T h e C a m b ri dg e T ec h n i c a l Se r i es

G en e ra l E di t o r : P Ab b ott, B A
. . .

T EC H N I C A L H A N D B OO K
OF

O IL S, FA T S AN D W A X ES
V OLU M E II

P r a ct i ca l and A n a l yt i c a l
C A MB R I D G E U N V E R S T I I Y P RE S S

C . F C LA
. Y MA , NA G E R

L O N DO N F E T TE R L A N E, _

L O N D ON H . K L E W S A N D CO
. I LT D .
,
1 3 6 G o w e r S t re e t , W C

U A
1 . .

NEW YOR K M
B O MB AY
P TN S SON S
’
G . P .

C
M
AA UA A A
LC
DR
TT
S
M C M IL L A N AN D C O .
, LT D .

JM
KA I SH A
TOR O NTO . . D E N T A N D S ON S , L T D .

TO KY O : MA R U Z E N -
K A B US H I K I -

I
A L L R G H T S R E SE R V E D
T EC HNI CAL HAN D B O O K
OF

O I L S , FA T S A N D W AX ES
BY

PE R C I V A L J. F R Y E R ,
F C S . . .

hi f h mi s t
C C and i r ct r Y ldi g M u cturi g fa Co Ltd ,
ctur r il s t s W x s lyt ch ic g t tr t W
e e D e o , a n an n . .

Le in O Fa a nd a t the Po S ee ,
ilv r M d lli s t ( ity uild s d I s titut
e , a e e n , Re en .

S e e a I st C a nd G of L on on n e

A ND

F R A N K E W E ST O N .
,
B Sc
. .
( I st F I C
. . .

d
H ea h i stry p rt t
of t he C em De m en th e Po lyt ch ic g t tr t
R e e n S ee W
uth r
a , e n , , .

A o f of Th e D etect i on o Ca r b on Comp ou n ds a n d El ement a ry

Exp er i men t a l C/z emi s t ry

WIT H 6 9 I LL U ST RAT ION S

V OL U M E II
P r a ct i ca l and A n a l yt i c a l

C a m b ri dg e
at the U n i v e rs i t y Pr e s s
 R E FA C E P

H pr s E l m his r is is c c r d i h
e e n t vo u e of t h t ea t e on e ne w t th e w o le

s bj c u r c ic x mi ti
e t o f th e p a t sis tr al e a na o n a n d a na ly of th e na u a l

an d h dr c r b
y ( mi r ) i s f s
o a on x s It is i t d
ne al o l at a nd wa e n en ed a s

h b k p r c ic m h ds ch ic ch m i s s
.
, ,

a a nd oo of a t al et o fo r t h e use of te n al e t

an d th rs c o c r di e x mi i
on e ne i s d ki dr d b n th e e a na t on of o l an n e su

s csb
ta n e r ir m s s d s his s b j ct h
ut th e e qu e s
en t of tu en t of t u e a ve al o

k i t cc hr gh k
,

b ee n t a en n o a b o un t t ou ou t th e oo

h s m r im r t p r i s i s r d b m s
.

T u the o e p o ta n o e a t on a re llu t a te y ea n of

ir c p h g r p hs i r r h h m th ds rki
,

d e t o to a n o de t at t e e o of wo n
g, or th e

d e ta is l r sm b c r s
o f t h e a p p a a tu ay e le a ly ee n

r b m d c i h p ri ci p im d
.

An d en ea v o u ha s ee n a e to on t n u e t e n le , a e

at i n firs th e m rs i t v o lu m t r i s ci c d
e, of p e en t n g th e at e n a uc n t an

r di l c m r h si b f rm
ea y o p e en his
le h s bj c m t r h o To t end t e u e t a te as

c r f s s m is d hr h i sr ci s
.

b ee n a e u lly y t e at d i e t oug o u t, a n n th e n t u t on fo r
t h p rf rm
e e c o ri s tic p r i s dir c i s
a n e o f th e va ou a n aly al O e a t on the e t on
h b sim p i d b
a ve een s f c cis l g
l fie y t he
b b u e
'

o on e an ua
g e, and
y su
di isi
v i on s ri s sh r c m p l s s s p s ch i i
nto a e e of o t o ete ta g e or te ea n volv n
g
si l dir c i ii his m r p r s i h
, ,

a n e e t on Th e ut l ty of t a nne of e e n ta t o n as
g
sh i h rs O p i x di r mb r
.

’
b ee n ow n n th e a u t o w n t e x er e n c e e t e n n g o ve a nu e

o f rs
ye a
s b imi p ssi b l
.

I h t as im
al o ee n our a m to e l n a te , a s fa r as o e, all u

r s r h d t i s d m h ds
t u tw o t y e a rki g S m h m h ds
l an et o of w o n o e of t e et o

i ir ri i s c i s S bi i i
.

g ve n a re e n t i e ly o g n a l, a s e g n th e e t on on o lu l ty, V s
d Ox b s rp m y th r c s s m di c ti s
. .

i
co s t y, a n yg e n a o ti o n In an o e a e o fi a on
h b md i rp c r — s s i s th rs
.

a ve een a e n th e o e du e th e u gg e t on of th e a u o

an d h rs—i rd r f ci i
ot e n o rk sh rt h i m
e to a l ta t e t h e w o o en t e t e, or

i cr s h cc r c r s ls m st c s s m th ds
,
'

n ea e t e a u a y of the e u t In o a e th e e o

d scri b d c r f x mi d d m b c fi d t
.

e eb ha ve ee n a e u lly e a ne an ay e on en ly
cc d r i b i hi i mi s s d I r m mb r
,

a e p te as el a le w t n the l t ta t e t 18 w el l to e e e

his c c i th m ss i b q i
.

i
n t o nne t on, at a ny of th e t e t a va la l e a re o f u te a n

e m p iric ch r c r al a a te

Wi h r g r d rr m k i b ri f
.

t e a b
to th e a a n ge ent of th e oo t h e fo ll o w n
g e

d scri ti s r ic
,

e m p b on ay e of e v e

S c i e is i r d c r d i s m i ri ci l s
t on I nt o u to y, an o u tl n e th e a n
p n p e fo r
 vi P R E FA C E

succ ss i e ic rk ri f ir c i s
n a n a l yt al w o i f B e d e t on a re g ve n or t h e p re

st d rd s uti s d sim r t s is
.

i
p a ra t o n of an a ol on an the use of p le appa a u

e x i d b h t r hs
p la ne yp s d t o o g ap fo r t h e tu en

S c i ir cti s s m i d f m ki g r imi r
.

fo r el
In e t on I I d e on a pl ng a n or a n p na y
te t ss f m ri
of th e ia tt y a te a l a re g ve n

cti s ith h s s s r p p ic ti hic h

.

Se d on III ea l w t o e te t of gen e a l a l a on w

h c im b r g r
a ve a
‘
la s d rd
to e e ic d r mi i s
a de d as
“
ta n a a na l yt al e te nat on

ch th s is i m i dic i g m b r hi h I
.

To ea of e e g ve n th e s a e n at n nu e w c s

e m d d si i i fi rs m d his r i dh r d
p l oye to e g n a te t n th e t vo l u e, a n t fi gu e s a e e

to t hr h b
o ug k f ci i r r c
ou t the oo to a l ta te e fe e n e

cti m b i s h s s s h i ch c c er r ic r i s
.

Se on IV e od e t o e te t w on n p a t u la o l or

g r s f is d
ou p o h rs h m d c r f mi i
o l an th e a u t o a ve a e a a e u l e xa na t o n of

th s xc i th s hich r r i b d m if i g
,

e e, e lu d ng o e w we e u n el a le , an od yn t he

p r c d r th rs h r his
o e u e of o r d d sir
e w e e t a p p ea e e a b le

S c i x mi i m ix d ci ds fr m
.

In e t on V the e a n a t on o f th e e fa tty a o th e

Oi s l d f san b c si d r d si c i s m i m r n c s es
at has een on e e n e n o e p o ta t a

x i i s s ri i i s i
,

( ge i n m the e a ) gn a t on of b oap th e o nal o l a r e n o t a va la l e

b s i m r im r ic rmi i s
. .
.

T a le of the a n a l yt al de t e na t o n
a re g ve n o e p o ta n t
d r isi r fr cti i ic s d i di sh
,

an a ev on o f th e e a ve nd e an of the o n e va l u e as

b ee n d rt k un h r m i i
e a enrti d s i h h c h s
T e e a n n
g po on ea l w t t e al o ol

i th f scri m h ds t s i g g c ri b h
.
,

w a u ll de p ti on o f the et o fo r e t n ly e n, ot

cr d u rfi d
e and e ne

S cti d ls i h p p ic i r i m h ds
.

e on VI ea f w t th e a l at on o t h e fo e g o ng et o to

t h e a na l y sis h h dr c rb i s d x s g h r i h of t e y o a on o l an wa e t o et e w t th e
s ci s s h s i s
,

pe al te t for t e e o l
si d r i b i g r l rs d s m
.

Ro n an di i
tu p e n t n e, a s e n e a te n n te e t an al o co

m i
e rc a lly ih r i s d f s d l i h i S c i II
w t th e na tu a l o l an at a re ea t w t n e t on V

m h s si rmi i g d r i
,

a nd et od d o f te t n g a n d o f i e te n n a u l t e a t o n a re g ve n

cti I h rs h disc ss d h diffi c si

.

I n Se on V I I th e aut o a ve u e t e u lt que t on

o f the i rr i n te h p ic r s s b i d i c mm rci
e ta t o n o f t e a n a l yt al e ult O ta n e w th o e al

s m s his i c d s r b m
a
p le T n lu r l ri i
e thep o le Oi s o f th e n a tu a
{

va at on of l
d f s m i c ti s r d c d b ri us ch i c l
.

an dat an o f th e od fi a on p o u e y va o te n a

r ti s si i i d ci r
,

op e a on T h e q u e t on d of t h e q u a n t ta t ve ete t o n of a u lt e a

ti r i l s c si d r d d r r s
.

on isd e vi e w e , a n d t h e o a re on e e un e th e va i o u

g r u p s i hich th
o n m l i c mm rc
w e y a re b ul r s
e p oye d n o e e A ta a ta t e
m t chi tic l is i c d d i h ch r is
.

of the e f a n a ly a da ta n lu e w t ea oup o f o l
en g
ctic x m s d t r i d its i rr i
,

and ra al e a p le of a ul e a t on an n te e ta t o n
p p a re

cit ed

cti X is i d d rim ri s d
.

Se on I n ten e i p a l y fo r t h e tu ent In t an at

t m is m iv s s m ic sch m sis
.

a de i i e of a n a ly fo r t h e den t
e pt to g e a y te at e
 P R E FA C E

fi ca t io n of a n ssum d urit
o i l, cl ssi c ti
fa t , or wa x o f a e
p y The a fi a on

d t d i dh r d i is h th t
.

a op e m I bn V o lu e ha s ee n a e ed to , a n t op e d a th e

sch m m b e e l i mi i risi g s d — th rs
ay e o f va u e n fa l a n th e tu en t a nd o e

i h dis i ishi f r s d c ss r ti shi s h s

w t th e t ng u ng ea tu e an the la ela on p of t e e

cm o p s
o u nd

S c i X is d b s s r hs s i s ri s
.

e t ond e vo t e t o ta le of t e ngt of o lu t o n o f va ou

r s d h rd
ea g e n t an i c di to x f b k
ot e a ta n o t n l u de n t h e te t o the oo

h rs ish ck c r s f M ssrs
.
,

h T e aut o w to a n o w l e dg e th e ou te y o e B o l to n
an d is d h ir p b ish rs ( M ssrs C h rchi )
R ev an t e rmi i u l e e u ll fo r p e tt n
g th e
use of b ck f b f
th e d r d cr st s g i
lo o 5 M ssrs
ee an la y al ve n o n
p age 1 3 e

Hi g r h gh s i s r ti s th ir
.

l eb d a ve ee n goo e nou to u p p ly ll u t a on of e re

m
fra c t o p s 5 d5
e t e rs o n h s i dt is h s
a ge 3 an 6, an d a ve a l o
g ve n e a l of t e e

i s r m
n t s W s d sir
u ent h kM G S ks d h e al o e e to t an r B to e an t e

ish rs r issi c str ti

. . .

p bu l h e m
of t e i A n a lys t fo r p e on to op y th e ll u a on of

th e xr c r
fa t e g t a to on pa e 22 .

P E RC I VAL J FR Y E R
. .

FR A N K E WE ST O N
. .

R A VE N SC A R,

T ON B R I DGE ,

a nd

T H E P OL YT E C H N I C ,

RE G EN T S T .
, W .

S ep te m é er 19 18 .
 C O NT E NTS
P R E F CE A
SE C T I ON I

I N T R OD U I
C T ON T O P R A CT C I A L W OR K FOR T E C H N C I A L ST U D E N TS

S E C T I ON

A
S MP L ING AN D P R EL I MI NAR Y TE STS

Sa mpli g n

iquids
.

L
lids
So
P r limi ry sts
e Te
W t r
na .

r ig subst c s
a e

Fo
t rmi ti f tty m tt r
e n an e

De on o f

r p r ti mpl s lysis
e na a a e

P e a a on o f s a e fo r a na

S E C T I ON I I I

PR A CT C I A L ME T H OD S FO R T H E S T A A AA ND RD N L YT I CA L D ET E R

M I N ATI ON S

Sp e ci fi c Gr a v i t y

(a ) T h e sp cific gr vity b ttl

e a o e

( 6) T h e pr g l tub
S en e e

(5 ) T h e hydr st tic b l c
o a a an e

(d) T h e fl t ti m th d
o a on e o

( e) H ydr m t rs
o e e

Me l t i n g P oi n t

(a ) Ca pill ry m th d
a e o

(5) P l ti um l p m th d
a n oo e o

S o l i di f y i n g P o i n t of M i x e d Fa t t y A c i ds

R e fr a c t i v e P o w er

(a ) Th e P u l fr i c h r fr ct m t r e a o e e

(b ) T h e b u t yro r fr c t m t r
e a o e e

bb r fr ct m t r
-

( e) The A é e a o e e

a T he D isp rsiv w re e Po e
 CO N T E N T S

P A GE

V i s co s i t y

A bs lut visc sity

o e

d d vis m t r
o

Th e R e
'

woo co
t d rdisi g
e e

S an

isc sity r ti umb r

a n

V o

lm r
a o n e

Th e C o e a n - A r ch b u t t v i s c o m e t

D oo littl t rsi visc m t r

e o on o e e

S ol u b i l i t y

S t d rdis ti
an a s v t a o n of
‘

th e ol en

A c tic cid
lc h l r g t
e a

A o o ea en

D i gr m r sults
a a of e

R o t a t or y P o w er

Th e L i p p i ch p l rim t r
o a
6

e e

Th e I o di n e V a l u e

a Br mi th rm l t st ne e a e

st
o

b M m en é fe
xyg bs rpti t st
au

0 O en a o on e

E l a l di n T e s t ,

S ap on i fi c a t i o n V a lu e

I n s ol u b l e B ro m i de V a l u e of F a t t y A c i ds

R e i ch ert —
M i e ssl V alu e

a Po l sken e Va lu e

Th e A c e t yl V a l u e

T h e A c i d V al u e

Un s a p on i fi a b le Ma t t e r
 C O N T E N TS

S EC T ON I V I
S PEC I FI C A
T E S TS AX
FOR I
O L S, F TS A ND W ES

M h d H pp st dt s t st
en O i l
’

iv r ils ulphuric cid t st

en a o en e e

L e o S a e

ug
T o il t st S o l i di fi c a t i o n
W l ut t st
n e
’
o il B e ll i e r
tt s d H lph t st
a n s e

Co oil

itric cid t st
on ee a en e .

N a e

cchi t st Be e

sm
Se ud ui t st
e o il Ba
r cti
a o n e

S ol ts ie n on

rt lli rti i t st
ea

Rap e oil To e and Fo n

H ld t st
e

M o e and

i b r s t st
a rcu s s o n e

B
’

t st
e e e

B e ll i e r
’
s

v rs m difi d qu tit tiv m th d

e
’
E
d s m th d
e o e an a e e o
’
R e nar o

liv t st
e

O M
e o il a z z a ron s
’

ulphur t st
e

S o il

t st
e
’
j B Ork l u n d s
hr wsbury K pp m th d ( lsd s m di
e

S e -
na e o E on
’
o

) fi ca t io n
Palm k r l lsd s m th
e ne o il E on
’
e od

ur tt vis m th d
“

B ne a nd Re
t ck m th d
e o

S B el fi e l d
m th d
o -
e o

m BO ’

utt rf t Kirsch r m th d
er s e o

( ryt umb rs)

e a ne e o

A v é L a ll e rn e n t Ba
sw x
a n

m t st
e .

B ee VVe i n w u r
rd d f ts stim ti
a

ick l
e

Ha en e a E a on o f n e

S E C T I ON V

I DE N T F C I IAI T ON I A I
AN D D ETE R M N T ON OF FA T T Y AC I DS AND

A UI
‘

(I
L C O H OL S Y I ) N CL D NG GL C ER N

A M ix d f tty cids
e a a

bl sp cific gr viti s
.

Ta e of

m lti g p i ts
e a e

r fr ctiv i dic s
e n o n

e a e e

i di v lu s
n

o ne a

m m l cul r w ights
e

i s lub cids b r
ean o e a e

n o le a uns a p o ni fia b l e ( H e ne
 C O NT E N T S

S E C T I ON V I I I

I AI
N T E R P R E T T ON O F R E S U L TS

ri ti s ils
.

Va a on in o

ff ct di f ri g v ri ti s pl t im l
.

E of fe a e of or a n

ct clim t
e n e an a

E ffe of

f ct f d
a e

E fe of

urity s urc
oo

P of th e

r sh ss i ldi g m t ri l
o e

F ne of t h e o i l - y e

M th d bt i i g
e n a e a

e o of o a n n o i l, fa t , e t c.

M th d e rfi m t
o of e ne en

H ydr g ti o ena on

ct
E ffe of ag e
‘
p ci l tr tm t
S
lith gr phic v r ish s
e a ea en

b il d ils
o a a n

bl w ils
o e o

o n o

sulph t d Oils
I dv rt t c t mi ti
on a e

I tity ur
na e en on a na on

de n of a p e o i l, e t c

t rmi ti purity
.

De on of o f a n o il , e t c

ducti s fr m lytic l d t
e na .

De on a na a a a

x mpl s mpl liv

o

E e of a e of o e o il

x mpl s mp l rd
a a

E e of a le of

c l ur d di gr ms
a a a

Us e of e a

Id tity dult r ts if pr s t
o o a

en of a e an e en

Va ri us cl ss s t ch ic pr ducts
o a e of e n al o .

A dibl ils
E ts
e o a n d fa

x mpl s l d
.

E e of a o il

E x mpl s mpl m rg ri
a a a

e of a e of

bl v r g l s dibl ils
a a a a ne

Ta e of a e a e va ue fo r e e o

B p m uf ctur
S oa an a e

x mpl s mpl h us h ld s p
.

E e of a e of

x mpl s mpl p t sh s f s p
a a o e o oa

E e of a e of o t

x mpl s mpl s d s ft s p
a a o a oa

E e of a e of o

bl v r g v lu s mix d f tty cids

a a o a oa

Ta e of a of

h rd s p lysis
e a e a e e a a

fo r ana

s ft s p lysis
'

a oa

fo r o oa a na

C bric ti g ils f ts
Lu a n o and a

bl v r g v lu s ils us d lubric ts
.

Ta e of a of o

x mpl i
e a e a e e as an

E a e o f a n e n g n e o il
 C O N T E NTS xv

x mpl
E ircr ft gi e of a n a en ne o il

x mpl m t r gi
a a

E e of a o o c a r en ne oil

x mpl xl gr s
a -

E a e of a n a e ea e

Ca ndl m uf ctur e an a e

t ri s S
r ffi
ea ne

Pa n wax

sw x
a

B ee
k rit
a

Oz o
p rm c ti
e

S
bl v r g v lu s w x s
e a e

Ta e of a of

x mpl p r ffi c dl
e a e a e a e

E e of a

x mpl c dl church
a a a n an e

E e of a w a x fo r
x mpl st d rd sp rm c dl
a an e use

E a e of a an a e an e

E Illumi ti g ils na n o

x mpl lighth us
.

