll y s p e ad t o t h e
or n re , an ra a r

o t h e r t wo o ce a i s as h e b e l e e s m o e t h
ns pro bab l e
,
H o w l i tt l e i v , r an .

o u r o al d i e s i t i e s o f c li m at e aff e c t t h e q u e s t i o n o f t h e po ss i b i l i ty
z n v r

of a u i e l d i t i b ut i o o f a n o t h po l ar fl
n v rs a s r or e e f au n a i s
n r o ra, v n ,

we ll ill us t at e d i t h e f ll w i g
r A re m a k ab l e f act ass o c i ate d
n o o n r

wi t h t h o c e t mpe t u e i s t h t f o rm s o f a i m al life b e l o gi g t o
an e e ra r a n n n

t h e A c ti e r ha e b e
c s d e d ge d up f ro m t h e A n t c t i c O ce
as v e n t r ar an a

d e pt h s f t wo t h usa d f at h o m s a d m ay h a
o o
p se d f m p l e t
n , n ve as ro o o

po l e t h o ugh t h e t pi c [i n d e p s e a c u e t s ] wi th t h i g b
r ro s e rr n ou av n ee n
-

s u b e cte d
j to a g r ea te r v a r i a ti on o f t empe r a t u r e th a n s om e fi ve d eg r ees or

so . Gen . R M c c o rm
. i ck , Voyag es o f D i scove ry i n th e A rcti c an d

A n ta r cti c S ea s . Lo nd o n, 1 884 : v o l. i .
, p 3 54
. .

1 Th e A r ct i c M an ual p 739 ,
. .
324 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

A r c ti c t e e m w i th an i m al l if e L an d an i m al s s u ch .
,

as t h e b e a r w o lf re i n d e e r m u sk o x an d A rct ic f o x
, , ,
-
, ,

a re sc att e re d o v e r t h e f ro z e n s u rfac e o f t h e l an d
w h e re th e y fin d t h e m e an s o f s u st e n an c e T h e ai r i s .

p e o pl e d with i n n u m e ra bl e fl o ck s o f bi r d s ; a h ardy
v e g e t at i o n e xt e n ds cl o s e u p t o t h e A r c tic Circl e an d ,

b e y o n d i t i n m o s s e s l i ch e n s sc u rvy g rass s o rr e l
, , ,
-
, ,

s m al l s t u n t e d sh r ubs d warfe d t re e s an d i n s u m m e r , ,

b e a u tifu l fl o we r s I n t h e A n t ar ct i c o n t h e c o n .
,

f rary v e g e t ati o n c e a s e s at a c e rt a i n l i m it t re e s t e r
, ,

m i n at i n g at ab o u t 5 6 S l ati tu d e A n i m al l if e
°
. .

a b o u n ds i n t h e s e a s b u t th o u gh b i rds e xi s t i n g re a t ,

n u m b e rs an d i n v ar i e ti e s u n k n o w n i n t h e A rcti c ,
”1
n o qu ad r u p e d s ar e f o u n d u p o n t h e l an d .

W ith th i s we m ay c o m p are t h e alr e ady c it e d lan

gu ag e o f S i r J o s e ph H o o k e r : G e o g raph i c ally s p e ak “

i n g th e re i s n o A n t ar c ti c fl o ra e xc e pt a f e w l i ch e n s
,

” 2
an d s e aw e e d s .

W o uld i t n o t s e e m as if t h e S o u th P o l e m u st
“ ”
h av e b e e n c o v e re d by t h e b a rr e n s e a at t h e
p e ri o d wh e n fl o ral an d f au n al l ife s t ar ti n g at i t s ,

A r ctic c e n t r e b e g an i ts c o n qu e ri n g m ar ch e s o v e r
,

al l t h e E arth ? O r i s th e re r ath e r s o m e m ark e d

d iff e re n c e i n t h e bi o l o gic al v al u e o f t h e p o l e s th e m
3
s e l ve s 1

B u t p o l ar bi o l o gic al re s e ar ch i n v o l v e s an t e c e d e n t
P o l ar E xpl o rati o n an d a w id e r an d m o re syst e m
1 C P D
. . a ly i n
yo h n s o n
’
s Cyclopa d i a , A rt Po ar R e s e arch .
“
l .

2 N atu r e, L o n d o n , 1 88 1 , p 447
. .

3 T he l a tt e r e x l
p an a t o n i l
wo u d se e m t o b e av o re d b y t h e f e x pe ri

m e n ts of D r . F er di n an d C o h n , wh o f o un d t h at a po s iti ve l
e e c t ro d e

wo u l d h i n d e r t h e d e v e l o pm e n t of m ic ro co cc u s i n be i w e i te m h oh e r e m
Gr a d e al
s di e n eg a t i v e
”
. B e i t r ag e zu r B i olog i c o er
’
Pfl a n ze n .
_
B re s l au ,

1 8 79 : p . 1 59 . I t is a sol k n o wn t h at e ggs m ay b e h atch e d q u ck i e r at

o ne po l e of a m agn e t t h an at t h e o t h e r .
 B I OL O G Y A N D T E A A E S TRI A L
’
P H YS I CS 32 5
’
.

1
a ti c st udy o f T e rre st ri al Phys i cs H e re i n l i e s a .

f re s h an d n o v e l i m pul s e t o re i n v e st o n e v e ry s id e
t h e s t ill u n c apt u re d c it ad e l o f t h e A rc ti c P o l e .

L o n g ag o c o ul d M a u ry w r it e A s sc i e n c e h as ad ,
“

v an c e d m e n h av e l o o k e d w ith d e e p e r an d d e e pe r
,
‘

l o n gi n gs t o w ard t h e m y s ti c c i rcl e s o f t h e P o l ar
r e gi o n s Th e re ic e b e rgs are f ram e d a n d gl aci e rs
.

l au n ch e d ; th e re t h e tid e s h av e th e i r c rad l e t h e ,

wh al e s th e i r n u rs e ry ; th e re t h e w i n d s c o m pl e t e
th e i r c i rcu i ts an d t h e c u rr e n ts o f t h e s e a th e i r
,

ro u n d ; th e re t h e a u ro ra i s l igh t e d u p a n d t h e t r e m ,

bl i n g n e e d l e b ro u gh t t o re s t th e re t o o i n t h e m az e s , ,

o f th at m ystic c i rcl e t e rre s t ri al f o rc e s o f o cc u l t

,

p o w e r an d o f v as t i n fl u e n c e u p o n t h e w e l l b e i n g o f -

m an are c o n ti n u ally at pl ay W i th i n t h e A rc ti c .

Ci rcl e i s t h e p o l e o f t h e w i n ds an d t h e p o l e s o f c o ld ,

t h e p o l e o f t h e e arth a n d o f t h e m a g n e t I t is a .

c ircl e o f m y st e ri e s ; an d t h e d e si re t o e n t e r i t t o ,

e xpl o r e i ts u n tr o dd e n w a st e s an d s e c re t ch a m b e r s ,

an d t o st udy i ts physic al as p e cts h as g ro w n i n t o

a l o n gi n g N o bl e d ari n g h as m ad e A rc tic i c e an d
.

s n o w cl ad s e as cl a ss i c gro u n d I t i s n o f e v e rish e x
-
.

c i t e m e n t n o r v ai n a m biti o n th at l e ad s m e n th e re .

I t i s a h igh e r f e e l i n g a h o l i e r m o t iv e : a d e si re t o
,

l o o k i n t o t h e w o rks o f c re ati o n t o c o m pr e h e n d t h e ,

e c o n o m y o f o u r pl a n e t a n d t o gr o w w is e r a n d b e tt e r
,

by t h e k n o wl e d g e I f s u ch a p as si o n f o r d i sc o v e ry
’
.

c o u l d b e k i n dl e d i n t h e p re s e n c e o f t h e o ld e r a n d
m o re abst rac t p ro bl e m s wh a t o u gh t t o b e t h e re s ul t
,

wh e n t o th e s e are add e d t h e p o ssibil i ty o f s o l vi n g

at l e a s t s o m e o f t h e m yst e r i e s o f N a tu re s L if e a n d
’

t h e c e rt ai n ty o f st a n d i n g wh e re H u m an L if e b e g a n

1 S A P PE N D I X S c t V I I
ee ,
e L t t P l
. . R :
“
h
”
A l
a esA o ar e s e arc . so n

d D
re e , K mpf m d N dp l 4 A ufl B i l f l d 1 88 2
er a u en or o . .
, e e e ,
.
 CH A PTE R II .

TH E B E A RI N G OF OU R R E SU L T S ON TH E STU D Y OF

A N CI E N T L I T E RA T U RE .

A nd th e G r e e k s , w h o s ur pa sse d allm en i n i ng e n u i ty , appr opr i a te d t o t h e m se lv es

th e g r e a te r pa r t of t h e se t h i ng s , e x agg e r a t i ng t he m , a n d a d d i n g t o t he m v a r i o us

o r na m e n t s w h i ch t hey w o v e i n t o t h i s f oun da t ion in e v e ry s ty l

e, in or de r to c ha r m
by t h e el
eg a n ce o f t he my th s . H e n ce H es i od a n d th e f a m e d cy cli c poe t s d r e w the i r
t he og o n i e s , t h e i r g i ga n t o m a c h i e s , t h e i r m u t i la t i o n s f th e g o d s a n d i n ha w k i ng
o ,

t h e m a bo u t e v e ry w he r e t hey h a v e s uppla n te d t he t r ue n a r ra t i v e . A nd o ur e a r s ,

a c cus t o m e d t o t he i rfi c t i o ns f a m i lia r , to us f or se v e r a l ce n t u r ie s pa s t , g ua r d as a

pr e c io us d epos i t t h e f a ble s w h i ch t hey r e c e i ve d hy t r a d i t i o n , as I r e m ar k ed wh e n

I beg a n t o spe a k a n d r oo t e d by t i me , t h is be li ef h as be co me s o d ifl i c u l
, t t o d i s lo dg e
t ha t t o t he g r e a te r n u m be r t h e t r u t h appe a r s li k e a s t ory t o ld f o r a m us e me n t ,
wh i le t he c o r r upt io n of t he t r a d i t i on i s lo o k e d upo n as t h e t r u t h i t s e l
f P I O op . HL
BY BL OS .

SU p ro b abl e r e s ul ts o f all h i s
M M I N G up t h e m o st
i n v e sti g at i o n s D ar w i n s t at e s as h is O pi n i o n th at
,

“
m an m u st b e c o n si d e r e d as d e sc e n d e d f ro m a
h ai ry qu ad r u p e d fu r n i sh e d w i th a t ail an d p o i n t e d
,

e ars p ro b a bly ar b o re al i n h i s h a bits an d an i n h ab

, ,

i t an t o f t h e O ld W o rl d
” 1
.

A cc o r d i n g t o H ack e l th i s H om o pri n e n i u s was ,

a bl a cki sh w o o lly h a i r e d ,
pr o g n ath o u s ape l ik e b e
-
, ,
-

i n g w ith a l o n g n arro w h e ad
,
H i s b o dy was e m
, .

t i re ly c o v e r e d w i th h ai r an d h e was u n a bl e t o sp e ak , .

I n re adi n g m o st f ashi o n abl e w rit e rs u p o n an ci e n t

m yth o l o gy an d l it e ra tu r e o n e w o ul d th i n k th a t th e y ,

c o n c e i v e d o f t h e w r i te r s o f t h e V e di c H y m n s an d
t h e a u th o r s o f t h e m yth s o f cl a s si c l it e ra tu re as v e ry
e arl y an d b u t sl igh tl y d e v e l o p e d d e sc e n d an ts o f thi s

h ai ry H om o D a rw i n i us T h u s acc o r di n g t o M r .
, .

1 D e s ce n t o f M an , Pt . ch . 2 1.
32 8 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

a l i m it e d p o rti o n o f t h e e ar th s s u rfac e c an b e
m o st
’

c o n c e d e d t o an y o f t h e an ci e n t n ati o n s T h e e arly .

A ry an s s i n g o f t h e O c e an an d o f sh ips o f an h u n
d re d o ars b ut i t m u st n o t f o r a m o m e n t b e s u p
,

p o s e d th a t th e y h ad e v e r s e e n o r h e ard o f t h e re al
O c e an ; th e y h ad s i m ply o r igi n at e d i n th e i r i m ag
1
i n at i o n s a m yth ic al o n e I n su ch h an d s t h e i m .

m o r t a l I li a d b e c o m e s m e r e l y a t al e o f l an d b a ttl e
“
'

-
,

t h e th e at re o f wh o s e acti o n i s l i m it e d t o t h e t wo
sh o r e s o f t h e E gae an t h e k n o w n w o rl d o f t h e
“

,
” 2
G re e k Th o u gh t h e H o m e ri c p o e m s b e t ray i n v a
.

ri o u s pl ac e s an a cqu a i n t a n c e w ith a st ro n o m y an d ,

ac tu ally n a m e v ari o u s c o n s t e ll a t i o n s e t wh e n t h e
y , ,

q u e s ti o n i s r ais e d as t o h o w t h e p o e t c o n c e i v e d o f
t h e r e tu rn o f t h e s u n d u ri n g t h e n ight fr o m t h e
W e s t t o t h e E ast e v e n M r B u n b u ry s il e n c e s u s , .
,

t e ll i n g u s th a t i n H o m e r s d ay n o b o d y h ad e v e r ’

th o u gh t o f s u ch a qu e sti o n 3

I ll u st ra ti o n s o f t h i s w o r s e th an m e di ae v al i gn o
r an c e an d di st o r ti o n o f an ci e n t th o u gh t an d l an gu ag e
c o uld b e m u ltipl i e d t o al m o s t an y e xt e n t B u t a s .

s o m e s e l e cti o n m u st b e m ad e i t m ay p e r h aps b e ,

b e st t o c o n fi n e o u rs e lv e s t o th re e o r f o u r p o i n ts i n
a fi e l d c o m p arat iv e ly f am i l i ar t o al lre a d e r s lik e ly t o
p e ru s e th e s e p ag e s t h e fi e l d o f H o m e ri c c o sm ol ,

og
y I f . w e s ucc e e d a c c o r di n g t o o u r e xp e ct at i o n w e

1
C h Pl i . L O é d A i
o x, R
“
A
’
h lgi g c1 87 7
an es n c e ns , ev ue rc
’
eo o ue, ,

vo l iii pp 47 54
. xx x . . .
-
.

2 Ke ary ,
P r i m i ti v e B e li ef p . 2 96 .

3
H ow t h e s u n w as c arr i d b ac k t o t h e po n t ro m wh c h i t was
e i f i
t o s t ar t a f re s h o n i ts c o u rs e , l
i t i s pro b ab e t h at n o o n e i n h i s d ay e ve r
t ro ub e d l h m se i lf to i i
n q u re .
”
(l) f
'

i st
z . A n ci en t Geog r aphy, vol . i .
, p
.

34 . Th i s -d o e s n o t l l c c o d wi t h t h e
we a r s t at e m e n t o f B e rga i ne Le
s l e il q u d i l a d i s pa u s io
j lét at d a d e s q ue s t q u i pré
’ ’
se o ur e t o an r o nt ns

p et e s é d i q ue s
”
o c c u pe n t v i v e m e n t le L Re lig i on to m
’

s o v . a .
 1" I E / V
T L I TE R A T U R E 32 9
'
’
Y 0 A A C
'

5 71 1) .

sh all m ak e i t pl ai n th at th o s e i n t e rp re t e rs o f H o m e r
wh o s e c o n c e pti o n s o f G re e k c u l tu re are d e r i v e d
f ro m c u rre n t D arwi n is ti c an th ro p o l o gy rath e r th an
f ro m t h e p o e m s th e m s e l v e s d e m o n st rat e by t h e , ,

n u m b e r an d ch ar act e r o f th e ir e x e g e tic al e n t an gl e

m e n t s t h e e n ti re i n c o r re c t n e s s o f th e ir fu n d am e n t al
,

1
a ss u m pti o n .

1 T h e qu e sti o n j u s t t o u ch e d u p o n t h e M o v e
.
,

m e n t o f t h e S u n i s as g o o d as a n y wi th wh ich t o ,

b e gi n a n d by wh ich t o sh o w t h e e m b arras s m e n t s
,

i n t o whi c h a cc e pt e d i n t e rp re t e rs h av e c o n t i n u ally
f all e n i n c o n s e qu e n c e o f d e n yi n g t o t h e an c i e n t s a
k n o wl e d g e o f t h e sph e ri c al fi gu re o f t h e E arth .

O p e n i n g K e igh tl e y w e fi n d t h e c u s t o m ary as s e r ,

t i o n th at ac c o rd i n g t o t h e id e as o f t h e H o m e ri c an d
“

H e si o d i c ag e s t h e E ar th was a r o u n d fiat d isk aro u n d , ,

wh ic h t h e ri v e r O c e an flo w e d Th e n h e s ays th at .

m e n s e e i n g t h e s u n r i s e i n t h e E a st an d s e t i n t h e
,

W e s t e ach d ay w e re n atu rally le d t o i n qu i re h o w

,

h i s re tu r n t o t h e E as t w a s e ff e ct e d H e al l u d e s t o .

t h e fac t th a t i n t h e O dyss e y w h e n H e l i o s e n d s
“
,

h i s d i u rn al c are e r h e i s s ai d t o g o u n d e r t h e E arth
,

bu t h e ad d s th at i t i s n o t e asy t o d e t e r m i n e w h e th e r
“

t h e p o e t m e an t th a t h e th e n p a ss e d th ro u gh T ar
t aro s b ack t o t h e E a st d u ri n g t h e n igh t T he
”
b e a u tifu l fi c t i o n o f t h e s o l a r c u p o r b as i n h e th u s ,

d e sc r ib e s : I f th e n as th e re i s re a s o n t o s u pp o s e
, , ,

i t was t h e p o pu l ar b e l i e f th at a l o fty m o u n t ai n o us
ri n g ran ro u n d t h e e dg e o f t h e E a rth i t was e asy ,

f o r t h e p o e t s t o f e ig n th at o n r e a c h i n g t h e w e st e rn
1 I \V I I c lb i g s n e w w o rk , D a r H o m e r i s c h e E pos v o n de n D e uk
n .
’

'

, i i
m a /e r n e r /a u te r t Le ps c , 1 88 4, we h av e s o m e s ym pt o m s o f a n e w an d
i
b e t t e r type o f H o m e r c arc h ae o o gy T h e a ut h o r h o d s t h a t i n H o l . l
m e r s d ay t h e re we re e v d e n ce s o f
’
ost i “
l art s ,
”
an d i n t h e t re as ure s
f
o un d at M yce n ae h e se es t h e pro d uc ts o f a pre -
H o me r c c v i i ili z ati o n.
3 30 PA RA D I S E F OU N D .

st re am o f O c e an H e l i o s h i m s e lf h is ch ari o t an d h i s ,

h o r s e s w e re r e c e iv e d i n t o a m agic c up o r b o at
, ,

m ad e by H e ph ais t o s w h ich a id e d by t h e c u rr e n t , , ,

c o n v e y e d h i m d u ri n g t h e n i gh t ro u n d t h e n o r th e rn
p art o f t h e e a rth wh e r e h i s l igh t w as o n ly e n j o y e d ,

by t h e h appy H yp e rb o r e an s t h e l o fty R h i ph ae an s ,

c o n c e ali n g i t f ro m t h e re s t o f m an k i n d Th e y m u st .

als o h a v e s upp o s e d th a t t h e c up c o n t i n u e d i ts c o u r s e

d u r i n g t h e d ay c o m p ass i n g t h e e arth e v e ry t w e n ty
,

fo u r h o u rs O f th i s ficti o n h o w e v e r K e ightl e y
.
, ,

c o n f e s s e s n e ith e r H o m e r n o r H e s i o d e vi n c e s an y
“
,

k n o wl e dg e A ft e r qu o ti n g v ari o u s l at e r p o e ts
.
,
“
th e re fo re h e c o n cl u d e s as f o ll o w s : F ro m a c o n
,

s id e rati o n o f all t h e s e p as s ag e s i t m ay s e e m t o f o l -

lo w th at t h e id e as o f t h e p o e ts o n th i s su bj e ct w e re
v e r y v agu e an d fl e e ti n g P e rh ap s t h e pr e v al e n t .

O pi n i o n w as th a t t h e S u n r e st e d h i m s e l f an d h i s
w e ary s t e e ds i n t h e W e st a n d th e n r e t u r n e d t o t h e ,
” 1
E as t . B y wh at p as s a g e h o w e v e r wh e th e r v i a , ,

”
t h e N o r th o r u n d e rn e a t h t h e s u pp o s e d fl at d isk “

o f t h e E ar th K e i gh tl e y m ak e s n o fu r th e r e ff o rt t o
,

d e t e rm i n e .

T h e di ffi cul ty i n t h e way o f s u pp o si n g th at i n
’
H o m e r s t h o u ght t h e n o ct u rn al s u n p ass e d u n d e r
n e ath t h e fl at E ar th d i sk th r o ugh T a rt aro s b a ck t o -
, ,

t h e E a s t i s th at t h e p o e t i n v ar i ably r e p re s e n ts th i s
,

U n d e rw o rld as f o re v e r u n vi sit e d by s u n l i gh t In .

vi e w o f th i s an d o f t h e o m i n o u s sil e n c e o f H o m e r
,

as t o an
y wi n g e d cu p s a il i n g ro u n d t h e e ar th t o t h e

N o rth s o m e i n t e r p re t e r s w arn u s ag ai n st e xp e cti n g

,

a n y c o n si st e n cy o f th o u gh t i n p o e t ry s o p r i m i tiv e 2 .

1 Myth olog i , pp 47 50 .
-
. H e re , as u s ua l , Ke i gh t l e y c l o s e l y f l lo ws
o

Vo l ck er . F o r th e “
m o un t a i n o us r n
g i see Uk
’
e rt s m ap .

2 “
Of po pular i
v e ws an d c o n c e pt o n s i o ne m us t n ot d e m an d co n
33 2 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

b e l i e v e d th at t h e W e st an d E as t w e re i n c o n t act .
”1

H e m i st o o k h o w e v e r i n s u gg e sti n g T h ri n ak i a as
, ,

t h e pl a c e o f c o n t a c t I t was ra th e r o n t h e m e ridi an
.

o f A i a i e f o r w e ar e e xp re s s ly t o ld th at
,

" ’
ij pt ye ve fns
'
bOt 1 H o ii s '

'
f l xopo i lm l du ro A a l H e 7t i o w
’
e t a.
o r it a e ica '
.

Th e r e are t h e ab o d e s an d d an c e g ro u n d s o f A u -

” 2
r o ra th e r e t h e ri si n gs o f t h e S un
, .

N o r c o ul d an yth i n g b e m o r e n at ur al th an th at t h e
p o e t c o n c e ivi n g o f t h e w o rl d o f l ivi n g m e n as
,

H o m e r d id an d s e n d i n g o u t h i s th o u gh t s e astw ar d
,

a n d w e stw ar d i n s e arch o f t h e m e e ti n g pl a c e o f e v e n -

i n g an d m o rn i n g sh o uld fix u p o n t h e m e r i di an o pp o
,

s i t e h i s o wn t h e v e ry pl ac e an d o n ly pl ac e w h e r e
,

h i s e a s tw ard j o u rn e yi n g th o u gh t an d hi s w e stw ard

-

j o u r n e y i n g th o ugh t w o ul d o f n e c e ssity m e e t H i s .

e ast e rn h e m i sph e re w o u l d n atu rally e xt e n d r o u n d

e astw ar d u n til i t m e t t h e e dg e o f t h e h e m i sph e re

e xt e n di n g r o u n d w e stw ar d O n th a t f arth e s t o ff m e .

3 th
r i d i an e re f o r e h e m ad e t h e o l
,
d d ay giv e pl ac e t o
,

t h e n e w e v e t o m o rn
,
Th at was t h e d o ubtful l i n e o n
.

w h ich O dyss e u s an d h i s c o m p an i o n s w e re n o l o n g e r
cl e ar : wh e re was E ast an d wh e re wa s W e s t wh e re ,

H e l i o s w e n t b e hi n d t h e E arth o r wh e re h e r o s e
” 4
ag ai n .

’
2. T h e f al s e as s u m pti o n th at H o m e r s E ar th i s
fl at h as c re at e d allt h e n o t e d c o n tr o v e rsi e s c o n n e ct e d
w i th h i s re p re s e n t ati o n s o f t h e l o c ati o n o f H ad e s .

Thi s qu e s ti o n h as d ivi d e d H o m e ri c i n t e r p re t e rs i n t o
m o r e th an a d o z e n d i ffe ri n g c am p s T h e ir m u tu al ly .

1 / un d i , p 3 2 5
ll
j u ve n t u s . .

2 Od ss e
y y, x i i 3 , 4 . .

3
T h at t h e s o n o f O d ys s e us by K rk e s h o u d h av e b e e n n am e d T e i ‘

l
l l eg
”
ono s, t h e f a r aw ay beg ott e n ,
-
t h us b e c o m e s pe c u ar y s gn fican t li l i i .

Odyssey, x 1 89- 1 92 . .
 S T U D Y OF A N CI E N T L I TE R A T U R E .
333

c o n t rad i ct o ry s o l u ti o n s o f t h e p ro bl e m w o u l d b e t h e
l au gh i n g st o ck o f t h e o pp o s e rs o f cl as s ic al st ud i e s
-
,

w e re th e s e l a tt e r o n ly s u ffi ci e n tly a cq u ai n t e d w i th
t h e w o rld s sch o l a rs h i p t o b e a w a re o f th e i r e x is t
’

e n ce . T o re vi e w a n d s o l v e t h e q u e sti o n i n th i s
pl ac e w o u ld d e t ai n t h e g e n e ral re ad e r t o o l o n g b u t ,

i n t h e A pp e n d ix S e c ti o n s ixth t h e a ss e rti o n s h e r e
, ,

m ad e w ill b e f o u n d a b u n d an tly v e ri fi e d .

3 T h e s am e fl at e arth as s u m pti o n i s fu rth e r re

-
.

s p o n sibl e f o r all t h e di ffic ulti e s w h ich i n t e rp re t e rs

h av e f o u n d i n r e p re s e n t i n g t h e O c e an an d i n ge n ,

e ral t h e W a t e r S yst e m o f t h e E ar th i n a cc o rd an c e ,

w i th t h e H o m e ri c d a t a .

Th e s e d i ffi c ulti e s h av e b e e n n e i th e r fe w n o r s m al l .

F o u r o f th e m we w il l h e re n o tic e A n d fi r s t th a t .
, ,

g ro wi n g o ut o f t h e s t at e m e n t th a t f ro m d e e p fl o w -

“
i n g O c e an fl o w all riv e r s an d e v e ry s e a an d all ,

” 1
f o u n t ai n s a n d d e e p w e l l s V olck e r p ro n o u n c e s
.

”
thi s h ard t o e xpl ai n
“
H e s ay s “
.A n i m m e d i at e ,

i n st re am i n g o f t h e O c e an i n t o t h e s e a c an s c arc e ly
-

b e m e an t p artly b e c au s e s e a w at e r a n d o c e an w at e r
,
- -

d o n o t u n i t e p a rtly b e c au s e H o m e r k n o ws o f n o
,

s u ch i n st re am i n gs i n t h e Ph asi s an d at t h e Pil l ars

o f H e r cul e s an d t h e
, o r igi n ati o n o f riv e r s i n th i s
"
way w o uld n o t b e th i n k a bl e 2
O th e r w r it e rs d e.
,

v o t e d t o t h e il l u st rati o n o f a n ci e n t th o u gh t s e e m ,

n o t t o h a v e s t o pp e d t o i n q u i re wh e th e r r iv e rs flo w

i n g up s t re am f ro m t h e O c e a n t o t h e h ill s w e r e
-

th i n k abl e o r n o t a n d h av e g rav e ly s e t b e fo re t h e
,

y o u th fu l stu d e n t d i ag ram s c o n stru ct e d o n th i s pl a n

as t h e t ru e r e p re s e n t a ti o n o f H o m e r ic th o u gh t ! 3

1 I li a d , xxi . [ 96 .

H o m e r i sc h e 49 .

Se e the o ld er C l i l
as s c a A t lu es . A i
c c o rd n g to H o m e r, s ays
3 34 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

s e c o n d e m b arr assi n g q u e sti o n h as b e e n th i s

A
I f t h e O c e an s t re am s u rro u n d e d an d c o n s tit u t e d -

t h e o u t e r m o st b o u n d ary o f t h e E ar th disk w h at s u s -
,

t a i n e d t h e O c e an str e am its e lf a n d c o n stitu t e d i ts -

furth e r s h o r e ? A s V ol ck e r s ays “
W ho o n th e ,

furth e r s id e h e ld i n t h e bill o ws o f t h e v as t W o rld

ri v e r th at th e y d id n o t fl o w o ff i n t o t h e e m pty
,

sp ac e s o f h e av e n ? W as it a n ar ro w st ri p o f t h e
i n n e r E ar th o r was it f o r m l e ss ch ao s o r t h e d e sc e n d
, ,

i n g ri m o f t h e sky o r t h e i n n e r p o we r o f t h e w at e r s ,

” 1
th e m s e lv e s P B u ch h o l z s ays B y wh at t h e O c e an ,

i ts e lf w as i n t u rn b o u n d e d re m a i n s u n cl e ar T h e .

c h il d l i k e i m agi n ati o n o f t h e H o m e ric age c o n t e n t e d

-

i ts e lf w it h th at c o n fus e d h a lbv e rs ch w omm e n e c o n

” 2
c e pt i o n T h e m o s t n a tu ral an s w e r e sp e ci al ly
.
,

fr o m t h e p o i n t o f vi e w r e p re s e n t e d by B u chh o lz ,

wh o w i th U k e rt an d o th e rs cl ai m s th at t h e H o
, ,

m e r i c h e av e n was l i t e rally m e t all i c w o u ld s e e m t o ,

b e V ol ck e r s th i r d s upp o s iti o n n am e ly th a t t h e r i m
’

, ,

o f t h e m e t al l i c sky c o n st it u t e s t h e o u t e r li m it o f t h e
3
O c e an st re am Th i s w o u l d c o rre sp o n d al s o with
-
.
, ,

t h e g e n e ral n o t i o n th at t h e c i r cu l a r d isk o f t h e e arth

d ivi d e d t h e h o ll o w sph e r e o f t h e u n ive rs e i n t o t wo
” 4
e qu al p ar ts I t w o ul d al s o e x actly c o rr e sp o n d t o
.

T h e o d o re A l i
o s B uc k l ey i , n h i s t ran s la t i o n o f th e fi za
’

d, “
is
t h e E art h
a c rc u ari l plan e , an d O c e an us i s an i m me nse s t re am e n c i rc li n g i t ,

f r om w h i ch t h e i
r v e rs
fl ow i n wa r d ,
”
o f c o urs e , t h e re f o re , u p- h ill .

1 II om . Geog , 49 . C o m pare Ke i gh t l e y : “
A s i t was a s t re am it
m u s t h av e b e e n co n ce ve d i to h ave a f urt h e r b an k to c o n fin e i ts
”
c o u rs e . My th ology of Gr ee ce p 3 3 , . .

2 H om e r i s c h e R e a li e n I I p 5 5 , .
,
. .

2 I n hi s e ar li e r wo rk D i e Myth ologi e d es yapet zsc h en Ge schlech tes ,

,

G ie sse n, 1 8 2 4, p 60 , v o ck
. l er d i ti
s n ct ly re pre s e n t s th i s as i
t h e an c e n t
G re e k c o n c e pt o n : i We d e r H i m m el s i c h wa h r h af t an d en Ok e a n
s c h li e s s t u n d d e m k uh n e n S ch zfi
k d a s let zt e Z i elg ew or d e n
'
’
r .

1 Ke i gh t l e y, Myth ol , p . 29 .
33 6 P A R A D I SE F OU N D .

H e ll as ,
an d
ye t O gygi a is t h e n av e l o r c e n tr e o f t h e
“ ” “
se a . Th e s e s ays h e , are i n s u rm o u n t abl e d iffi
,

c ultie s fo r h i m wh o
w o u ld m e as u re w ith t h e c o m
p ass e s R ath e r s h o ul d w e le arn f ro m th i s e x am pl e
.

w h at f o l k faith an d f o lk t al e s are W h e re th e re i s
- -
.

n o a gr e e m e n t w e sh o u l d n o t cr e at e o n e by m ai n

f o rc e T h e E ar th is c i rc ul ar an d H e ll as i s i ts c e n
.

t re ; th at wa s t h e p o pul ar f ai th B u t t h e si t u ati o n o f .

t h e O c e an an d t h e e xt e n t o f t h e E arth are at t h e
s am e t i m e su ch fl u ct u at i n g i d e a s an d all an y way ,

e xt e n d e d v o y ag e s s e e m t o t h e p o e t t o e xt e n d t o
su c h a t e r rifi c d ist an c e th a t i t m ay w e l l h app e n ,

t o h i m t o o v e r p as s all b o u n d s o u t i n th a t re al m
wh e re w e r e s o t o sp e ak t h e m o st t e rrifi c o f all d is
, ,
” 1
t an c e s Thu s t h e n o ddi n g H o m e r is ag ai n c augh t
.

i n c o n tr a di cti o n an d t o acc o m m o d at e h i s e x agge r

,

at e d an d t e rr ifi c d is t an c e s e v e n G l adst o n e a t fi rs t

f e lt c o n str a i n e d t o ch an g e t h e figu r e o f t h e E arth

di sk i ts e lf an d t o pr e s e n t i t as a v as t p ar al l e l o g ram
,

m o re e xt e n d e d f ro m N o rth t o S o u th th an fr o m E as t
t o W e st 2
.

T h e f o u rth di ffi cu lty i n v o l v e d i n t h e c ur re n t i n t e r
pre t at i o n i s th a t e xp e r i e n c e d i n h ar m o n izi n g t h e
p o e t s re p re s e n t ati o n s o f t h e O c e an as c o m m o n ly
’

u n d e rs t o o d w ith h i s r e p re s e n t at i o n s o f t h e m o v e
,

m e n ts o f t h e s u n as c o m m o n ly u n d e r s t o o d, T he .

s u n a t e v e n i n g c e rt ai n ly c e a s e s t o b e vi sibl e t o m e n .

A cc o rdi n g t o t h e H o m e r i c r e pr e s e n t ati o n h e re tu rn s
3
t o t h e fl o wi n g o f t h e O c e an H i s bri gh t l igh t .

4
s i ks i n i t
n A t h i s r i si n g i t i s al s o fr o m t h e O c e an
.

1 H am Geogr aph i c,
.
50 .

2 S e e h i s m ap C o m p . .
yuv e n tu s M u n d i , p 493
. .

8 I li ad , xv 2 40 iii . .

I lia d , v ii i 48 5
. .
 S T U D Y OF A N CI E N T L I T E R A T U R E .
3 37
1
th at h e b e gi n s t o m o u n t t h e sky Y e t h is s e tti n g .

is al s o d e sc ri b e d as a g o i n g I ; i ? y i unde r o r ( n ) a a v,

2
b e hi n d t h e li a rt h H o w n o w wit h a fl at c i rc ul ar .
,

d isk fo r t h e E arth an d w ith a c i rc u m fl u e n t O c e a n i n ,

t h e s a m e pl an e a n d with an e t e rn ally d ark a n d n u

,

s u n n e d H ad e s j us t b e y o n d t h e O c e an —ri v e r t o t h e
w e s tw ard c a n t h e s e d at a b e h a rm o n iz e d ? I f we at
,

t e m p t t o c o n c e i v e o f t h e S u n as l it e rally si n k i n g i n
t h e o c e a n a n d h id i n g h is li gh t b e n e ath i ts w a t e rs h e ,

h as n o t g o n e t; t ma y t bu t rath e r i n u n d e r t h e
a a av
,

O c e an M o re o v e r t h e o ld d i ffi c ul ty r e a pp e ars a s t o
.
,

h o w h e sh all g e t r o u n d i n t o t h e E a s t i n t i m e fo r hi s
ri s i n g ag ai n F u rth e rm o re if h e i s t h e wh o l e n igh t
.
,

c o n c e al e d u n d e r t h e w av e s o f t h e O c e an d e sc e n d i n g ,

i n t o i t i n t h e far W e st at h is s e tti n g a n d a sc e n d i n g
o u t o f i t i n t h e f ar E a st a t h is r isi n g h o w c an w e ,

arran g e f o r h is re j o i ci n g h i m s e l f n i gh t a n d m o rn i n g

with h is o x e n o n t h e isl an d o f T h ri n ak i a ? 3
B ut
w e c an n o t ab an d o n th i s wh o l e s u pp o si ti o n a n d le t ,

t h e S u n s e t bey o n d an d be h i n d t h e O c e an st re am fo r -
,

th at w o ul d be i n t h e w e st e rn H ad e s wh e re h e n e v e r ,

sh i n e s N o r ye t ag a i n c an w e s ay th at h e d e sc e n d s
.
, ,

t o t h e s u r fa c e o f t h e O c e an s i m ply a n d t h e n i n h i s , ,

c u p o r o th e rwi s e m o v e s ro u n d t o t h e O ri e n t by
, ,

w ay o f t h e N o rth f o r th e n t h e O c e an b e i n g i n su b, ,

s t a n t i ally t h e s am e pl a n e as t h e a b o d e o f m e n th e y ,

w o ul d n o t b e o v e rs p re ad with d a rk n e s s bu t w o uld ,

e n j o y i f n o t t h e s p e c t acl e o f t h e m id n igh t s u n
“
, ,

at l e a s t t h e full l igh t o f a s u n m o vi n g ro u n d t h e
1 I li a d , xi x
vn .
42 2 Od ys s ey, .
433 .

2
Odys s ey, x. 191 .

3
Odyssey ,
xu .
380 . T he on ly di a
gram b as e d u po n i
t h s c o n c e pt i on

wh ich I re m e m b e r t o h av e see n is i n t h e rare an d i

wo rk by
c ur o us

Joh an n e s H e rb i n i us , D i s se r tat i o n c s d c adm i r a nd i s m u nd i Cat a r ac t s} .

A ms te l . 1 67 8 : p. 13 .

22
338 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

h o riz o n . Onth i s s u pp o s iti o n t o o H ad e s j u st we s t

, , ,

o f t h e riv e r w o u l d al s o b e e qu ally ill u m i n a t e d

, ln .

s i de t h e O c e a n s tr e a m h e c e r t a i n ly d o e s n o t h id e
-

h i m s e lf i n t h e g ro u n d f o r th a t w o u ld b e i n c o m pat i
,

b le with all t h e p a s s ag e s a ss o c i ati n g h is r i si n g a n d

s e tti n g w ith t h e O c e an B u t if h e c an n o t b e c o n
.

c e i v e d o f a s s e tti n g o n t h e h ith e r s i d e o f t h e s t re am ,

n o r o n t h e f ar th e r sid e n or e t a re s ti n g o n t h e
y ,s

O c e an n o r ye t a s h id i n g b e n e at h i t wh a t p o s si bl e
, ,

c o n c e pti o n o f t h e m att e r r e m a i n s
A ll th i s t r o u bl e i s t h e n a t u ral r e s ul t o f o n e f al s e
a ssu m pti o n — t h e a ss u m pt i o n th a t H o m e r s E ar th is
’

a fl at di sk A ss u m e th at it i s a sph e re an d e v e ry
.
,

o n e o f th e s e d i ffi c ul ti e s v an i sh e s Th e n i n c a u s .
,

i n g t h e S u n t o d e sc e n d t o t h e O c e an i n wh ich li e s
A i ai e t h e p o e t m ak e s t h e b e d t o w h i ch t h e k i n g o f
d ay re t i r e s t h e s am e as th at f ro m wh ich i n t h e
m o rn i n g h e ris e s a g ai n A t t h e s am e ti m e f ro m t h e
.
,

p o e t s s t an d p o i n t an d f ro m t h e st a n dp o i n t o f t h e
’

’
l an ds i n h ab i t e d by t h e p o e t s c o u n t ry m e n e ach s e t ,

“ ”
ti n g o f t h e S un w as a g o i n g b e h i n d t h e e arth t o ,

r e app e ar o n t h e o pp o si t e s id e Th is V i e w o f t h e .

m o v e m e n t o f H e l i o s s o lv e s e v e ry p e rpl e xity an d if
H o m e r h ad t h e k n o wl e dg e o f t h e E arth an d H e av e n s
i n v o l v e d i n t h e vi e w w e m ay be su re h e als o k n e w
,

a s w e l l as w e d o i n wh a t s e n s e t h e O c e an i s t h e

s o u r c e o f all s pr i n gs an d r iv e r s an d f o r wh at re a s o n ,

t h e e qu a t o r i al O c e an n e v e r r u n s a way fo r t h e l a ck
o f a n ul t ra t e r re s t r i a l s h o r e
-
.

4. T h e s a m e h e r m e n e u ti c a l m y o p i a wh ich h as

thu s m i n i fie d an d m i sc o n c e iv e d e v e ry f e at u re o f H o
m e r s c o s m o g ra ph y h a s i n t r o d uc e d a n d m a i n t ai n e d
’

t h e n o w u n i v e r s al d o g m a t h a t i n t h e H o m e r i c p o e m s
O ly m p o s i s alw ays t h e Th e s s al i an m o u n t ai n of
“
 P A RA D I S E F OU N D
340 .

a cc e pt e d th i s v e ry s e n s ibl e c o n cl u s i o n ; bu t h e d id
not R e j e ct i n g t h e a d m i tt e d i n ti m ati o n s o f Co m
.

“
parat i v e Co s m o l o gy h e s ays A c ar e f ul s ti rv e y , , ,

h o we v e r o f th o s e p a ss ag e s i n H o m e r an d H e s i o d i n
,

w h ic h O ly m p o s o c c u rs w ill l e a d u s t o b e li e v e th a t
t h e A c h ae a n s h e ld t h e Th e ss al i a n O ly m p o s the ,

h igh e s t m o u n t ai n w i th wh ic h th e y we re acqu ai n t e d ,

t o be t h e ab o d e o f th e i r g o ds .

T h e o n ly p a s s ag e sp e ci ally r e fe rr e d t o by K e igh t
le y as e st abl ish i n g th i s vi e w i s t h e I l i ad xiv 2 2 5
, , , .

s eq wh e re t h e l an gu ag e e m pl o y e d i s n o t at all i n
.
,

c o n s i st e n t w ith t h e id e a th at i n d e sc e n di n g f ro m ,

t h e s u m m it o f O ly m p o s H e ra d e s c e n d e d f ro m t h e ,

n o r th e rn sky M o re e l ab o r at e i s t h e argu m e n t o f
.

1
V olck e r b u t i ts l ogi c al c o g e n cy i s by n o m e an s
,

a d m i s si bl e .

T h e tru e H o m e r i c c o n c e pti o n o f t h e ab o d e o f t h e
g o d s i s f ar l o fti e r g ra n d e r a n d m o re p o e ti c th a n , ,

th at giv e n u s by s u c h i n t e rp re t e rs A cc o r di n g t o .

’
“
t h e p o e t s r e al r e p re s e n t ati o n th a t a b o d e i s th e ,

”
wid e h e av e n n o t t h e at m o sph e ri c h e av e n
,
fip ,
o a

i e p K l ¢ éAym f o r thi s is a s p e c i al p o s s e s
‘ ’ ’
v cw u e a e t a . ve V
,

s i o n o f Z e u s ( I l i ad xv i t i s t h e u pp e r sky , .
,

1 H m i h G g ph i
o e r sc d W lt k e d pp 4 2 0
eo C pi d b y
ra c un e un e, .
-
. o e

B h h l H m R li I P f Bl k i i gi e ’
uc o z, 12 a . ea e en , . . ro e s s o r ac e s r aso n n s n

t i ly bj e t i e I pi i t l l i gi li k Ch i t i i ty t h wo d “

re su c v : n a s r ua re on, e r s an , e r

he will l w y b k pt
av e n a g a s
p i b l i a i m gi t i e
e e as v a ue as oss e n n a na v

a d n li gi li k t h G e k i t m t b e l li d A Z s
s e n s u o u s re on, e e r e , us o ca ze . eu

wi t h h m h p u d m mb
an s m t it a e an t t i l t ; de e rs us s on a e r re s r a se a an

th l y t p p f h i m i t h h i gh t m t i i t h
e on se a ro er or t y s e es o un a n n e c o un r

t wh i h h e b l
o g c N w th e oni gi l t f t h G k wh e n
s . o , as e or na se a o e re e s,

th y e t d f m th i l
re s e gj y by t h C pi
ro e r d E i w t
on o urn e e as an an ux ne es

w d war t h e pl i
,
f M
as d i d Th a ns ol y th yl lac e o n a an e ssa , e n e c e s s ar o ca

i ty f the th
or e f th S p m G d ro n d th c o il f t h I mm
e u re e o an e o un c o e or

t l w
a s O l ym p as th e t m t d f th l g C mb
o s, e i x re
ge e e as en o e on a u n an ran

s p
e ti g T h
ara al y f o m M ce d i t t h
n e ss t h f t h e Pe
r i s d a o n a, o e nor o ne o an
”
t h e d fil f T e mpee e oH m r d th e I li d E d i burgh 1 8 66 vo l
. o e an a . n , : .

iv .
, p . 1 74.
 S T U D Y OF A N CI E N T L I TE /«A 34 1

the c e l e sti al d o m e i n w h ic h s u n m o o n an d st ars , ,

wh e e l s il e n tly ar o u n d t h e P o l e T o t h e e arly G re e k .
,

as t o t h e e a rly P e rs o —
A ry an i t was e asy t o c o n ,

c e i v e o f thi s c e l e sti al d o m e as a h e a v e n ly m o u n

t ai n v ast m aj e sti c o f u n e arthly b e au ty an d pe o

, , , ,

pl e d w ith gl o ri o u s b e i n gs i n vis ibl e t o m o rt al s A n d .

th i s h e av e n ly m o u n t ai n h e c al l e d O ly m p o s T he .

Th e s s al i an m o u n t t h e B ithy n i an an d all t h e d o z e n
, ,

o th e rs o f t h e s a m e n am e 1 w e re s a c re d o n ly s o f a r as

t h e y sy m b o l iz e d a n d c o m m e m o rat e d th e ir h e av e n ly
o rigi n al I n t h e O dys s e y xi 3 1 5 i t i s pl a i n th a t
.
, .
,

H o m e r s p e aks o f t h e Th e s s al i a n O ly m p o s al o n g
w i th o th e r Th e ss al i an m o u n t ai n s ; 2 bu t i n g e n e ral
h e m e an s by O ly m p o s t h e h e i gh t s o f t h e n o rth e r n
h e av e n vi e w e d as t h e p ro p e r ab o d e o f t h e g o ds 3 .

T h e p ro o fs o f t h e i n c o r re c t n e ss o f t h e c u r r e n t
1 H e ys c h i us f
pro e s s e d t o h av e k n o w e d ge l of f o urt e e n m o un ta i ns

be ar i ng the n am e o f O
ym po s l .

2 ab o d e
To all wh o d e n y t h at h e av e n was t o H o me r the of the
i
go d s t h s pas s age pre s e n t s n s u rm o u n tab e d ffi c u t e s T o p ac e i l i li . l
l
O s s a u po n O ym po s , t h e n u po n O s s a Pe o n , i n o rd e r, b y m e an s o f li
li i
t h e t h re e , t o c m b up n t o an ab o d e s t u at e d o n t h e t o p o f t h e u n d e r i
m os t of i s t h e pro b e m
th e N o wo n d e r t h at v o c k e r t h n k s
t h re e , l l i
i
H o m e r h as b e e n o v e rpra s e d f o r h is k n o w e d ge o f o c a t e s a n d o f l l li i
t h e a rran ge m e n t o f m o u n t a n s i
D e r O ym p m us s a uf j e d e n F a z u l ll
u n t e rs t k o m m e n . un d l
d ie F o ge run g a us d e s e r S t e e f ii r d i e H o m e r i ll
i sche L o c alk e n n tn is s u n d G r u n d ag e d e r W rk l
c h k e t i n A n o rd n u ng i li i
d e r B e rge m us s e n wi r d ah i n ge s t e llt sc n i l as se n .
"
H or n . Geog , p 9 . .

l
T ru y a m us i ng i s t h e h augh t y re m ar k un d e r i c h H t u g b at
wh ar n e s a

re t re a t : W a ru m ab e r s o ll t e e in Ge l e h rt e r ub e s l c h e W i d e p ii
r o e rs r c he

s chi S c rupe l m ac h e n d a d i e re li g i o e s V o rs t l l u g ich

e i m l d
n s n e a s ara n

ge s t o s s e n h a t ? D i e R e lig i o n a n d ll
”
/yt h olog i e d c r G r i ech e n , T h ,
. ii i .

6 . B u t o n e G e rm a n , an d h e a S w s s , s e e m s t o h av e appre h e n d e d i
t he i ne v it
ble i m pl i c at i o n o f t h i s pass age : J e d o c h wa r d e m G ri e c h e n
a

wo h l b e wus s t d as s d ie G l i t t e r n i c h t e i ge n t l i c h u n d wi rk li c h au f d e m
.

O l ym p wo h n t e n , wi e a us d e r B e s c h re i b un g d e s Ka m pf e s d e s O t us
u n d E ph i a l t e s ge ge n d ie o l ym pi s c h e n G ot t e r h e rv o rge h t R i nc k ,
'

D i e R elig i on d c r H e lle ne n Z u ri c h , 1 8 5 3 : v o l i , p 2 0 7
. . . . .

3 Co m are P i c te t L es Or i i n e s Pari s , 1 8 7 7 : t o m iii , p 2 2 5

p , g . . . . .
342 P A RA D I S E POU ND .

i n t e r pr e t at i o n app e ar o n al m o st e v e ry p age o f t h e
H o m e ri c p o e m s T h e d e sig n ati o n o f t h e g o d s by .

t h e f o r m ul a f bp vb e 3p 3x w o cc urs tw i c e i n t h e
o o a v r ov o
'

I l i a d an d sixt e e n t i m e s i n t h e O dyss e y b ut t h e e x ,
”
pr e ssi o n s wh o p o ss e ss t h e w i d e h e av e n i n O dys
“
,

“
s e y xi x ,
l i n e 40 an d wh o p o ss e s s O ly m p o s l i n e
.
, , ,

1
4 3 are pl ai n ly id e n ti c al i n m e an i n g
, S o i n t h e I l i ad .
,

t h e i m m o rt als wh o p o ss e s s t h e O ly m pi an m an
”
s i o n s an d t h e g o d s wh o p o ss e ss t h e w id e h e av e n
2
are u n qu e sti o n a bly i n t e rch an g e a bl e p h r a s e s H e n ce

w
.

“ “ “ 3, 7,
al s o th e O t h e U ran i an s an d the ,

5 2 92 3 2 1 1 2 3 5 a r e
’
M I n
W
H e si o d s Th e o g o n y t h e e xpr e ssi o n r és
’
ev
” 4
w i th i n O ly m p o s o c c u r s n o l e s s th an th r e e ti m e s , .

T o tr an s l at e i t a cc o rd i n g t o t h e c u r r e n t i n t e rpr e t a
ti o n o f H o m e r i s t o l o c at e t h e p al ac e o f Z e u s i n t h e
h e art o f an e ar th ly m o u n t a i n an d t o t ran sf o r m t h e
L i ch tg e s t a lt e n o f h i s h e av e n ly c o u rt i n t o Tr o ll s .

I n b o o k tw e n ty f o u r o f t h e I l i a d v e rs e n i n e ty -
,

1 C m p u 33 9 ; l
o th
. H o m e i H ym
x . I A p lli m a so
32 0 e r c n, n o ne , 11 .
,

3 34 I
. th I li d niii l i 393
e d 41 1 th e
a lf am p t l a e
,
v .
,
ne s an , se s e or a s r

c al l d l
” ” “
ew g t no f h w g t f O ym p
a es o e av e n , no a es o os .

2 B k i 8 ; i i 1 3 3 0 4 84 ;
oo .
3 83 40 4 t p
1 im . S e e V l ck e r
, , v .
, ,
e as s . o ,

H om er i sch e Ge og r aph i e, p I 3 .

8 B oo k i
3 99, x x 47, an d . . o f te n ; 1 .
57 0 ; v .
3 7 3, 8 98, e tc. ; vi .

1 2 9, 1 3 1 , 5 2 7 C o m pare 1 497 . .

’
H e pfn 8 O bA vjwlrbV
’
o ri pcwbv
’ ’ ’
us ya v r e.

A i mi l ar i de t i fic t i
s n a on o cc urs in H i
e s o d, Th e og ony, v. 689 . S ee L .

Pre l l e r D ah e r d e r
,
“
H m me i l un d d e r l
O ym p auch gan z gle i ch b e
”
d e ut e n d ge b rauch t we rd e n k on n e n . Gr i ech i sch e Myth ologi e . Le ip
s i c , 1 8 54 : v o l i , p 48 . . . .

4 L nes i
3 7 , 5 1 , 40 8 T h e n t e rpre t e rs . i of H es o d i h av e fo u nd th s i
so gre at a cr u x t h at G ott li n
g an d Pa l ey m ak e it gro un d f o r q u e s
a

t i o n i n g t h e ge n u n e n e s s i or an t i q ui t y of th e passage s S e e a so . l
S c h o e m an n , D i e h es i od i s ch e T h e og o n i e a usg eleg t u n d be u r th ei lt B er .

li n , 1 868 : p 3 0 3
’
Y e t P au, i n Pau y s R ea l E n cyclopae d i e, A rt
. . f l -
.

l
O ym po s , affirm s t h at we fin d i n H
”
es o d i “
y t h e s am e c o n
e x ac tl

c e pt i o n s o f O ym po s as i n H o m e r l .
3 44 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

si o n r e ach e d t h e e arth c o m p e l s t h e s u pply i n

“

o r d e r t o m ak e g o o d s e n s e .

I n b o o k fi r st H e ph ai s t o s giv e s h i s o wn ac c o u n t o f
th i s s am e h u rli n g o u t o f h e av e n H e s ays B e .
,

p ati e n t m y m o th e r an d al th o u gh gri e v e d r e strai n

, ,

thy s e l f l e s t wi th m y o w n e y e s I b e h o l d th e e b e at e n
, ,

b e i n g v e ry d e ar t o m e ; n o r th e n th o ug h ful l o f g ri e f , ,

sh o u l d I b e abl e t o a s si st t h e e f o r O ly m pi an Z e u s ,

i s d i ffic ul t t o b e o pp o s e d F o r u p o n a ti m e b e f o r e .

th is w h e n I d e s ir e d t o a ssi st th e e h av i n g s e iz e d m e
, ,

by t h e f o o t h e c ast m e d o w n fr o m t h e h e av e n ly
,

1
thre sh o l d ( BnA i) 9 W i ) T h e w h o l e d ay w as I
o 60 60 0 t0 .

h u rl e d an d at t h e s e tti n g o f t h e s u n I f e ll o n L e m
,

”
n o s an d b u t l i ttl e o f l if e r e m a i n e d i n m e
, .

N o t h i n g c an w e ll b e pl ai n e r th an t h at th i s w h o le
s c e n e i s c o n c e i v e d o f as o c curri n g high i n t h e v aul t
o f h e av e n T o l o c at e i t o n an y . m an y p e ak e d -

m o u n t ai n e v e ry way e m b arra s s e s t h e i m agi n ati o n

2
.

M o r e o v e r L e m n o s i s n o t s i tu at e d u n d e r Th e s s a
,

1 e l th e h l d kl y d i g f t h i t m t h o ugh
’
He y i B av n r s o s uc e s re n er n o s er ,

h l wh e d i t i g i h O l ym p f m h
e e se re s i
s t n b oku s es os ro e av e n , a n no e on o

xv i 3 64 .I i t m l gy t h
. doon f he e
an c e n w s itu t dcos o o e r o av n as a e

at t h N th P l e f th k y Kh éi d gy U p i h d
or o e o i 3 4 7 8 e s . n o a- an s a ,
xx v .
, , , ,

1 1, 12 . S acr e d B ook s o
f th e E as t , vo l . i .
, Pt I . .
, pp 3 6, 3 7 F o r
. .

the rabb n c a i i l u s age se e E ise n m e nge r, E n t d eck tes yu den th u m , B d .

ii .
, p 40 2 . .

2 T hu
s Vo l ck e r , af t e r re m n d n g i i th e r e ad e r t h at
“
t h e re c an b e no

d o ub t t h at t h e go d s are h e re re pre s e n t e d as o n O ym po s , an d n o t l
Wh e re H e ra h un g e y a i Oe pt ica l r e pe A po-w, e x c a m s v e ry n at ura y,
’ ' ’
l i ll
W
h e re n o w i s t h e e n d o f t h e ro pe m ad e as t ?
”
H e m m e d at e y f i i l
add s as hi s an swe r, O h n e Z we ife l 1r€
pl 5
7 v O int bm ro ro W t h o ut i
d o u bt aro u n d t h e pe ak o f O ym pos l N o wo n d e r h e p ace s an e x l
l
c am at o n i po i f
n t a t e r s u c h a m as t e r p e ce i of i t e rp e t t i
n r a on . Po ss b y i l
the F re n c h s av an t , M . Bo i i
v n, wh o t o ex pl ai n 0 d v i , 40 . ff , c o n
.

t e n d e d t h at H o m e r c o n ce ve d o f i l
O ym po s as an i n v e r ted m o u n t a i n,

h av i
g i t s s n o wy t o p n e ar t h e
n e art h an d i t s s no w e s s l an d ra n e s s i l
ro o t s i n h e av e n , c augh t hi s d e a i fro m V ol c k e '
’
r s e x e ge s s of i t h s pasi
sage !
 S T U D Y OF A I VCI E N T L I T E R A T U R E .
34 5

l i an O ly m p o s n o r c o uld t h e w o rd f m ,
d e sc ri b e xc
'
re a o v

H e ph aist o s s m o ti o n i n S p ac e f ro m t h e o n e t o t h e
’

o th e r . S O ir re s i st ibl e i n d e e d i s t h e righ t i n t e r , ,

p re t a t i o n th a t K e ightl e y u n c o n sc i o us o f h is ln ,

“
c o n sist e n cy e l s e wh e re s ays,
T h e f a v o rit e h a u n t ,

of H e ph ais t o s o n e arth w as t h e i sl e o f L e m n o s .

I t was h e re h e f e l l wh e n flu n g f ro m h ea v e n by
” 1
Z e u s fo r att e m pti n g t o ai d hi s m o th e r H e r a In .

l ik e m a n n e r P ro f e s s o r G e dd e s w ith a fo rg e tfu l n e s s ,

e q u ally e n t e rt ai n i n g writ e s o f Z e u s h u rl i n g H e
“
,

ph ai st o s o v e r t h e ce le s t i a l ba t t le m e n ts an d o f h i s ,

b e i n g abl e t o dr aw g o d s an d e arth an d s e a al o ft
“

” 2
i n to t h e s ky .

T he l e s s fam o u s p ass ag e i n t h e O p e n i n g l i n e s
n ot

o f b o o k e ighth i s e v e n m o re c o n cl us iv e Wh o m s o
e v e r o f t h e g o ds I sh al l d isc o v e r h avi n g g o n e ap art ,

fr o m t h e re s t w ish i n g t o ai d e ith e r t h e Tr o j an s o r
,

t h e G re e k s d i sgra c e fully s m itt e n sh al l h e re tu r n t o

,

O ly m p o s ; o r s e izi n g I w ill h u rl h i m i n t o gl o o m y
, ,

T art aro s v e ry far h e n c e wh e r e th e r e is a v e ry d e e p

, ,

gu lf b e n e ath t h e e arth an d i ro n p o rt al s an d a , ,

3
b raz e n th re sh o l d a s f ar b e l o w H ad e s as h e av e n i s
,

fr o m e ar th ; th e n s h al l h e k n o w by h o w m u c h I
am t h e m o s t p o w e r ful o f a l l t h e go d s B ut c o m e .
,

e g o d s an d try m e th at m all k now H a vi n g

y , y e a
y , .

s usp e n d e d a g o l d e n c h ai n f ro m h e av e n d o all ye ,

g o d s an d g o dd e s s e s s u s p e n d y o u rs e l v e s th e re fr o m
e t w o uld ye n o t d raw d o w n fr o m h e a v e n t o e arth
y
y o u r s u pr e m e c o u n s e l o r J o v e n o t e v e n i f ye l ab o r ,

e v e r s o m uch : bu t w h e n e v e r I d e si ri n g s h o uld , ,

1 Myth ology p 97 , . .

2 Th e P r oble m o
f t he H om e r i c P oe m s , p . 1 33 .

3 H e re is t h e U n d e rwo r ld d o o r an d t h res h o ld c o rres i

po n d n g t o t h e
u ppe r, n o rt h po l ar o ne f ro m wh i ch H e ph a s t o s i was l
h ur e d d o wn t o
e art h . Co m pare a sol H i
es od s
’
i io
d es cr pt n .
346 PA P A D I SE F 0 UND .

w i sh t o pu ll i t , I
c o u l d dr aw i t up t o g e th e r e art h , ,

an d o c e an an d al l; th e n i n d e e d w o ul d I bi n d t h e
, , ,

ch ai n ar o u n d t h e t o p o f O ly m p o s an d all t h e s e ,

s h o ul d h an g al o ft B y s o m u c h d o I s urp ass b o th .

”
o ds a nd me n
g .

Co m m e n t i s u n n e c e ss ary U n til t h e wh o l e of a .

th i n g c an b e s u sp e n d e d u p o n an d s upp o rt e d by a
p art o f i ts e lf n o i n t e rpr e t e r c an m ak e t h e t o p o f
,

O ly m p o s i n th is p ass ag e sig n ify t h e t o p o f a m o un

1
t ai n i n Th e s s aly .