“ ”
E a e of a o e o il

x mpl
E a cl e of a o z a o il

W mixtur s
ax
p lish s e and o e

x mpl fl r p lish
E a e of oo o

S E C T I ON I X

S C HE M E FO R THE I D E N T I F I C A T I ON O F A N O I L , FAT, WA X
D i s t guishi glyc rid s
in lyc rid s
ng e e a n d non - g e

h r ct ristics glyc rid s

e

C of

lu
a a e e e

Co
d ur
o r

O
l v ur
o

F
Ch r ct ri s tics glyc rid s
a o

of n on

Mi l ils
a a e -
e e

n era

W x s
o

l ssific ti glyc rid s

a e

C a on o f

iquids
a e e

L
l ss I M ri il s
.

C a . a ne o

G r oup F z s n o t/s
’

I .

Gr oup 2 . L i v er oi l s

G r oup 3 B l a b b er
l ss I I g t bl dryi g ils
.

C a Ve
l ss I I I g t bl s mi dryi g ils
. e a e n o

C a Ve
l ss g t b l o dryi g ils
. e a e e -
n o

C a IV . Ve e a e n n -
n O

Gr oup R ap e
’

oz l
I .
g r ot
to
G r oup 2 . Oli v e oi l
g r oup
Gr oup Ca s t or oi l g r o up
xv i C O N T E N TS

C l ss a V An im l ilsa o

lids
.

So
l ss g t bl f ts
.

C a VI . Ve e a e a

G r oup I . Veg eta b l e b u tt er s

Gr o up 2 . Veg eta b l e t a ll ow s
Cocon u t
'

G r o up 3 oz l p
l ss im l f ts g
. r ou

C a VII . An a a
’
G r oup I . B fa ts
oay

G r oup 2 M i l k fa ts
l ssific ti glyc rid s
.

C on o f n on e

l ss I I I iquid x s
a a -
e

C V L wa
l ss tur l x s
a . e

C IX Na a wa e

l ss itum x s
a .

C X B wa e

l ss Mi r l ils
a . en

C XI
l ss Mi r l w x s
a . ne a o

C a XII . ne a a e

S E C T I ON X

A
I ci v lu s xpr ss t rms l ic cid
T B LES

A d e e ed in e of o e a

II lc h l s luti s
a e ,

A : S G of

II I mm i s luti s
o o ,
. . o on

A on a : S G of on

t mic ights
. . o

IV A we
p citi s cyli dric l v s s ls
o

V Ca of
‘

rb t p t sh s luti s
a e n a e e

VI Ca o na e o f : S G of

rb t s d s luti s
o a . . o on

VII Ca on a e o f a : S G of

III ustic lk li s luti s

o . . o on

V Ca a a : S G of

tigr d d gr s quiv l t hr h it
. . o on

IX Cen t o Fa

hr h it d gr s qu iv l t tigr d
a e e ee e a en en e

X Fa to Cen
lyc ri r fr ctiv i dic s p cific gr viti s
en e e ee e a en a e

XI G n : and S a

lyc r l th r tic l yi lds fr m ils f ts

e e a e n e e e

XII G a nd a

I II H ydr chl ric cid s luti s

e o : eo e a e o o

X : S G of on

itric ci s luti s
o o a . . o

X IV N d: S G of

l ic st ric cids i di v lu mixtur s

a . . o on

XV O a nd e of

dium chl rid s luti s

e ea a : o ne a e

XV I So e : S G of

X II ulphuric cid s luti s

o . . o on

V S a : S G of on

X I II isc siti s ( s m liquids)

. . o

V V o e of o e

A P P EN D IX t st ils
1 . A ts n ew e fo r o a n d fa

A P P END IX I I d t rmi ti glyc ri s p

. Th e e e na on o f e n in oa

S UJ B E CT I N D Ex

A
N ME I N DEx
 SEC T I ON I
I NT R O D U C T I O N T O P R A C T I C A L WO R K
FO R T E C H N I C A L S T UD E N T S
 SEC T I ON I
I NT R O D U C T I O N T O P R AC T I C AL WO R K
FO R T E C H N I C AL S T U D E N T S 1

I rd r bt i pr fici cy
In lytic l
to o xp rim t l in a nd e

w rk s v r l f ct rs c ss ry succ ss h s m cl ssifi d
. o e a n o en ana a e en a

o , e e a a o a re n e e a fo r e . T e e ay be a e

as :

( ) rs l a Pe on a

s r l ti pp r tus
.

( ) b Th o e e a n
g to a a a

h s c c r i g pr c dur
.

( ) c T o e on e n n o e e .

§ 2 is gr t imp rt c pr ctic l
Th e P er s on a l fa c t o r of in a

ch mistry It is ss ti l succ ss cquir h bits

. ea o an e a

fo r to a e th e o f cl ea n l i n es s

w rk tt ti sh uld p id d t ils which

e . e en a e a

a nd in
' '
’
t z a z n es s a ll b to

m y p r ti s r quiri g tim th ir p rf rm c
o ; a en on o e a e a ,

p r e cl u des lz u r ry, fo r
if ccur t r sults bt i d i lly stud t must l r
an o e a on e n e e e o an e

a to be F th e

up w rk h d tt mpt
a e e a re o a ne . na , en ea n

m in do t w o
'

te l a n d n ot a
'

to con cen t r a z n cl on th e to

m r p r ti s s m tim r sult this will

us o an e

or at th e Th e of be to

g r t th t c fid c s w rk which is gr t s cr t t
o e O e a on a e e . e

in
’
en e a e th e ea e of he
succ ssful w rk r
a on en e o ne o e

e o e .

3 pl ys v ry imp rt t p rt
Ap p aratus lytic l w rk in a ll a n a

r lly sp ki g th r is w ys usi g
. a a e o an a a o .

G en e m ri
g /rt w ay and w of

pp r tus d v ur sh uld m d fr m b gi i g l r
a ea n , e e a a ny r ongr a n

a a a An en ea o be e th e e nn n to ea n

c rr ct m th d usi g ch mic l pp r tus v m st simpl

. o a o

Ih e o e of th e o e

M suri g v s ls sh uld lw ys v rifi d b f r th y us d

e o n e a a a a ,
e en .

ea be in
c rryi g u tit tiv d t rmi ti s much v lu bl tim
n e se o a a e e e o e e a re e

a out a n y e and

y c will ft th r by s v d mplic t d pp r tus sh uld

n an a e e e na on as a a e
q ,

be Co
b f r its
a n no

th r u hly x mi d
an e o en e e a e . a e a a a o

be f p and th e ll a r ts a s cer t a i n ed

mpl ym t ccur t r sults will ly bt i d by r p t d pr ctic

o o g e a ne use o a e o e

e o A be ea e a e

c r ful tt ti d t il
en . a e e on o a ne e

a nd a e a en on to e a .

his i tr du c t ry ch pt r is i t d d s rv i d r s tud t s
pr clytt icic l ch isttrych ic l chs istds gr p suhccpsss ful p rf dyr r f r c pru cl itfiic dl m of
1
T n o o a e n en e to e e a s a re n e to en

a a em , a nd to o me e ee, er a ,
a s a re a e e en fo r q
e a e

a na

a nalyt
gr ic l w r k c
tr i i g
al

a ct i w i th
xp
a nd

r o

i c
x i ti
e

ch ic l t ry
in il s
n

pr
onn e f a

t
c t ic
s r u i r s hi gh
on
em

ut h rs
.

th e
The
e a m na
e

on o f o
e o ma n ce
a nd a
of t he
eq e
a

a
a

th r f r pstrl i dglych d pri tryc tw i th ut u cl if i g pr cgt ic r l prstudct ic t sl t kit h upr t ic l

de
e e o e
ee o f a n n

on
and e

e e a e
e en e
t h e t oo
in m a
e
o mm o n
heo
a e of
a nd a

en
e .

a
The
ng
a o

the

ch s ch is try physics
s t u dy o f a e em s o a in the e ne a a a a nd eo e a
p ,
q yn
b ra n e of em a nd .
4 I I
N T R O D UC T O N T o P R A C T I C A L W OR K I

Mo ll e E q u i va
W e ig h t
s u b s t a n ce
of
in

l cu a t
ig h l le n t 1 0 00 c c

l of a

i
ydr ch l r ic l cul
S u b s ta n ce For mu a we t E q u i va en t w e ig h t N . s o u t on

H
ulp h ur ic ci d
H cl 36 5 mo 36 s 3 6 s g r ms
‘ ’ '

o o I e e
S
O x l ic c id
a a
a

5
H 2$ O4
H 2C 2O 4 2 H 20 I 26
98 49
63 63
°

dt iussiu h ydrhydrt t l c ul
.

So m a e Na OH 40 I mo e e 40 4 ° C g i ms
I
Po
d i u c rb t m K OH 56 56 56 I
‘
a a e I I

So m a on a e N a z C O3 1 06 1
; 53 530
dt i ussi u t hid ich
sulph t l cul
2

So
Po
m

t ssi u p r g t
a m
m
o

r t
ma n
a e

o ma e
M
N a 28 203 5 H 20
K 2C r207
. I mo e e

49
'

0
g rms

Po a K n O4 58 3I 6
° '

a e a na e 1 I

II ddii ch l ri d
,

o ne mono o e 5 I Cl
12
mo l cul
e e SI
'

1 26
81
‘
2 g rm s
o ne
9

I n ma n y c s s th s s lut i s w i ll str g b e to o a nd t h r f r s luti s

tiig t h s w i gh t s u s d h s s lut i s t r ds i
a e e e o on on , e e o e o on con

T me m
r l r l d ci r l sp ctiv ly r pr s t d
1
a n n 1 3 , et c . e e e a re e . e e o on a re e e

ma fi fth ma a nd ma a n d a re b y th e
sig s N/ / / If s lut i s str g r th
no ,
-
no , e no re e e , e e en e

N 5, N 5 N, 2N, N,
r l r u i r d ulti pl s r l s lut i s us d
I o , e tc . , e tc
‘ ' '
n 2, or I . o on on e an

N o ma a re eq e m e of N o ma o on a re e , a s 2N, 2
°

5 N, 3N, e tc .
 S TA N D A R D S O L U T O N S I !

I(

I I
P R E P A R AT O N O F S TA N D A R D S O L U T O N S

9 simpl st m th d m ki g st d rd s luti is t k
Th e e o of a n a an a o on to e a

subst c r quir d dis s lv w t r m k

. e a

k n ow n w eig ht o f th e in a nd

s luti up c ss ry v lum by ddi g w t r r uir d

an e e e ,
o e a e ,
a e

th e t o th e n e e to th e

m u t his c s s it t s f ll wi g r quir m ts
o on a o e a n a e eq e

a T th e

subst c c rr sp di g
o n . ne e a e o o n e e en

( ) The us e of a
p p ure e o f co m os i t i on o e on n to

its f
a an

or m u l a

w ighi g
.

( ) b A c cu r a cy in e n

v lu tric m suri g pp r tus

.

( ) c C or r e ct e d o me ea n a a a

r qu r d m ipul ti s
.

( ) a
’
P r e ci s i on in a ll th e e i e an a on .

iti
C on d on (a ) is fulfill d by ly Y VER FE W o f th e c mp u s th t nd

r quir d h c m th d is li mi lic ti
e on a o o a

a re e e , a nd en e th e e o te d i n a
pp a f th s
on . O o e
6 I N T R O D UC T I O N T o P R A CT CA L I WO R K I

m ti d pr c di g t bl ly f ll wi g suit bl
in th e th e fo r
dir ct w ighi g
en one e e n a e, on o o n a re a e

ur hydr us I U A A
e e n :

I P o SOD M C R B ON TE N 8 2C 03
ur cryst llis d XA I A I
. e an .

2 P H O L C C D H 2C 204 20

ur r cryst llis d A I U I A
. e a e . 2 .

3 P P OT SS M D C H R OM TE K 2C r20 7
ur r cryst llis d A I U A AA M
. e e a e .

4 P e e a e P OT SS M P ER M NG N TE K n O4

diti ( ) d p s up g db l c
. .

C on b e nd th e of a e and S k ill i n
sh rt b m b l c c p bl c rryi g t t l l d
on e on use oo a an

A ea a an e of of

gr s w ighi g 5 grm will f u d Suit bl illus

o -
a a e a n a o a oa

a nd to be Th e
'

( fig ) is ph t r ph rt rius sh rt b m b l c
2 00 in e n 000 o n a e .

t r a t io n I a o og a of a Sa o o ea a an e

diti ( ) r quir s m s uri g v ss ls

-
. .

a ccu r a t e l y ca l i b r a t e d
‘

C on
th s bt i d quit sily ch mic l d l rs h y sh uld
on c e e ea n e e ;
be a t th e T
pr f r bly by ctu l w ighi g ft r dditi s sm ll v lum s
e e ca n o a ne e ea e a ea e . e o

be clt ec/
re d e e of

pur r c tly distill d w t r st d rd t mp r tur lt r tiv

e e a a a n a a on a o e

of at An
m th d is c mp ris with st d rd i s d pp r tus is ph t
e e en -
e a e an a e e a e . a e na e

e F ig 2

gr ph pp r tus r quir d r pr s ts cc
e o o a on a an a a a a . . a o o

of th e a 50 g r a du a t ed
( cc c c cyli d rs ls c ss ry ) is
a l
a a a e e . e e en a 2 . .

cyl i n der 50 and I OOO b

cc cc c c fl sks ls r quir d )
. . . . n e a re a o ne e a ,
a I OOO C C . .

g r a du a tedfl ( ask 50 2 50

sh ws cc r pr s ts c c
. .
, I OO . .
, . . a a re a o e e ,

c o pp g r a du a te d i ett es , I o , 20, a n d 50 . .
,
a nd d e e en a 50 . .

b u r et te
diti o ( ) is tt i d y by muc pr ctic c ful tt ti
.

C on n d a a ne o nl h a e a nd a re a en on

to d t il e a .

A I I I —r WE
um r t
E X MP L E D G H NG M E I II O D P ep a r a t i on of D eci
‘
R E CT
'

Io . OF .

n or ma l
( / ) N 1 0 S odi Ca b on a e .

b l c s si ti v i ll i gr c l y tr i gl
A p p ara tu s requ ired
m a mme

v lu tric pp r tus bu s b r r
a an e en e to a an e

me in
d sicc t r w sh b ttl 9
o a a a as n en u ne

w t ch gl ss fu l
e a o a o e

c ru cibl s l p s tl rt r
a a nn e

ma l e and mo
b k rs c ru ci bl t gs
e e a

tri p d st d w i r g c c rl y r sks
ea e e on

o an and e au z e 250 . . E en me e fl a
 I
D E C N O R MA L S O D U M C A R B O N A T E I 7

Ma t e r i a l
ur ydr u I U A A
s

[A ] P e a n h M
A
o s SO D C R B ON TE .

[B ] D I ST I L L E D W TER .

l c b ut w ll p wd d c ru c ibl
P r o c e du r e
rm s o f [ ]
th e N a 2C 03 A in dry
h t t i ll b tt cru ci bl is ull
I . P a e a o 10 g e -
o e re a e

m ( of d re d fig
r sf r c ru ci bl d sicc t r ll w c l
a nd ea o o e .

a nd a

k cl w t ch gl ss pl c l ft bl c ccur t ly
2 . T an e e to e a o o to oo .

an o f e a nd a

w i gh i t i ll igr
3 . Ta e a ea n dry a a , a e on e p a an a e

m ( am m e fig
w ight s lr y t k w igh t his u t
e to .

g rms t o th e ea d a nd mo
w t ch gl ss t ki g fr c tr
4 . Add e a a en e out a n

of t h e dry N a 2C 03 th e om th e of th e

c ru ci bl
on a a , a n en e

r sf r w igh d cl c c b k r r i si g
e .

N a gC o g t o o ff a l l t h e

i t b k r w i th w sh b ttl (
5 . T an e th e e e a ea n 2 5 0 . . ea e , n n

o o w de r n o th e ea e th e a o e fig .
 K I
I N T R O D UC T O N To P R A C T I C A L WOR I

A dd t o t h eb k b ut c c d isti ll d w t r [ ] g tly h t t i ll of B a nd all

is d iss lv d
ea er a o I 00 . . e a e en ea

c c gr du t d fl sk r i s i t w i t h d is t i ll d w t r
o e .

k out d
i s t fu l i t
Ta e th e 1 000 . . a a e a , n e e a e , an

n er a nne in .

r fully p ur lut i fr b k r i t fl sk t h r ugh m th e th e

fu l u si g st irri g d i r c t str li uid (
8 . Ca e o th e N a 2C 03 so on o ea e n o a o

th e ro d th e ea m o f fig and

ri s b k r h ld i g i t uth d w w rd s v r fu l
nn e , n a n to e q .

mo th e
d ir ct i g j w t r up i t b k r fr w sh b ttl (
n e o ut ea e by o n o n a o e nne a nd

e n a et of a e n o the ea e om th e a o e s ee

fig .
 I
DE C N O R MA L H Y D R O C I I L O R I C A C D I 9

d w fu l i sid
i s w i t h w sh b ttl r v a nd o u t the mo th e
fu l d ist i ll d w t r u t i l rk is l st r ch d
9 . R n e o n th e nn e n e a o e, e e

th e ma mo
s t t p r tur s lut i if b l w w r g tly u t i l this
n ne , a n d a dd e a e n a ea e .

m C m
t p r tur is r ch d i f b v c l c ss y d gr pl ci g
10 . Te e e a e of o on ; e o .
, a en n

m to t h e by
u d r str w t r fr
e e a e ea e ; a o e, oo ne e ar e ee a n

ea m o f om th e t a p
wtr rk ck fi sk cl s w i t h s t pp r
n e a a e .

ma of mi x
c t t s i v rt i g fl sk s v r l t i s ki g c r t h t l k g
I I . Add a e to th e on ne a ; o e o e , a nd

me
c t ts cc ur s s lut i bt i d is d ci r l ( / ) u
on en by n e n a e e a , ta n a e a no ea a e o f the

on e n o . T he o on so o a ne e no ma N I O S odi m
Car b on a t e

/ s lut i s x l ic ci d p t ssi u ich r t p t ssi u

.

N of o m d oma e , m p er
§
g t i di d x c tly s r w i th f ll w i g
I I . Io o on a a , o a o a

ma n ma in th e me m a n n e
xc pt s
ana e and o n e a re e e a a , the o o n

A I A I is h t d ly w ll pr ss d b tw c l dry
e e i on

Th e b ut
filt r p p r b f r w ighi g
OX L C C D not ea e , on e e e e een ea n

A IU I A is w ll p wd r d h t d cru cibl ti ll
e a e e o e e n .

Th e M D C H ROM and in
i t b gi s fu s r u d dg s
P OT SS TE e o e e ea e a e

A IU A A A is w ll p wd r d pr ss d b tw
e n to e o n th e e e .

Th e d
c l dry filt r p p r
P OT SS M PE RM NG N TE e o e e an e e e e en

I I is w i g d s t pp r d w i hi g b ttl is d iss lv d
ea n e a e .

Th e he in e , a nd in
p t ssi u i d id s lut i lc h l
OD N E e a o e e e g n o o e

m in
A is p rt u br
o a o e o on or a o o .

ch c s I WE of th e m g ra mg fo r
r l s luti giv f r g i g t bl
1
In ea a e the GHT T K EN 1 7, a n e of es a

no ma o on , en i n th e o e o n a e

t d rd s luti s u t i d t bl
.

S of th e ot h er comp o n ds men i n th e
d d ir ct w i ghi g si c c p u d is
I 2. an a o on one a e can

b e ma by t he om

l s lut i
no t e e e n , n e o n

( ) k y in o
( ) d s xist pur st t
I no w n o n on , or

in a
m t pl y d i v lvi g st d d
2 oe n ot e e a e.

c
H en h od h a s t o b e m th e us e o f a

s lut i d by d i r c t w ighi g
e an i n di r ect e e o e , n o n an ar

o on ma e e e n .