I f an y fu rth e r e vi d e n c e c an be n e e d e d t o sh o w
th at n o m o u n t ai n o f e arth c an m e e t t h e re qu ir e m e n t s
o f t h e l an gu ag e o f t h e I l i a d r e sp e cti n g O ly m p o s i t ,

i s su r e ly af f o rd e d i n t h e p as s ag e s al re ady all u d e d t o
“
w h e r e s u ppl i an t s addr e ssi n g t h e g o d s as O ly m ,
”
p i an are s ai d t o str e tch f o rth th e ir h an d s t o w ar d
,
”
t h e st arry h e av e n s A n e x am pl e o f th i s i s t h e .

f o ll o w i n g : B ut t h e gu ardi an o f t h e G r e e k s G e
“
,

r e n i an N e st o r m o s t p ar tic ul ar ly pr ay e d str e tch i n g

, ,

f o rth h i s h an ds t o t h e st ar ry h e av e n : O F ath e r ‘

Z e u s if e v e r an y o n e i n fru i tful A rg o s t o th e e b u r n
, ,

i n g t h e f at th igh s o f e ith e r o x e n o r sh e e p s uppli ,

c at e d th a t h e m igh t r e t ur n an d th o u di dst pr o m i s e ,

1 T he her ic m e o i wh i ch P f ann G dd e acce pt t h i g a e

r n ro e sso r e s s s r v

al te at i
rn d h if t h i
v e an w e mbs m t t ths ho ld
s o of th e
n arrass en o e s u e rs

po e t i m wh t d i c
s so e gi g t i t p t e s wh h
a s o ura a i cl i n o n er re r o av e n n na

ti on to fi d n ti l m i g i th i
a ra th
o na H y T he
e an n n e r au or . e s a s,
“

m ann er i wh i ch t h i N wO babj
n i ef d t i
s co c et f m -
u rrara s r e rre o n a on r e or

s h o ws t h t i t wa a t l y a i i bl but [ l ] mm d i g bj ct
s no on v s e a so a co an n o e

i t he p e t
n l d pe s o m h t h t i t m b
o
’
s an sca h i phy i l uc so a e a r r a ss e s s s ca

sp l
e cu ati d
on s an p t i f th C m
con ce
[ i ] i ce i t i m d
on s o t h pi n e os os s c , s n s a e e

na l ee wh i c h t h e w l d f
on d l d is t b or p d d by t h e
o s e a an an o e s us en e

g ld e
o h i
n c Th p
a n. i h h w m e t b p t f th
oy e re , i t bl o e v e r, us e a ar o e ve r a e

( l ) W m I ) G dd e L L D
”
m u t i
o t
n a n, no y i d li d O l ymp
an ea ze os . . . e s, . .
,

T h P bl m of th H m i P m
e ro e L do
e 1 8 78 o
p 2 57 er cT h is oe s. on n, : . .

i s as b d a t h e cl mat y rb i t
a s e i e s o f V Olck e r o t h e s ame
x a or a rar n s , n

pas s age , Ge og , 1 1.
348 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

an d the p o s s e s s O ly m p o s a re c all e d 5 p96

go d s wh o 7re

” 1
d
n p p o r th e
rv
“
w i t n e ss e s o n h igh
o c, .

S o u n m i s t ak abl e is th i s l an gu ag e an d t h e e n ti re
u s ag e o f t h e O dyss e y th a t v ar i o u s re c e n t w r it e r s ,

n o t e m an cip a t e d f ro m t h e t radi ti o n al v i e w as re
s pe c t s t h e I l i a d h a v e ye t p e rc e iv e d an d a d m itt e d ,
”
t h e id e n t ity o f O M / m s an d t h e upp e r O Jpa S i n t h e
’
l
‘
o

2
f o r m e r w o rk A m o n g G e rm a n s ch o l ar s P ae si an d .
,

3
I hn e h a v e e xp re s s e d th e m s e l v e s i n th i s s e n s e an d ,

4
pr o m i n e n t am o n g t h e S c o tch P ro f e ss o r G e dd e s , .

T h e l a tt e r s ay s “
Th e r e i s n o th i n g i n t h e O dys s e y ,
”
wh ic h o blig e s u s t o th i n k o f M o u n t O ly m p o s Tes .

t i m o n y f ro m s u ch a q u art e r i s o f c o ur s e all t h e m o r e
c o n vi n c i n g .

I n H o m e r ic th o u gh t t h e n t h e ab o d e o f t h e g o ds , ,

was wh e r e w e sh o ul d an t e c e d e n tly e xp e ct t o fin d i t ,

n am e ly i n t h e h e ights o f h e a v e n
,
Co n s id e r e d w ith .

r e f e re n c e t o t h e au gu s t s o v e re ig n o f g o d s an d m e n ,

1 Odys sey, x i v 3 93 , 4 . .

2 N o t e o n I lia d , 42 0 , i . an d i n E i n le i t u ng t o t h e Odys sey, p . x vu .

”
8 S m th i ’
s D i cti on a ry o
f B i ogr aphy, A rt H o m e r, p 5 1 0 . . .

4 2 60 — Pro f G e dd e s l
e ab o rat e
’
Op . ci t .
, 1 5 5, 1 56, pp . 2 63 . e s so r

argu m e n t t o pro ve t h at
“
the l
O ym po s o f t h e A c h e d ill i is a ve r i
t ab l e m o un t a i n , an d t h at in l
T h e s s a y i s e n t re y n co n c i l i l us i ve . T he
use of dydw i c
po s no m o re n e ce s s it at e s a l i te l i
ra n t e rpre t a t o n i t h an
does a po e tli i ’
the te m
s app c a t o n o f
s o wy t o a li i g b o s o m or r n
”
v n ,
”
fl e e cy t o t h e c l u d s S w k b x p o s o t h i g t all t o h i s
. o o r rv os r ve no n a

pu po s e
r i ce E i pi d e s
,
s n e h i g e d th e P f
ur s i s t uc n ve r av n r a ro e s s o r
’
n r

t i e t at e m e t
v s T h e e pi t h t n 7t b , x ppli bl l
yt m t i e 1r0 7rr v os , a ca e on o ou n a n s ,

is a s uffic i t b ri t o p e e t t h i d e t i fic t i
en ar er wi t h bp d ap
r v n e n a on o au s

pl i e s i t g i d gai t o m y s t t c d O u a o s
a a n an a E e t h Pro f e s
n an ra a- r n v n e
- o
.

o l y e i d e ce i m e e l y p e s um p
’
so s o
r ne o t by h i
n ow v
c n ce n n s n o ss o n r r

ti i m il i 3 64 t e l l s
” ” “
ve , t o w i t t h e g t , f th e I l d b k re a s e o ia , oo xv .
,

gai s t at h
’
tha fo him f O A bp
’
th
’ ’
ot p s
a n r er n p c r , or e our zI aro v ve c o s an n o

y c ome O p é Si n i t t h i c bp b wh e c l o ud
’ ’
s i bl ai t m o ph
e os n s n o e a s er o au u er s

m o e u l e s s O l ym p
v , n b e wh e e t h e d i i e e t h e i h i gh b o e t h e
os r v n r
'
s, a v

at m s ph e i c h e a e f t h e p s s age i s o b
’
o r V Olc k e r s t tm e tv ns . re a n o a s a

s u d t h at G e dd e s d o e s
r o t e ve n at t e m pt t o f o l l o w i t H G g n . orn . eo ,

§ 13 .
 S T U D Y OF A N CI E N T L I T E R A T U R E .

349
the p o l ar sky -
ar ch
p al ac e t h e ro y al re s id e n c e w as a , ,

t h e 8 3m o r 56p m: o f Z e u s 1
1 V i e w e d w it h re f e re n c e .

t o i ts ti n t s st e e l bl u e a n d g o ld i t was d e s c r i b e d as
,
-
,

m e t all ic S ip s x A K s a n d A X M s t e r m s w h ic h
’ '
'
o t r eo , a eo i ro v a o
, ,

m e t allic i n t e rp re t e rs l ik e V o s s an d B u chh o lz a n d
B u n bu r y h a v e p u s h e d t o ab s o l u t e l it e r al n e ss 2 Co n .

c e i v e d o f a s a n e th e re a l h e i ght i t wa s pic tu re d as ,
”
a h e av e n h igh m o u n t -
s n o wy as i ts o wn wh it e ,

cl o ud s Th e n t o t h e cl i m bi n g i m agi n at i o n m o u n t
.
,

i n g h e i gh t a b o v e h e igh t i n t h e v a i n att e m pt t o re ac h
t h e s u m m i t t h e m o u n t ai n b e c a m e v 36 7
'

,
b s a ru .
,

8 69 ; x v
'

fu Kp s . i 40 2 an d i n t e n o th e r pas r- o .
,

s ag e s ) ; w A O p i s ( I l l 499 ; V 7 54 ; V lll
o v et c an d .
, . . .

'

\
1rO / v 7r rv
x s ( I l v i ii 4 1 1 ; xxo . Thi s l as t d e s c ri p
, . .

“ ”
t io n ,t h e O ly m p o s of m a ny laye rs o r t h i ck n e ss e s , ,

i s p e c uli arly e xp re s s iv e I n st e ad o f sig n ifyi n g t h e .

”
o f a m o u n t ai n o r ran g e o f m o u n t ai n s as
“
ridg e s ,

G e dd e s an d s o m an y b e f o r e h i m h av e a ffi rm e d i t ,

f H e ph i t s i O l ym p i pl i l y t yl d
1 T he “
h u o se o t ya s o n os s a n s e s arr .

I li d
a iii 370 m p wi t h 1 46 1 48 M
, xv .
, co A i t tl . wh o ,
. o re o v e r, r s o e, or

eve r w t th ro e L tt f A i t tl t A le
“
d e th
er o Sy t m f r s o e o e x an e r on e s e o

th W ld i l y id ti fi O
'
”
e or
p g, p n o ne as s a d Ol ymp e ex re ss en es u r a n os a n os ,

sa yi g t h t f
n di at ym l gi orl w ll t h
v e rs e e t m t i o o ca re as o n s e ca e ou er os c r

c um f f h
e re n c e o b yb th m S F l mm i
e av e n A t mi l o na es . ee a ar o n , s r on o ca

Myt h I i t y f th I l
s , or
'
p 56
z s or E oV ol k i fi t ly
e ea ve n s , . 1 . ve n c e r, n rs a

i g d w t h t h i wh i h h mi l d
“
n o n e ll h i
es s ( las c as so s e a s s uc c e s s o rs c s

U ran u s d O l ym p un i l y ym b i H m us g b ht w
n e a s s non e o er e ra u c er

f k ly f ra n t h t th i i g g d i bi h
co n e sse s ll g m i a s s
“
e en e s er a e e n

g h gt M i pi i h i th t g
” “
e e e g ; th t i c
e n un t y t th a s, o n rar o e o n on er o en

e ra lly h l d
”
H m i h G g p 4
e . W i th g d
o e r sc f H m i i e eo , . . o s o o er c s ze ,

a s ni gl f wh m e q i d
e o ne o f hi c
o h t h i de a f
r u re se v e n a c r e s or s o uc , e o

pl i g t h wh l O l ym pi
ac n e C t d Gii tt l b
o e th h p an o ur an er e c n o n e s ar , n ar

r w
o ,
l l y i i bl p k i T h l y i i d i l
c e ar v s e ea n e ssa s r c u o us .

2
B hh l ( H
uc R li o z Bd i 1 p 3) d l orn .t h m t ph ea ic l en ,
. .
,
. e c a re s e e a or a

i t p t ti
n er re a g k ii t lt on f th zu ly tim e d dlyns e ,
”
or o se e ar e s , an ro un as

ser st th t adi g t th id
.
“
ac co r f th H m i G n k h o i e ea o e o er c re e ,
e av e n s

i
c ne m t l/m H h lh g l
e a H he ld h o dd d t h t t t h
u c . m e s ou av e a e a o e sa e

i f t il m i d A ph d i t é w
n an e n li d g l d i m g ( Ody y iii
ro as a s o o a e sse ,
v .

an d the i ce f A ch ill ( I li d iii 2 2 2 ) b

vo o p o j e t il es a , xv . a ras s r c e .
3 50 P A RA D I SE F OUN D .

pi ctu re s th at w o rl d o ld c o n c e pti o n o f a firm am e n t -

,

n o t s i n gl e — st o ri e d b u t w it h h e av e n ab o v e h e av e n
, ,

“ ” ” “ ”
to the thi rd o r t h e s e v e n t h o r t h e n i n th
“
, , .

Th e s e h e av e n s w e re c o n c e i v e d o f by H o m e r h i m
s elf as i n l ay e r s o n e ab o v e an o th e r l i k e t h e c u rv e d ,

1
[a m i n e ( x ) o f a S h i e ld
l a rv a A n d W h at add s t o t h e .

fi t n e s s o f t h e c o m p aris o n an d t o t h e fi t n e ss o f t h e
c o s m i c ad o r n m e n t o f A ch ill e s sh i e l d is t h e fa c t t h at ’

t o t h e o mpfia /os o f a sh i e l d th e r e c o rr e sp o n d e d t h e
c e n t ral an d e v e r ab idi n g Omp/za tos o f t h e S ki e s
'
-
.

5 F i n all y o u r l arg e r an d m o r e rat i o n al i n t e rpre

.
,

t at i o n o f H o m e r i c i d e as b e au tifully e xpl ai n s
“
the
”
t all Pill ars o f A tl as an d s o l v e s t h e m ultif o r m pe r ,

le x i t i e s o f t h e rul i n g a u t h o r iti e s o n th i s qu e sti o n

p .

I n a pp r o ac h i n g t h e s t udy o f th i s s ub j e ct s e v e ral
qu e s ti o n s o cc ur t o e v e ry th o u gh tful b e gi n n e r t h e ,

an s we r s t o w h ich h e c an n o wh e re fin d F or in .

st an c e : H o w c an H o m e r sp e ak o f t h e Pi ll ar s o f
A tl as u si n g t h e plu ra l wh e n e l s e wh e re i n t h e e ar ly
, ,

G re e k m y th o l o gy t h e re p r e s e n t at i o n s al ways p o i n t
t o o n ly o n e ? A g ai n if th e re i s bu t o n e an d th at , ,

2
i n t h e W e st n e ar t h e G ar d e n s o f t h e H e sp e rid e s
,
,

wh at c o rre sp o n d i n g s u pp o rts s u st ai n t h e sky i n t h e

’

E a st t h e N o rth a n d t h e S o u th ? O r if A tl as s Pill ar
, , ,

1 See H o m e r s o wn T pflrr vxo s ,

’ ‘
3 53
'
i n j us t t h s s e n s e xi .
C om
,
i .

p a re t h e m l
arv e o u s d e s c r pt o n i n P at o s R epu bl i i’
i c, 6 1 6 l D e pu s h ad .
i '

i i e , compos é
“
m
’

c augh t t h e h t d e a w h e n h e p e n n e d t h e w o r d s l O ly p
r g ,

T s l es Cu l s tom i , p
’ '

O t
’
l i fi g n e o u '

ae p u s e u r s ( o u t t s r z z e a , . . .

2 73 . S o a re co gn t o n o f t h e ac t t h at t h e n n e s ub t e rran e an , o r s o u t h
ii f i
l
po a , r M i c t la n s , o r a b o d e s o f t h e d e a d ,
o f t h e A z t e c s we re s m p y i l
h
t e c o u n t e r p ar t s o f t h e r n n e c e e s i
t a , o r ni o r t h p o l a r, T li lalo c an s , o r l
h e av e n s , n s t a i n t an e o u s
y c e a r s u p lt h e oln g s t a n d n
g d ffi c u l t e s of the -
i i li
in t e rp re t e rs o f t h a t m y t h o o gy S e e B an l
c r o t ,
[ .V a ti w R a t es , v o l , f .
iii .

PP 53 2 53 7
-

2 H esi o d, Tfi g At l fl t m m e r m i t d e n H e s pe ri d e n
i
e o on y , 51 7 .
p g e
as

ge n an n t zu we rde n . Pre ll e r, Gr i ec/zzs c/ze Myt h ologze, v ol i , p 348

’ '

. . . .
3 52 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

S po n d s l an gu ag e o f f E s c h ylu s
the B u t w h a t s o rt .
l

o f a p o e ti c i m agi n ati o n i s th i s w h i ch r e p re s e n ts a

m igh ty c o l u m n as u ph o ldi n g n o t o n ly a v a st su p e r
i n c u m b e n t w e igh t b u t al s o an d at t h e s am e ti m e , , ,

i ts o wn p e d e st al ? I s t hi s a sp e c i m e n cre ati o n o f
th at i m m o rt al H e ll e n i c g e n i u s wh ich t h e wh o l e m o d ,

e rn w o rl d i s t a u gh t a l m o s t t o ad o re

T u rn i n g t o t h e au th o ri ti e s i n t e xt u al an d m yth
o l o gic a l i n t e rp re t a t i o n o u r b e gi n n e r fi n d s n o h e l p , .

O n t h e c o n t rary th e i r w il d gu e ss e s a n d m u tu al ,

c o n t radi cti o n s o n ly c o n fu s e h i m m o re a n d m o re .

V ol ck e r t e ll s h i m wi th all t h e as s u r i n g e m ph as i s o f,

l e a d e d typ e th at i n A tl a s i s giv e n a p e rs o n ifi c ati o n

,
“

o f t h e ar t o f n avig ati o n t h e c o n qu e st o f t h e s e a by ,

m e an s o f h u m a n skill by c o m m e r c e an d t h e g ai n s o f , ,
” 2
c o m m e rc e P re ll e r i n stru ct s h im t o re j e c t th i s
.

vi e w an d t o th i n k o f th i s m yst e r i o u s s o n o f I ape t o s
as a s e a gi an t r e p r e s e n ti n g t h e u pb e ar i n g an d s u p
-

p o rti n g al m i gh ti n e s s o f t h e o c e an i n c o n t rast w ith

”3
t h e e ar th sh att e r i n g m igh t o f P o s e id o n
-
T h e cl as .

s i c al d icti o n a r i e s o n l y p e rpl e x h i m wi th m ul t i t ud i
n o u s pu e rili ti e s i n v e n t e d by i g n o ran t E u h e m e r i sti c

sch o l i as ts — st o ri e s t o t h e e ff e ct th at t h e o r igi n al
,

A tl a s w as m e re ly t h e ast ro n o m e r wh o fi rs t c o n
stru ct e d a n art ifi ci al gl o b e t o re p re s e n t t h e sky ; o r
th a t h e was a N o r th w e s t A f r i c a n w h o h avi n g as , ,

c e n d e d a l o fty p r o m o n t o r y t h e b e tt e r t o o bs e rv e t h e

h e av e n ly b o di e s f e l l o ff i n t o t h e s e a an d s o g a v e
, ,

ge s t io n t h at i n H omer s
’
pas s age t h e fi »
x is “
ad d e d by a z e ugm a 1
M e rry an d R i d d e l l Odys s ey , 53 , i . .

1 /
r o m e t ze zt s B ou n d , 3 49, 42 5 s e q
F .

2 zo /
lyt /
Il o i e de s
g 7 ape tzs e /ze n
Ges e nlee /zts , p 49 s e g
'

. . Fo l l o we d by
K O M u e r, Ke gh t e y, A n t h o n , an d m an y o t h e rs
. . ll i l .

ze M tfiol
8 G r ze cnzse /
'

y o i e, v ol i ,
g
'

pp 3 2 , 348 Fo . . . . ll o we d by Pae s i
”
an d c a ll e d by P o fe ss o r Pack ard r
“
ll
th e us ua y acce pt e d .
 S T U D Y o r A N CI E N T L I TE R A T U R E .
3 53

n am e b o th to tl an ti cthe m o u n t ai n an d to the A
O c e an S c h o e m an n d o e s n o t p ro f e s s a p o s i t iv e a n d
.

c e rt a i n u n d e rst a n d i n g o f t h e m att e r b u t s u gg e sts ,

th at t h e m ys t e ri o u s Ti t a n w as i n all p ro b a b il ity
“
o r i gi n al ly a gig a n tic m o u n t a i n od of s o me s t 1
g or -
.

B ry an t at fi rs t m ak e s A tl as a m o u n t a i n s u pp o rt
i n g a t e m pl e o r t e m pl e c av e c al l e d Co e l h o u s e o f -
,
-
,

G o d wh e n c e t h e Coe lu s o f t h e R o m a n s
, vo l i
“
, . .
,

p 2 74 I n t h e n e xt v o l u m e h o w e v e r h e s ays th at
. .
, ,

”
u n d e r t h e n a m e o f A tl a s i s m e an t t h e A t lan t i an s .

A n d qu o ti n g t h e O dy ss e y h e t ra n sl a t e s th u s T/zey ,

[t h e A t lan t i an s ] I za a a ls o lo ng P i lla rs o r o lze lzs k s

’ '

, ,

w /zze /z ref e r re d t o Me s e a a n d upo n w/zze/t w a s d e li n e

’
'

ated t/ ze w/ zo le s s t e m bo t/ l m l
y e
f
o z e a z/e n a n d e a r t /
z i b e n
,

al la ro u n d bo t/ ze f ro n t of t /
z o n t/ ze o be l
, i s k a n d on th e
” 2
ot/
ze r s i d e s .

If
i n v e st ig at o r a sk s as d id an an c i e n t g ram
o ur ,

m ari a n h o w A tl as c o u l d st an d o n t h e e ar th an d
,

s u pp o rt h e av e n o n h i s h e ad if h e av e n was s o far ,

re m o v e d th at an a n vil w o uld re qu i re n i n e d ays an d

n ight s i n w h ic h t o f all th ro u gh t h e d i st an c e P al e y ,

“ ’
k i n dly e xpl ai n s th a t t h e p o e t s n o ti o n d o u btl e s s
wa s th a t A tl a s h e l d u p t h e sky n e ar its j u n ct i o n
w ith e arth i n t h e fa r W e st ”3
I n th i s c a s e o f c o u r s e , ,

a re a s o n ably sh o r t gi a n t w o u l d a n s w e r t h e p u rp o s e .

I f a ft e r all h i s c o n s u l t ati o n s o f a u th o ri ti e s o u r y o u th
, ,

i s still u n s atisfi e d an d t o m ak e a l as t e ff o rt fo r l i gh t ,

tu rn s t o t h e ill u st ri o us W e lck e r h e l e arn s as an i m ,

1 G F . . S c h o e m an n , D i e l
zcs i od zs c ne Tlzcog o m e
' ‘

aus
g e leg t . Be r li n,

1 868 : p. 20 7.

2 A n a ys i s o
l f A n ci e n t M i t/1 0 1057
l
. Lo n d o n , 1 80
7: vol .
91 .

3
T/ze E pi cs of f /e s i od , p 2 2 9 O n t he o th e r . . h and , an o t h e r E n g li sh

i l
n t e rpre t e r wo u d g ve us a g a n t w t h s h o u d e rs as b ro ad i i i l as t h e wh o e l
he ave n , an d t ran s ate “
i s {xo ua w wh c h s uppo rt at l W i i
e t he r s i de ;
i . e .
, at t he E as t an d West .
"
M e rry and R i d d e l l Odyss ey , , i .
53
.

23
3 54 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

p o rt an t fi n al l e ss o n th at wh e n an an ci e n t au th o r
”
s ays h e av e n an d e art h i t i s n o t f o r a m o m e n t t o
“
,

b e su pp o s e d t h at h e l it e ral ly m e an s h e av e n a n d “

e arth an d th at
,
if th e y h ad r e m e m b e r e d th is w ri
, ,

“
t e rs o n m yth o l o gy w o u l d h av e sp are d th e m s e l v e s a
v ast am o u n t o f b ra i n racki n g an d i n e ff e c t u al pro -

an d con t ra pl e ad i n g
-

'
” 1
W i th th i s as t h e s o l e o u t
.

c o m e o f all h is r e s e arch e s m ay n o t a b e gi n n e r w e ll ,

d e sp a i r o f e v e r g e tti n g an y k n o w l e dg e o f t h e m e an
i n g o f t h e m yth if i n d e e d h e c an s til l i m agi n e it
, , ,

t o h av e h ad a m e an i n g ?
H e re as e v e rywh e re t h e tru t h at o n c e e xpl ai n s
, ,

an d re m o v e s al l t h e d i ffi c ulti e s wh ich a f als e an d

gr o u n dl e s s pr e s u pp o si ti o n h as cr e at e d .

O n c e c o n c e iv e o f t h e H o m e ri c w o r l d as w e h av e
r e c o n st r u ct e d it an d h o w cl e ar an d b e a ut iful t h e
,

c o n c e pt i o n o f t h e Pill ars o f A tl as b e c o m e s ! T h e y
ar e s i m ply t h e u p ri gh t ax e s o f e arth a n d h e av e n .

Vi e w e d i n th e i r r e l ati o n t o e art h a n d h e av e n re s pe c
t i v e ly th e y are t w o
, b u t v i e w e d i n re f e re n c e t o t h e
u n iv e rs e as an u n di vid e d wh o l e th e y are o n e an d t h e ,

s am e B e i n g c o i n ci d e n t th e y are t r u ly o n e an d ye t
.
, ,

th e y are id e al ly s e p arabl e H e n c e si n gul ar o r pl ur al .

d e sign at i o n s are e qu all y c o rre ct an d e qu al l y fi tti n g .

Tr an spi e r ci n g t h e gl o b e at t h e v e ry n av e l o r c e n tre
”
of t h e s e a
’
A tl a s 3 Pill ar p e n e tr at e s f ar d e e p e r t h an
,

an y re c e ss o f t h e w a t e r s b e d an d h e m ay w e ll b e
’

“ ”
s aid t o k n o w t h e d e pth s o f t h e wh o l e s e a Or .

th is st at e m e n t m ay h av e r e f e re n c e t o th at p r i m o rdi al
1 “
V i l e Ko pfb re c h e n s un d v e rge i
bl c h e n H i n -
un d H e rre d e ns h at
de r A u s d ruc k d e s P au s an i as
ge m a c h t e vrl7 63V eépwu na r cz 7 61 A e ydne ua
’ ‘ ‘

’
d Ewe xe t m i 7 5511 ,
’

d e r a uc h b e i d e m G e m ald e v o n Pan an o s
' ' ' '

o zzpa u x
/ r e

5, I I 2 ) i
w e d e rk e h rt o bpc wbv no ) 7 531! due xwv
’

péo r nn e , i n de n t m an
—G
, . r a

o b avbu ica l
p 7 6311 b uc h s t ablic h v e rs t e h e n
'

zu m ii s se n g l a ub te .
”
r.

Gbtte r le/zre , v o l i , pp 746, 747

'

. . . .
3 56 P A RA D I S E F 0 UND .

“
p e n t w h i ch assi st e d t h e n y m ph s i n w atch i n g t h e
g o l d e n a ppl e s was n o n e o th e r th an t h e c o n s t e l l a
’

ti o n D r ac o w h o s e b r ill i an t c o n sti t u e n t A lp/2a t h e ,

a st ro n o m e r s Th u b an was l e s s th an fifty c e n t u ri e s , ,

1
ag o t h e P o l e st a o
,
r f o r h e av e
u -
n .

O n c e m o r e o ur i n t e rp re t a t i o n p e r f e ctly b ar m o
,

n i z e s t h e p a s s a g e s w h i ch r e p r e s e n t A tl a s a s a h e av e n

s u pp o rt e r w ith t h o s e w h i ch r e p re s e n t h i m as e qu ally
su pp o r ti n g e ar th M o re th an th is i t r e v e al s t h e c u .
,

ri o u s f act th a t H o m e r s d e s c ripti o n o f t h e t al
’
l Pillars ,

o f A tl a s id e n tifi e s th e m w i th t h e ax e s o f e ar th an d

h e av e n s o u n m i st ak ably th at i n o rd e r t o bl u n d e r ,

i n t o t h e c o m m o n m ist ran s l ati o n o f it i t was fi rs t ,

n e c e s s ary t o i n v e n t a n d e t t h e l e xic o gr a ph e rs t o
g ,

ad o pt a sp an n e w sp e ci al m e an i n g f o r t h e w o r d s
,
-

’
EX w a m e an i n g n e c e ss it a t e d by n o o th e r pa s
e
,

s ag e i h t h e wh o l e b o dy o f H o m e r ic G r e e k H o m e r s
’

b e aut iful ly e xpl ic i t l an gu ag e i s ,

’
i o na s bs
’ ’
éxe t 3 6 7 6 k a ti r
'

pa npa s ,
i
a ? ya w n r e ica l o rsp
’
/
ax bu apply éxo vm v
’
.

Who ,
of his o wn r igh t p o ss e s s e s
,
th e t all Pill ars
” 2
wk i efi lea v e a ro u n d Z/
ze nz e a rt k and izea v e n . No
wh e re i n H o m e ri c if i n d e e d i n an y a n ci e n t G r e e k , ,

“ ” 3
d o e s t h e e xpr e s si o n m e an t o prop a s u n d e r .

F i n ally as t o t h e s u pp o s e d d i ffi c u lty o f i m agi n i n g

,

a h e a v e n u ph o l d e r s o t al l th a t i t w o u ld t ak e a b raz e n
-

an vil n i n e d ays an d n i gh ts t o f al l fr o m h i s h e ad t o

h i s f e e t if P ro f e s s o r P al e y h ad re m e m b e re d S an
,

d alfo n t h e T al m u d i c A tl a s h e w o ul d h a rdly h a v e
, ,

1
G t S hl g l U
us a v g p /
ci C /ie i L eH y 1 8 75
, ppran o r a z e z n o se . a a e, : .

2 Co m pare Od ys sey, xv . 1 84 .

3 B ut t m an n L l E h
'

h d — li
1 0 4 ) is l i
( e x z o
g n s , n g s t ran s a t o n , st e , pp 94 . .

no m o re f l i
s u c c e s s u i n s h o w n g s uc h a m e an ng t h an are t h e o d e r di c i l
t i o n ary m ak
-
e rs .
 S T U D Y OF A N CI E N T L I T E RA T U RE .
3 57

th o u gh t it n e c e ss ary t o l o c at e t h e H e s i o d ic o n e o n
t h e e dg e o f t h e e arth wh e re t h e sky i s lo w O f S an .

d alfo n R a bbi E l i e z e r h as s a id Th e re i s an an g e l “
, ,

wh o st an d e t h o n e arth an d re ach e t h w i th h i s h e ad ,

t o t h e d o o r o f h e av e n I t i s t au gh t i n t h e M ish n a .

th at h e i s c all e d S an d alfo n ; h e e xc e e d e th h is c o m
p a n i o n s as m u ch i n h e igh t as o n e c a n w al k i n fiv e
h u n d re d y e ars a n d th at h e st a n d s b e h i n d t h e ch ari o t
,

h a rl e s s W a i n a n d t wi s t e t h o r bi n d e th t h e ga r
[ ]
’

C
1
l an d s fo r h is Cre at o r .

A tl as s Pil l a r th e n i s t h e axi s o f t h e w o rld I t is

’

.
, ,

t h e s a m e Pil l a r a p o st ro ph i z e d i n t h e E gy p t i a n d o c u
m e n t k n o w n a s t h e g re at H a rr i s M agic P a py ru s i n ,

th e s e u n m i s t ak a bl e w o rd s O l o n g Co l u m n wh ic h “
,

c o m m e n c e s i n t h e u pp e r an d i n t h e l o we r h e av
” 2
e ns l I t i s w ith s c arc e a d o u bt wh a t t h e s am e
, ,

an ci e n t p e o pl e i n th e i r B o o k o f t h e D e a d s o h a ppily
”
s tyl e d t h e S pi n e o f t h e E ar th
“ 3
I t is t h e R i g .

V e d a s v i e lt r ag e n a e A c/i s e d os n n a nf /za lts a n z s i c/z

’ ’

d re /ze n d e n , ni e alte rn d e n , n ie m o rs e /zw e r d e n d e n d n re /i ,

d e n L a nf d e r Z e i t e n n i t /i t ab
g e n u tz t e n I Vc lt r a d s ,
/
an f
ze m A L L E W E S E N e
4
w e lc/ HEN . It is th e U m b re ll a
st aff o f B u rm e s e c o s m o l o gy t h e Ch u r nip g sti ck o f ,
-

’
I n di a s g o d s an d d e m o n s I t i s t h e T r u n k o f e v e ry .

5
c o s m i c al T re e I t i s t h e S h ad o wl e ss L an c e o f A l e x
.

1 E i s e n m e n ge r, E nt d ec k te s yn de n t/mm , Bd .
p 40 2 ( E n g ,
. vo l .

p. I n l an c e n t c o s m o o
al i l gi es
“
the do o r o f h e ave n
”
is at t he
N o rt h Po l e . S acr e d B ook s c
f Il
le E a st , vo l . i pp 3 6, 3 7
.
,
. .

2 R e c o r d s q/ th e P as t ,
vo l . x .
, p . 1 52 . O t h e r re e re n c e s f to t he
H e av e n - s u ppo rt n g i P ill a r m ay be se e n i n B rugs c h , T/ze sa n r n s I n

scr i pt i o n m n
n y/ i tt a c a mcm , i . 8 2 83 , , 8 7, 1 7 7 et pas s i m . C o m p fig . .

O ppo s t e i p . 1 7 5, an d fig N o. . 12 , p . 1 24 .

8 C h ap . cx i li .

4 Ri g Ve d a , i . 1 64 . G ras s m a n n an d L ud w g i .

5
i
L ud w g, i n h i s v e rs o n o f t h e i Ve da fin d s , re pe a t e d oc cas o n i fo r
th e us e o f t h e e x pres s o n
“
S le a dc r i Welt .
"
3 58 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

an de r ; t o rt o i s e pi e rci n g ( e arth pi e rc i n g) A rr o w
t he - -

o f t h e M o n g o li an h e a v e n g o d ; t h e S p e ar o f I z an agi ; -

t h e H a ch a d e Co b r e o n w h i ch t h e h e av e n s o f t h e
M i z t e c s re st e d 1 I t i s t h e Co r d wh ic h t h e a n ci e n t
.

V e dic b ar d s a w s t re tch e d f ro m o n e s id e o f t h e u n i
2
v e rs e t o t h e o th e r I s i t n o t t h e Ps a l m i st s Line .
’
“

o f t h e h e av e n s w h i ch i s g o n e o ut th ro ugh t h e “

” ”
v e ry e ar th an d o n t o t h e e n d o f t h e w o rl d ?
“

I t i s t h e I rm i n s u l o f t h e G e rm an s as e xpr e s sly re c ,

o g n i z e d by G r i m m I t i s t h e T o w e r o f K ro n o s It . .

’
i s Pl a t o s S pi n dl e of N e c e ssi ty I t i s t h e A z ac o l o f .

t h e N o rth A f ri c an S u n i s I t i s t h e L add e r wi t h .

s e v e n l am ps i n t h e rit e s o f M i th ra I t i s t h e T al .

m u di e Pil lar wh i ch c o n n e ct s t h e P ar adis e c e l e sti al

an d t h e P ar a dis e t e rr e s tri al .

I n f o r e g o i n g di scu s s i o n s o f H o m e r ic c o s m o l
the
og w e h av e h ad a su ffi c i e n t e xh ibit i o n o f t h e c a u s e
y
a n d c u re o f cu r r e n t — m al pra cti c e sh al l w e c all i t ?

— o u t h e p ar t o f i n t e rp re t e rs o f H o m e r ic p o e try .

Th e i r b a s el e ss ass u m pt i o n s an d bl u n d e rs h av e b e e n
r e n e w e d an d m u l ti pli e d i n n e arl y e v e ry fi e l d o f ar
o gy — A s sy r i an
c h ae o l E gypti an H e b r e w P e rsi an
, , , , ,

I n d i an W h ith e rs o e v e r m o d e r n r e s e ar ch h as g o n e
“ ”
.

it h as c arr i e d w i th it as a ki n d o f fi rst p ri n cipl e an d ,

ru l e o f i n t e r p re t ati o n t h e ass u m pti o n th at t h e e arly ,

n ati o n s c an n o t p o ss i bl y h a v e k n o w n an y th i n g ab o u t

t h e w o r l d b e y o n d wh at u n d e v e l o p e d t r ib e s an d pe o
,

1 F . G re go r io G arc i a, O r ig re n d e lo s I n d i os de l N n ev o M a n da .

”
M ad ri d , 1
7 29 : p 337 . . H e re , the
“
l
po e ax e
-
of ig
n o ran c e h as s u p~

plan e t d the p l e i o ax s o f an c e n t s c e n c e i i f
B an c ro t , N a ti ve R aces , vol
-
. .

iii p 7 1 Co m p e
.
, . . ar th e G o de n l Sp li nt e r
”
of M anco Capac . Ré
v ill e H i ll ! L
,
t i er e c u re s , 1 8 84 : p . 1 31 .

2
R ig Ve d a , x . 1 2 9, 5
.
360 P A RA D I S E F OUND .

c o m p are d With t h e c u rre n tl y ac c e pt e d pr o c e d ur e o f

s ch o l ars wh o br o ugh t up a pp ar e n tly o n m ag azi n e s
, ,

o f p o p ul a r s c i e n c e an d i m agi n i n g th at Co l u m bu s ,

was t h e fi rst m an t o w h o m t h e id e a e v e r o ccu rr e d

th at t h e e arth i s r o u n d appr o ach t h e st u dy o f an tiq ,

ui t m e r e l y as t h e s tu dy o f an o l d e r d e p ar t m e n t o f
y
b arb ar i an f o l k l o r e S u r e ly i t i s ti m e t o i n v e st ig at e
-
.

t h e gr e at c re ati o n s o f an ci e n t m i n d i n a diff e r e n t
spi ri t 1
. I t i s n o th i n g sh o rt o f d e pl o rabl e t o c o n si d e r
t h e m as s o f s e n s e l e ss argu m e n t an d f al s e e xpl an a
ti o n an n u al ly cro w d e d i n t o t h e m e m o ri e s o f s u c c e s
s iv e cl a ss e s o f ac a d e m i c an d c o ll e gi a t e y o u th ar ,

u m e n t s an d e xpl an ati o n s wh ic h n e ith e r t o t e ach e r

g
n o r t au gh t h a v e e v e n t h e p o o r m e r i t o f i n t e ll ig e n tly

ill u str ati n g t h e e vi l s o f w ro n g p ri n c ipl e s o f cl assi c al

h e r m e n e u t i c s T h e d isc u ss i o n s an d r e sult s o f t h e
'

p re s e n t t re ati s e h av e at l e ast d i scl o s e d a c o n c e iv abl e

b e gi n n i n g o f h u m an h ist o ry acc o rdi n g t o w h ich t h e ,

e arly g e n e r a ti o n s o f m e n c an h ar dly h a v e f ail e d t o

acqu ir e th at k n o wl e dg e o f t h e m e c h an i s m o f t h e
h e av e n s wh i ch all t h e o ld e st tr aditi o n s o f t h e rac e
2
ascrib e t o th e m A n d if i n c o n s e qu e n c e o f t h e
.
,

J e t i e f e r D r S h li e m ann b e i T ro j a
. c
grub d e s t o h o h e e Cult ur ,
r

li e s s s i c h a us d e n F u d e n e rs c h li e se ; s o k o e au c h wi s age
n
je s n nn n r n,

al t e r d i e N ch i c h t e s i ch e i ge n d e s t o g os e e B il d
a r n
g d e V o fah
z , r s r un r r

re n v e rrat h e n sie
”
A Kri c h e n bau e r I zo ni e r zs c/ze n
'

B e i t r cige
'

. n to n , zu r

U ra n og r apli i e , W ien ,
1 8 74, p . 13 . Co m p 68, . 69 et pass i nz . T he
s t at e m e n t h as f
re e re n c e t o as t ro n o m ca i l s c e n ce i am o n g t h e e arle s t i
G re e k s.
2 “
A m o ng t he Je w s t h e re are t rad t ii ons of a ve r
y h gh i an t i q i tyu

f or t h e i r as t ro n o my J ph us s ays
. G o d proo se l o n ge d t h e l ife o f t h e
i
pat r arc h s t h at pre c e d e d t h e D e u e , b o t h o n ac c o u n t
g l of th e i i tu
r v r es

i
an d t o g ve t h e m t h e
g t h e s c e n c e s o f ge o m
o ppo rt u n i ty of pe r fe c t i n i
e t ry an d as tro n o m y, wh c h t h e i
y h ad d s c o v e re d ; w h c h t h e y c o u d i i l
n o t h ave d o n e if
t h e y h ad n o t v e d 60 0 li
ye ars , b e c au s e i t i s o n y a t e r l f
t he l 60 0 ye ars t h at t h e g r ea t yea r is acc o m p s h e d
aps e o f li .
’

i
N o w, wh at i s t h s gre at ye ar o r cyc e o f 60 0 ye ars M Cas s l . i i n ,
 S T U D Y OF A N CI E N T L I TE R A T U R E .
36 1

a c c e pt an c e o r e v e n t h e d isc u s si o n o f t h e pr o ff e r e d
r e s ults t h e e y e s o f sch o l ars s h all at l as t o n c e m o re
,

b e d ir e ct e d t o t h e stu dy o f t h e g re a t l it e rary an d
o th e r a rt w o rk s o f an c i e n t m i n d i n a n e w a n d m o re
-

m o d e s t spiri t t h e g ai n s w hi ch are s u re t o acc ru e

,

th e re f ro m wil l b e n e ith e r fe w n o r s m all .

t he d i t f th O b
re c o r o t y f Pari s h as d i cus s d i t as t
e s e rv a o r m o , , s e ro n o

i lly H
ca . i d it t
e c o ns tim y f t h hi gh
e rs t i q i ty f t h i
as a es on o e an u o e r as

my T hi p i d h i e f t h m t m k bl t h t ’ ‘
tro n o .
y s er o , e sa s, s on o e os re ar a e a

h e b
av d ee n d f if w t k t h l
i s c o v e re m th t b 29 d y or e a e e u n ar on o e a s,

m w fi d th t . d y m k
e n l a m th d a s a e un a r on s , an

th t th i
a mb f d y gi
s nu 60 0 l y
e r o f 3 65 d y 5 h 5 1 m
a s ve s s o ar e ars o a s, . .

I f th i y b f th D l g
’

36 s . w i u s e ar i t ppe
as n
yp b se e o re e e u e, a ars v e r ro a

bl it m t b c f
e, us d t h t t h p t i c h we
e o n e ss e l ady q u i t d
, a e a r ar s re a re ac a n e

t a co
o id bl d g
ns f e ra cu c y wi t h t h
e em ti f th
re e o t f r
ac ra e o o ns o e s ars o
h
th i lu
s m th gn ar t on d l m t wi t h t h t wh i h h
a re e s bo a s e co n , a os , a c as een

F l mm i o
”
d t rm i e d by m d
e e n as t ro o m e s o e rn A t mi l n r . a ar n, s r on o ca

Myt/ P ri s p 2 6
zs . a ,
. .
 CH A PTE R II I .

T H E B E A RI N G O F O U R RE S U L T S ON THE P R O B L E M OF
TH E ORI GI N A N D E A RL I E ST F OR M O F RE L I G I ON .

Th e m or e I s e a r ch i n t o t he a nc i e n t
h is t o ry of th e w or ld , t he m o r e I a m con v i nc e d
t h a t t h e c u lt i va t e d n a t i on s co m m e nce d w i t h a pu r e r w o r s h i
p qf t he S upr e m e B e
i ng t h a t t h e m ag ic i nfl u e n c e of N a t ur e upo n t h e i m a i n a t i on s o t h e h u m a n r ac e
g f
af t e r w a r d
pr o d uc e d po l y t h e is m , a n d a t le ng th e n t i r e l
y o bs c u r e d spi r i t u a l concep
t io n s of r e lig i o n i n t he he li ef of t h e pe ople A W V ON S C
. . . HLE G E L .

L a pr ét e n d zce év o lu ti o n de la v i e sa uv a g e , te lle q u e la déc r i t l’ eco le n a t u r a lis t e

en l
a co n s i dér a n t c o m m e l ’
e pr e m i e r d e g r é d a d éve lop e m e n t d e l h n m a n i t é, a d e ux
p
r a nd s
'

g d eya u t s : e ll
e pa rt d e t r ap has , et e ll
e s
’
élév e t r ap h a u t ca r i t ln i est im
’
pass i hle d l ’
i l i d a ns l h u m a n i t é, ’
’
p qexu e r s p g q e lle c o ns t a te f ois q u e lle
’
e r o r s n u ne

la f a i t déhu t e r pa r la be s t ia li t é c o mplet e . E . D E P RE SS E N s é .

T H E R E i s an o th e r cl as s o f i n v e s tig ati o n s o f re
m ark a bl e p r e s e n t i n t e r e s t i n v e st ig a ti o n s lyi n g ,
-

p artly i n t h e an th ro p o l o g ic al a n d p ar tly i n t h e
th e o l o gi c al fi e l d o f r e s e arch o n w hi ch t h e d isc us ,

s i o n s an d r e s ul ts o f t h e p re s e n t tr e ati s e h av e a m o s t
i m p o rt an t b e ari n g Th e y are t h e q u e sti o n s w h i ch
.

r e l at e t o t h e O r igi n t h e Pri m o rdi al F o rm an d t h e

, ,

tru e H i st o ry o f R e l igi o n .

S u ch l igh t i s g re a tly n e e d e d at t h e pr e s e n t t i m e .

A s we h av e s e e n all t h e m o s t an c i e n t t rad iti o n s o f

,

t h e r a c e r e pr e s e n t m an ki n d as h a vi n g c o m m e n c e d
e xi st e n c e i n a d ivi n e f e ll o w sh ip a n d a s h avi n g l o s t ,

th is h o ly an d b le ss e d e st at e o n ly th r o u gh s i n Th i s .

V i e w o f t h e O r i gi n o f R e l igi o n h as pr e v a il e d fr o m

t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t rac e abl e h ist o ry am o n g all n ati o n s

o f t h e e a rth v aryi n g o n l y t o su c h s ligh t e xt e n t as
,

wo ul d p e r m i t p o lyth e is ti c p e o pl e s t o c o n c e i v e o f t h e
364 P A RA DI SE F OU N D .

f o r it s o m e o th e r e xpl anati o n s o fram e d as t o m ak e ,

i t app e ar th at r e l igi o n o r igi n a t e d f ro m m an h i m s e lf ,

apar t f rorn an y div i n e m an if e s t a ti o n o r t e a ch i n g o r

' '

' l
, ,

i m pu ls e wh ats o e v e r T h e re s u lt h as b e e n a s u cc e s
"

s i o n o f c ru d e sp e c ul at i o n s i n ad e qu at e i n th e i r p re m
,

i s e s a n d c o n t rad ict ory i n th e ir r e s p e ctiv e c o n cl u

si o n s Pro f e s s i n g u n u s u alph i I O S Oph i c c an d o r aid e d
‘ '

.
,

by t h e i n t e re s t wh i ch al w ays a tt e n d s n o v e l att e m pts

t o s e t as id e t h e b e li e fs o f ag e s ; ad apti n g th e m s e l v e s
t o e v e ry cl a ss o f re ad e r s an d e sp e c i al ly t o all t h e s u c
,

c e s sive l r u li n g f ash i o n s i n n o n r e l igi o u s an d i r re l ig

y
-

i o u s cu rre n t sp e c ul ati o n th e s e w r it e rs h av e at l ast

,

n o t o n l y w ro u gh t a p e r f e ct c o n fu si o n i n th i s p o r ti o n

o f t h e Ph il o s o phy o f R e l igi o n b u t h a v e fu r th e r m o re ,
’

s o d e g rad e d an d b e sti al iz e d t h e i r r e ad e rs con ce p

t i o n o f p ri m iti v e h u m an ity an d s o o u t rag e d all p r o b ,

ab ility l n th e i r d e s c r ip ti o n s o f p ri m iti v e s av ag e ry ,

th at e v e n f ro m bi o l o gic al an d s o ci o l o gi c al si d e s a
st ro n g r e acti o n h as al re ady s e t i n .

I t w il l b e i n st r u ctiv e b ri e fly t o r e vi e w t h e h i st o ry
o f th e s e S p e c u l a ti o n s an d t o n o t e t h e
, s u cc e ss iv e
st ag e s o f e v e r d e e p e n i n g e rro r an d t h e m ut u al c o n
-

t rad i c t i o n o f th e 1 r m u ch a d m i r e d r e s ul ts -
.

T h e fi rs t o f th e m o f any n o t e was D avid H u m e ,

t h e E n gl i sh d e ist an d ch am pi o n o f ph il o s o ph i c d o u bt .

”
I n his N at u ral H is t o ry o f R e l igi o n ( pu bl i sh e d i n
1 75 h e lays d o w n th i s as h i s fi r st an d f u n d am e n
t al p ro p o s i ti o n : P o lyth e is m wa s t h e p ri m ary re
“

lig i o n o f m an ki n d .

H i s fi r s t ar gu m e n t i n s u pp o r t o f th i s th e s is i s an
a pp e al t o t h e e vi d e n c e o f p o s t ch r isti a n h i st o ry He -
.

pu ts i t th u s
“
I t is a m att e r o f fa c t i n c o n t e st ab l e th at ab o u t
, ,

1 70 0 y e ar s ago al l m an ki n d w e re p o lyth e ists T he .

 E A R L I E S T P o x w OF R E L I G I ON .
36 5

d o u btfu l an d sk e ptic al p ri n c ipl e s o f a fe w ph i lo s o

p h e rs, o r t h e th e is m a n d th a t n o t e n t i re ly t o o pu r e

— o f o n e o r t wo n a ti o n s f o rm n o o bj e c ti o n w o rth re
,

g ard i n g B e h o ld th e n t h e cl e a r t e st i m o n y o f h is t o ry
.
, , .

T h e f arth e r w e m o u n t i n t o an t iq u ity t h e m o re d o we
fi n d m a n ki n d pl u n g e d i n t o p o ly th e i s m N o m arks n o .
,

sy m pt o m s o f an y m o re p e rf e c t r e l igi o n T h e m o st
, .

a n c i e n t re c o rds o f t h e h u m an ra c e stil l p re s e n t u s

w ith th a t sys t e m as t h e p o pul ar a n d e st a bl ish e d

c re e d T h e N o rth t h e S o u th t h e E ast t h e W e st
.
, , , ,

giv e th e i r u n an i m o u s t e sti m o n y t o t h e s am e fa c t .

W h at c an be O pp o s e d t o s o full an e vid e n c e ?
T h e fo rc e o f th i s p a ss ag e c o n si s ts al m o st e x
cl u s i v e l i n i ts c o o l p o s iti v e n e s s o f d o g m a t ic a s s e r
y
t i o n Pl ai n ly t h e c o n d iti o n o f t h e m aj o rity o f m an
.
,

k i n d 1 70 0 y e ars ago aff o rd s n o j ust c r i t e r i o n by

w h ich t o j ud g e o f t h e c o n dit i o n o f t h e rac e th o u
s an ds o f y e ars b e f o re th at I n d e e d t o an y b e l i e v e r
.
,

i n h ist o ri c e v o l uti o n o f an y s o r t it w o u ld s e e m an ,

t ecede ntl c e rt a i n th a t t h e c o n d iti o n o f m e n s e v e ra l

y
th o u s an d y e ars aft e r t h e c o m m e n c e m e n t o f th e i r e x
i s t e n c e m u s t b e v e ry d iff e re n t i n d e e d f ro m th e ir
p ri m i ti v e c o n di ti o n B u t fu r th e rm o r e h e g ran ts
.
, ,

th at 1 70 0 y e ars ago t h e p re v al e n c e o f p o lyth e i s m

w as aft e r all n o t u n i v e r s al ; th e re w e re
“
, ,
one or

t wo n at i o n s o f th e i sts a n d e v e n ph il o s o ph e r s i n
‘

o th e r n ati o n s wh o d o u bt e d t h e t r u th o f p o lyth e is m
, .

I t was a b s u rd th e re f o re t o t al k o f “
, t h e u n a n i m o us
,

t e sti m o n y o f N o rt h a n d S o u th E as t an d W e st , .

T h e s e c o n d p o i n t u rg e d by H u m e i s t h e i m pro b
abil ity o f t h e su pp o s iti o n th a t a b arb aro u s n e “
,

c e s s i t o n s an i m al s uch a s m a n i s o n t h e fi rs t o r igi n
, ,

”
o f s o c i e ty a be i n g p re s s e d by s u ch n u m e ro u s
“
,

”
w an ts a n d p as s i o n s sh o uld h av e h ad e i th e r t h e
,
35 5 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

d isp o si ti o n o r t h e c ap ac ity o r t h e l e i s u re s o t o
, , ,
”
stu dy t h e o rd e r an d f ram e o f t h e u n i v e rs e as i m
“

m e d i at e ly t o b e le d “
i n t o t h e pu re pri n cipl e s o f
th e is m H e g ran t s th at a c ar e ful an d ph il o s o ph ic
.

c o n si d e rati o n o f t h e u n i ty an d o r d e r o f t h e n at u ~

ral w o rl d i s s u ffi ci e n t t o c o n d u c t o n e t o an a ssu re d

b e li e f i n t h e b e i n g o f o n e S u p re m e an d A l m igh ty
“
Cre at o r bu t h e s ays ,
I c an n e v e r th i n k t h at th is
,

c o n s id e rati o n c o u l d h av e a n i n fl u e n c e o n m an ki n d
wh e n th e y f o r m e d th e ir fi rs t r ud e n o ti o n s o f re
lig i o n A s s u m i n g th at t h e fi rst m e n m u s t n e c
.

o r an t m u l tit u d e h
“
e s s ari ly h a v e b e e n a n ig n e ,

s ays ,

“
I t s e e m s c e rt ai n th at ac c o rd i n g t o t h e n atu ral
,

p ro gr e ss o f h u m an th o u gh t t h e ig n o ran t m u ltit ud e
,

m u st fi rs t e n t e rt ai n s o m e g ro v e l i n g an d f am il i ar
n o ti o n o f s u p e r i o r p o w e r s b e f o re th e y st re tc h th e i r

c o n c e pt i o n t o th a t p e rf e ct B e i n g wh o b e s t o w e d o rd e r

o n t h e wh o l e f ra m e o f n tu r e
a .

T h e f o rc e o f th i s ar gu m e n t i t i s d i ffi cul t t o s e e .

I t all r e sts up o n t wo a ssu m pt i o n s : fi rs t t h e as s u m p ,

ti o n th at t h e fi rs t m e n w e r e t h e l o w e st b arb ari an s ,

t o u s e h i s o w n wo r ds b arb ar o u s n e c e s s i t o u s an
“
, ,

i m als ; an d s e c o n dly t h e assu m pti o n th at th e r e

, ,

was a p ar t f ro m t h e ph il o s o ph i c stu dy o f n at ur e n o
, ,

o th e r wa i
y n wh i ch th e y c o ul d h av e o bt ai n e d a b e li e f
i n t h e e xi st e n c e o f t h e Cr e a t o r A s n o r e l i gi o n i st o f
.

an y ag e h as e v e r ad m i tt e d th e s e a ssu m pti o n s an d ,

as H u m e add u c e s n o p ar ticl e o f p ro o f f o r e ith e r o f

th e m th is p ar t o f hi s argu m e n t i s s u re ly qu i t e uh
,

w o rth y o f a p ro f e s s e d ph il o s o ph e r .

H i s n e xt an d l ast p o i n t i s t h e i m p o ssibili ty o f t h e
l o s s o f t h e m o n o th e i sti c f a ith if i t h ad o n c e b e e n
r e ach e d by t h e e arl i e s t m e n H e s ays .
,
36 8 P A RA D I S E POU N D .

d e cl ar e s — a n at ural re laps e i n t o
’

come s so h e

p o lyt h e i s m T h e e xpl an a t i o n o f th i s i s gi v e n i n
.

th e s e w o rd s
“
S uc h r e fi n e d id e as [as th o s e o f pu r e m o n o t h e
i s m ] b e i n g s o m e wh at disp r o p o r ti o n e d t o v u l g ar c o m
,

p re h e n si o n r e m ai n n o t l o n g i n th e i r o ri gi n al p u rity
, ,

bu t re qu i re t o b e s upp o r t e d by t h e n o ti o n o f i n f e r i o r
m e di a t o rs o r s ub o r d i n at e ag e n ts wh i ch i n t e rp o s e ,

b e tw e e n m an ki n d an d th e ir s u p re m e d e ity Th e s e .

d e m i g o ds o r m i ddl e b e i n gs p ar t aki n g m o re o f h u
-
, ,

m an n at u re an d b e i n g m o r e f am il i ar t o u s b e c o m e
, ,

t h e ch i e f o bj e ct s o f d e v o ti o n B ut as th e s e .

i d o l atr o u s r e ligi o n s fal l e v e ry d ay i n t o g ro s s e r an d

m o r e v ulga r c o rru pti o n s th e y at l a st d e s t ro y th e m
,

s e l v e s an d by t h e vil e re p r e s e n t ati o n s wh i ch th e y
,

f o rm o f th e i r du ti e s m ak e t h e t id e t ur n ag ai n t o w ard -

”
th e m .

Th u s m o n o th e is m an d p o lyth e is m are t o H u m e , ,

t wo O pp o si t e s b e tw e e n wh ich t h e h u m an m i n d f o r
,

e v e r o sc ill a t e s Th is b e i n g s o i t i s pl ai n th at th i s
.
,

o s ci ll ati o n i s g ro u n d e d i n re a s o n o r it i s n o t I f it , .

i s g ro u n d e d i n re as o n t h e n p r i m itiv e m e n m ay h av e
,

r e as o n e d th e ir way i n t o m o n o th e i s m as th e ir fi r st
r e l i gi o u s f ai th an d st ill h av e re l ap s e d i n t o po lyt h e
,

i s m as t h e n atu ral an d rat i o n al re ac ti o n O n th e .

o th e r h an d if t h e o sc ill ati o n i s n o t g r o u n d e d i n re a
,

s o n th e n as by h i s o wn a cc o u n t al
, ,
l l at e r r e l igi o u s
st at e s o f m an ki n d h av e b e e n u n re as o n abl e t h e fi rs t ,

m ay h av e b e e n alt o g e th e r d iffe r e n t f r o m wh at H u m e
w o u ld h av e c o n si d e re d rat i o n al ; th at i s m ay h av e ,

b e e n a s t at e o f pu re m o n o th e i s m .

S u c h was H u m e s att e m pt e d d e m o n s tr ati o n o f

’

t h e pri m i ti v e n e s s o f p o lyth e i s m an d t h e wh o l e ,

of i t .
 E A RL I E S T F OR /V OF R E L I GI O I V .
3 69

F iv e y e ars l at e r i n 1 760 D e B ro s s e s o n e o f V O ]
, , ,

t a i re s c o rre sp o n d e n ts publ i s h e d h i s c r u d e bu t n o t e
,

w o rthy b o o k o n T h e W o rsh ip o f F e tich e s ; o r

“
,

P arall e l o f t h e A n c i e n t R e l igi o n o f E gypt w it h t h e

”
P re s e n t R e l igi o n o f N i gri t i a Th i s was t h e w ri t e r
.

”
wh o fi rst g av e cu rre n cy t o t h e w o rd f e tich is m ,

a n d w h o fi rs t p o stul at e d i t as t h e i n v a r i abl e a n t e

c e d e n t o f p o lyth e i s m D e B ro ss e s h o w e v e r was a
.
, ,

p ro f e s s e d b e l i e v e r i n p ri m e v al d i vi n e re v e l a t i o n a n d ,

h e m ad e t h e H e b re w s a n e xc e pt i o n t o h i s g e n e ral
cl ai m th at all an ci e n t n ati o n s b e g an wi t h f e tic hi s m ,

ro s e th e n c e t o p o ly th e is m an d t e n d e d th e n c e t o
,

w ard m o n o th e i s m I n t h e e arly p art O f t h e pr e s e n t

.

c e n tu ry h o w e v e r A u gu st e Co m t e ig n o ri n g an y pri
, , ,

m e v al r e v e l ati o n e l e v at e d D e B ro s s e s g e n e ral iz a
’

t i o n i n t o an abs o l ut e law o f h ist o ric d e v e l o p m e n t .

H e g a v e t h e g r e at e r pl a u si b il i ty an d i n fl u e n c e t o i t
by re p re s e n ti n g th is law o f th e o l o gic al p ro g re ss as
o n l y p a rt o f a e t b ro ad e r s o ci al l a w a c c o rd i n g t o
y ,

wh ich h u m an ity h avi n g t rav e rs e d th i s th e o l o gi c al

,
“

st ag e i n t h e m an n e r i n d i c a t e d p as s e s n e xt th ro ugh ,
” “
a
“
m e t aphys ic al o n e a n d fi n ally att a i n s t h e
,
sc i
e n t i fic s t ag e o f ath e is tic p o s i tivi s m .

I n G e rm a n y i n 1 79 5 H u m e s O pi n i o n f o u n d an
’

, ,

abl e r e p re s e n t at iv e i n G L B a u e r o f A ltd o rf a n d
. .
, ,

“
t e n y e ars l at e r w e s e e M e i n e rs i n h i s U n iv e r s al ,

”
H i s t o ry o f R e li gi o n re p e a ti n g an d e n f o rc i n g t h e
,

n o ti o n o f t h e a bs o l u t e pri m itiv e n e s s o f fe tich is m .

T h e rati o n al isti c an d p an th e i stic t e n d e n ci e s o f G e r

m a n sp e c ul ati o n ab o ut thi s ti m e w e re o f c o u rs e , ,

f av o rabl e t o an y n e w th e o ry wh i ch d is c re d it e d t h e
B i bl ic al o n e a n d th u s i t c am e t o p as s th at b e f o re
,

t h e m iddl e o f t h e p re s e n t c e n tu ry t h e D e B ro s s e s
th e o ry i n i ts c o m pl e t e r Co m t e an f o rm b e c a m e al
, ,

24
 P A RA D I S E F OUN D
3 70 .

m o st u n i v e rs al ly ad o pt e d S p e ak i n g o f its pre v a .

l e n c e P ro f e ss o r M ax M ul l e r s ay s :
,

A ll o f u s h av e b e e n b ro u gh t Up o n i t I m y s e lf .

c e rt ai n ly h e ld i t f o r a l o n g t i m e an d n e v e r d o u b t e d ,

i t till I b e c am e m o re an d m o re s t artl e d by t h e f ac t
th at wh il e i n t h e e arl i e st ac c e ss ibl e d o cu m e n ts o f
,

r e l igi o u s th o u gh t we l o o k i n v a i n fo r an y v e ry cl e ar
tr ac e s o f f e t i ch is m th e y b e c o m e m o r e an d m o re f re
,

qu e n t e v e rywh e re i n t h e l att e r st ag e s o f re l igi o u s

'

d e v e l o p m e n t an d are c e rt ai n ly m o re visibl e i n t h e
,

l at e r c o rru pt i o n s o f t h e I n d i an r e ligi o n b e gi n n i n g ,

w i th t h e A t h arv an a th an i n t h e e arl i e s t hy m n s o f
,
”1
t he Rig V e da .

F o r m an y y e ars o u r w o rk s o n pri m e v al h ist o ry

h av e b e e n s at ur at e d w i th thi s id e a E v e n pr o f e s s .

e dl C h r ist i an w r it e r s u p o n t h e H ist o ry o f R e ligi o n s

y ,

an d u p o n Co m p ara tiv e Th e o l o gy h av e l ar g e ly fall e n ,

i n with t h e pr e v a ili n g n o ti o n A s o n e h as w e l l s a id .
,

“
T h e v e ry th e o ry h as b e c o m e a k i n d o f s ci e n tifi c
f e ti ch th o u gh l ik e m o st f e t ich e s i t s e e m s t o o we its
,
”
e xist e n c e t o i g n o ran c e an d su p e rstiti o n .

F o r s o m e ti m e p as t h o w e v e r th is l o n g d o m i n an t
, ,

d o g m a o f n at u ral i s m h as b e e n lo si n g cr e d i t with all

c are ful st u d e n t s o f t h e w o rl d s r e l igi o n s an d i n d e e d
’

w ith t h e m o re th o r o u gh p r o f e s si o n al e th n o l o gi sts .

“
I n h i s r e c e n t w o rk T h e H ibb e r t L e ctu re s o n t h e
,
” 2
O ri gi n an d G r o wth o f R e l igi o n M ax M ull e r h i m , ,

s e lf f o r a l o n g ti m e as we h a v e s e e n a b e l i e v e r i n
, ,

t h e th e o ry pu bl icly ch all e n g e s i ts c o rr e ct n e ss
, In .

L e ct u r e s e c o n d aft e r rapidly sk e tch i n g t h e ri s e an d

,

re m ark abl e pr e v a l e n c e o f t h e t h e o ry h e e xp o s e s , ,

1 Or igi n an d Gr owth of Religi ou s . L o n don an d N e w Y o rk , 1 8 79

p 58
. .

2 Re v i e we d b
y C P T ie . . le , i n 7h eol Tij d sc h r if t , f o r M ay,
. 1 8 79.
 P A RA D I S E P OU N D
3 72 .

ing f ro m t h e pe n of a sc h o l ar s o w i d e ly an d d e sc ry
e dl r e v e re d c an n o t f a il t o p ro du c e i n t h e w o r ld o f
y ,

g e n e r al re ad e rs an d s e c o n d h an d wri t e rs a p ro f o u n d -
‘

a n d wh o l e s o m e i m p re ss i o n P ro b ably t h e w o rk w ill .

”
f ail o f b e c o m i n g e p o ch m aki n g s o l e ly i n c o n s e -

u e n c e o f s o m e th i n g f o r w h ich t h e a u th o r i s n o t re
q
sp o n sibl e n am e ly t h e fac t th at i n d is c u ss i n g t o d ay
, ,
-

th i s d o gm a o f pri m i tiv e f e tich is m o n e i s r e ally d e al

i n g w ith an i ss u e w h ic h i n a d v an c e d c ircl e s i s a l
r e ady d e ad E v e n M r A n d re w L an g p e rh ap s t h e
. .
,

m o s t an t a g o n i sti c o f all P ro f e ss o r M ull e r s r e vi e w

’

e rs ,i s n o t h i m s e lf w ill i n g t o m ak e f e t ich is m t h e
” 1
“
fi r st m o m e n t i n t h e d e v e l o p m e n t o f re l igi o n
‘
.

T e n o r fift e e n y e ar s e ar l i e r t h e p o l e m i c w o ul d h av e
d o n e m an y t i m e s t h e g o o d i t c a n n o w D u r in g thi s .

p e r i o d a d e c id e d ch a n g e h as t ak e n pl ac e T h e re re . .

m a i n e d a d e c a d e o r t w o ag o a fu rth e r s t e p a n d b u t ,

o n e fu rt h e r st e p f o r t h e a dv o c at e s o f t h e n a t u r al is ti c
,

vi e w o f t h e o rigi n o f re l igi o n t o t ak e H u m e h ad .

m ad e p o lyth e i s m t h e p r i m it iv e f aith Co m t e th o ugh t

t o go b a ck o f th is a n d t o p o stul a t e a s till m o r e r u
,

d i m e n t ary f o rm as an t e d ati n g p o l yt h e i s m I t re .

m ai n e d t o g o b a ck o f f e ti ch is m an d p re dic at e o f t h e ,

fi r s t m e n a bs olute a th e i s m Thi s v ar i o u s r e c e n t au .

th o rs h av e d o n e p ro m i n e n t am o n g w h o m i n E n g
, ,

l an d i s S i r J o h n L u bb o ck I n c h apt e r i v o f h i s
, . .

w o rk m isc a l l e d T h e O r i gi n o f Civiliz a ti o n an d t h e
, ,

”2
Pri m i tiv e Co n di ti o n o f M an h e cl ass ifi e s t h e fi rs t ,
“

”
g re a t stag e s o f r e l igi o u s th o u gh t as f o ll o w s
F irs t A th e i s m
. u n d e rst an d i n g by th is t e rm n o t
1 Cu s tom an d Myth . Londo n, 1 884 : pp . 212 —2 42 .

2 T h e firs t ed iti on li
was pub s h e d i n 1 8 70 L at e r e c h o e s are h e ard
.

i n M o rt i lle t , L e P r éh i stor i q u e S e e t h e R evu e d e ll if st oi r e des R e

.
’

[ gi on s
c
-
. Par is , 1 88 3 : p . 1 17
.
 E A R LI E S T F O R M OP R E L I GI ON .
373

a d e n i al o f t h e e xi st e n c e o f a d e ity bu t an ab s e n c e ,

o f a n y d e fi n it e id e a s o n t h e s u b j e ct .

S e c o n d F e t i ch i s m I n t h e st a t e o f p ri m e v al at h e
. .

i s m m e n w e re n o t w ith o u t a b e li e f i n i n vis i bl e b e
”
i n gs . Th e y e sp e ci al ly b e l i e v e d i n h u m an sh ad o ws ,

gh o st s an d t h e p e o pl e s e e n i n d re a m s e t c th o u gh
, , .
,

th e s e S pi ri ts w e re n o t c o n c e iv e d o f as i m m o rt al o r ,

as p o s s e ss i n g an y s u p e r n at u r al p o w e rs Th e y w e re .

f e are d o n l y b e c au s e th e y w e r e s u pp o s e d t o h av e
p o w e r an d disp o s iti o n t o i n fl ic t d is e as e o r o th e rw i s e ,

t o i n j u re m e n ye t i n t h e fl e sh N o w i n as m uch a s it .
,

wa s b e l i e v e d th a t by m e an s o f t h e f e ti ch th e s e e vil
spi ri ts c o uld b e c o n t ro ll e d an d c o e rc e d t o t h e w il l o f
t h e w o r sh i p e r f e tich is m vi e w e d i n its re l a ti o n t o
, ,

re l igi o u s d e v e l o p m e n t is p ro n o u n c e d by L u bb o ck ,

”
a d e cid e d s t e p i n adv a n c e V i e w e d i n i ts e l f it “
.
,

i s m e re witch c raft .

Th i rd To t e m i s m o r N atu re w o rsh ip Th i s o u r
.
,
-
.

a u th o r n o wh e re cl e arly d i sti n gu i sh e s f ro m f e tic h

i sm . I n th i s st ag e o f r e li gi o u s p ro gr e s s “
t h e s av ,

age d o e s n o t ab a n d o n h i s b e l i e f i n f e tich is m fr o m ,

w h ich i n d e e d n o rac e o f m e n h a s ye t e n t i re ly f re e d
, ,

i ts e l f bu t h e su p e ri n d u c e s o n i t a b e l i e f i n b e i n gs
,

o f a h igh e r a n d l e ss m at e r i a l n atu re I n th i s st ag e .

e v e ryth i n g m ay b e w o r sh ip e d —t r e e s st o n e s ri v , , ,

e rs,
m o u n t ai n s t h e h e av e n l y b o di e s pl a n ts an d
, , ,

an i m al s .

F o u rth S ha m a n i s m . A s t o t e m is m o v e rl i e s .

”
f e t ich i s m s o d o e s S h am an i s m o v e rl i e t o t e m is m
, .

H e re t h e g o d s a re c o n c e iv e d o f as far m o re po we r
”
ful th an m e n as o f a di ff e re n t n at u re as r e s id i n g
, ,

f ar aw ay an d as ac c e s sibl e o n ly t o t h e S h a m an s
“
, ,

wh o are “
o cc as i o n all y h o n o r e d by t h e p re s e n c e o f

t h e d e iti e s o r a re all o w e d t o v isi t t h e h e av e n l y

,
3 74 P A RA D I S E POU N D .

“
r e gi o n s Th is
. in i ts t ur n i s pr o n o u n c e d a c o n s i d
c rabl e ad v an c e o v e r t h e p r e c e di n g s t a g e o f r e l ig

i o u s t h o u gh t
F ifth I d o la t ry o r A n th ro p o m o r ph is m
.
, H e re .

t h e g o d s t a k e s til l m o re c o m p le t e ly t h e n atu re o f
m e n b e i n g h o w e v e r m o re p o w e rful
, , , Th e y are s t ill .

am e n abl e t o p e r s u asi o n ; th e y are a p ar t o f N a tu re ,

an d n o t c r e at o r s . Th e y are r e p re s e n t e d by i m ag e s
”
o r id o ls .

S ixth T o t h e s ixth st ag e n o n am e i s giv e n ; b u t

.

“
i t i s d e s crib e d as o n e i n wh ich t h e d e i ty i s re
g ard e d as t h e a u t h o r n o t m e re ly a p ar t o f N atu re
, , .

H e b e c o m e s f o r t h e fi rs t ti m e a re ally su p e rn a tu ral
be in g .

S e v e n th I n thi s l ast an d h igh e st st ag e wh i ch h e

.
,

a l s o l e a v e s u n ch r i st e n e d m o ra l i ty b e c o m e s
,
“
fo r t h e
” 1
fi rst ti m e as s o c i at e d wi th re l i gi o n .

W e w ill n o t st o p t o c r itici s e i n d e t ail th i s e x

t re m e l c o n fus e d an d ill n am e d cl a s sifi c a ti o n or th e
y
-
,

a ssu m pti o n s o n w h ich i t r e sts I t s m o s t ch ar a ct e r

.

i s t i c f e at u re is i ts p o stu l at i o n o f u n iv e rs al p r i m it iv e
ath e is m a s an t e d a ti n g e v e ry f o r m o f r e l i gi o u s d e v e l

o pm e n t i n o u r rac e S o f ar a s h e r e st e d th is d o g m a
.

e i th e r u p o n t h e affi r m e d abs e n c e o f al l re ligi o u s b e

l i e fs an d u s ag e s am o n g t h e l o w e st s av ag e s o f t o d ay -
,

o r u p o n t h e p r i n c ipl e th at t h e r e l igi o u s c o n c e pt i o n s

o f a p e o pl e ar e al w ays i n e x a ct p ro p o r ti o n t o its

d e g re e o f c ivil iz ati o n h i s r e fu t a t i o n qu i ckly b e gan

,
.

T h e n e xt y e ar aft e r t h e pu bl ic ati o n o f h i s w o rk i n ,

a l e arn e d t r e a ti s e o n P ri m i ti v e Cu l t u re E B Tyl o r ,
. .

ch all e n g e d s e v e ral o f L u bb o ck s a u th o ri t i e s f o r t h e
’

st at e m e n t th at n o n re li gi o u s t r ib e s h av e b e e n f o u n d
-
,

“ ”
wh il e i n h is n e w w o rk o n T h e H u man S p e ci e s ,

1 Ch a s i
p
— i . v . v .
3 76 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

R uc k s i c h t au f di e natu r l i e b e E n t wi ck e lu n g d e s frii h e
st e n G e i st e sl e b e n s ( T h e Pri m it iv e H i st o ry o f M an
“

k i n d w it h R e sp e c t t o t h e N atu ral E v o l u ti o n of t h e
,

E ar li e st S pi r it ual L if e ) Th is t wo v o l u m e d t re ati s e
.
-

was i s s u e d at L e ipsic i n 1 8 7 2 an d r e ach e d a s e c o n d

,

e diti o n i n 1 8 7 7 . A v e ry l arg e p o r ti o n o f it i s d e
v o t e d t o t h e e xp o si ti o n o f t h e a u th o r s V i e w of t h e ’

o r igi n a n d n a tur al e v o l u ti o n o f r e l igi o n i n t h e e arly

h i st o ry o f t h e rac e .Th i s V i e w i s ch ar act e riz e d

by an o rigi n al ity an d e l ab o rat e d with an i n g e n u i ty
w h ich r e n d e r t h e b o o k as f a sc i n at i n g t o t h e st ud e n t
as t h e m o s t ab s o r bi n g r o m an c e T h e au th o r i s a
.

p u re an d pr o f e ss e d e v o lu t i o n ist b u t i n st e ad o f at ,

t e m pti n g t o s o l v e h i s pr o bl e m w ith L y e ll an d B ro c a
fr o m t h e d at a o f P al e o n t o l o gy o r w ith D ar wi n an d ,

H ack e l f ro m t h e d a ta o f Z o ol o gy o r w ith H u xl e y ,

an d B a s ti a n f ro m t h e d at a o f B i o l o gy o r w i th M ul ,

le r a n d N o i re f ro m t h e d a t a o f Ph il o l o gy o r w ith ,

P r i ch ar d an d P e s ch e l f ro m t h e d at a o f E th n o l o gy ,

o r w ith Tyl o r an d L u bb o ck f ro m t h e d at a o f Cu l

tu r e H is t o ry o r w ith W aitz an d T o pi n ard fr o m t h e

-
,

d at a o f G e n e r alA n th r o p o l o gy h e app ro ach e s i t an d

,

gr appl e s wi th i t as a p ro bl e m f o r th at h igh e r an d
b ro ad e r sc i e n c e t o wh i ch all o f t h e ab o v e are t rib u
t ary , t h e sc i e n c e t o wh ich its G e rm an o r i gi n at o rs
h av e gi v e n t h e n am e Vblé e r ( E th n ic o r
‘

A n th r o pic Psych o l o gy) H e c an n o t c o n sid e r t h e

.

p ro bl e m s o lv e d u n til b e gi n n i n g w i th t h e ps yc h o lo g
,

i c a l f acts o f b r ut e l ife we are abl e t o r e p re s e n t t o

-
,

o u rs e l v e s t h e su cc e ss iv e st e ps an d st a g e s by whi ch

t h e o r igi n al ly an i m al m i n d sl o wl y e v o lv e d all t h e
spiritu al an d re l igi o u s c o n c e pti o n s e m o ti o n s h abits , , ,

an d id e al s o f t h e h i s t o r ic a n d act u al h u m a n r a c e .

H i s o wn att e m pt t o d o th is is n o t f re e fr o m arbitr ary

 E A RL I E S T F OR JI OF R E L I GI ON .

3 77

a ssu m pti o n s o r i n c o n s is t e n c i e s b u t as a wh o l e i t i s
, , ,

a m a rv e l o f s ubtil e an alys i s an d c o n st r u c t iv e ab ility .

I n c o n t ras t w i th i t t h e e xp o s i ti o n s o f H u m e an d
L u bb o c k app e ar as cl u m s y a n d gr o t e squ e as t h e
e arly th e o ri e s o f g e o l o gy d e sc rib e d i n G o ld s m ith s ’

B o o k o f N at u r e n o w l o o k t o t h e m o d e rn st ud e n t
, .

O n e o f t h e o ld e s t o f t h e an t i sup e rn at u ral is t e x -

pl an at i o n s o f t h e o rigi n o f re l igi o n i s th at w hi ch
a sc r ib e s i t t o t h e i g n o ran t an d su p e rstiti o u s f e ar s o f

e a rl i e s t m e n
.

P im ri b d us f i t tim
n or e eos ec o r,

’
w ro t e P e tro n i u s an d L u c re t iu s ful l e r e xp o s iti o n o f
,

t h e s a m e n o ti o n i s f am ili ar N o s u c h e xpl an at i o n
.

s at i s fi e s Casp ari H e c a n n o t c o n c e iv e h o w f e ar c o uld

,

e v e r b e c o m e th at c o m p o u n d o f r e v e re n c e an d l o v e

wh ic h i s o f t h e e ss e n c e o f re l igi o n F e ar si m pl y .

p ro m pts t h e b r u t e t o sh u n as f ar as m ay be t h e , ,

o bj e c t f e are d . E qu al ly u n s ati sf act o ry i s t h e n o ti o n

th a t t h e h e av e n l y b o d i e s a n d t h e s ubl i m e r ph e n o m
e n a o f n at u r e i n spi re d t h e awe a n d c u ri o u s qu e s

t i o n i n g s o u t o f wh i ch r e ligi o n c o ul d h av e g ro w n .

T h e p r i m it iv e m an li k e t h e an th ro p o id b ru t e t o o k
, ,

n o n o tic e o f t h e r e m o t e an d l o fty N o th i n g h ad i n .

t e re s t fo r h i m s av e th at wh i ch was p e r c e iv e d t o b e
vit al ly re l at e d t o h i m i n t h e st ru ggl e fo r e xi st e n c e .

T h e ran g e o f h is c o n c e pti o n s a n d o f h i s s y m p ath i e s

w as l i m i t e d t o t h e o bj e ct s w h ic h w e re h i s all i e s o r
h i s e n e m i e s i n th is p e rp e t u al b attl e R e ligi o n th e r e .
,

f o re i s n o t t o b e t rac e d t o an y i n w o rk i n g o f n at u re
, ,

o r o f n a tu ral o bj e ct s u p o n t h e h u m a n m i n d I t h ad .

a d e e p e r a n d ye t m o re o bvi o u s g e n e si s i n n a tu ral h u

m a n re l at i o n sh ip s T h e fi r st an d r o o t fo rm o f a llpi e ty
.

was fi li al pi e ty . T h e fi rst o bj e c t o f t ru ly r e li gi o u s
re g ard was t/le pa re n t Th is r e v e r e n t i al an d aff e c
.
3 78 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

t i o n at e r e g ard o f t h e c o n sc i o u sly i g n o r an t w e ak , ,

an d d e p e n d e n t ch il d f o r t h e i n d e fi n i t e ly w is e str o n g , ,

an d h e l pfu l f ath e r o r m o th e r i s e ss e n ti al ly r e l igi o u s .

A t an e xtr e m e ly e arly d at e i t m u st h av e b e c o m e e x
t e n d e d fro m t h e p ar e n t t o t h e alld e f e n di n g an d all -

r e gul ati n g t r ib al Ch i e ft ai n an d t o t h e ag e d an d e x
,

pe r i e n c e d c o u n s e l o r s o f t h e r u d e pri m e v al c o mm u
n i ti e s . T h e n atu ral t e n d e n cy o f u n civi liz e d m e n t o
g e stu re l an gu ag e m u s t h av e p r o du c e d h abitu al f o r m s
-

o f r e n d e ri n g h o m a g e t h e g e r m o f w h ich w e m ay
,

o b s e rv e i n t h e h o m ag e p a i d by t h e b e e s t o th e i r
q u e e n — an d th u s p are n t s Ch i e ft ai n s a n d s ag e s w e r e
, , ,

t h e fi rs t o bj e c ts o f re l i gi o u s r e v e re n c e a n d h o m ag e
am o n g m e n A s ye t m e n h ad n o c o n c e pti o n s o f
.

n at u re as a wh o l e n o i n t e l l e ctu al i n t e re s t i n st a r s o r
, ,

t re e s o r an i m al s n o m e n t al p ro v o c ati o n t o w o r sh ip
, ,

”
an yth i n g e l s e th an 1123 e Z/zzca ll l d i t
“
'

y e x a t e as ap ,

pe are d i n t h e n arro w c i r cl e o f t h e f am i ly an d tri b al

l if e Th e re was n o th o u gh t o f an u n s e e n w o rl d n o
.
,

id e a o f s o ul s n o p ro p e r c o n c e pti o n e v e n o f d e ath
, .

T h e d e ad m an was s u pp o s e d t o b e s i m ply a sl e e p o r ,

in a l on g s woon B e i n g s e lf e vi d e n tly h e l pl e ss f o r
.
-

t h e p re s e n t lik e a s ick m e m b e r o f t h e fam il y h e

, ,

c all e d o u t n at u ral pi ty an d c are F o o d an d d ri n k .

w e re pl ac e d i n r e ad i n e s s ag a i n st h is aw ak e n i n g I f .

h e h ad t o b e l e ft b e h i n d h e was p u t i n a c av e t o
,

pr o t e ct h i m ag ai n s t wil d b e a st s an d h i s w e ap o n s ,

w e re l e ft f o r h i s u s e .

O n t h e b asi s o f th i s n arv e c o n c e pti o n o f th i n gs t h e

'

ri s e o f an i m al w o rs h i p fi rst b e c o m e s c o n c e i v abl e .

T h e b e ast w h ich h as d e v o u r e d a m an l i vi n g o r d e ad , ,

is n o w as m u ch m an as b e as t T h e m a n h as n o t .

c e as e d t o b e h e h as s i m ply bl e n d e d h i s li fe i n th at
”
o f t h e b e ast an d b e c o m e a
,
m an b e as t T h e fe ro c
-
.
3 80 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

an thr o p o ph agy b e c am e i n t h e fi rs t age o f t h e w o rl d

al m o s t u n i v e rs al T h e v e r y pi e ty o f t h e s ur vivi n g
.

t o ward t h e d e ad c o n t r ibu t e d t o t h e di s s e m i n ati o n o f

t h e r e v o l ti n g c u s t o m .

O u r l i m i t s w il l n o t p e r m it an e qu ally ful l a c c o u n t
.

o f t h e r e m a i n i n g st ag e s by w h i ch r e l igi o n gr e w t o b e

w h at i t h as b e e n an d i s i n t h e w o rl d S u ffi c e t o s ay .

th at p o ss ibl e m ill e n n i um s fr o m t h e b e gi n n i n g o f
”
h u m an h ist o ry t o w ard t h e e n d o f t h e S t o n e A ge
“
,

th e r e o cc u rr e d t h e g re at e s t r e v o lu ti o n i n h u m an
th o u gh t an d b e li e f an d l if e w h ic h t h e rac e h as ye t
w it n e ss e d Th i s w as b ro u gh t ab o u t by t h e ri s e an d
.

a d o pti o n o f t h e b e l i e f th at t r e e s an d m e n an d b e as ts

i n fin e all n a t u ral o bj e ct s
, are p o ss e s s e d of

i n vi sibl e i m p al p abl e vi t al p r i n ci pl e s s o ul s
, ,
Th at ,
.

w h ic h pro d u c e d an d s u pp o rt e d th is st ran g e n e w n o ,

ti o n was a d i s c o v e ry wh i ch e st i m at e d by t h e br e adth
,

an d pr o f o u n d n e s s o f it s i n fl u e n c e m u st b e pl a c e d at
,

t h e h e a d o f al l o th e r s
,
—t h e di s c o v e ry n am e ly o f
, , ,

t h e art o f k i n dl i n g fi re This m yst e ri o u s an d n o v e l

.

p o w e r o f e v o k i n g w h at s e e m e d a b righ t an d l ivi n g
b e i n g fr o m t h e re al m o f t h e i n vi sibl e by m e an s o f ,

th e
“
fire d r ill
-
h alf b e w ild e r e d e v e n t h e pri e stl y
,

c ast e i n wh o s e h an d s t h e awful s e cr e t lay T h e ir

,
.

att e m pts t o u se i t l e d t o S h am an i s m an d a s i n c e r e

m a gic . B y m e an s o f t h e o bs e r v e d vit al h e at o f
l iv i n g th i n gs an d t h e c o l d n e s s o f t h e d e ad t h e n e w
el e m e n t w a s q u ickly id e n ti fi e d w i th t h e i n n e r e s

s e n c e o f l if e i ts e lf an d t h e n e w art t h e m o re c o m
,

m e n d e d t o u n iv e rs al att e n ti o n by m e an s o f i ts b e ~

n e fic e n t appl i c ati o n s i n t h e h an ds o f t h e F l am e n s ,

o r F ir e p ri e s ts
-
t o t h e pu rp o s e s o f h e ali n g
,
T he .

s am e id e n tifi c ati o n o f h e at an d l ife s o o n as s o c i at e d

ph all u s an d fire drill an d i n tr o du c e d t h e s tr an g e an d
-
,
 E A RL I E S T F ORM OF REL IGI O N .
38 x

a pp ar e n tly m o n st ro u s ab e rrat i o n o f ph all ic w o rsh i p .

U n d e r th e s e n e w id e as i t w as o n ly n a tu ral th a t s u n
an d s t a r a n d l igh t n i n g fl ash s h o ul d c o m e t o h av e a

n e w sig n ifi c an c e f o r m an a n d m ak e th e i r i m p re ss ,

o n r e l igi o n A n i m al w o r sh i p was p ro f o u n dly m o d

.

i fie d i n w ays i n g e n i o u s l y s e t f o r th T h e s i m pl e .

o bl at i o n s o f t h e e arli e r p e r i o d giv e pl a c e t o s a c r i

fic e s t o fire an d t o t h e h e av e n ly b o d i e s
,
S o st ro n g .

i s t h e d e s i re t o b e c o m e t ran sfo r m e d i n t o wh it e ,

fl am i n g spi rits an d t o be j o i n e d t o t h e s u p e rn al
,

f e ll o wsh ip o f s u ch th at m e n b ri n g th e m s e lv e s as ,

o ff e ri n gs a n d s e e k t ra n s fig u rat i o n i n t h e h o ly al t ar
,

fl am e s H e n c e h u m an s a c ri fi c e s ; h e n c e al s o i n
.

cr e m ati o n o f t h e d e ad I n ti m e t h e i d e a o f t h e .
,

s o u l t ak e s o n g re at e r an d gr e at e r d e fin i t e n e s s ; s o
al s o t h e id e a o f t h e i m m a t e ri al s u p e rs e n su al g o ds .

T h e l o n g c o n ti n u e d st i m u l ati o n o f t h e i m agi n ati o n

-

r e n d e rs m y th c o n st ru cti o n s p o s s ibl e S o m e o f t h e
-
.

g re at p ri e sth o o ds o f h i s t o ry i n v e n t h i e r o glyph ic an d
al ph a b e ti c w r iti n g an d i n t i m e th e re n a t u ral ly f o l ,

lo w s ac re d b o o ks c o s m o g o n i e s c o d e s o f r e l igi o u s
, ,

l aws e t c e t c T h e m agi c w an d o f t h e fi r st fire

, .
, .

b r i n g e r h as at l as t c re at e d a s pi ri tu al an d u n s e e n
c o u n t e rp ar t t o t h e w o rl d w h i ch i s s e e n I n th is .

e n ch an t e d w o rl d we l iv e t o d ay ; t h e l o w e s t o f u s -

sh o wi n g o ur fait h by s u p e rs titi o u s f e ti ch i s m t h e ,

h igh e st o f u s by att e m pts at a pu re ly spi ri tu al wo r

sh ip Th a t h igh e st Ch ri sti an c o n c e pti o n
. Go d i s ,
“

”
l ight an d i n H i m i s n o d ark n e s s at all i s si m ply
. ,

t h e c u l m i n ati o n o f a m o d e o f th i n k i n g wh ic h s t ar t e d
ag e s a go with t h e sp ark wh ic h s o m e s a v ag e
pre h i s
t o ri c fli n t ch ipp e r stru ck o u t o f t h e fii n ty s t o n e
-
1
.

y i m il p i i w i t h t t f t h by P f ss
1 Ver t Cs ar o as ar
’
s v e s a se or ro e or

F h ch m m i h i l te w k D i G m i d
ro s a er n M sh /wi t M ii c h
a or , e e
-
s : er e ns c . n e n.

1 88 3 : pp 68 -
38 1
. .
3 82 P A RA D JS E F OU N D .

’
T he br e v i ty o f t h i s sk e tch o f Casp ari s th e o ry re n
d e rs i t i m p o ssibl e t o d o ful l j u s ti c e t o t h e skill an d
pl aus ibil i ty w i th w hi c h h e h as e l ab o ra t e d i t S t il l .

l e ss h av e we sp ac e fo r th a t d e t ail e d r e vi e w w hi ch
wo u ld b e n e e d e d we r e we t o u n d e r t ak e a re fu t ati o n
o f t h e sch e m e i n p art o r w h o l e .

I n striki n g o pp o s iti o n t o t h e th e o ry o f Casp ar i

s t a n d s th a t o f J ul e s B ai s s ac e l ab o ra t e d i n h is O ri ,

1
gi n e s d e la R e l igi o n H e t o o b e gi n s w ith pri m i
.
, ,

t i ve an i m al ity an d p ro p o s e s t o t rac e t h e ri s e an d
,

n a t u ral e v o l u ti o n o f r e l igi o n fr o m th a t f ar o ff st ar t -

i n g p o i n t o f t h e h u m an ra c e
-
B u t i n st e ad o f m ag .
,

n i f i n g t h e i n i ti al i n fl u e n c e o f a pu r e d o m e stic l if e
y
i n Ca sp ari s truly G e r m an m e th o d B ai s s ac — i n a
’

m an n e r ch aract e ri stic a ll y F r e n ch sh al l w e s ay ? ,

st arts w ith a d e i fi c at i o n o f m e r e m at e rn ity c o n ,

c e i v e d o f as s e lf o ri gi n ati n g an d s e lf su ffi ci n g
-
Th i s -
.

f o r m o f re l igi o n p re v ail e d du ri n g t h e re m o t e p e ri o d
an t e r i o r t o t h e ti m e wh e n i t w as d i sc o v e re d th a t

m al e s h ad a n y p arti ci p at i o n i n t h e pr o cr e ati o n o f t h e
sp e ci e s T h e re l igi o u s sy m b o ls o f th at f ar o ff age
.
-

we r e le s él év a ti o n s e t tu m e s c e n c e s t e rr e str e s n atu ,

r e l l e s o u art i fic i e lle s e t le s c avit és s o ut e rr ai n e s le s

,

tu m e s c e n c e s c o m m e i m ag e d a s e i n m at e rn e l e n ét at
d e pre gn at i o n e t le s p r o fo n d e urs e t c avit és c o m m e
v e n t re s a c ré d e l a d ivi n e m er e D e la le cult e d e s .

b all o n s o u m o n t ag n e s a c ro u p e arr o n d i e ; d e la le
sy m b o l i s m e d e s t u m ul i d e s pyram id e s d e s gr o tt e s
, , ,
”
d e s pu its d e s l aby r i n th e s d e s d o l m e n s
, , I n th i s .

p e ri o d all m o th e rh o o d i s di vi n e an d all l if e an d ,

ch an g e i n n at u r e are m e n t ally re p re s e n t e d as a
sp o n t an e o u s an d e xcl u s iv e ly f e m al e c o n c e ivi n g an d
, ,

bri n gi n g f o rth .

1 P i 2 t o me s 1 8 77 Co m p r B i g G o ul d R i gi u B li f
ar s , , . a e . ar n -
, e
-
n o s e e .

N e w Y o rk , 1 8 70 : Part I .
, pp .
4 1 1 -
41 4 .
3 84 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

th e m , was i m al h al l uc i n ati o n o f t h e e arly an

an an

t h ro po i d s r e sp e cti n g s e x u al g e n e rat i o n N o s ays .

,

an o th e r i t was a g e n ui n e w o rs h i p o f i n vi sibl e g o d s
,

a n d g o dd e ss e s l i k e t h e b e au tifu l O ly m p i an d ivi n i
,

ti e s o f G r e e c e a r e ligi o n wh o s e f ru i ts i n ch ar a ct e r
,

an d c o n d u ct c o m p ar e m o st f av o rably wi th th o s e o f
1
Ch ri sti a m o n o th e i s m
n A bs u rd ! e xcl ai m s a t h i rd
. .

P o lyt h e is m i s a v e ry h i gh typ e o f r e ligi o n ; m e n

n e v e r c o u l d h a v e re ach e d t h at u n til aft e r t h e i n v e n

ti o n o f t h e fire d r ill n o b o dy k n o w s h o w m an y a g e s
-
,

fr o m t h e b e gi n n i n g F o o l s all! re j o i n t h e m o re
.

th o ro u gh g o i n g K n o w ye n o t th at p ri m it iv e m e n
-
.

w e r e f ar l o w e r th an o ur l o w e s t m o d e rn s av ag e s —as ,

i n c ap abl e o f an y r e l igi o u s i d e as a s th e y w e re o f us
i n g t h e i n t e g ral c al c u lu s
A t t h e b e gi n n i n g o f t h e e xp o si ti o n o f t h e s e s pe c u
lat i o n s i t w as i n ti m at e d th at th e i r c o n t radic t o ry an d
i n cr e dibl e o u tc o m e h ad a lr e ady pr o v o k e d a d e gr e e
o f re acti o n e v e n f r o m b i o l o gi c a l an d s o ci o l o gic a l

writ e rs Th i s r e acti o n is t o o i n s tru ct iv e t o l e av e

.

2
u n n o ti c e d I t c o m e s f ro m m e n wh o r e l igi o u sly o r
.
,

th e o l o gi c ally sp e aki n g s e e m i n full sy m p ath y w i th ,

t h e r e j e ct e rs o f t h e o ld B i bl i c al an d pan e th n i c f ai th -

bu t th e y fin d th e y c an n o t go al o n g w i th th e s e re
j e c t e rs w ith o u t s u rr e n d e r i n g m o r e th an an
y b i ol

o gi s t o r s o ci o l o gis t c an aff o r d t o surr e n d e r if h e

w o u l d m ai n t ai n a c re d ibl e ph il o s o phy o f t h e h is t o ry
o f m an an d o f h u m an s o ci e ty T o a s i m pl e di sc ipl e .

o f hi st o ry t h e sp e c t acl e o f th e i r e m b ar ra ss m e n t an d

o f th e i r att e m pts a t e xt ric ati o n i s i n an e m i n e n t

d e g re e e n t e rt ai n i n g I n d e e d t h e b e st re fut ati o n o f
.
,

wh at e v e r i s wr o n g i n all th e s e n e w c o n c e pti o n s o f
l H um e
’
s ab o v e - c i te d E ss a
y, l i i
c o s n g s e c t o ns .

2 C o m pare Re v ue de s D M an da A pri l 1 88 0 , 66 665

“

0
’

-
c ux , , pp . .
 EARLIE S T F OR M OF REL IG ION .

38 5

pri m o rd i al re l igi o n w ill b e f o u n d n o t i n a bl i n d an d ,

i n di scri m i n at e p o l e m i c ag a i n s t th e m e n m as s e b u t ,

i n sh o wi n g h o w e v e ry d e p artu re fr o m t h e tr ad iti o n al
c o n c e pti o n i n v o lv e s t h e c ar e fu l th i n k e r i n p e rpl e x
i n g if n o t i n s o l ubl e p ro bl e m s a n d h o w e asily all t h e ,

r e al f acts o n wh i ch th e s e p ro p o s e d d e p art u re s are

b as e d c a n b e array e d i n s u pp o rt o f t h e tr aditi o n al
c o n c e pt i o n T o th is t ask we tur n
. .

F i r st th e n ac c o rd i n g t o G e n e sis t h e e arl i e st re p
, , ,

re s e n t a t i v e s o f t h e h u m an r ac e b e g an th e ir e xis t

e n c e i n P a rad is e u n cl ad u n h o u s e d an d p o ss e s s e d
, ,

o f n o n e o f t h e o u tw ard an d vi sibl e s ig n s o f wh at

is c al l e d c i vil izat i o n H ad M r L u bb o ck b e e n pe r
. .

m i t t e d at t h e ti m e t o v is it t h e sp o t h e w o uld h a v e ,

s e e n — s o far as M o s e s s u gg e st s n o p ri n ti n g pr e ss -
,
”
n o p o we r l o o m p e rh aps n o t e v e n a fire dril l o r
-
“
-
,

“
fl i n t arr o w h e ad H e w o u ld h av e s e e n n o go d
-
.
,

n o M ilt o n ic gu ar d o f an g e l s n o E d e n g at e s n o t e m , ,

ple or a lta r H e w o ul d h av e n o ti c e d i n t h e lu xu
.

ri an t tr o pi c al l an d sc ap e s i m ply a w e al th o f gr ac e
fu l an i m al f o r m s ri s i n g i n m an ifo ld g rad ati o n s an d
, ,

c u l m i n ati n g i n t wo f ai r h u m an fi gu re s H e w o u ld .

d o ubtl e s s h av e g o n e h i s way a n d r e p o r t e d at t h e ,

n e xt m e e ti n g o f t h e A n th ro p o l o gic a l S o ci e ty t h e
d isc o v e ry o f a n e w O t ah e it e wh o s e n ak e d an d art ,

l e ss i n h ab it an ts w e r e e vid e n tly a t t h e b o tt o m o f t h e
”
sc al e as re s p e c t s c u l tu re a n d i n t h e s u b fe t i c h i s
“
,
-

“ ”
ti c ath e i sti c st ag e as re s p e c ts r e l igi o n 5 0 d o .

i n g h e w o ul d h av e c o m m i tt e d n o gr e at e r bl u n d e r
,

t h an m an y o f h i s f av o rit e r e p o rt e rs h av e m ad e i n
d e scri bi n g su c h p e o pl e as t h e A n d am an I sl an d e r s 1 .

1 F o r th e c o m p e te l i i i
v n d c at o n of i
t h s s t at e m e n t s e e S ir H
—3
e n ry

i
S umn e r M a n e , E a r l
y La w a nd Cu stom Lo nd o n , t 88 3 , pp 2 2 9 . . 2 1

Q uat refages , Tl ze H u m a n Spe a k s , N e w o rk , 1 8 79, c h ap xxxv Y . . and

25
3 86 PA RA D ISE F OU N D .

A
cc o rdi n g t o t h e o ld c o n c e pti o n n o l e s s th an ac ,

c o rdi n g t o t h e n e w t h e ar ts w e r e o n ly g rad u ally ,

d e v e l o p e d M e n w e r e d e st it u t e o f t h e art o f m e t al
.

wo rk i n g an d o f all t o w h i ch th at was e ss e n ti al u n til

t h e d ay s o f Tub al Cai n M u s ic al i n stru m e n ts th e r e .

we r e n o n e u n til i n v e n t e d by J u b al E v e ryth i n g i n .

s ac re d S c riptu re i n dic at e s t h e ki n d o f s o ci al an d
i n d u st r i al pr o gr e s s f o r w h ich i n c o n n e c ti o n wi th
t h e b e gi n n i n gs o f h u m an s o c i e ty o n e w o uld n at u ,

r ally l o o k .

S o f ar th e n t h e b e l i e v e r i n S acr e d H i s t o ry h as n o
, ,

o cc a si o n w h a t e v e r t o di s a gr e e w i th t h e b e l i e v e r i n

N atu r al H is t o ry H ack e l an d P e sch e l an d Casp ari .

h o ld w ith M o s e s t o t h e m o n o g e n e s is o f t h e rac e
, , ,
”
an d e v e n pl ac e th e ir i m agi n ary L e m u r i a j u st
u n d e r t h e n o rth e r n p o rti o n o f t h e I n di an O c e an ,

h ar d by o n e o f t h e traditi o n al s e at s o f E d e n Th e ir .

a cc o u n t o f m an s m ig ra ti o n s fr o m th at c e n tr e an d
’

o f h is p r i m e v a l d e stitu ti o n o f t h e a rts c o n flic t wi th ,

n o f ac t r e c o rd e d i n H o ly S c r iptu r e N e ith e r p arty .

c an t e ll pr e c is e ly h o w l o n g t h e p e ri o d an t e c e d e n t t o

t h e ris e o f t h e fi rs t gr e at h is t o ric c ivil iz ati o n s o f

A si a E gypt an d G r e e c e l a st e d an d n e ith e r c an t e ll
, , ,

h o w l o n g ago it t e rm i n at e d s o th at e v e n i n th e ir ,

c o n f e s s e d ig n o ran c e s b o th are i n a c c o rd .

B u t s e c o n dly t h e b e l i e v e r i n S ac re d H ist o ry H e
, , ,

b r e w o r E th n ic c an n o t a c c e pt t h e e ag e rly adv o c at e d
,

n o ti o n th a t t h e i n t e ll e ct u al c o n d iti o n o f t h e e arl i e s t

m e n w as n o t h i gh e r th an th at o f t h e l o w e s t s avag e s
o f t o d ay -
I g n o r an t o f m an y th i n gs th o s e e arl i e s t
. .

g e n e r at i o n s m u st h av e b e e n b u t i t i s e qu ally c e rtai n ,

e spe c a i l ly Ro sk o ff , D O: Relnvom wes e n

’
'
a e r r ob es t e n
’
N a t u rv OZRe r , L e p
'

i
s i c, 1 8 80 , an d R ev i l le , L e: R elzgzom de s P e uples
'

rés , Par s ,
n on -czzxilzl
’

i
1 883, t o m . i .
, ch . i .
38 8 PA RA D ISE F OU N D .

a l ways b e e n as lo w as i t i s n o w Th at s u ppl an t
i n g o f r a c e by r ac e an d thr u s ti n g i n t o c o r n e r s s u ch
,

i n f e ri o r r ac e s as are n o t e xt e rm i n at e d wh i ch i s n o w ,

g o i n g o n s o acti v e ly an d w h ic h h as b e e n g o i n g o n
,

fr o m t h e e arli e s t r e c o rd e d ti m e s m u st h av e b e e n ,

e v e r go i n g o n A n d t h e i m pl i c ati o n is th a t r e m n an t s
.

o f i n f e ri o r rac e s t ak i n g r e fu g e i n i n cl e m e n t b ar r e n
, , ,
” 1
an d o th e rwi s e u n fi t r e gi o n s h a v e r e t ro g ra d e d , .

I n l i k e m an n e r D ar wi n h i m s e lf c o n c e iv e s o f t h e
fi rs t m e n as c ap abl e o f ri s i n g i n th o u gh t ab o v e t h e
k n o wl e dg e fu rn i sh e d by t h e s e n s e s a s a ble t o r epre ,

s en t t o I ne m s e lv e s Z/
ze u n s een an a
’
pi r i t ua l
s . A nd he
“ ”
e xpr e ssl y c al l s th e ir m e n t al f ac ul ti e s h igh s ay ,

in g , T h e s am e h igh m e n t al f a cul ti e s w h ich firs t

le d m e n t o b e li e v e i n u n s e e n spi ri t u al a g e n c i e s th e n ,

i n f e tich i s m p o lyth e i s m an d ul ti m at e ly i n m o n o t h e
, ,

i s m w o ul d i n fa l libly l e ad h i m s o l o n g as h is r e as o n
, ,

i n g p o w e r s r e m ai n e d p o o rly d e v e l o p e d t o v ar i o u s ,
”2
s t ran g e s up e rst it i o n s an d c u st o m s Th u s D arwi n .

j u stly c o n si d e rs t h e ch ar act e r o f t h e v e ry ab e rra

t i o n s o f t h e h u m an i n t e ll e ct i n i ts i n f an til e st ag e a
s trik i n g p r o o f o f t h e l o fti n e s s o f its p o w e rs .

L u bb o ck a sc rib e s t o t h e e arl i e st m e n a l ik e ab il ity

t o c o n c e i v e o f t h e s u p e rs e n s u a l an d t o g o v e rn th e m
s e lv e s lar g e ly by id e als Th o ugh s o m e ti m e s d e
.

s c r ib i n g t h e p ri m i tiv e g e n e r ati o n s as i n a st at e o f
”
“
u tt e r b arb ari s m o r as h avi n g b e e n n o m o r e ad
,

”
v an c e d th an t h e l o w e st s av a g e s o f t o d ay thi s -
,

s e e m s t o o cc u r o n ly by i n adv e rt e n c e ; f o r i n t h e l at e r
e diti o n s o f h i s al re ady q u o t e d w o rk T h e O ri gi n ,
”
o f Ci vil iz at i o n p ag e 48 3 h e e xp re s sly ad m i ts an d
, ,

as s e rts th at h e d o e s n o t r e g ar d c an n ib al s as re pre

1 P r i n ciple s f S oc i ology, pp 1 0 6
o .
—9
10 .

2 D escen t o f M an , v o l i , p 66
. . . .
 E A RL IES T F ORM OF REL IGION 3 89

s e n t at i v e s o f fi rst m e n O n t h e s a m e p ag e h e
t he .
l

s ays I t m ay b e as w e ll t o s t a t e e m ph ati c ally th at

,
“

al l b r ut al c u st o m s are n o t i n m y o pi n i o n p ri m e v al , ,
.

H u m an s acrifi c e s fo r i n st an c e w e r e I th i n k c e r , , , ,
”
t ai n l
y no t so .

Casp ari l e ss e m ph atic al ly affi r m s th at t h e s o

no

c i al s t at e o f t h e N o rth A m e ri c an I n d i an s a n d o f t h e

A u st ral i a n s i s n o t p ri m i tiv e bu t a r e sul t o f d e g e n ,

c r ati o n H e s ays . W e k n o w a s u c c e s si o n o f s u ch ,

t r ib e s o f w h ich i n fact o n ly a n sg e a r /e t e v e rk om nze n e

, , ,

B a n n e n n n a s I a a I /zc/I e Spli t t e r re m ai n i n e xist e n c e

’ ’
'

w h o w ild an d s av ag e w an d e r ab o u t i n t h e p ri m i ti v e
, ,
” 2
f o re s ts m i s e r ably t o p e ri sh
, .

Tyl o r t ak e s t h e s am e g e n e r al gro u n d m ai n t ai n i n g ,

th at t h e b e st re p re s e n t ativ e s o f p ri m iti v e m e n are

no t the lo we s t b u t t h e h igh e r o f t h e u n civil iz e d
“

r ac e s Th u s h e s ays
.
“
I n a s t udy o f t h e n atu re ,

m yth s o f t h e w o rld i t i s h ardly pr ac tic a bl e t o s t a rt

f ro m t h e c o n c e pti o n s o f t h e v e ry l o w e s t h u m an
t rib e s an d t o w o rk u pw ar d f ro m th e n c e t o fi cti o n s o f
'

h igh e r g ro wt h p artly b e c au s e o u r i n fo rm at i o n i s
m e ag re as t o t h e b e l i e fs o f th e s e s hy a n d s e ld o m
q u it e i n t e lligibl e fo lk an d p ar tly b e c au s e t h e l e g e n d s ,

th e y p o ss e s s h av e n o t r e ach e d t h e arti st i c an d sys

t e m a t i c sh a p e wh ich th e y a tt a i n t o a m o n g r a c e s n e xt
h igh e r i n t h e sc al e I t th e re f o re an s w e rs b e tt e r .

1 L t e h p t h t i t i by l i k i
us o e d ta c m ely th t P f s
s a e na ve r e n e, er , a ro e

so r S y p k
a ce s f th g ea t i b
s o f t h m“
d e w ld
e s av a e d t / r es o e o rn or , an ze

s till m g t ib
o r e s a va m g w h me t h lr es a
g g f t h e ont h t k o e an ua es o e ar oo

t he i t t
r s ar I t d ti .
"
l ll S i n ro
f Luc
g g on l ii op 3 1 ze c e n ce o an ua e, v o . .
,
. .

C mpo p 69 w h
are
p ki g
. 2 f t h m yt h p i m
, e re , s wh m h
ea n o e o oe c an , o e

co n s id id bl d
e rs a c o n s
'

th p imiti e ra e a g th p f v an c e on e r v e s av a e, e ro e s

so r sa s,
y H h d t y t l d t d i t i g i h b tw
e a no e th l if l
e a r ne o s n u s e een e e ess

d th l i i g ; e aliz e d t h at gh t e xi s t d wh i ch
“
an e h h d
v n t ye t e a no r au e

h is ul d
se nse s co o t p ce i e n er v .

2
Vo l i . .
, p
. 1 13 .
390 PA RA D I SE F OU N D .

to t ak e as a fo u n d ati o n t h e m yth o l o gy o f t h e N o rth

A m e r i c an I n di an s t h e S o u th S e a I sl an d e r s an d
, ,

o th e r high s av ag e t rib e s w/ zo be s t re r es e n t i n I n o cl
p
e rn t i m es t ne e a rly mytno log i ca l pe r i od of nu nza n
” 1
ni s t ory .

I ch apt e r 1 1 o f t h e s am e w o rk h e pr e s e n ts t h e
n .

e vid e n c e th a t m an y o f t h e v e ry l o w e s t t r ib e s o f t h e

m o d e rn w o rl d h av e b e c o m e w h at th e y ar e by d e ge n é
c r a ti o n .

B ut th irdly if t h e b e st r e pr e s e n t ati v e s o f t h e
, ,

fi rs t m e n m u st b e s o u ght n o t am o n g t h e l o we s t but , ,

rath e r am o n g t h e hi gh e r o f t h e u n c iviliz e d p e o pl e s , ,

th e n su r e ly we are j u sti fi e d i n r e j e c ti n g t h e n o ti o n
o f al l th o s e wr it e rs wh o s i n c e t h e t i m e o f D e ,

B r o s s e s a n d Co m t e h av e m ai n t ai n e d th a t pri m itiv e
,

m e n p e rs o n ifi e d a n d vi t al iz e d an d f e tic h iz e d all n a tu
ral o bj e c ts ab o u t th e m .

O n th i s p o i n t t h e au th o r o f t h e “
O u tli n e s o f
”
Co s m i c Ph il o s o phy i s l e ss cl e ar s i gh t e d th an h i s -

m a st e r H e rb e r t S p e n c e r
, B o ldl y an d ably as h e .

c ri ti ci s e s Co m t e i n s o m e o th e r p art icu l ar s i n th i s ,

M r F i sk e s u rre n d e rs t o h i m wh o ll y H e s ays W e
.
“
.
,

m ay s af e ly a ss e r t with Co m t e th at t h e e arl i e st a tti

, ,

tud e as s u m e d by t h e m i n d i n i n t e rpr e ti n g n at u re
” 2
was a f e ti ch i sti c a ttitu d e S p e n c e r h o w e v e r re c
.
, ,

o g n i z i n g t h e f a ct th at t h e l o w e r m am m al s bi r d s an d , ,

e v e n i n s e cts are abl e t o d isti n gu is h a n i m at e fr o m

i n an i m at e o bj e cts an d t h at t o d e n y th i s c ap acity t o
,

t h e fi rst m e n w o u ld b e t o m ak e t h e m l e ss a n d l o w e r
th an an i m al s c o m m it s h i m s e lf u n re s e rv e dly t o t h e
,

vi e w i n h arm o n y w i th th at o f t h e B i bli c al re c o rd .

o ck e x a m pl e s o f s av ag e s wh o
Q u o ti n g th e s t on ,

1 P r i m i ti ve Cu lt u r e , vol i
. .
, p 32 1
. .

2 Vo l i . .
, p
. 1 78, e t passi m .
39 2 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

Casp ari t o o, ,
h av e s e e n d e n i e s t o f e tic h i s m
as we ,

1
a p i
r m i ti v e ch ara ct er A sc ri bi n g i ts ri s e t o t h e .

n e w id e a s w h ich t h e d is c o v e r y o f t h e ar t o f fir e k i n -

d lin g pr o du c e d h e m ak e s t h e w o r s h ip o f th e m o r
“
,

al ly e x al t e d z E r/ a be n e n
( s i tt li c/ ) e p re s e n t e d
’
a e s z r ,

by t h e p e r s o n al f ath e r t h e t r ib al Ch i e ft ai n an d t h e , ,

d e c e a s e d an c e st o r f ar o ld e r p o ss ibl y th o u s an d s o f , ,

y e ar s o ld e r th an an y w o rsh ip o f f e ti ch e s W ith
, .

L u bb o ck th e r e i s n o m o ral e l e m e n t i n r e l igi o n u n til

i t re ach e s i ts l a st an d h igh e st s t ag e W ith C asp ar i .
,

o n t h e c o n t r ary re l igi o n i s e ss e n ti ally m o ra l i n i t s

,

fi rs t e m e rg e n c e an d h as f ro m t h e firs t m o m e n t o f
,

its e xi st e n c e an ac tu al an d re l ati v e ly w o rthy pe r

s o n al o bj e ct Th is i s a p ro digi o u s s ci e n t ifi c ad v an c e
.

f ro m t h e p o si ti o n s o f H u m e Co m t e L u bb o ck an d , , ,

al l th e i r f o ll o we r s an d by p o stu l a ti n g a high m o r al ,

n a tu r e an d m o ra l l if e at t h e v e ry b e gi n n i n gs o f h u

m an h i st o ry i t r e n d e r s t h e B i blic al c o n c e pti o n o f
th o s e b e gi n n i n gs n o t o n l y c o n c e i v abl e b u t e v e n an ,

t e c e d e n t ly p r o b abl e .

F o u rthly T h e B ibl e an d t h e s ac re d t raditi o n s o f

.

n e arl y al l p e o pl e s p re s e n t m o n o g am y as t h e fi rs t
f o r m o f m arr i ag e as c r i bi n g all d e vi ati o n s f ro m it t o
,

t h e u n g o v e rn e d s e l fi sh p ass i o n s o f m e n Th i s V i e w .
,

L u bb o c k an d t h e w r it e rs w h o m h e h as f o l l o w e d ,

M c L e n n an an d M o rg an e m ph ati c ally re j e ct Th e s e ,
.

th e o r i sts cl ai m th at am o n g t h e fi rst m e n t h e l at e
1 C o m pare t h e lik e u t t e ran c e o f F ro h s h amm e r M i t F e t i s ch i s m u s
”
h at d as G o t t e s b e wus s t s e i n un d re li gi ’

ose l
C u t us n chti be go n ne n . D ie
G e n es i s o er
’
M e n s cn/ze i t . M ii n c h e n ,
1 88
3
p 71 A
: . . l so, th e re c e n t

de c l a ti o
ra n of a le ar n e d P ro f e sso r o f R o m an L aw :
“
D ie reli gi os e'

ll
A n s ch auun g a e r V ci lk e r i s t, d e n k e i ch , au s ge gan ge n v o n
'

de m G l u a

b e n an E n e n g ot t e b e n W e n , we c h e r t b e r A e n un d
i li ill l i ll O be rs t
'

zu

E Kun tz e , P r oleg om en a z u r Ge s cnzc/i te R om s i ic

”
wa t e t l .
J . .
'

. L e ps ,

1 882 : p 2 3 . .
 E A R L I E S T F OR M OF R E L I GI O N .
39 3

O n e i d a Co m m u n i ty syst e m o f c o m pl e x m arri ag e “
,
”
o r a s L u bb o c k c alls it
,
c o m m u n al m arri ag e u n i ,
“
,

v e rs al ly o bt ai n e d T h e app ro p r i at e n e s s o f t h e t e r m
.

m a r r i ag e i s v e ry far fr o m cl e ar T h e fi rst c o m m u n i .

ti e s w e re m e re h e rd s i n w h i ch all t h e w o me n w e r e ,

I n M c L e n n an s O pi n i o n
’
“
w iv e s t o all t h e m e n .

t h e n e xt s t ag e was th a t f o r m o f p o ly a n d ry i n wh ich

br o th e rs h ad th e i r w i v e s i n c o m m o n aft e rw ard c a m e
th a t o f t h e le i/i ra te i e t h e syst e m u n d e r wh i ch
, . .
, ,

wh e n an e ld e r b ro th e r d i e d h i s s e c o n d b ro th e r m ar ,

ri e d t h e wid o w an d s o o n w ith t h e o th e rs i n s u c
,

c e ss i o n Th e n c e h e c o n s i d e re d th at s o m e t r ib e s
.

br an ch e d o ff i n t o e n d o ga m y o th e rs i n t o e x o g am y ; ,

th at i s t o s ay s o m e f o rb ad e m arri ag e o ut o f o th e rs
, ,

w i th i n t h e trib e I f e ith e r o f th e s e t wo syst e m s

, .

was o l d e r th a n t h e o th e r h e h e ld th at e x o g am y m u st ,

h av e b e e n t h e m o r e a n c i e n t E x o g a m y w a s b a s e d .

o n i n f an tic id e an d l e d t o t h e p rac t ic e o f m ar ri a g e
,

by c apt u r e .L u bb o ck o n t h e c o n t rary b e l i e v e s , ,

th at t h e c o m m u n al m arri ag e wh ich h e a ss u m e s t o ,

h av e b e e n t h e p r i m itiv e f o rm was g rad u all y su p e r

“
,

s e d e d by i n divid u al m a rr i a g e f o u n d e d o n c apt u re ,

an d th a t th i s l ed fi rs t t o e x o g am y an d th e n t o
, , ,

f e m al e i n fan ticid e th u s r e v e rs i n g M r M c L e n n an s
, .
'

o rd e r o f s e qu e n c e E n d o g a m y an d r e gul a t e d p o ly
.

a n d ry th o u gh fr e q u e n t
, h e s ays I r e g ard as e x , ,
“

c e pt i o n al a n d as n o t e n t e ri n g i n t o t h e n o rm a l pr o g
” 1
r e ss o f d e v e l o p m e n t S till d iff e re n t is t h e th e o ry
.

o f B ac h o fe n s e t f o r th i n h i s w o rk e n ti tl e d “
D as
M u tt e rre cht A s s u m i n g s e xu al p ro m is c u ity as t h e
pri m o rd i al s t at e h e c o n s id e rs th at u n d e r th i s sys t e m
,

t h e w o me n i n s t e ad o f b e i n g re n d e re d m o re an d
,

1 Or i gi n of Ci v i li za t i o n , pp 94 9 5 Co m pare D .
, . . M c Le n n an T/ze ,

P a t r i a r ch a l T/ze o ry Lo n d o n , 1 8 84 : p 3 5 5
. . .
394 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

m o re d e b au ch e d an d c o r ru pt e d by t h e pr act ic e as ,

we m igh t s upp o s e b e c am e o n t h e c o n tra ry i n pro

, ,

c e s s o f t i m e s o r e fi n e d th at aft e r a s e as o n th e y f e l t
, ,

sh o ck e d an d s c an d aliz e d by t h e b e astly st at e o f
th i n gs r e v o lt e d ag ai n s t i t an d e st abli sh e d a sy st e m
, ,

o f m arr i ag e w ith f e m al e S upr e m acy t h e h u s ban d b e ,

i n g s ubj e c t t o t h e w if e p ro p e rty an d d e s c e n t b e i n g
,

r e q ui re d t o f o ll o w t h e f e m al e l i n e an d w o m e n e n j o y
,

i n g t h e p r i n cip al s h ar e o f p o lit ic al p o w e r .

G r adu ally h o w e v e r t h e m o re S pi ri tu al id e as a ss o
, ,

c i at e d w ith f ath e r h o o d pr e v a il e d o v e r t h e m o re m a

t e ri al id e a s ass o c i at e d w ith m o th e r h o o d T h e f ath e r .

c am e t o be c o n si d e re d t h e r e al au th o r o f l if e t o t h e
o ffspri n g ,
t h e m o th e r a m e re n u rs e ; pr o p e rty an d
d e s c e n t w e re trac e d i n t h e m al e li n e s un w o rsh ip ,
-

s u p e rs e d e d m o o n w o rsh ip m e n ab s o rb e d allp o l it ic al
-
,
”
powe r ,
i n a w o rd as pri m i ti v e
,
H e t ai ri s m u s was
”
f o ll o w e d by t h e M o th e r L aw sys t e m s o th i s n o w
-
,

gav e way t o t h e m o d e rn s o c i al st a t e .

T h e ch i e f e v o l uti o n i s t a u th o r it i e s di s agr e e i n g s o
wid e ly o n th is p o i n t i t i s s u re l y p ro p e r t o l o o k fu r
,

th e r S o d o i n g w e fin d a n u m b e r o f at l e ast e qu ally
.
,

r e sp e ct abl e sci e n ti fic an d sp e c ul ativ e re p re s e n t a

,

t i v e s o f t h e e v o l u t i o n al s ch o o l wh o e xp r e ssly q u e s
,

ti o n if th e y d o n o t o p e n ly r e j e ct t h e d o g m a o f u n i
, ,

v e r s al s e xu a l pr o m i scu ity a s t h e pri m e v a l s o c i al st at e .

Th u s H e rb e r t S p e n c e r a rgu e s th ro u gh m an y p ag e s
o f hi s Pri n c i pl e s o f S o c i o l o gy ag ai n st M c L e n n an ,

c l ai m i n g th a t m o n o g am y m u s t b e c o n c e iv e d o f as

g o i n g b ack t o t h e b e gi n n i n g H o we v e r u n s e ttl e d
.

s o ci al an d s e xu al re l ati o n s th e n w e r e p ro m i scu i ty , ,

h e affi r m s ,
“
was ch e ck e d by t h e e st abli sh m e n t o f i n
d ivi du al c o n n e cti o n s pro m pt e d by m e n s l iki n gs an d ’

,
”
m ai n t ai n e d ag ai n st o th e r m e n by f o rc e ( p .
3 96 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

c on si d e rati o n s wh i ch we m e e t ag ai n i n N o ir e s t h e
,

or o f t h e o r igi n o f l an gu a g e s h o u l d g ra du al ly le ad
y ,

t o su ch a re c o n s t ru ct i o n o f D ar wi n is tic s o c i o l o gy as
w ill p o st ul a t e m o n o g am y as t h e o n e an d o n ly f o rm
o f s e xu a l re l ati o n by vi r t u e o f wh ic h m an c o u ld h a v e

ar i s e n o u t o f t h e l o we r an d p re c e di n g an i m al o rd e rs .

M r S p e n c e r c al l s M r F isk e s su gg e st i o n a n i m
’

. .

p o rt an t o n e a n d h e e xpl a i n s i t i n a n o t e app e n d e d
,

t o a sig n ifi c an t d e cl arati o n re s p e cti n g t h e bi o l o gi c al

a n d s o ci o l o gic a l v a l u e o f m o n o g am y ( p E ls e .

wh e re aft e r st a ti n g th at i rr e g ul ar re l ati o n s o f t h e
,
“

s e x e s are at v ar i an c e w ith t h e w e lf are o f t h e s o c i e ty ,

”
o f t h e y o u n g a n d o f t h e a d ults an d aft e r a scribi n g ,

t h e gr ad u al dyi n g o u t o f t h e A n d am an e s e t o th e i r
1
pr o m i scu i ty o f s e xu al r e l a ti o n h e s ay s “
W e m ay , ,

i n f e r th at t h e p ro g e n y o f s uch u n i o n s (as h ad a d e
g re e o f e xcl u s iv e n e ss an d d u rabil ity ) we r e m o re
lik e ly t o b e r e are d an d m o re l ik e ly t o b e vig o ro u s
( p . A g ai n a p ag e o r t wo l at e r h e u s e s th is
, ,

l an gu ag e : A s u n d e r o r d i n ary c o n d iti o n s t h e r e ar
“

i n g o f m o r e n u m e ro u s a n d st ro n g e r o ffsp r i n g m u st
h av e b e e n f av o r e d by m o r e r e gu l ar s e xu al re l a ti o n s ,

th e re m u s t o n t h e av e rag e h a v e b e e n a t e n d e n cy f o r
th o s e s o ci e ti e s m o st ch aract e riz e d by p ro m isc u i ty t o
di s app e ar b e f o re th o s e l e s s ch ar act e r iz e d by it ( p .