I A 3 . I IE X MP L E — t OF c m ( / ) N D R EC T MET H OD Pr ep a r a i on of D e i n or al N 10
Hydr och l ori c Aci d .

u
bfr ) w i t h dd i t i Y cc U
A p p a ra t u s req ire d
AS e o e 10 a on of H D R O M ET E R S a nd 50 . . B R ETT E IN

s rA N D

r l
.

Ma t e
ci r l s d i u c r t
ia s

[ ] A De ma m b ona
ur c c t t d hydr ch l ric ci d
no o a e .

[ ] B P
[ ] M t h yl r g s lut i c t thyl t d pi ri t)
e o n e n ra e o o a .

( i n me
is t i ll d w t r
C e o an e o on I p er en . a e S .

[ ] D D e a e .

lc s lut i [ ] c c cyl i d r
P r o c e du r e
P cc of t h e co n e H cl
up w i th d isti ll d w t r u ti l
9 to
gr v i ty is ( p
I . a e 10 . . . o on B in a 1 0 00 . . n e an d
fi ll g t h e Sp e
r v rsi g v r l t i s his i v s g th /
e a e n ifi c a I
‘
02 s ee .

M ix b y me
s lut i
e e n se e a . T g e a s lz /z t ly s t r ong er an N Io

t his s lut i is d t r i d f ll wi g
o on .

Th e s tr eng t /z of m
r
2. exa ct o on now e e ne i n th e o o n

m a nn e
(i) k dry c c p i p tt r i s w i t h
Ta / [ ] (w hich sh uld th e N N 3 2C 0 3 A
t sti g wi th th r t r bv)
e a 10 . . e e, n e Io o

be °
C th e m o me
up rk w i t h s (
at a nd
15 5 . on e n e e : s ee 10, a o e ,

fill t o th e ma th e a me fig .
IO I N TR O D UC T O N T o P RA C T CALI I WO R K I

R u n t h e mea sur d t cl
cc i E rl e n me yr fl sk a n d a dd
( 11)
dr ps thyl r g s l ti his tur s th s lut i l i gh t
e 10 . . n o a ea n e a

—3 o f th e me T
y ll w
2 o o an e o u on . n e o on

e o .

Fig 6 .

(i i i ) i s c c bur tt w i t h th H c l s lut i ( ) d th fi ll i t t
d v w t lut lut uld pr
R n e out a 50 . . e e e o on I an en o

i isi i h s m s i s i sh b f
bly t st d rd t mp tur (
th e t o p on t h T h
e a e o on . e o on o e e er

i y c s t th m
t rt
a a an a e era e I or n an a e a e sa e

e m p e a u re as th e N /I o N a z c o a .
12 I I I W K
N T R O D U C T O N T O P R A C T CA L OR I

r t ry t i b f r h pr c d dd i g dr p t i fr mo T b ya me om

bur tt gi t t i g ft r ch dd i t i u t i l p r t pi k c l r
o a on a s e o e . en o ee n I o at a

the m a ne n
ti is bt i d t bur tt r di g ubtr c t fr igi l
e e, a a n a e ea a on , n a e n o o a

No th e a nd s m
r d i g giv i g v l ci d u s d
on o a ne . e e e ea n , a o or na

th e me of th e
p t p r t i (vi) u t i l r d i gs d i f r by
ea n , n o u a e .

( ) Re c o n s e cu t i v do fe
r th c c
VI I ea o e a on n two ea n n ot

mo
If v lu hydr ch l ri c ci d s lut i u d x ctly utr l is
'
e an 05 . .

th e me of th e fo
r pr s t d by th c c is
3 . o o o a o on n to e a ne a e

/
th e w e e N N a 2C O 3 b e th e
v lu r u i r d r r th t
. Io e e en e xc c . .
, en x x 1 00 . .

me cc / c for ofN N a z CO3 H en in de th e t w o

s lut i s sh ll u iv l t i t is ly c ss ry t k
o eq e 1 000 . . Io . e, o a

be cc
s lut i k up c c by dd i t i dist i ll d w t r
o on a eq a en , on ne e a to a e x x 1 00 . . of th e
HCl o on a nd ma
s i g th t bur tt r d i g
on o f As
s lu i utr lis
e to 1 000 . . a e a e .

am n cc th e 6 85 HCl thje
h pr c d f ll w s
a e e ea n w as . . o t on to ne a e

cc / N N a z C O3 , t
ur i t c c gr du t d cyl i d r
i o . . of Io en o ee as o o :

(i) cc 6 85 x = 68 s of th e H Cl
s l ti
Po n o 1 0 00 . . a a e n e I oo . .

r sf r th i s cl c c st pp r d fl sk r i s with d ist ill d

o u on .

( ii ) T
w t r i t fl sk k up rk w i th d isti ll w t r
an e to a ea n I o o o . . o e e a , n e ou t e

a e n o a , a nd ma e t o th e m a ed a e at
°
C
(iii ) I s rt s t pp r th r ugh ly c t t s i v rt i g s v r l
°

I 5 5 .

fl sk of a nd mix
ti s
n e o e a o o on en by n e n e e a

me
h ck t his s lut i by t i t t i g i t g i s t
.

C / cc the N N a gC O3 of th e
l tt r h uld r u i r x c tly c ci d If s lut i is s i ll
4 . e o on ra n a a n I o . Io . .

f th e
str g c l c ul t d ut wtr dd d x ctly st d rd is
a e S o eq e e a 10 0 . o a . th e o on t t oo
.

th e a mo of ma y b e
i t If t u st pl y d wi t h hus i f
on ,
a a e n a e a e to e a an a e

. t o o w ea b , a fa c or m be em o e th e s o l u ti Oh . T ,

cc I0 . uir
. of cc ci d t h
t h e N a 2C O3 f ct r is re
q e . . of th e a , en the a o

wh v r t his s lut i is u s d and lysis i t s r di gs u st fo r m be

r duc d by ult i plyi g this f ct r t h rw is r d i gs w uld
e
'
or 995 , en e e o on ana , ea n

m by th e b e too
hi gh
e e n a o : o e e ea n o

r s r g d t igh t st pp r d b ttl l b l i d i t ly /
.

T fe e, and m me N 1 0 HCl ,
dd i g l s d t ki g i i ti l l b l If f ct r b
an to a oo -
o e e o a e a e

the a e of ma and th e has

f u d c ss ry t his h uld st t d l b l th u s
a n a o n , n a a e . a a o e en

o n ne e a S o be a e on th e a e : fa ct or :

ci r l s lut i s uDe r u
ma of s m h ydr a t e a n d p ot a s s i u m
pr p r d i i l r r l st s lu
I 4 . no o on l p h u i c a ci d, s odi ,

be c s in m m an n e I n th e of

t i s t ppr x i t str gth d up d iss lvi g

h ydr a t e ca n e a e a S a . a e the a tw o, o

ma b e ma by 5 g rm s of Na O H
r sp c t iv ly l i tr w t r s lut i s th t i tr t d
on of he a o e en ca n e o n

6 g rms o f K O H e in e of The
g i st / t his c s st d rd is pl c d
a nd e e I a e . o on a re en a e

N I o H Cl or N / H z S O4 In th e a ci d i n th e
bur tt lk l i sur d
a a n Io . a e, an a a e

e cc
e, a n d I O of th e a a a re m ea e o u t.

hr r i
. .

css m e ma n m
th e of t h i os u l p h a t e and

r pr p r t i l tt r is d scrib d l t r ( p f ll wi g
I 5 . T e e a e s odi u i odi n e on o

on o f t h e Th e
th d is c v i t pr p t i / s d i u t hi sulph t
ch l o i de . Th e e a a a e e e a e . o o n

me o on e n en fo r t h e e a ra o n of N Io o m o a e

I 6 . m ( / )
Pr ep a r a t i on of Deci n or um al N l o S odi Th i os ul p h a t e .

s lut i d by d i r c t w i ghi g ) i f i t is c rt i t h t
b e ma
c ry s t l s pur but si c th y ft c t i cclud d w t r c rci l
The o on ca n e e e n 10 e a n a th e
om me
s pl s c t i t h r i pur i t i s i t is sf ly up t his th d
a a re e, n e e o en on a n o e a e , and a

a m e on a n o e m e ,
n ot a e to re on me o .

ur
bfr
Ap p ar a t u s r eq i ed

As e o e) I 0, I 3 .
 D E C I N O R MA L S O D U M T H I O S U L P I I A T E I 13

Ma t l
I N O MA O A I U M I C H O MAT 8 ) N/ K C 07
eri a s

P TA I U M I O I E
D EC
UIN
[A ] R L P T SS D R E 10 2 r2 .

D iss lv b ut g m f K I i c c w t r It d ly b r gh ly
[B ] O SS D D SO L T O .

c t
o e a o 10 r s o n I OO . . a e . nee on e ou

S T A C H SOL U T I O N
t p en er en .

[C ]
G ri d up b ut gr f s t r ch i t p st w i t h b ut 5 c c w tr
R .

a nd

p ur this p st i t b ut c c f b li g w t r A ll w l
n a o I in o a n o a a e a o . . a e ,

c
bfr
o a e n o a o 1 00 . . o oi n a e . o to oo

r r ur t bl
e o e us e .

) it w i ll s th t pur c p u d
P oce d e

F m the g r ms of th e om

r u i r d l i tr / s lut i s lut i t his

o a e 8 be e en a 248 1 e o n

(N a 2S2O3 5 H Q O ) fo r N A Of

ppr x i t str gth l i ttl str g r is th f r first d

. a re e
q e I e of Io o on . o on

ma e ma
W i gh cryst l s d iss lv w t r k up
a o en , b ut a e on e , er e o e e .

o ut , sa , 26
g r ms th e in a nd ma
gr du t d cyl i d r
I . e y of a , o e a e e to

cc in
i ll c c bur tt w i t h s lut i
1 00 0 . . a a a e n e .

F
M sur i t h pi p tt i t rl
a 50 . . e e th e o on .

cc / ( fig 6 of N K 2C 1 20 7 E
y r fl sk b ut c c )
KI s lut i c c d i lut
3 ea e ou t w
'

. a e e . 10 . . 10 n o an en

me a dd a on a n d I
1
H Cl A
r dd ish br w s lut i is bt i d ( l ib r t d i d i )
e a , o 5 . . o f th e o . . e .

du e t o
l wly w i th c st t gi t t i s lut i u t i l
e o n o on o a ne e a e o ne .

Now in th e N a g S2O 3 th e
br w c l ur l d is pp rs
4 . r un S o on an a a on o on n

b ut c c s t rch s lut i s l t i w i ll tur d rk l i v

o n o o n ea r y a ea .

A dd of w h en
c l ur [If blu bl ck c l r d s pp r u ch t hi sulph t
5 . a o 1 . . a o on, o u on n a a o e

th e o ou m
b dd d t i t t i u s t b gu g i ]
o o . e -
a oe not a ea , to o o a e

h as a nd th e m be
thi s lph t s lut i g i c r fully r w i th c st t
ee n a e ra on e n a a n

6 R u n i n th e
gi t t i u ti l d p blu ch g s v ry p l gr c l ur t
. o u a e o on a a n a e dr op b y d op on an

th e a nd no e

u b r c c th i sulph t u s d
a a on n ee e an e to a e a e e en o o ,

m of of

p t u t i l x c t r l t i b tw s lut i s is f u d
n e . . o a e e .

Re
i lut thi sulph t s lut i d scr ib d i ii ch ck
7 . ea n e a e a on e een tw o o on o n .

2
D th e d and

i t c r ful t i tr t i i t is w k d t r i f c t r pr vi u sly
8 . e o a e o on a s e e in 1 3, 3, an , e

by If m th e
d scrib d r c rd t his l b l b ttl
a e a on . to o ea , e e ne a o as e o

e e ,
a nd e o on th e a e of th e o e .

1
ch
hus if c c /
B en r g t is s u i t bl
H Cl eais b ut
s lut i r u i r d c c
en
s luti
a e, an d a o 2N.

thl c cc cc this l st w i ll r ui rc c fl sk s lut i

2
T , 10 N I o K 2C r207 o
. . on eq e
9 5 . . of N a Q S Q O3 o on ,
cc
en
a e
1 000

d ist i ll d w t r s l t i s ust
P
e
9 50
a e
.

.
.

.
o f K 2C r207

of a

A l l o u on m
eq
i n a 1 000
e
k a
°
b e at 15 5 C
r k with . .

'
,

.
a nd ma
.

e
.

ti
of

p to th e ma
o on .
 SEC T I ON I I
IM N
S A M PL I N G A N D P R E L I A R Y T EST S
 S EC TION I I
S A MP L I N G A N D P R EL I MI N A R Y T E ST S

5 I x mi ti m t ri ls suppli d bulk it is ss t l
I n th e na on o f in ia
first pl c th t s mpl is t k which
. e a a e a e ,
e en

in th e e cor r e c tl y r e p r e s e n t s

t t l C sig m t It fr qu tly h pp s th t c sig m t

a e a a a a en

th e of

m t ri l c mpris s m r th m uf ctur d ch rg cs
o a on n en . e en a en a a on n en

i n th e e of a

f ct ry pr duct th r c s s th t it is d riv d fr m v ri us s urc s

a e a o e o e a n one an a e a e, a

in
urth umb r p ck g s m h v b fill d fr m t k
a o o , or o e a e ,
a e e o a o o e .

F er, of a e in
w i h liquid s ttl d hich c s th s first fill d m c t i
a n e a ay a e ee n e o a an

h th e has e e in w
high r pr p rti impuriti s—such tr
c ,
a e o e e ay on a n

on of
g i n th e ca s e o f o il ; wa
r si du s f ts th rs
a e o o e as e . . . e ,

e oo etc th a n t h e o e

id l m th d s mpli g w uld mpty p ck g

e .
7 .

T he of b e to a ll th e es

i t f ctiv mixi g v ss l bt i th r ugh i t rmixtur his

ea e o a n o e a a

fe an d o T
is t rm d m y c s s sp ci lly wh r u if rmity
n o an e e n e e ,
a n a o o n e e .

“
b u l k i ng ,
”
and in in
m uf ctur d pr duct is d sir d is ctu lly c rri d pr c ss
e e an a e , e e a e e n o

th e an a e o e e , a a a e ou t i n th e o e

of h a n dh n g
ili g this ly th r r li bl m th d bt i i g c rr ct
.

Fa th e on o e e a e e of o

s mpl c sig m t is r pr s t tiv s mpl ch

n , o a n n a o e

e of on en to g et of

p c k g t g th r ith w ight ch th r ughly mix ch

a a n a e e en a e a e ea

w th e n et of ea l o t,
s mpl bulk th m pr p rti w ights bt i d
a a e, o e e e o o ea

e, a n d in th e of th e n et

m tt r ccur t s mpli g is gr t imp rt c it will ll

a e o o on e o a ne .

As the of a of ea o e, b e we
c sid r it s m d t il
a e a e a n an

to on e in o e e a .

L i q u i ds

§c mm ly mpl y d m th d s mpli g liquids is t k

A of to
pi c st ut gl ss tubi g b ut thr i ghths h lf i ch b r
2 . o on e o e e o a n a e

e of of a t o on e
l w r this sl wly thr ugh li uid b ll thumb is
a e o a n o ee e - -
a n o e

a n d to th e The of th e
th pl c d v r tub c lum liquid is with
o e o o a
q .

a e o e th e e n d o f th e e a n d th e o n of

dr w
en

dr b ck this m th d is th t with v ry visc us liquids such

a n .

The aw to e o

c st r cyli d r ils glyc ri f ir s mpl is bt i d

a e o a , ,

o i l, not

si c tub fills l wly ls it is c ss ry t k c rr ct

as a o n e o , or e n, a a a e o a ne ,

th e to o A ne e to a

pr p rti s dim t which fr qu tly c ll cts b tt m

n e e S o . o a e a o e

o n of th e at th e of t h e

b rr l drum th r p ck g v rc m this p c i lly

o o e en e en o e o o

To th e u s e of a S

d sig d m is dvis bl su h sh w figur

a e , , or o e a a e . o e o e , e a

sa p ler th e o ne in t h e
his c sists m t l tub s fitti g cl s ly ithi th r
e ne a a e, c as o n e .

T on of tw o e a e ,
on e n o e w n the o e .
 U S E O F SA M P L E R 17

A umb r sl ts cut ofch tub which x ctly c rr sp d h o ut in e, w

s mpl r is p d bli g
n e o a re ea e a o e on en

the en a a com

s cti liquid tk
a e o en e ,
n .

o f th e to b e
p le te a en

lm st i st t usly h r ls
e on

T e e a re a

p i gs cut b tt m fth s mpl r

a o n a n a neo . o

i n th e o o o e a e

which dmit c rr ct pr p rti

o en n

th e of

s dim t if b tt m
a o e o o on

th e en a n y, at th e o o of

p ck g c structi
e ,

th e T he on on o f t h e in
strum t is such th t by simpl cti
a a e .

a a e a on

tur i g h dl pr vid d
en ,

of th e an e o e at th e
l ts p d imul
n n

t op a ll th e S o ca n be O

p i t r is rr g d
ene S

t a n e o u s l y, and a o n e a an e

which i dic t s h s mpl r is a e w en the a e

p n cl s d
n

o e

usi g s mpl r it is i r duc d

o e or .

In n th e a e nt o

t b rr l drum ith
, e

in th e e tc w th e

p i gs cl s d wh it t uch d
o a e , , .
,

and ha s
b tt m sl ts p d
O en n o e ,
en o e
S HUT
th e o th e o a re o en e fo r
sc d th cl s d
o a

tw o a nd a nd th e
s mpl r withdr w ch rg is
e on or en o e

a Th e
by p i g sl ts g i
e a n . a e r un

ou t o en n the o a a n

c s sm ll p ck g s such
.

In th e

c s b ttl s it is b s t tir
and
a e

o
Y of

e
a a

e
a

to S
e ,
EMPT

sh k c t ts th r ughly th
as an , or

e th e on e n o o and

withdr w by m s tub
a , en

a ea n of a e .

S o l i ds

cs s ft s lid such
I n th e cyli dric l s cti e of a fa t , on of

m t i l is t k by m s It is dvis bl t k
a o o
3 .
, as a a n a e

th e a en ean of a n to
s v r l s cti s di r t dir cti s thr ugh bu g h l th r
a er a a u
g er . a a e a e

in ffe th e

p ig p ck g ch p ck g is th w igh d p cim s
e e a e on en e on o n -
o e or o e

o f th e e Ea th e S
fr m ch p ck g s ft m lt d h t w ll mix d
o en n a a . a a e en e e ,
e en

e e n e d, at low a nd

t g th r pr p rti w ights bt i d his m th d

o ea a a o or e e a ea ,
e e

in o o on to the n et e so O a ne T e o

g r lly su fic s but xtr m c s s it m dvis bl t k

o e e .

f in b e to e o ut

h d c s k b rr l t k s mpl s l thw ys ll
en e a e ,
e e e a e ay e a a a

th e o f th e a or a e and a e a e eng a we

m w x s which h rd dmit O this tr tm t b st

ea , as .

So t oo to a f
s mpl d by t ki g lumps fr m dif r t p rts s ck th r
e a e ,
a re a ea en ,
a re e

fe of t h e e

m lti g h t mixi g pr p rti s

a e a n o en a a or o con

t a i n e r, at a lo w ea a nd in th e o o on of th e n et

w ights c s brittl w x s s mpl s m p wd r

e n , n

O r, i n t h e a e of th e a e ay be o e ed

mix d
e . e a e ,

a nd e

I I A Y T
.