B u t S p e n c e r h i m s e lf m u st g ran t th at i n t h e
e arl i e s t a g e s u p o n t h e w h o l e t h e ra c e m ultipl i e d
, ,

an d sp re ad f ro m g e n e r ati o n t o g e n e r ati o n s o th at we ,

m ust at l e as t c o n cl ud e f r o m h i s o wn d e cl ara ti o n ,

th at t h e app ro xi m at e ly m o n o g am o u s s o c i e ti e s an d

M r E H M an s re ce n t pape r o n t h e A nd am an I s l an d e rs ( Tne
1 . . .
’

you r n al of Me A n t/zr opolog i ca l I n s ti t u te v o l x i i i 69 an d ii I 3 ) d e

, . .
,
.
,
.

i
n es th e a ll e ge d s e x ua l pro m i s cu ity , an d ill u s t rat e s th e wo rth l e ssn e s s

of m uc h of the ev id e nce o n wh i ch po pu l ar e t h n o graph e rs re ly .

 E A R LI E S T F OR /P
I OF R E L I GI O /V .
397

u n i o n s w e r e m o re n u m e ro u s th an t h e app ro xi m at e ly
p ro m isc u o u s o n e s W e l l th e re f o re m ay M r L a n g
.
, ,
.
,

o u r l a t e s t a dv o c a t e o f M c L e n n a n s th e o ry c o n c e d e
’

t h e p o s s ibil ity th a t m a n o r ig i n a lly l iv e d i n t h e pa

t r i a rc h al o r m o n o g a m o u s f a m ily an d s e e k t o c o n ,

t e n t h i s f e ll o w s o ci o l o gists w i t h t h e a ss u ran c e th at
“
if t /I e re occ u rr e d a f a llf ro m t/I e pr i m i t i v e f a m i l y ,

a n d if th at fal l wa s ex t re m e l yg e n e ra l a ff e c ti n g e ve n ,

t h e A ry an ra c e M r M c L e n n an s a dh e r e n ts will b e
’

.
,

” 1
am ply s a t i s fie d .

F ifth ly T h e B ibl e re p re s e n ts t h e e arl i e s t m e n as

.

c ap abl e o f e n t e rt ai n i n g t h e c o n c e pti o n o f a s up re m e
D ivi n e B e i n g t h e M ak e r o f t h e h e a v e n s an d e arth
, ,

t h e Cre at o r a n d rightful L o rd o f m e n I t re pr e s e n ts .

th e m as c ap abl e o f re alizi n g t h e m o ral o bl ig at i o n o f

o b e d i e n c e t o t h e Cr e at o r an d a s p o s s e ss e d o f f re e
,

d o m t o o b e y o r t o d is o b e y I t gi v e s u s t o u n d e rst an d
.

th at as a m att e r o f fac t a f e w th e n as n o w w e r e
, ,

fai th ful t o th e ir l igh t an d t o th e ir c o n vi cti o n s o f

d u ty wh il e t h e g re at e r p art l i v e d i n c o n s ci o u s v i o
,

l ati o n o f t h e p ro m pti n gs o f th e i r o wn c o n s c i e n c e s .

A s a n atu ral c o n s e q u e n c e i m m o ral it i e s m u l tipl i e d :

t he s e d e m o raliz e d an d b ru t al iz e d th o s e wh o p ractic e d
th e m .Th e n d e m o ral iz e d an d b ru t al iz e d p ar e n t s
w e re f o l l o w e d by c h ild re n l e s s w e ll i n st ru c t e d an d
l e ss w e l l e n d o w e d th an th e y th e m s e l v e s h ad b e e n ,

a n d s o d e spit e e xc e pt i o n al m e n a n d e xc e pti o n al fa m
,

ilie s w h o w e re m o re f a i th ful t o c o n sc i e n c e t h e ge n ,

e r al d e m o ral iz a ti o n w e n t o n T h e s o n g o f L am e ch .
,

G e n i v 2 3 2 4 i s t h e s o n g o f a tru e s av ag e th o u gh
. .
, , ,

o f o n e wh o h as k n o w n t h e l a w o f ri gh t a n d d uty .

O n e c an h a rdly re ad i t wi th o u t i m agi n i n g i t fi rs t
s u n g i n a ki n d o f d o m e sti c war d an c e i n t h e h u t o f -

1 C t m d A yt /
us o L d
an 1 88 4
I
'

pp 4 2 6
z
.
— 48
on o n, : . 2 .
39 8 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

i ts p o lyg am o u s a uth o r H e gl o ri e s i n h i s h o m i cid e s

.
,

an d e vi d e n tly b e l o n gs t o th o s e w h o w i th s av a g e l u st

an d bru t a l ity
“
t o o k th e m w i v e s o f all wh i ch th e y
ch o s e H e w as a r e p re s e n t at iv e o f hi s Cai n i t e k i n
.

dr e d B y t h e m a s s o f th e s e an d th o s e wh o i n t e r
.

m arri e d w ith th e m t h e F ath e r an d L o rd o f all c r e a

t u r e s w as i g n o re d an d g rad u ally m isc o n c e iv e d an d ,

a t l a s t s u p e rs e d e d by c r e at i o n s o f m an s o w n d i s o r
’

d e r e d m i n d an d h e art u n t il t h e p u r e p ri m i tiv e r e l ig
,

i o n o f t h e righ t e o u s p at r i arch s b e c am e a f al s e w o r
sh ip as i rr ati o n al an d i m m o ral as t h e m as s o f t h o s e
w h o g av e th e m s e lv e s t o its l o a th s o m e an d c ru e l
pr ac ti c e s W i t h s o m e p o p ul ati o n s th i s ab n o rm al
.

an d i m m o r al e v o l u t i o n p ro c e e d e d t o th o r o u ghly u m

n atu ral—a n d s e lf d e st r u ctiv e re s ul ts s u ch as re ligi o u s

-
,

pr o stitu ti o n s o d o m y h u m an s acri fic e s c an n ib al is m
, , , ,

etc . O n t h e o th e r h an d th e n as n o w fid e lity t o , ,

tru th an d g o o d n e s s le d its p o ss e ss o r t o l a rg e r k n o wl
e dg e an d t o h i gh e r S p i r it u al e xp e r i e n c e s Th e n as .

“
e v e r t h e p r i n cipl e h e ld g o o d T o h i m th at h ath ,

”
sh all b e giv e n H e n c e al o n gsid e an d with i n an d
.

ab o v e t h e h i st o ric e v o l u ti o n o f a l ar g e p o r t i o n o f t h e

r ac e fr o m e vil t o e vi l th e re was an o th e r e v o l u t i o n o f
a s m a ll e r b u t m o re vi t al p o r ti o n f ro m g o o d t o g o o d .

I f S at an s k i n gd o m s t e ad ily u n f o l d e d s o d id als o t h e
’

k i n gd o m o f G o d A n d wh il e t h e o n e was i n t h e
.

d i r e cti o n o f S piritu al a n d ph ysi c al d e g e n e r at i o n an d

d e ath t h e o th e r w as i n t h e d i re cti o n o f lif e a n d u l ti
,

m at e S pi ritu al a sc e n d e n cy B o th o f th e s e p arti al o r
.

sp e c i al e v o l u ti o n s w e re w ith i n an d p art o f t h e u n i
v e rs al e v o l u ti o n o f t h e ra c e u n d e r it s pr e es tabli sh e d
'

n atu r e an d c o n d iti o n s on e o f wh i ch fu n d a m e n t al
,

c o n diti o n s i s i ts i mm an e n cy i n t h e D ivi n e S u ch i s .

t h e pi ctu r e pr e s e n t e d u s by all t h e m on o th e i sti c re

40 0 PA RA D I SE F OU N D .

ness th at he doe s n ot t ak e r e v e n g e e v e n on his ene

mie s 1
.

So Mr Tyl o r all o ws n o t o n ly th at m o st b arb ar i an s

.

are a bl e t o c o n c e iv e o f a Cre at o r bu t a ls o th at th e y ,

act u a lly b e l i e v e i n o n e H e s ays .

“
R ac e s o f N o r th an d S o u th A m e ric a o f A fric a , ,

o f P o ly n e si a r e c o g n izi n g a n u m b e r o f g re a t d e iti e s
, ,

are u s u al ly an d r e as on ably c o n sid e re d p o lyth e ists ,

et th e i r ack n o wl e dg m e n t o f a S up re m e C r e at o r
y
w o u l d e n titl e t h e m at t h e s a m e t i m e t o t h e n am e o f
m o n o th e i sts if b e l i e f i n a S up r e m e D e ity h e ld t o
, ,

b e t h e Cre at o r o f t h e w o r ld a n d ch i e f o f t h e s pi ritu al
h i e rar ch y we re t h e s uffi ci e n t c ri t e r i o n o f m o n o t h e
,

ism . H igh ab o v e t h e d o ct r i n e o f s o u ls o f divi n e

“
,

m an e s o f l o c al n atu re spi r its o f t h e g re at d e iti e s o f

,
-

cl a ss an d e l e m e n t th e re are t o be d is c e rn e d i n s av
,

a ge th e o l o gy sh a d o wi n gs qu a i n t o r m aj e stic o f t h e , ,
” 2
c o n c e pti o n o f a S u p re m e D e i ty .

H e il lu st rat e s t h e p r e v al e n c e o f th i s c o n c e pti o n
by f acts r e l a t e d o f b ar b aro u s p e o pl e s i n al m o s t
e v e r y q u ar t e r o f t h e gl o b e S p e aki n g o f t h e re .

m ark abl e cl e arn e s s o f th i s i d e a an d b e li e f a m o n g

t h e N e w Z e al an d e r s t h e H a w a i i an s t h e T o n g a n s
, , ,

S am o an s an d o th e r r e p re s e n t a tiv e s o f t h e Po lyn e
,

s i an r ac e h e s ays ,

“
S tu d e n t s o f t h e sc i e n c e o f r e l igi o n wh o h o ld
p o lyth e is m t o be b u t t h e m i s d e v e lo pm e n t o f a
p ri m al i d e a o f d ivi n e u n ity wh i ch i n S pit e of c o r ,

ru pti o n c o n ti n u e s t o p e rv ad e i t m igh t w e ll ch o o s e ,

th is S o u th S e a I sl an d d iv i n i ty as th e ir apt e s t i ll u s
” 3
t rat i o n fr o m t h e s av a g e w o r ld .

1 Or i gi n f
o Ci v ili za ti on pp 3 74, 3 7 5
, . .

2 P r i m i ti v e Cu lt u r e , v o l , p 33 2
. ii . . .

3
Co m pare Q f
uat re age s , pp 48 6- 4
93 .
 E A RL I E S T F OR /II OF R E L I G I ON .

40 !

H q u o t e s M o e re n h o ut as s ay i n g
e
“
T aa ro a i s th e i r s u p re m e o r rath e r o n ly G o d ;
, ,

f o r all t h e o th e rs as i n o th e r k n o w n p o ly th e is m s
, ,

s e e m s c a rc e ly m o re th an s e n si bl e fi gu re s a n d i m
a g e s o f t h e i n fi n i t e a tt ri but e s u n it e d i n h i s di vi n e

p e rs o n .

H e add s t h e f o l l o wi n g s u bl i m e n ati v e d e sc ripti o n

o f th i s S up r e m e G o d :

H e w as T aaro a w as h i s n am e h e ab o d e i n th e
v o id N o e arth n o sky n o m e n T aaro a c all s b u t
.
, , .
,

n a u gh t an sw e r s ; a n d a l o n e e xisti n g h e b e c am e t h e
”
u n iv e r s e ( p .

Th o ugh an o u tsp o k e n O pp o n e n t o f t h e th e o ry th at
p o lyth e i s m aro s e fro m m o ral an d spi ri tu al d e g e n e ra
ti o n h i s o w n fa ct s are s o st ro n g t h at f o r t h e e x pla
,

n at i o n o f s o m e o f th e m h e i s c o n st ra i n e d t o re s o rt

to i t S p e ak i n g o f t h e
. c o n c e pti o n s o f t h e S u p re m e
“

”
D e ity i n t h e s av ag e an d b ar b ar ic w o rld h e s ay s , ,

“
T h e d e g e n e ra ti o n th e o ry m ay cl a i m su ch b e l i e fs
as m u til a t e d a n d p e r v e r t e d re m n a n ts o f h igh e r re
”
lig i o n s i n s o m e i n s t an c e s n o d o u bt w ith j ust ic e
,
.

Th at a re l i gi o n o rigi n al ly g o o d an d pu re m ay d e
g e n e rat e an d b e c o m e c o rrupt i s c o n c e d e d e v e n by
L u bb o ck A t t h e cl o s e o f h i s sk e tch o f th e l ow
“
.

e s t i n t e ll e c tu al s t ag e s th ro u gh wh i ch re l i gi o n has
”
p as s e d h e u s e s th i s si g n ifi c an t l an gu ag e :
,

“
I h av e st o pp e d sh o r t s o o n e r p e rh a ps, th an I ,

sh o ul d o th e rw i s e h av e d o n e b e c au s e t h e w o rsh i p o f
,

p e r s o n i fi e d p ri n ci pl e s s uch as F e ar L o v e H o p e
, , , ,

e tc c o ul d n o t h av e b e e n t re a t e d ap art f ro m th at o f
the P / za l ln s o r L i ng m n w ith wh i ch i t w as s o i n ti
, ,

m at e l y a s s o ci a t e d i n G re e c e I n d i a M e xic o a n d e l s e
, , ,

wh e re an d wh ich th o u gh at fi rs t m o d e st a n d pu re
, ,

as al l re l igi o n s are i n th e i r o r i gi n le d t o s uc h
,

26
40 2 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

a b o m i n abl e practi c e s th at it i s o n e o f t h e m o s t p ai n
” 1
fu l ch apt e rs i n h u m an h ist o ry .

R e ad i n g th is t h e d is ci p le o f h ist o ry si m ply asks

, ,

I f m e n c o ul d s o c o rr u pt t h e o r igi n ally m o d e st an d
pu re w o rshi p o f A ph ro di t e wh y n o t al s o t h e o r igi
,

n ally pu r e w o r sh ip o f E l?

S ixthly T h e di s cl o s u re o f t h e A r cti c E d e n s o l v e s
.

al l fu rth e r d i ffi cu l ti e s i n t h e H e b r e w c o n c e pti o n o f
t h e r e l igi o u s d e v e l o p m e n t o f m a n k i n d .

Th i s d o ct ri n e as t o t h e c radl e o f t h e r ac e c o n
c e d e s t o t h e d e v o t e e o f p re h i st o ri c arch ae o l o gy all h i s
cl ai m s as t o t h e l o wly b e gi n n i n gs o f e v e ry lzi s t o ri c
c ivil iz ati o n d e v e l o p e d i n o ur p o stdil uvi an s e ats o f
h u m an ity I t w e l c o m e s e v e ry r e v e l ati o n w h ich f o s sil
.

b o n e o r ch ipp e d fl i n t o r l ac u st r i n e pil e o r s e pul

, , ,

ch ral m o u n d h as e v e r m ad e fi n d i n g i n i t p r e c i o u s
,

ill ust rat i o n o f th o s e “

ti m e s o f ig n o r an c e th ro ugh
wh ic h o u r e xp at ri at e d rac e h as m ad e i ts p ass ag e
A
( ct s xvi i 3 0 ; R o m i 1 8
. . . I t i s e q u ally re ady
f o r e ve r y c o n cl u s i o n o f t h e sc i e n ti fic an th r o p o l o gi st .

B y h i s o w n d o ct r i n e o f t h e p o w e r o f e n vi ro n m e n t ,

an d by h i s o w n pictu re o f M a m m al i an l if e i n T e r

ti ary an d Q u at e rn ary ti m e s i t c o n st rai n s h i m t o

,

ad m it th a t if t h e E d e n o f G e n e s i s was at t h e P o l e ,

t h e B ibl ic a l p ict u re o f A n t e d il u vi an M an w i th h i s ,

e xt rao rd i n ar y vig o r an d st a tu re an d l o n g e vi ty w i th ,

h i s e xt rao rdi n ary d e fi an c e o f t h e auth o ri ty o f G o d _

,

an d w i th hi s e xt ra o rdi n ary p e r s i st e n c e in the i n

d ulg e n c e o f s e l f c e n t r e d p as si o n s an d app e ti t e s an d
-

am bit i o n s , i s c re dibl e i n t h e h igh e st d e g re e A n d .

th at n o th i n g m ay b e l acki n g t o its p e rf e c t c o n fir m a
ti o n t h e c o m p arativ e m yth o l o gi st d is c o v e rs th at i n
,

t h i s n e w E d e n h e is giv e n t h e m ast e r k e y t o h i s -

1 Or i gi n f
o Ci v i li z at i on , p 350
. .
40 4 PA RA D I S E F OUND .

4 . I
th e ir e ag e rn e ss t o d e st ro y t h e p o s s ibi l i ty o r
n

cr e dibili ty o f p r i m e v al m o n o th e i s m th e s e m o r e c o n ,

s ist e n t an d radi c al th e o r i st s h av e i n adv e rt e n tly g o n e

s o f ar a s t o r e n d e r a s e lf c o n si st e n t e v o l ut i o n al bi o l
-

og o r s o c i o l o gy i m p o s si bl e
y .

5
. I n c o n s e qu e n c e h e re o f t h e m o re cl e ar sigh t e d -

o f t h e r e p r e s e n t ati v e s o f D ar w i n i s m ar e j u s t n o w

d e ftly re app ro ach i n g t h e l o n g sc o u t e d h ist o r i c c o n

- -

c e pt i o n by r e pr e s e n ti n g t h e fi r st m e n as s up e ri o r t o
,

t h e m o d e r n s av a g e i n i n t e l l e ctu al e n d o w m e n t by ,

c alli n g th e ir p o w e rs h igh by c o n sid e ri n g th e ir j u dg

,

m e n t s o f n at u ral o bj e cts s u bst an ti al ly c o rr e ct by ,

a d m i tti n g th e i r k n o wl e dg e o f t h e t r u e an d n o r m al

f o r m o f t h e f am il y by c o n c e d i n g t o th e m a truly h u
,

m an appr e ci at i o n o f e th ic al e xc e ll e n c e s an d o bl ig a
ti o n s by all o wi n g t o th e m a c ap aci ty t o c o n c e i v e o f
,

an al m i gh ty S u p r e m e S pi r it t h e A u th o r an d right ,

ful G o v e r n o r o f t h e w o rl d an d by re c o g n izi n g th at
,

n e arl y al l r e l igi o n s p re s e n t cl e a r t rac e s o f c o rrup

t i o n S o f ar as p ri n cipl e s ar e c o n c e rn e d th e s e re p
.

re s e n t a t i o n s s u rr e n d e r th e ir wh o l e c a s e W ith th e s e .

d at a A d am i c R e v e l ati o n b e c o m e s q u it e as p o s sibl e
an d qu it e as cr e d ibl e as A br ah am i c o r M o s aic o r , ,

Ch ri st i an R e v e l ati o n .

6 T h e A n lag e fo r r e li gi o n i s n o pr o d u c t o f age
.

lo n g adv an c e s i n c ivil i z at i o n an d i n t h e ar ts T he .

u n cl ad A d am o f t h e g ard e n was n o m o re i n c ap ac i
t at e d f o r t h e k n o w l e dg e o f h i s F a th e r th an w as th a t
n ak e d s e c o n d A d a m f o r wh o s e adv e n t M a ry pro
,

v i d e d t h e sw a ddl i n g— cl o th e s I f t h e f o r m e r s e e m s
.

t o o u n d ev e l o p e d t o b e an o r g an o f divi n e r e v e l ati o n ,

t h e l att e r t h e h igh e st o f all th e s e o rg an s t h e ab s o

, ,

l u t e R e v e l at o r b e g an qu it e as lo w I f n o m ad A rab s
,
.

o f t o d ay c an se e i n st o r m an d st a rs s u bl i m e m an i
-
 E A R L I E S T F OR . ” OF R E L I GI ON 40 5

fe s t at i o n s of one a
l m ighty p e rs o n al P o w e r wh y c o u ld ,

n o t t h e n o m adi c A b e l as w e ll ? I f t h e G o sp e l m e s
s e n g e r o f t o d ay c an c au s e t h e r ud e s t F ij i an t o k n o w
G o d an d t o e xp e ri e n c e a s e n s e o f d ivi n e f o rgiv e n e s s
an d f av o r why m ay n o t G o d s e arl i e st p re ac h e rs o f
’

righ t e o u s n e s s h av e p ro d u c e d a l ik e e ff e c t o n si n c e r e
s o ul s b e f o r e t h e d isc o v e ry o f t h e art o f m e t al w o rk -

i n g ? O n c e le t t h e an th ro p o l o gic al an d s o c i o lo g
i c al p o stul at e s d e m an d e d e v e n by H e rb e rt S p e n c e r
b e g ran t e d a n d t h e an c i e n t h i s t o ri c c o n c e pti o n o f
,

P ri m itiv e M o n o th e i s m b e c o m e s b o th p o ssibl e an d
e m i n e n tly re a s o n abl e A s a n e sc ap e f ro m t h e c o n
.

fl i c t i n g an d m u tu ally d e st r u ctiv e th e o ri e s o f t h e n at
u ra l i s t i c sch o o l i n i ts diff e re n t d e p a rt m e n ts i t pre
‘

s e n ts o n m e re ly sp e cu l at iv e g ro u n d s a p o s itiv e
, ,

a ttr a cti v e n e s s I t s fu l l ar ray o f e vid e n c e s h o w e v e r

.
, ,

i s s i m ply c o e x t e n s iv e an d i d e n ti c al w ith t h e e v i
-

d e n c e s f o r t h e r e a lity o f H i s t o r i c R e v e l ati o n as a
w h o l e E v e ryth i n g wh ic h g o e s t o sh o w th at G o d
.

h as i n t e lligibly r e v e al e d hi m s e l f t o m e n at all b e ar s
m o re o r l e s s d ir e ctly u p o n t h e cr e d ib il ity o f a R e v e
”
l ati o n i n Me beg i n n i ng .

7 L astly t h e A rc t i c E d e n c o m pl e t e s t h e re c o n
.
,

c il i ati o n o f B ibl i c al an d s e c u l ar l e arn i n g i n th e i r re

lat i o n s t o t h e p ro bl e m o f t h e pri m itiv e re l igi o n o f
me n . A s we h av e s e e n b o th sci e n c e an d th e o l o gy
,

n o w fi n d i n th i s pri m e v a l B i l d n ng s /ze r d at t h e P o l e
t h e o n e p ro l i fic c e n t re w h e n c e all t h e fl o ra l an d

f au n al a n d h u m an l if e f o rm s o f t h e w h o l e e arth h av e
-

“ ”
p ro c e e d e d I n an
. e n vi ro n m e n t of s u ch cr e a
t i ve ly p ote nt w o rl d o
, v e rfl o w i n
-
g n at u re f o rc e s as -

w e r e th e r e an y c u l m i n ati o n o f l i fe s m an if e st ati o n s
,
’

”
s h o rt o f a G o ld e n R ac e o f m e n k i n gl y i n st atu r e , ,

R i s lzi s i n i n t e ll i g e n c e m e a s u ri n g th e i r D e v a l ik e
,
-
40 6 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

liv e s by c e n turi e s w o ul d h a v e b e e n an i n c o n gru ity

, .

Th at a l o vi n g Cr e at o r — c re ati n g b e c au s e l o vi n g
sh o ul d h av e p u t h i m s e lf i n t o i n st an t p e rs o n al c o m
m u n i o n w it h t h e s e h igh e s t o f h is cr e at u re s m o ral ,

n atur e s f ashi o n e d i n h is o wn i m ag e an d aft e r h i s

l ik e n e s s ch ildr e n o f h i s l o v e i s t o a th e is t e v e n
, , ,

a n e th n i c th e i s t , t h e o n ly cr e d ibl e r e pr e s e n t ati o n ,

Th at s u ch a l u s ty rac e s h o u l d h av e b e e n o p e n t o
t e m pt ati o n o n t h e l i n e o f app are n tly i n n o c e n t a sp i ra
ti o n aft e r s til l h i gh e r p e rf e c ti o n s th at th e y s h o ul d
,

“ ”
h av e d e sir e d t o be as g o ds th at th e y sh o u l d h av e
,

c o v e t e d e xp e ri m e n t al a n d p e r s o n al k n o wl e dg e o f

e vil as w e ll as o f g o o d — th e s e ,
are su pp o s iti o n s

wh i ch n o s e ri o u s an th r o p o l o gist will pro n o u n c e i h

a d m i ss ibl e . Th at t h e actu al r e v o l t of s u ch an o r d e r
o f m o r al ag e n ts fr o m t h e tru e l aw an d b as i s o f i ts

l if e sh o u l d h av e c ar ri e d i n t o its s ub s e qu e n t h i s t o ri c
d e v e l o p m e n t s c o n s e qu e n c e s o f p ro f o u n d e st i m p o rt i s
as m u ch a n e c e s s ary i m pl i c ati o n o f t h e l aw o f h e re d

ity an d o f t h e e st abl i sh e d c o n st itu ti o n o f n at u r e as

i t i s an i n s ti n ctiv e i n f e re n c e fr o m t h e pr e c o n c e iv e d
c h ar a ct e r o f a p e rf e ct M o ra l G o v e r n o r G iv e n such
.

an t e d il uvi an m e n ,o n e m us t pr o n o u n c e t h e h ist o ry

o f an t e dil uvi an r e l igi o n , as r e p o rt e d i n t h e ol de s t

m e m o ri e s an d i n t h e m o st s ac re d scriptur e s o f h u
m an i ty a s e lf att e sti n g chr o n icl e
,
-
.
40 6 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

l iv e s by c e n turi e s w o ul d h av e b e e n an i n c o n gru ity

, .

Th at a l o vi n g Cre at o r — c re ati n g b e c au s e l o vi n g
S h o ul d h a v e p u t h i m s e lf i n t o i n st an t p e r s o n a l c o m

m u n i o n w i th t h e s e h igh e st o f h is cr e atur e s m o r al ,

n a tur e s f ashi o n e d i n h is o wn i m ag e an d aft e r h i s

lik e n e s s ch ild re n o f h i s l o v e i s t o a th e ist e v e n
, , ,

a n e th n i c th e i s t , t h e o n ly cr e d ibl e re pr e s e n t ati o n ,

Th at s u ch a l u s ty r ac e sh o ul d h av e b e e n o p e n t o
t e m pt ati o n o n t h e l i n e o f app are n tly i n n o c e n t a spi ra
ti o n aft e r s til l h igh e r p e rf e c ti o n s th at th e y sh o ul d
,

“ ”
h av e d e sir e d t o be as g o d s th at th e y sh o u l d h av e
,

c o v e t e d e xp e ri m e n t a l a n d p e r s o n al k n o wl e dg e of

e vi l as w e ll a s o f g o o d — th e s e ar e s u pp o s iti o n s
,

wh i c h n o s e ri o us an th ro p o l o gist will pro n o u n c e i n

a d m iss ibl e . Th at t h e actu al r e v o l t of s u ch an o rd e r
o f m o ral ag e n ts fr o m t h e t r u e l a w an d b a si s o f i ts

l if e sh o u l d h av e c arri e d i n t o its s ub s e qu e n t h i s t o ri c
d e v e lo p m e n t s c o n s e qu e n c e s o f p ro f o u n d e st i m p o rt i s
as m u ch a n e c e ss ary i m pl ic ati o n o f t h e l aw o f h e re d

ity an d o f t h e e st abl ish e d c o n st itu ti o n o f n at u r e as

i t i s an i n st i n ctiv e i n f e re n c e f ro m t h e pr e c o n c e i v e d
c h ar a ct e r o f a p e rf e ct M o ra l G o v e rn o r G iv e n s u ch
.

an t e d il uvi an m e n ,o n e m u st pr o n o u n c e t h e h ist o ry

o f an t e dil uvi an r e l i gi o n , as r e p o r t e d i n t h e ol de s t

m e m o r i e s an d i n t h e m o st s acre d scriptur e s o f h u
m an i ty a s e lf att e sti n g ch r on icl e
,
-
.
 C H A PT E R I V .

TH E B E A RI NG OF OU R RE S U L T S O N TH E P H I L OS OP H Y
OF H I ST O RY A ND TH E T H E O RY OF THE D E VE L O P
ME NT O F CI VI L I Z A T I O N .

I t w o uld be a v a ua l ble co n t r ib ut i o n t o t he S t u dy of Ci v i li za t i o n t o ha v e t he ac

tion f D e c li n e a n d F i
a ll n v e s t i ga te d w i de r a nd m or e ba s i s
o on a e x ac t f
o e v i de nc e

t/
za n I t a s ye t be e n a t te mpt e d . E . B T . YL R O .

’
L or f ut ce r ta i ne m e n t le p r e m i er m ét a l q ue l’ o n co n n u t . L e s t r o is ag e s de s
’ ’ ’ ’

p o ete s , l ag e d or , l ge d a a ira in, et l’ a g e d e f er so n t u ne r i a li t e

‘
, cl n o n u ne fic
1
t io n . A . DB Ro c n as .

B E SI D th e i r ph il o s o ph i e s o f r e l igi o n t h e ap o stl e s
ES ,

o f u n i v e r s a l p r i m e v al s av a g e ry h av e al s o th e i r Ph i

I O S O ph y o f H u m an H i st o ry an d o f S o ci al Pr o g re ss .

F irst o f all th e y w o ul d h av e u s b e li e v e th at m an h as
,

e xi st e d u p o n t h e E a r th h u n d re d s o f th o u s an ds o f

y e ars an d th at f o r at l e ast t h e fi rs t h u n d re d th o u
2
,

s an d y e ar s p o ssibly f o r t wic e o r thri c e th is p e ri o d

, ,

1 R S i t ifi q
ev u e P i c en S pt m b 1 88 3 ue , ar s , e e er 2 2, .

W i th
2 imp i an t t m pt t y P f
re s s v e M t i ll t a e a ac c u rac ro e s s o r or e
”
sa s,
y t l “
t a t e as y L P é/ t i q o
p e ars . e r
’

zzs o r ue , .

k l
“ ”
6 7 2 H .
y ae c i y e m sa s ,th y n an p b c as e o re an e ars , ro

bl y m
"
a th o re y an p h p m y h d d th d
e a rs , er a s an un re o us a n

y e ars
”
N .t d li / o r p
c ze5 9 5 M J h F k . . r . o n is e,

b il d i g up C ll t h i k
“
u n on th t th h m
ro ,
h c n d b th
s a e u an ra c e as o v e re o

th t
e e as e rn an d the w t h m i ph s f th d f
e s e rn t i e s e re or o u s an s o c e n ur e s ,

an d t h t t h pe i d d i g w h i h m
a e h
r o p d ffi i t i t lli
ur n c an as o sse ss e su c en n e

t l di ti l d f h i m lf i ly i fi it i “
g e nce o t e av e a ra o na re c o r o se s on an n n es

m l f cti
a ra f th t i m on I o p g h fi e t he p i d f
e . n o ne as s a e e xe s o n er o o
“
i gh t h d d t h
e un d yere d t ti m L y ll
o us an d th s ars ,
”
an a o ne e e an o er

fav o re d th m d t e saC mi e ii 3ura i o n 95 C m . os c . 20 ,

2 . o

p a re o n th th i d S t h ll T/ R t O ig i f Al P h il
e o er s e o u a ,
zc e ce n r n o an ,
a .
,

1 8 7 5 , an d T/ ze E
po c/z of [Re Ala i n / nai l; an d M e A ppa r i ti o n f
o Ala n
up on z, P h a , 1 8 7 8
ze E a r l/
t/ il . .
40 8 PA R A D I S E F OUN D .

he l i v e d l ik e a w il d b e as t i n th i ck e ts an d d e n s an d
1
c av e r n s o f t h e e ar t h H i s o n e o cc u p ati o n was t h e .

s tru ggl e f o r e xi st e n c e T h e v e ry c av e i n w h ich .

h i s w re tch e d y o u n g w e re sh e lt e r e d f ro m t h e st o r m
was c o n ti n u al ly e xp o s e d t o i n v as i o n by t h e c av e
hy e n a an d t h e c av e b e ar fi e rc e r an d m o r e p o we rfu l -
,

th an t h e m o d e rn typ e H i s m u ltitu di n o u s e n e m i e s .

w e re all pr o vid e d w ith o ff e n s i v e an d d e f e n s iv e

ar m o r w ith tu sk an d f an g with cl aw an d b e ak
, , ,

w ith l an c e s st e e p e d i n n e v e r f ail i n g d e adli e st po i -

s o n s T o e v e ry f o e th e y c o ul d O pp o s e an al m o s t
.

i m p e n e t rabl e h id e a m ail o f h o r n y s c al e s a s o l id , ,

sh e l l H e by s tr an g e s t an o m aly was d e st i t u t e o f
.
, ,

al l H e wa s a n ak e d an d d e f e n s e l e ss b ab e i n t h e
.

I n di an j u n gl e o f E arth s fi e r c e an d v e n o m o u s c ar
’

n i v o ra H e h ad n o t a w e ap o n n o t an i m pl e m e n t
.
,

w i th w h i ch t o sh ap e o n e E v e n h ad h e h ad i m ple .

m e n ts e v e r s o g o o d h e w o u l d n o t h av e k n o w n ,

e n o u gh t o f a s h i o n h i m s e lf t h e r u d e st cl u b f ro m t h e

br a n ch o f a t re e H e h ad n o t ye t l e arn e d t o l o o k .
“

”
up t o wh e r e t h e tr e e br an ch e s g re w “
H ab it as .

1 I n the dim m is t of b ygo n e a

ge s o ur an c e s t o rs li ve d the l ife
of il
w d b e as t s i n fo re s ts an d c av e s . E l i s ee R e c l us Ocea n A tm os , ,

p/ze r e , an d L ife , v ol ii
p 1 90
. .
, . . W e m us t as s ig n to h i m t h e po s i
i
t o n o f a s av age , b ut o f a s av age as f ar b e l ow t he l b uff a o h u n t n g -
i
P aw n e e as the l at t e r is re m o v e d f ro m t h e c ul t i t d re p e e
va e r s i
n t at v e o f

the Ca uc as ia n rac e .
”
R au , E y M a n i n E u r ope
a rl . N Y . .
,
1 8 76 : p .

1 62 .
“
On s uc h a v e w i as t h at o f t h e m o d e rn n at u ra li s t , s a vag e

lij ’
Z f is
i ts e l a
j ar a d v a n ce d con d i t i o n .
”
l
T y o r, P r i m i t i v e Cu lt u r e , v ol .

i .
, p 37 . . i g t i s i E u pe i t o t h e s t t e o f
A llo u r re c e n t i n v e st a on n ro n a

the t i the e l i e r S t o e A g l e d c l l y t o t h e o pi i o t h t t
ar s n ar n e a e ar n n a a a

pe i o d m y t h u
r ds f ye s ant i to t h e h i t i c l m w
o s an o ar an e r o r s or a ,
an as

i n a t t e f g e at b b i m
s a d ig o o c d i g t l t of t b m t
r ar ar s an n ran e , e x ce e n za e os
”
sava
g t ib f m d e ti m r L y ll P i i pl of G /
es o o ol i i
ern es . e . r nc es eo o
O
v . .
,

p 48 5 ry i e w t h e D uk f A gyll O
’
. F or co t . e a h pt e r
n ra v s e e o r s c a n

t h e D g d t i o n o f M an e i n hi s U i ty f N tu
ra a L o d n 1 8 84 n o a re. n o ,

PP
410 PA RA D I S E F OU N D .

su rro u n d e d an d as t o t h e p o ssibil ity o f th e ir l e ar n i n g

,

s u ffic i e n tl y e arly h o w t o w r i n g a s ubs i s t e n c e f ro m

t h e u n f ri e n dly s o il m u st gi v e pl ac e t o t h e st ill m o r e
,

p e rpl e xi n g an d m o re fu n d am e n t al p r o bl e m as t o t h e
p o ss ibil ity an d cr e dibility o f p r i m i tiv e pr o c re ati o n
i ts e lf T o s ay n o th i n g o f t h e qu e sti o n as t o t h e
.

w/ i e n ce o f t h e v e ry firs t o f th e s e f e e b l e an d d o w n

l o o ki n g i n t e llig e n c e s i t i s pl a i n th at if e v e r th e y
,

d id h av e s u c c e ss o r s t o t ak e u p an d c ar ry f o rw ard
a n d u pw ard th e ir typ e o f l if e i n s o m e wa an d a t
y ,

s om e t i m e w i t/ t i n t b c n a t u ra l l
f f tbe fi rs t i n d i v i d
i e o
”
n ai s, i n c re dibl e as i t m ay b e t o u s m o d e rn s
“

— i t m u s t ( h appily f o r u s ) h a v e d aw n e d u p o n s o m e
,

m an s m i n d o r o n wh at e v e r th e n o ccu pi e d t h e pl ac e
’

o f h i s m i n d th at b e tw e e n D a ph n e o r wh o e v e r was
, (
pr act ic ally t h e fi rst wo m an ) an d a t re e s o m e d i s
ti n cti o n was d i sc e rn i bl e A n d as t h e f ri e n ds wh o
.

giv e u s s u ch w itl e ss an c e st o r s are p ro dig al t o a f aul t

i n th e ir all o w an c e o f ag e s o f t i m e wh e n e v e r an y
o r di n ar y g e o l o gi c al o r z o ol o gic al re sul t i s t o b e
r e ach e d wi th o u t t ro ubl i n g a H igh e r P o w e r i t s e e m s ,

t o a c al m o n l o o k e r a v e ry p e n uri o u s an d i ll o gi c al
-
,

n o t t o sa
y cru e l p ro c e d u r e t o r e qu i re th e s e e m b ry
,

o t i c r e pr e s e n t a tiv e s o f i n cip i e n t hu m an ity t o c re a t e ,

o r r ath e r t o e v o l v e an d b ri n g t o pra ct i cabl e pe rf e c

ti o n t h e h i gh ar t s an d sc i e n c e s o f i n t e llig e n t pe r
,

c e pt i o n o f h u m an a s d i st i n gu i sh e d f r o m d e n d ro l
, og

i c al phys i o l o gy o f gy n e c o l o gy an d o b st e t rics — all

, ,

w ith i n t h e f e w sw ift y e ar s o f a m o d e rn h u m an l if e
t i m e W ith t wo h u n d re d an d th i rty th o u s an d t o
.
“

t w o h u n d re d an d f o rty th o u s an d y e ar s at h i s c o m
“ ”
m an d o r e v e n, m an y hu n d re d th o u s a n d we r e ally ,

h o p e D r M an n h ar dt wil l s e e h i s w ay t o re c o n s id e r
.

th i s p o i n t an d t o d e al with t h e pro t i s t o i o f t h e h u
,
 P H I L OS OP H Y OF H I S TOR Y .
4”

m an w o r ld in a m o re l ib e r al an d t ru ly e v o l uti o n i s ti c
1
spi ri t .

H a p o stl e s o f w h at D e M ai st re c al l s
ppily ,
t he a

t h e ba n a le hyp o th e s i s o f p r i m e v al s av ag e ry h av e
d o n e th e i r w o rs t an d d o i n g th i s h av e sh att e re d th e i r
,

o w n p ar ty i n t o a n i n d e fi n it e n u m b e r o f m u tu ally an

t ago n i s t i c f a cti o n s e ac h p ro t e sti n g ag a i n st all w h o ,

h app e n t o b e m o re th o r o u gh g o i n g an d rad ic al th an -

th e m s e l v e s Th u s S p e n c e r i s i n ar ray ag ai n s t M c
.

L e n n an Casp ar i p ro t e st s ag ai n s t M an n h ard t V o gt
, ,

e n d e av o rs t o o u td o D arwi n a n d s o o n t o t h e e n d o f ,

t h e ch apt e r T h e m o d e r n B ab e l i s w o rs e th an t h e
.

an c i e n t T o o n e s u r v e yi n g at t h e pr e s e n t ti m e t h e
.

d iff e re n t d e p art m e n ts o f s ci e n c e wh i ch r e l a t e t o
M an it w o ul d s e e m as t h o ugh i n e a ch t h e b re ak
,

d o w n o f t h e th e o ry o f p ri m i t iv e h u m a n b ru ti sh n e s s
a n d i m b e cil i ty w e re c o m pl e t e th o ugh n o t ye t pu b ,

lic ly p ro cl ai m e d an d ack n o wl e dg e d A re vi e w o f .

t h e s it u ati o n w i th a u th e n tic c i t ati o n s o f t h e d i s s e n

,

1 T h e re is s ome e v ide n ce t h at t h e ge o l gi o s ts are b e co m i g i c e as

n n r

i l
i n gly s k e pt c a as t o t h e t m e p e c e s i -
i re li e dpo n b y t h e r
u n o u li g s c h o l

l
o f pa e o n t o o g c a an t h ro po ol i l
g s ts l i . F o r e x am p e : “
l
T h e pre s e n t
rat e s o f t h e re t ro c e s s i on o f Ni g a ara, o r o f t h e d e po s t o f N e m ud , o r i il
o f l
s t a agm i te in c av e rn s , o r of t he ac c um u a t o n s l i of t h e ro c k s the m
l
s e ve s , o r o f the m o ve m e n t of g l cie
a rs , h av e b e e n va ni l y u e d as s n a t u ra l
c h ro n o m e t e rs , o n t h e as s u m pt o n t h at i t h e y h av e be e n g i g o
o n n at t he
s am e ra t e t h ro u gh al
lt h e pas t , an d h a v e b e e n wa rran t e d ne ve r t o s t o p,
or t o wa n t i d i g up
w n n , or to
go f as t e r o r s o we r l t h a n at t h e m o me n t t he
o bs e rv e r was l k i g at
oo n t he m . S uc h at t e m pts are s o o b v o u s i l y f t il e u

t h at it is no t a li t t le s t ran ge t o fin d t h e m s e r o us i l y m ad e by m e l i k e n

W all ac e and M o rt i lle t .

”
W . B o yd D a wk i n s , E a ly Mr an in A me r
”
i ca . N ort/
z A m e r i ca n R e v /cw , O ct .
, 1 88 3 , p 33 8 . . S ee a so l “
T he
N i aga ra G o rge as a C h ro n o m e t e r, ”
by G . F re d e r c k i W ri g h t , in t he

B i b/I ot /
ze ca S a c r a , an d i n th e A nt .
_ 7o u r n a l of S ci e n ce f o r 1 88 4 . St il l
i i l
m o re s gn fic an t i s t h e a arm n g y re v o u t o n ary O pe n n g A d d re ss i l l i i
li l
de v e re d as t s um m e r i n M o n t re a b e o re t h e G e o o g ca S e c t o n o f l f l i l i
ii i i
t h e B r t s h A s s o c a t o n by Pre s d e n t \V T B an o rd , F R S , an d i . . l f . . .

pri n t e d i n N at u r e , S e pt 4, . 1 884, pp 440 ff . .

 P A RA D I S E F OU N D
41 2 .

ti e n t ft e n c o n t ra di ct o ry u tt e ran c e s o f re pre s e n
an d o

t at i v e l e ad e rs w o u ld b e m o st ti m e ly b u t t h e t ask
, ,

m u s t b e l e ft t o o th e r an d m o r e c o m p e t e n t h a n ds .

H e re f o re g o i n g all e xp o s u r e s o f s u ch a ki n d w e
, ,

w il l s i m ply s u gg e st t o t h e r e ad e r a f e w o bvi o u sly

i m p o rt an t m e m o ran d a
1 Co n sid e r e d i n t h e l igh t o f an t e c e d e n t p ro b a
.

b i lit i e s th e r e i s n o disc o v e r abl e r e a s o n o r ap o l

, ,

o gy f o r a r e a s o n w h y t h e fi r s t H o m i n e s sh o u ld h a v e
,

b e e n b u t h al f w i tt e d an y m o r e th an th o s e p e rfe c t
-
,

N a u t i li w h i ch a g e s e ar l i e r wi th a s t o u n di n g S kill
, ,

1
n avig a t e d t h e o l d S il u r i an s e a s .

2 G iv e n H u m an b e i n gs n o rm ally e n d o we d a t t h e
.
,

b e gi n n i n g an d we s e e e xp e ri e n c e e v e rywh e re sh o w
,

i n g h o w al l t h e s av a g e ry o f p as t an d p r e s e n t h i st o ry
c o u ld e as ily an d n at u rally h av e o r i gi n at e d s i m ply
fr o m d is re g ard o f n atu ral an d m o ral law .

3 G i v e n at t h e b e gi n n i n g n o th i n g b u t A n i m al
.

p o w e rs an d we fi n d n o thi n g i n t h e wh o l e ran g e o f
,

e xp e r i e n c e f r o m t h e fi rs t d aw n o f h ist o ry u n t il n o w
, ,

p arall e l i n g o r i n an y wi s e re n d e r i n g i n t e ll igibl e t h e
hyp o th e ti c al b i o l o g i c al l e g e rd e m ai n o f N at u re by
wh i ch th e s e z o ol o gi c p o w e rs w e re o n c e a n d o n ce ,

on l t s u t e d i n t o H u m an 2
y ra n ,m .

S i c th
1
w pl d i th p i t h d th f ll w
’
n e e se a es
p g e re ac e n e r n er s an s e o o

i g h
n
pp d i th
as a i t ifi j
e are l A di
n
y by D
e sc en c o u rn a s : scove r r .

L i d t om i t h e S il i
n s r kn f G tl d i w th y f p i l
u r an ro c ti s o o an s or o s ec a no ce .

I n b d wh i h
e se i d t b th q i l t f
c ar sa Ni g go p e e e u va e n o o ur a ara ro u

h h e di as d m k b l y w ll p
s c o v e re d s
a re
pi D Th
ar a e -
re s e rv e co r on . r. o

re ll , f th f
on e o m t t d t f A
e h i d i th w l d
o re os d D
s u en s o ra c n a n e or , an r .

L i d t ci m p p i g gi
'

n s r p pare
p it re d h ar n it th a m a er u on ,
an a ve ven e na e

f P l p/ N pi i d d y A h id
’

o a eo zo n e u s n u n c zu s . o s co r ons, n or n ee an rac n a,

h av e b f b f d f il i b d l w t h t h
e o re een oun b if oss n e s o er an e c ar on e ro u s

d p i t i wh i h
e os s, m tw ty fi
n
p ic h so b f d i th i
e en -
ve s ec es av e een o un n s

c o un t ry an d E uro pe ye t th i s S i lu r i a n ex a m ple i s m or e pe r/Pct t b a n

”
a ny s pe ci m e n of a fo ss i l s c or
pi o n f r m a ny f o r m t o
o a i n .

2
T h at m an , e q ua ll y wi t h the m o n ad an d f
t h e C o n e rv a, o we s h i s
414 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

th e ag e o f th e I t ri o r t o th at gu an o d o n w as l on g an e

o f t h e E o c e n e pal a ph i s a n d t h e l ivi n g b o a wh il e ,

t h e cr o c o d il e i s i n o u r o wn ti m e s t h e h igh e st r e pre
s e n t at i v e o f i ts cl a ss a re t r o gr ad e m o v e m e n t i n this ,

i m p o rt an t d iv i s i o n o f t h e v e rt e brat a m u s t b e ad m it
te d
” 1
. W ith th is agre e s t h e e m ph atic d e cl ara ti o n o f
A n dr e w W il s o n : “
A st u dy o f t h e f act s o f an i m al
d e v e l o p m e n t i s w e l l c al c ul a t e d t o s h o w th a t l ife i s
n o t al l pr o g re s s an d th at i t i n cl u d e s r e t ro gr e ss i o n ,

as w e ll a s adv a n c e Physi o l o gi c al h i st o ry c an re ad .

il y be pr o v e d t o t e n d i n m an y c as e s t o w ard s b ack
sl idi n g i n st e ad o f re ach i n g f o rw ards a n d u pw ards t o
h igh e r l e v e ls Tni s t e n d e n cy beg i n n i ng n o w t o be
.
,

be t t e r reco
g n iz ed i n bi ology th a n i n la t e yea rs , c an
r e adily b e sh o w n t o e x e rci s e n o u n i m p o rt an t i n fl u
”2
e n c e o n t h e f o rtu n e s o f an i m al s an d pl an ts In .

v i e w o f t h e s e f ac ts o f r e t ro g r e s s i o n t h e l at e st writ e rs ,

o n t h e h i st o ry o f lif e o n o ur pl an e t e v e n w h e n
pro ,

f e ssi n g w i t h t h e l ast qu o t e d a uth o r t o ac c e pt o f

,
-
,

’
D arwi n s phil o s o phy as t r u e ar e at t h e s am e t i m e ,

“
v e ry g e n e r ally s ayi n g I t c an n o t b e t h e wh o l e ,
” 3
tru th .

1 7 7 mA n ti
qu i ty o f M an , Ph il ad e l ph i a e d .
, p 40 2
. .

2 A n d re w W il s o n , Ph D . .
, F . L S . .
, Clzapte r s on E v olut i on
p 343
—
.
,

( i t ali cs o urs ) Se e .
pp .
3 42 3 65 . T h e pro gre ss o f pa e o n t o o
g cal l l i
re s e ar c h is co n s t an t
y br l i gin n
g n ew il l us t rat o n s i to li
gh t R evu e S e i e n
.

tifi au e . i s 1 884 p 2 82 E e i u l at e ge f t h e wo l d
Par , : . . v n n o r a o r

h i gh l y spe c i ali e d f o m s o f life a e i f c t um i c ll

z r mi i ty o f r n a n er a a nor
”
y
l i i g b i gs E D C p O n A c h ae s th e t is m ” i t h A m i
v n e n . . . o e, r , n e e r ca n

N ta ur a li t P h il
s 1 88 2
. ol i p 468
a .
C mp
, s m e wri t e r : v xv o are a
—
. . . .
,

on C t age e s i ” i n v o l
a n iii pp 97 9 8 4
s, 0 . xv . . .

3 W h t co u d b
l e m o t i k i g a d i m pre s s i t h t h e f ll wi g
a re s r n n ve an o o n

fre s h t e s t i m o n y f o m t h i fie l d T h fl o o f t h e wh l e P l e i c
r s : e ra o a ozo

pe i d
r o i s e ry d i t i c t f o m t h t o f
v c ce e d i g t i m s sS t il l t h
n r a su n e .
,
e

le d i g f m i l i e s f R /
'

a n a
p Eq i t o Ly p d i F i li
I zz oca r ea , { u s e a c eee y co o a cea', ceee ,

a d C
n if e
on e t bl i h e d i
r ce , P le i c t i m s t ill m i a d t h e
s a s n a o zo e , s re a n. n

c h an ge s wh i c h h a e o c c u e d i t m i l y i ti
v d g d ti f f lu rr c on s s a n n le e ra a on o
 P H I L OS OP H Y OF H I S T OR Y .
4I S

g Ai by t h e s am e t e s ti m o n y o f t h e r o cks
5 . a n , ,

l ife n e e d n o t o f n e c e s s ity e i th e r adv an c e o r re t re at

, ,

i t m ay st an d a s fi rs t o rigi n a t e d f ro m age t o age .

S ays P ro fe s s o r N i ch o l s o n Th e r e are v ari o us g ro u ps “

, ,

s o m e o f th e m h ighly o rg an iz e d w h ich m ak e th e i r ,

app e aran c e a t a n e xt r e m e ly an ci e n t d at e b u t w h ic h ,

c o n ti n u e th ro u gh o ut g e o l o gic al t i m e al m o s t u m
c h an g e d a n d c e r t a i n l
, y u nprog re s s i v e M a ny o f t h e s e .

P e rs i s t e n t Types are k n o w n an d th e y i n d i c a t e th at
’
,

u n d e r giv e n c o n d iti o n s at p re s e n t u n k n o w n t o u s , ,

i t is p o ss ibl e f o r a l if e f o r m t o su bsi st f o r an al m o s t -

i n d e fi n it e p e ri o d with o u t an y i m p o r t an t m o d ifi c ati o n
” 1
o f i ts st r u ct u r e .

6 A ll argu m e n ts fo r t h e all e g e d s e lf e v o l u ti o n o f
.
-

t h e H u m a n R a c e o ut o f p re c e d i n g an i m al r a c e s ,

b as e d u p o n a n all e g e d u n iv e rs al an d u n ifo rm ly pro

e s s i v e s e lf e v o l u ti o n o f l if e —
f o r m s i n t h e a n i m al
g r -

k i n gd o m are i n vi e w o f t h e ab o v e facts argu m e n ts

, , ,

o ri gi n ati n g i n ig n o r an c e o r i n f raud .

7 A c c o r d i n g t o t h e t e ach e rs o f t h e c u r r e n t ag
.

n o sti c an th r o p o l o gy an d ath e i sti c h ist o ry m o de rn ,

M an i s t h e su p re m e p ro d u ct t h e c ro w n i n g gl o ry o f , ,

t h e c o s m ic l if e p ro c e ss at l e ast s o far as o u r pl an e t
-
,

i s c o n c e rn e d Y e t by th e i r o w n c o n c e s si o n s th ro u gh
.
, .

al l t h e u n m e asu r e d ae o n s d u ri n g wh i ch th i s b e i n g
h as b e e n m at u ri n g an d p e rf e cti n g t h e E arth h a s ,

t e ad il y b e e n l o si n g i ts l if e gi vi n g w ar m th i t s o n c e
-
,

d e l ig h tful an d al m o s t e qu abl e cl i m a t e h as sl o wl y

t/
z r ee
fi r s t f a m i li es ,
an d in the i n t ro d uc t o n o f i new t ype s o f G ym n o
s
pe rm s an d Ph ae n o g am s T h e s e c h an ge s , d e aye d a n d s c arc e y pe r
. l l
c e pt ib l i
e i n t h e Pe rm an an d E ar y M e s o z o c , s e e m t o h av e b e e n l
gre a t y i l
l
ac c e e rat e d i n t h e L at e r M e so z o ic . Pr i ci p l D
n a aw s o n , O n t h e M o re
A n cie n t L an d F lo ras of t h e O ld an d N e w W o rl d s .
”
P ape r re ad be
f o re t h e i
B ri t s h A s s o c at o n i i in M o n t re al A ug ,
. 1 88 4 . N at u r e , p 5 2 7 . .

1 L if e I iI s t o ry t be E l p 371 ,
-
o
f a rt t , . 2 .
416 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

giv e n pl ac e t o S ah ara h e at an d A r ctic c o ld its o n c e ,

l uxu ri an t fl o ra h as yi e ld e d t o typ e s o f m ark e d i n f e

ri o ri t an d its d e g e n e ra ti n g f a u n a c e a s e d t o c o m e
y ,

up t o t h e m e as ur e o f t h e st a t u r e o f pr e c e di n g f o r m s 1 .

Thi s i s s ayi n g th at o n e an d t h e s am e s e c ul ar D e t e ri
o r ati o n o f E n vi ro n m e n t h as d e vit aliz e d an d d e gr ad e d

al l f o r m s o f l if e s a v e o n e b u t th at u n a id e d an d al o n e , , ,

i t h as e l e va t e d th at o n e t o t h e phy si c al i n t e ll e ct u al , ,

an d S pi ritu al ki n gsh ip o f t h e w o r ld
2
.

8 I n p ro p o r ti o n as t h e disc u ss i o n s an d c o n cl u
.

s i o n s o f th is tr e at is e h av e vi n d i c at e d an d ill u s t rat e d
t h e tru st wo r th i n e ss o f t h e m o st a n c i e n t T rad iti o n s
w i th r e f e r e n c e t o t h e l o c ati o n o f t h e fi r st ab o d e o f
t h e rac e i n p re cis e ly t h e s am e d e gr e e h av e th e y au
,

t h e n t i c at e d an d v e r ifi e d th o s e s a m e Tr a di ti o n s as
t r u stw o r thy s o urc e s o f i n f o r m ati o n w ith r e sp e ct t o
M a n s p r i m itiv e s t at e h i s i n t e ll e ctu al p o w e r s an d
’

, ,

h i s k n o wl e dg e o f t h e D ivi n e .

F i n ally t h e v ar yi n g P o w e r o f M an o v e r N atu re
, ,

dwi n dl i n g w h e n s o e v e r by vic e h e d e s c e n d s b e ast

W ard i n cr e a si n g wh e n s o e v e r by virtu e h e a sc e n ds
,

1 T he P li o ce ne i
pe r o d i s t h e d e c n li i n
ge o f t h e E uro pe an fl o ra,
g a

i
t h e t m e wh e n t h e li i
c m at c c on d t o n s ii ii l
are d e fin t v e y a t e re d , wh e n l
th e v e ge t at o n i grad ua
po o r l ly be c omes an d c e as e s t o ga n an yt h n g i i .

T h e pro g re s s o f t h e ph e n o m e n o n i s s o w, but i t m o v n g an i n l e s al o

l
c li n e d p an e , o n wh c h i t n e ve r s t o ps i
T h o se o rn am e n an t s , t h o s e . t al pl

p i l
re c o u s t re e s , t h o s e n o b e an d e e gan t s h ru b s , wh c h are n o w c are l i
f ll i i i
u y t ra n e d b y art fic al c u t u re i n E u ro pe an c o n s e rv at o r e s we re l i
un t il i i
t h e n n h ab t an ts o f E uro pe , b ut t h e y e t i t o re v e r O n e by o ne l f f .

i
t h e o s t rac se d p an t s t ak e t h e r d e part ure , l i
n ge r n g h e re an d t h e re o n li i
t h e ro ad t o e x eil i
I t i s t h s e x o d us t h at we s h o u d h av e t o d e s c r b e ,
. l i
if we c o ul d f o l l o w s te p b y t p th e m a c h o f s e r re t ro gre s s o n , an d i i nd i
c at e S pe c i e s b y s pe c i e s t h e p g es d th e ro r s an re s u lt of i
t h s ab an d o n

me t o f o ur s o
n il ”
G d e S po t L M .
d . a r a, e on e d es P la n te s av a n t lA p
’

m m N o t i ce d i n A m j l of S ci e n ce, 1 879, p
’
p ari t i o d l H n c o e .
. ou r n a .

2 70 .

2
Se e ab o v e , a
p ge 1 0 0 , no te .
418 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

i s gi v e n t h e s un cl e ar s o l u ti o n o f t h e w h o l e c o n tro
-

v e rs b e t w e e n t h e a dv o c a t e s o f u n i v e rs a l r ac i al an d
y
t e ch n o l o gic al d e g e n e rati o n o n t h e o n e h an d an d t h e
, ,

a dv o c at e s o f u n iv e r s al raci al a n d t e ch n o l o gic al o
pr

g re s s i o n
, o n t h e o th e r B
. o th p ar ti e s are r ight an d

b o th ar e w ro n g T h e o n e h as vi n dic at e d an d e m
.

h a s i z e d o n e v i t al cl a s s o f f act s ; t h e o th e r an o th e r
p ,

cl a s s e qu ally vi t al Ch ri st i an th o u gh t i n t e rpre ts an d
.

h arm o n iz e s th e m b o th . I t s h o w s u s th ro ugh all h u

m an h i st o ry r aci al an d s o ci al an d t e ch n o l o gic al d e c a
d e n c e wh e r e v e r m e n h av e re j e ct e d o r i g n o re d G o d .

I t sh o ws u s o n t h e o th e r h an d ra c i al an d s o c i al an d
, ,

t e ch n o l o gic al pr o g re s s w h e re v e r m e n h av e ac k n o wl
e dg e d an d l o vi n gly s e rv e d th a t D ivi n e O n e i n w h o m

we liv e a n d m o v e an d h av e o u r b e i n g H e r e th e n
.
, ,

i s t h e law o f t ru e h u m an pr o gr e s s A s E m e rs o n .

i n h i s m o r e Ch ri sti an m o o ds wo uld p u t it T h e r e s ,

t o r at i o n o f t h e l o st h ar m o n y b e t we e n M an a n d h i s
H o u s e m u s t b e gi n w i th t h e R e d e mpt i on of b i s S o u l .

A s t o t h e p r i m e v al c o n d i ti o n o f o u r rac e a truly ,

s ci e n tifi c m i n d w i ll w i sh t o b as e its c o n c e pti o n n o t

o n t h e ai r— h u n g sp e c u l at i o n s o f m e re t h e o ri sts b ut o n ,

an i m m o v a bl e f o u n d ati o n o f f a ct att e st e d a n d c o n
,

fir m e d by t h e w id e st o l d e s t an d m o st i n c o n t e st abl e
, ,

o f al l c o n cu rr e n c e s o f d ivi n e an d h u m an t e sti m o n y .

A cc o r di n g h e r e t o as i n its b e gi n n i n g l igh t was l igh t

, ,

an d w at e r w at e r an d t h e S pi r i t spi r i t s o i n h i s b e
, ,

gi n n i n g M a n was M a n I t s ays th at t h e fi rs t m e n
.

c o u ld n o t h av e b e e n m e n w i th o u t a h u m an c o n
s c i o u s n e s s an d th a t th e y c o uld n o t h av e h ad a h u
,

m an c o n s c i o u s n e s s w ith o u t rati o n al i ty an d f re e d o m .