P R EL M N R E ST S

W a t er
t r ils f ts w x s r si is i dic t d by cr c k li g
Wa in a e a nd o th e

i s pr duc d h ti g sm ll qu tity v r k d fl m If
4 . e o , a ,
n n a e a n

a a an o th e

h ti g d t st tub th r m cr ckli g but fr thi g

no e o e on ea n e a na e a e .

ea n b e on e in a e -
e, e e ay be no a n ,
o n

F 8 .
:
W . 11 .
 I I MI Y SA MP L N G A N D P R E L NAR T E STS II

th ccur s dr ps w t r mist pp rs and Of th e c l upp r e

p rts tub stim ti w t r is c rri d f ll wi g

en o ,
o a e or a a ea on oo ,

o f th e Th e on o f a e a e out in th e o o n

m r
a e . e a

a nn e

5 O I LS
wt dryi g ils m stim t by m th d giv
.

Th e a er in be e a ed th e e o en

f ts ryi g s mi dryi g ils b st tr t d f ll s

n on -
n O ay

fo r D a nd a re e ea e as o ow :

sm ll wid m uth d fl sk is fitt d with c rk with

a . n e -
n o

A A a nd tw o
tub s sh w It is t h
a e- o e a e a o ,

t r d ith c rk
e as o n . en

a e w th e a nd

tub s b ut
o

m e a o IO o f O il

i tr duc d wh l
, gr s
p 11 "1p
n o e a n d th e

igh d ccur t y
, o e

re we e a a el A
c lcium chl rid dryi g tub
-
.

a o e

is pl c d h tub
n e

a e at t e en d o f e E
It is pl c d w t r b th
.

curr t hydr g
a e on a a e -
a ,

and a of

c rb di xid dr w
en o en

or on o e a n

thr ugh h t d u til

a

th e ea e Oil n

ight is c st t
o

t h e we
c s s wh r w t r cc ur s
on an .

In in
c t i i g
a e e e a e o

0 115

s u ch c rud p tr
on a n n v ol a t i l e co n

s t i t u e n ts

lu wtr sti
, as e e o

m , th e may b e
t d dd i g v l til
e a e e

ma b ya e Oi l ,

s u ch xyl b i l i g v r
e n a o a

w igh d u t
as e ne , o n o e
°
C mo
s pl th d ist i lli g u t il d ist i ll t is rly u l
1 00 .
, to a e e a n

m th e in
v lu dd d xyl d ist i ll t b i g c l ct d gr du t d
Of th e a e, a nd en n n a e n ea eq a

me ol e in
cyl i d r w t r pp rs u d r t h l tt r r c iv r
o t o th e a e en e , th e a e e n e a a a e

th e in th e a nd

i t s v lu d i r ctly r d
n e . Th e a e a ea n e nea a e e e e ,

m e ma y b e O ff

th r th d c s i l s c t i i g si lyv l ti l cid s is s pr d
o e ea .

m e o i n th e e of o

v r s fr sh ly i g i t d s d b si pl c
Ano
b ut
e a on a n n ea o a e a to ea

5 g r ms Of th e O il om e in n, a nd

d sicc t r v r sulph uric ci d u t i l furth r l w igh t

a o o e e n e an a a a e
1
in in
ccurs
a e a o o e co ne . a n no e os s e

o .

A6 . W AX F TS -AN D ES

f ll wi g m th d is suit bl u l ss v l til m tt rs pr s t
Th e o n e

such v l til f tty cids tr c s s lv ts such c s s

o n e o a e o a e a e a re e en ,

Of et c In th e
pr c di g m th d sh uld mpl y d
as o a e a a , a e o en ,
. a e

be
ccur t ly w igh i t t r d dish b ut m
o o e

s mpl
e e n e o e .

A a e e n o a a e a o 5 gr s of th e e and

h t c st t w ight W h r fr thi g is lik ly

a
°
at 10 5 C to to
ccur c s s m w x s( r b ) sm ll stirri g
ea . on an e . e e o n e

i n th e e of g Ca n au a

ls w igh d with subst c

o ,
as a o e a e e . .
,
a a n

m ro d be th e e, a n d t h e fa t o r w a x
stirr d fr m tim tim
ay a o e e an

e o e to e .

s kd
oa
r 1
f e
r bly
P v cu t d
e e a

i n th e
lt
dri d v cuu d sicc t r v
o il a n
is
e a c ri p d c i l filt r p p r
d
a e

e
.

in
Bo
a
on

a
a nd

m e
Re
a o
use a

.
m
C N . .
e

Ap r
o

.
of

2 6, 1 9 1 8
e

.
a e ,
20 I I I Y [g
S A M PL N G A N D P R E L M N A R T E STS 11

8 d t cti m Fo r t h e c is s h k with of et als t h e o il et h ot

dilut itric cid s p r ti g fu l m t l t st d
. e e on , . a en

in a nd the fo r i n th e

usu l m r ( m th ds r c g i s i g stim ti g m t ls
e n a a e a a n nn e ,
e a e e
1
fo r of a nd e th e th e
stud t is r f rr d t xt b ks I rg ic lysis )
a a nne e o e o n n a n e a

to An a
lk li m t ls s ps bt i d t st w t r s lubl
en e e e e -
oo on no an .

Th e a and in th e for a e o e

subst c s
a e a oa a re O a ne e

an e

g 9 N H
S u l p h u r, ( chl ri ) i t r og en a nd th e a l og e n s n e, e t c

t st d f ll ws
.
,
o . a re

e e fo r as o

M lt p ll t s dium t st tub —supp rt d v rtic lly st d

o

e of in in a an

th ll w b ut c c dr p dir ctly s dium

e a e o a e -
e o e e a

a nd o f t h e o il to to th e
dr p by dr p th h t t st tub r d ss ll w p rti lly c l
en a o a o I . . o e on o

th e to to oo

c uti usly plu g t st tub i t c c t rc t i d

o o : en ea e -
e e ne ; a o a a

and h ot en d of n o 1 5 Of w a e

b si w ll b il filt r st p rti s filtr t f ll ws

a o n e e -
e . . on a n e

in a n o a nd Te on of

littl cl silv r c i — i dic t s pr s c

a ; e e . o a e as o o .

1 . R ub a e on to a ea n e o n a ol a e/Iz s l a i n n a e e en e

p Of s u l hu r
c c filtr t dr ps s luti s dium itr
.

2 To 5 of a dd a fe w Of a on of

i dic t s pr s c
. . . a e o o o n o

— p ru s s i de a v i o l e t eo l or a
‘
zz on
'

en e Of S u l p h ur
c c filtr t cc s t r t d s luti f rr us
n a e e .

3 To 5 of a dd I of a of e

su ph t dr ps s dium hydr t s luti b il

. . . a e . . a u a e o on o
_ ‘

l fe w of a dd o n e o r

dr ps f rric chl rid s luti t c c tr t d hydr

a e, a o o a e o on, o ,

tw o of on, a n d h en
chl ric cid till s luti is cid —
o e o e o on en a e o

p p ol n e co l o r a ti on ol zee r eci i t a te
( rus i blu ) i dic t s pr s c
o a o on a a or

P e o f n i t r og e n

c c filtr t dilut itric cid till cid ( w ll b il

s an e n a e e en .

4 TO 5 of a e a dd i f n i t ro g e n
b pr v d pr s t ) th c c sil r
. . . e n a a e o

has e en o e to be e en a nd en on e to t w o of

itr t s luti — m ifi m i di
. . ve

iz z l e, yel l ow z s n
’ '

w /z l t e cu r d]
'

fi /e
c t s pr s c ( chl ri br mi i di )
n a e o on a or -
r e ez z n
2
e of a h a l og e n

b v s u st c s s t i t d u su l t h d s
a e e en o n e, o ne, o ne .

Th e a o e b an e a re e ma e b y th e a me o
3

D e t e r m i n a t i on of Fatty m a t t er

IO d t rm i ti t t l f tty m tt r
Fo r th e subst Of o a in
f rm xtr cti g pp r tus is mpl y d If sub s t c is l quid
. e e na on a a e a a nce

of e th e

it is pl c d up bs rb t m t ri l such s d bl tti g p p r
a o a n a a a e o e . an e i ,

if much w t r is pr s t dri d first ds fi ly gr u d

a e on an a o en a e a ,
as an or o n a e ,

a nd S ee
shr dd d t k i g c r th t by xud ti whil s t
a e e en ,
e . a re ne o n or

of th e O il is los t
ri di g s ubst c i s th pl c d fr thimbl bs rb t
e e ,
a n a e a n one e a on
‘

Th e in fa t e of a

p r r ll filt r p p r rm d i t p c k t this pl c d
g n n . an e en a e a -
ee o en

of fo a nd in th e
xtr ct r ld st f rm xtr ct r fr qu tly mpl y d
e or a e e
pa ,
o e a e n o a o ,
a e

The of e a nd th e o n e

is X uth rs h v f u d th t it is pr f r bl
e a o . o e o a o e en e o e
“ ”
th e S O H L ET Th e e to u s e

xtr ct r which v p ur s lv t is ll w d
. a o a e o n a e e a

in th e of the t o a ct o n t he

thimbl h y h v f u d f rms d s crib d quit s tisf ct ry

an e a o a o o en a o e

e . T e a e o n th e t w o o e e e a a o .

furt d t ct i ick l h rd d f t s p
h r d t i l s t h s t st s c sult
Fo r t h e e e on ofn e In a en e a s ee . 157

W st
2
Fo r fe e a of e e e on D et er n on
-

o Cm oo /z C omp ou n ds , 3 rd
e dn .

5
lws Se e C l Q
e on

o
.

e a nd Co em a n , za w t z l a /z ve A n a lys z s
' '

.
’
 FA T E X T R A C T O RS 2 I

11 B O LT O N xtr ct r AN D s ig rs giv R EV IS ta t T h e de the

f ll wi g dir cti s
. e a o . ne e

o o

fitti g up xtr ct r is s by figur s ut r tub

n e on :

Th e of th e e th e The
is i d t d b ut i ch s b v ck rd r c rry
n a o e en e . o e e

th e in to th e
xtr ct r pr p r which is lightly plugg d its l w r with
n en e a o 2 n e a o e ne o e a

at en d

c tt w l di s c filt r p p r r sti g w l
e a o o e ,
e o e

and has of th e to
pr v t m t ri l xtr ct d p ssi g i t w l
o on oo ,
a e a e e n on oo

en th e a e to be e a e a n n o th e The
lwr xtr ct r just t rs f ld d filt r pl c d
e a oo .

e n d Of th e e o en e e in the

ck ut r tub qu tity s lv t sh uld ugh

o e a a o e a e

Of t h e o Th e of n ot be
fill xtr cti tub wh w rki g
ne e e . an o en o eno

to th e e

fl s k sh uld su k sh uld r w t r b th which m

a on e en o n .

The be n t o th e o e in
s f ly ffici tly h t d by m s l ctric l mp
a o a a e -
a ay

be a nd e of a 16 c

p rti lly subm rg d wtr r pid r t is

a e en ea e ea n .
p . e e a ,

in the a e a nd a s a a a e Of flo w
m i t i d is c sist t with s f ty
a a e e ,

g r l rul fr m h lf h urs is su fici t first

a n a ne as on en a e .

As a a to t w o o f en fo r t h e
xtr cti ft r which xtr ct r is r m v d s lv t
a en e a e o

th e e a o a n d th e

ll w d sp t usly v r t w rm pl c
e a on , a e e o e o en

a o e to o n a n eo e a
po a e in a nzofl en u ely
‘
a a e

Co tt o n [0001
I n den t a a on to
Sa i
f/m exora ct or

Fl ut ed i tt er
f

S ol ve n t

F ig . 1 0. Bo lt on a nd Re vi s xtr ct r
E a o
22 I I Y
SAMP L N G A N D P R E L I M N A R T E STS II

( r pid h ti g c u s j cti
to o c t ts) W h may on of th e e n th e

s lv t v p r t d tub is pl c d w t r v b ut
a ea n a e e e on e n .

has th e in fo r
h ur c t ts h vi g b first distribut d v r w lls
o en e a o a e e a e a a e o en a o

th e ee n e o e th e a of

tub by g tl t ppi g
an o ,
o n en a n

th e

ft r this t ts tub tr sf rr d m tr
e en e a n .

A th e of th e to a

t g th r with — m cl dry s d ( p ssi g m sh )

e ,
c on e n e a re an e e or a

s of 60 and

gr u d fi ly p ssibl c t ts m rt r b i g th
o e e 1 2 gr ea n an a n e

e, th e of th e en

c r fully brush d b ck i t xtr ct r m rt r w sh d

o n as ne as o o n en o a e n

a n o th e e a o and th e o a a e out

with s lv t
a e e

th e

xtr cti is th c ti u d h ur ur lf ft r
o en .

E fo r to ho a nd a ha
which fl sk is d t ch d s lv t distill d with
a on en on n e an o an , a e
'

th e and th e o ff th e

fl sk i cli d p siti ( pr v t sp shi g

a e a e o en e

in an to la Of t h e fa t

d liv ry tub ) fl sk b i g th pl c d w t r v
a n ne o on so as e en n

on t o th e th e in a e o en

dri d c st t w ight fl sk m ith dv t g

e e e ,
a e n en a e a

and to Th e w e be
i cli d sid w ys tur fr m tim tim
e on an e . a ay a an a

and ne d e to

If h ti g u duly pr l g d th r is littl d g r ppr ci bl

n ne e a o e .

be not Of a e a e

i cr s w ight xid ti but t mp r tur

ea n n o on e , e e e an e
°

ea e o f du e t o a a e e a e o f 105 C
sh uld xc d d
n e o on, .

n ot be
wi g t ir xid t i u st dri d
o e ee e :

A fe w oi l s
l t o th e p i di t v Of he a i r, m be in
c urr t i d i f r t su ch h ydr g
, o n ra O a on I n e

of n fe C O2
a en en ga s . as or o en .

12 th r simpl but c v i t
An o ffici t f rm xtr ct r and e of e

I s th t d sig d by It is sp ci lly suit bl w x s

. e e on en en en o a o
z
G B S zoé es fo r and
‘

r quiri g xtr cti pp r tus is sh w

a e ne . . . e e a a e a e ,

fo r m a t e r ia l s e n a h ot e a on The a in th e
figur It c sists fl sk with xtr wid ck pi c wir
. a a o n

of a of

b t r u d sh cl s thimbl fr p p r
e on a an e a e ne a e e e,

—
.
,

own, s o to en e Of fa t Th e
wir p ss s thr ugh h l c rk bli g thimbl r is d
en o n as as o e a ee a e .

o e i n th e ena th e to b e
l w r d will
e a e o a o ,
n e a e

at

I t thi mbl subst c xtr ct d is

or o e e .

th e th e to b e e

pl c d b v it l y r fr c tt w l
n o e an e a e

a nd a of fa t to
pr v t subst c fl ti g v r It is
a e ,
o e a a e -
ee o on oo

en a n y of th e

pl c d withi wir fr m c mm c
e an e oa n o e .

th e and at th e

m t thimbl is imm rs d s lv t
a e n e a e, o en e

th e in the
ft r suit bl tim thimbl is r is d
en e e e o en .

A e th e ou t of

liquid by m s wir with ut disc cti g

e a a e e a e

th e Of th e

fl sk v p urs circul t r u d
ea n e, o o nn e n

th e a nd a s th e h o t th e

thimbl this is thus w sh d i sid by

a , a o a e o n

a nd ou t th e
s lv t
e, a e n e

Wh xtr cti is c mpl t s lv t is

o en .

en th e th e
vprtd fl s k its c t ts w ig d
e a on o e e o en

a nd th e a nd he
uth rs h v f u d fr
e a o a e , a on e n e .

The t h e S oxhl et m o f ex

tr ct r c v i t xt ct i si c t
a o a e n ot o n o

fo r fa t th e ma
i l is xp s d v p urs s lv t
a o on e n en e ra on, n e e

to t h e of th e a nd

cti si ph is r lly r pid

r a not e o e a o o en

th e Of the ma
pty t hi bl i t s c t i d l i uid t hus
a on on no too a to
em th e m e Of

d ri g xtr ct i u c ss ri ly sl w
on a n e q , re n

e n th e e a on n ne e a o

d scrib d by lt v is
.

2
1 E g th e O il Bo o n a nd Re A n a lys t A n a lys t ,
. . e e , . 1
9 1 4 , 39 , 2
95 .
 X 3 SO X H LET E T R ACTOR 2

If impr v d f r m xtr ct rs
th e v i bl xhl t m s of e a re n ot a la e, th e So
mpl y d but it is w ll b f r st ppi g xtr cti t st s lv t
o e o a o a e ay

be e e o e o n th e e a on to th e

rd r th t is fr r m his m d by r m vi g
o e , e e o en

in to s ee it f o fa t T ay be
c c by m s pip tt just b f r siph c mm c s
o e a ee . on e e o n a

fe w of a th e t o a ct

v p r ti g it cl w tch gl s h surf ce gl ss
. . ea n e e e o e on o en e

a nde a o a n on a ea n a as w en th e a of th e

sh uld r m i p r ctly cl
, a

o e a n e fe ea n .

X I 3 . X A SO HLET FA T E TR CTOR

ph t gr ph sh ws f rm
Th e xtr ct r It is c ct d with th e of th e e a

fl sk ( ) c d s er ( )
o o a o o o . onn e e

th e a d and on en e the

f rm r c t i i g s lv t
.
,

o e on a n n th e o en a nd

h tdea e w t r b th v p ur
th e The o

s lv t p ss s up tub ( )
on a e -
a . a

of th e the e a

c cti g with upp r p rt

o en a e

th e of th e ex

tr ct r c d s d s lv t lls
on n e n e a

and th e fa
c ti u usly m t ri l
a o ,
on en e o en

th e to be ex

tr ct d c t i d thimbl filt ri g
on n o on a e a

in a e Of e n

m t ri l ( ) Wh liquid r ch s
a e on a n e

b th e ea e

giv l v l siph ( ) c m s i t
a e a . en

a en e e th e on 0 o e n o

cti s lv t ru s b ck i t
,

a n d th e en n a n o

fl sk w r it is c ti u usly
a on , o

th e he e va p o

rtd clusi
a ,
e on n o

At th e Of th e ex

tr cti fl sk ( ) is r m v
a e . co n on

th e d e d, a nd

s lv t v p r t d r sidu l
a on , a e o

th e The
c st t
e a o a e e a

i s th dri d
o en .

°
oil e at 1 00 C to on an

w ight
en .

e .

g r g rds ch ic
14 As e a th e o e of a

suit bl xtr cti

.

s ol v e n t fo r fa t on ,

p tr l um th r is pr f r bl m st
a e e a

e in o

c s s it xtr cts l ss f tty m tt r

e o e e e e e a

a e e n on a a e

th m thyl t d th r It sh uld
,
as e a -

o how
v r c r fully fr cti t d us i g
an e a e e e .

be
g d fr cti ti g c lum rdi
e e a e a on a e ,
n a

oo a ona n o n, an d fo r o

ry w rk fr cti s b v a ll on a o e 80 C
°
re

whil sp ci l rk (
na o a .

je c t e d, fo r wo p a r t i cu
xtr cti g dryi g ils wh
e e a

l a rl y i n
l g d h ti g is u d sir bl ) spirit
e a n n O en p ro

is pr f r bl xh l t xt ct r
ea n n e a e a

b ili g b l
on e

e ow
°
C e e a e Fi g 12 So e E ra o
o n 40 . .
. .

P r ep a r a t i on of th e S a m p l e fo r A n a l y s i s

h uld m lt d g tl h t if
The Oil, fa t , or w ax s be e e at a en e ea a nd

th p rf ctly cl r bright ds pr p r t ry tr tm t b i g
15 . o ,

a nd n ee no e a a o ea en e n

suit bl t sts d scrib d f ll wi g s cti s

en e e ea , ,

fo r a ny of th e e in th e o o n e on

If is cl r it sh uld filt r d ( w t r fu l i s
a e e e .

t h e fa t e tc . not ea ,
o be e e a h ot -
a e nn e
 I MI Y I
S A MP L N G A N D P R E L NA R T ESTS II

c ss ry c s f ts w x s) thr ugh thic k s ft filt r p p r

in th e e of and

pr vi ou ly dri d
ne e a a a a e o o e a e ,

bt i d ft r stim ti t r by dryi g ( b v )
e s e .

Th e o il e t c o a on of th e w a e

is suit bl t sti g if cl r th t bt i d by xtr cti with s lv t

. a ne a e e n s ee a o e

fo r ea a a ne

ls r quir s pr p r ti pr vid d it b dri d c st t ght,

a e e n ; o e a on a o en

has to wei
is th r f r fr fr m s lv t m istur
a o e e no e a a o n, o e een e on an

a nd e e o e ee o o en and o e.
 S EC T I ON I I I
P R AC T I C A L M ET H O D S F O R T H E ST A N D A R D

I
A NA L YT C A L D ET E R M I NA T I O N S

°
Sp eci fi c G ra vi ty at 15 5
'

O .

M el t i n g P oi n t
°
C .

S o l i di fyi n g P o i n t of m i xe d fa t t y a c i ds (T i t e r t e s t )
R e fr a c t i v e P o w e r

(a ) D isp rsiv
e e Po wr
e

V i s co s i t y

S ol u b i l i ty . T r u e V a l en t a

R ot a t ory P ow er i n P o l a r i m e t er

I o di n e V a l u e (a n d i t s v a ri a n t s )
(a ) B r mi T h rm l st Te
st
o ne e a ;
( o) Ma u m e n é Te ;
( e) L i v a ch e

'

E l a i di n T e s t

S a p o n i fi c a t i on V a l u e

I n s ol u b l e B ro m i de V a l u e of m i xe d fa tt y a c i ds

R ei ch e r t -
M ei s s l an d ( )
a P o l en s k e V a l u e s

A c e t yl V a l u e

A ci d V a l u e

U n s a p o n i fi a b l e m a tt e r p er c en t .
26 STA N D A R D A N A L Y I T CA L D E T E R M N A T I ON S I 111

SP E C F C G I I RAV I TY
Defi n i t i on

is w ight v lum subst c

I .

Th e eei r a v i ty th e Of of
fi fi e a an e

c mp r d with w ight qu l lum pur w t r st d

s o e a ny o
g
th e Of a n e a vo e Of e a e at a an ar d

t mp r tur
o a e e

e e a e, e .
g . C .

2 Gen era l R e m a rk s

y m th ds h v b d vis d t r mi i g sp cific gr viti s

.

Ma n of de th e a e

ils f ts w x s but g r l lytic l t ch ic l w r

e o a e een e e e n n e

of o a nd fo r a nd n a o k
s m th s l gthy giv high r d gr ccur cy th
a a e ,
ene a ana a e
,

e of to o and e e e e Of a a an

is r quir d will f u d th t f ll i g m th ds m t c s s
o e e a re en e a
°
It be a th e o ow n e o ee a ll a e

risi g pr ctic
e e . o n

in
AIY
a n a e

( ) I I THE S PEC F C GR V T B OTTL E

U
a .

( 5) T H E S P R E N GE L T BE

AI AA
.

( ) e HY TH E D R O ST T C B L NCE .

( d) F L O TA T I O N IN A L C O H OL .

( e) H Y D R O M ET E R S
r g rds mp bs rv ti s r c rd d I this
.

As e a te /a th e in Vol of

b k h v b bt i d by dh ri g st d rd t mp r tur
er a r e, O e a on e o e .

a e a ll t o on e fo r
t rmi ti s this t mp r tur is c mp r d
oo ee n o a ne a e n an a e e a e

a ll de e na on ,
e .
g . i . e . t h e Oi l a t e e a e o a e

with w t r his is xpr ss d thus

a e at 155 dtr °
C . T e e e ,
S G . . C . Th e e e

m mix d f tty cids t k

i n a t io n s Of th e t mp r tur b ili e a a a re a en a t th e e e a e of o ng

w t r ppr xim t ly 1 [W h r m ti
a e ,
i . e . a o t mp r tur a e
15
9
0 C . e e no en on of th e e e a e

of w t r is m d it is u d rst d t k
th e a ] to b e en a t 1 5 5
°
C
t r i ti s ils ts h v p st b d v ry
e a e, n e oo a .

De m of th e S G fo d fa i n th e ma
d iv rs t p tur s It is v ry d si r bl d h r b v st d rd s
e na on . . o an a e, a , een e at e

em t o th e fo r
futur b s rv t i s th t st ictly c p r bl r sult s bt i d
e e era e . e e a e to a e e a o e an a

e O e a on , so a r om a a e e ma y b e o a ne .

(a ) T H E S P E C I F I C G R A V I TY B OT T L E

3 Ou t l i n e Of Me t h od
b ttl is first w igh d mpty g i wh fill d with
.

The a nd a th e O il

w ight is th divid d by k w w ight at r

o e e e e ,
a n en e .

Th e n et o f t h e o il th e of w

which b ttl will c t i

e en e no n e e

th e o e on a n

sci t i fi c purp s s c p is is u su lly d w i t h w t r w

.

h
i t is x i u d si ty
1
For en o e , o m ar on a ma e a e at 4
°
C .
, en
a t t h e ma m m en .
28 STAN D AR D A N ALY I MI I T C AL D ET E R N AT ON S II I

dry l c h l f ll d ( ii ) s ll u t i t i s dry th r dr i i g
of by ma
l tt r f b ttl bl w i g y i t i t
a o o ,
o owe q an e of e e , a n n

th e m t he e, and dr a ir

I s rt st pp r w igh b ttl ccur t ly f ur pl c s

a e ro o o n n o .

th e and o e a a e to a Of

d cim ls t w ight (p )
n e o e e o e

No
If i s p rf ctly cl r th r m w t r pr s t it
e a . e e .

3 t h e o il n ot e e be in
this c s w rm u til is b ut if still cl r
. e e ea ay a e e en .

°
In th e o i l 75 C a n d, not

filt r thr ugh dry filt r p p r

a e, a n a o .
,
ea ,

if b l this w rm with h d this

a e e

l
e o a .

°
C oo th e o i l t o 1 5 5 C or e ow a th e an to

t mp r tur
4 . .
, ,

ill b ttl with

e e a e .

F th e t h e o il
5
d i gr ( ) xpl i s b s t th d is p ur d
. o e .

The m fig th e me o il

s l wly c r fully i t b ttl which is whi l h ld

a a . 13 e a n e o . Th e o e

a nd th e mea n in
s l t i g p si t i t h t bubbl s t wi th
o a e n o o e e e a

a i r- ak en in th e O il .

W h full s t d b ch ll w bubbl s f r d
an n o on so a e a re not

th e a nd a a i r- me
surf c v fr t h pr duc d by th s c r fully
en , an on en o an
y e o to
is t o th e R e mo th e e e and

i s t st pp r s u i g x c ss t hr ug c p i ll ry tub
r e a e . e o o e a e

o f O il h t he i n th e
st pp r
n er o e , q e ez n e e o a a e

W ip xc ss ith s ft cl th first fr m st pp r
o e .

~
6 e O ff e e O f O il w th e o e and

th fr m r st b ttl
. a o o , o
l
th e Of b ol a i ng t b e l a tt er by t b e n eeb
’
en o

r fully w igh t w ight ( )

e o e, .

l
Ca e 0 b o tt l e + il , a n d n o e e
mpty b k i t b ttl ll wi g it v r bulb
r e g .

o il
o
E ac Oil t o flo w O e th e of

th rm m t r sc rt i x ct t mp r tur
o n o -
o e, a o n

a e o e e s o a s to a e a n e a e e a e .

§ 6 C a l cu l a t i on of R es ult
w ig h t
.

Th e e o f O il a t x C = g
°
—p
w ight
.
,
O
x o f O il

w ight qu l v lum w t r
e

of e

w ight —<
e a o e a e

e O f Oil 0
OO O64 t
0

50
wh r is di r c b tw t
°
th e is subtr ct d
ffe x
°
a nd 1 55
°
C and to b e
wh is b l w
e e e en a e

dd d wh is b v
en e e .
,
° ° ° °
x C a nd a en x C
c rr c i gi v ( ppr x i t i fr d t r i ti s
en e o 155 . e a o e 155 .

) is
T he 0 0 06 4 ma om m
c f ci t s xp si v ri u s i l s ils xp d
o e t on en an a o on e e na on

of
2
th e fi of e on o f do
u i t u lly i t is stric tly ccur t c s s urt h r
oe en an a o o . As o n ot e an

s in all F the me
d s xp d u lly b tw d i f r t r g s t p r tur
n ot e a
q e eq a , a a e a e .

o il of m
s ll d i f r c s t p r tur i v lvi g s ll c rr c t i s i t is
oe n ot e an e
q a e ee n fe en an e e e a e.

Fo r ma fe of em ma
h w v r s uf ci tly cc u t
en e e a e n o n o e on

o e e fi en a ra e .

N If s v r l d t rmi ti s
ot e m d it is ly c ss ry
e e a e e na on a re t o be a e, on ne e a

ri s b ttl twic ith s mpl dr i th

.

to th e o ut e w th e n ew e Of o i l, a n , a nd en

bfr
n e o e a

fi ll as e o e .

l w ays l ea v e b ottl es q u i t e cl ea n w b en fi n i s lrea w i t/z

’
S t u den ts s lz ou l rt a

by w a s b i ng w i t/z b ot s of t s oap s ol u ti on , a n d r i n s i ng w i t/z cl ea n w a t er .

s to p e r
w r t
p ll gh t l st
The h h d w uld xp d
m
a n d mi
a of

be
th e
o .
an o e an th e Oi l which w uld issu fr o e o m th e

rr ct i is d c p ci ty b ttl i f ss ry
2
A en .

Co e on ma e fo r a a of o e n e ce a .
 T H E S P R E N G E L T UB E 29

(b ) TH E S P R E N G E L T U B E

T his m th d sh uld us d be e

Wh sm ll m u t ly is v il bl cc
e o o

A a a a o n on Of o i l a a a e , v iz 25

l ss
. en . . . or

c s visc us ils f ts which r quir m r l ss

e .

'

B I n th e a e of o O a nd a e e a o e or

l v t d t mp r tur r d r th m fluid
. e

e a to

Wh sp cific r vity is r quir d tk (

e e a e e e en e e .

0 th e e g a e e to be a in th e

c s mix d f tty cids ) high r t mp r tur th

. en en as
°
e of e a a at a e e e a e a n 1 55 C
his sh uld
a

( t mp r tur b ili g w t r
.

°
T be at 99 C at e Of

bv)
o . e e a o n a e ,
s ee

2 a o e .

Fig . 14 . S pr g l ub
en e T e
30 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T CA L D E T E R M N A T O N S I I I II

g7 D es cr i p t i on
pp r tus ( fig ) c sists U tub di g h ri
.

Th e 14 of a in t w o
c pill ry tub s f m r which fi r b r th
a a a s ee . on -
e en n o

z on ta l e a a nd b th e e of ha s
l tt r w ich is pr vid d with m rk sh rt dist c fr m
a a ,
or a ne o e an

th e h t h e en d

xtr miti s pr vid d with gr u d gl ss c ps

a e , o e a a a o an e .
o .

Th e tw o e e e a re o e o n -
on a a .

8 M Ou t l i n e of eth od

tub is fill d by sucti with w igh d

.

A The e e on, th e O il , and th e

w ight divid d by w ight qu l v lum
.
, e e ,

net Of t h e O il th e of a n e

wtr
e e e a o e

Of

is h t d u til quit fluid tub fill d b f r

a e .

B Th e o il th e e o e, a nd

th l id dish c v r d with wh l ll w d
. ea e n e ,
e e as

in fla t o e e O i l, a n d th e o e a o

c l st d rd t mp r tur b f r w ig i g
en a a ,
e

to to h
tub is fill d th imm rs d wtr
oo an a e e a e e o e e n .

C The a nd e e in h ot at th e
r quir d t mp r tur
. e e en a e

e e e e a e .

P r o c e du r e
A . I . C l ean a nd dry th e S pr g l tu byen e be th e m th d d scrib d
e o e e in

§ s ( 1)
 T H E S P R E N G E L T UB E
CD 31

A tt ch pi c rubb r tubi g ( fig i s rt Of to a b
i t liquid r quir d suck rubb r tub u til pr g l
2 . a a e e e n . n e

e and e e n th e S en

is full ( fig
n o e e

m v xc ss by pplyi g pi c bl tti g p p r
.

Re o f o il Of

u til st ds x ctly m rk ( fig
e e a n a e e o n
3
If
. o e a e

a t end a Oil a t b to o
much is t k bri g r p
n an e a a .

o il ou t, d o of t h e o il a t t h e e n d o f a

gl ss wh littl will t r
a en n a

ro d to end a en a e Oi l en e

djust gl ss c ps v r ds tub supp rt with wir

a .

A th e e n of

l p b l c w igh tub c r fully f ur pl c s

a o e e, o e
4 . a

oo on b ook of a an e, a nd e e a e to o a e

Of d cim ls ( )
ubtr ct pr vi usly sc rt i d w ight tub fr m
e a o .

5 S th e a ne e of th e

w ight ( ) t w ight ivid this by sc rt i d

. a e o a e e o

= ne o f o il D e th e e

c p city w t r his sh uld fr qu tly ch ck d by

e o e . a a ne

of T o be e en e

filli g d scrib d with r c tly b il d distill d w t r

a a a e . e

e en o e e

sc rt i t mp r tur d scrib d 5
n as e e a e .

6 A e Of o i l a s e in a n d ca lc u

lt sh w pr vi usly §
. e a n e e a e

a e S G o 6
W ith visc us ils th s c t i i g d p sit d st ri
. . as o n e ,
.

is h t d b ut fill d i t tub b f r
o o , or o e on a n n e o e ea ne,
°
th e Oi l ea e to a o 75 C e as

d scrib d th l id p tri dish fill d with

.
, n o e e o e
“
and en a in a fla t e
”
e th e
h t d It is ll w d c l is th t k
e e ,
°
o il o e to oo to I 55 C a nd

wip d cl with s ft cl th djust d pr vi usly

ea e . a .
, en a en

o u t, a o th e Oil a

d scrib d c ps pl c d tub w igh d

e ea n o , e as e o

the th e a nd th e S G

c lcul t d b f r
e e ,
a a e on, e e e ,
.

e o e

Wh l v t d t mp r tur s is r quir d is
a a e as .

th e S G at e e th e Oil
h td w t r b th til d gr s u d r fi l
en . . a e e e a e e e ,

th e fe w th e
t mp r tur pr g l tub is th fill d b f r
ea e on a e -
a un a e ee n e na

Th e S en e e en e as e o e and

pl c d w t r b th h t d c ss ry c st t
e e a e .

in to th e ne

b ) xc ss
a a e a ea e e a on

t mp r tur ( pr f r bly
a e -
an
°

99 C , Th e Of

xud s fr m tub ft r b ut 5 h ur
o ve

is
e e a e e e a . s ee a . e e

oil th e e a n d, a e a o o t h e Oil

djust d r quir d m rk tub dri d

e e o ,

to th e e e a A 3, the e a nd

w igh d c lcul t d sh w b v
a e e
‘
a n d th e S G A 5 a nd
e e , § . . a a e as o n a o e , 6 .

S t u den ts s b ou l cl l ea v e Sp r e ng e l tu b es fr ee fr om oi l . Tb i s may b e b es t
a cco mp l i s h ed by bl o w i ng ou t oi l t /z r oug /‘
z l a rg er en d, fi l l i n
g t ne t u b e
) a nd fi n a l ly w i t/c w a r m
w i th not ft
so s oa p s ol u t i o n t w i ce ( by s u ct i on

w a ter .

1
A c o r cti
re on is c ss ne e a ry v ry c ur t w rk
in e a c a e o fo r: t h e e xp an si o n of th e gl ss
a .
32 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T CA L D E T E R M N A T O N S I I III

( c) T H E H Y D R OS TA TI C ( e g . .
“
W E S TP H A L ) ”
B A L A N CE

his i strum t is xtr m ly us ful h such d gr

§ 10 T w of

ccur cy th t iv by b ttl pr g l tub is

. n en e e e e en a e ee

a en the S G e th e S no t

r quir d M r v r d t rmi ti s r pidly c rri d s vi

a as a g . . o or en e e

the o u t,

much tim m th d w v r r quir s

“

e e . o eo e ,
e e na on a re a a e a ng

Th e f h l a rg er q u a n ti ty oi l

d t rmi ti is m st suit bl l ss visc us ils

e . e o o e e e e a o

fo r t h e e e na on, a n d o a e fo r t h e a n d fo r

g r l w rks c tr l
e o o
’
en e a o on o .

Fig . 16 . \Ves t p h a l B a l an c e

II D e s cr i p t i on
usu l typ i strum t is sh w ph t gr ph (fig
.

A e Of th e i n th e o o a

his is W hydr st tic b l c It c sists b m

a n en o n .

”
tp h al of a
“
T th e es on ea

r sti k if d h vi g b l ci g w i ght rryi g

o a a an e .
,

e, on e e n d a n d ca n a

p i t r th r b i g pr vid d with tch s p g s which sus

ng on a n e e a n a a an n e
e g
the o on to

p d w i hts hi s c rri s plumm t (

o n e , e e n o e no e or e

th e T end th e
“
e
”
c in
s ll fl t w ight d with m rcury usu lly c t i i g th rm
en e a e
g
3 . ma oa e e e and a on a n n a e o
 Y I H
33 D R OST AT C B A L A N C E

m t r his is susp d d fr m
T by pl ti um wir b o ok a fi ne a n e, a n d th e
wh l h gs fr m bl c m f t l v lli g
e e . en e o a

t h e e n d of t h e a an e ar The oo ha s a e e n

scr djustm t i strum t

o e an o .

ew fo r a en Of th e n en .

M Ou t l i n e of e t h od

b l c is first A JU by susp di plu m t

12 .

The ST ED th e m c in
pitr
D en ng e

cyli d r r c tly b il d distill d w t r

a an e
°
(1 of e a e a t 1 55 C Th e o n e

sh uld x ctly pp sit fix d i dic t r p i t h

a n e e en o e .

now be th e o n h w en

l rg st rid r is pl c d h k If it is scr w
a o o e e n a o
g o e ,

the e e on t h e oo f n o t, th e e in
f t must tur d tilt i strum t u til p i ts
a e e a .

th e be ne so as to the n en n th e tw o o n

t g th r
oo

plumm t is dri i strum t is us d sm m r

a re o e e .

The ed a n d th e n en e in t h e a e anne

t st d but w ights pl c d b m u til

e

fo r th e o i l to be e e e a re a e on th e ea n th e

p i ts x ct juxt p siti
,

o n a re in e a a o on .

g P r o c e du r e
djust b l c d scri d
13 .

A be in 12

W ip plumm t dry b i g c r ful th t fr gi p ti um wir is

1 . a an e as e .

a th e a le la n e

b t br k ill cyli d r with st d rd

2 . e e ,
e n a e

no t F th e O il a t th e an a

t mp r tur
en or o en . n e
°
155 C
H ld plumm t by br ss h k dip i t cyli d r
e e a e, .

at t op , a n d th e e Of

h lift bl bubbl which will h v

a oo n o n
3 . o e

O il T o u t, a n d ow ou t th e a i r- e a e

f rm d h l fr m which plumm t is susp d d

. en

i n th e o e the e en e

imm rs djust h ight b l c ( by

o e e ye -
o .

Re in t h e o i l, a n d a th e of th e e

m s t l sc pic slidi g pill r) u til plumm t h s b ut

4 .
-
e e e a an

of e e o n a n th e e a ng a o

middl pl ty cl r c fr m
ea n

in th e e of t h e O i l, a n d h a s en Of ea a n e o th e

b tt m
th t plumm t is quit fr fr m sid s cyli d r
o o .

5 S ee th e th e of th e
h rid rs u til p i ts x ctly pp sit
. a e e ee o e n e .

T a dd th e g and h
ch th r dir ctly gr vity fr m rid rs
en e n o n a re e a O o e

o e R ea d O ff e t h e s p e c rfi c th e e

us c mm ci g with l rg st di g ith sm ll st
ea . a o

e d, o en n th e a e , a nd en n w th e a e .

g 14 C a l cu l a t i on of R es u lt
c lcul ti is c ss ry i strum t ivi r di g
.