I t s ays th a t th e y c o ul d n o t h av e p o ss e ss e d c o n
s ci o u s r ati o n al ity an d f re e d o m w i th o u t t h e p e r c e p
t i o n o f e thi c al qu al i ti e s an d t h e p e r s o n al t a st e o f
 P H I L OS OP H Y OF H I S T OR Y .
419

m o r al exp e r i e n c e s I t b o ldly ass e rt s th at acc o rd

.
,

i n g t o e v e ry p ri n c ipl e o f j u st a n al o gy t h e n o ti o n ,

th a t it t o o k t h e e arl i e st m e n o n e h u n d re d th o u s an d
y e ars t o ge t an id e a o f t h e c o n d iti o n s o f n o rm al i n
te l le c t u al an d e th i c al an d s o ci al l i vi n g is as i n c ro d i
, ,

b le as th a t i t t o o k t h e fi rs t b o rn m am m al o n e h u n
-

d re d th o u s an d y e ars t o fin d its m o th e r s m ilk I t ’

c alls att e n ti o n t o t h e f ac t th a t all t h e o ld e s t h i st o ri c

p e o pl e s o f e v e ry c o n ti n e n t u n i t e i n t h e t e s ti m o n y
th at t h e fi r s t m e n h ad k n o wl e dg e o f s u p e rh u m an
p e rs o n al i ti e s g o o d a n d e vil I t d we ll s u p o n t h e
, .

e qu a lly u n i v e r s al tr aditi o n th at p r i m e v a l h u m a n l if e ,

wh il e pr o g re ss iv e i n e v e ryth i n g wh i c h ac c u m ul ati n g
h u m an e xp e r i e n c e w o u ld o f n e c e ss ity i m p ro v e was ,

e t f ro m t h e fi r st t h e l if e o f d e cid e dly s u p e r b e sti al

y
-
,

a l m o st go d l ik e i n t e lli g e n c e s as d ari n g ul ti m a t e ly i n
-
,

e vil as p o t e n t o rigi n ally f o r g o o d I t hol d s o n t he

.

s am e a u th o ri ty th at a ft e r c e n tu ri e s a n d p o ss i bly m il

le n n i u m s o f s u ch h ist o ry as gr e at n atu re s u n d i s c i
p l i n e d by vi r tu e a re e v e r r e p r o d u ci n g t h e s o c i al ,

o rg a n i s m was i n c u rably c o rr u pt e d an d t h e m o ral

’
w o rl d o rd e r i ts e l f d e fi e d A s Pl at o s E gypti an p r i e sts
-
.

tol d S o lo n , t h e d ivi n e p o rt i o n i n h u m a n n a tu re
“

” “
fad e d o u t ; t h e p u r e ly h u m an g a i n e d t h e u pp e r
h an d an d sp o il e d by t h e v e ry e xc e ll e n c e o f th e i r
, ,

f o rt u n e m e n b e c am e u n s e e m ly T o h i m w h o h ad
,
.

an e ye t o s e e th e y a pp e are d b a s e an d h ad l o s t t h e ,

f ai re st o f th e ir pre c i o u s gifts Th e y still appe a re d .

gl o ri o u s an d bl e ss e d at t h e v e ry ti m e wh e n th e y
,

w e re fi ll e d w ith u n ri ght e o u s av ari c e an d vi o l e n c e .

Th e n t h e G O D O F G O D S w h o r ul e s w ith law an d i s
, ,

abl e t o s e e i n t o s u ch th i n gs p e r c e i vi n g th at a n h o n
,

o rab l e rac e was i n a m o st w re tch e d st at e a n d w a n t ,

i n g t o i n flic t pu n ish m e n t u p o n th e m th at th e y m igh t

420 PA RA D I S E PO U N D .

be ch ast e n e d an d i m p ro v e d m ad e f re sh an n o u n c e
,

m e n t s o f d i vi n e p e n al ty a n d p ro m i s e t o t h e e n d ,

th at h aply H e m i gh t re c a ll th e m t o th at e ar l i e r an d
b e tt e r lif e wh e n t h e y h ad d e spi s e d e v e ryth i n g b u t
,

v i r tu e n e ith e r w e re i n t o xi c at e d by l uxu ry ;
,
wh e n ,

b e i n g p o ss e s s e d o f t r u e an d g re a t spi r its th e y p rae ,

t i c e d g e n tl e n e s s a n d w i sd o m i n th e i r i n t e rc o u rs e
w ith o n e a n o th e r wh e n th e y w e re o b e di e n t t o
” 1
t h e law s an d w e ll aff e cti o n e d t o w ar d t h e g o d s .

Th e s e g raci o u s e n d e av o rs o f D i vi n e c o m p as si o n
’

p ro vi n g f r uitl e ss t h e i n t e g rity o f t h e w o rld s ra

,

t i o n al pu r p o s e a n d s ig n ifi c a n c e c o ul d b e c o n s e r v e d
o n ly by p e n alty an d by a n e w m o ral
,
an d phy s i
c al c o n diti o n i n g o f t h e r ac e N o ch an g e o f m o ral
.

ad m i n i s t ra ti o n c o ul d s u ffic e s i n c e e v e ry w i s e appl
,
i
an c e o f m e r e l m o ra l i n fl u e n c e a n d i n str u c ti o n h ad
y
b e e n e xh au st e d A n e w phys i c al e n vi ro n m e n t an d
.

c o n diti o n i n g was e s s e n ti al t o t h e n e w m o ral m e th o ds

w h i ch i n th i s c ri tic al j u n ct u re H u m an ity was n e e d
, ,

i ng . T h e i n b r i n gi n g o f su ch a n e w ph ys ic al e n v i
ro n m e n t w o u l d o f i ts e lf c arry t o h u m an c o n sc i e n c e s ,

i n d ividu al an d s o ci al t h e p ro f o u n d e st an d m o st e f
,

f e c t u al o f m o ra l m e an i n gs B o th t h e physi c al an d
.

t h e m o ral ch an g e c am e i n th at w o rld c o n vul si o n -

“ ”
wh ic h Pl at o c all s t h e G re at D e l ug e o f all I n it .

p e rish e d wh at H e si o d an d O vid a n d s o m an y o th e rs
c all e d t h e G o l d e n R a c e o f m e n — t h e fi rst t h e
“ ”
, ,

fa i re st t h e st ro n g e st t h e l o n g e s t l iv e d o f all th at
, ,
-

e v e r b o r e t h e h u m an f o r m d ivi n e U n d e r it s w a t e rs .

w e re e n gulf e d p re c i o u s a cc u m ul ati o n s o f s ci e n c e ,

t h e p r i m o rd i al c r e a ti o n s o f art t h e i n c u n a bu la o f all
,

l it e r atu re S o s o r e w as th i s l o ss o f m an s c o stl i e st
.
’

p o ss e s si o n s th at e i th e r m yth o r t r u thful h i st o ry h as
1 Cr i t i as , 1 20 .
42 2 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

S u ch is the
c o n c e pti o n o f p r i m e v al h u m an h ist o ry
wh i ch t h e o l d e st t radi ti o n s o f t h e o ld e s t n ati o n s
s e t o v e r a g a i n st th is l at e b o rn d re am o f “
p ri m itiv e -

s av ag e ry I t i s t h e c o n c e pti o n o f t h e w h o l e Ch r i s
.

ti a n w ldo r — of the wh o l e J e w is h w o rld — o f t h e

M o h am m e d an w o rl d — o i t h e an ci e n t G re e k an d
R o m an w o rl d — o f t h e w o rld o f t h e e l d e s t A si ati c
an d E gyp ti an an t iq u i ty I t i s t h e i rre fu t abl e S e lbs l .

z e ug fl zs s o f t h e
'

H u m an R a c e re sp e cti n g f acts o f
whi c h i t h as t h e k n o w l e dg e o f a l i vi n g an d m o st i n
t e re s t e d p art i ci p ati n g w i t n e s s 1 .

A cc o r di n g t o t h e r e s ul t s o f th i s t re atis e t h e
pri m iti v e s e at o f t h e w o rld s fi r s t ci viliz ati o n w as '
’

o u ts i d e t h e b o u n d a r i e s o f al l l an d s k n o w n t o r e c o r d
e d h i st o ry Th i s b e i n g s o M r T ylo r s c o n fid e n t ’
. .
,

ch all e n g e h as f o r t h e p re s e n t q u it e l o s t i ts f o rc e .

W h e re h e e xcl ai m s , wh e re n o w i s t h e di st ri ct ,

o f t h e E ar th th at c an b e p o i n t e d t o as t h e p r i m e v al

h o m e o f M an w h ic h d o e s n o t sh o w by r u d e st o n e
i m pl e m e n ts b u r i e d i n i ts s o il t h e s av ag e c o n diti o n
” 2 “
o f i ts f o r m e r i n h a bit an t s ? T he c av e m e n o f -

E u ro p e c an as l i ttl e ill u s tr at e m an s an t e dil u vi an

’

’
c o n di ti o n as R o b i n s o n Cr u s o e s c av e c o uld illu st rat e
W e st m i n s t e r Cath e d ral P os t d zlu v i a n c i vili z at i o n
'

.
,

o r b arb ar i s m w h i ch e v e r o n e m ay ch o o s e t o c all i t
, ,

1 “
T he m en of old i
t me m us t s u re l
y h av e k n o wn t h e t rut h
ab o u t the i r o w n an c e s t o rs . H o w c an we d o ub t t h e wo rd as

the yde c l a re t h a t t h e yare s pe ak i n

g o
f é
zulu l t ool place 272 th e f a m i l
y
P l at o , Ti m e 40
us , . I t i s tisf
s a ac t o ry t o n o te t h at t h at u n d e rv alu a
t i o n o f o ra l t rad t o n ii wh i h i i
c s n s e parab e l f ro m t h e t h e o ry t h at m an
l
i s m e re y an m pro v e d b e as t , i an d wh i ch s h o ws i ts n at u ra l f ui t i
r n s uch

f re e h an d e d re c o n s t ru c t o rs
-
of h i s t o ry as P ro f e ss o rs Ku e n e n an d

VVe llh au s e n , h as pro ce e d e d so f ar t h at e ve n j

r e e c t e rs o f t h e t rad i
t i o n al e s t im at e of th e P e n t at e u c h an d of the O ld T e s t am e n t are be
g i i nn n
g to re ac t re s t v e i ly aga n s t i it . Se e A PPE N IX D , S e ct V I I
. .

2
P r i m i t i ve Cu lt u r e , vol . i .
, p 60. .
 OR IG IN OF C V I ILIZ A TlO/V .
42 3

m ay b e st u d i e d i n S t o n e A ge i m pl e m e n t s an d “

p ro d ucts wh e re v e r we m ay fin d t h e m b u t n e v e r ,

s h o ul d i t be f o rg o tt e n th a t b ack o f all d aw n i n gs o f ,

n e w k n o wl e dg e a n d n e w a r ts h e re re v e al e d l a.

y t h e ,

ful l e r k n o wl e d g e a n d t h e m o re p e rf e c t arts o f a
1
f av o re d an t e d il uvi a n w o rld .

L e t n o o n e s ay th a t t h e p ro f e ss i o n o f su c h a n
O pi n i o n b e t rays t h e p re j u d ic e o f a Ch r isti a n e d u c a
’

ti o n ; th at i t i s ig n o ri n g t h e f r uit s o f a c e n tu ry s
stu dy ; th at i t is s i m ply r e p ri sti n ati n g t h e d o ct ri n e
I1 hi l t w k
n s a e ti tl d I or di ,
lV/ t
en eit l d n ? (L a : uz ( an ea : 1:3 on

d o n, 88 3 ) P f
1 M M ii ll w ll h ll g
ro e s s o r ax th fi t p i er e c a en es e rs r n

d mi l f C lt t d f ll w “
c i pi esf o o ur t h o n an sc oo t o u u re s u en s, as o o s
-

Wh t d w k w f
a o e g not i b ob y d
s av at h l et h pt r f th i
es e on e as c a er o e r

hi t y ? D
s or we g
o t i i g
e ve rh t i t t
e h i an t d t ?
ns C n o e r an e c e en s an

we d
un t d wh t
e rs an f t ll i e ywh t h m t i m p t t d
a , a er a ,
s ve r e re e os o r an an

th m e t ios t ti l
n s r uc t l ve h w th y h
esson o m t b wh t
e arn , o e av e co e o e a

th y e are Th i i d d th i l g g
e re s, n ee d i it w
, e r t an f u a e , an n e se e rac e s o

g wt h t h t p i t t d i t t g
ro a o n
q it
o s an m h the G
a es, k f u e as uc as re e o

H m o th
e r, o r S k it f th V d
e ans r oU l w e dmi t e
p i las . n e ss e a a s ec a

c ti
re a fon th or g th y m
e se s av a t b es ld th e H i d usth e as o as e n us , e

G re e k d R m
s , an ; o ld an s w as l o W m y as m f
e o u rs e v e s . e a as s u e, o

c o u rs e , if w li k t h t t h i lif h b
e e, a t ti
e r
y d th t t h y
e as ee n s a o n ar ,
an a e

are t d y wh t t h
o- a H i d a w e l g th th
n us th
e re d no on er an re e o us an

y e ars a
g B t th t i
o . mu g a s a d i t
e re d i t d by t h f tu e s s , an s c o n ra c e e ac s

o f th i l g g e r an Th ym y hua e .
p e d th a
gh m ny
av e as s e ro u ove r so a

i i it d
v c ss u d wh t w
e s , an id a
p i mi ti
e m y b f
c o ns ll w
er as r ve a e, or a e

k no w , l p i t
a re a se
g y n o s av a c pt i er f m th i g th t w s
,
or a o rr u on o so e n a a

m o re ti ral d i t lli gi b l i f m
o na an n e t g T hi k
e n l y f the or er s a es . n on o

l th t d t mi m i g m g th l w t f
ru e s a e er ne arr a e g t i be
a on e o es o s av a e r s .

Th i m pli t i
e r co
p ca s ll
on d tas s edi g A ll
a m un h f
e rs a n n . se e s a c ao s o

p j di
re u ce ,
p ti ti su
p id
e rs i ty d t pi d i t y A d y t we
o n, r e, v an ,
an s u . n e

c t h
a c
g li m p
a h d th
se t h t th
e re an w m
e re i m t a e re as so e re as o n n os

o f th t a ; w
u n re as o n h w e d wi d l d w y i t
se e o s e n se n e a a n o n o n se nse ,

c t m i t
us o m
n o c e re m on i t f c e re \Vh t h h l d t h i o rc e . e n, s ou s
y y , y on n o ,

f
s u r ace o f g lif s av a p e t t e th
re lw t t t m f h m
re s e n o us e o es s ra u o u an

lif t h e,
y b gi
e ve r i g f i il i t i
e nn n i m pl y b
s o c v w c za t d ig o n, s e ca u s e e an n o

b y d th t
e on f ? A h d d y
a s u r ac e
”
h th t
un
y th t th re e ars e n ce e s or a e

wi sem f th
en o i t th t
e n ne e e n
y gh t t ce n ur t t t h b gi so u o re c o n s ru c e e n

i g
n n sf h m o h i t y by t h
u an t dy
s or f th l w t et mp s u
y o e o es co n e o ra r

s ava g wil l b
es f th e h i o ne o t f p p l e i l l t ti
c o ce s of th o o u ar us ra o ns e

f ll y f
o o t i ti fi ti m
an e s c e n c es .
42 4 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

of a f o rg o tt e n G o gue t an d s e e ki n g t o r e surr e c t t h e
,

l o n g d e ad B an i e r I f an y re ad e r i s t e m pt e d t o s u c h
.

u tt e ran c e s i t i s p o ss ibl e th at an i m agi n ary c o n v e rs a

,

t i o n m ay h e l p h i m t o j u st e r c o n cl u s i o n s .

L e t u s f an cy o u rs e lv e s at Cn o ss u s u p o n t h e ,

sh o re s o f Cre t e h u n d re d s o f y e ars b e f o re t h e Chri s

,

t i an e ra A t rav e l er h as j u s t l an d e d
. a G re e k ,

f ro m A th e n s i n t e n t u p o n vi s iti n g t h e c e l e b rat e d
,

t e m pl e an d c av e o f Z e u s A s h e i s w al ki n g t o t h e
.

t e m pl e h e f all s i n w i th t wo c o m p an i o n s t h e o n e an ,

i n t e ll ig e n t Cre t an t h e o th e r a t rav e l e r f ro m L ac e
,

d mm o n . A ft e r d u e s al u t at i o n s th e y n at u rally d is
c o u r s e o i t h e l aw s an d i n sti tut i o n s o f t h e c o u n t ry ,

o f th e i r o r i gi n an d o f t h e o r igi n o f al
,
l s t at e s an d
l aw s an d civil iz ati o n s A n d th i s we m ay i m agi n e i s
.

a p ar t o f th e i r c o n v e rs ati o n

Tng A t/ze m c m D o yo u b e l i e v e th at th e r e i s an y
'

t ru th i n an c i e n t t r aditi o n s P
7 126 Cr e t an W h at t r ad i ti o n s
A M T h e t rad iti o n s a b o u t t h e m a n y d e stru ct i o n s
.

o f m an ki n d wh ich h av e b e e n o cc a si o n e d by d e l u g e s

a n d d is e as e s an d i n m an y o th e r w ays
,
an d o f t h e ,

p re s e rv a ti o n o f a r e m n an t .

Cr E v e ry o ne i s d i sp o s e d t o b e l i e v e th e m
. .

A 111 . L e t u s i m a gi n e o n e o f th e m : I wil l t ak e
t h e f am o u s o n e w h ich w as c a u s e d by a D e l u g e .

Cr W h at i s t o h e r e m ar k e d th e r e o n ?
.

A r/ z
. I sh o u ld s ay th at th o s e w h o th e n e sc ap e d
w o u l d o n ly b e h il l sh e ph e rd s s m all S p ark s o f t h e
,

h u m an ra c e p re s e r v e d o n t h e t o ps o f m o u n t ai n s .

S u ch s u rviv o r s w o uld n e c e s s ar ily b e u n acqu ai n t e d

w it h t h e art s o f t h o s e wh o l i v e i n c iti e s an d with ,

t h e v ar i o u s d e vi c e s whi ch ar e sugg e st e d t o th e m by
i n t e re s t o r am bi t i o n an d allt h e wr o n gs wh ich th e y
,

c o n t ri v e ag ai n st o n e an o th e r .
42 6 P A RA D I S E F OUN D .

A lb . A nd o f
g o v e r n m e n ts o r l e gisl ati o n
c iti e s or ,

ab o u t wh ich we ar e n o w t alk i n g d o yo u s u pp o s e ,

th at th e y c o u l d h av e an y r e c o l l e ct i o n at all
Cr Th e y c o u l d n o t
. .

A rk A n d o u t o f thi s st at e o f thi n gs h as th e r e n o t
.

S p r u n g al l th at we n o w ar e an d h av e : c iti e s an d
g o v e rn m e n ts a n d arts an d l a w s an d a gre at d e al o f
, ,

vi c e an d a gr e at d e al of v irtu e
Cr W h at d o yo u m e an
.

A m W h y m y g o o d f ri e n d h o w c an w e p o ss ibly
.
, ,

s u pp o s e th at th o s e wh o k n e w n o th i n g o f all t h e
g o o d an d e v il o f ci ti e s c o ul d h av e a tt ai n e d th e i r full
d e v e l o p m e n t wh e th e r o f v irtu e o r o f vi c e
,

Cr I u n d e r s t an d y o u r m e an i n g an d yo u are qu it e
.
,

righ t .

A M B u t as t i m e a dv an c e d an d t h e r ac e m u lti
.
,

pl i e d t h e w o rl d c am e t o b e wh at t h e w o rld i s
, .

Cr V e r y t r u e
. .

A M D o u btl e ss t h e ch an g e was n o t m ad e all i n

.

a m o me n t bu t l ittl e by l i ttl e d uri n g a v e ry l o n g

, ,

p e r i o d o f ti m e .

Cr Th at is t o b e s u pp o s e d
. .

A lb A t fi rst th e y w o u ld h av e a n atu ral f e ar ri n g

.

i n g i n th e i r e ars w h i ch w o u l d p re v e n t th e ir d e sc e n d
i n g f r o m t h e h e igh ts i n t o t h e pl ai n .

Cr O f c o u r s e
. .

A m T h e f e w n e ss o f t h e s u rviv o rs w o ul d m ak e
.

th e m d e si ro u s o f i n t e rc o u rs e w ith o n e an o th e r ; b ut
th e n t h e m e an s o f t rav e l i n g e ith e r by l an d o r by s e a
w o ul d h av e b e e n al m o s t e n ti r e ly l o s t with t h e l o s s o f
t h e arts an d th e r e w o ul d b e g re at di ffi culty i n g e tti n g
,

a t o n e an o th e r ; f o r i r o n an d b ra s s a n d al l m e t al s
w o uld h av e b e c o m e c o n fu s e d an d w o uld h av e di s ,

app e ar e d n o r w o ul d th e re b e an y p o ss ibil i ty o f e x
 ORIGIN OF CI VI L I Z A TI ON 42 7

trac ti n g th e m ; an d th e y w o u l d h av e n o m e an s o f
f e ll i n g t i m b e r E v e n if yo u su pp o s e th at s o m e i m
.

le m e n t s m igh t h av e b e e n pr e s e rv e d i n t h e m o u n
p
t ai n s th e y w o ul d quickl y h av e w o rn o u t an d d i s ap
,

e a r e d a n d th e re w o uld b e n o m o re o f th e m u n til
p ,

t h e a rt o f m e t all urgy h ad ag ai n r e viv e d .

Cr Th e re c o ul d n o t h av e b e e n
. .

A t/z I n h o w m an y g e n e rati o n s w o u l d th i s b e at
.

t ai n e d
Cr . Cl e arly n ot f o r m an y
g e n e r ati o n s .

A rk D u ri n g th i s p e ri o d an d f o r s o m e ti m e aft e r
.
,
’

w ards all t h e ar t s w h i ch r e qu ir e i ro n an d b ras s an d

,

t h e li k e w o ul d d is app e ar .

Cr Ce r t ai n ly
. .

A t/z F acti o n an d war w o u ld al s o h av e d i e d o ut

.

i n th o s e d ays an d f o r m an y r e as o n s .

Cr H o w w o ul d th at b e
.

A i ll I n t h e fi rs t pl ac e t h e d e s o l ati o n o f th e s e
.
,

p r i m iti v e m e n w o u ld c re at e i n th e m a f e e l i n g o f af
f e c t i o n an d f ri e n d shi p t o w ards o n e a n o th e r ; an d ,

i n t h e s e c o n d pl ac e th e y w o ul d h av e n o o c c as i o n
,

t o fi gh t fo r th e i r su bsi st e n c e f o r th e y w o ul d h a v e
,

p ast u r e i n ab u n d an c e e xc e pt j u st at fi rst an d i n
, ,

s o m e partic u l ar c as e s ; o n th i s p astu r e l an d th e y -

w o ul d m o stl y su pp o r t l if e i n a pri m itiv e age h avi n g ,

pl e n ty o f m il k an d fl e sh an d p ro cu r i n g o th e r fo o d
,

by t h e ch as e n o t t o be d e spi s e d e i th e r i n q u an ti ty
,

o r qu al ity Th e y w o u l d al s o h av e ab u n d an c e o f
.

cl o th i n g an d b e dd i n g an d dw e l l i n gs an d u t e n s il s
, , ,

e ith e r c ap abl e of st an di n g o n t h e fire o r n o t ; f o r

t h e pl a stic an d w e avi n g a r ts d o n o t r e qu i re an y u s e
o f i ro n : G o d h a s giv e n th e s e t w o ar t s t o m a n i n
o rd e r t o p ro vid e h i m w i th n e c e ss ar i e s th at w h e n , ,

r e d u c e d t o th e i r l ast e xt re m i ty t h e h u m an rac e m ay ,
42 8 PA PA D I SE F OU N D .

s till gr o w an d i n cr e as e H e n c e i n th o s e d ays m an
.

ki n d w e re n o t v e ry p o o r ; n o r was po v e rt y a c au s e '

o f di ff e r e n c e am o n g th e m ; an d ri ch th e y c o ul d n o t

b e if th e y h ad n o g o l d o r s il v e r an d s u c h at th at
, ,

t i m e w as th e ir c o n di ti o n A n d t h e c o m m u n ity
.

w h i ch h as n e ith e r p o v e r ty n o r rich e s w ill al w ays

h av e t h e n o bl e s t p r i n c ipl e s th e r e i s n o i n s o l e n c e
,

o r i n j u stic e ; n o r ag ai n are th e r e an c o n t e n ti o n s
, , y
o r e n vy i n gs am o n g th e m A n d th e re fo r e th e y w e re
.

g o o d an d al s o b e c au s e th e y we r e wh at i s c all e d
,

s i m pl e m i n d e d ; an d w h e n th e y w e r e t o l d ab o u t
-

g o o d an d e v il th e y i n th e i r S i m pl icity b e l i e v e d wh at
,

th e y h e ar d t o be v e ry t r u th an d p racti c e d it N o .

o n e h ad t h e wi t t o s u sp e c t an o th e r o f a f als e h o o d ,

as m e n d o n o w ; bu t w h at th e y h e ar d ab o u t g o d s

an d m e n t h e y b e l i e v e d t o b e t r u e an d l iv e d acc o rd ~

i n gly ; an d th e r e f o r e th e y w e r e i n all r e sp e cts s u ch

as w e h av e d e s c r ib e d th e m .

Cr Th at qu it e acc o r d s w i th m y vi e w s an d w ith
. ,

th o s e o f m y f r i e n d h e re .

A tb W o ul d n o t m an y g e n e rati o n s l ivi n g o n i n a
.

si m pl e m an n e r al th o u gh rud e r p e rh aps an d m o re
, , ,

i g n o ran t o f t h e art s g e n e rally an d i n p arti cul ar o f ,

th o s e o f l an d o r n av al w arfar e an d l ik e w i s e of o th e r
,

art s t e r m e d i n ci t i e s l e g al pr a cti c e s an d p arty c o n

,

fl i c t s an d i n cl u di n g all c o n c e iv abl e w ay s o f h u r ti n g
,

o n e an o th e r i n w o r d an d d e e d al th o u gh i n fe ri o r t o

th o s e wh o l iv e d b e f o r e t h e D e l u g e o r t o t h e m e n of ,

o u r d ay i n t h e s e r e sp e cts w o uld th e y n o t I s ay b e
, , ,

s i m pl e r an d m o re m an ly an d als o m o re t e m p e r at e
, ,

an d i n g e n e ral m o re j us t ? T h e r e a s o n h as b e e n
a lr e ady e xpl ai n e d .

Cr V e ry t r u e
. .

A lb I sh o u ld wish yo u t o u n d e rst an d th a t wh at
.
4 30 P A RA D I S E F OU ND .

A lb . Y es an d we m ay ac c e pt h i s w it n e s s t o t h e
fact th at th e r e was a ti m e w h e n pri m i tiv e s o c i e ti e s
h ad th is f o rm .

Cr V e r y t r u e
. .

A lb A n d di d n o t s u ch st at e s spri n g o u t o f si n gl e
.

h abi tati o n s an d f am ili e s wh o w e re sc att e r e d an d

th i n n e d i n t h e d e v ast ati o n s an d t h e e ld e s t o f th e m
was th e ir ru l e r b e c au s e wi th th e m g o v e rn m e n t o r ig
,

i n at e d i n t h e a u th o rity o f a f a th e r an d a m o th e r ,

wh o m l ik e a fl o ck o f bi rds th e y f o ll o w e d f o r m i n g
, , ,

o n e t ro o p u n d e r t h e p a t r i ar ch al r ul e an d s o v e r e ig n ty

o f th e i r p ar e n ts wh i ch o f all s o v e re ig n t i e s i s t h e
,

mo s t j u s t ?
Cr V e ry tru e
. .

A lb A ft e r t hi s th e y c am e t o g e th e r i n gr e at e r
.

n u m b e r s an d i n c r e as e d t h e S iz e o f th e ir c iti e s an d
, ,

b e t o o k th e m s e l v e s t o h u sb an dry first o f all at t h e ,

f o o t o f t h e m o u n t ai n s an d m ad e i n cl o s u r e s o f l o o s e
,

w all s an d wo rks o f d e f e n s e i n o r d e r t o k e e p o ff wil d

,

b e a st s ; th u s cr e ati n g a s i n gl e l arg e an d c o m m o n
h ab it at i o n .

Cr Y e s at l e a s t we m ay s u pp o s e it
. .

A lb Th e r e i s an o th e r th i n g wh i ch wo u l d pr o b
.

ably h a pp e n .

Cr W h at ?
.

A lb W h e n th e s e l arg e r h abi t ati o n s gr e w u p o u t

.
'

o f t h e l e s s e r o rigi n al o n e s e a ch o f t h e l e ss e r o n e s
,

wo ul d s u r vi v e i n t h e l ar g e r ; e v e r y f am ily w o ul d b e
u n d e r t h e r u l e o f t h e e l d e st an d o w i n g t o th e i r s e p
, ,

ar a ti o n f r o m o n e an o th e r w o u ld h a v e p e cul i ar c u s
,

t o m s i n th i n gs d ivi n e an d h u m an wh ich th e y w o u ld ,

h av e r e c e iv e d fr o m th e i r s e v e ral p ar e n t s wh o h ad
e d u c at e d t h e m a n d th e s e , cu st o m s w o ul d i n cli n e
th e m t o o rd e r wh e n t h e p are n ts h ad t h e e l e m e n t o f
,
 OR IGIN OF CI VI L I Z A T I OI V .
43 I

o rd e r i n th e m ; an d t o c o u rag e wh e n th e y h ad t h e ,

e l e m e n t o f c o u rag e i n th e m A n d th e y w o ul d n at u.

r al ly st am p u p o n th e i r ch il d re n an d u p o n th e i r ch il ,

d re n s ch ild re n th e i r o w n i n s tituti o n s ; a n d as we
’

, ,

are s ay i n g th e y w o ul d fin d th e i r wa i n t o t h e l a rg e r
, y
s o c i e ty h avi n g al re ady th e i r o wn p e c ul i ar l aws
, .

Cr Ce rt a i n ly
. .

A lb A n d e v e ry m an s u re ly l ik e s h i s o w n l aw s
.

b e s t an d t h e l a ws o f o th e rs n o t s o w e ll
, .

Cr Tru e
. .

A lb Th e n h o w we s e e m t o h av e st u m b l
. e d upon

t h e b e gi n n i n gs o f l e gi sl ati o n !
Cr E x ac tly
. .

A lb T h e n e xt st e p w il l b e th at th e s e p e rs o n s wh o
.

m e e t t o g e th e r m u s t ch o o s e s o m e a rbit e rs w h o w ill ,

i n sp e c t t h e l aws o f allo f th e m a n d w ill pu bl i cly pre ,

s e n t s u ch o f th e m as th e y app ro v e t o t h e ch i e fs w h o
l e ad t h e t rib e s an d are i n a m an n e r th e i r ki n gs an d
, ,

w ill giv e th e m t h e ch o i c e o f th e m Th e s e w il l th e m .
‘

s e l v e s be c al l e d l e gisl at o rs an d w il l app o i n t t h e m ag
,

i s t rat e s f ram i n g s o m e s o rt o f ari s t o c racy o r p e rh aps

, ,

m o n arch y o u t o f t h e dy n a s ti e s o r l o rdsh ips an d i n

, ,

th i s alt e re d st at e o f t h e g o v e rn m e n t th e y wi ll l i v e .

Cr Y e s th e y w o u l d b e app o i n t e d i n t h e o rd e r
.
,

w h ich yo u m e n ti o n .

B u t we w il l n o t pu r s u e t h e c o n v e rs ati o n f arth e r .

I s t h e r e ad e r i n dig n an t th at h e h as b e e n m ad e t o
l i st e n s o l o n g t o A bb é B an i e r cl u m sily di sgui s e d i n ,

t h e r o b e s o f a pr e t e n d e d A th e n i an ph il o s o ph e r a n d
d i sc o u rs i n g all o u t o f ch aract e r o n m a tt e rs w h ic h
, ,

”
b e t ray t h e p re j u di c e s o f a Ch ri st i an e d u c ati o n ?
“

I t m ay w e ll b e T o a r e ad e r o f L u bb o c k an d Tyl o r
.

an d V o gt t h e s e n ti m e n ts o f t h e A th e n i a n t rav e l e r
,

d o s e e m si n gul arly i n acc o rd w ith H o ly S c ript u r e .

43 2 P A RA D I S E F OU N D .

B u t le t i n n o c e n t s uff e r fo r t h e gu il ty I t
not th e .

h app e n s t h at o ur i m agi n ary c o n v e r sat i o n i s n o t o f

o u r i m a gi n i n g I t w as w r i tt e n m o r e th an t wo th o u
.

s an d y e ars b e f o r e t h e bi r th o f A b be B an i e r an d by ,

a s g o o d a p ag an as t h e f am e d A th e n i an Pl at o .

O n t h e wh o l e we are o f t h e O pi n i o n th at t h e
,

g re at c o n s e n t an e o u s T rad i ti o n s o f t h e H u m an R ac e
w il l ye t o u tl iv e a c o n s id e rabl e n u m b e r o f B ac h o fe n s
an d B ii c h n e r s an d B u ckl e s an d th at if e v e r t h e b ur ,

i alpl a c e o f M o s e s sh all b e d is c o v e r e d i t wil l n o t b e

-
,

f o u n d t o b e i n an y o f t h e ig n o m i n i o u s grav e y ards
p e ri o dic al ly pr e p are d f o r h i m by o u c o m i n g Pro f e s -

s o rs o f H e br e w e ag e r f o r a st u n n i n g i n a u gu ral D e .

”
spi t e t h e i n g e n i o us h igh e r c ri t ic i s m o f t o d ay s
’
“ -

e ph e m e r a l au th o r iti e s t h e B ibl ic a l sch o l arsh ip o f

“
,

t h e fu t u r e i s m o r e l ik e ly t o c a rr y t h e age o f t h e

c o m p o siti o n o f t h e E d e n s t o ry b ackw ar d th an fo r
w ard T h e d o cu m e n ts e m b e dd e d i n t h e o p e n i n g
.

c h apt e r s o f G e n e s is m ay ye t pr o v e t o be w h at re v ,

e r e n t an d o r th o d o x sc h o l ars h av e a l r e a dy a ffi rm e d

f rag m e n ts o f t h e S ac re d S c ri pt u re s o f t h e A n t e
dil u vi an P t i ch al Ch u rc h W h e th e r s o o r n o o n e
a r ar
1
.
,

a n ci e n t w o r d sh a l l e v e rm o re b e v e rifi e d T h e gr a s s
wi th e re th t h e fl o w e r fad e th ; b u t t h e w o rd o f o u r
,

”
G o d sh al l st an d fo re v e r .

O ur t re ati s e o p e n e d w ith a p ath e ti c pi ctur e it ,

-

m u st cl o s e w ith an o th e r L o n g l o st E d e n is f o u n d .
-

b u t i ts g a t e s are b arr e d ag ai n st u s N o w as at t h e .
,

b e gi n n i n g o f o u r e xil e a s w o rd tu rn s e v e ry way t o ,

k e e p t h e W ay o f t h e Tr e e o f L if e .

1 M o fiat 1 87 1
'

: Co mpa r a ti ve f I i slo ry qf R elig i on s . N e w Y o rk ,

vo l i
“

. .
, pp 99 . se
g
.
 A PP E N D I X .

S E CT I O N I .
—T H E E A RT H O F CO L U M B U S N O T A
T RU E S PH E RE .

( I llu s t r a ti ng pp 3 7
.
— 3 0 6,

TH E f o ll o wi n g aut h e n tic acc o u n t o f th e vi e ws e n t e r

t ai n e d by Co lu m bu s re s pe cti n g t h e figu re o f t h e E arth
will b e w e lc o m e t o m an y re ad e rs
I h av e alw ays re ad t h at t h e w o rld c o m p ri s i n g t h e
l an d an d t h e w at e r w as s ph e ric al an d t h e re c o rd e d e x pe
,

ri e n c e s o f Pt o l e my a n d a l l o t h e rs h ave p ro v e d t h i s by t h e
e cli ps e s o f t h e m o o n a n d o t h e r o b s e rv ati o n s m ad e f ro m

E as t t o We s t as w e ll as t h e e l e v ati o n o f t h e P o l e f ro m
,

N o rth t o S o ut h B ut as I h av e al re ady d e s c rib e d I h av e

.
,

n o w se e n s o m uc h i rre gul arity t h at I ,

h av e c o m e t o an
o t h e r c o n clu s i o n re s pe c t i n g t h e E art h n a m e ly t h at i t is
, ,

n o t ro u n d a s t h e y d e s c rib e b u t o f t h e f o rm o f a pe ar
, ,

w h i c h i s v e ry ro u n d e xc e pt w h e re t h e s t alk g ro ws at ,

w h ic h p art it i s m o s t pro m i n e n t ; o r l ik e a ro u n d b all

upo n part o f wh ic h i s a pro m i n e n c e li k e a wo m an s n i ppl e ’

t h i s p ro t ru s i o n b e i n g t h e h igh e s t an d n e are s t t h e s k y sit ,

u at e d u n d e r t h e e qui n o cti al l i n e an d a t t h e e as t e rn e x
,

t re m i ty o f t h i s s e a . I n c o n firm ati o n o f my O pi n i o n ,

I re v e rt t o t h e argu m e n t s w h ic h I h av e ab o v e d e t ail e d
re s pe cti n g t h e li n e w h ic h p as s e s f ro m N o rt h t o S o u t h a
,

h u n d re d l e agu e s we s t w ard o f t h e A z o re s ; f o r i n s aili n g

t h e n c e w e s tw ard t h e S h i ps w e n t o n ri s i n g s m o o t h ly to
,

w ard s t h e s k y an d t h e n t h e w e at h e r was f e lt t o b e m ild e r

, ,

o n acc o u n t o f w h ic h m ild n e s s t h e n e e dl e s h i ft e d o n e po i n t
4 36 A P PE N D I X .

of th e c o m p ass ; an d th e f urth e r we we n t t h e m o re t h e ,

n e e dl e m o v e d t o t h e N o rt h w e s t t h is e l e v ati o n pro duci n g

,

t h e v ari ati o n o f t h e ci rcl e w h ic h t h e N o rth s t ar d e s c rib e s-

wit h i t s s at e llite s an d t h e n e are r I appro ac h e d t h e e qui

n o c t i al li n e t h e m o re t h e y ro s e an d t h e g re at e r was t h e

di ff e re n c e i n th e s e st ars an d i n t h e i r ci rcl e s P to l e m y .

an d t h e o t h e r ph il o s o ph e rs wh o h av e w ritt e n u po n t h e

gl o b e th o ugh t t h at it was s ph e ric al b e li e vi n g t h at t h is

,

[w e s t e rn ] h e m i s p h e re was ro u n d as w e ll as t h at i n wh ich

th e y th e m s e lve s dwe lt t h e c e n t re o f wh ic h was i n t h e

,

i s l an d o f A ri n w h ic h is u n d e r t h e e qui n o cti al li n e b e
,

tw e e n t h e A rabi an G ul f an d th e G ul f o f P e rs i a an d t h e
ci rcl e p ass e s o v e r Cap e S t Vi n c e n t i n P o rtug al we s tward
.
,

a n d e as tw ard by Can g ara an d t h e S e ra s i n wh ich

h e m i s p h e re I m ak e n o di ffi culty as t o its b e i n g a pe rf e ct
S ph e re as t h e y d e s c rib e ; but t h is w e s t e rn h al f O f t h e

w o rld I m ai n t ai n i s li k e h al f o f a ve ry ro u n d pe ar h av ,

i n g a rai s e d pro j e cti o n f o r t h e st al k as I h av e al re ady,

d e s c rib e d o r li k e a w o m an s n i ppl e o n a ro u n d b all

,
’
.

P t o l e m y an d t h e o t h e rs wh o h av e wr itt e n o n t h e gl o b e
h ad n o i n f o rm ati o n re sp e cti n g t h i s part o f t h e w o rld ,

w h ic h was t h e n u n e x pl o re d ; th e y o n ly e s tabli s h e d th e i r
o wn h e m i s ph e re wh ic h as I h ave al re ady s aid is h a l f o f
, , ,

a pe rf e ct S ph e re A n d n o w t h at y o u r H igh n e s se s h ave
.

c o m m i s s i o n e d m e t o m ak e t h is v o yage o f di s c o v e ry t h e ,

truth s wh ic h I h av e s tate d are e vid e n tly p ro v e d b e c ause ,

i n t h i s vo y age wh e n I was o ff t h e i s l an d o f H argi n an d

,
1

i t s vici n ity wh ic h i s twe n ty d e gre e s t o t h e N o rt h o f t h e

,

e qui n o cti al li n e I f o u n d t h e e o l e bl ack an d t h e l an d

, p p
ve ry m u c h bu rn t an d w h e n af te r t h at I we n t t o t h e Cape

Ve rd e I s l an d s I f o u n d t h e pe o pl e th e re v e ry m uc h d ark e r
still an d t h e m o re s o uth w ard we w e n t t h e m o re t h e y ap
, ,

pro ac h t h e e xt re m e o f bl ac k n e s s so t h at w h e n I re ac h e d

t h e parall e l o f S i e rra L e o n e wh e re as n igh t c am e o n t h e

, , ,

N o rth st ar ro s e five d e gre e s t h e p e o pl e t h e re w e re e x c e s

,

gui we t c t of A f i c
1 A r n, s o as r a.
43 8 A PPE N D I X .

t in e nts, o r h av e all m e n S pru n g f ro m a c o mm o n c radl e a ,

“
m o t h e r re gi o n
-
O n t h is p o i n t s tud e n t s are divid e d ,

A g as s iz h o ldi n g t h at m e n w e re c re at e d an d Carl Vo gt ,

th at th e y w e re d e v e l o p e d at di ff e re n t c e n tre s an d Q ua
, ,
~

t re f age s an d t h e t h e o l o gi an s m ai n t ai n i n g t h e u n ity o f
th e i r o rigi n T h e f act i s l e f t th at m an t h e s ame i n all
.
,

t h e e s s e n ti a l c h aract e ri s tics o f t h e s pe ci e s h as a dvan c e d

,

i n t o allt h e h abitabl e p arts o f t h e gl o b e an d th at n o t re

,

c e n tl a n d wh e n p ro vid e d with al l t h e re s o u rc e s t h at
y
e xp e ri e n c e a n d i n v e n tiv e g e n iu s c o uld put at hi s di s p o s al ,

but w h e n s till yo u n g an d ig n o ran t I t was t h e n th at

.
,

w eak an d al m o s t n ak e d h avi n g o n ly j ust go t fire an d a

,

f e w rud e arm s wit h w h ic h t o d e f e n d it s e l f an d p ro cu re

f o o d t h e h u m an r a c e c o n qu e re d t h e w o rld an d s pre ad i t
,

s e l f f ro m wit h i n t h e A rc t ic Ci rcl e t o T e rra d e lF n e go ,

f ro m t h e S am o ye d c o u n t ry t o V a n D i e m e n s L an d f ro m ’
,

t h e N o rt h Cape t o t h e Cap e o f G o o d H o p e I t i s th i s
.

p ri m itiv e e x o dus as c e rt ai n as i t is i n co n c e ivabl e ac

, ,

c e pt e d by sci e n c e as w e ll as by d o g m a th at we h av e t o
,

e xpl a i n o r at l e as t t o m ak e pro b abl e

,
an d t h at i n an age

wh e n it is o n ly a f t e r t h e m o s t w o n d e rf ul di s c o v e ri e s by ,

t h e a id o f t h e m o s t po we rf ul m ac h i n e ry f o r n avigati o n ,

th ro ugh t h e b o ld e s t an d m o s t adv e n t u ro u s e n t e rpri s e s ,

th at civiliz e d m an h as b e e n abl e t o fl att e r h i m s e l f t h at h e

h as at l as t go n e as f ar as i n f an t m an w e n t i n an age t h at
is so f ar re m o ve d f ro m u s as t o b affl e all c alc u l ati o n s .

We m u s t i n s i s t o n t h i s p o i n t f o r it b ri n gs i n t o ligh t an
,

o b s t acl e w h ic h t h o s e wh o h av e t ri e d t o t rac e o u t t h e c o n

n e c t i o n b e tw e e n wid e ly s e parat e d rac e s a n d t o d e t e rm i n e

t h e c o u rs e t h at h ad b e e n f o ll o w e d by t rib e s n o w s e pa rat e d
by o c e an s an d v as t e x pan s e s h ave h it h e rto f o u n d i n su r
u
mo n a e t bl f o r i f m an i s o n e — t o w h ic h we are re ady

t o ag re e — we m u s t a ss ign a s i n gle po i n t o f d e par t u re

,

f o r h i s m igrati o n s . I n t h e s e m igrati o n s m an h as go n e
,

w h e re v e r h e c o uld an d at e ve ry S po t h e h as o ccu pi e d
, ,

an d s e t tl e d h as acq ui re d c h aract e ri s tic s p e culi ar t o t h e

,
 H O W TH E E A R TH WA S P E OP L E D .
4 39

pl ac e ,
w h ic h di ff e re n ti ate d h i m f ro m t h e m e n s e ttli n g
an d
i n o t h e r pl ac e s H e n c e t h e v ari e ti e s o f h u m an rac e s
. .

S o m e o f t h e se s po t s s e e m t o h av e b e e n p e c u li arly f avo r
abl e t o h i s adv an c e m e n t an d b e c am e c e n t re s o f civiliz a
,

ti o n
. T h e n u m b e r O f s uc h c e n t re s i s h o w e v e r v e ry , ,

li m ite d an d th e i r di s tributi o n i s s ig n ific an t

,
.

T h e c o n ti n e n t al m as s e s are di s t ribut e d i n th re e p ri n
c i pa l g ro u ps o n e f e atu re i n t h e c o n figu rati o n o f w h ic h
,

m u s t s t rik e e v e ry o n e wh o c are f ully e x am i n e s a m ap o f

t h e w o rld I t will b e n o tic e d t h at t h e y are s o e x pan d e d
.

t o ward t h e N o rt h as t o t o uc h i n th at di re cti o n o r b e s e p
a rat e d o n ly by n arro w p as s ag e s a n d t h at t h e y als o s ur ,

ro u n d wit h i n t h e A rctic C i rcl e a c e n t ral p o l ar se a wit h a

b o rd e ri n g i s l an d b e lt G o i n g d o w n t o w ard t h e So uth we
-
.

fin d t h at t h e t h re e c o n ti n e n ts N o rt h A m e ric a E u ro p e
, , ,

an d N o rt h e rn A s i a w h ic h h ad appro a c h e d e ac h o t h e r s o
,

cl o s e ly give pl ac e t o t h re e app e n d age s S o u t h A m e ric a

, , ,

A f ric a an d A u s t rali a w h ic h i n t h e i r tu rn g rad u ally t ap e r

, ,

o ff t o m e re p o i n t s i n an illi m it abl e s e a l o n g b e f o re t h e y ,

re ac h t h e A n t arctic Ci rcl e Wit h i n t h is ci rcl e t h e c o n

.

fi gu rati o n o f t h e l an d i s p re cis e ly t h e re v e rs e o f t h at i n
t h e N o rth ; it is t h at o f a s o lid c ap o f l an d aro u n d t h e
p o l e i n t h e m id s t o f t h e gre at o c e an
, .

I f we ag ai n o b s e rv e t h e s e m as s e s we s h all fi n d t h at ,

civiliz ati o n was b o rn i n e ac h o f t h e m u n d e r s i m il ar ge o

grap h ic al c o n diti o n s viz i n t h e n e ig h b o rh o o d o f a s m all e r
,
.
,

i n te ri o r s e a n e ar o r rat h e r N o rth o f t h e t ro pic o f Ca nc e r ,

b e t we e n 2 0 an d 3 5 n o rth l atitud e T h e m o s t e as te rn
°
.

o f t h e c e n t re s is i n Ch i n a n e ar t h e J ap an S e a
, T he .

m o s t w e st e rn an d app are n tly t h e m o s t re c e n t was al o n g

, ,

t h e i n n e r s h o re s o f t h e G ul f o f M e xic o T h e l as t civili .

z at i o n was i n t h e c o u rs e o f radi ati o n an d t ran s f o rm a t i o n

wh e n th e E u ro pe an s c am e to A m e ric a a n d was w h o lly ,

i n d e p e n d e n t an d aut o n o m o u s ; but w e ak an d re l ativ e ly ,

new ,
it was n o t abl e t o re s i s t t h e s udd e n o n s e t o f a
s t ro n ge r rac e .
440 A PPE N D I X .

To ward t h e c e n tre o f th e s p ac e wh o s e e xtre m e s we

h av e m ark e d o ut m u s t b e pl ac e d t wo o th e r c e n tre s o f
civiliz ati o n m o re an ci e n t th an e ith e r O f th e t wo al re ady
,

n am e d an d i n t h e s a m e z o n e o f l atitud e
, E gypt i n t h e ,

vall e y o f t h e N il e an d n e ar t h e A rabi an G ul f an d M e s o
, ,

p o t am i a n e ar t h e h e ad o f t h e P e rs i an G ul f Th u s e ach
,
.
,

c o n ti n e n tal m as s h ad i t s particul ar c e n t re o f civiliz ati o n ,

e xc e pt A si a w h ic h h ad t wo — o n e i n t h e e xt re m e e as t
, ,

t h e o t h e r n e ar t h e li n e w h ic h j o i n s it t o E u ro pe Th is .

p e culi ar gro upi n g o f t h e c h i e f c e n t re s o f civiliz ati o n i n

s uc h a re l ati o n o f n e ig h b o rh o o d c o n s titute s t h e m o s t c o n ~

s i d e rab l e pal e o e t h n ic f act t h at we are abl e t o re c o rd .

T h e N il e an d t h e Syr i an s e a o n t h e w e s t u ppe r A rm e n i a ,

an d t h e Cas pi an o n t h e n o rth t h e H i n d o o K o o s h an d
,
-

t h e I n du s o n t h e e ast an d t h e A rabi an S e a o n t h e s o u th
, ,

b o u n d t h e re gi o n w h e re Cu s h ite s S e m ite s an d A ryan s , , ,

t h e firs t f arm e rs w o rk e rs an d f o u n de rs o f citi e s t h e s e c

, , ,

o n d pas t o ral p e o pl e an d t h e t h i r d m o u n t a i n e e rs
,
af te r ,

w ard e m igran t s an d c o n qu e ro rs m e t e lb o we d e ac h o th e r
, , ,

a n d m i n gl e d c o n q u e ro rs an d c o n u e re d by tu rn s i n v e n t
, q ,

i n g art s an d t h e u s e O f m e t als l e arn i n g arm s an d h o w t o

,

o rg an iz e th e m s e lv e s h i e rarc h ic ally re ac h i n g t h e i r id e al
,

th ro ugh re ligi o n an d h avi n g i n w riti n g th e m o s t p o w e r

,

f u l i n s t ru m e n t at t h e di s po s iti o n o f h u m an i n t e llige n c e .

With th e m we h av e t h e b e gi n n i n g o f h i s t o ry an d a c o n ,

t i n u o us c h ai n o f s o ci a l o rg an iz ati o n s d o w n t o o u r o wn ,

d ays T h e gro wth o f civiliz ati o n i n th e s e c e n tre s l e ave s

.
,

h o w e ve r s till u n acc o u n t e d f o r t h e di ff u s i o n o f m an ki n d
,

al l o v e r t h e e arth w h ic h t o o k pl ac e at a pe ri o d f ar an
,

t e ri o r t o it .

T h e s pre a d o f m an t h ro ugh o ut E u ro p e an d A si a d o e s
n o t o ff e r v e ry g re at di ffi c ulti e s f o r i n c o n s e qu e n c e o f t h e
, ,

l o n g di s t an c e f o r wh ic h t h e t wo c o n ti n e n ts are j o i n e d ,

E u ro pe i s i n re ality o n ly a d e p e n d e n cy o f A si a an d o c
c upat i o n o f E u ro pe f ro m A si a is c o n f o rm abl e t o re ligi o us

t raditi o n s T h e di fficulti e s are h o w e v e r f o rm id abl e

.
, ,
442 A PP E N D I X .

m igh t b e a cc e pt abl e did n o t t h e c e rtai n ty o f t h e p re s e n c e

,

o f an i n dig e n o u s A m e r i c an po pu l ati o n i n t h e Q u at e rn ary

a e re duc e it t o t h e pro po r t i o n s o f a s e c o n d a ry f act

g .

T h e s am e i s t h e c as e with t h e re l ati o n s c o n t radicto ry ,

it is t ru e an d th e re f o re s u s pici o u s — w h ic h s o m e h av e
,

att e m pt e d t o e s t abli s h b e t we e n t h e m o n u m e n t s s t atu e s , ,

an d g rap h ic sig n s o f C e n t ra l A m e ric a an d t h o s e o f

E gy pt an d B udd h i s t ic A s i a T h e se a n al o gi e s as id e f ro m
.
,

t h e i r i n s u ffi ci e n cy m u s t f all b e f o re t wo param o un t c o n
,

s id e rati o n s : firs t th e c e rt a i n ty o f t h e c o n t e m p o ran e o u s

,

n e s s o f t h e A m e ric a n m an wit h t h e g re at a n i m al s o f t h e

Q u ate rn ary age a n d s e c o n d t h e re l ative u n i f o rm ity o f

, ,

t h e c o pp e r c o l o re d rac e S O l ik e it s e l f t h ro ugh t h e w h o l e
-
,

e xt e n t o f t h e c o n ti n e n t e xc e pt i n t h a t part w h ic h i s o c
,

c upi e d by t h e E s qui m aux T h e di ffi culty ari s e s f ro m t h e

.

f act th at t h e m o n o ge n ists h avi n g i n vi e w a si n gl e bi rth

,

pl ac e an d a S i n gl e po i n t o f d e partu re f o r t h e w h o l e h u
m an rac e an d pl aci n g n e ith e r i n t h e N e w Wo rld h ave
, ,

su pp o s e d A m e ric a t o h av e b e e n c o l o n iz e d by E u ro pe an
o r A si atic i m m ig ran t s f o ll o wi n g t h e di re cti o n o f t h e par

all e ls o f l atitu d e . E m igrati o n i n t h i s di re c ti o n at o n c e

m e e ts an o b s t acl e i n t h e o c e an s wh ic h gro w wid e r t h e ,

f art h e r S o ut h we go T h e o b s t acl e dis ap pe ars i f we giv e

.

up t h e id e a o f l ate rale m igrati o n s an d su pp o se t h e m o ve ,

m e n t t o h av e t ak e n pl ac e i n t h e di re cti o n o f t h e m e rid
i an s f ro m N o rth t o S o uth N O o b s t acl e o f an yk i n d Offe rs
.

it s e l f to s u c h m igrati o n s ; an d t h e re l ativ e u n i f o rm ity o f

t h e A m e r ic an s f ro m o n e e n d o f t h e c o n ti n e n t t o t h e
,

o th e r w o uld n e v e r h av e e xcit e d a s t o n i s h m e n t i f we h ad
, ,

n o t be e n re o ccu i d wit h t h id e f t h e i r i t ro ducti o n

p p e e a o n

at a l at e r d at e .

We m ay re m ark o n th i s t o pic th at t h e e xt re m e s o uth

, ,

e rn po i n t s o f t h e t h re e c o n ti n e n t s are o ccu pi e d by rac e s

w h ic h c am e o rigi n ally with o ut d o ubt f ro m s o m e wh e re

, ,

e l s e an d w h ic h are ran k e d
,
i n T e rra d e l F u e go at t h e
, ,

Cape o f G o o d H o p e an d i n Tas man i a am o n g t h e l o w e st

, ,
 H O W TH E E A R TH WA S P E OP L E D .

44 3

Of th e s peci e s Th e s e rac e s adv an ci n g i n f ro n t o f t h e

.
,

o t h e rs h av e p re s e rv e d t h e vi s ibl e s t a m p o f t h e re l a t iv e
,

i n f e ri o ri ty o f t h e s to c k f ro m w h i c h t h e y w e re p re m at u re ly
d e t ac h e d W e h ave t o b e li e v e i n e ff e ct t h at t h e s e t h re e
.
, ,

b ran c h e s F ue gi an s B us h m e n a n d T as m an i a n s
, ,so

l i t t l e e l e v at e d i n t h e i r phys ic al i n t e ll e ctu al a n d m o ral , ,

t rai t s h av e go n e a n d pl an t e d t h e m s e lv e s s o f a r aw ay
,

o n ly be c au s e t h e u n o ccu pi e d S pac e o pe n e d o ut b e f o re
t he m . S c o ut s f o r t h e re s t o f m an k i n d t h e y h ave re ac h e d , ,

s t e p by s t e p t h e e xt re m e l i m it s o f t h e h abi t abl e l an d
,
.

T h e y m u s t h av e o cc u pi e d f o r t h e m o m e n t at l e as t t h e , ,

p art s o f t h e i n te rme di at e s pac e b u t t h e y c o uld n o t re s i s t

,

t h e pu s h o f t h e s t ro n ge r rac e s an d t h e y c o u ld n o t h av e
,

su rviv e d t o o ur ti m e e xc e pt u n d e r t h e c o n di t i o n o f re
,

s t ric t i o n t o a s m all are a i n t h e m o s t r e m o t e t ra ct o f t h e i r

o rigi n al d o m a i n Th e re i s n o t h i n g s u rpri s i n g i n t h e f act

.

t h at M M Q u at re f age s an d H am y h avi n g d e s c rib e d t h e

.
,

m o s t an ci e n t E u ro pe an rac e o f w h ic h we h av e t h e s k u ll s ,

t h at o f Can s t adt s h o uld h av e f o u n d i t s a n al o gi e s o n ly

,

am o n g t h e s e s a m e n a t iv e s o f t h e e x t re m e S o u t h — t h e

B u s h m e n an d t h e A u s t rali an s .

I t will b e s e e n t h at we are i n cl i n e d t o re m o v e t o t h e
ci rcu m po l ar re gi o n s o f t h e N o rth t h e pro b abl e c radl e o f
pri m i t ive h u m an i t y F ro m t h e re o n ly c o u ld it h av e radi
.

at e d a s f ro m a c e n t re t o S pre a d i n t o s e v e ra l c o n ti n e n t s
,

at o n c e a n d t o gi v e ri s e t o s ucc e s s iv e e m ig rati o n s t o w ard

,

th e S o uth Th i s t h e o ry agre e s b e s t with t h e pre s u m e d

.

m arc h o f t h e h u m an rac e s I t re m i n s t o b e s h o w n t h at
.
a

it i s e q ually i n acc o rd wi t h t h e m o s t aut h e n tic an d m o s t

re c e n t g e o l o gic al d at a a n d t h at b e s id e s m an it i s a
, ,ppli ,

c abl e t o th e pl an t s an d an i m al s w h ic h acc o m pan i e d h i m ,

a n d w h ic h h av e c o n t i n u e d t o b e m o s t cl o s e ly a s s o ci at e d

wit h h i m i n t h e t e m pe rat e re gi o n s w h i c h af te rward b e c am e

t h e s e at o f h i s civilizi n g po w e r .

T h e ge n e ral l aws o f g e o go n y f av o r t h i s hy po t h e s i s i n a
re mark abl e m an n e r T o m ak e it s e e m p ro b abl e we h av e
.
,
444 A PPE N D I X .

on ly t o e s t abli s h t wo e s s e n ti al p o i n ts th at will n o t b e
s e ri o u s ly c o n te s te d by an y ge o l o gi s t O n e i s th at t h e .
,

p o l ar re gi o n s w h i c h we re c o v e re d with l arge tre e s e n

, ,

j o ye d a c li m at e m o re t e m pe rat e t h an t h at o f Ce n tral
E u ro pe an d w e re h a b it abl e an d f e rt il e t o t h e e igh ti e t h
,

d e gre e u n d e rwe n t a sl o w an d pro gre s s ive c o o li n g d o w n

,

till th e m iddl e o f t h e Te rti ary p e ri o d Th e n c e re f rige ra .

ti o n m ad e rapid p ro gre s s till t h e i c e gai n e d e xclu s iv e

p o s s e s s i o n o f t h e c o u n try s o uth o f th e m U n d e r s uch .

ci rcu m s t an c e s m an as w e ll as t h e an i m al s an d pl an ts
,

w o uld h ave t o re m o v e o r p e ri s h — t o e m ig rate st e p by

ste p o r fin d h i m s e l f re duc e d t o a d aily m o re pre c ari o u s
,

st ate o f e xi s t e n c e .

T h e s e c o n d po i n t is t h e re l ativ e st ability o f t h e e xi s t
i n g c o n ti n e n t al m as s e s an d o f t h e i r di s t ributi o n aro u n d a
,

s e a o ccu pyi n g t h e A rctic P o l e wh il e t h e o t h e r P o l e was

o ccu pi e d wit h a c ap o f l an d s u rro u n d e d by an i mm e n s e

o c e an . T h e i m p o rt an c e o f t h e A rctic P o l e i n re s pe ct t o
t h e pro ducti o n o f an i m al s an d pl an ts an d t o t h e i r m igra ,

ti o n s an d th e n ullity o f t h e o th e r h e m i s ph e re i n re l at i o n
,

t o t h i s f e at u re re s u lt f ro m s uc h a gro u pi n g T h e e s se n .

ti al po i n t i s th at th e re i s n o t h i n g c aprici o u s i n suc h an
,

arran g e m e n t o f l a n d s an d s e as an d t h at t h e re h av e b e e n
,

i f n o t alw ays at l e as t f ro m a v e ry an ci e n t pe ri o d e m e rge d

, ,

l an d s o ccupyi n g a c o n s id e rabl e part o f t h e n o rth e rn h e m

i s ph e re adv an ci n g v e ry f ar t o w ard t h e P o l e an d d e sc ri b
, ,

i ng aro u n d t h e A rctic S e a a b e lt o f m o re o r l e ss c o n tigu

o u s c o u n t ri e s an d i s l an d s Th is i s i n e ffe ct wh at ge o l
.
, ,

o gy t e ac h e s T h e c h an g e s i mm e rs i o n s an d e m e rs i o n s
.
, ,

h av e n e v e r b e e n an yt h i n g but parti al an d s ucc e s s iv e ,

wh il e t h e sk e l e to n s o f t h e c o n ti n e n ts go b ack t o t h e m o st
re m o t e ag e s Th e re h ave alw ays b e e n a E u ro p e an
. ,

A s i a an A m e ric a an d A rctic l an d s
, ,
We k n o w c e rt ai n ly
.

t h at th e re h ave always b e e n aro u n d th e A rctic P o l e e x

t e n s iv e t e rrito ri e s i f n o t c o n ti n e n t s l o n g t h e h o m e o f t h e
, ,

s am e pl an ts as th e re st o f t h e gl o b e an d th at b e gi n n i ng , ,
446 A PPE ND I X .

wh ich it c o uld h av e re c e iv e d o n ly f ro m t h e e xtre m e N o rth .

I t h ad f o r e x am pl e
,
m ag n o li as t u lip t re e s s as s af ras
, ,
-
, ,

m apl e s an d po pl ars c o m parabl e i n all re s pe cts t o t h o se

, ,

wh ic h gro w i n t h e U n ite d S t at e s T h e t wo pl an e tre e s .

-
,

th at o f t h e We s t an d t h at o f A s i a Mi n o r t o wh ic h we ,

m ay add an e xti n ct f o s s il E u ro p e an pl an e t re e ill us trat e -

t h e s a m e p h e n o m e n o n o f di s pe rs i o n E u ro pe i n t h e .