No a a on ne e a th e en g ng a di r ect
hus
,
n ea n .

T
( ) a l rg st rid r i dic t s fr m
The a e cc rdi g p siti e a e I to O I S G
’

is — b m
n o . .
,
a o n as o on

1 1 0 on ea

xt l r st rid r i dic t s fr m cc rdi

.

( ) b Th e O I to 00 1 S G
’
ne

p siti is — b m
a ge e n a e o . .
,
a o ng a s

o on 1 10 o n ea

xt l rg st rid r i dic t s fr m cc r i
.

( ) Th e t o O OO I S G d ng
' '

c ne a O OI

p siti is — b m
e e n a e o . a o
,
.

as o on I I O on ea

sm ll st rid r i dic t s fr m cc rdi g

.

( ) d Th e t o 0 0 00 1 S G
p siti is — b m
'

a e e n a e o O OO I . a o n
,
.

as 1 10 o n ea

ph t gr ph ( fig )
o on

is
.

I n th e 8 522 o o a . 16 th e S G . . .

S t u den ts s lz ou ld cl ea n s e p l u mmet by dipp i ng i t i n to b ot s of t s oap s ol u

t i on , r i n s e i n w a t er , a n d ca r ef ul ly dry w i t/z a s of t cl ot/z , a v oi di ng i nj u ry
t o th e f r ag i l e fi l a t i n u nz w i r e . A v o i d b r ea kag e by n ot b oldi n g t/z e p l u mm et
s us p en ded by Me w i re w nen cl ea n i ng .

F 6; \V I I
. . .
34 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T C A L D E TE R M N AT ONS I I III

( d) T H E F L OTA T I ON M E T H OD

This m th d is us ful fo r t h e d t rmi ti s li s of th e S G of d

sp ci lly x s It ls mpl y d s m h rd f ts
e o e e e na on . . o ,

wa ma y a be fo r
s l i gh t d i c t i f ll i g th d ls pl y d
e e a e . o e o e o e a a .

mo fi of the me may be m
sc rt ppr x i t ils which ly dr ps v i l bl
A a on o ow n o a o e o e to
a in ma Of o of fe w fo r
x i ti
a e th e a o e S G . . on a o a re a a a e

e a m na on .

15 D e s c r i p t i on
pri cipl m d is th t s lid ill j fl liqui
.

The e u s e of w us t t in d
its sp cific r vity H c umb r liquids v ryi g sp ci c
n e a a a o oa a

of ow n e g of of e fi
gr viti s will r quir d m st v i t liquid is lc h l
a . en e a n e a n

be Th e and

this is dilut d ith v ryi g m u ts w t r i c sp ci c gr viti s

a e e e . o co n e n en a o o ,

w of S th e fi
tur l w x s b tw
e a a e

it ill c ss ry h v
a n o n a e . n e e

Of th e n a li e and 99 9 w be to
°

9 4O
'

s ri s d i luti s b tw th s d siti s
a a e e een , ne e a e

a e e of on e ee n e e en e .

I 6 Ou t l i n e of M e t h od
m ll sm th surf c d pi c s subst c pr p r d fr fr m
.

S of th e
cclud d sp c s pl c d v ryi g s luti s r r
a ,
oo -
a e e e an e a re e a e , ee o

a ir a nd in th e in de of

d siti s u til s luti is f u d which th y ith r si k ris but

o e -
a e ,
a e a n o on o

en e in
just fl t ( Id lly th y sh uld r m i susp d d d pths
,
n a o on o n e ne e n n or e,

oa at a ll of th e

s luti pr ctic su fici t ccur cy is bt i d if subst c v ry

. ea e o e a n en e e

; in f th e
sl wly ris s r m i s j fl
o on a e en a a o a ne an e e

o ) e a nd e a n ust oa ti ng .

5 I 7 P r o c e du r e
r p r six s luti s lc h l w t r by m s
.

P 1
I of a a nd of th e
W stph l b l c with d siti s r gi g fr m
e a e o on

(w t r
. o o a e ea n

9 40 t o
ly ) dif ri g by
‘
e a

k p w ll st pp r d b ttl s ( umb r
'

a an e, en e an n o I OO a e

fe 0 1, a n d
‘

in N
th m
on ,
n ee e -
o e e o e . e

M lt b ut s mpl sm ll p rc l i b si
e

2 e m a o 5 gr s of th e e Of w a x in
fl ti g b k r c t i i g ili g w t r th t liquid
. a a a o e a n a n

oa n in ea bo S ee th e
is fr fr m bubbl s quit cl r ( If cl udy filt r thr ugh
a e on a n n n a e . a

ee o a nd h ot
fu l dry filt r p p r ) ll w c l sl wly
e ,
e ea . o , e o

and A to
W h c ld cut sm ll p ll t pr v t
n ne e a e . o oo o .

3 o o ut a a e of t h e w a x, a n d t o th e

f rm ti brush v r with c m l h ir
. en , e e en

o a on Of a ir b u b b le s , o e a w et a e a

brush
e

st s luti s th t th y h
.

°
Te th e a nd b ou t 155 C T
pl c s luti t ll sh p d b k r imm rs p ll t
4 . o on , s ee a e a re a . en

a on I in a nd e e e e of w a x

by m s f rc ps
e o a a -
a e ea e ,

of

If si ks b tt m p ur s luti b ck i t its
ea n o e .

5 th e w a x t o th e out on 1 a n o

b ttl fill with s luti thr ugh s r i s u til

. n o o , o o

a nd s o th e

s luti is f u d which
o e, o on 2, on o e e n a

f in th e w a x l oa t s
ill bur tt
n

l w rm s luti u til it is x ctly

o on o .

°
6 C oo th e 155 C F
with lc h l this dr p by dr p s luti
. or a o on n e a . a e e

a o o a n d a dd o o to t h e o on in the

d i ry thyl t d s pi ri t w i ll s rv s p ci l c s s
,

1
Or na me a e e e fo r a ny b ut e a a e .
 STA N D A R D A N A L Y I
T CAL D ET E R M N AT ONS I I II I

( e) H Y D R OM E T E R S

18 Th e f rds quick st m th d
of a h y dr o m e t e r af o th e of

sc rt i i g liquid It is h w v r l st ccur t th s
. use e e o

th e S G of a t h e ea a e of

hich h v b scrib d this is b c us th r is

a e a n n . . .
, o e e , a o e

w de a nd

(i ) dir ct w ighi g
a e een e , e a e e e

No e e

li bility p rs l rr r t ki g r di gs ( b l w)
n .

( )
11 A a to e on a in
( iii ) p ssibility rr r c libr ti i strum t
e o a n ea n s ee e o .

A o of a n e o i n th e a a on o f th e n en .

ydr t rs F ig . 1 7. H o me e

It is h w v r xc di gly us f l m th d g r l t ch ic l e u fo r a nd

w rks pr ctic is simpl th t u tr i d w rk m

o e e an e ee n e o ene a e n a

th e
’
a nd so e, a n a ne o an ca n be
trust d it c rr ctly
o a e,

e to u s e o e .

D e s c ri p t i on
hydr m t r is fl t c sisti g usu lly cyli dric l gl ss tub
19 .

A Of a

ight d b tt m ith ith r m rcury sh t gr du t d

o e e a oa ,
on n a n a a e

we e at th e o o end w e e e or o , and a a e
 H Y D R O MICT E R S 37

st m with sc l which ith r giv s sp cific gr viti s ir ct

th e th e e a e d e

s m rbitr ry sc l umb rs (
on e a a e e e e ,

m ) th e Tw a dde l l l
’

a e Of n B
which c v rtibl i t sp cific gr viti s by c lcul ti h s l tt r
or on o e a a e as e .
g . or au e

a T
usu lly mpl y d w rks simp icity s s k but it is b st
a re on e e n o e a e a on . e e a e
’
a re e o e in o fo r l a e, e to u s e

dir ct r di g i strum t l b r t ry
a ,

th e e ea n n en i n th e a o a o .

20
“

Ou t l i n e of Me t h od
hydr m t r is pl c d suffici t bulk liquid si c
.

The e e a in a of th e a nd e

it b c m s m r l ss imm rs d cc rdi g d sity sp cific

o e en ,
n

to th e th e

gr vity ir ctly r d sc l pl c d i si tm
e o e o e or e e e a o n en , e

a ca n be d e ea o ff on t h e a e a e n de t h e S e .

21 P r oc e du r e
l dry gl ss cyli d r h i t st d
.

1 C ea n a nd th e fo r ol d n g th e O il to be
fill c ss ry d pth with s mpl
. a n e e e ,

a nd t o th e th e

i s rt hydr m t r v idi g vi t c t ct
ne e a e a e .

f Ca r e u l ly e th e e e ol e n of th e
sm ll t rmi l bulb with b tt m cyli d r
n o ,
a o n on a

th e Of th e
th t hydr m t r fl ts f If it fl ts ith sc l
a e na o o n e .

3 Se e th e e e oa r eely w th e
c mpl t ly liquid if it r sts b tt m
. a o . oa a e

ou t of t h e th e of th e
cyli d r it must r m v d h vi r light r i s rt d
o e e ,
or e on o o

be e o e an d a ea e or one e

d sc l pit st m hydr m t r
n e , e n e
,
.

4 R ea th e a e at th e th e of th e L E V EL

U A I UI this pl c
. o n on e o e e

I W TH THE S RF CE OF T H E L Q D : to do th e
l v l with surf c ( fig
a e e ye o n

a e e th e a e s ee

sc rt i t mp r tur m k c rr cti
.

5 A e a n th e e e a e of th e O il , a n d a e a o e as

bfr d gr ) bt i r sult
. on
°
e o e
p er e ee so as to O at 155 C
ur if fr sh s mpl s t st d ri s
a n e .

6 Po o u t th e o i l , a n d, to b e out th e
cyli d r with s mpl b f r filli
. e a e a re e e e ,
n

n e t w i ce th e n ew a e e o e ng u p .

S t u den ts s nou ld ca r e u l ly cl ea n f ny dr oi n eter a n d cy l i n der w i tn w a r m

s o l u t i on , a n d dry w i t}; f t cl otlt w b en w or k i s fi n i s h ed
ft
so s oa p a so .

a
bl s
gr v i ti s gi v
1
Ta
e
e

a re
fo r t h e
en a t
c
th e
on v rsi
e

e nd o
on

f V ol
Of

.
T wI dd ll
.
a e a nd B a me u d gr e ee s i n o t sp ci fi c e
38 S TA N DA R D A N A L Y I T CA L D E T E R M N AT ON S I I 1 11

ME L TING P O I NT (
°
C )
D e fi n i t i on
m lti g p i t s lid subst c is
The of a th e t mp r tur e at w hich it
ch g s i t its liquid st t
e n o n o an e e e a

an e n o a e .

R em ark s

All A Y U subst c s h v w ll
C H EM C I m lti g p i ts
LL P RE e de fi n e d e n o n

sc rt i d fr cti d gr subst c ch gi g
an e a e -

w h i c hace be to a on o f a e e, t h e an n

i t its liq id f rm c st t t mp r tur ts ils s lidifi d

n a e a ne a e an e
\
n o u at a an Fa a nd O o e

by c li g giv w ll m lti g p i ts si c th y mixtur s

o on e e a e.
,

oo do n ot de fi n e d e n o n n e e a re e

glyc rid s c t i ls sm ll qu titi s th r subst c s

n ,
e e -

of and Of

urth r ph m is xhibit d by f ts
e e ,
on a n a o a an e o e an e .

F e th e m p en o n o f a do u b l e el ti ng oi n t e

l w r b i g giv cryst lli rm W h ts

, en o e a ,

th e MP b y th e fo 1
fa
'

gr du lly h t d th y b gi m lt l w r t mp r tur th is r quir d

o e . . e n en n on -
a ne . en a re

a to e at a

o c v rt h l i t cl r liquid hus p i ts sc rt i
a ea e e e n o e e e a e an e e

t on e th e w o e n o a ea . T tw o o n a re a e a n

a b l e, viz

( ) it p f Po Of i n ci i en t u s i on

i t mp f
a n .

( ) b Po n O f co l ete u s i on

pit is t d wh is s b gi
.

The j f of i n cz b i en t u s i on th e fa t
'

to
l s its p city b c m s mi tr sp r t h t
o n no e en ee n e n

to mp a nd T of l ete
is p i t wh is bs rv d b c m p rf ctly tr s
o e o a e o e e -
an a en . a co

f u s i on th e o n en t h e fa t O e e to e o e e

pr t c ti p qu p rticl s his l tt r p i t is usu lly

e an

a nd t o on a n n o O e a e T a e o n

giv m lti g p i t
a en ,
a . a

en a s the e n o n .

D e s cr i p t i on
st d rd m th d m lti g p i t d t rmi ti s is k w
Th e fo r na

c s f ts it is ft m tt r
an a e o e n o n e e on no n as

m
th e c a p i l l a r y et h od As in th e a e Of a o en a a e Of

gr t difficulty bs rv ccur t ly st g s c v rsi i t li uid

.
,

to o th e Of

rm sm ll sp c c pill ry tub lt r tiv m th d is

ea e e a a e a e on e on n o q
fo in
giv which b r c tly pr p s d which thi film
so a a a e as a a a e, a n a e na e e o
2
has e in a Of fa t of

c mp r tiv ly l rg r is mpl y d
en ee n en o o e ,
n

3
o a a e a e a ea e o e .

(a ) CA P I L L A R Y M E T H OD
Ou t l i n e of Met h od
T h e fa t is m lt d i tr duc d i t
or w axc pill ry tub this e e and n o e fine
is tt ch d ccur t th rm m t r r bulb t mp r tur
, n o a a a e,

a a e to an a a e e o e e n ea th e ,
a n d th e e e a e

1I pg
S e e V ol
—
.
, a e 12.

u ch d i fi c t i s pp r di C /z i m 1 9 1 6 , 4, 1 5 1
2
G z or n . di F a r m . e 153
. .

ut h rs f r dv t g v r d i r ct bs rv t i th d s
mo
3
S ( ) a on as t /z e dr opp i ng p oi n t
”
U b b el o h de do n o t a ea to
th e a o to O fe a ny a an a e o e th e e O e a o n me o .
 CAP LLA R I YM ETHOD
39

is gr u lly r is d u til
ad a a e n th e fa tm lts If this is s lidifi d
e an o il , in
fr i g mixtur d t rmi ti c rri d fr
. o e a

and th e out th e
m t ri l
ee z n e, e e na on a e on oz e n

a e a .

Ap p a ra tus requ i red

[A] A pi c s ft gl ss tubi g b ut mm b r ( i ch )
e e Of o a 4 3

ccur t th rm m t r pr f r bly r di g d gr
n a o o e n
.
16 .

[B ] An 1

ils wi th r g
to
wi ll c ss ry
a a e e o e e e e a ea n e ee
16
“

, .

s Fo r me to 30 C
°
be
sm ll ru r b ds cut fr m pi c i b r rub r
o O , one a an e . ne e a .

[C] Tw o bb e
”
of be
tubi g
a an o a e e o e

c c b k r pr vi d ith gl ss stirr r
.

[D ] 5 00 de w rod

m ll crucibl
. . ea e , o a -
e .

[E ] S a e

rip d st d ir g u
.

[F] T o an a nd w z e.

l mp th rm m t r
e a

[G ] C a fo r e o e e .

P r o c e du r e
I H ea t tub [ ] bu s fl m till s ft r t ti g it
e A in th e tim en a ll th e
sur v h ti g m v fr m fl m dr
. n a e o o a n e
,

t o en e e en ea n Re th e and aw out

sl wly r quir d thick ss b ut

o e o

i ch b r
. a e

o t o th e i '

02 5 a nd

i ch thick ss w lls
e e ne ,
v z . a o n o e

i n th e
‘
OO 3 n ne

M lt sm ll b si usi g ly g tl h t
a .

the fa t wax in a nd

br ki g l rg gl ss tub fill b ut i ch s
e or a a a n, n on en e ea ,

ea n O ff o n e a e e n d of 4 of th e
c pill ry tub with by sucti
a e, a o n e

a a th e fa t or w a x on

s is br k tub i t pi c s b ut i ch
e .

As o on a s t h e fa t s e t, th e e n o e Of a 1

l g pl c th s l st mi ut s ( l v
ea e o n

on a nd e e on i ce fo r at ea 30 n e ea e at

rm l t mp r tur h urs ) ( cs c l
, a e or

no e e a e for 24 o In t h e a e O f a n o il , oo in a

l st b l
a

fr i g mixtur
.

) to a t 5 e ow M P

tt ch c pill ry tub th rm m t r by thi rubb r

eez n e ea . .

A e a to a b
d th t is pp sit bulb th rm m t r
a a a a e o e e a n e

b an 0 so a th e fa t O o e th e of th e e o e e

( fig
usp d th rm m t r c c b k r fill d pr f r bly with
.

S i n t h e 5 00 e e e e a

r c tly b il d distill d w t r pl c d trip d st d v r

en e o e e . . ea ,

a e and a e on th e o an o e

gu his is d by cl mpi g th rm m t r its upp r

e en o e e

th e T th e e o e e at e

th rm m t r sh uld b ut 3 up fr m
on e a n

bulb
a ze .

en d Th e of th e e o e e o be a o o th e

b tt m b kr
.

of th e
t t r with bu s fl m th t ris t mp r tur
o o ea e .

H ea th e w a e th e e in e e a e

mi ut k pi g m whil w ll stirr d t m
en a e so a

is b ut
a n

5
°
e No e te

wh b c m s m lt d cl r liquid ( cs
a o ea n e e
per n e, ee n .

p er a t u r e fa t to ea I n th e a e

pl c th rm m t r lc h l fr i g t mp r
en e o e e e a .

o f a n O il , th e in a o o a t th e e ez n e e a

tur ll w t mp r tur ris sp t usly )

a e e o e e

e a nd a th e to e on a n e o

l c fr sh c pill ry tub p siti fill b k r with w t r

o e e a e .

P in on, a n d th e ea e a e

ris mi ut u til
e o

g i his tim h t r t
a e e a a
°
T at of 2 C e n e n

withi fr m p i t pr vi usly bs rv d h tur d w

a a n . e ea a e .
p er
°
th e T n o n

mi ut stirri g w ll t
10 e e en

flm h t vr3
n o o n e o O .

No
°
a a nd a t n ot o C e e

c r fully ( pr f r bly with l s) t mp r tur which

e ea e .
p er n e, n .

th e e at th e fa t
b gi s pp r tr sluc t sh ws m iscus tub
a e e e a a en e e a

e n to a ea an en and o a en at t op of e,
40 Y I
S TA N D A R D A N A L MI I T CA L D ET E R N AT O N S III

a nd t mp r tur wh c mpl t tr sp r c is bt i d
th e en

h s p i ts r c rd d
e e a e o e e an a en e O a ne .

T e e tw o o n
p f
a re e o e as t h e i n ci i en t us i on a n d

fu s i on o f t h e fa t
p t u til c c rd t r di gs b
.

8 . Re ea n tw o on o an ea n a re O ta i n e d.

f ig . 18
 ME LT I N G PO N T I 4 1

(b) P L A T I N U M L O OP M E T H OD
Ou t l i n e of Me t h od
sh rt pi c pl ti um wir is tt ch d th rm m t r just v r
A e of to a o e e o e

bulb this is m d f rm l p fr t cl s bulb

o e a n e a a e e

th e and to o in of a n d o e to th e A
film is f rm d l p t mp r tur is t d which
a e a oo on .

of fa t wa x in th e and e no e at

b c m s c mpl t ly tr sp r t just b f r br ki g up
or o e oo ,
e e a

th e fa t or w a x e o e o e e an a en ,
e o e ea n .

App a ra tu s r eq ui r ed

m th d ( ) but with
A s fo r ut c pill ry tub with diti e a nd the a d on of

p ir pli rs 1 i ch s pl ti um wir
e o a o a a

a a of e a nd 1 n e of fi ne a n e .

P r o c e du r e
1 d pl ti um wir
B en th e a n e a b ut 1 fr m
o l p it r u d on e en d a nd oo o n

th rm m t r just v r bulb ( fig
.
o
,
e o t op Of
W ith pli rs gr sp ds th ir ju cti c r fully
e e o e s ee .

2 th e th e t w o e n at n on a a nd a e

twist tim s giv wir firm ld th rm

. e ,
a e

fe w to e th e ho on th e e o

m t r v id tight t ist this might br k wir cr c k

a e , so a s e a

e e A t oo w ea e or a

th rm m t r ( fig
. o a as

e o e e .

Fi g . 1
9
N ow b d r m i i g wir i t
en rm th e l p e a n n e n o th e fo of a oo as in
fig 19
d l p w th t it is pp sit rly t uchi g bulb
. .

B en t he do o e a n d n ea

th rm m t r ( fig
oo n so a O o n

Of

M lt t st d t mp r tu ( pr f r bly
e o e e .

th e fa t or w a x t o be at a low
v r st m ) w tch gl ss pl c l p th t it just dips
e e e e e a re e e a

o e ea in a a a a e th e oo so a

b l surf c m lt liquid film is f rm d

,

e ow of ed and a of fa t or w a x

l p (fig
a e e ,
o e

in th e oo .

Fig . 20

6 A ll w c l to mi ut s l v
-

l st h urs i ce fo r 3 0 fo r at ea 24

rm l t mp r tur h sc rt i m lti g p i t pr vi usly

. o oo on n e or ea e o .

a t no T en a e a n e n o n as e o

d scrib d u d r m th d ( )
a e e a e .

e e n e e o a .

Wb en w or k is fi n i s lz ed s t u den ts s b o u ld ca r e u l ly cl ea n s e f t/z er m om eter

a nd l oot by dipp i ng i n to h ot s of t s oap s ol u ti on a n d r i n s i ng in cl ea n w a t er .

L ea v e l oop a tt a ck ed t o t/z er n z onzeter .

42 S TA N DA R D A N A L Y I T C AL D ET E R M N A T O N S I I [5 I I I

S O L I D I FY I N G P O I N T O F T H E
M I XE D FA T TY AC I DS
fr o m an Oil or Fa t

(T I TE R T E ST )

D e fi n i t i on
s lidifyi g p i t is t mp r tur
Th e th e e at which th e liquid f t y t
subst c ch g s i t its s lid st t
o n o n e e a a

an e an e n o o a e .

R e m a rk s

It is difficult sc rt i ccur t ly s lidifyi g p i t to a th e of an o il ,

f tty cids d riv d th r fr m by bs rvi g t mp r tur

e a n a a e o n o n

a fa t , or th e th e

which turbi ity t k s p c much m r r li bl m th d is b s d

a a e e e e o , o e n e e a e

at d la A on

f ct th t ch gi g fr m liquid s lid st t b di s giv up

a e e . o e e a e e o a e

th e a to a th e

A A UI this is m st c s s r dily bs rv bl
a an n o a o a e, o e e

L TEN T H E T OF F S ON ; a n d in e

with d lic t th rm m t r this purp s gr du t d

o a e ea o e a

a e a e e Fo r o e, a e in
— d gr is pr f r bl ts ils sh w this ris cl rly
o e e . on e a
1
e ee C Fa a nd o do n ot e as ea

f tty cids d riv d th r fr m t st is th r f r m d with

15
. e e a e . o

as th e and th e e a e

l tt r s ful i f rm ti is h w v r ft bt i d by mp
a a e e e e o e e o e

th e a e . U e n o a on o e e O en o a ne co a r i ng tae
S P . . o
f tb e oi l s or f a ts w i t /z t lz e S P . .
g i ven by Me mi xed f a tty a ci ds f
o th e
sa me .

Ou t l i n e of Me t h od
f tty cids
Th e lib r t d fr m ith gr t c r o v id th e Oi l w ea a e t o

xid ti bt i th m fr fr m m istur s lidifyi g p i t is

a a a re e a e o a

o a on , a n d to O a n o e th e n o n

th t k by m h u d r t mp r tur th rm
e ee o o
’
en D a l i ca n et o d, a s th e e of th e
m t r b i g c r fully bs rv d u til it r m i s st ti ry fi lly
a en s n e , e e a e o

e e e n a a on a a nd na

c mm c s ris is figur r quir d

e O e e n e a n ,

o en e to e . Th e t o p p oi n t o f th e ris e th e e e e .

Ap p a ra t u s re qu ir e d

[A] A t st tub cm l g by cm wid

e 16 35
wid m uth d b ttl cm wid by cm high pr vid d with
-
e, . on . e .

[B ] A
c rk h vi g c tr l l thr ugh which is i s rt d t st
e -
o e o e, 1 0 . e 13 .
, o e

a o ho e e the e

tub which cts j ck t l tt r

, a n a en a e o n

e, a n d a s a n a ir fo r t h e
ccur t th rm m t r gr du t d i s rt d i t c rk
a -
a e a e .

[C ]
°
An in 1
C
which supp rts it th t bulb th rm m t r is
a a e e o e e a a e n e e n o a o
16 .
, ,

the of t h e in t h e
c tr tub b ut cm fr m b tt m (
o so a e o e e

e Of th e e a nd a 3 o o o s ee fig
l rg ( c c ) b k r
en o . .

[D ] A 60 0
w t r b th
a e . . ea e .

[E ] A
rg fu l thick dry filt r p p r
a e -
a .

[F] La n ne and

p rc l i b si
e e a e .

[G] A
d sicc t r
o e a n a n .

[H ] A
I c ic l fl sk c p city b ut c c
e a o .

[] A on a a ,
a a a o 30 0 . .
44 I
T T E R T E ST III

9 Me lt s lidifi d f tty cids v r w t r b th p ur su fici t

th e a nd f
i t t st tub h lf fill it I s rt th rm m t r c r fully
. o e a a O e a a e -
a , o en

n o th e to a

th t it is c tr lly pl c d liquid r pl c t st tub

e -
e . n e e o e e a e so

a i n th e a nd i n th e
gl ss b ttl
en a a e , e a e e -
e

a o e

bs rv c r fully h turbidity c mm c s s lid st rts

.

IO O w to
s ttl stir m ss ith th rm m t r (
. e e a e en o en e , or o a

e o ut th e w th e us i n
g g r ea t
dir cti thr tim s
e ; a e o e e ca r e a s

th e b u lb i s t) th i n a nd del i ca in a nd

th c tr ry dir cti thr tim s th c ti u usly

v ery e on e e on ee e ,

in the
i tim t ly mix s p r ti g s lid ith liquid
en on a e on ee e ,
en on n o so as

to th e w th e b u t do n ot

th rm m t r
n a e e a a n o ,

t ou ch th e f i des m o th e tes t t u b e The e r cu ry' o f th e e o

is th c r fully w tch d It will first f u d f ll r gul rly

s -
. e e

be to
r m i st ti ry th ill ccur ft r which it ill
en a e a e . o n a e a , or

shar rise
p w w
r m i st ti ry th c mm c f ll g i
e a n a on a ,
en a o ,
a e

a nd to Th e t o p
is t k
e a n a on a en o en e a a a n .

p oi n t of th e ri s e th e SP of t h e fa t t y a c i ds

p t ith m r s m f tty cid till c c rd t

a en a s . .

II R e ea w of th e a tw o
r sults bt i d d t rmi ti s sh uld di r by m r th
. o e a e a s on o an

e a re o a ne ; e e na on o n ot ffe o e an
°
“1 C
16

S t u den ts s h o u l d ca r e u f lly w ash ou t t u be a n d cl ea n s e th er ni orn et er w i th

h ot so ft s oa p s ol u t i on . Us e th e g r ea tes t ca r e w i th th e th er mometer as

t h es e are o f an ex p en s i v e typ e a n d e a s i ly b r oh en . L ea v e f a t ty a ci ds in
ba s i n on b en ch . Cl ea n s e ou t b ea h er , fla s h , a nd f un n el as a b ov e .
 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T C A L D E T E R M N A T ON S I I 45

RE F RAC T I V E P OW E R
D e fi n i t i on
A I I X is umb r xpr ssi g r ti b tw
1 .

Th e R E F R CT VE NDE e e n th e een

its v l city s m th r m dium M r

a n e a o e

t h e v el oci ty
f l ig h t i n ir a nd in o e

p rticul rly it xpr ss s r ti b tw si gl

o a e o o e o e e .

th e a o ee n th e n e Of t h e a n e Of i n ci den ce
light surf c s p r ti g m di si
a a e e e e

of a r a y of on t he a e e a a n two e a and th e n e of th e

F ig . 22

gl its f e of his r ti is r e r a ct i on m di hus T a con s ta n t fo r a ny two T

di gr m li is b u d ry b tw gl ss
an . a o e a .
,

in t h e a a th e ne AB th e o n a e een a ir a n d a a nd

is light p ssi fr m i t gl ss wh r it is r fr ct d l g
, ,

b a ra y o f a ir

li h wh t v r m v lu l gl
a a ng o n o a e e e a e a on

the bc T b e th e e Of t h e a ng e i t h e a n
will lw ys r l t d it th t
ne . en a e e ay a e r

a a be so e a e to a

c st t A I a on an n = l N DE X O F R E FR C T ON .

—
N ote si If i =
90
°

,
s in i = n 1 n, i . e . s in r

2 R em a rk s

i d x r fr cti is thus qu tity which is

.

The of a c on s t a n t fo r
pur subst c u d r st d rd c diti s t mp r tur pr ssur
n e e a on a an a

of and

v ri us glyc rid s th ir r fr ctiv p w r its d t rmi

e an e n e an a on on e e a e e e .

1
di fle r i n
’

Th e a nd

ti is thus us ful figur sc rt i i g purity

a o e e e e a e o e ,
e e na

fo r th e o f a n Oil o r fa t
M y i strum ts h v b d vis d by m s which this c st t
on a e e a e a n n .

n a e e en Of

d t rmi d mi ut s th s m r imp rt t
an en e e ea n on an

be in fe w Of th e fo r
ils f ts lysis A
ca n e e ne a n e . e e o e o an

o a nd a a na a re th e B UT Y R O R E FR -
C T O MET E R a n d t h e P U L FR I C H

Ip 1
S ee V ol .
,
.
72 .
46 I R E F R A C T V E P OW E R 111

r fr ct m t r l tt r i strum t givi g r fr ctiv p r ith

th e e n en th e e ow e w
high d gr ccur cy w ll if
e a o e e ,
a n a e a

ee of a p a as e as th e di s er s i o n of t h e o il o r fa t
r q ir d
e ,

dditi th s th r is E r fr ct m t r which m
e u e .

In to e e, e e th e A B B be
us d pl c if d sir d hich dv t g
a on e a o e e ay

in e of t h e P u l fr i ch a nd w h a s th e e of

r quiri g ly dr p liquid x mi ti It is us ful wh

e a e e , a an a

a o of th e fo r t h e
giv s figur s utsid r g but r fr ct m t r sc l
e n on e a na on . e en

t h e O il o th e e of th e
lysis ils
e e e an e
-
e a o e e a e,

fo r t h e of t u ng a n d r os i n O

is u iv rs l i strum t by svrl
as a na .

T h e P u l fr i c h a n e a en a nd th e of

prisms dif r t r fr ctiviti s us d x mi ti

n , use e e a

of fe en e a e ca n be e fo r t h e on of a n y

liquid
-
e a na

r fr ct m t r is g r lly mpl y d lytic l

.

T h e b u t yr o e e n ow in
w rk il f ts wi g its simplicity c v i c
-
e a o e ne a e o e a na a

fo r s and to a nd

th s i strum ts f rm rly m d by rm ptic l firm

o O a o n on en en e .

A ll o e Ge Of

gr t r put m uf ctur d this c u try by M ssrs d m

e e n en ,
a e a an o a
1 n ow an a e in o n A
ilg r d
ea e e ,
a re e a

H of Lo n
giv i g d i r ti l r d i gs
e ,
on .

ol eo- r e r a ct om eter of a nd ffe

f
rbitr ry sc l pl yi g st d rd ( s p t )
The j A n z ag a t ea n , n en a ea n on a n

a nd e m Oil
”
h ee
’
foo oil O ffe rs

dv t g s v r but fr c t t r r sult s bt i d
“
a a a e, o n a an a s , no

th e me and th e
s u sc pt i bl c l c ul t i r fr ct i v i d ic s urth r i t uir s s v r l c c
a an a e o e e
-
re a o e , e O a ne a re n ot

of F
x i ti
e e a a on to e a e n e . e , re
q e e e a . .

of the o il fo r t h e e a m na on .

rl i s J 1
Ca Ze s , en a .
 ST A N DA R D A N A L Y I T CA L D E T E R M N A T O N S I I

(a ) T H E P U L F R I C H R E F R A C T OM E T E R

3 R ema rk s

this i strum t light t rs liquid ( s lid )

.

In n en a ra y of th e
u r x mi ti p r ll l surf c gl ss prism r fr cti g
en e or o

n de e a na on a a e t o th e e of a Of

gl th tr v ls l g p th i dic t d di r m
a a e a n

an e The ra y en a e a on th e a n a e i n th e ag a .

In ci den t li g h t

e merg ent l i gh t

Fig . 23

By m s ea n of a r i t l sc p
ea d n g gl m rg c is m sur
e e o e th e a n e i Of e e en ed

it sh w th t if
e

udr
ea

a nd be f f f n = i n dex o r e r a cti on o th e s u b s ta n ce

x mi ti
ca n o n a

m th
n e

e a na on, a nd Nf f =
f i n dex
p o r e r a cti on o th e g la s s ris en

th c c lcul t d k i m suri g
,

s in
2
i ; en e n ca n be a a e ,
n ow ng N a nd ea n i .

54 D e s c r i p t i on
r pr s ts iss m d l
.

F ig m
t h e Ze 1
Of t h e P u l fr i c h r e fr a c t o et er

t g th r with pp r tus k pi g p udr m

0 . 24 e e en o e

fo r th e r i s m a n d Oil o r fa t e xa i
ti d sir d t mp r tur igs giv fr t vi
o e e a a a ee n n e

at e e e a e F 2 5 a n d 26 e a ew

b ck vi w r sp ctiv ly r fr ct m t r which is
na on a ny e . . on

a nd a Of th e o e e in 0 the
thr ugh which bs rv ti is m d
a e e e e e a ,

p f
i ece p th e t el es co m o th e O e a on a e, d i ll ed
cl mpi g th t it mvd
eye o e a

s cr ew h ea d fo r th e di v i ded c i r cl e g so a ca n be
thr ugh sm ll gl by is sm ll m fi
a n o e

an e th e s cr ew b e a a g ni fo r oh

s rvi g c i cid c with fi

o a a . a er

th e en e Of th e di v i ded s ca l e th e xed v er n i er f
is m v bl g — p m r fr cti g ight r m
e n o n .

h a o a e ri ht an
g le m ris for e a n the l f o a s odi u

b u n s enfl m thr ugh u d r x mi ti c t i t h e Oi l o r fa t a na on a n ed in

r sti g is issl r
a e o n e e on a

m a ll cel l f i p m j th e mr e r a ct i ng ris k Ge
c tiig x mi i g with light
s e n on . a e v a cu u

tu be hydr og en fo r e a n n th e o i l, e t c of C a nd

hich is f cuss d by h ight which

on a n n .
,

F l i n esf p m ect r u w o e t h e l en s 1, t h e e of

is djust d by ll ws m r l ss light
o s ,

m t h e s cr ew ; th e s h u tter 11 a o o e or e to
p ss fr m v cuum tub prism
a e

a o th e a -
e t o th e .

g5 P r ep m a r a t or y A rra ng e ent s 2

is c ct d with w t r
.

( ) Th e w a t er p res s u re r eg u l a t or th e
supply f rmr is j i d up with h ti g spir l
a onn e e a e

a n d th e o e o ne th e ea n a and

gl ish i s tru t c rr s p d s i t s i tur s w i t h t his d scri pt i

, ,

tud t s w i ll pr b bly t tt r s tt d d
me n
t i t t his
ma
1
Th e E n n o e on in n fe a e e on .

hs h
p gr ph ma
2
S en o a fi nd e e e a en e to a n d ca n en om
a ra a .
48 Y I
STA N DARD A N A L MI I T CA L D E T E R NAT ON S III

tub s fr m this c ct d with i strum t a sh w

e o a re onne e th e i n th e
ph t gr ph h t is th r ul t d u til c st t t mp
n en s o n

Th e
r tur
o o a

i s bt i hich is g r lly gr d st d rd
. ea en eg a e n a on an e e

e of 40 C
°
a n e d, w th e
ils f ts t rmi ti s
a . O ene a a ee an a

fo r o a nd a de e na on
1
.

F ig . fr ct t r g r l v i
24. P ul fri ch R e a o me e : en e a ew

(b ) A MO N O C H R OM A I I is bt i d by pl ci g s lt T C L GH T th e
bur r suppli d lighti g bu s fl m It sh uld giv
O a ne a n a on

a nd th e
v r bright ll w illumi ti It is th pl c d
ne e ,
n n en a e . o e

an e Of o en in
r quir d p siti his giv s r fr ctiv i d x
en a ea ye na on . a e

th e T th e fo r t h e
s dium li sp ctrum
e e o on . e e a e n e

D ne of th e e

If li s hydr g sp ctrum
o .

2
(6 ) th e C and F ne Of th e o en e a re to be

1
2
L
'

I
S ee V O l
m,
p
i t hi u c d i u
.
,

arcury l s gi v w ll
m
.
72
r d i gs
.

m a nd me a o e e -
defi n ed ea n .
 P U L F R I C H R E FR A C T O M E T E R 49

mpl y d v cuum tub is fix d th e e in p siti

o on a nd c on n e ct d
e

with i ducti c il b tt ry
e o e ,
a -
e

t he n on o a nd a e .

Fig . 25 . P u lfri ch R e l ra c t ome t er : fr t v i w

on e

6 P r o c e du r e
I N ST R U M EN T
.

I I
D ET E R M N E T H E Z E R O E R R OR OF T HE

his is d f ll wi g m r
. .

T i n th e
r r
on e o o n anne

S e t th e ze o of t h e v er n i er to th e Of t h e g r a du a ted

pl c light pp sit sm ll wi d w
ze o

th e a in th e r ea di ng tel es cop
bs rv (by l ki g thr ugh l tt r) im g
a e a O o e a n o e,

a nd O th e th e e of th e cr os s
r fl ct d fr m f c If r
e e oo n o a e a

w i r es e e fe o th e a e o f t h e r e r a ct i ng p ri s m . th e z e o

F 86. W . II .
 50 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T C A L D E T ER M N A T O N S I I 111

F ig . fr ct t r b ck vi w
26 . P ul fri ch R e a o me e : a e

is c rr ct m th e i ag e w i ll c or r e s p on d 1 W ith th e cr os s

rul this is c s If th y
o e

W i r es As n ot th e

c rr sp d tur
. a e a e . e

do n ot e t h e s cr ew b so as to

mk wir s c i cid
o on , n

m th e i of on e Of t h e

with its cr ss wir h t k r di g

a e a
ge e o n e

T th e of

v r i r p t this with th r ir
o -
e . en a e ea n
2
th e Re th e o w
th s r d i gs must dd d
e n e . ea e e .

m T he ea n o f two be
subtr ct d fr m subs qu t bs rv ti s
e e ea n a e

a ll

rd r giv
or a e o e en O e a on

in o e to e th e c o r r e c t e d r e a di n g
Fig
h t is w i r s t h s lv s w i ll x c tly hi d t h i r r fl c t d i g s
2 7
.
.