Te rti ary pe ri o d wit n e s s e d t h e g ro wth o f a gi n k o s i m il ar

t o t h e o n e i n t h e n o rt h o f C h i n a I t h ad s e q u o i as an d a
.

b ald c ypre s s c o rre s po n di n g with t h e tre e s o f th o s e n am e s

t h at a re n o w g ro wi n g i n Cali f o rn i a an d L o u i s i an a T he .

b e e c h s e e m s t o h av e b e e n gro wi n g i n t h e A rc tic ci rcu m

p o l ar z o n e b e f o re i t was i n t ro du c e d an d e xt e n d e d t h ro ugh
o u t t h e n o rt h e r n h e m i s ph e re T h e s a m e is d o ubtl e s s t h e
.

c as e wi t h t h e h e m l o c k o f wh ic h di s ti n gui s h abl e t rac e s

,

h av e b e e n f o u n d i n G ri n n e ll l an d ab o v e t h e e igh ty s e c
-

,
-

o n d d e g re e o f l ati t ud e o f a d at e m uc h e arli e r t h an t h at
,

o f i t s i n tro ducti o n i n t o E u ro pe T h e w e ll e st abli s h e d

.
-

p re s e n c e i n b o th c o n ti n e n ts o f m an y an i m al s p e culi ar t o
t h e n o rth e rn h e m i s ph e re m u s t b e att ribut e d t o e m igra
ti o n s i f n o t f ro m t h e Po l e at l e as t f ro m c o u n tri e s c o n
, ,

t i gu o us t o t h e po l ar ci rcl e Th i s i s O bvi o u s i n t h e c as e
.

o f t h e re i n d e e r bi s o n an d s tag ; b u t it o ugh t t o b e
, ,

e qu ally t ru e i n re s pe ct t o an i m al s o f m o re an ci e n t ti m e s ,

an d alt h o ugh we h av e n o o t h e r di re ct p ro o f s o f it t h an

t h e ab u n d a n c e o f t h e re m ai n s o f m amm o t h s i n u ppe r S i
b e ri a t h e s am e law d o ubtl e s s i n clud e s t h e e l e ph an ts an d
,

m as t o d o n s We m e an h e re t h e S pe ci e s O f th e s e t wo
.

ge n e ra w h ic h we re pro pagate d f ro m t h e N o rth t o t h e

S o ut h an d w e re i n A m e ric a an d E u ro pe t h e c o m pan i o n s
, , ,

o f pri m itiv e m an T h e c o n n e cti o n o f t h e c o n ti n e n t al

.

m as s e s with t h e i r b e lt o f h ardly di s c o n ti n u o u s l an d s
a ro u n d t h e p o l ar ci rcl e giv e s t h e k e t o al l t h e s e ph e
y
n ome n a T h e c au s e o n wh ich t h e y d e p e n d w o uld b e c o n
.

s t an t l
y p ro duci n g radi ati o n s an d c o n s e q u e n tly d i sjun c

ti o n s o f sp e ci e s an d rac e s wh ate v e r ki n gd o m we m ay
,

c o n sid e r .
 H O W TH E E A R TH WA S P E OP L E D .
447

B e f o re l e avi n g t h e qu e s ti o n s t h at t o uc h o n t h e pre
s u m e d o rigi n o f m an we c a n n o t re f ra i n f ro m s pe ak i n g o f
,

t h e re l ati o n s w h ic h it h as b e e n s o ug h t t o e s t abli s h b e
twe e n h i m an d t h e pit h e c an ape s P ri mitive m an ac .
,

c o rdi n g to s o m e auth o rs o f t h e t ran s f o rm i s t sc h o o l was ,

a n a n t h ro o m o r h ic a e e rf e ct e d p h y s ic ally a s t o h i s
p p p p ,

w alk an d e re ct attitud e i n t e ll e ctu ally by t h e d e ve l o p me n t

,

o f h i s c ran i a l c apacity till t h e m o m e n t w h e n re as o n i ng

, ,

o r t h e f aculty o f ab s t racti o n an d t h e
po w e r o f u s i n g artic
ul at e l an g u ag e t o o k i n h i m t h e pl ac e o f i n s ti n ct N u
, .

m e ro u s a n d u n d e n i abl e an at o m ic al o r phy s i o l o gic al an al

Ogi e s o f t h e h u m an b o dy a n d t h o s e o f t h e m o re h ig h ly

o rg an iz e d m o n k e y s w h ic h h av e n o t ail s n o r c all o s iti e s o n

,

t h e i r paw s an d w h o s e f ac e s an d w ay s h av e s o m e t h i n g
,

si ng ul arly h u m an f av o r t h i s s ys te m at l e as t i n appe ar
, ,

an c e . T h e pi t h e c an s h av e h o we v e r o t h e r c o n tig ui t i e s
, ,

t h an pu re ly h u m an o n e s T h e i r w ays a re rat h e r an al o
.

g o u s t h an di re c t ly as s i m il abl e t o t h o s e o f m an ; with
o t h e r ad apt a t i o n s t h e y s e e m t o h av e f o ll o we d a w h o lly
,

di ff e re n t c o u rs e o f e v o l uti o n T h e y are e s s e n ti ally cli mb

.

e rs w h il e m a n i s e x c l u s iv e ly a w al k e r a n d h as alw ays
, ,

b e e n pre di s po s e d to t h e e re ct po s i t i o n T h e h igh e s t .

m o n k e ys t h e a n t h ro po m o rph o u s ape s w al k b adly a n d

, ,

wit h di ffi cul ty W h e n t h e y l e av e t h e t re e s i n w h ic h t h e y
.

l iv e t h e i r po s i ti o n i s a s to o pi n g o n e a n d t h e y b e n d d o w n
, ,

t h e i r to e s s o as n o t to t o u c h t h e g ro u n d with t h e s o l e s o f
t h e i r f e e t We h ave t h e n re as o n n o t t o ad m it t h e s i m i an
.
, ,

o rigi n o f m a n wi t h o u t d e ci s iv e pro o fs M o re o v e r th e .
,

i t h e c an s s e e m t o h av e b e e n e v o lv e d i n an i n v e rs e d i re c
p
t i o n f ro m m a n R e j o ici n g i n t h e h e at t h e y pe ri s h rapidly
.
,

wh e n b ro ug h t i n t o t h e te m pe rate z o n e s an d t h i s i s e s pe ,

c i al ly t h e c as e wi t h t h e an t h ro po id a pe s Th u s w h il e .
,

m an c o m i n g f ro m t h e N o rt h adv an c e s t o w ard t h e S o u t h
, ,

o n ly wh e n t h e d e pre s s i o n o f t e m pe ra t u re f av o rs h i s pro g

re s s i n t h at di re c t i o n t h e m o n k e ys t o w h i c h a s t ro n g
, ,

h e at i s a vit al e l e m e n t w e re d e v e l o pe d i n an age w h e n
,
448 A PPE N D I X .

E u ro p e h ad asub tro pic al cli m ate an d di s app e are d f ro m

-
,

th at c o n ti n e n t as so o n as t h e cli m ate b e c am e t e m pe rate ,

s o t h at th e i r d e partu re c o n o id e s with t h e arriv a l o f m an .

Th e y fle d S o uth t o fi n d t h e h e at th e y n e e d e d p re ci s e ly ,

wh e n t h e di m i n uti o n o f t h e h e at O pe n e d t o m an t h e
re gi o n f ro m w h ic h it e xclud e d h i s p re d e c e s so rs T h e .

n e c e s s ity o f pl aci n g t h e c ra dl e o f t h e pi t h e c an s i n a h o t

c o u n try e n abl e s us t o s e p arate t h e m o n k e y s o f t h e E as t

e rn an d We s t e rn c o n ti n e n t s i n t o t wo di s ti n ct g ro ups ,

m ark e d by di ff e re n c e s i n d e n titi o n i m po rt an t e n o ugh t o

o blig e u s t o assu m e an e xt re m e an tiquity f o r th e i r s e p

arati o n . B o th are d e sc e n d e d f ro m t h e l e m u ri an s n o w ,

re p re se n t e d o n ly i n M ad agas c ar but o f w h ic h e arly T e r

,

t i ary f o s s il s are f o u n d i n E u ro pe T h e m o st re c e n t
.

l e m u ri an s i n E u ro pe are f o u n d at t h e e n d O f t h e E o c e n e .

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, , ,

we m e e t pi t h e c an s s i m il ar t o t h o s e o f t h e e qu ato ri al z o n e
o f t h e E as t e rn c o n ti n e n t A t t h is e po c h w h ic h was
.
,

n e arly t h at o f O e n i n g e n an d t h e M o l las s i c S e a wh ich ,

divid e d E u ro pe f ro m E as t t o We s t a s ubtro pic al cli m ate ,

s till p re v ail e d i n t h e c e n t re o f t h e c o n t i n e n t an d t h e ,

p al m t re e s e xte n d e d up i n to B o h e m i a al o n g t h e n o rt h e rn
-
,

b an k s o f t h e gre at i n t e ri o r s e a B y f av o r o f t h i s t e m
.

e rat u re t h e m o n k e ys o ccu i e d E u ro e t o n e ar t h e f o rty

p p p
fi f th d e gre e but with o ut go i n g ab o ve it t o di s ap pe ar f o r
, ,

e v e r as s o o n as it b e c am e c o o l e n o ugh f o r m e n an d

e l e ph an t s.

T h e M esopi lbeeus P en telici o f w h ic h M C aud ry h as dis

, .

c o ve re d t w e n ty fiv e
-
i n dividu al s a t Pik e rm i was s m all , ,

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,
.

T h e D ryopi lb eeu s o f S t G aud e n s h ad t h e c h aract e r i s tic s

.

o f t h e h ig h e s t an t h ro po m o rph s wit h t h e b e s ti al f ac e o f
,

t h e go rill a but it i s t o t h i s an i m al th at M C au d ry is i n .

cl i n e d t o att rib u t e t h e fl i n t s i n t e n ti o n ally c h i ppe d ac

, ,

c o rdi n g t o t h e A bb é B o u rg e o i s o f t h e B e au c e li m e s to n e
, ,

at T h en ay i n t h e S t G aud e n s g e o g n o s tic h o riz o n

. T he .
450 A PPE N D I X .

S E CT I O N I I I .
—T H E R E CE PT I O N A C C O RD E D TO “
TH E
T RU E KE Y .

A i n dic ate d i n t h e t e xt t h e V i e w o f A n ci e n t Co s mo l
s ,

o gy pre s e n t e d i n c h apt e r fi rs t o f P art f o u rt h i s e n ti re ly at

v ari an c e with t h at o f all o u r s t an d ard auth o riti e s Pro .

f e s s o r P ac k ard o f Y al e Co ll e ge re m arks
, ,
“
I f it i s t ru e , ,

al l o u r b o o k s an d m aps are w ro n g an d we m u s t a d m it ,

th at all s c h o l ars h av e b e e n m ist ak e n i n th e i r u n d e rs t an d

”
i n g o f t h e an ci e n t re c o rd s I n lik e m an n e r o n e o f t h e
.
,
“
f o re ign pe ri o dic a l s e dit o ri ally o b s e rv e s I f it is c o rre ct , ,

a m o s t s t riki n g p ro o f i s giv e n o f t h e
po ss ibility o f m any
s u cc e s s iv e g e n e rati o n s o f arc ha e o l o gi s t s s ci e n tists an d , ,

s c h o l ars f a ili n g t o c atc h t h e e n ti re d ri f t an d S i rit o f an

p
ci e n t l e ge n d s a n d lite rat ure i n th e i r c o s m ic t e ac h i n gs
”
an d re l ati o n s . U n d e r th e s e ci rcu m s t an c e s t h e o rdi n ary
re a d e r s e e m s e n titl e d t o s o m e f u rt h e r i n f o rm ati o n b e f o re

b e i n g as k e d t o give it hi s ad h e re n c e .

T h e n e w V i e w t h e n was fi rs t pu bli s h e d i n t h e c o lu m n s
, ,
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of
“
T h e I n d e pe n d e n t N e w Y o rk A ugu s t 2 5 1 8 8 1
, ,
In ,
.

M arc h o f t h e f o ll o wi n g ye ar a s e c o n d an d e n l arge d e d i
“ ”
ti o n appe are d i n T h e B o s to n U n ive rs ity Ye ar B o o k ,

v o l ix
. .S o o n a f te r a t h i rd e diti o n was i ss u e d as a pam
ph l e t by M e s s rs G i n n an d H e ath o f B o st o n
. I n e ac h
,
.

c as e it was e n titl e d T h e T ru e Ke y t o A n ci e n t Co s m o l
“

”
o gy an d Myt h ic a l G e o grap h y an d was illu s t rat e d by t h e
,

di agram wh ic h s tan d s as f ro n ti s pi e c e t o t h is w o rk .

Co pi e s o f t h e pap e r i n e ac h o f i ts s u cc e s s iv e e diti o n s
w e re pro m ptly f o rward e d u s u ally with a b ri e f p e rso n al
n o te t o t h e m o s t c o m pe t e n t s c h o l ars i n t h e u n iv e rs iti e s
o f A th e n s R o m e B e rli n L e i ps ic H e id e lb e rg B o n n
, , , , , ,

L e yd e n L o n d o n O x f o rd Cam b ridg e E di n bu rgh B e l

, , , , ,

f as t an d D ubli n A s m igh t b e e xpe ct e d an i n t e re s ti n g

, .

an d v ari e d c o rre s po n d e n c e e n s u e d O f m an y o f t h e le t
.

t e rs t h e w rit e r d o e s n o t f e e l t h at h e h as t h e righ t t o
 R E CE P TI ON OF TR U E KE Y .
4 SI

m ak e yp ublic
an u s e ; but i n p ri n ti n g t h e f o ll o wi n g e x

t racts h e b e li e v e s t h at h e vi o l at e s n o pro p ri e ti e s .

A H S ayc e o f t h e U n ive rs ity o f O x f o rd o n e o f t h e

. .
, ,

m o st di s ti n g u i s h e d o f livi n g pro f e s s o rs o f Co m p arativ e

P h il o l o gy af t e r re adi n g a p re li m i n ary s k e tc h w ro te t o
, ,

t h e aut h o r as f o ll o w s

P ro v i s i o all y I m ay s ay t h a t y o u r v i e w s e e m s t o m e e m i
n ,

u e n t ly re as o n ab l e an d li k e ly t o c l e ar u p s e e ral d i ffic ul t i e s v .

Ce rt ai n ly i t t h ro ws l i gh t o n t h e vo yage o f O dy s s e us m o re ,

part i c ul arly o n t h e v i s i t t o H ad e s .

I lo o k f o rward t o t h e appe a an c e o f yo u r b o o k wh i c h will r ,

b e o f g re at v al u e t o s t ud e n t s o f t h e pas t .

I n c e n t c o m m u n ic ati o n s P ro f e s s o r S ayc e h as
m o re re

us e d still st ro n ge r e xp re s s i o n s o f pe rs o n al acqui e s c e n c e .

T h e f o ll o wi n g are all f ro m l e tt e rs w ritt e n b e f o re t h e

”
public ati o n o f H o m e r s A b o d e o f t h e D e ad ’
.

R ig h t H o n Willi am E G l ad s t o n e aut h o r o f
“
.
Ho
.
,
” “ ” “
m e ric S tudi e s J uv e n tus Mu n di
,
H o m e ric Sy n c h ro ,
”
n is m e tc
,
.

I h av e re c e i e d wi t h m uc h i n t e re s t an d pl e as u re t h e c o m
v

m un i c at i o n s yo u h av e b e e n go o d e n o ugh t o add re s s t o m e o n
t h e H o m e ri c Co s m o l o gy Ve ry lo ng ago I be c am e c o n v i n c e d
.

t h at H o m e r pro c e e d e d n o t o n th e i d e a c o m mo n ly as s i gn e d t o
,

h i m o f t h e e ar th as a pl an e b ut o n t h e c o n c e pt i o n o f a s ph e r
, ,

i c al o r c o n v e s u rf ac e M y v i e ws h ave l o ng b e e n s e t f o rt h
x .

f un d am e tall y I am at o n e wi t h yo u an d wh e n ( i f e v e r) m y
n , ,

t i m e o f l e i s u re s h all arrive I s h all t ry t o l e arn wh e t h e r i n t h e

, ,

p o i n t s wh e re
y o u d i ff e r f ro m o r
go b e yo n d me
yo u h av e n o t ,

b e e n t h e m o re t h o ro ugh an d ac c u rat e o f t h e two .

R o b e rt K D o ugl as o f t h e B riti s h Mus e u m an d Pro

.
, ,

f e ss o r o f Ch i n e s e i n Ki ng s Co ll e ge L o n d o n
’
,

I re ad yo ur Ke y wi t h gre at i n t e re s t ; a n d wi t h o u t h av i g ,
n

m ad e an y s pe ci al s t ud y o f t h e s ubj e c t I m u s t s ay t h at t o m y ,

m i n d i t e pl ai n s m o s t s at i s f ac t o ri ly t h e H o m e ri c Co s m o l o gy
x .

R ich ard D a re c A rc h e r H -
i nd ,
F e ll o w of Tri n ity Co ll e ge ,
Camb ridg e , E n gl an d
452 A PPE N D I X .

I mu s t yo ur e pl an at i o n o f an ci e n t c o s m o lo gy
s ay th at x

s e e m s t o m e v e ry s i mpl e an d n at u ral I t c e rt ai n ly t h ro ws a .

fl o o d o f li gh t upo n s e e ral po i n t s wh i c h we re b e f o re v e ry o b
v

s c u re .I am g l ad t o h e ar t h at i t i s appro v e d by s o d i s t i n
g u i s h e d an O ri e n t ali s t as D r R o s t L ib rari an o f t h e I n d i a O f .
,

fic e , L o n d o n .

C . P Ti e l e
. P ro f e ss o r o f t h e H i s to ry o f R e lig
, D . D .
,

i o n s i n th e U n ive rsity o f L e yd e n H o ll an d ,

A f t e r pe rus i n g yo u r pape r a s e c o n d t i me I c an n o t b ut e x ,

pre s s m y O pi n i o n t h at yo u r h ypo t h e s i s i s v e ry pl au s i bl e an d
i n ge n i o us T h e c o n c e pt i o n o f t h e wo rl d as a s ph e re i s n o t s o
.

yo un g as i s ge n e rall y t h o ugh t I t h i n k yo u are ri gh t i n .

i d e n t i fyi n g t h e wi d e O lym pu s wi t h t h e h i gh e s t h e av e n .

Yo ur d e s c ri pt i o n agre e s v e ry w e ll wi t h t h e an c i e t c o s m ogra n

ph y o f t h e B abyl o n i an s W i t h yo u I am s at i s fie d t h at t h e re
.

i s n o re al d i ff e re n c e b e t we e n m yt h i c al O ly m pu s an d h e av e n ,

a n d t h at al le art h ly O lym ps ( as t h e re are s e v e ral o f t h e m ) are

o n ly l o cali z at i o n s O f t h e s am e h e a e n ly ab o d e o f t h e go d s v .

H o w ard Cro sby D D L L D e x Ch an c e ll o r o f th e

,
. .
, . .
,
-

U n iv e rsity o f N e w Yo rk
Yo ur Ke y t o A n c i e n t Co s m o l o gy i s t o me m o s t s at i s fact o ry .

I b e l i e v e yo u h ave m ad e a val uabl e d i s co ve ry .

W . D . Wh it n e y
P ro f e ss o r o f S an sk rit an d Co m
,
LL D . .
,

p a ra t i v e P h il o l o gy Y al e Co ll e ge ,

I h av e l o o k e d wi t h s o m e c are th ro ugh yo ur e x po s i ti o n o f
you r v i e w re spe c t i n g th e an c i e n t co n c e pt i o n s o f t h e co s mo s ,

an d fin d i t v e ry i n ge n i o u s an d s ugge s t i v e an d wo rt h y o f c are ,

f u l c o m pari s o n wi t h t h e e pre s s i o n s o f an c i e n t au t h o rs o n t h e
x

s u bj e c t .

D r Ch arl e s R L an m an P ro f e ss o r o f S an s k rit H ar
.
, ,

v ard U n ive rs ity

T h e Ke y I h av e re ad o n c e m o re an d t h i n k i t i s v e ry s i mpl e , ,

i n ge n i o u s an d ad e q u at e f o r th e e x plan at io n o f a gre at v ari e ty

o f h e re t o f o re pe rpl e i n g all u s i o n s x .

W S Tyl e r D D L L D P ro f e s s o r o f t h e G re e k
. .
,
. .
,
. .
,

L an gu age an d L ite ratu re A mh e rst Co ll e g e ,

4 54 A PP E N D I X .

a dv an c e ofp re s e n t vo l um e s i m ply as a f u rth e r illu s

th e
”
t rat i o n o f t h e c o rre ct n e s s an d u t ility o f T h e Tru e Ke y .

E ac h is f ro m t h e pe n o f a E u ro pe an sc h o l ar o f fi rs t ran k ,

an d t h e l as t o f t h e m f ro m o n e o f t h e m o s t wid e ly k n o w n

o f G e rm an E gypt o l o gi s t s N o t h avi n g as ye t pe rm i s s i o n
.

t o u s e t h e n am e s o f t h e writ e rs t h e y are h e re with h e ld , .

I t h an k yo u ver y m uc h f o r s e n d ng i me th e “
B o s to n U i
n ve r
”
s i ty Ye ar B o ok , c o n t ai n i n g yo ur i n te re s t i n g art c e i l on th e
U n d e rwo rl d Of H o m e r .

H o m e ri c i n t e rpre t at i o n l o n g an d ( I t h i n k ) ab s u rd ly pl ac e d
t h e way t o t h e U n d e rwo rl d i n t h e W e s t ; b u t I am gl ad at
l e as t t o ac k n o wl e dge t h at f ro m t h e W e s t — th at i s f ro m yo u ,

an d yo u r c o u n t ry m u c h li gh t h as b e e n t h ro wn upo n t h e U n
d e rwo rld of H ome r .

I n 1 8 68 I we n t
'
a l o n g way ,
in a wo rk t h e n pu bli s h e d t o ,

ward s t h e d o c tri n e t h at t h e e n t ran c e to t h e U n d e rwo rl d was

b e n e at h t h e s o li d e art h m as s as i n 1 8 58 I h ad e n d e av o re d
-
, , ,

t o d e s t ro y t h e pre v ai l i n g n o t i o n ab o u t t h e ro ad by t h e W e s t .

I re gard wi t h am a e m e n t t h e m as s o f f al s e i n t e rpre t at i o n s
z

o f H o m e r w h i c h a q u art e r o f a c e n t u ry a o I f o u n d
g pre v ail
i n g an d o f wh i c h I t h i k we are grad u ally ge t t i g ri d
,
n n .

One of ai d h as b e e n t h e
v e ry gre at s o u rc e O pe n i n
g up o f
E gypt i an an d A ss i l
yr an k n o w e dge , a n d f ro m t h s q uart e r I i
b e li e ve t h at m o re ai d w ill
ye t b e d rawn .

W ith yo u I t h i n k t h at t h e s uppo s e d n c o n s i s t e n c i e s o f i
H o m e r ab o u t t h e U n d e rwo rl d are re a lly as c ri babl e wh o lly , or

i n t h e m ai n , t o hi s i n t e rpre t e rs .

M an y t h an k s f o r yo ur l e tt e r an d fo r th e i n t e re s t i n g pape r i n
”
th e B o s t o n U n i v e rs i ty Ye ar B o o k wh i c h h as f o ll o we d i t .

T h e ill u s t rat i o n o f yo ur t h e o ry wh i c h i s f urn i s h e d by t h e V o y

age o f t h e E gypt i an S i n d b ad i s v e ry s t ik i n g an d m us t b e r ,

m o s t grati f yi n g t o yo u I c an fin d n o o bj e c t i o n t o yo u r v i e w
.

e x c e pt t h o s e s ugg e s t e d b y t h e o ri g i n al m e a i n g o f t h e wo rd s n
’
A m e u li an d E r e bos ( A s s yri an e r i bu e r e bb
) an d I am

t h e re f o re inc li n e d to su b s c ri be to l t h at
al P ro f e s s o r T i e le h as
wri t t e n yo u i n re
g ard to i t . T h at i n H om e r th e e art h is s up

po s e d to be wi th O lympo s abo ve an d T artaro s b e lo w

a S ph e re , ,

l
c e ars up e v e ry d i ffi c u l ty .
 R E CE P TI ON OF TR U E
’

A E Y .
455

I re ad yo u r pape r wi t h gre at
i n t e re s t an d pl e as ure N o w .

agai n yo u h a e pu t yo u r f avo ri t e t h e i s s o c l e arly a n d f o rc i bly

v s

t h a t I i n c l i n e m o re a d m o re t o yo u r O pi n i o n
n I o n ly wai t .
,

b e f o re s u rre n d e ri n g f o r s o m e l e i s u re t o go acc u rat e ly o v e r t h e

,

p r i n c i pal f ac t s an d c i t a t i o n s .

I h ave yo ur pape r wi t h gre at i n t e re s t Yo u r e x

re ad .

pl an at i o n m ak e s t h i ngs c le ar at an y rat e t h o ugh I m u s t re ad, ,

t h e O dys s e y agai n b e f o e v e n t u ri n g t o a ffirm t h at yo u s e e

r

t h i ng s as H o m e r s aw the m .

A c c e pt m y b e s t t h an k s f o r yo u r Ye ar B o o k “
fo r 1 88 3 ,

w i t h i ts e x c e ll e n t an d i n t e re s t i n g d i s s e rt a ti o n upo n
H o me r s “ ’

”
A b o d e o f t h e D e ad N o t b e i n g a H o m e ro l o gi s t I am h ard ly
.
,

e n t i t l e d t o e pre s s an O pi n i o n b ut y o u r arg u m e n t s e e m s t o m e
x ,

c o n c l us i e
v .

Yo ur pape r h as an e s pe c i al i n t e re s t f o r m e i n as m uc h as it ,

s h o w s t h at t h e re was l e s s d i ff e re n c e b e t we e n t h e c o s m o graphy

o f H o m e r a n d t h e c o s m o graph i e o f h i s s uc c e s s o rs t h an we s

h ad b e e n b ro ugh t t o s u ppo s e ( Tb e m o d es t w r i t e r of tb e f o re
.

go i ng i s on e o f t b e m os t e m i n en t H elle n i s ls o
f Ca m br i dg e ,

I h av e t o t h an k yo u f o r yo ur ne w co n t ri but i o n to o ur

k now edlge wi t h re f e re n c e t o t h e co n c e pt i o n s o f t h e an c i e n t s
as t o t h e s h ape o f t h e e art h Yo ur pape r o n t h e N av e l Of .

”
t h e E art h i s f ull o f i n t e re s t i n g a n d i m po rt a n t i n f o rm at i o n .

My on ly d o ub t i s wh e t h e r t h e t i m e h as co m e f o r s uc h wi d e
ge n e rali zat i o n s as yo u pro po s e H o we v e r o u r s c i e n e wan ts .
, c

c e n t ri f ugal as we ll as c e n t ri pe t al f o rc e s a n d a d i s c o ve re r m us t ,
”
n o t b e af rai d o f pl ac e s m a rk e d D an ge ro u s .

H H CO L L E G A
’ ‘

OCH G E E H R I E R E RR

F re u n d li c h e n D l h re gii t i ge n Z e i l e n un d d e n s i e
an k f i ir
b e gl e i t e n d e n i n t e re s s an t e n A u f s at z I h re H ypo t h e s e i s t h Oc h s t .

i i b e rras c h e d u d wii rd e s o ll t e s i c h i h re R i c h t i g k e i t au f g n z
n ,
n ,
a

f e s t e F ii s s e s t e ll e n l as s e n i n d e r T h at m i t e i e m M al O rd
,
n e

n un
g i n e i n e b e s o n d e rs k raus s ve r wi rrt e F rage b ri n g e n .

S o bal d e s l h n e n n ac h z u we i e n ge li g t cl as s i s d e r V o lk s v o r n ,
n

s t e ll un g d e r G ri e c h e n au s f rirh e re r Z e i t di e E rd e k u e l
g f Orrni g
4 56 A PP E N D I X .

war, we rd e n
S i e d i e S ch l ac h t ge wo n n e n h ab e n , un d N i e m an d
wi rd e s fii rd e r wage n d ii rfe n di e S t i mm e ge ge n I h re A n s i c h t
z u e rh e be n E S wi ll m i r n i c h t u a
.
glich s c h e i n e n , S pu re n
l
s o ch e r A n s c h auu n g d a d i e E gypt e r g an z
zu fin d e n , z um a l
ge wi s s s c h o n f rii h Ke n n t n i s s v o n d e r Kug e l ge s t al t d e r E rd e
b e s as s e n T ro t z d i e s e r B e d e n k e n h at m i c h I h r A u f s at z
.

l e bh af t i n t e re s s i rt Le i d e r we rd e i ch au s G e s un dh e i t s rii ck
.

i
s chte n d e n O ri e n t ali s t e n—
Co n gre s s zu L e yd e n n i c h t b e s u c h e n
d ii rf e n ; e s s o ll t e m i c h ab e r f re u e n , w e n n d i e v o n I h n e n s o
ge i s t re i c h an g e re g t e i n t e re s s an t e F rage wah re n d d e s s e l be n
z ur D i s cus s io n k am e .

M o re an d m o re d e cid e d are t h e l ate st v e rdicts o f A me r

ic an sc h o l ars T h e f o ll o wi n g are a h al f d o z e n s p e ci m e n s
.

f ro m a c o n sid e rabl e c o ll e cti o n .

T h e Re v A P Pe ab o dy D D LL D P ro f e s s o r
. . .
,
. .
,
. .
,

E m e ritu s i n H arvard U n iv e rs ity

I h av e ly wi th pl e as ure b ut al s o wi th pro fit yo ur
re ad n o t o n ,
”
e s s ay o n H o m e r s A b o d e o f t h e D e ad Yo ur t h e o ry ac
’ “
.

c o rd s wi t h m i mp re s s i o n an d m ak e s t h at i m pre s s i o n b e f o re
y ,

v a u e an d Wi t h l e s s t h an s u ffi c i e n t r e as o n — d e fin i t e an d we l l
g
ro un d e d
g .

C C E v e re tt, D
. . . D .
,
D e an o f Th e o l o gic al F aculty
th e
of Hv ard ar U n ive rsity ,
an d P ro f e s s o r o f Co m p arative
Th e o l o gy
S o f ar as H ome r is c o n c e rn e d , yo ur v i e w i s ce rt ai n ly fit te d
to re m o v e grav e d i ffi c u l t i e s .

J . R . B o is e , D Pro f e s s o r
. D .
,
LL . D .
,
i n t h e B apti s t
U n on i T h e o l o gic al S e m i n ary Ch ic ago , .

T he a bl e an d l e arn e d art i c e l on H o me r s
’ “
A bo d e of th e

D e ad h as i n t e re s t e d m e d e e ply,
”
an d I b e li e ve yo ur vie w is
t h e c o rre c t o n e .

E dwi n P o s t , Ph . D .
,
Pro f e s s o r of L ati n , I n di an a A s

bu ry U n ive rs ity , G re e n c astl e , I nd .

I h ave re c e n tl y re - re ad yo ur mo no graph on A n c i e nt Co s
45 8 A PPE N D I X .

s pra c h in de n e e l
gan t e n S al o n s d e r ge i s t i ge n A ri s t o k rat i e B o s
t o n s , d e s a m e r i k an i s c h e n A t h e n s d re h t , s e i t d e m P ro f e s s o r
’ ’

D r W arre n d e r d o rti ge n U n i ve rs i t at , i n e i n e r l an ge n wi s s e n
.

i c h e n A bh an d l un g b e wi e s e n , d as s n ur all e i n am N o rd
s c h af t l

po ld as P arad i e s g e l e ge n h ab e n k an n D e n E i n wan d wi e e i n .

M e n s ch am N o rd po l b e i l
s o ch e r Kal t e A d am h e i t z e n k on n te ,

wi cle rle gt d e r f ro m m e un d g e l e h rt e M an n d ad urc h , d as s e s je

d e n f alls f rii h e r d o rt warm e r g e we s e n s e i D r W arre n i s t s e h r . .

d af ii r, e i n e E x pe d i t i o n au s z us c h i c k e n u m s e i n e auf ‘ wi s s e n ,

s c h af t li c h e V o ran s s e t z u nge n ge s t ii t z t e S c h l u s s f o lge run ge n z u

’

”
b e we i s e n .

D i e s e M i t t h e i lu n g i s t m i r au s f o lge n d e m G ru n d e e i n e f re u
d ige i n t e re s s an t e we il wi e S i e e s gl aub e n d as s am A n f an ge
-
, ,

d e r M e n s c h h e i t d as fl uch lo s e P arad i e s am N o rd po l s t at tge f un

d e n i c h e s gl aub e d as s e i n s o l c h fl uc h lo s e s u n d n o ch h e rrli c h
, ,

e re s P arad i e s e b e n a uc h d as e lb s t am N o rd po l i n n i c h t f e rn e r

Z u k u n f t s t at t fi d e n wi rd n .

I c h bi t t e S i e n un e rge b e n s t I h re d i e s e W i s s e n s c h af t b e ,

t re ff e n d e n G run d e m i r e h e s t e n s g e f alligs t m i tt h e ile n u wo ll e n

'

z ,

urn z u e rs e h e n o b d i e s e I h r e G run d e d i e s e wi c h t i e n V e r an
, g g
g e n h e i t s Z u s t an d e b e t re ff e n d m i t d e n m e i n i ge n d i e e i n e n o c h
-
, ,

wi ch t ige re Z uk u n f t b e t re ff e n auf e b e n d e m s e lb e n S tan d pun k t

,

d e r h e ili ge n S c h ri f t u n d d e r G e o graph i e b e ruh e n I c h bi n .

k e i n S t u d i rt e r d e r W e l t wi s s e n s c h af t al s o au c h n i c h t d e r G e ,

o graph i e u n d e b e n s o we n i e i n m e n s c h l i c h S t ud i rt e r d e r T h e
, g
ol o gi e j e d o c h ab e r e i n o t t li e b s t u d i rt e r T h e o l o ge K raf t
g
-
.
,

d i e s e r m e i n e r g ot t li e b e n A u s bil d u n g o d e r u n m i tt e lb ar v o n
G o t t m i r g e ge b e n e n O f f e n b aru n g — d i e au c h B l i c k e i n d i e
'

T i e f e n d e r G o tt h e i t m i t s i c h f ii h rt i s t auc h d i e s e s b i s v o r e i n,

i ge n J ah re n v e rb o rg e n ge we s e n e G e h e i m n i s s d e r n ah e n Z u

k un f t m i r e n t s i e ge l t i n U e b e re i n s t i m mun g d e r h e i l i ge n S ch ri f t
un d d e r G e o graphi e .

A uf ligi os e u n d n at ii rlich e W ah rh e i t s i c h e r m i ch
die s e re
’

s t ii t e n d u n d b e ru f e n d
z b i n i c h m i t I h re r A n s c h auu n g g an z
,

ii b e re i n s t i m m e n d d as s am N o rd po l d as i n F o lg e d e s S ii n d e n
,

f all e s ze rs t Ort e P arad i e s s t at tge f u n d e n h at .

I c h h o f f e d as s wi r b e i d e rs e i t s auf d e m G ru n d e di e s e r u n
_

s e re r U e b e re i n s t i m m u n g i n n ab e re B e k an t s c h af t m i t e i n an n

d e r n ach G o t t e s W o h lge f all e n k o mm e n we rd e n I n die se m .

Ve rtraue n zu I h n e n e rwart e i ch e i n e bal d ige E rfii llun g m e i n e r

e b e n an S i e ge ri c h t e t e n B i tt e m i t H o ch ac h tu ng , ,

E rge be ns t ,
 H I N D U COS M OL O G Y .
4 59

S E CT I O N I V .
—T H E E A RT H A ND W O RL D OF THE
H I ND U S .

I llus t r a t i ng pp . 1 2 0- 1 3 3 1 48- 15 4 ;

T H A T t h e m yt h o l o gic al c o s m o s o f t h e m o d e rn H i n dus
was o rigi n ally c o n s t ruct e d u po n t h e b as i s o f a g e o c e n t ric
s y s t e m o f t h e pl a n e t ary h e av e n s I c an n o t d o ubt I ts .

”
“
c o n c e n t ric o c e an s are si m ply t h e i n te rpl an e t ary S p ac e s
m y t h o l o gic ally pictu re d an d d e s c rib e d I ts “
c o n c e n tric .

” “
c o n ti n e n ts are t h o se i n vi s ibl e s o lid c o n c e n t ric c rys , ,
”
t allin e S p h e re s w h ic h re v o lve d ab o ut t h e c o mmo n axis
o f t h e Pyt h ag o re o Pt o l e m aic u n iv e rs e an d w e re p re sid e d
-
,

o v e r by t h e di ff e re n t vi s ibl e pl an e ts I n b o t h syst e m s .

t h e E art h i s n o t o n ly t h e c e n t re o f t h e pl an e t ary re v o
lu t i o n but als o tb e cen tr e of e ac/z pla n eta ry spb e e i ts e/
, f r

H o w e n ti re ly i n c o rre ct t h e fl at wo rld i n t e rp re t ati o n o r -

d i n arily giv e n u s i s c o uld h ardly b e m o re f o rcibly s h o wn

1

t h an it i s i n t h e f o ll o wi n g e xt ract P riy a Vrat a by t h e '

w h e e l o f w h o s e c a r t h e E art h [o r b e tte r t h e Wo rld] was ,

divid e d i n to s e ve n c o n ti n e n t s h ad t h i rt e e n m al e c h il ,

d re n S ix o f t h e s e e m b rac e d an as c e tic li f e ; t h e re st
.

rul e d t h e s e v e n divi s i o n s o f t h e E art h

[W o rl d ] T o A
g
n id h ra was a s s ig n e d t h e J am bu d wfpa art h ] ; t o
[t h e E -

M e d h zt t i t hi Plak s h a ; t o V épu s h m at S al m ali ; t o J i h

'

, y o t s ,

m at d ,
a ; t o D yu t i m at Kraun c h a ; t o B h avya S ak a ;
, ,

a n d t o S av al a P us hk ara , Wit h t h e e xc e pt i o n o f t h e
.

s o v e re ig n o f J am bu e ac h o f t h e s i x o t h e r ki n g s i s s aid t o
h av e h ad s e v e n s o n s am o n g w h o m h e d ivid e d h i s k i ng
,

d o m i n t o s e v e n e qu al part s T h e s e s e v e n divi s i o n s i n e ac h
.

o f t h e S i x c o n t i n e n t s are s e parat e d by s e v e n c h ai n s o f

m o u n t ai n s an d s e v e n riv e rs lyi n g b re adt h wi s e a n a pla ced

’

wi tb s u e/
z i n cli n a t i on s w i ll: r es
p ect to on e a n ot/
zer tb a l if a

str in g/I t li n e be d r a wn l/I r o ng/z a ny eb a i n f

o m ou n ta i n s or

1S e e p c t ure i n D ri . S c ud d e r
’
s Yi zi es f or L i ttle R e a d e r s abou t tb e
H e at /
ze n N e w Y o rk ,
. 1 849 p 48. .
460 A PP E ND I X .

r i ve r s a n d i ts cor res pon d i ng mou n ta i n s or r i ver s on tb e otb er

con ti n en ts , an d p r o d uced tow a r d tb c cen tr a l i s lan d , i t would

” 1
meet tb e cen tr e o f tb c E a r tb .

A ll Pu ran ic d e s c ri pti o n s o f th e E arth are by n o m e an s

c o n si s te n t wit h e ac h o th e r but t h e f o ll o wi n g f ro m t h e ,

Vi s h n u Pu ran a c an re adily b e u n d e rs to o d i f re ad i n t h e
lig h t o f t h e ill us trative cu t s al re ady giv e n
P aras ara Y o u S h all h e ar f ro m m e M ai t re ya a b ri e f
.
,

acc o u n t o f t h e e arth A f ull d e t ail I c o uld n o t giv e yo u

.

i n a c e n tu ry .

T h e s e v e n gre at i n sul ar c o n ti n e n t s are J am bu Plak s h a , ,

Sal m ali Kus a Krau n c h a S ak a an d P us h k ara an d t h e y

, , , ,

are s u rro u n d e d s e v e rally by s e v e n g re at s e as

,
t h e se a
, ,

o f s alt w at e r L av an a ug ar c an e j uic e ( I k s h u) o f wi n e
( ) o f s ,
-
,

( S u ra ) o
, f cl a r i fie d b u tt e r ( S ar p )
i s o f cu rds ( D a d h i ) o f , ,

m ilk ( D ugd h a) an d o f f re s h w at e r ( J al a)
,
.

J am bu d wi pa i s i n t h e c e n tre o f all th e s e
-
A n d in th e .

c e n tre o f th i s ( c o n ti n e n t) i s t h e go ld e n m o u n tai n M e ru .

T h e h e ig h t o f M e ru i s e ig h ty f o u r t h o us an d Y o j an as an d -

its d e pth b e l o w ( t h e s u rf ac e o f t h e e arth ) i s s ixte e n

( th o u s an d ) I t s di am e te r at t h e s u mm it i s th i rty t wo
.
-

( t h o u s an d Y o j an as ) an d at its b as e s ixte e n th o u s an d ;
,

s o t h at t h i s m o u n t ai n is lik e t h e s e e d c u
p o f t h e l o to s o f
-

t h e e art h .

T h e b o u n d ary m o u n t a i n s ( o f t h e e art h ) are H i m av at ,

H e m ak ut a an d N i s h ad h a wh ic h lie s o ut h ( o f M e ru )
, ,

a n d N i l a Sw e t a an d Sri n gi n
, ; w h ic h are s itu ate d t o t h e
,

n o rt h ( o f it ) T h e t wo c e n t ral ra n ge s ( t h o s e n e xt t o
.

M e ru o r N i s h ad h a an d N i l a) e xte n d f o r a h u n d re d th o u
,

s an d ( Y o j an as ru n n i n g e as t an d we s t) E ach o f t h e o t h
, .

e rs di m i n i s h e s t e n t h o us an d Y j it li m
( o an a s a s e s o re ,

re m o t e f ro m t h e c e n t re 2
Th e y are t wo t h o u s an d ( Y O
) .

1 B ab u S h o m e , “
P h ys ic la E rro rs of H i n du sm i .
”
S ele cti on s f r om
tb e Ca lc u tt a R ev i e w , N o A pr , 1 8 8 2 . xv .
, il .

2 I n o ur
i i
d agram o f t h e H n d u Va r s b as , p 1 52 , t h e e n gt h o f t h e . l
ii i i i
o ut e r part t o n ran ge s d m n s h e s at ab o u t t h e rat e h e re re u re d
-
q i .

I n t h e o n y o t h e r I h av e e v e r s e e n , — o ne S h o wn m e b y Pro f e s s or
l
46 2 A PPE N D I X .

of th at tre e are as l arge as e l e p h an ts Wh e n th e y are .

ro tt e n th e y f all u po n t h e c re s t o f t h e m o u n t ai n ; an d
f ro m t h e i r e x pre s s e d j uic e i s f o rm e d t h e J am bu riv e r t h e ,

w ate rs o f wh ich are d ru n k by t h e i n h abit an ts ; an d i n ,

c o n s e qu e n c e o f d ri n ki n g o f t h at st re am th e y pas s th e i r ,

d ays i n c o n t e n t an d h e alth b e i n g s ub j e ct n e ith e r t o pe r

,

s pi rati o n t o f o ul o d o rs t o d e c re itud e n o r o rg an ic d e c ay
, p , , .

T h e s o il o n t h e b an k s o f t h e r iv e r ab s o rbi n g t h e J am bu ,

j uic e an d b e i n g d ri e d by ge n tl e b re e z e s b e c o m e s t h e
, ,

go ld te rm e d J am bu n ad a ( o f w h ic h ) t h e o rn am e n t s o f t h e
S idd h as ( are f ab r ic at e d ) T h e c o u n t ry o f B h ad ras wa
.

li e s o n t h e e as t o f M e ru an d Ke tu m ala o n t h e we s t ;
, ,

an d b e tw e e n t h e s e t wo i s t h e re gi o n I lavri t a O n the .

e as t ( o f th e s am e ) i s t h e f o re s t Ch ai t ra rat h a t h e G an
d h am ad an a ( wo o d ) i s o n t h e s o uth ; ( t h e f o re s t o f ) V ai
b h i aja i s o n t h e w e s t an d ( t h e g ro ve o f I n di a o r) M an ,

d an a i s o n t h e n o rt h T h e re are al s o f o u r gre at l ak e s
.
,

t h e w at e rs o f w h ic h are p art ak e n o f by t h e go d s c all e d ,

A ru ti o d a M ah ab h ad ra A s i t o d a an d M an as a
, , ,
.

T h e pri n cip al m o u n t ai n ridge s w h ic h pro j e ct f ro m t h e

b as e o f M e ru lik e fil am e n ts f ro m t h e ro o t o f t h e l o to s
, ,

t h e e as t S i t an t a Muk u n d a Ku rari M alyav at

’
a re ,
on , , , , ,

a n d V a i k an k a o n t h e s o uth T rik ti t a S i s i ra P at an ga
, , , ,

R uc h ak a an d N i s h ad h a ; o n t h e we s t Sik h i v as as V ai
, ,

d ury a K apil a G an d h am ad an a an d J
, ,
aru d h i an d o n t h e ,

n o rth San k h ak ut a Ri s h ab h a H am s a N aga an d Kal an , , ,

,

j ara Th e s e an d o t h e rs e xt e n d f ro m b e twe e n th e i n t e r
.

v als i n t h e b o dy o r f ro m t h e h e art o f M e ru
, ,
.

O n t h e su mm it o f M e ru i s t h e v a s t city o f B rah m a e x ,

te n di n g f o u rte e n th o u s an d l e agu e s an d re n o wn e d i n ,

h e av e n ; an d aro u n d it i n t h e c ardi n al p o i n ts an d t h e
,

i n te rm e di at e qu arte rs are s itu at e d t h e st at e ly citi e s o f

,

I n d ra an d t h e o t h e r re ge n t S o f t h e S ph e re s
'

T h e c api t al .

o f B rah m a i s i n cl o s e d by t h e riv e r G an ge s wh ic h i s s u , ,

i n g f ro m t h e f o o t o f Vi s h n u an d w as h i n g t h e l u n ar o rb
, ,

f alls h e re f ro m t h e S ki e s an d af te r e n ci rcli n g t h e ci ty
, , ,
 H I ND U COS M OL O G Y .
46 3

divid e s i n to f o u r m ig h ty riv e rs fl o wi n g i n O pp o site d i re c

ti o n s Th e s e rive rs are t h e Si t a t h e A lak an a n d a t h e
.
, ,

Ch ak s h u an d t h e B h ad ra T h e fi rs t f alli n g up o n t h e
,
.
,

t o p s o f t h e i n f e ri o r m o u n t ai n s o n t h e e as t s id e o f M e ru , ,

fl o ws o v e r t h e i r c re s t s an d pas s e s t h ro ugh t h e c o u n t ry o f
,

B h ad ré éwa t o t h e o c e an
,
T h e A lak an an da fl o ws s o ut h
.
,

t o ( t h e c o u n t ry o f ) B h arat a a n d dividi n g i n to s e ve n , ,

riv e rs o n t h e way f a lls i n to t h e s e a

,
T h e Ch ak s h u f alls .

i n to t h e s e a af t e r t rav e rsi n g all t h e w e s t e rn m o u n t ai n s

,

a n d p as s i n g t h ro ug h t h e c o u n t ry o f Ke t u m al a A n d the .

B h ad ra w as h e s t h e c o u n t ry o f t h e U tt arak u ru s an d e m p ,

ti e s its e l f i n to t h e n o rt h e rn o c e an .

M e ru t h e n i s c o n fin e d b e twe e n t h e m o u n t ai n s N il a
, ,

an d N i s h ad h a ( o n t h e n o rt h a n d so ut h ) a n d b e tw e e n ,

M alyavat an d G an d h am ad an a ( o n t he we s t an d e as t) I t .

li e s b e t we e n t h e m lik e t h e p e ric arp o f a l o t o s

, .

T h e c o u n t ri e s o f B h arat a Ke t u m ala B h ad rééwa an d , , ,

U t t arak u ru lie lik e l e av e s o f t h e l o t o s o f t h e w o rld e x

, ,

t e ri o r t o t h e b o u n d ary m o u n t ai n s Jafh a ra an d D e v a .

k ti t a are t wo m o u n t ai n ran ge s ru n n i n g n o rt h an d s o uth , ,

an d c o n n e cti n g t h e t wo c h ai n s o f N i l a a n d N i s h ad h a .

G an d h a m ad an a an d K ail as a e xt e n d e as t an d w e s t e ig h ty , ,

Y o j an as i n b re adth f ro m s e a t o s e a N i s h ad h a an d P ari
, .

y at ra are t h e li m itative mo u n t ai n s o n t h e w e s t s t re tc h ,

i n g li k e t h o s e o n t h e e as t b e tw e e n t h e N i l a an d N i s
, ,

h ad h a ra n ge s A n d t h e m o u n t a i n s T ri s f i n g a a n d J
’
. a
rud h a are t h e n o rt h e rn li m it s ( o f M e ru
) e xte n di n g e as t , ,

a n d w e s t b e twe e n t h e t wo s e as
, T h u s I h av e re pe ate d .

t o yo u t h e m o u n t a i n s d e s c rib e d by g re at s ag e s as t h e

b o u n d ary m o u n t ai n s s itu ate d i n p ai rs o n e ac h o f t h e

,

f o u r s id e s o f M e ru .

T h o s e al s o w h ic h h ave b e e n m e n ti o n e d as t h e fila
m e n t m o u n t ai n s ( o r s pu rs ) Si t an t a an d t h e re s t are e x
, ,

c e e di n gl y d e lig h t f ul T h e v all e ys e m b o so m e d am o n gs t
.

t h e m are f av o ri t e re s o rts o f t h e S idd h as an d Ch aran as .

A n d t h e re are s itu at e d u po n t h e m ag re e abl e f o re s t s an d

464 A PPE N D I X .

pl e as an t citi e s e m b e lli s h e d with th e p al ac e s o f L ak s h m i

, ,

Vi s h nu A gn i Sti rya an d o th e r d e iti e s an d p e o pl e d by

, , , ,

c e l e s t i al s pi rits w h il s t t h e Y ak s h as R ak sh as as D ai tyas , ,
,

an d D a n av as pu rs u e t h e i r p as ti m e s i n t h e v al e s .

Th e s e i n s h o rt are t h e re gi o n s o f P aradi s e o r S warg a

, , , ,

t h e s e a t s o f t h e righ t e o u s an d w h e re t h e wic k e d d o n o t ,

arriv e e v e n af te r a h u n d re d bi rt h s I n ( t h e c o u n t ry o f) .

B h ad ras wa Vi s h nu re sid e s as H ayas i ras ( t h e h o rs e

'

, _

h e ad e d ) ; i n Ke t u m ala as V arah a ( t h e b o ar) , in B ha

rat a ,
as t h e t o rto i s e ( Kti rrn a) ; i n K e ru as t h e fis h ,

( M at s y a) ; i n h i s u n iv e rs al f o rm e v e ryw h e re : f o r H ari ,

p e rv ad e s allpl ac e s H e is th e su ppo rte r o f all th i n gs ;

.

h e i s all t h i n g s I n t h e e ig h t re al m s o f Ki rfipu rus h a

.

an d t h e re s t ( o r al l e xclu s iv e o f B h arat a) t h e re i s n o ,

s o rro w n o r w e ari n e s s n o r a n xi e ty n o r h u n ge r nor a

, , p , ,

pre h e n s i o n th e i r i n h abitan ts are e x e m pt f ro m all i n

firm i ty an d p ai n an d liv e ( i n u n i n t e rru pt e d e n j o ym e n t)
,

f o r t e n o r tw e lve t h o u s an d ye ars I n d ra n e v e r s e n d s .

rai n u po n t h e m ; f o r t h e e art h ab o u n d s wi t h w at e r I n .

th o s e pl ac e s th e re i s n o di s ti n cti o n o f Kf i t a Tre ta o r , ,

an y s ucc e s s i o n o f ag e s I n e ac h o f t h e s e V ars h as t h e re
.

are , re s pe ctiv e ly s e v e n pri n ci pal ran ge s o f m o u n t a i n s

, ,

f ro m wh ich O b e s t o f B rah m an s hu n d re d s o f riv e rs t ak e

, ,

t h e i r ri s e ( a t i on of tb c Vi s b
’
F r om H
. I I I/Vi lson s T r a n s l .

1
nu P a r an a .
)
F or f u rth e r acc o u n ts o f Pu ran ic ge o graphy s e e Wil
S ac re d I s l e s i n t h e We s t c h iii
“ ”
f o rd s G e o gr aph ic al
’
. .
,
” “ ”
E xt racts f ro m t h e Pu ran as in A s i atic R e s e arch e s , ,

vo l viii
. .

pare t h e s e s an d v o we l m a k s i n t h e f re g i g e W il
1 T he o
’
n so n s r o n ar .
466 A PP E N D I X .

wi rd d arge ste llt s o d as s s e i n e e i n z e l n e n

d e r Sk am bh a ,

KOrpe rt h e i le u n t e rs c h i e d e n w e rd e n ( X 1 8 1 9 3 3 .
, , , ,

J a sc h li e s s lic h g e h t d e r Myt h u s s o w e it d as s e r di e se n ,

We ltpf e i le r o d e r W e ltb a um n ic h t bl o s s b e s e e lt d e n k t s o n ,

d e rn ge rad e zu m i t d e r We lt s e e le ( Pu ru s h a) m i t d e m O b e rs
t e n B rah m an m i t d e m P raga pati ( d e m We lt sc h Opf e r)
,

i d e n t ific irt ( X 7 1 5 1 7 8 .
,
u n d di e h i e ri n e n t h alt e n e
, , ,
,

Pe rs o n i fic at i o n t ritt n o c h e n t s c h i e d e n e r z u T ag w e n n d e r ,

S k am bh a s o gar m i t I n d ra z u s am m e n f allt ( X 7 2 9 .
, , ,

Mit R e c h t i s t d e r e l e m e n t are S k am bh a m i t d e m A tl as d e r
G ri e c h e n u n d d e n S éi u le n d e s H e rakl e s v e rglic h e n wo r
de n Wi e ab e r M M ull e r an ge s ich t s d e s S k am b h a un d
'

. .

d e r o b e n v o rge f uh rt e n Z e ugn i s s e d i e B e h au ptu n g au fs t e l

le n k —an n : E s i s t k e i n B e l e g d af ii r v o rh an d e n cl as s i r ,

e n d e tw as d e r A u ff as s u n g d e r Yggd ras il ah n l i c h e s je d e n
g
ve disc h e n D ic h te rn i n d e n S i n n k am ( E s s ays D e uts ch , ,

ip v o l ii r u n v e rs t an d li ch
I I.
,
1 84
[ C h s ,
i s t m.i .
,
.

Ve rgl e ic h e auc h d i e B e h an dlu n g d e s S k am b h am yt hus be i

d e G ub e rn at i s M i th o lo gi a Ve di c a pp 2 73 —2 99 , . .

A u s d e r S pat e re n E n twick lu n g d e r i n di s c h e n M yt h o lo
i e n e n n e i c h n o c h b e s o n d e rs d i e D a rs t e llu n g d e s W e lt
g
b au m e s o d e r h i m mli s c h e n B au m e s i n d e m paradi e s i s c h e n ,

b e i d e r Q u i rlu n g d e s O c e an s e n t s t an d e n e n P ari gat a ( Ko ,

ral le n b au m E ry th ri n a I n dic a) d e r du rch K ri s h n a auf

, ,

Wu n s c h s e i n e r G atti n S atjab h zt m é I n d ra e n t ri s s e n wu rd e ‘

D i e B e s c h re ibu n g d e s B au m e s s o wi e s e i n e r E n t fii h ru n g ,

e rs c h e i n t i m P u ran a
( Vi s h n u B h agav at a) n o ch e i n f ac h
,

( vgl Vi s h P b e i H H Wil s o n pp 58 5
. . . . . s e h r au s ,
.

f ii h rlic h d age ge n u n d m i t e i n z e l n e n A bw e ic h u n ge n i m
H ar iv amca
“
E r h at n ac h di e s e m d i e E ige n s c h af t
. de ,

s ati s f ai re t o us l e s d é s i rs Vo u s n au re z q u a pe n s e r e t ’ ’
.
,

aus s i t Ot par l a v e rt u d e c e ll e fl e u r qui s au ra s e n t e n d re e t

’
,

s e m u lti pli e r v o u s a u re z d e s gui rl an d e s d e s c o u ro n n e s

, , ,

d e s f e st o n s d e s part e rre s e n t i rs
, Ce tt e fl e u r re m é di e a la .

f ai m a la s o i f a la m al adi e ala vi e ill e s s e e t c

, ,
B i e n plus
, ,
.
,

so u rc e d e b o n h e u r e t d e gl o i re e ll e e s t e n c o re un gage d e
 A B OD E OF TH E
45 7
’
H O AI E R S D EA D .

v e rtu ; i n te llige n te e t rai s o n n abl e e ll e pe rd s o n é cl at av e c ,

l i m pi e e t le c o n s e rve av e c la p e rs o n n e a t t ac h e e a s o n d e
’

,
’

” —
vo i r S ie he
. H ari van s a t rad pa r L an gl o i s I I 3 1 2
, ,
’
.
, .
, , .

”
( J G rill D i e E r z vate r de r I llen s c/zbei t vo l i p 3 58
“ '

. .
.
, , , ,

S E CT I O N V I .
—H O M E R S ’
A B OD E OF THE D EAD .
1

I lu st ra t i n r Cbapte r s i an d
( l g . vi i . i n P a r t F o u r ; Cb apte r i i . i n Part
S ix , and olb e r pa s sag es ) .

S o be rr s c /zt g le i c h fi be r d e n Or t we d i e U n te r w e lt eu de n b e n sc i e in m e r k wfi r ‘

d ig e r Z w i e spa lt P . RELLER .

B ei H om e r i n e d oppe lte A n s i c b t v o n d e r L ag e d e s T o d t e n r e i c /ze s z u e r b e n

ist e
'
ne n , e i n ma l u te
n r d er E r de , u n d d a n n w i e d e r u m a uf ae r Obc r/la c be d e s B o d e ns
i n de m ew ig e n D u n k e l j e n s e i t s d e s w e s t lic /i e n Oce a n . D ie A us le b t e n v on de n
be i de n H a de s fl ie ss e n be s t a n d ig d u r c /ze i n a n de r . S o we i t a be r d i e m i t j e de m ver

b un de n e n Vor s t e llu ng e n z u so n d e r n und e i n ze ln a u z u / /a s se n m ag /1c}: i s t , m its se n

wi r sie da r z uleg e n i m F o lg e n d e n v e r s uc be n . VO L KE R
C .

WH E R E l o c ate t h e re al m o f H ad e s ?
do e s H o me r

I n t h e w h o l e b ro ad fi e ld o f H o m e ric s c h o l ars h i p it
w o uld b e di ffi c ul t t o fin d a m o re f as ci n at i n g qu e s ti o n .

F e w h av e b e e n m o re w ritt e n u po n T h e lit e ratu re o f t h e .

sub j e ct i s its e l f al m o s t a lib rary N o m yt h o l o gi s t n o .

,

c o mm e n t ato r u po n t h e po e t n o cl as s ro o m i n t e rpre t e r ,
-

e v e n c a n e v ad e t h e qu e s ti o n
, an d
ye t i n t h e i r an s we rs , ,

t h e H o m e ric au t h o ri t i e s o f all m o d e rn t i m e s w h at e v e r ,

t h e i r n ati o n ality pre s e n t o n ly a piti abl e S pe ct acl e o f h e l p

,

l e s s b e wild e rme n t Cl as s i fyi n g t h e s e v ari o u s i n te rpre te rs

.

acc o rdi n g t o t h e an s w e rs t h e y re s e ctiv e ly giv e t o t h e

p
qu e s t i o n p ro po u n d e d t h e y s t an d as f o ll o w s ,

F i rs t a cl as s w h o c o n t e n t t h e m s e lv e s with t h e ge n e ral
,
”
as s e rt i o n t h at t h e e art h o f H o m e r was a fl at di s k an d ,

t h a t h i s H ad e s li k e t h at o f t h e an ci e n t s ge n e ra lly was
, ,

u n d o u bte dly c o n c e ive d o f as a d ark re c e s s o r c ave rn i n

t h e b o s o m o f t h i s e a rt h di s k A n yt h i n g i n t h e O dys s e y
-
.

1 P i t d i d
r n e c i Tb B t n a U i
v an i ty Y
e B b
n l e os on n v er s ea r oo , vo . x .
468 A P PE N D I X .

or e ls e wh e re i n c o n s i s te n t wit h t h i s vi e w i s si m ply a pl ay
o f p o e t ic f an cy .

S e c o n d a cl as s — i f cl as s it b e — wh o s a with th e ‘

,
y
ge n i al Wil h e l m J o rd an D as H ad e s re i c h d e r O dys s e e ,

i s t di e vo n d e r S o n n e abge k e h rt e R ii c k s e i t e d e r E rd
sc h e ib e d i e w Xb G e ge n e rd e e i n e s w e it s pat e re n Z e it
,
’
ot r
’
o v,
,

a lt e rs
’
V o n d e r Z 8mp e dp p u n d vo m G Ott e rh i m m e l
. et o ov a

au s b e t rac h t e t bl e ibt e s all e rdi n gs U n t e rwe lt m ) “ 59m

’ ‘

,
i 1 l

y l
a a s ab e r n ic h t a l
, s E rdi n n e re s s o n d e rn als j e n s e itige ,
” 1
O be rfl ac h e H e re t h e e arth i s s till a fl at di s k ; but
.

H ad e s i n s t e ad o f b e i n g withi n it i s s i m ly i t s u n d e r o r
,
p ,

re v e rs e s id e .

Th i rd a cl as s wh o l o c ate t h e s h ad o wy re al m o n t h e
,

s am e pl an e wi t h t h e i n h abit e d e art h but i n t h e f ar W e s t

, ,

j u s t i n s i de t h e O c e an s t re am Th is i n cl u d e s allc o mm e n -
.

t at o rs wh o l o c ati n g H ad e s ab o ve g ro u n d i n t h e We s t
, ,

pl ac e Ki rk e s i s l e i n t h e s am e qu art e r an d h o ld th at
’

O dys s e u s did n o t c ro s s o v e r t h e O c e an s t re am -
.

F o u rth a cl as s wh o l o c at e it i n t h e f ar W e s t j u s t out
, ,

s i de t h e O c e an s t re am Th i s i n clud e s all c o m m e n t ato rs

-
.

wh o l o c ati n g H ad e s ab o v e g ro u n d i n t h e We s t pl ac e
, ,

Ki rk e s i s l e i n t h e s am e qu arte r but h o ld th at O dyss e us

’
,

c ro s s e d t h e O c e an s tre am -
.
2

1 Fl k
e i s 7 b b
c b
e s en 1 8 72
’
l c pp a 1 —8 r uc er , , vo . v .
,
. .

2 R
i ck D i R ligi d H ll
n , e T h i i p 459
e on B i H me r er e e n en , . .
, . e o

i t d
s as S h tt i ch
c h k i
a U t w lt s d
e n re j e l i gt au
noc e ne n er e ,
on e rn en s e s

se r d m e d S vo n b s hi er B i ch d E d e j s i t d
o nn e e c e nen en e re er r ,
en e s es
”
Ok e an o s H . d i m th e w i t
e re , an l g wi th a t t i on so e o r r e rs , a o n re e n n

o f th u i t y f t h
e n th h i p f t h e I li d
o e d Ody y w fi d
au o rs o a an ss e , e n an

i t i m t i t h t t h p pl i g d i c p y i G k p
n a on a e er t tiex ns s re an c n re e re re s e n a on

o f H de i d a t s
g d s l t l c ti
ue o f i t f m the f
a raW st ua ra n s o a on o ro ar e

t o th i t e i f th
n er or o th i q f d e c i g ge g
e ar ph , n con s e u e n ce o a v an n o ra

i c l k wl e dg P h p
a no p te l
. h ld h e b
er a i t
s a se ara e c ass s ou av een n ro

d c d c
u e , i ti g f th p
ons s t tin f th i
o i w B t h d th i
e re re s e n a ve s o s v e . u a s
'

b een d e y t a f
on t , th cl e w ld h e b o ur e e n e y t in ass ou av e en n c e ss ar o

cl d u eth e wh os wi t h Ch l e F i K yo, ct l y e e s e t h e ar s ran c s e ar , e xa r v r

p ro c e s
s d m k
, anth ld t G e k H d i t t a e e e a d the
o es r e a es n e r e rran an , n

tran s -o c i t th W
e an c o ne a t l t e p o d uct Tb Mytb lgy f tb e es a a r r . e o o o e

E dd as . L o n do n, 1 88 2 : p . 14 .
470 A P PE N D I X .

i ng an d noon tid e w an d e ri n gs t o h i s we st e rn h o m e s o me ,

ti m e s fin d s it n e c e s s ary t o m ak e h i s way b e h i n d d ark

cl o ud s 1
.

Tw e l f t h a cl as s wh o p o i n t o u t t h e m an i f e s t di ffi culti e s
,

o f t h e p ro bl e m b u t f ran k ly pro f e s s th e i r utte r i n ability t o

,

p re s e n t a s o l uti o n .

“
O f t h e m o re i m po rt an t o f t h e m aps o f t h e w o rld ac
”
c o rdi n g t o H o m e r t h o s e o f B u n b ury V Olc k e r a n d F o r
, , ,

bige r are c o n s t ructe d acco rdi n g t o t h e vi e w o f cl as s

f o u rth ; t h at o f U k e rt acc o rdi n g t o t h e vi e w o f th at di
,

vi s i o n o f cl as s se ve n th wh o l o c ate t h e H ad e s po rt al i n
t h e f ar We s t j ust i n s id e t h e O c e an s t re am
,
t h at o f G l ad -

sto n e acc o rdi n g t o t h e vi e w o f th at divi s i o n o f cl as s

2
,

s e v e n t h wh o l o c at e t h e H ad e s p o rt al i n t h e f ar E as t j ust ,

i n s id e t h e O c e an s t re am V Olc k er h o we v e r i s i n cli n e d
-
.
, ,

t o b e li e v e i n t wo H o m e ric H a d e s re al m s — t h e o n e i n -
,

t e rt e rr an e an t h e o t h e r at t h e We s t su pe rt e rran e an an d
,

t ran s o c e an ic
-
.

S u c h are t h e m ulti f ari o us c o n t radict o ry c o n f u s e d an d

, , ,

d e s pa i ri n g an s w e rs give n t o o ur qu e s ti o n by t h e m o s t
l e arn e d an d e m i n e n t o f H o m e ri c s c h o l a rs I t w o uld b e .

an e as y t as k t o fil l a vo lu m e with cit ati o n s illu s t rati n g

th e se v ari o u s po s iti o n s an d t h e i n ge n i o us but m u tu ally
,

d e s t ructive argu m e n ts by wh ich th e i r re s pe c t iv e ad vo

c at e s h ave so ugh t to e s t abli s h th e m I t will b e m o re .

pro fit abl e t o t urn f ro m s u c h a B ab e l O f id e as o v e r w h ic h ,

t h e d ark n e s s o f H ad e s it s e l f s e e m s t o h av e f all e n an d ,

i n qu i re wh at t h e po e t h i m s e l f h as t o s ay o n t h e s ub j e ct .

T h e re gi o n o f th e d e ad i s re pre s e n t e d i n H o m e r as
o n e o f pe rpe tu al n igh t I t s n am e i s E re b o s F ro m t h e
8
. .

1 Mylb ology of tb c A rya n N a ti on s , vol . 1 7 1 - 1 80 .

2 M r G l ad s t o n e h as m o re
. re c e n t ly ab an d o n e d th e fl at -
e art h t h e o ry,
an d t e n t at v e i ly ad v o c at e d an i n te r te r r a n ea n H a d es w i lb i ts m au lli
d ow n wa r d s S e e h i s P r i m er , L o n d o n an d N e w Y o rk , 1 87 8 , pp 54
. .

57 an d H om e r i c Syn cb r on zs m , L o n d o n , 1 8 76, p 2 3 1
'

P e rh aps t h s . . i
i l l
v e w a so s h o u d h av e b e e n n c ud e d i n t h e i l
o re go n g c ass fic at o n f i l i i .

3 “
D en o m n
i a t i o n as s y e
r n n e
”
F i . é li
x R o b i o u, Que s ti on s H am l
 H OI VE R S
’
A E OD E OI " TI I E D E AD .

47 I

nam e o f divi n ity p re s idi n g i n it it i s ge n e rally c all e d

the ,

t h e h o u s e o r a b o d e o f A i d e s ( H ad e s ) Th at it was c o n
1
.

c e i ve d o f as u n de r n ca lb tb c ea r tb appe ars f ro m t h e
pe r
pe t ually re cu rri n g e xp re s s i o n s b o t h i n t h e I li ad an d i n ,

t h e O dy ss e y re l a ti n g t h e d e s c e n t i n t o a n d as c e n t o ut
,

o f it I n c e rt ai n pas s age s it i s i n f act e x pre s s ly s po k e n

.
2

o f as u d e r t e e art h
n h
“ 8
i n o t h e rs as u n d e r th e re ,
“

ce sse s o f t he H e n c e A i d e s h i m se l f i s s tyl e d
” 5
Z b;e
xdém s xara t he S ubt e rran e a n Z e u s o , .

I n t h e B attl e o f t h e G o d s t h e re i s a vivid pictu re o f t h is

u n d e rwo rld an d o f its t re m bli ng k i n g
’

r z u es
q . P ar i s, 1 876 : p 13 . T he S he m t i ic or i gi n of i
t h s t e rm is si
g
n i fi c an t . I t pre pare s us t o fin d an agre e m e n t b e t we e n t h e H o m e r c i
an d t he l i
A s s yri o B aby o n an d e as o f t h e re a m o f t h e d e ad
-
Mr i l . .

G l ad s t o n e s a s,
y L o n g be f o re I h ad b e e n s t r uc k by t h e pre
do m i n an c e of a f o re ig n c h ara c t e r an d as s o c at o n s i i in the H o m e r c i
U nde r wo r d l o f t h e e e ve n t h l Sy n c /zr o n i s m
O d ys s e y Lo n .
”
H om e r i c .

do n , 1 8 76 : p 2 13 . . O n t h e re m a rk ab y e x pre s s v e c u n e o rm d e o l i if i
graph fo r c r i ba , s e e l
t h e e x p an a t o n g v e n b y R o b e rt B ro wn , i
un , i n i J .

t h e P r oce e d i ng s I
f t b c S oc i e ty o
f B i bli c a l A r c b a ol
’
o
> g
M ay 4 , 1 8 80 .

1 Th i s t e rm i s a l so be l ie ve d to b e o f Or ie nta l or i gi n , e x ac t lyC o rre

s po n d i n
g to the B i t F di of the A kk ad a n s i . S e e t h e t ran s l tia o ns o f

Tb c D e sce n t o
f I s ta r . T a bo t l re
ga r d s , an d I th i nk j us t l y , t h e u s ua l
et
ym o o gy o f H l ad e s
q u as i A i d e s , i n v i s i ble as an a t e r t h o u f gh t .
”

R o b e rt B ro wn , J /ylb of [( i r be, p
‘
u n , T/ ie Il . . 1 11 n .

2
I li a d , v i . 2 84 ; v i i 33 0 ; x i v 4 57 ; xx . . ii .
42 5 . Odys s ey, x 1 74, .

560 ; x i 6 5, 1 64, 4 7 5 , 6 2 4 ; xx
. i ii . 2 52 xx v i . 10 , e tc . V o n e n e m be i
s o n d e rn E i n gan g z u d ie se m u n t e r rd s c h e n i i H ad e s ,
”
re m ark s Vo l ck e r

( H om e r i scb e Geog r ap/zi c p , . 1 41 ) l

m e de t de r D i ch t e r n c h ts i ; v e i l
m e h r ge h e n d ie S e e e n , d urc h m c h t s ge h n d e rt, b e g rab e n l i un d u n be

g rabe n ii be ra ll u n t e r d ie E rd e
”
G ran t n g t h s , t h e re i s . i i g ro un d
no

f o r h is o t h e r as s e rt o n , i D i ese r H ad e s is t i
n c h t u n t e r, s o n d e rn i n d e r

E rd e .
"
T h e m m at e r i i l a s h ad e c an as e as il y pas s t h ro ugh t h e wh o le
g l o be to an o ppo s i te f
s u r ace as t h ro ugh a t h i k c c ru s t t o a c e n t ra l
Mr Gl
’
c av e rn . B ut see . a ds to ne s H o m er i c Sy n c /i r on i s m , p . 2 22 :
“
T h e re i s no t in allH o me r a s n i gl e pas s age wh c h m po r t s t h e i i ide a,

or i di
n c ate s t h e po s s b i ili t y f , o o ur pas s i ng t h ro ugh t h e s o l id e art h .
”

3
I li a d , xx ii i . 1 00 ; iii 3 33
xv . .

Od ys s ey , xx v i . 20 4 . C o m p I li a d , . xxn .
48 2 .

5 I li a d , i x 4 57 . . Co m p . ii i . 2 78 ; x ix . 2 59 ; xx . 61 . Co m p H . e ro d

ot us , ii . 122 .
472 A PPE N D I X .

T h us t h e bl e s s e d
bo th s i d e s e n gage d an d
go d s i n ci t i n
g, ,

am o ng t h e m m ad e s e v e re co n t e t i o n t o b re ak o u t B u t d re ad n .

f ully f ro m abo v e t h u n d e re d t h e F at h e r o f go d s an d m e n wh il e ,

b e n e at h P o s e i do n s h o o k t h e b o u n d l e s s e art h an d t h e l o f ty
s umm i t s o f t h e m o un t ai n s T h e ro o t s a d all th e s umm i t s . n

o f m an y t ill e d I d a we re s h ak e n
-
an d t h e c i ty o f t h e T ro j an s ,

an d t h e s h i ps o f t h e G re e k s A i d e s h i m s e lf k i n g o f t h e .
,

n e t h e r w o rl d t re mbl e d b e n e at h an d l e ape d up f ro m h i s t h ro n e
, ,

t e rri fie d an d s h o ut e d al o u d l e s t e art h s h ak i n g P o s e i d o n s h o u l d
, ,
-

c l e av e as un d e r t h e e art h o v e h i m an d d i s c l o s e t o m o rt al s an d r ,

i m m o rt al s h i s m an s i o n s t e rri bl e s q u a li d wh i c h e v e n t h e go d s
, , ,

l o at h e 1 .

B ut w h il e t h e ab o d e o f A i d e s i s th us cl e arly re pre s e n te d
as u n d e r t h e e arth it i s n e v e rt h e l e s s re pre s e n t e d a s j u s t
,

ac ro s s t h e O c e an riv e r an d c ap abl e o f b e i n g re ac h e d by
-
,

s h i p I n t h e e l e v e n th an d twe l fth b o o ks o f th e O dys s e y

.
,

t h e v o y age o f O dys s e us t o t h is re gi o n i s d e sc rib e d i n t h e

s am e appare n tly lit e ral n autic al te rm s as i s t h e v o yage t o
t h e L an d o f t h e L o tus E at e rs A n d o f h i s i n t e rvi e w wit h
-
.

t h e d e ad H ay m an s ays T h e wh o l e s c e n e is c o n c e iv e d
“
, ,

by t h e po e t as e n acte d o n a ge o graph ic al e xte n s i o n o f t h e

”
e a rth b e y o n d t h e O c e an s t re am Th e re i s n o h i n t o f -
2
.

an y d e s c e n t i n t o t h e i n t e ri o r o f t h e e art h n o p as s age ,

t hro ugh o r i n to subte rran e an c ave rn s T h e j o u rn e y i s as .

n atu ra l i n al li t s as pe ct s as an y v o y age f ro m o n e c o as t o f
t h e A tl an tic t o its o p po s it e Th us o p e n s t h e e l e ve n th
8
.

bo ok
1 I li d 6 1 ff
a T h at t h e e m y b
, xx . .
q ti t o th i mp r a e no ue s o n as e ar

t i lit y f t h e t
a o l ti gi e i thi
ran s a
p p th we ll k
ons w a d v n n s a e r, e -
no n n

w i d e l y i c ul t d c r e i by T h e d a e A l i v B k l y o f Ch i t
rs o n o o re o s uc e ,
r s

Ch u h O f d i f l l w d
rc , x orA e i gi i g m
, s o o cu ete l yt he
. v rs o n v n o re ac ra

f ce f t h
or o b p i g upw d d d w w rd m t i w l d
e ve r s ex re ss n ar an o n a o on ou

i m y pas g s b m
n an f b l t th
sa e m l gi l
e i wh e
o re av o ra e o e co s o o ca v e er

pre s e n t e d .

2 H
e n ry H aym an , D D 7 lze Odys s ey of H o m e r L o n d o n 1 866
. .
,

v ol . ii
, A ppe n d x G 3 , p
. xv i . ii .

3
V o n e n e m H n ab s t e ge n fin de t s c h k e n e S pur W e r b e we se n
i i i i i . i
k an n , O d yss e us s e i i m I n n e rn d e r E rd e ge we s e n , d e r v e rs u c h e es

V Olck e r, H om e r i scb e Ge og r apb i e , p 1 50 . .

4 74 A PP E ND I X .

i s th e y d ug 1 s h o re an d t h e gro v e s o f Pe rs e ph o n e an d t all
e as -
,

po pl a s an d f rui t d e t ro yi n g will o ws t h e re d raw u p t h y s h ip

r s
-
, ,

i n t h e d e e p e d dyi n g O c e a n a d d o t h o u t h ys e l f g o t o t h e s pa
-
,
n

c i o us h o us e o f A i de s H e re i d e e d b o t h Pyriph l e ge t h o n an d
‘ ‘

. n

Co cyt u s wh i c h i s a s t re am f ro m t h e wat e r o f S tyx fl o w i n t o

, ,

A c h e ro n ; an d t h e re i s a ro c k an d t h e m e e t i n g o f t wo l o u d ,

s o un d i n
g i e rs T h e re t h e n 0 h e ro appro ac h i g n e ar a s I
r v .
, , n

co m m a d th e e d i g a t re c h t h e wi d t h o f a c ub i t e ac h way
n ,
n

an d po ur aro un d i t li b at i o n s t o al l t h e d e ad firs t wi t h m i x e d ,

h o e y t h e n wi th s we e t wi n e a d agai n t h e t h i rd t i m e wi th
n , ,
n

wat e r an d s pr i n k l e wh i t e m e al o v e r i t
, A n d e n t re at m u c h t h e .

p o w e l e s s h e ad s o f t h e d e ad pro m i s i
r
g t h at wh e n th o u c o m e s t ,
n

t o I th aca t h o u W i l t o ff e r u p i n t h y pal ac e a b arre h e i f e r wh i c h n ,

s o e e r i s t h e b e s t an d w il t fil
v l t h e pyre wi t h e c e ll e n t t h i n g s
,
x ,

an d t h at t h o u w i l t s a c r i fic e t o T i re s i as al o n e a bl a c k s h e e p al l ,

b l ac k wh i c h e c e l s am o n g t h y s h e e p
,
x B u t wh e n t h o u s h al t .

h av e e n t re at e d t h e i ll u s t ri o u s n at i o s o f t h e d e ad wi t h praye rs n ,

t h e n s a c ri fic e a m al e s h e e p an d a bl ac k f e m al e t urn i n g t o ,

w a rd E re b o s ; a d d o t h o u t h ys e l f b e t urn e d a way at a d i s
n

t an c e go i g t o ward t h e s t re am s o f t h e r i e r
,
n b ut t h e re m an y v

s o ul s o f t h o s e go n e d e a d will c o m e T h e n i m m e di at e l y e h o rt . x

t h y c o m pan i o s an d c o m m a d t h e m h av i g s k i
n e d th e s h e e p n ,
n nn

wh i c h lie t h e e s l ai n wi t h t h e u pi tyi g b as s t o b u rn t h e m
r n n r ,

an d t o i n o k e t h e g o d s b o t h m i gh ty A d e s a d d re ad P e r
’ '

v i n
,

s e ph o n e A n d d o t h o u h a i n g d awn t h y s h arp s wo rd f ro m
.
,
v r

th y t h i gh s i t d o wn n o r s u ff e r t h e po we l e s s h e ad s o f t h e
, ,
r

d e ad t o g o n e ar t h e bl o o d b e f o re t h o u i n q u i re s t o f T i re s i as .

T h e n t h e pro ph e t wi ll i mm e d i at e ly c o m e t o t h e e O l e ad e r ,

o f t h e pe o pl e wh o wi ll t e l l t o t h e e t h e v o yage a d t h e m e as
,
n

u re s o f t h e wa an d t h y re t urn h o w t h o u m aye s t go o v e r t h e
y ,
”2
fis h y s e a .

I f o ll o wi n g pas s age O dys s e u s n arrate s h o w

n th e ,
h av
”
i n g arrive d “
at t h e pl ac e wh ic h Ki rk e m e n ti o n e d ,
he
f ul fill e d h e r c o m m i s s i o n
1 B uck l ey we ll e x pre s s e s d is if
s at s ac t o n i w thi th s i re n de r i n
g
.

Vo l ck e r l
t ran s at e s t h e t e rm e in n ze
’

d r ig es G e s t ad e .
”
I t i s pe r
h aps t h e lo w d o w n -
s h o re as co n t ras t e d i
w t h th e uppe r o r o ppo s i te
one
—
.

2 Odyssey, x .
488 540 .
 H OM E R S
’
A P OD E OP TH E D EA D .
47 5

T h e n P e ri m e d e s an d E u rylo c h o s mad e s ac re d o ff e ri n g s ;
bu t I , d ra wi n g m y s h arp s wo rd f ro m m y t h i g h , d ug a t re n c h
t h e wi d th o f a c u b i t e ac h way, a n d aro u n d i t we po u re d l i b a
io ns
t to lt h e
al d e ad , firs t wi t h m ixe d h o n e y , t h e n wi t h s we e t

wi e n
g ,
a a n a i l i i
e d wh i t e m e al
t h i rd t m e w t h wat e r, an d I s
pri n k
o e r it
v A n d I m u c h b e s o ug h t t h e u s ub s t an t i al h e ad s o f t h e
. n

d e ad pro m i i n g t h at wh e n I c am e t o I t h ac a I wo u l d o ff e r u p
,
s

i n m y p l ac e a b arre n h e i f e r wh i c h o e ve r i s t h e b e s t a d t h at
a ,
s ,
n

I wo ul d ac ri fic e s e parat e ly t o T i re s i as al o n e a s h e e p a llbl ac k
s .

wh i c h e c e l s a m o n g o u r s h e e p
x B ut wh e n I h ad be s o ugh t .

t h e m t h e n a t i o n s o f t h e d e a d wi t h v o ws a n d praye rs t h e n
, , ,

t ak i n g t h e s h e e p I c u t o ff t h e i r h e ad s i n t o t h e t re n c h a n d t h e
, ,

bl ac k bl o o d flo we d an d t h e s o ul s o f t h e pe i s h e d d e ad we re r

as s e m bl e d f o rt h f ro m E re b o s — b e t ro t h e d g i rl s a n d yo ut h s a d , ,
n

m uc h e n d uri ng o ld m e
-
a n d t e n d e r v i rgi n s h a i g a n e wly n, v n

gri e ve d m i n d an d m any M ars re n o wn e d m e n wo un d e d wi t h

,
-

bras s t i ppe d S pe a s po s s e s s i n g go re b e s m e are d arm s wh o i n

-
r ,
-
,

gre at n um b e rs we re wa d e i ng abo u t t h e t re n c h o n d i ff e re n t n r

s i d e s wi t h a d i i n e c l a m o r ; a l pal e f e ar s e i e d upo n m e
g v r z .

T h e n at l e n gt h e h o rt i n g m yc o m pa i o n s I c o m m an d e d t h e m
x n , ,

h av i g s k i n e d t h e s h e e p wh i c h lay t h e re s l ai n wi t h t h e c ru e l
n n ,

b ras s to b u rn t h e m an d t o i n o k e t h e go d s bo t h A i d e s
, ,
v ,

an d P e rs e ph o n e B u t I h a i g d ra wn m y s h arp s wo rd f ro m
.
, v n

m y t h i gh s at d o wn ; , o r d id I s uff e r t h e po we rl e s s h e ad s
n

o f t h e d e ad t o d ra w n i h t h e bl o o d b e f o re I i n q ui re d o f
g ,

T i e s i as
r .

S o f ar it m igh t appe ar u n c e rt ai n w h e t h e r t h e h e ro w e re
re ally i n H ad e s o r o n ly n e ar it at s o m e p o i n t acc e s s ibl e
, ,

ali k e t o t h e livi n g an d t o t h e d e ad B u t t h e li n e s i mm e .

d i at e ly f o ll o wi n g S h o w t h at h e was t ruly i n t he ho u s e o f
A i de s :

A nd firs t t h e sou l
m y c o m pan i o n E l pe n o r c am e , f o r h e
of

was n o t ye t b uri e d b e n e at h t h e wi d e waye d e art h ; f o r we l e f t -

h i s bo dy i n t h e pal ac e o f Ki rk e, un we pt f o r an d u n b u ri e d , -

s i n c e a n o t h e r to i l t h e n u r e d u s B e h o l d i ng h i m I we pt , a n d
g .

pi t i e d h i m i n m y m i n d ; a n d a dd re s s i n h i m , s po k e wi n ge d , g
wo rd s : l
O E pe n o r, h o w d d s t t h o u co m e u n d e r t h e d ark i
we s t ? T h o u h as t c o m e s o o n e r o n f o o t t h an I wi t h a b ac k l
sh ip .
476 A PP E N D I X .

T h us I s po k e , b ut h e gro an i n g an s we re d m e i n d i s c o urs e °

O Z e u s bo rn -
s o n o f L ae rt e s , m uc h c o n t ri v i n
g O d ys s e u s , th e
-

e v il d e s t i n y o f i
t h e d e t y an d t h e a b u n d an t w i n e h u rt m e . Ly
i n g d o wn i n t h e pal ac e o f Ki rk e, I d i d n o t t h i n k t o o d o wn
g
b ac k ward, h av i n g c o m e t o t h e l o n g l ad d e r ; b ut I f e ll d o wn
ward f ro m t h e ro o f , an d m y n e ck was b ro k e n f ro m t h e v e rt e
b rie , an d m y s o u l d e s c e n d e d t o H ad e s .

I n li n e
69, E l pe n o r sp e ak s o f O dyss e us go i n g b en ce
f r o m tb c b o u s e o
f A i des a n d i n li n e 1 64, as e l s e wh e re

(x . xi 5 9 1 5 8 ; x 11
50 2 ; .
, . 2 1 ; xxiii t h e e x pre s
.

s i o n s l e av e n o ch an c e t o d o ubt th at O dys s e u s v o y age ’

was a ge n ui n e d escen s us a d i nf er os 1 .

H e re t h e n are t h e t wo g ran d t e sts o f e v e ry p ro p o s e d

, ,

s o luti o n o f t h e p ro bl e m o f t h e l o c ati o n o f t h e H o m e ric

II ad e s

I . I ts H a des m us t be un d er n eatb tb c ea r tb an d

I I . I t mus t be on tb c s u r a ce
f of tb c ea r lb , beyon d tb c

Th i s st ran ge p e rpl e xi n g di ff e re n c e n o t t o s ay co n
an d ,

t radi c t i o n i n t h e H o m e ric re pre s e n t ati o n s did n o t e s c ape

, ,

t h e n o tic e o f t h e O ld e r c o mm e n t at o rs an d w rit e rs o n
m yt h o l o gy E s pe ci ally h as it c all e d o u t t h e i n ge n uity
.

o f G e rm an sc h o l ars F A Wo l f re c o g n iz e d it b u t did
. . .
,

n o t p ro f e s s t o b e abl e t o giv e a n e xpl an ati o n J H Vo ss

‘

. . .

i n v e n te d t h e m e th o d o f s o lvi n g t h e p ro bl e m by pl aci n g
H ad e s it s e l f wit h i n t h e b o s o m o f t h e e art h — di sk but i t s ,
“
e n t ran c e o n t h e we st e rn m o s t p o i n t o f E u ro pe o n t h e

i n n e r S h o re o f th e o c e an V Olc k e r re j e cte d t h i s s o luti o n

.
,

but i n t h e ab s e n c e o f a b e tte r c auti o u s ly sugge s te d as

, ,

we h ave s e e n t h e po s s ibility o f H o m e r s h avi n g h e ld t o

’

t wo ki n gd o m s o f t h e d e ad o n e with i n t h e e arth a n d o n e , ,

1 S e e P re ll e Mylb l gi v o l i
r, o o e, . .
pp 50 4, 50 5, wh e re h e s ays t h at
, .

t he re g i on i i t d w s di e ga
v s e a
“
n z e u n d w rk i li
c h e U n t e rwe t , n c h t l i
e t wa b o ss n l
n an ei E i g g i n die U n t e rwe lt .
”
See a sol V o ck
'

l e r, H o

me r i scb e Ge ogr apb i e , 7 6 .

4 78 A P PE N D I X .

s
re e n e t d cc o m pan yi n g cut o f t h e Wo rld o f
in t he a
“

H o me r a n d t h e pro bl e m o f t h e s it e o f H ad e s i s s o lv e d
,

at a gl an c e I t i s t h e s o u th e rn o r u n d e r h e m i s p h e re o f
.

t h e u prig h t s p h e ric al e a rth I n t h i s c o n c e pti o n wh at s o

.
,

e ve r i s tran s o c e an ic i s al s o an d o f n e c e s s ity s ub te r
-

ra n e an N o w f o r t h e firs t ti m e c an it b e u n d e rs t o o d
.

h o w L e d a an d h e r n o bl e m i n d e d s o n s c an b e o n a ge o
-

grap h ic ale xt e n s i o n O f t h e e arth o n t h e f arth e r s h o re o f

t h e O c e an ti m e pd yfis ( O d xi ’
an d a t t h e s am e
,
ve ev .
, .

I n t h is Co s m o s H ad e s c an n o t b e b e yo n d t h e
,

O c e an with o ut b e i ng al s o u n d e rn e at h t h e e arth O n the .

t raditi o n al t h e o ry o f a fl at e arth t h e p as s age i s an d ,

e v e r m u s t b e t h e pal pabl e i n c o n s i s t e n cy w h i c h V Ol ck e r

re pre s e n t s it E v e n th e th e o ry o f t wo o r o f twe n ty
.

H o m e rs d o e s n o t re as o n ably e x pl ai n it P re ci s e ly s o .

with t h e p as s age s re l ati n g t o E l pe n o r H i s s o ul at d e ath .

go e s K a Xd és ye t it i s f o u n d with t h e o th e r gh o s ts i n
ar ov ,

t h e s h ad o wy l an d j u s t ac ro ss t h e O c e an r iv e r S o aga i n -
.

with t h e pas s age s re l ati n g t o t h e s h ad e s o f th e s l ai n S uit

o rs . Th e s e re ach t h e U n d e rwo rld ( xxi v 1 0 6 .
,

but it i s by a ro ute a long tb c s u rf ace of tb c gr oun d t o t h e

O c e an s tre am i n f ull s igh t o f t h e g at e s o f t h e s u n an d o f
-

t h e s t ar s o f t h e Mil k y Way ( xxiv 9 I llu s t ri o u s .

s c h o l ars h ave accu s e d t h e p o e t o f I/Vi der spr ilcb e g r ober

'

un d arger th an usu al i n t h i s acc o u n t ; but t h e wh o l e

2
'

tro ubl e h as b e e n n o t i n t h e p o e t but i n t h e p o e t s i n te r

, ,
’

pre t e rs With th e s ph e ric al e arth all is c o n s i s te n t an d

.
,

p re ci s e ly as it s h o uld be I n t h i s re c o n s tructe d H o m e ric

.

Co s m o s e v e ry c ro ss e r o f t h e O c e an s t re am wh e th e r it b e
,
-

H e rm e s o r O dys s e u s o r H e rak l e s re ac h e s t h e gro v e s o f

, , ,

P e rs e ph o n e an d t he h o use o f A i d e s Wh e re ve r Ki rk e s .
’

”
isl e i s l o c ate d t h e bl as t o f th e N o rth wi n d will d riv e
“
,

t h e v o yage r t h e n c e t o w ard s t h e re al m s o f t h e d e a d I n .

like m an n e r it c an n o w be u n d e rs t o o d h o w t h e s to l e n
1 P
ph y i
or D l A ympb
r us , m 2 8 e pl i s t h t s t umb l i g
e an ro / ar u , ,
x a n a n

bl o k f c mm t t
c o o t h pe pl f d
e n a o rs , m e o e o re a s .

9
V Olc k e r, H ome r i s cbe Ge ogr apbi e , p . 1 52 .
 H OM E R S TH E D EAD
’
A B OD E OF .
479

brid e o f S ubte rran e an Z e us w h il e d e s c e n di n g b e h i n d

,

sw i f t ste e ds t o t h e U n d e rwo rld c an ye t fo r a c o n sid e rabl e

,

ti me b e h o ld t h e st arry h e ave n t h e e arth t h e su n light , , ,

O L YMP O S .

T A RT A RO S .

T he Wo rld of H o me r .

F or a co n v e n e nt i acc o u n t o f t h s i re e s t ab li she d wo r d l -
i
v e w of t he

i
an c e n t s , f o r th e l
use o f s c h o o s , s e e Tb e Tr u e Key to A n ci e n t Cos m ol
an d Myt/zi cal Ge og rapby ( t h i rd e d i t i o n il lus t rat e d , B o s t o n , M e ss rs
gy
o .
,

i
G n n, H e at h an d Co .
,
fro m wh i c h t h e c ut i s t ak en .
4 80 A PP E N D I X .

an d fi s h y se a Th o ugh t h e go d h as po we r t o p e n e
th e .
1

trat e t h e s o lid s p h e re it is d o wn n o yaw n i n g c h as m t h at,

2

h i s c h ari o t di s appe ars A s f ar as we c an t rac e h i m an d .

h i s victi m th e y are s till at th e su rf ac e S i m ply m o vi n g

, ,

f ro m t h e u ppe r t o t h e l o we r h e m isp h e re 3
I n p e rf e ct .

acc o r d an c e with t h e re qui re m e n t f o rm ul at e d by V Ol ck e r ,

O dys s e us an d h i s c o m p an i o n s d e sc e n d ( xi 5 7 .
,

wh il e th e gh o s ts asc e n d ( xi t o re ac h t h e m e e ti n g .

pl ac e o n th e l o w e r e dge o f t h e O c e an stre am B e auti f ully -

.

e x act an d st riki n gly n atu ral is n o w t h e p o e t s d e cl arati o n

’

th at T art aro s i s as f ar b e l o w H ad e s as e arth f ro m

”
h e av e n a d e cl arati o n as f at al t o m an y o f t h e fif te e n o r
,

m o re t raditi o n al e xpl an ati o n s o f H o m e r s H ad e s as it i s

’

t o F l ac h s e l ab o rat e an d i n ge n i o us di ag ram O f t h e H ad e s
’

o f H e si o d
4
With this i n ve rt e d h e m isph e re f o r th e ki n g
.

d o m o f t h e d e ad Vo s s n e e d n o t l o n ge r t ro ubl e h i m s e l f
,
”
ab o ut t h e m e n ti o n o f cl o uds th e re i n I n fin e with
“ 5
.
,

t h e c o rre ct H o m e ric c o n c e pti o n o f t h e e art h an d o f

H ad e s t h e m an i f o ld all e ge d c o n t radicti o n s o f t h e po e t
,

i n st an t an e o u s ly v an i sh B e tte r th an t h at t h e du al i m .
,

1 H om e r i c I I ym n to D e m e te r , 30 35 —
F o e rs t e r p ace s t h e o r g n o f . l i i
th is l
h ym n e ar y i n t h e s e v e n t h ce n t u ry b e o re Ch r s t D e r R a u b u n d f i
R ucbbeb r d e r P ers epb on e
’

. S t u t t gart, 1 8 74 : pp .
—
33 39 . S e e S t e rre t t ,
Qu a i n R e H ym n i H om e r i c i gui n qu e M aj ore s i n te r se di ren t A n li

gu i t ate v el H om er i ta te, B o s t o n , 1 88 1 .

2 Li n e s 16 l i
Pre c i s e y s o i n t h e I n d an e p c , t h e R a m ayan a o ne i
an d t h e s am e i
po n t i n H ad e s i s re ach e d , wh e t h e r we ac co m pan y
A n s um an d i ggi n g t h ro ugh t h e h e art o f t h e e arth , o r f o l o w t h e go d l
d e ss G an ga a l o n g t h e s urf ac e o f t h e e art h an d acro s s t h e O c e an
b e d B o o k I , c an t o
. .C o m pare Odyssey, xi .

3 T h e m u c h d e b at e d N s i an
y
-
fie l d wh e n c e t h e g o dd e ss was s t o e n l
was i n t h e l an d o f t h e go d s at t h e N o rt h P o l e M e n z e , D i e v or . l
cb r i s tli cb e U n ster bli cb be i ts le b re , B d i , 64 67 ; 2 , 8 7,
5 93 , 1 00 ,
-
. .

1 2 2 , 1 48 , 345 .

y m d er e s i od i scb e n Kos m og on i e , L e i ps i c, 1 8 74
4 D as S s t e .

5 Od ss e
y y, x i 59 1 V Olck e r, wh il e l o cat i n g tb i s H ad e s ab o v e
. .

gro u n d f ar t o t h e W e s t , i s a s o e m barras s e d w t h t h e s e c o u ds , s n c e
l i l i
i
h i s H o m e r c h e av e n d o e s n o t e xt e n d o v e r t h e t rans o ce an c re g o n , o r -
i i
e ve n o v e r t h e O ce an p
. 1 51 .
48 2 A PP E ND I X .

T h at i s t h e t o p o f t h e t re e u rc e s s re am t
’
. T he so of th e
are p o i n te d to , s ayi n g Th at ,
‘
i s th e m o u th of st re am
th e
an d th e m o ut h of t he s t re am is p o i n te d to, s ayi n g Th a t ,

is th e h e a d of th e s re am t .
’
T b i s i s don e beca us e i n H a de s

e verytb i n
g is u s i de
p d own i n r ela t i on to tb c tb i ng s o f tb is
” 1
wor ld .

S t riki n g, h o w e v e r, th i s an s we r to th e qu e s as wo uld be
t i o n e r a b e tt e r c an b e
,
T h e b e tt e r o n e p o i n t s o u t giv e n .

t o h i m t h e f o o li s h n e ss o f t h e as su m p t i o n t h at e ith e r t h e

G re e k s o r t h e K are n s o rigi n ate d f o r th e m s e lv e s t h e i r c o n

c e pt i o n s o f H ad e s B o t h s i m ply i n h e rit e d f ro m t h e i r .

f at h e rs t h e o ld pre H e ll e n ic A s i atic id e a o f an an ti po d al -

U n d e rwo rld A ge s ago t h e n o ti o n wh ic h u n d e rli e s t h e

.

K are n s rite s was s o pro m i n e n t i n t h e m i n d o f t h e E as t

’

A ry an s t h at t h e sudd e n an d i n e vit abl e re v e rs al o f t h e

p o i n ts o f th e c o m p as s c o n s e qu e n t u po n e n t e ri n g t h e U n ,

d e rwo rld b e c am e a po e tic ci rcu m l o cuti o n t o e xp re ss t h e

,

id e a o f dyi n g : th u s B e f o re t h o u art c arri e d away d e ad

“
,

t o t h e E n d e r by t h e ro y al c o mm an d o f Y am a bef ore ,

tb c f o u r q u a r ter s of tb c s k y ze bi r l r o un d p ractic e t h e ,
” 2
m o s t pe rf e ct c o n t e m pl ati o n A ge s ago t h e n o t i o n .

wh i c h u n d e rli e s t h e s o uth ward vo yage O f O dys s e u s le d

pre h i s t o ric A kk adi an s i n n am i n g t h e c ardi n al p o i n ts o f ,

t h e c o m pas s t o d e s ig n ate t h e S o ut h as
“
, t h e f u n e r ea l
”
p o i n t ; an d i n l o c ati n g t h e ki n gd o m o f t h e d e ad t o pl ac e ,

M as o n i n f70 u r n a l of t b c A s i a ti c S oci e ty, B e n gal X XX V Pt

1
, .
, .

p 28. S pe n ce r D escr ipt i ve S oc i ology N o 5, p 2 3

.
, A t l e as t o n e t ri b e , . . .

of o ur A mer ic an I n d an si at the t im e of th e i r d i scove r

y h ad a m yt h
of c re at o n i i n wh ich th e e art h was c o n c e v e d o f as i a ba ll . H H . .

f
B an c ro t , N a t i v e R a ces o
f t b c P a c ifi c S t a tes , vol . iii .
,p 53 6 . T h at t h e
.

s am e i de a un d e r ay t h e l H ad e s c o n c e t o n
-

p i of th e N e w Z e a an d e rs i s l
pl ai f m n ro i
v ar o u s i d i cat i o
n ns . S e e pre s e n t wo rk , n o te on pp . 1 2 5,

1 26 .

2 I a b dbb d r a t a ,
Il x 11 . Mui r ,
M e t r i ca l Tr a n s la t i on s f r om
S an s k r i t Wr i t e r s ,
L on d on, 1 8 7 9, p . 2 20 . T o t h e go d s t h s s ph e re i
i
o f as t e r s m s re v o v e s l t o ward t h e r gh t ; t o i t h e e n e m e s o f th e go d s , i
t o ward t h e l fte .
”
S firya S i dd bdn la , X ll , . ch .
55 . Co m p A . i
r stot e , l
D e Casi o , lib i i . .
, c . 2 .
 H OM E / s A E OD E OF TH E D EA D 48 3
e
.

it oppos i te tbe s ta r s of t bc s ou l/z pola r s k y Th ro ugh all .

1

t h e li f e ti m e o f B abyl o n i a a n d A ssy ri a a s t h ro ug h a ll t h e ,

li f e ti m e o f an ci e n t I n di a t h e m o u n t o f t h e go d s was a t ,
2

t h e s u m m it o f t h e e art h at t h e N o rt h P o l e ; its c o u n t e r
p art — t h e m o u n t o f t h e rul e rs o f t h e d e ad e x ac tly O p
“
p o s i t e b e n e a t h t h e e art h an d at t h e S o ut h P o l e
,
H e nce ,
.

li f e an d ligh t pro c e e d e d f ro m th e N o rt h d ark n e s s an d ,

d e at h f ro m t h e S o uth I n lik e m a n n e r t h e E gypti an s .

‘

h ad t h e i r h e av e n t o uc h i n g m o u n t a i n i n t h e f arth e s t N o rt h -
,

1 D
p i O giu d T u s, l C l t t m i 6 24 L ri m t ne c ou s es u s, o . .
,
. e no r an ,

Cb ld a lll g i ( E gli h e d i t i
a an ) pp 68 1 69 O t h i g i fi
o c c n s on ,
. 1 ,
. n e s n c an e

o f th S th i
e H i d b li f ou C l b o k E y n l i pp 1 7 4 n u e e , see o e r o e, ssa s, vo . .
,
.
,

1 76 1 8 , 87 l i i pp 39 3 92 ; M
2, 1 i W illi m S k i t D i
,
vo . .
,
. 0- on er a s, ans r c

ti A Y m M i S k i t T t l 2 8 — 27 ;
on a r
y t ,
r .
pp 4 3 a a u r, an s r ex s , vo . v .
, .

an d I d i li t t n p im a e ra u re a ss .

2 S i lrya S i d d /
zd n t a , ch . x 11 .
you r n a lof t b e A m e r i ca n Or i e n ta lS oci

e ty , New H 1 860 , vo l vi 1 40 —480 Ke i gh t l e y I PIyt /

i ology
av e n , . .
, pp . .
,

( B o hn ) p , . 2 40 , n .
9?
11 O f t he l at t er m o u n t L e n o rm an t ,
c o rre c t ly s a s
y t h at , i n an c e n t i
l
Ch a d ae an t h o ug h t , i t i s s i t u ée d a n s les
pa r t i e s ba e
ss s d e l te r r e ,
a
”

b u t at t m e s h e n c o rre c t y o c a t e s i t i n t h e W e s t
i I i l l . n lik e m an n e r
t h e m o u nt a n o f t h e go d s i
te po i n t c u lm i n a n t d e la c on v ex i te‘ d e la
su
rf a ce de la te r r e
” — h e pl ace s no t i n t h e N o rt h (I s . x iv . b ut
f
O te n i n t h e E as t or N o rt h -
e as t . Or i gi n es d e l H i s toi re , Par
’
is , 1 88 2 ,

to m . ii . 1, p 1 34 . . See a so l T ie le ,
H i s t o i re Compa r ee d e s A
’
n ci e n n e s

R eli gi o n s , Par s , i 1 88 2 , p 1 7 7 , wh e re h e s pe ak s o f t h e e n t ran c e t o

.

H ad e s as at th e S o u t h we s t T h s i s c e rt a n y a m s t ak e , f o r t h e
-
. i i l i
A k k ad i an e x pre s s o n i m e r bu r r a , t h e c ar d i n l po i
a nt of T H E MOU N
TA I N , m us t , at l
i g i fie d t h e N o t h A d a to e as t o r i gi n ll y a , h av e s n r . n s

L e no rm t l o c t i o o f t h e t i p d l m t i n o f H ad i t h e
an
’
s a n an o a o un a es n

W s t o S o ut h we t o u l t e t G e m a w i t u p n t h e s bj e c t D
e r -
s ,
r a s r n r er o u ,
r .

F i d i c h D e li t c h an e m i e t A s y i o l gi t
r e r ffi m th t in the
zs , n n s r o s ,
a r s a

c u e ifn m li te t u e t h us f
or k w he h d i c e e d o t ac e o f s uc h
ra r ar no n as s ov r n r

a l cat i
o W lg d P on di ? Le i p i c 1 88 1 p 1 2 1
. o a as ar o es s , , . .

o ph i c h e n u d upl t o i c h e
4 “
N ch d pyt h g ai c h a er a or s e n, r s n ne a n s n

L e h e b c h t e d e r N d w i d L e b e n d e S ii d wi d T d w o h t e h i
r ra or n r n o , n n n

ter d e m N d w i d d i S li g u d di G Ot t
or l S h Opfe u d E
n e e en n e er a s c r n r

h l te r de W l t h i t
a d e m S ii d wi d b e r d i e V e d m m t
r e , d ll n er n a r a en un a e

bOse n tO d U m ac h t e
z e rs
”
W Me e l D i re n / i lli / O en r . . nz , e v o r c rr s c ze u

t bli /b i t l /
s er v l ii
c z e p 10 1 l pp 3 6 1 68 3 45 d p i m
s e zr e , o . .
, . a so .
, , , an a ss .

C o m p e A M ury H i t i e dar R lig i d la G é e A t i q

. a Pari s , s o r es e ons e r c n ue , ,

1 869 t o m iii 3 54
,
. . .
 4 84 A PP E N D I X .

a n d an an tip o d al c o u n te rp art i n A m e n ti o r th e ab o d e o f ,
1
t h e d e ad A s i n an ci e n t I n di a s s o i n an ci e n t E gypt s ’ ’
.
, ,

th o ugh t th i s wo rld o f th e d e ad was e x actly t h e re v e rs e o r

,

c o u n te rp art o f t h e w o rld o f t h e livi n g T h e t all h ill o f .

2

H ade s
”
lik e K u m e
, r - ”
u s t e re f o re a p e n d e n t o n e
i h , ,
8

t h e s o ut h e rn o r u n d e r t e rm i n us o f t h e e th 1
gg o f th e e ar
‘
.

1
F o r t h e firs t s e e B rugs c h , Geog r apb i s cb e I n s cb r len a lta
,
f
g gyp
t i s cb e r D e n bm ale r , Le ps c , 1 8 8, B d
5
’

,
i i
p 57 f o r t h e s e co n d , Tb c . ii . .

B oob of tb c D ea d , pa ss i m .

S e e T i e l e , I I i s t ory of t b c E gypt i a n R eligi on ( E n g i s h e d i t i o n ,

2
l
p 68, t h e re v e rse d wo rl d ; an d t h e s t ill m o re f o rc i b l e e x re s s i o n
p
.

i n hi s H i s t oi r e Co mpa r e e ( Pari s , ’
“
te m on d e oppos e a u
’

p 47 , .

”
m n d e a ct u e l
o C o m pare B oob of tb c D ea d ( B i rc h ’ s v e rs i o n ), wh e re
.

i t i s s t yl e d t h e i n v e r te d pre c i n c t ; an d T h o m ps o n s E
’

gypti a n D oc
t r i n e of t b c F u t u r e S ta le , wh e re i n H ad e s i s d e s c r i b e d as “ t h e i n v e r te d
h e m i s ph e re o f d ark n e s s , ” an d wh e re i t i s s ai d t o b e e vi d e n t t h at t h e
le ad i n g f e at ure s o f t h e G re e k H ad e s we re b o rro we d f ro m E ”
gypt .

B i bli olb eca S acr a , 1 868, pp 8 4, 8 6 S t il l m o re re c e n t y R e g i n al d S

. . l .

Po o l e h as re m ark e d , N o w t h at we re c o gn i z e t h e V e d i c s o urc e o f a
part o f t h e G re e k pan t h e o n , an d i t s ge n e rall y A ryan c h arac t e r, we
l
m ay f ai rl y o o k e l s e wh e re f o r t h at wh i c h i s n o t V e d i c I f e m b al m i ng .

we re d e ri v e d f ro m E gypt, wh y n o t t h e i de as wh i ch t h e G re e k s aw
s urro u n d i n t h e pi c t u re s o f t h e U n d e rwo rl d , wi th i t s
g t h e c us t o m ,
j u d gm e n t , i t s f e li c i ty, an d i t s m i s e ry ? T h e s t o ri e s wh i c h H o me r
m ak e s O d yss e us t e ll , wh e n h e wo u l d d i s gu i s e hi s i d e n t i t y, s h o w t h e
”
fam ili ari ty wi t h E gypt o f th e G e e k s o f t h e po e t s t i m e
r
’
Yb e Con .

t e mpo r a ry R ev i ew , L o n d o n , 1 88 1 , J ul y, p 6 1 I t wo u l d b e b e t t e r t o . .

s ay t h at H o m e r s H ad e s , wh il e agre e i ng wi th t h e E gypt i an an d B ab y
’

”
lo n i an an d V e d i c , was n o t n e c e ss aril y b o rro we d “
f ro m e i th e r o f
t h e s e pe o pl e s , b u t m o re li k e l y agre e d w i t h t h e E gypt i an , B abyl o n i an,
an d V e d i c, s i m pl b e c a u s e i n e ac h c as e t h e re was a c o m m o n i n h e ri t
y
an c e , —a s u rv i v a o f st ill m o re an c i e n t i d e as o f pre h i s t o ri c auce s
l
t o rs .

3 R ec o r d s f
o tb c P as t , v o l
p 88 . x .
, . .

4 T e e H i s t or
, i l
y of t b c E gypt i a n R e lig i on , p 67 T h e h e av e n ( at .

”
i
n gh t ) re s t s u po n t h e e art h , li
k e a go o s e b ro o d n g o v e r h e r e gg i .

f
C h ab as , L i e ble i n , an d L e ev re h av e e ac h m a n t a n e d t h at t h e an c e n t i i i
E gypt ians we re i
ac q u a n t e d i
w th th e S ph e r c a i l fig ure o f t h e e art h ;
wh il e M as péro , de s p te i hi s lan gu age i n L e s Co n lcs P opula i r es d e
lE gypte A ( Pari s i n a pr v at e e t t e r o f i l
’
n ci e n n e ,
1 88 2 , pp lx i . .

st il l m o re re c t d ate ad m i t s t h e po s s i b il i ty t h t t h e E gypt i a s h l d
en a n e

t o s uch a v i e w s l o g ag as e i g h t e e n c
a n t u i e s b e f o re t h e C h i s t i an
o en r r

e ra I n t h i s c o n ne c t i o n i t m ay be us e f ul t o s t ate t h at Pro f e s s o r
.
4 86 A PPE ND IX .

wh at di re cti o n lay t h i s m ys te ri o us l an d ?
I n

N o t i n t h e We s t w h e re all o ur E gy pt o l o gi s t s p e rsi s t i n ,

l o c ati n g A m e n ti b u t i n l/ze S o ul/z D i re ctly up t/ze [Vi/e ,

.
,

an d o u t i n to t h e O c e an at i t s h e ad w at e rs l a
y t h e v o ya -

ge r s t rac k A s i n t h e c as e o f O dyss e us s o m an y c e n tu
’
.
,

ri e s l a t e r it was t h e bl ast o f t h e N o rth wi n d w h ic h b o re

,

hi m th i th e r 1
.

I n c o n clu s i o n i f b o th t h e an ci e n t E gypti an s an d Ch al
2
,

d ae an s 3
b e li e ve d th at lik e as t h e s t ars o f t h e n o rth e rn
h e m i s ph e re are s e t o v e r t h e r e al m o f t h e livi n g s o lac ,

f I nc s o n tne r n nem zsplzer e ti le mo f l/

'

s ta r s o a r e s et over r ea l ze
“
clea a
'
; if
i n du th o ugh t t h e go d s i n h e ave n
in an ci e n t H
are b e e ld by t h e i n h abit an t s o f h e ll a s l/ m o ve w ztn
h
’

ze
y
Mei r neacls if i n R o m an t h o ugh t 4

c fl i ti g i w
on f E gypt l g i t
c n t th
v e i t p t ti f t m
s o o o s s as o e n er re a on o er s

d ig t i g t h p i t t l f t f a agypt n
’

f th e c m p e Z
'

es na n e o n s o o as s , se e z s c zr z r r zs c e

Spr a c/ze ,
1 865, 1 8 77 , e t c .

1 The i
u n v e rs a l i ty o f t h e a c i e n nt be li e f t h at d i s e mbo d e d sou s i l m us t
c ro s s a b o d y o f wat e r t o pro pe r ab o d e h a s re a c h the i r at t rac t e d th e
at t e n t o n i o f M an n h ard t , an d le d h i m t o re m ark , D a a uc h d ie k e l
t i s ch e , he ll ie n s ch e , i i
ran s c h e u n d i d i sc h e
n li i
R e g o n d e s e V o rs t e un g i ll
k e n n t, so is t e s vo n v o rn h e re i n i li
wah rsc h e n c h , d as s d e se b e f b e r i l i
i
d i e Z e t d e r T re n n u n g h i n au s ge h t .
”
j ytnen , B e r n ,
Ge r m a n zs c/ze ll
'

/
'

li
1 8 58 , p 3 64 T h s i s a f ar m o re
. . i l
re as o n ab e e x p an at o n t h an t h e l i
f a c if l
n u at t e m t o f Ke ar
p y i n t h e wo rk l
a re ady c t e d , an d i n h i s pape r i
be f e t h e or R o ya l So c ie ty o f i
L t e rat ure il
e n t t e d E a r tal
y P a r a d i s e of
E u r opea n Myt/zs .

2 Cre u z e r G ui gn i au t , R e ligi on s p 8 3 6 C o mp to m
’
-
ae . . . .

l
t h e an g u age o f t h e re c e n t l i i i
y d s c o v e re d e p t aph o f Q u e e n I s s e m
Kh e b , m o t h e r i n law o f S h s h ak , K n g o f A ss yr a ( c i r c a 1 0 0 0 B c )
i i -
i . .

S h e i s s t e d all b e t if ul i h r pl ce e t h o d am g t h e g d
ea au n e a n r ne ,
on o s

f fil S /a h e i s c ro w d wi t h fl we
”
o e ou s Tb e F u lT t f ne o rs . n er a en o an

E gypt i Q by V illi
an S t u rt L o d o
u ee n , 1 88 2 p 34 N t wi t h e rs a , n n, ,
. . o

st di g th i M
an S t u t a f w p ge s l t
n s, — s o p w f ul i s t h i
r . ar , e a a e r, o er e n

fl u ce o f t d i t i
en l l ud e t A m e t i s l o c te d i t h W t ( p
ra on , a s o n a a n e es .

49 l op
, a s B t t h e i c i pt i n c t i u s
. S h is e t d i her
u ns r o on n e e s a e n

b ty i
e au th m f Kh n o u h r f th e
e ar f u l filli g h is de s i s H e
s o o ns e a r, n re .

”
i s i A m e t i t h pl ce f d e pa t e d pi i t
n n ,
Co m p p 3 3
e a o r s r s . . . .

3 D i
d o s S i c ulus ii 3 r 4
o L o rm
ru t Tn B g i i g f H i ,
.
, . en an ,
e e nn n s o s

t o ry , N e w Y o r k pp 568 569 , 1 88 2 , .
, .

”
4
G arre tt , Cla ss i ca l D i c t i o n a ry of I n d i a, A rt . N arak a . See a so l
O bry, L e B d e l E spece nu m a i n e , p
’
1 84 n
'

e r cea u . .
 L A TE S T POLA R RESEAR CH .

487
M un d us , u t ad S c yt h iam R hi paeas q ue ard u us arc e s

C o n s urg i t pre m i t u r L byan d e ve x us i n i a us t ro s

H i c v e r te x s e m pe r s ub m s a t i /tm n li i ,

S u b f e d /ou s S tyx a t r a z nde t , Ala /ze s gu e pr of un di 1

;

if i n G re e k
c o s m o l o gy t h e t all Pill ar o f A tl as is as E u ,

ri pi d e s m ak e s it s i m ply t h e u prig h t axi s o f e art h an d

,

h e av e n f — t h e n t h e e art h o f t h e an ci e n ts i s i n c o n t e s t ably
“
A S P H E R E an d H ad e s its u n d e r su rf ac e
. T he fl at di s k -
.

n o ti o n i s it s e l f a myt h an d a m yt h wit h o ut f o u n d ati o n ,

.

I n an ci e n t t h o ugh t i n a s e n s e u n re c o g n iz e d e v e n by t h e
,

write r o f t h e wo rd s was it t ru e , ,

T h w l d f L if e or o e,

T h w ld f D th eb t pp i g i d e
or o ea , a re u o os n s s
” 3
Of o ne g re at O rb .

S E CT I O N V I L —L A T E S T PO L A R R E S E A RC H .

TH c e n t h appy i s s u e o f t h e l as t o f t h e t h re e re
E re

li e f e x pe di t i o n s s e n t o u t by t he U n i t e d S t ate s go ve rn m e n t
-

f o r t h e re s cu e o f L i e u t e n a n t G re e ly a n d h i s s t arvi n g
b an d o f h e ro e s h as give n u n u s u al p o pul ar i n te re s t t o t h e
g re at i n te rn ati o n al u n d e rtaki n g i n w h ic h h e an d h is m e n
we re s o p e ril o u s ly e n g age d S til l v e ry fe w c o m p ara .
,

tive ly s pe aki n g u n d e rs t an d t h e s c o pe a n d pro m i s e o f t h is

,

fi rs t re ally ad e q u at e an d h o pe f ul s c h e m e fo r t h e i n v e s ti ~

gat i o n o f Te rre s t ri al P h ys ic s n e ar t h e P o l e Mr O B . . . .

Co l e i n 1 88 3 d e s c rib e d i t s i n c e pti o n a n d pu rpo s e as fo l

, ,

l o ws
T h e e pre s e t at i e s o f t e n n a t i o n s b e s i d e s o u o w n are e n
r n v r

gage d i n i t ; t h e fie l d s o f o b s e rv at i o n are i bo t h t h e A rc t ic n

gil G i 2 40
1 V
'

er e or zcs , ss
g , .
, .

2
P i i the r
597 3 5
— d N
o us , ck C m p A i t tl
,
D A im, e . au . o . r s o e , e n .

M t S m l B l F B dd/i t L i t i
'

C 3
o zo n e , . . L t a ue t ea , ou r ec u r e s o n u l s e ra u re n

C/i i L d 1 88 2 A t l as i d
'

na . on p 1 47 L ii k
o n, T d ti : . . en on n ra z o ne n cs

M / g
e n s c ze n /l b t Mu t
e sc z ec d diti 1 869
es . A l T/ T n s e r , se c o n e o n, . so ze ru e

Key to A n ci e n t Cos m o logy, pp 1 3 — 2 l . .

3 M o rri s . 7 7xe E pi c of H a d e s ( o urt e e n t h f ii

ed t on ) . Lo n d o n , 1 88 2

p. 2 30 .
48 8 A PP E N D I X .

an d A n t arc t c , i as we ll as th e i n t e rm e d i ate i
re g o n s of the

gl o b e ; t h e re h av e
b e e n e s t abl i s h e d e i gh t e e n s t at i o n s P o l ar ,

an d upwa rd s o f f o rty au x i l i ary s t at i o n s t h e o b s e r vat i o n s h av e

b e e n m ad e d u ri n g t h e y e ar wh i c h wi ll e n d w i t h t h e pre s e n t
m o n t h — t h at i s b e t we e n S e pt e m b e r 1 1 88 2 an d S e pt e m b e r I
, , , ,

1 88 3 ; t h e y h a e b e e n m ad e an d re c o rd e d d ai l y an d be ar u po n
v ,

t h e s am e i d e n t i c al po i n t s o f i q u i ry T h i s s c h e m e o f o bs e r n .

vat i o n o ri gi n at e d wi th Li e ut e n an t Ch arl e s W e ypre c h t an A us ,

t ri an e x pl o re r o f f am e wh o h o we ve r d i d n o t li v e t o s e e i t
, , ,

c arri e d i n t o e x e c u t i o n H e firs t b ro ac h e d i t at a m e e t i n g o f
.

G e rm an n at u ral i s t s a n d ph ys i c i s t s h e l d a t G rat z o n S e pt e m
be r 1 8 1 8 75 ,
T h e pl an was f o m ally appro ve d at a m e e t i n g
. r

o f t h e I n t e rn at i o n al M e t e o ro l o gi c al Co gre s s h e l d i n R o m e n

i n t h e s pri g o f 1 8 79 an d i t s d e t a i l s we re pe rf e c t e d at o t h e r
n ,

me e t i n gs o f t h e s am e b o dy h e l d i n H amb u rg O c t o b e r I 1 8 79 , , ,

an d at B e r e A ugus t 7 1 880
n , F i n ally o n A ugu s t I 1 8 8 1 t e n
,
.
, , ,

d e l e gat e s o f wh o m G e n e ral H az e n c h i e f o f t h e U i t e d S t at e s
, ,
n

S i gn al S e rv i c e was o n e m e t at S t P e t e rs burg a n d o rgan i z e d

, , .

an o ffi c i al P o l ar Co m m i s s i o n A ll t h e m e m b e rs o f t h i s c o m .

m i s s i o n h ad au t h o ri t y t o ac t f o r t h e i r re s pe c t i v e go v e rn m e n t s .

T h e P o l ar s t at i o n s w e re as s i g n e d am o g t h e n at i o n s as f o l n

lo ws : T h e U n i t e d S tat e s at L ad y F ran k l i n B ay G ri n n e ll , ,

L an d an d P o i n t B a ro w A l as k a ; G r e at B ri t ai n a d Can ad a
,
r ,
n ,

at F o r t M c R ae an d F o rt R e s o l u t i o n o n t h e G re at S l av e L ak e , ,

i n B ri t i s h A m e ri c a ; D e n m ark at G o d t h aab an d U pe rn av i k , ,

o n t h e w e s t c o as t o f G re e n l an d ; G e rm an y at H o art h I n l e t
g , ,

Cu mb e rl an d S o un d A u s tri a at Yo u n g F o re l an d J an M aye n , ,

I s l an d n o rt h o f I c e l an d ; F i n l an d at S o u d an Kyl a i n Lap
, , ,

lan d ; H o ll an d at D i c k e rs o n H av e n m o ut h o f t h e Y e n i s e e
, ,

R i v e r i n R u ss i a ; N o rway at B o s s e k o p n o rt h we s t e rn c o as t
, , ,

o f N o rway ; S we d e n at M o s e l B a
y S pi t b e rge n ; an d R u s s i a
, ,
z ,

at M o ll e r B a N o v a Z e mb l a an d L i gh t h o u s e P o i n t at t h e
y , , ,

mo uth of th e Le n a R i v e r . T he A n t ar c t i c s t at i o n s are th o s e
of G e rm an y, on t h e S o ut h G e o rgi a I l
s an d s F ran c e , at Cape
H o rn ly at P u n t a A re n as i n P at go i a ; an d t h e A rg e n
; I ta , ,
a n

t i n e R e pu bli c at Co rd o ba , T h e P o l ar s t at i o n s are allw i t h i n

.

t h i rt y d e g re e s o f t h e N o rt h o r t h e S o u t h P o l e a d t h e au il ,
n x

i ary s t at i o n s are s pre ad o v e r t h e re s t o f t h e h ab i t abl e gl o b e .

I n h i s o rigi n al pre s e n t at i o n o f t h e s c h e m e Li e ut e n an t W e y
pre c h t re m ark e d t h at t h e u n s ati s f ac t o ry s c i e n t i fic re s ul t s o f
t h e v ari o u s A rc t i c an d A n tarc t i c e x pe d i t i o n s are o wi ng m ai n ly
t o t wo c au s e s : firs t t h at t h e pri m ary o bj e c t o f t h e s e e pe d i
,
x
 A PPE ND I X
490 .

m e nts we re m ad e ac co rd i n g ly . E ar ly i n th e s u mm e r o f

a s t e am e r was sent by t h e g o v e rn m e n t w th i s u pp li e s f o r th e
part y b u t was u n abl e t o re ac h t h e m b e c au s e o f t h e i c e T h e
,
.

s uppli e s w e re l e f t at po i n t s d e s i g n at e d b e f o e h a d by L i e u t e n r n

a n t G re e ly wh e n c e h e c o u l d c o n v e y t h e m t o h e ad q u art e rs by
,

s l e d ge s A n o t h e r party was s t art e d t h i s s um m e r an d i f t h e y

.
,

c an n o t re ac h hi m by n avi g at i o n will e m pl o y s l e d g e s an d pu s h

n o rt h t i ll t h e y m e e t h i m H e h as i n s tru c t i o n s t o re t re at t h i s
.

s e a s o n by s l e d ge i n t h e c o n t i n ge n c y o f t h e n o n arri v al o f a -

v e s s e l an d t o co m e d o wn th e c o as t o f G ri n n e ll Lan d
, E i th e r .

by v e s s e l o r o n t h e s e c o as t li n e s l e d ge j o u rn e ys t h e two par -

t i e s will u n d o ub t e d ly m e e t an d pro b ably s o m e t h i n g d e fin i t e ,

will b e h e ard f ro m th e m by t h e e n d o f S e pt e m b e r 1 .

P o i n t B arro w i s o n t h e n o rt h e rn o r A rc t i c O c e an s h o re o f
A l as k a i n l at i t u d e 7 2 n o rt h
,
T h e part y s t at i o e d h e re i s i n
°
. n

c h arge o f L i e u t e n an t P H R ay A re l i e f ve s s e l v i s i t e d t h e
. . .

pl ac e i n t h e s um m e r o f 1 8 8 2 a d f o un d allw e ll T h e obs e r ,
n .

ve rs re po rt e d t h at t h e pre c e d i n g wi n t e r h ad be e n l o n g an d
s e v e re b u t n o t e c e e d i n g i n t h e s e re s pe c ts wh at h ad b e e n e x
,
x

e c t e d H o u rly m e t e o ro l o gi cal o b s e rv at i o n s h ad b e e n k e pt up
p .

u n i n t e rru pt e d ly f ro m O c t o b e r I 7 1 8 8 1 an d m agn e t i c o b s e rva , ,

t i o n s f ro m D e c e m b e r I F ro m t h at d at e t o A ugu s t 1 1 8 8 2 o ve r
.
, ,

re ad i n s o f t h e m agn e t i c i n s t ru m e n t s we re t ak e n an d a
g ,

co rr e s po n d i g a m o u n t o f
n m e t e o ro l o g i c a l wo k h a d b e e n d o n e 2 r .

L as t u mm e r j u s t b e f o re t h e wo rld h ad l e arn e d o f
s ,

t h e re s c u e of L i e u t e n an t G re e ly t h e c o mm a n d e rs o f all ,

t h e di ff e re n t st ati o n s G re e ly al o n e e xc e pte d h e ld a c o n , ,

f e re n c e i n Vi e n n a an d c o n gratul ate d e ac h o th e r an d t h e
,

s ci e n ti fic w o rld up o n t h e s u cc e s s ac h i e ve d T h e re c o v .

e ry o f t h e e xt re m e ly v al u abl e o b s e rv ati o n s o f t h e t h e n

m i s si n g o ffic e r h as n o w c ro wn e d an d c o m pl e te d t h e

1 So on ft e a r the ab o v e was wr tt e n i c am e th e d i s a s t ro u s n e ws of

the de s t ruc t i o n an d f ail u re o f t h e s e c o n d re li e f e x pe d iti on .

2
S umm ary o f a pape r re ad b e o re t h e B o s t o n f S c i t i fic S o c i e ty
en

( fro m the B o s t on D a i ly A d ve r ti se r ) Se e a s o A . l . B e ll t O b se rv a
o ,
“

t o i re s S c i e n t i fiq u e s C i rc um p l i o a re s , in B ulle t i n d e la S oci et e a e Ge o
’ ’

g mp/
i
t i e , Par i
s. I i
T r m e s t re , 1 88 3 , an d the c urre n t s c en t i i ficpe ri o d
i c als . T he l as t - c i te d art c ei l h as l
a v a u ab e l ma p o f t h e i n t e rn at o n al i
s ys t e m o f s t at o n s . i F or an i m gi
a n ar i
y d s c o v e ry o f t h e N o rt h Po le ,
se e T ho s . W Kn ox .
, f th e
Voyag e o Vi v i a n N e w Y o rk , 1 884
. .
 L A TE S T P OL A R R E S E A R CH 49 1

g ran d e st an d m o s t be n e fic e n t e n t e rpri s e i n w h ic h t h e
C h ri s ti an n at i o n s h av e f o r c e n t u ri e s i f i n d e e d e v e r e n , ,

g age d M o s t re m a rk abl e pe rh aps o f all i s t h e f act t h at

.
, ,

i n t h e s e s e v e ral e x pe di t i o n s m o re t h an five h u n d re d m e n ,

o f v a ri o u s n ati o n aliti e s w e re k e pt m o re t h an a f ull y e ar

,

wit h i n t h e A rc t ic Ci rc l e t ra n s po rte d t h it h e r an d re tu rn e d
, ,

an d
y e ,
t but f o r a s i n gl e m i s t ak e i n p ro vi s i o n i n g o n e o f

t h e p arti e s ,
no t o ne li fe wo uld h ave b e e n s ac rific e d .

Wh at c o uld be f ull e r o f pro m i s e wit h re s p e ct t o t h e f u t u re

o f po l ar e x pl o rati o n

I t i s t o b e f e are d t h at st ratigrap h ic an d pale o n t o

l o gic q ue sti o n s h av e h ad t o o littl e c o n s id e rati o n o n t h e
p art o f t h e s ci e n t i fic c o m m i s s i o n s w h ic h h av e pl an n e d
t h e l at e s t ( a s w e ll as t h e e arli e r) A rctic e x pe diti o n s .

Wh o e v e r h as re ad t h e f as ci n ati n g page s o f H e e r s F l o ra “ ’

F o s s ilis A rctic a Co u n t S apo rt a s M o n de d e s ’

an d ,

Pl an t e s av an t lA ppari t i o n d e I H o mm e ( se e h i s c h art
’ ’

o p po si t e p a n d B a ro n N o rd e n s k j old s e xc e e di n gly
’
.

i n t e re s ti n g re se arc h e s a n d s tudi e s i n Spitzb e rge n c an n o t ,

w e ll avo id t h e c o n victi o n t h at t h e pick an d s h o ve l an d

h amm e r i n t e llige n tly appli e d an yw h e re wit h i n t h e A rctic
,

Ci rcl e are al mo st c e rt ai n t o giv e u s f ac ts o f i n e s ti m abl e

,

v alu e b o th to n atu ral s ci e n c e an d t o arc h aeo l o gy .

T h e w o r ld ha t h la t e l y m ad e s u c h c o m e t -lik e

A d v a nc e o n S c i e n ce , w e m ay a lm o s t h ope ,
B ef or e w e d i e of s he e r de co y , t o le a r n

A ll HERE
T h o u se e s t ha t h h ld
o e r:
f e llo w s h ip w i t h g o d s
T he s e r oc h s r e t a i n

T hi e r em e r n e d
f o o t s t eps pr i n t e d i n pu r e fi re
Th os e we r e t he t i m e s , t h e a n c i e n t yo u t h of E a r th ,
T h e e le m e nt a lye a r s , w he n E a r th a n d H e a ve n

We re on e i n h oly br i d a ls , r oy a lg o al
s

The i r br ig ht i m m o r t a l is s ue w he n m e n m i nd s
'

We r e v as t a s c o n t i ne n ts , a n d n o t as no w
M
'

n ut e a n d i n d i s t i n z u is ha b le plo t s
W ith he r e a nd t h er e ac r e s of u n t i l/ e d br a i ns w he n liv e d
T he g r e a t o r ig i na l, h r o ad -eye d , S u n h e n R ac e
W ho se w is d o m li k e t he se se a s us t a i n i n g r oc k s ,
,
-

H at h f me d t h e ba se t he w o r ld
’
or o f s f lu c t uate s lo re .

Pm u p J a me s B u m .
49 2 A PP E N D I X .

S E CT I O N V I I I .
—T H E T RU S T W O RT H I N E S S O F E A R LY
T RA D I T I O N .

I s m e m o ryc ap abl e o f pre s e rvi n g th ro ugh succ e ssiv e

g e n e rati o n s t h e f acts o f h i s to ry o r wh ate v e r e l s e p e o pl e s ,

are c o n ti n u o u s ly i n t e re s t e d i n k n o wi n g ? A t fi rs t o n e is
re m e m b e ri n g h o w s e ld o m t wo
pe o pl e c an
’
apt t o s ay N o
‘

ag re e i n t h e i r re c o ll e cti o n o f e v e n t h e b ri e f e s t s ayi n g o r

c o m m o n e st o ccu rre n c e B u t l o o k i n to t h e m att e r N o t e

. .

h o w t h e po w e r o f m e m o ry di ff e rs i n di ff e re n t pe o pl e an d ,

h o w it m ay b e cultiv at e d an d e s pe ci ally h o w it s t re n gt h
,

e n s w h e n s ys t e m ati c a lly d e pe n d e d o n w h il e wh e n littl e , ,

i s l e f t t o it it we ak e n s
, I t i s a s m all f ac t but n o t wit h
.
,

o u t s ig n ific an c e t h at a m o n g t h e fi rs t t h i n gs w h ic h c h il
,

d re n are s e t t o fix i n t h e i r m e m o ri e s apart f ro m an y id e a ,

o f s ac re d n e s s are l o n g s e ri e s o f h i s to ric a l n am e s d at e s
, , ,

an d e v e n ts ,
E n gli s h ki n gs A m e ric an c o l o n i s t s an d
,

p re sid e n ts , f ar e x c e e di n g i n di ffi culty t h o s e I s rae li t i s h

h ist o ri e s w h ic h Ku e n e n t h i n ks c an n o t b e t ru s te d b e c au s e
o n ly pr e s e rv e d by m e m o ry Th i s s h o w s th at it i s l e s s a
.

q u e s ti o n o f t h e po we r o f m e m o ry t h an o f h o w f ar m e m o ry
i s l o o k e d o n as s ac re d an d gu ar d e d s o as t o h an d o n i t s
,

c o n te n ts u n i m pai re d A s f o r e vid e n c e o f t h e po we r o f
.

m e m o ry w h at b e tte r c an we d e s i re t h an t h e w e ll k n o wn
,
-

f act o f t h e t ran s m issi o n o f t h e I li ad wi t h its li n e s , ,

f o r g e n e rati o n s p e rh aps f o r c e n tu ri e s b e f o re it was e ve n

, ,

writt e n ? Y e t e ve n th at is a m e re t ri fl e c o m pare d wit h

t h e t ran s m i s s i o n o f t h e V e d as T h e R i g V e d a wit h i t s
.
,

1 0 1
7 h y m n s i s ab o ut f o u r ti m e s t h e l e n gt h o f t h e I li ad
,
.

Th at i s o n ly a part o f t h e an ci e n t Ve dic lite ratu re an d ,

t h e w h o l e was c o m po s e d an d fix e d an d h an d e d d o w n by
, ,

m e m o ry —o n ly as M ax M ii lle r s ays by m e m o ry k e pt
‘
, , ,

u n d e r t h e stricte s t di s ci pli n e T h e re i s s till a cl ass o f

.
’

p ri e s ts i n I n di a wh o h ave t o k n o w by h e art t h e Wh o l e o f
t h e R ig Ve d a A n d t h e re i s t h is cu ri o u s c o rro b o rati o n
.

o f t h e fid e lity wit h w h ich this m e m o rizi n g h as b e e n c ar

494 A PP E N D I X .

H o m e r an d Ve d as an d t h e B ibl e allto ge th e r was at

the , ,

a n y rat e u n t il its l at e r pe ri o d s t h e g ro wt h o f o ral t ra di

,

ti o n I t was p ro s e traditi o n to o w h ic h i s t h e h ard e s t t o

.
, ,

re m e m b e r a n d ye t it was c arri e d d o wn c e n tu ry a f te r c e n
,

tu ry i n t h e m e m o ry ; an d l o n g af t e r it h ad b e e n allc o m
m i t t e d t o w riti n g t h e o ld m e m o rizi n g c o n ti n u e d i n t h e
,

sc h o o l s I n d e e d it h as n o t e n ti re ly c e as e d e ve n n o w
.
, ,

f o r m y f ri e n d D r G o t t h e il o f N e w Y o rk t e lls m e t h at h e
.
, ,

h as h ad i n his s tudy a m an wh o t h us k n o w s t h e e n ti re
T al m ud by h e art an d c an t ak e it up at an y w o rd t h at i s
,

give n hi m an d go o n re p e ati n g it syll abl e by s yll abl e

, ,

with ab s o lut e c o rre ctn e ss .

I n t h e p re s e n c e o f suc h f acts s u re ly we m u s t b e pre

,

p are d t o re vi s e o u r id e as o f w h at m e m o ry i s c apabl e o f ,

id e as d e riv e d f ro m t h e ve ry li m it e d u s e s f o r w h ich
we u s u ally d e p e n d o n it n o w S uc h f acts s h o w th at
.

m e m o ry c o n s o lid ate d i n t o t raditi o n i s p e rf e ctly c o m

, ,

p e te n t at l e as t t o ac t as an accu rate i n s t ru m e n t f o r
tran s m i tti n g al o n g m an y ge n e rati o n s wh ate ve r m e n are
v e ry an xi o u s t o h ave re m e m b e re d I t i s si m ply a qu e s .

ti o n o f b e i n g an xi o u s an d o f t ak i n g s pe ci al c are .

A f t e r o t h e r i n t ere s ti n g an d i mpre s s iv e illustrati o n s ,

d raw n f ro m t h e h i s to ry o f p e o pl e s i n t h e m o s t dive rs e
s t a t e s o f cultu re t h e w rit e r cl o s e s as f o ll o w s :
, I f th e re is
an yt h i n g i n t h e s e f act s w h ic h I h av e c o ll e ct e d t h e y m e an

at l e as t t h is : t h at we m ay t ak e up ag ai n t h e di s c ard e d

t raditi o n s o f th e o ld h e ro ic age s an d o f t h e wo rld s m o rn

,
’

i n g ti m e with f ar m o re c o n fid e n c e th an h as b e e n u s u al o f
,

l at e ye ars H o me r will b e re ad with a n e w i n te re st an d

.
,

H e ro d o tu s an d — b e st o f all
,
t h e w o rld o ld h i s to ri e s o f -

t h e B ibl e .I k n o w t h e y will n o t give u s d e t ail e d n arra

t i v e s by w h ic h t h i s o r t h at p o i n t c an b e pro v e d o r n am e s ,

o r d ate s to b e l e a rn e d o ff a s s c h o o l b o y t asks B u t th e y
-
.

will give u s gli m ps e s o f t h e a n ci e n t d ays pictu re s h e re

an d t h e re o f s u c h m e n an d w o m e n as l o v e d an d f o ught i n

t h o s e o ld bu ri e d ci t i e s o f H i s s arlik o r m e di tat e d by t h e ,

G an ge s o r w an d e re d f ro m Ch ald e a with A b rah am o r

, ,
 A P PE N D I X .
49 5

f o ll o we d M o s e s o ut o f t h e m igh ty e m pi re o f E gypt i n to
th o s e wild s o litud e s o f S i n ai — pictu re s o f li fe ; l an d
,

m arks o f g re at d e e d s an d t h o ug h ts an d w o rs h i ps a n d
l aws a d aw n t o t h e h i s to ry n o t o f ab s t ract t h e o ri e s n o r
, ,
”
o f d azzl i n g s u n myt h s but o f re al p e o pl e s an d re al m e n
-
.
,

(B r ook e H e rf or d i n
. T h e A tlan ti c M on th l
y f or A ug us t,
49 8 I ND E X OF A U TH OR S .

Cas t rén , 2 1 8, 2 57 E gg e rS . 47 7
i l
.

Caut le y, P , 2 8 9 . . E s e n o h r, 4 7 7 .

Ch abas , 1 7 3 , 484 15 15 9 9 19 9 9 3 6 1 . 1 45 . 1 99. 2 9 9. 3 44. 3 5 7

l
.

C h am b e r ai n , B H , 1 42 . m éri c D avi d , T B 2 3 5
-
. .

i
. . .

Ch ar m n g , W H , 1 43 . . m e rs o n , R W , 4 1 7 , 4 1 8 . .

l
. .

Ch e yn e , T K , 2 0 4 . . E n g e r . 3 9 . 90 . 2 8 7
i l k
.

Ch pi e z , Ch ar e s , 2 2 9 . E n o c h , B o o o f, 2 0 , 2 0 5
l k i
.

C ar e , A d am , 2 0 5 . E urip d e s , 1 2 2 , 2 5 5 , 2 7 0 , 3 48, 487

l k J
.

C ar e , as F re e m an , 45 3 . E v e re t t , C C 4 5 6 . .

l i l
. .

au d an , 2 8 1 . wa d , P ro f e sso r , 3 8, 2 3 3 .

Clav ige ro , 2 47 .

l
C e an t h e s , 1 3 6 . F ab e r, G S 2 3 0 .

i
. .

Co h n , F e rd n an d , 3 2 4 . F 11 6 8 1 . 3 43 . 3 48 . 3 5 3
l
Co e , 0 48 7 . l
F a co n e r, 2 8 9 .

l k li i
.

Co e b ro o e , H T , 48 3 . . . F a e s , Lo u s , 74
lli i
.

C o g n o n , M ax m e , 2 3 7
l i
. F arre r, A J J
3 95 . . .

Co u m b us , Ch r s t o ph e r, 3 6, -
3 0 6, 43 5 F e rg us s o n , am e s , 2 70 , 2 7 1
43 7 i
F i gu e r , G L , 2 8 5 .

i i
. .

Co m e s t o r , 4 F nz F 16
9 , 2 64
ik
. , . .

Co m t e , A ug uS t e a 3 1 6) 3 69 1 37 1 1 3 72 1 390 1 J
F s e . 0 1 m. 3 1 3 . 3 90 . 3 9 5 . 3 9 6.
39 2 F lac h , H 3 3 5 , 48 0
l
.

Co n way, 2 0 7 . F am m ari o n , 7 5 , 2 1 4 , 3 0 6, 3 49 , 3 6 1 .

k
C o o , C F , 1 60 F o e rs t e r , 480
i
. . . .

Co pe , E d ward D , 2 97 , 4 1 4 . . F ol k ard , R c h ard , r , 2 7 7 J . .

C o s m a s I n d i c o ple us t e s, 3 0 5 , 3 0 6 . F o n t an e , M , 1 1 8 , 485 . .

C o x , G W , 1 1 8 , 3 5 1 , 4 70
. . . F o rn an d e r , A , 2 1 3
i i
. .

Cre u z e r , 1 3 5 , 2 0 9 , 2 1 4 , 2 3 6 . F r e d re ch , 1 1 7
i
.

ll
Cro , 8 5 , 40 7 . F r t z , H , 68 .

C ro s by, H o w ard , 45 2 . F ro sc h amm e r , 3 8 1 , 3 92 J .

i
.

Cu r t us , G e o rg , 2 66
C ur t i u s, Q u i n t us , 2 36 .
C aff are 1 8 6 l . .

i
G arc a, F G , 2 0 1 , 3 5 8 . . .

D a ly C , 32 4 . P .
, . G ard n e r, S , 7 4, 90J . . .

D
D
an a, J
, 32 3
. D .

—
. G arre tt , 3 5 5 , 486
G aud ry, 448
.

—
an t e , 1 9 1 , 3 0 7 3 0 9 .

i
.

D arm e s t e t e r, 1 3 4 , 1 5 9 1 6 1 , 2 43 , G au t e r d e M e t z , 7 .

2 5 1 , 2 5 2 , 2 5 8 , 2 64, 2 80 , 3 1 8 G e dd 9 5 . W D 3 45 . 3 46. 3 48
ik i l
.

D i
arw n , Ch ar e s , 3 3 , 3 5 , 4 6 , 1 0 0 1 10 , l G e i e , A rc h b a d , 60 , 89 ,
iki J
,

2 9 . 2 9 7 . 3 2 6 . 3 8 7 . 3 9 1 . 39 5 . 4 0 4 . 4 1 1 Ge e, a me s , 7 4
4
.

D av 1 d s , T W R h ys , 2 72 l K
G e r an d , G C 469
i J
. .

K l
. . . . .

D av e s , o h n , 2 69 G e ro k , ar , 4 33
i J
.

ki
.

D aw ns, W B , 41 1 G bb , o h n , 1 62 .

ill
. .

J
.

D aws o n , W , 8 7 , 90 , 1 0 2 , 2 96, 3 2 1 , 4 1 5 . G , 1 5 8, 2 1 8
l
. . .

D e B ro s s e s , 3 68 , 3 69 , 3 9 0 . G ad s t o n e . 3 3 1 . 3 3 2 . 479 . 47 9
D e c h ar m e , 1 1 8 . G o b 1 n e au , Co un t, 4 2 .

D ’
E ck s t e i n , 3 8 C o g n e t , 42 4
l l
.
.

D e li t zsc h , F ran z , 3 9 , 2 5 0 . G o d s m i t h , O i v e r, 3 7 7 .

De li t z s c h , F r e d , 2 8, 3 9, i 1 2 7, 1 70 4 83 G o tt h e i l, 49 4 .

i
. .
,

l
D e uc , 7 9 G ot tl n g , 3 2 4 .

i
.

D e M a s t re , 4 1 1 . G ras s m an n , 2 1 1 , 2 5 8, 3 5 7 .

i
D e pu s , 1 2 5 , 3 50 . 4 83 . G ra t ac a p, 2 9 8 .

ik
D c , T h o s , 61 . G ray, A s a, 88 , 9 0 , 2 8 7 , 2 88 .

k
.

D i c e n s , 47 G ray, G e o Z , 4 5 7 . .

i
.
.

i l
D e ste , 2 0 7 G r th s , W E 1 65 , 2 4 5
. .

ifi
.
.

D i e t e lm aj r , 2 0 5 G r f t h s , 1 49, 2 42
ll J li
.
.

D i llm a n n , A , 2 0 , 1 7 7 , 1 7 8 , 2 0 7 G ri , u us , 2 8 3 0 , 4 3 , 1 6 1 , 2 50 , 2 564 -

—
. .

D i o d o ru s S i c ulu s , 1 63 , 2 3 5 , 2 3 6, 2 3 8, 486 4 5 467

6 2 69 ,
Jk
. .

i
D o ge n e s L a é r t i u s , 1 9 1 , 1 9 2
'

G ri m m , a o b , 2 0 7 , 2 1 7 , 2 7 3
l
.
.

i i
D o n ys u s H arlic arn , 2 3 1 . . G ub e rn at i s , A n ge o d e , 2 73 , 466 .

D i rgh at a m as , 2 42 . G u i gn i au t , 1 3 5, 2 0 9 , 2 1 4 , 486 .

ll
D o n n e y, I g n a t i u s , 3 9 , 1 80 , 1 86, 3 0 6 . G un t h e r , S , 3 1 0 . .

D o rm an , 1 9 6, 2 48 .

l
D o u g as , R K , 2 1 6 , 4 5 1 . H aq k e l. E . 3 5. 2 96. 3 0 5 . 3 2 6. 3 76.
l
. .

D ye r , T h i s t e t o n , 90 H ah b urt o n , R G .
, 2 40 .

ll
.
.

H a , Capt .
, 83
E b e rs , 43 . 1 7 3 , 2 5 0 H am y. 443
J
.

ki
.

E d n s , o s e ph , 1 2 9, 2 1 6, 2 1 7 . H ard y, S pe n ce , 131.
 I ND E X OI " A U T H O RS .

499
H ark n e ss , 2 9 7 K rac h e r 35
J Kri c h e n ba ue r A n to n ,
. .

H a rt u n A , 341 360
gl
, . . .
, 200 , .

H aug , art i n , 1 3 4 , 1 58 , 1 98 , 2 08 , 251, Kue n e n 42 2 49 2 ,

K
, .

2 5 2 , 2 6 8 , 2 69 , 2 80 uh n , A 2 46 , 2 6 8- 2 7 1 , 2 73
l
. .

K
.

H aug h t o n , S am ue , 9 1 . un t ze , H , 2 1 5, 2 3 1 , 3 92 .

K
.

H aym a n , H e n r , 4 7 2
y . un t ze , O t to , 3 9 , 92 .

H e catmu s , 2 3 8 , 2 70
—
.

H ee r 71 .
, 3 . 8 7 99 . 96 . 49 1 ~ L ac o u pe ri e , T e rr e n d e , 2 22 i
l .

H e b i g, 32 9 . Lac t an ti us , 2 8 1
e n d e rs o n , W , 2 3 2
.

H . . Lan g A . 3 7 2 . 3 9 7
H
H
e n n e ss y, 3 2 3 .
l
Lan g o i s , 46 7 .

e n t z e . 3 39 . 4 7 7 .
La n m an , C R , 4 52
i
. . .

H e rac h t us , 2 5 7 .
L ar t e t , L o u s , 2 9 3
H e r bi n i n s , , 33 7 J L ass e n , 3 8 , 1 5 3
k
. .

i
.

H e r fo rd , B ro o e , 49 2 - L at i n , B ru n e t t o ,
49 5 .

H
H
e rod o t us, 1 3 6 , 1 8 2

e rs c h e , 30 5
, 30 0 , 47 1
l .
.
L aue r ,
L aw re n c e , R 2 1
J
F , 1 72 , 3 3 1 . .

.
.

H e rs h o n , 2 3 4 .
Le Co n t e , 9 5 .

H e mo g , 2 6 Le fev re , 1 7 3 , 484
J
.
.

H e s wd . 2 5 5 . 2 79 . 2 8 1 . L e gge , am e s , 1 42 , 2 1 6
3 42 . 3 45 . 3 59 . 35 1 . .

3 53 L e lb n i t z , 7 9 , 80
i
.

H e ys c h i us , 3 4 1 .
L e ma re , 2 36 .

H tll, E , 8 2 . .
L e m s t ro m , 6 8
i
.

H o fe r, 3 8 .
L e n o rm an t , F ra nco s , 2 7 , 2 8 , 30 , 3 8 , 1 2 3,
H o ff m an n , 3 59 1 2 6. 12 7. 1 3 4. 1 48 . 151 1 161 1 63 .
5 7.
.
. .
H o m e r, 30 , 3 1 , 1 1 7
-
122, 1 34, 1 72 , 1 8 4, 1 65 - 1 71, 183 , 1 86 , 20 4, 2 1 0 , 2 3 1 , 2 3 3 ,
2 36 1 38 1 2 2 5 47 2 8 's 3 1 91 3 2 8 2 37, 2 40 , 2 56 , 2 62 , 2 64 , 2 66 , 2 6 7 , 2 8 2
42 9 . 468 7 48 7 2 84 . 3 6 3 . 42 48 3 . 4 8 6
J —
1.
k
H o o e r , S i r o s e ph , 88 9 1 , 2 96 , 3 2 4 . L e ps m s , 2 0 0 .

H u e t B i s h o p, 2 3
. L e t ro n n e , 1 9 2
l
. .

H um bo d t , 0 , 2 3 8 , 2 76
6 . i
L c h t e n be rg , 2 6 .

H um e , D avi d , 3 64 - 369 , 3 7 7, 3 84, 3 92 L i e ble i n , 1 7 3 , 4 84

illi
. .

H usso n , M , 2 7 6 L e , A , 1 5 4, 1 7 ,
5
l
. . .

H ux e y, T H , 3 7 6 . . L 1 v i n gs t o n e , D av 1d , 2 2 , 3 99
li
. .

H yd e , A B , 45 7 . . . L o o m i s , E as , 6 8 .

H ygi n u s, 3 1 , 1 95 L o ve n , S ve n , 3 20
J
.

k
,

L u b bo c , S i r o h n , 2 9 2 , 3 72 3 7 5 , 3
77 ,
-

l
I d e e r , 2 5 2 , 2 56 . 3 8 5 . 3 8 8 . 39 2 . 39 3 . 399 . 40 1 . 49 2 .

I h n e , 3 48 L U Ck e n s H - 1 1 4 3 1 1 4 49 1 8 5 1 2 3 82 2 461 247 ,

i
.

I s a ah , 2 2 5 2 60 7 1 2 2 7 4 7 2 79 1 3 1 2 1 48 7
1 2 °

i
I s d o re , S a m t , 4
.

Lu c re t 1us , 2 8 1 , 3 7 7
i
. .

L ud w g , 2 4 1 , 3 5 5 , 3 5 7 .

oh nso n , S am ue l 1 43 , 2 51 L u t h e r, M art i n , 2 5 , 30 4
Jl
. .
,
Ol
ly, u i us , 1 99 L u t u i n , 2 50 .

ll l
.

o n n es , M o re a u d e , 2 3 8, 3 0 0 . L ye , S i r C h ar es, 3 5 , 60 , 86 , 89, 2 0 1 , 2 86,

o rd an , W .
468 , 4 7 7
, . 2 96 . 49 7 . 4 1 3 .

o se ph u s , 3 0 , 2 2 1 , 3 60 , 42 1 .

u bai n v i l
le d ’
A rbo is d e , H . 2 76 M aed le r 1 9 ,

i
, .

us t . 1 5 6 , 2 5 4, 2 68 . M agn use n 111 0 , 2 7 3 , .

us t i n u s , 1
86 . M am e , S i r H S , 3 8 5 . . .

M a o r , R H , 9 , 43 7
'

t i v e n al
, 281
M al l
. . .

e t , 2 1 7 , 2 56 .

K am m e r , 47 7 . M an , E H , 3 96 . . .

R e m Y» C F ” -
1 9, 1 5 61 2 381 2 76 1 3 2 7 1 3 2 81 M an e t h o , 2 8 3
il
’ .

46 8 , 4 86 . M an i u s , 3 1 .

Ke e rl 85, 128 2 47 M an n ard t W , 40 9 4 1 1 , 48 5

h , .
,

i
,

K gh l y T h m
, . .

ei t e o as . 3 2 9. 3 39 3 3 4. 339 . M ar e t t e B e y, A E , 2 6 5 -
.

lli
.
.
.
.

34 s 3 470 83 . 4 M an n e G , 30 7 .

K
. . . , .

e rn h c i nn c 2 1 1. M aso n 48 2 , .

Ki S m l 64
, ,

nn, a ue , . M as pero 3 8 , 1 7 4 1 7 8 2 2 3 , , , ,

K M as se y G
'

llm a n , 3 2 1 42 , 1 2 5 1 71 ,
ii
.
, .
, ,

x pro t h 42 . 1 72 , 2 2 2, 2 50 , 2 59 , 2 63 , 2 65 ,
Kl
,

ee F ré é ri k , 7 1 , 80 ,
. 1 93 , 1 9 4 , 1 97 , 2 44 , 2 70 , 2 72 , 2 76 .

2 46 M at t h e w s W , 2 0 1 2 7 5 .

Kl k M au n d e v i l
. .
,

o ps t oc 84 le , 2 7 , 9 2 2 3 2 2 7 2 60 .

K
, ,

J
, .
, ,

n o x, T ho s . W .
, M aury, L A 2 6 7 , 3 3 5 , 48 3 .
, .

K
. .

oe ppe n . C F . 1 3 1 . 1 75. 3 1 9 M aury, M at t h e w F , 3 2 5 . .

5 0 0 I ND E X OF A U T H ORS .

M c Clin t o c k an d S t ro n g , 2 3 , 2 5 , 20 4, 2 50 P aye r , L e u t , 62 i
c ik
. . .

M c o rm c , R , 3 2 2 . . P e ab o d y, A P , 456 . . .

M c L e n n an , D 3 93 .
, . P e e t , S D , 45 3 .

J k K l
. .

M c L e n n an , F , 3 93 3 97, 4 1 1 -
P e n a, ar , 1 62
J i
.

ll
. . .

M e n ard , o ach m , 1 P e n n , G ran vi e , 2 8

'

l
M e n z e , W , 1 3 5 , 1 45 , 1 46 1 5 8 .
, , 67 , 1 8 7 ,
1 P e rro t , G , 2 2 9 . .

202 , 20 7, 2 2 3, 264, 4 80 , 483 . P e rry, E D , 2 5 7 . .

M e rri , S e ll l ah , 2 2 6 P e s c h el , o n 3 4. 3 5 . 2 76, 3 7 6
i fil
.

M e rr m an , M a n s e d , 3 2 3 . P e tro n i u s , 3 7 7 .

M e rry, 35 2 1 3 5 3 Pf au , 3 42 .

M e t ch m k o ff , L e o n , 1 4 1 . P h e re c yd e s , 1 8 7 , 2 66, 2 67 , 2 7 1 , 3 55
il
.

M i c h e lan t , 2 2 8 , 2 3 2 . Ph o , 2 3
il l
.

M i dd e n d o rfi v o n , 2 97 2 98 P h o o f B yb o s , 1 8 7 , 3 2 6
i
,

i l
, . .

M d d e t o n P o ps e y, 48 5 P cte t , A , 3 4 1 .

i
.

ll J
, .

Mi , S 46 , 5 0 , 3 1 6
.
, . P e rr e t , 2 1 9
il
. .

M le r, 0 D , 3 0 , 1 4 5 , 1 63 , . . 1 71 , 2 1 0 , 2 29, P i ét re m e n t , 1 6 1 , 2 80 .

2
3 0 P i m , Capt B e d f o rd , 64
M il J i
. . .

to n , ohn , 1 96 , 1 97 . P n c h e s , T G , 1 69, 2 2 2 . . .

M o e re n h o u t , 40 1 P i n d ar, 2 2 , 1 4 5 , 1 8 5 , 2 3 4, 2 3 8 , 30 0
i
.

J
.

M o ff at , C , 43 2 . . . P pe r, F e rd i n an d , 2 3 2 , 2 73 .

M o n t fa uc o n 3 0 6 , . P lat o , 1 4 5 , 1 5 8, 1 60 , 1 8 1 , 1 8 4, 1 9 5, 2 1 3,
M o re n o , F P , 9 1 . 2 2 5 : 2 3 83 2 5 6, 2 7 9 1 2 8 1 , 2 82 : 2 9 7:
i i
. .

M o rr s , L e w s , 48 7 .
41 9. 43 2
42 2 2
, 4 4
-
.

M o rt ille t , 8 4, 3 72 , 40 7, 4 1 1 . li
P n y, 2 8 , 1 3 6, 2 9 7 .

M o rt o n , S G 3 3 . . P lo ix , Ch , 3 2 8
l l
, . . .

M o s e e y, H N , 3 2 0 . . P u tarc h , 2 0 , 1 82 , 2 0 9 .

l
.

M o s e s , 8 2 2 8 7 , 43 2 , . P o o e , M at t h e w, 2 0 5 .

M o us k e t , P h , 2 3 2 . . l
P o o e , R S , 48 4 . . .

M e y e rs 2 1 2 ,
. P o rph yri us , 4 7 8 .

M U 11 . W 1 49 , 1 53 . 3 5 5 . 482 . 48 3 P o s t , E d w n , 45 6 i .

ll
.

M u e r , F r1 e d ri c h 1 0 0
_

, . P o ug e n s , C , 9 7 .

ll
.

M ii lle r, F M ax , 2 47 1 31 70 3 7 2 1 3 761 -
42 3 1 P o we , 1 58 .

4 5 5 . 46 1 . 4 9 2 . 49 3 ll
Pre e r, L , 1 8 2 , 2 5 6, 2 71 , 3 42 , 3 50 3 52,
-

ll K
.

M u e r, O , 2 1 4, 3 5 2
’

. .
3 5 5 , 46 7 , 47 6 , 4 7 7
i
.

M u rc h s o n , S i r R , 2 1 P re s s e , E , 2 5l
J
. . . .

M u rray, o h n , 2 3 2 . P re s s e us e, E d uard d e , 3 1 2 , 3 62
i
.

P r t c h ard , 3 7 6
N d i ll 8 5 85 i
.

a a ac , , 1 , 2 97. P ro c t o r, R c h ard A , 1 93 . .

N i ll
av e, 1 79 P yt h ag o ras , 1 93
N w mb S im
.
.

e co on , 1 1 7
N wm J P , .

e an 2 1
Q uat re f age s , 3 4, 3 6, 9 7 . 98, 3 7 s, 3 8 5~
N w Si I
. . .
, ,

e to n , r s aac, 8 1 , 82
Ni h l
.

c A ll y
o so n , e ne , 2 8 5 , 2 86 , 2 88- 2 9 1 , R afin e sq ue , 1 6 1 .

2
95 R am bo s s o n , 60
Ni b h 4
.
.

e u r, 2 1 . R an , C , 40 8
h G W 4
.

li
.

Ni tz s c 77 R aw n s o n , G e o , 1 5 5 , 3 0 0
N ld k T h d
.
, .
, .

l
. .

oe e e, eo o r, 40 . R e c u s , E , 40 8 . .

N O I I é, 3 76 1 3 9 5 R e e d , S i r E d ward J
‘

, 1 40 , 2 1 5
'

l
. .

§ 5 R e ge ] , 2 1 3
0 n 10 5 , 2 3 7 2 71
a
.

i J
.

N
or e nsk ] O1
d G li d d
o t t an
6 3, 2 9 7- 2 99 , 49 1 . Re n, , 2 46 .
J . .

on, R e n an , E , 3 8 , 1 83
N yC l
. .

o vo o s on , P e d ro d e , 1 8 6. R e n o u f , P L e P ag e , 2 1 0 , 2 65 , 2 66
. .

R év i lle , A , 2 63 , 2 7 5 , 3 5 8 , 3 86 . .

Obry, 1 2 , 2 8 , 3 0 , 3 8, 2 3 0 , 2 69,
486 . R e yn au d , 2 2 8 , 2 3 2 .

O n ge n , 2 3 4 Rh o d e , 1 60
J
.

i ll
.

O r t o n , am e s , 9 4 R d de , 3 52 , 3 53
i
.

i k
.

O v d , 2 80 , 2 82 .
R n c , W F , 2 70 , 3 4 1 , 468
i l
. . .

R t t e r, Car , 1 3 3 , 1 5 4, 2 44
k
.

P ac ard , A S , . . R i v e , M d e la ,
k l
.

P ac ard , L R , 3 5 2 , 4 5 0 .
R o b i o u , F é i x , 47 0
k
. . .

P ac a r d , W A , 4 5 3 . . . R o c h as , A d e , 4 0 7 . .

P alai f at o s , 2 0 0 R o n c h an d , L o u i s d e , 2 67
l
.
.

P a e y, F A , 1 1 8 , 3 2 4 , 3 42 , 3 56
. . . R o s k o ff , 3 8 6 .

P as t e llus , 4 8 . R o s n y, L éo n d e , 1 40 , 2 1 5
J
.

P at e rso n , D , 1 85
l y 34
. . .

au , 2 . S ae wulf , B s h o p, 2 2 7 i
i
.

Pau sa m us , 30 , 1 7 4, 2 3 4. S ai n t V n c e n t , B o ry d e , 1 86 .
 I ND E X OF S U B E CT S J .

A ao n e o f the D e ad , H ome r s ,
’
33 2 , 467 i
B r d ge of H e av e n , 1 40 , 1 41 .

—58
B ri d ge o f S o u s , 1 4 1 , 1 44, 1 45 ,l 1 55 1 ,
A d arri, B o o o f , 1 7 7 , A dam s P e ak , 9 ;
k ’
2 72 . 2 75
A d am , w h e re b uri e d , 2 3 2 i
B r t ai n n e are r H e av e n t h an S o u t h e rn
i i i
.

E s ars , E t ru s c an d v n t i e s , 2 1 4 . E u ro pe , 2 1 4
i i i ii
.

1E s i r, S c an d n av an d i v n t e s , 2 1 7 B uat aran ga, 1 5 7

—
.

i l i l
.

A f r c a, E d e n oc a t e d i n , 4, 2 2 , 42 . B ud d h s t c o s m o o gy, 1 3 1 1 33 , 211 ; B ud
i l
A i a e, o c at o n o f , 33 2 i
purpo se o f , 3 3 1 . d h i s t P arad s e , 1 2 , 1 3 2 i
i l i
.

A k k ad an c o s m o o gy, 1 63 1 7 1 , -
B u s h m e n , d e as of t h e , 2 0 0
l
.

2 64. 483 ; m yt h o o g y. 3 1 . I 7 1 . 2 5 7 . 2 64

A k k ad s , t wo , 1 68 Cal y mv ar , o u n t s c o mm e m o rat v e i o f, 1 2 ,

A lg ae o f t h e A rc t i c O c e an , 3 2 1 , 3 2 2 22 8
i
. .

A lS rat , 1 5 5 C l i
a v n on l o c at i o n o f E den , 25.
k— k i C l yp I l
.

m e -n o -m i n a a n u sh i n o - a m , 2 1 5
- -
. a so s
’
s e, 2 3 5, 2 3 6.
i i
A m e n t , E gypt an A b o d e o f t h e D e ad , C an n ib li m a s , ph il o s o ph y o f i ts or igi n,

3 79 .

A me r i Ed l
c a, en o c at e d i n , 4 1 , 42 , pe o Cars o n f oo t pri n t s , 2 97 - .

p li ng of, 3 8, 56 . Cat ag e n e s s , 4 1 4 i .

S e e N a ve l(y the
'

A n c 1e n t 11 t e rat u i e s t u dy o f, 3 2 6 3 6 1 -
. Ce n t re o f t h e E art h .

A n t h ro po o gy, l pa l e on to l o gi c a , 48 , l 97 E a r th .

1 13. Ce n t re o f H e av e n , 1 46 , 2 0 2 2 2 4, 2 5 2 - .

A pe t h e o ry of th e or g n ii o f m an , 447 l
Ce y o n , P arad s e i n , 9 , 1 2 i .

449 Ch e r u n t e r ( Karn e t e r) , 1 7 3 , 48 5
- .

A pp e s l
.

of P arad i se , 1 7, 2 76 . Ch i n v at B r dge , t h e , 1 5 5—1 5 8 i

l
.

A rm e n a, i 5 Ch ro n o m e t ry o f t h e a n t h ro po o gi s ts, 4 1 1 .

l
.

A s s e m b y, M o unt of th e , 1 2 7, 1 2 8, 1 43 , Ch u g o f t h e E art h , t h e , 2 2 5 .

1 71
Ch u g o f H e av e n , t h e , 2 0 2 .

il i i
.

A s t ro n o m y, an t e d 67 , 93 , 2 1 4, Ch u m n g o f t h e O c e an , 3 5 7 , 466
C rc e , t h e q u art e re d , 1 7 9—
u v an , 1 .

3 60
i l 1 8 1 , 2 47 .

i k
.

At l i an t s , 38, 181 1 84 -
1 86 . C ty o f S a ra, 1 3 2
li i
.

l t ,

At an o s auru s , t h e , 2 9 3 C m at o lo gy, pre h s to ri c , 48, 8 3 86 .

l l l
.

At as , 1 3 5, 1 3 6, 1 85, 2 12 2 1 8, 2 3 6, 2 5 6, C o u d s i n m yt h o o gy, 2 5 4, 2 65 , 2 66
l
.
,

3 50 3 5 8
- Co u m b u s o n as c e n t t o E d e n , 3 6 ; f o rm -

A uro ra B o re a li s, 51 62 - 7 0 . o f h i s E ar t h , 4, 3 0 6 , 3 0 7 , 43 5 .

l
,

A l
va o n , app e s l o f, 1 7, 2 76 ; o ad s t o n e C o m as
p ,
” the 2 2
, 7 .

c as t e o f , l 76 Co n e s h ape d , t h e E art h , 1 3 6, 3 0 6, 3 0 7
N
-
1 5, 2 .

i il
.

A v at h a , t h r o n e o f , 2 5 9 Co n t n e n t s b u t u p f ro m o rt h t o S o u th ,
i fi
.

A z ac o l, v1 0 rld p a r o f t h e S un -
ill i s, 3 58 9 4 ; t h e r c o n g urat i o n , 1 0 6, 439 , 440 .

l
.

A z t e c c o s m o o gy, 2 47, 3 5 0 l . Co n t ras t s o f t h e t wo po ar re gi o n s , 9 1 ,

3 2 31 3 2 4 °

B at h yb us t h e o ry, 3 2 0i . C o s m as I n d i c o ple us t e s , h i s ge o graph y,

i
B fros t , 1 5 5 , 1 5 8 30 5
l i
.

il
.

B o o gy, t h e s t u d y o f, 3 1 3 3 2 5 Co s m o o gy, A n c e n t . 1 1 7 1 4 1 , 1 43 T ru e -

Ke y ” t o , 1 1 7 —1 2 3 , 4 5 0 - 45 8
.

o at , s ph e r c a , s ym b o of i l
th e l E arth ,
l kk i
.

Crad e o f t h e A ad an s , 1 69 , 1 7 1 ; of
64 1 66
1 -
.

t h e A ryan s , 3 9 , 1 6 1 , 1 6 2 ; o f t h e S h em
B o d h i T re e , th e , 2 7 1
—
:

l l l i
.

B o t an y, pa e o n t o o gi c a , 48 , 8 7 9 2 te s , 39
i N
. .

i
B ra n -t re e , t h e , 2 7 7 Cre at o n f ro m o rt h t o S o u t h , 2 48 .

i i i i
.

i
B ran d an , S a n t , vi s i t s P aradi s e , 1 3 Cu n e f o rm n sc r pt o n s , 2 7 .

l
.

B r d ge o f t h e G od s S ee B r id g e f
o Cu p, t h e s o ar, 3 2 9 , 3 3 0 .

l
.

i Cyc o ps , myt h o f t h e , 3 2 7 , 42 9 .
 I ND E X OI " 5 0 8 75 6 7 151
50 3
D am aras , t h e r ra n gi ve r, 2 60 i i - . G e o go n y, sc i ifi
e nt c , 48 , 59 6
— 1
l
.

D a n t e ’ s c o s mo o g y, 3 0 7 , 3 0 8 . G e o g ra ph as t ro n o m i ca l 4 8, 60 - 70 ;
i l
,

D ark ne ss , d u ra t o n o f , a t t h e Po e , 6 2 - 70 . m th a t 1 1 7
-
141 .

i i i
l
D arw n s t c s pe c u a t i o n s , 3 5 , G e o ogy, t e s t i m o n o f, 82
é
-
1 10 1 12 , 7 1-

i i
.

6 —
3 6 3 7 3 6 4 8 44 7 49
2 2 2- 1 -
4 G e rm i n at o n as a e c te d by po s t i v e an d
—
»

i l
. .
.
D yli h
a h P l 7 t at t
9 7 e o e 2 0 1 20 1 ne
gat 32 4 ve po es,
—1 1 3
, , . .

D e ath L d e ss an , 10 . l
G a c i a A ge , l 8 4, 95 , 1 0 0 . 10 5 ,

D ec li i f h P l 9 96 47
nat o n o t e o e, 1 2- 1 , 2 . 1 6 1 1 2 80 1 2 96 9 2 9 8 1 4 45
l
'

D ee p
-
h 3 se a re s e arc 20 . G o d e n R ac e , t he , 2 8 1 40 5 , 40 7 .

i i
,

ki d 8 84
.

D G o n d s , t he r v e w of
y f m
e n e rac o an 2 1- 2 H ad e s a nd H ea ve n ,
D g
e n , .

e ph i 34 35 37 38 2 2 3 2 2 I I .

l i
v 1 1 1

D l g
e u e, th 4 4 5 47 9 4 96 58
e, , 2 , 2 , , 1 -
1 , 2 , G re e y, re sc ue o f L e ut . , 48 8 . 49 1 .

98 4 4 4 h y f 75 8 t eo r o , -
2 74 2 2 -
31 2

il D
, . .

” H
D h i h ad e s . S e e A bo de q/ t /te D e ad
'

ev h s 7 o o r, t e , n c u rc e s , 2 0 . .

D i ffi l i f
cu t e sh yp h i 54 3 o o ur ot es s, , 00 ,
H e art o f E art h , 2 46 .

H e art o f H e av e n 2 4 6
a0 1. .

K
.

D i re c to rs t h e se v e n 1 42 . , . H e a ve n s o f e d e m h e av e n s , P s l xv n i .

i ki
.

D i s pe rs o n o f m an n d , 3 5 4 3 7 450 ,
-
.
34 See c
. em .

D o ve s o f Z e us , 2 3 7 e i m d al lr, 1 8
b i l
.

ll
.

D rac o 1 2 5 , 1 7 5 , } 56 H e , t h e R a b i n ca 1 99

i l
, , .

i
.

D rago n , g uard o f Pa ra d s e , 1 1 , 1 7 , 12 5, H g h e r an d o we r o r a n i s ms 2 9 5 .

i
,

et as 5 1 m . H gh e s t part o f t h e art h Se e S u m m it
-
p
lik
. .

H i ss a r , 49 4 .

E ar l t ype s o f li f e n o rm a l 2 9 4- 2 96 li d s k alf , 2 1 7 , 2 1 8
’

l S l
.
,

li
.

B art ng o f t h e , 5 9 -6 79 , 8 4, H e pu c h re , C h u rc h o f t h e 2 2 6 , 2 4 8
—
co o 1, 10 0 , o y .

i l
,

10 3
-
1 1 4 H ome r c c o s m o o gy, 1 1 7- 1 2 2 , 3 2 8 36 1 ,
kk i
.

E art h o f t h e A ad an s , 1 2 6 , 1 63 1 7 1 ; -
46 7 48 7
-

l
o f Co u m b u s , 3 0 6 , 43 5 ; o f t h e E gyp H ome r sye ar-d ay, 2 0 0
’

i ll
.

ti a n s , 1 2 4, 1 7 2 1 8 1 ; o f t h e H n d us , H o m o a a us 3 2 6 ; h o m e D arwi n i us , 3 2 6 ;
—
-

i
.

1 5 0 1 5 6 , 4 5 9 464 ; o f t h e I ra n an s 1 5 7 -
h o m o d e s pi c ie n s , 3 2 7
J
,

l
.

1 62 ; o f t he of t he H o rn o f t h e W o r d , 1 2 4, 1 2 6 ,
— 1 76
a pan e s e , 1 42 ;

G re e s , 1 8 2 —1 8 7 , 3 2 8 3 5 9
k
.

. H ype rbo re an s , t h e , 2 2 , 1 8 4, 1 8 5 , 2 1 4, 2 3 7 ,
E as t , t h e G ard e n e as t ward , 2 6, 2 7 , 2 1 9 2 3 8 1 3 5 5 1 40 3 °

224 .

E de n , th e Ce n t re o f t h e W o r d , 2 34 ; t h e l I ce A g e S e e G la c i a lA g t
i i
. .

h g h e s t po n t o f t h e E art h 5 , 6, 8 , . I d a , M o u n t , 1 82 , 2 2 , 2 3 5 , 2 5 6 .

S e e S u m m i t 0 t h e W o r ld n v e rt e d W o r d 0 H ad e s , 1 2 5 , 467- 48 7 l
l
.

i
.

E gg o f t h e w o r 3 1 , 484 . I ra n , t h e A n c e n t , 1 5 6- 1 62 , 2 80
gg h at c h i n g at o ppo s i t e po e s , 3 2 4
~
l I rm e n s ul, t h e , 2 7 3 , 3 5 8
i
.

l l
.

E ggs , fo urt e e n n c h e s i n d i am e t e r, 2 92 I s an d o f t h e Co n g e a e d D ro p, 1 4 1
l
.

l i
.

gypt i an c o s m o o gy, 1 2 4, 1 7 2 1 8 1 , 2 0 7 , -
I s an d , t h e W h t e , o f g re at Z e us , 1 8 2
il N
.

26 I vo ry, f o s s , o f t h e
i ii
E i re t v s t s Parad se , 1 0 - 1 2 i . I z a n ag ’ s S pe ar o f i
o rt h 2 97 , 2 98
ad e , 1 40 J
, .

i
.

E l, 2 0 2 , 40 2 .
I z d h u b ar , E p c o f , 2 3 9
le c t ri c i t y, t h e o ar, 68 , 2 5 3 , 3 1 4, 3 2 2 l .

lk f
.

E m a , n am e o ln d i a , 8 am b u, t h e t re e o f , 1 48 , 1 53
l
.

E n d s o f t h e E ar t h , o r W o r d , 1 60 , 1 74, id
.

apan e se c o s m o go n y, 1 40 ; o t h e r e as ,
2 4 1 , 2 42 1 40 , 1 41 2 1 5, 45 2
.

l
.

E noc h 1 5 ; B o o k o f , 2 0
, .
e m,
e r u sa l i ts e art h -nav e , 2 2 5 - 2 3 4, 2 48 .
r, t h e s t o ry o f, 1 4 5
—
.

— ob s v ew of
'

i th e N
o rt h , 2 0 5 , 2 1 7
i
.

th n o l o gy, 48, 9 9 9, 1 1 0 1 1 2 o rd an , t h e r v e r, 1 8
3
J
.
.

E t ru scan s ’ sac re q ua rt e r, 2 1 4 u d ge o f H e a v e n , 1 5 8 , 2 17
i i
.
.

E u ph rat e s , t h e h s t o r c , 2 8 , 2 5 1 t he pre
i
h i s t o r c , 2 9 ; as O c e an -ri v e r, 30 , 72 , Kdm Qdm
e e e Mi c ede m, 2 6, 2 2 18
fibl
e
, , 7,
2 59 .
4(
1 71, 22 h H se e t e eb i e ) 42 1.
K l P di
.
,

e tic
—6
ara se 12
Fa ll of man f ro m pri m ii t ve fa m y fo rm , il K h es f h va re s o t
.

e I
.

ran an s , i 1 55 1 0.
307 .
Kh k K a rsa urra , 1 2 6 , 1 6 3 - 1 7 1
Kh d A
.

at h e s o f t h e Ch u rc h
r 2 3, 2 7, 2 78 or a v e s t a, 2 8.
i i ii li g
. .

Fet c h i s m n o t t h e pr m t ve f o rm o f re K M
ro n o s, o un t o f, 2 3 1 ; re ig n o f, 187 .

ion , 368 40 6
-

i i i
.

F n n c d e as , 2 1 8 , 2 76
i ill
F re d r , 3 80 , 3 8 5
.
L add e r of Parad i se , 1 1, 1 44, 1 45 , 1 55

l 1
58 2 70 , 2 72 , 2 7 5
.
, .

F ame n s , 3 80 .
Lali ta vi s tara , 2 1 1
l i
F am n g s wo rd , t h e t o rr d zo n e . 2 4 i I i n ce , t h e s h ad o wles s , 1 3 5
.

i
.

F o un t a i n o f Parad se , 8 , 9 S e e R i ve r : i . I zrnuri a, t h e hypo t h e t c . 3 5 30 6, 386 i

.

w e, b rt hp ace o f, 3 3s. i l
.
 [DACZDZZI X ( DI FZZZ? jZZ? CTJ
J
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?
TSZ
S( ) zi
,

i i l
L b at o n s t o t h e b e sse d d e ad , 2 44 Oge r v i s i t s P arad s e , 1 3 1 9 i -

L f e , e x u b e ran c e o f , 2 7 9—
. .

i ii f 2 99 ; o r g n o , O gyg i a .
'

3 3 6. 3 5 9
l
.

87 O ym po s , 2 1 2 , 3 3 8—3 5 0 .

Li m 4
n ga 0 1 O m pli alo s o f t h e E art h S ee N . a ve l f
c
Li k h mi i g
.
,
n t e ss n 1 10 th e E /
a r l z.

i t d y f 3 6 36 ,
k
.
,

L i t e ra t u re , an c e n stu o 2 -
1 . O ri g i n o f m an i n d . Se e M a n k i nd .

Li i g t id , ,

v n D h f Ed
s one , av i n s e arc o en,

22
,
l
P a m , t h e h o y, 2 70 l .

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L d toa s o ne l th m g ro c o r c as r e , e a net c P am r, t h e p at e au o f , 3 6
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P l Al il
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t i H m d y 3 9 p ar, 1 45 , 1 46 ; a m o un ta i n , 4, 8 , 2 4,
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L th u e r on o ca on o en 2 0 . e t c ; h o w c o n n e c te d w t h t h e mo o n ,

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2 2 , 43 2 i t s re s t o rat o n pro m se d , 4 5 8 ; i i
M ac ro bi i , 40 3 ll
wa o f , 7 , 8 , 1 7 8 .

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.

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M agn e t s m t e rre s t r a , 52 , 68 , 2 5 3 , 3 1 4 il . P at ri arc h a s ys t e m , 3 93 , 42 4 43 1 Ch urc h , -

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M ah abh arat a , t h e , c te d , 1 86 , 3 1 9 , 48 2 .
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M an b a , Ca pari s , 3 7 8 , 3 7 9
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P e o n u po n O s s a, 3 3 9 , 3 41
M an n d , O ri gi n o f , 3 3 —
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ki 43 , 1 1 0 l
P e p o s o f H arm o n a , 2 66 i .

P e rs e a, t h e s ac re d , 2 66
M au ’5 po w e r o v e r at ure , 3 1 4 , 4 1 6—
449
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.

41 8 . lli
Ph a c wors h p, 3 8 1 , 40 1 i .

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M e d aev a c o s m o graph y, 3 0 5 3 0 9 l P h i lo lao s , c o s m o s o f , 2 1 2 .

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M e d ae v a d e as o f P arad s e , 1 3 , 3 0 8 i ll
P h i o o gy, s u ppo s e d e v d e n c e o f, 3 7 i
M e m o ry, po w e r o f , 49 2 —
. .

494 i
P h oe n c i an m o u n t a n o f t h e go d s , 2 1 2 i
P h ys c s , t e rre s t ri a , 5 7—
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M e ro e , 2 3 6 i 82 , 3 1 3 3 2 5 l —
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l l
.

M e ro pe s , 1 83 . P o ar re s e arc h , at e s t , 487 491 .

M e ru , m o u n t o f t h e g o d s , 42 , 1 2 9 , 1 48, l i
P o e , m m o v ab e , 1 95 l .

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P o e , t h e m ag n e t c , 1 4, 1 6 i
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M e s o po t am i a , E d e n n o t i n , 2 7 3 1 -
. P o e s tar , 1 2 5 , 1 46, 1 7 1 , 1 92 , 2 1 6, 2 1 7
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.

M e x c an P ara d s e , 2 60 ; e art h n av e -
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M y W ay, t h e , 4 79 . P o lo c e n t ri c m aps , 1 5 4, 1 59 ; zo n e s , 95 ,
M iq q e d e m S e e Ke d e m . . 106
M i x t e q u e c o s m o go n y 2 0 1 3 5 8 , l
P o ypt y c h O ympo s , 3 49 . 3 50 l
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M o o n ’ s o rb t a n d P arad s e , 2 58 , l i
P o yt h e s m , t h e pr m ary re i gi o n acc o rd i l
5 91 3 0 4
2 i n g t o H u m e , 3 64— 3 68
P o s t u re i n praye r, 1 2 9, 2 0 2 —
.

M o rgu e la F ée , 1 5 1 9 -
2 1 8, 30 3
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.

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M o t h e r-re g o n o f p an t s , 8 7- 9 2 ; o f an i ’
P re s t e r o h n s k i n d o m , 8
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P r m t i v e m o n o t h e i s m , 3 62 40 6
P u ran c ge o g raph y, 1 48—
.

M o u n t ai n o f the W o r d , 1 2 2 1 3 7 l -
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M o v e m e n t o f t h e s u n , 3 2 9—
. .

3 32 . i
P yram d s o f E gypt , 2 0 9 , 2 1 5 .

M ys t e ry an d c h arm o f t h e A rc t c re g o n s , i i
Q e re h E art h , P s xx v 1 2
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M yt h , E d e n s t o ry a , 2 5 2 6 N a v e l of fl ze E a r th
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M yt h o o g y c o m par at i v e 48 , , et p ass 1 m
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Q u a d r f urc a t e R v e r , t h e , 5 1 , 2 50 2 60
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M yt h s o f t h e G re e s , o r gi n , 32 6 .
Q u ar t e r , t h e s a c re d , 5 1 , 2 0 2 2 2 4
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N ag a , 2 60 i
R a n b o w , 1 55 , 1 5 6, 1 5 8 , 2 69
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.

a f t h e o ld ast ro n o m e rs , 1 7 5
o R am ayan a , i d e as o f t h e , 1 49, 480 .

N l o f h e av e n , 2 0 2 —
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av e 2 18 R aph ae , t h e A n ge , 2 0 l l
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av e o f t h e E art h , 5 1 , 1 46, 1 47 , 1 53 , R e e d , t h e c o s m c , 2 7 5, 3 5 5 .

1 5 4. I S7 . 1 68 . 1 70 I 80 . I 87 . 22 5
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R e gi o n e s s t ri b e s u n n o w n , 3 7 5 , 3 85 k .

N b l H yp h i h
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R e v e at o n , pr m t v e , 40 4, 40 5 i ii
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t an a one e ar , 50 , 1 97 2 0 1. R i g V e d a, 2 1 0 , 2 1 1 , 2 4 1 , 2 42 , 2 43
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t s es o en 6 R i s h i s t h e s e v e n , 1 5 3 , 1 90 , 2 0 9, 2 1 1
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42 i 2 61
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o rt , va o n n t e , 1 2 ; h gh e s t part
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o f t h e wo r d , 1 2 2 , 1 5 1 , 1 5 3 , l i
R v e r o f L i fe , 3 1 , 1 5 2 , 1 53 .

n e are s t t h e s k y, 1 87 , 2 1 4, 2 47
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R v e rs o f P arad s e , 3 , 8 , 2 4, 2 7 , 3 9 , 5 1 , i
s ac re d q u art e r, 2 0 2 , 2 1 8 ; w h e re G o d 5 2 1 1 2 7 1 1 2 8 1 7 3 0 1 I 33 1 I 3 4 1 1 3 6 1 I 441
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o r t h e rn L g h t i Se e A u r or a B or e a lis i
R v e rs o f t h e U n d e rw o r d , 3 1 , 2 5 5 l .

ll i
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N ys a, 1 45 , 1 72 , 2 0 2 , 4 80 R o of pi ar, E art h ’ s ax s as , 1 40 , 2 65
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R o o t o f t h e W o r d, 1 65 .

O c e an i n t h e V e d a, 2 8 R o pe o f t h e W o r d , 3 1 l .

l i l
.

Od ysse y, t ru e d ea i th e , 122. R u , t h e P o yne s an A t as , 1 58 .