If stud t s d i f culty r d i g
em e

v r ir d s tr t r s
ma
1
T a the e e e a e e e e e e .

ssis t c sh uld sk d
2
en fi nd a ny fi in ea n th e e n e , the e m on a o
’

a an e o be a e .
52 Y I MI I
S TA N D AR D A N A L T C A L D ET E R N AT O NS 111

i c sc l r di gs
S th ebut r fr ct m t r l rg ly us d of th e
lysis f ll wi g t bl b c lcul t d givi g
n e a e ea n e
-
e a o e e a re s o a e e

in oi l a n a th e h as t h e e q u iv a
l t sc l r di gs r fr ctiv dic s withi r g ils
, o o n a e ee n a a e n

of ea fo r in th e e Of o a nd

f ts
en a e n e a e e n an

Ta b l e for Con ver s i on of R ef r a ct i ve [ n di ces n D i n t o S ca l e

R ea di ng s of B u g/ r o r ef r a ctomet er -
.

c rr cti
The t mp r tur v ri s with ch
fo r O il, fa t or w a x, a n d

dif rs s m umb r d gr s dif r t t mp r tur s

o e on e e a e a e ea

fe fo r t h e of at fe e The
v r g c rr cti is h d gr r fr ctiv i d x
a e n e e ee en e e a .

000 3 8 fo r C th e be
c mi l ss t mp r tur ris s
'

a e a e o e on ea c e ee .
,
e a e n e

o ng e as th e e e a e e .
 R E F R A C T V E POW E R I 53

(b ) T H E B U T Y R O R E F R A C T OM E TE R -

his i strum t b c m
8 T st d r n ils f ts en ha s th e d fo r a nd

d t rmi ti s wi p rtly s r pidity its dju s tm ts

. e o e an a O a

e e na on g to t h e e a e a n d of

f ct th t ly dr ps s mpl r quir d
,
o n a a a en ,

a nd to th e a a on a fe w o of th e a fo r t h e
d t rmi ti but chi fly c v i c sc l r di gs
e a re e e

e e on , to t h e o f th e

h l umb r figur s c mp ris

na e on en en e a e ea n as

w o e n -
e e Of o a on .

9 D e s cr i p t i on
r c figur ( ) will sh w c structi
.

R e fe en e to th e e 28 th e on o f th e i n s t ru
m t It c sists pri cipl p m b tw su f c s
o on

en . on in n e of a dou b l e r is , e ee n t h e r a e of

Fig . 28

w hich flui a pl c which is c p bl b i g m i t i

d ca n b e e d, a n d a e Of a n a ned a t

u if rm t mp r tur his is tt i d by p s s i g curr t u if rmly

a a e n

a n o e e a e T a a ne a n a en of n o

h t d w t r thr ugh i strum t

.

th e
light is pr j ct d i t i strum t by m s
ea e a e o n en .

Th e m th e of th e i r r or a ,
p tr t s thr ugh film b tw prisms b rd r
o e e n o n en ea n

a nd th e o f Oi l th e Th e o e

li t t l r fl cti is x mi d by m s fi
en e a e o e ee n .

n e of th e p j of a x ed t el es co e th e

bj ctiv which is i s rt d djust bl slid m v bl by

o a e e on e a ne ea n ,

of in th e
r di g i strum t is t k
O e e n e e an a a e e, o a e

m i cr ometer s cr ew i Th e o f th e en an

which is pl c d f c l pl bj ctiv which

. ea n n en a on eu

e, a n d
g r a v ed s ca l e, in the a n e of th e O

is f cus s d cl rly by m s upp r l s y pi c j

a e o a e

o e ea ea n o f th e e en of th e e e e e at .
5 4 I I
STA N D A R D A NA L Y I T CA L D ET E R M N AT ON S 111

W h d ylight is us d s thr ugh t l sc p is th e b or de r l i n e een o th e e e o e

c s pur butt rf t ( si c prism is chr m tis d

en a e ,

col o u r l es s i n th e e Of n e th e a o a e fo r
this r di ) whil th r p rts sc l it
a e e a

f e at o of the a e has a col o u r ed r i ng e

m chr m tic light such

ea ng ,
e a .

The Of a m fl m t h e s odi u b u n s en e,

giv s cl rly d fi d li is pr f rr d g r l w rk
use ono o a ,
as a

e a ea e ne n e, a n d e e e fo r e ne a o .

Io P r e p a r a t or y A rr a n g e m en t s
djust c st t t mp r tur d vic
.

A th e as de s e l i b e d i n 5a The
w t r sh uld t r l v i strum t big
on an e e a e e e .

at b a nd ea e th e n en at h, d and e e n

c ct d by pi c rubb r tubi g u f rm t mp r tur

a e o en e
°
e of A e of 40 C
is c ss ry u l ss is s lid this t mp r tur such
on n e e a e e n . ni o e e a .

th e fa t or w a x o at e In
c s s d t rmi ti is m d b ut b v m lti g p i t
ne e a n e e a e .

°
a e the na on a e a o 2 a o e th e e n o n a nd

r sult c lcul t d
e e ,
°
1
th e t o 40 C
bs rv th rm m t r c st tly m k sur th t c rr ct
e a a e .

O e th e o e e on an to a e e a th e o e

t mp r tur is b i g m t i d
e e

e e a e e n a in a n e .

11 P r o c e du r e
r sp i t m t by t l sc p c rri r ( v r by
.

I G th e th e 1 th e
t l sc p its lf) with l ft h d p prism by tur i g
. a ns ru en e e o e a e ne e

e e th e e th e th e
h lf tur ll w hi g d p rti r st
o e e an , O en n n

m i l l ed h ea d f a a n, a n d a o th e n e o on t o e k
If prism surf c s scrupul usly cl th y sh uld
on .

th e n ot be
v ry c r fully wip d with f c tt )
2 . a e a re o ea n, e o

f ( t l i n en h a n dh er ch i e n ot

dipp d mixtur lc h l th r surr u di g m t l

e a e e a so o on

in e of a o a nd e The
p rts sh uld ls quit cl
e a o e . o n n e a

a o be e ea n

If s mpl t st d is cl r p ur r ps pr sm
a o .

3 th e e to be fe w d on to th e i
surf c m whil h ldi g r fr ct m t r th t this is h ri
. a e e ea , o a o

a e on C , e o n e

ki g hi g d p rti cl s this v r
ea n a o e e so a o

z on t a l Ta now th e e g 0 a nd

s cur by tur i g mill d h d h lf tur If is

. n n o on o e o e

th e e f t h e o il
uit cl r it must filt r d thr ugh dry thick filt r p p r If
e e n n ea a a n . not

be
this sh uld m lt d t st tub h t
q e ea e e o a , e a e .

fa t or w a x be in e at a
g en t /e
l c i strum t b ch rr g s dium l mp
a o e e a e -
ea .

4 P th e th e and a th e

th t light is r fl ct d by thr ugh

. a e n en on en an e o a

j
th e m th e d u s ta bl e i r r or a
i strum t djust y pi c l s th t sc l
so a e e e a o

th e and a th e e e th e
disti ctly s
n en ,
e e en so a a e ca n

be
ll mi ut film tt i c rr ct t mp r tur
n een .

5 A ow a fo r t h e of fa t t o th e

th x mi If li is quit sh rp disti ct it is
. n e a a n o e e e a e,

a nd the ne n ot a nd

pr b bly bubbl s sp c s this c s fr sh

en e a ne . e a n

du e t o a ir or a e a nd in
pplic ti is m d prism It is ft hwvr
o a -
e , a e a e

a o n o f O il a e to th e O en du e to
h vi g tt i d u if r m t mp r tur littl
a . o e e

th e Oil not e and a

furth r tim must ll w d b f r x mi ti

a n a a ne a n o e a e, e

be e o e e a na

d sc l figur li h l umb rs sc rt i
e e a o e on .

6 R ea o ff t h e fo r t h e ne in w o e n A
first d cim l pl c by
. a e e e . e a n

th e m m h t h e a i d Of t h e i cr o e ter s cr e w i in t
f ll wi g m r
e a a e e ,

o o n a n ne :

c rr c t i b tt rf t is sc l d i v isi s ch d gr —th t
ch d g r is b s v ti v r sc l d i visi s u s t
1
Th e o e on fo r u e a a e on for ea e ee C a
is
.

dd d r di g
fo r °
, ea e re e e i n th e O er a on o e 40
'

o , a e on m be
a e to t h e ea n .
 II T M
E B UTY R O R E F R A C T O
55
-
ETER

t p siti
No th e micr m t r drum r di g ito f th e o e e a nd th e

giv s ( fig h with t l sc p r t t
e o on , ea n

in T t h e e ye t o t h e

mill d h d ( thus m vi g p si
e 0 21 . en , e e o e, o a e

the o n th e o

ti b rd r li ) u til li
e ea

on o f t h e o e ne n th e ne

is j us t with
coi n ci xt u it
den t th e n e

divisi sc l d
n

of th e R ea th e n e w

figur drum subtr ct fr m

on a e .

th e a nd a

first r di g his will giv

e on o

th e ea n T e th e

d cim l dd d wh l
.

e a to be a e to th e o e

umb r
p t p r ti s si g
n e .

7 Re a ll O th e ta n d
suppli d with
ea e a on ,
u n s

a rd fl uid e th e in s tru
m t m k c rr cti hich is f u d c ss ry
and e any o on w

c v rt sc l r di gs i t r fr ct v I dic s f l i
en , a e o n ne e a .

8 To th e l ow
f rmul b c lcul t d by
. on e a e ea n n o e a i e n e o ng

o a has ee n a a e R ob er ts 1

[] n D=

wh r e e x = s ca le r di g
ea n .

S tu den ts s h ou l d l ea v e th e p r i s m s p erfect ly cl ea n , u s i n
g f or t h e p u rp os e
a
f t l i n en h a n dh er ch i ef
so a nd a l i tt l e a l coh ol -
eth er m i xt u r e
f ll wi g t bl c lcul t d by uth rs giv s r fr ctiv
.

Th e n e, a th e a th e a e

i dic s [ ] c rr sp di g sc l r di gs
o o a a e o ,
e e

n e n o fo r o e on n a e ea n .

Ta b l e f or Con v ers i on o f S ca l e R ea di ng s ( B u tyr o -

re fi
'

a ct o met er )
i n to R ef r a ct i ve n di ces n D .

i l i
x x
S ca e
R e fr a c t v e R e fr a c t v e
I
n de n
o
ea

mg
d
In de n
D

1
A n a ly s t , 1
9 1 6, 4 1 ,
56 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T C AL D ET E R M NAT ON S I I 111

( 0) T H E A B B E R E F R A C T OM E T E R

this i stru t d i r ct sur t s s r fr cti v men m ea me n of th e

i dx d l i u id s r gi g b tw cc ur cy
§ 12 . B y m ea n of n e e e a e

m ay b e m a an d 1 An of

u i t f urt h d ci l pl c is tt i bl It is sui t bl g r l i r l
n e e Of a l l q an n e ee n 1 3 7 . a a

i n th e o ma fo r m
f tty ly s i s x i t i turp t i ss t i l i l
I n e a e a a na e . a e en e a ne a

a nd a o i l a na a nd fo r th e e a m na on o f en ne a n d e en a o s.
,

Fi g .
30

r t
d s fli t gl ss u t d w ic
13 . D e s c i p i on
3 . a nd
p r i s ms Of mo i n w a ter a ch ets , h
c l p d t g t h r tur i g fc upp r pris
b a re j en e n a , n e h ca n be
m by th e mi ll ed h ea d Th e e of th e m in
c t ct w i th l i u i d is p l ish d whi l c rr sp d i g sur c lwr
a e o e e n n 0. a e

th e th e fa e Of th e
pri s is l ft gr y r v t f r t i f l s i g s
on a o e e o e on n
q , o e

m th e ma Of ma Th e t h er mometer
sc r w s i t p si t i c l s a r c rd s t p r tur
e e to p e en o on a e e .

to th e n oz z l e a t nd th e em e of

ci rc ul t i g w t r pris syst r t t d b ut h ri t l xi s
e n o o on o e d e o e a th e
The m e m ca n be
which is tt ch d i d x which
a n a e . o a e a o a o z on a a by
me a n s m th e g len s f, a nd th e
vs vr is rig i dly tt ch d c ry i
O f th e a r e , to a a e r ea di n n e

mo e th e T h e t el es cop e j to t h e
w h l syst s ct r t l sc p t g th r w i t p is s
o e s ca l e g . a a e s ect or h ar ng

e m Of e h the
tur d b ut h ri t l x is xtr p si t i s b i g d t r i d by
th e s ca l e g, a nd th e o e o and e e o e o e e r m
be th e e e me m ne
st p s figur sh ws i stru t r l p si t i
ca n ne a o a o z on a a ,
o on e n e e

T he th e me n in the ma fo r mea s u ri
l i u id s l igh t b i g r fl ct d i t pris s by s
o . e o n no o on

th e m me a n o f th e mi r r or 0 The A b e
is tt ch d t l sc p pri s s b i g t t d
e n e e e n o
q , .

mp en s a t or th e m
th ir p si t i r c rd l w r pris
co a a e t o th e e nd o f the e e o e, e n ro a e by
m i l l ed h ea d 1 m ed b y th e s ca l e The m
t t d r l ti v ly sc l
the a nd e o on e o . o e

ca n be ro a e e a e to t h e a e b y t h e b l a cle m i ll ed r i ng 11 .
 CD
TH E A B B E R E F R A C T O M E T E R
57 4

g r r t rr m P A en ts

rd r bt i c rr c t r d i gs i stru t is ch ck d
14. ep a a ory ang e

In s th e me n b y me a n
gl s t st pi c suppl i d h vi g r fr ctiv i d x gr v d up i t
o e to o a n o e ea n , n e e of th e
th e
r d i g is d f ll s s ct r is v d v r g i st f r w rd st p
as e -
e e e ,
a n e a e n e en a e on . Th e
ma The h mo
pris j ck t s p d i s tru t tur d r u d t h t t l sc p
ea n e as o o w : e o e o e a a n th e o a o ,

the m and th e men

p i t s t w rd s l igh t s urc t st pi c is pl c d w i th i t s l rg r
a e o en e , n ne o n so a the e e o e

t he T he
p l ish d f c pris f c dr p l i u id hi gh r r fr c t i v i d x (
o n o a o e. e -
e e now a e a e

th e m of of mo n o
is r c d d) b i g u s d k ptic l c t ct
o e a e on a e, a o
q e e a e n e

b ro mn a p h t h a l e n e mm e n ma e th e O

divid i g l i fi ld is ch r t is d c p st r
e o e e n e to a on a . The
f th e s ma b y m ea n of th e om

l i is th i t rs c t i c r ss w b s vi g i d x
n ne o e now a o e en a o . T he
th e of th e b y mo m,
r di g t d If l tt r d s gr w i t h v lu g v d
ne en s et o n n e e on o -
e n th e n e ar

a nd th e th e
t st p i c pris j ck t s u st v d r l tiv pris
ea n no e . a e oe n ot a ee th e a e en ra e

th e th e m m b e mo m a rm ,

th r scr ws b i g g tly l s d this purp s r ti h t d wh

on e -
e e, a e e e a e t o th e
fo r o e a nd th e
s tt i g is c rr c t
ee e n en oo en e e en e
e g en

i stru t is c ct d wit h th r st t s tr w t r p ss d
e n o e .

Th e me n th e mo a nd a m
thr ugh pris s r ui r d t p r tur w t r s tr sh uld t r
n onn e e e a , ea Of a e a e

the m th e m The ea m

l l v th r ls b i g c ct d
at e e e e a e.
o q a e o en e

t th e and the o s a nd

r bb r tub i g
a n oz z e q ea e at r, e t w o n oz z e , t, e n onne e by
u e n .

rc
t—
h t th r t r r i d st dy r uir d t p r t r
15. P o e du r e

S ee th e m o me has ema n e

i ut s
1 . a e e ea at th e eq e em e a u e

fo r 5 m
u sh v r fr t st p p i g pris j ck t s vi g i d x
10 n e .

P h m mo
c ss ry u t i l fc pris is h ri t l
2. s e ct o r o e to on o , o en n a e , and . n n e

m if ne th e e Of th e m
Wip sur c w i t h c l s ft c l t h pl c dr p l i uid
ar e e a n a o z on a .

th e fa
cl s j ck t v r by tu i g i ll d h d st r s ct r
3 . e e a ea n o o , a e a o or tw o of q on ,

th e a nd fix m
r l p si t i dir c t b l igh t t h r ugh t l sc p
o e a e o e rn n e ea 0. Re o e e o

ma o n , a nd ea m o f

dj u s t t m i rr r
to no o e a o th e e e o e by
m en of th e
cu s c r ss w b s sh rply tur i g
a o .

Fo the s b y mea n o f eye p i ece k On th e

i vi di g l i fi ld w i ll g r l i d ic t d
4 . o -
e a . n n

i n dex m e the d ne of the in be by

p t ch brigh t c l ur b tw l i gh t d rk p rt s fi ld
ar n e , en e a , n a e

of t he a nd Of th e
v this by tur i g wh d rk h lf fi ld
a a o o e een a a e .

R e mo th e m i ll ed h ea d 1, th e of th e
w i ll pp r b u d d by sh rp dg cc p i d purpl ish b rd r
e n n en a a e

m by
furt h r v t i dx bri g s rp dg d i r c tly
a ea o n e a a e e a o an e a o e .

By mo men of th e m th e ha
u d r i t rs c t i
5
c r ss w b s
. a e e n e ar n e e e

th e of th e
d r fr ct iv i d x d i r ctly sc l u si g ifi r
n e n e e on o -
e .

6 Rea th e th e th e ma g n
this purp s thi rd d c i l pl c i s gr v d f urth d ci l
. e a e n e e on a e, n e f fo r
The ma ma
is j udg d i s p c t i
o e . e a e en a e , and th e o e

by
bt i c rr sp d i g but r fr ct t r
e n e on .

To th e s ca le r ea di n s o f o me e

r f r t bl p g
o a n o e on n
g the e
-
e a

e e to a e on a e 52 .

rr c
6 Co m r t i o n fo r T e p e a t ur e
v r g c rr ct i t p r tur i l s f t s is
1 . e

The for ch em fo r
ris If bs rv t i th r f r is t k t mp tur v r
a e a e o e on e a e etc 0 003 8 fo r C
'
O ,
a ,
. ea .

th e
c rr c t i c ss ry is ( f ct r is r r
° °
e . O e a on e e o e a en at a e e ra e x o e 40 0 C .
,

th e ( + xx F or t u r en t i n e th e
o e on ne e
p a a o n ea e

000 3 5 )
'

S t u den ts mus t l ea ve t he p r i s m s u rfa ces p erfect ly cl ea n , u s i ng for th i s p u rp os e a

ft l i n en h a n d/eer ch i ef a n d a l i tt l e a l coh ol eth er mi xtu r e

so -
. Th e p r i s ms s h ou l d n ot

be r u bbed but on ly tou ch ed l i gh t ly .

58 ST A N DA R D A N A L Y I T CAL D ET E R M N A T ON S I I 111

T H E D I S P E R S I V E P OW E R

1 D e fi n i t i on
di r c b tw r fr ctiv i dic s r ys
.

The ffe th e Of a n y tw o of th e

p ctrum r fr cti g m dium is t rm d th t

en e e ee n e a e n e a

Of pe th e di s r s i on Of

m dium whil subst c is xpr ss d by

S e any e a n e e e a

I I ( ) t h e D S P E R S V E P OW E R w of a

r ti c fici t disp rsi i d x r fr cti

e ,
e an e e e e

th e o o f th e oe f en of e to th e of of the
m i us u ity hus if r pr s t r fr ctiv
a on n e e a on

m T a nd np th e

i dic s subst c li s sp ctrum th

ea n r a y n n . nq ,
up e e en e a e

of a an e fo r t h e C, D and F of t h e

li s
n e ne e en
—
,

pThe D is er s i on o f th e s u b s ta n c e = n F nc fo r t h e F a nd C ne .

720
T h e D i sp er s i ve P o w er ( to) 720 I

§ 2 R ema rk s

uth rs h v x mi d disp rsi m st f tty ils

.

Th e e e a th e of of th e o

r sults g v di gr mm tic f rm ls t bl
a o a ne e on o a ,

a nd th e i in a nd a in t he e

f ll wi g h y f u d figur much l ss lyt i c l v lu th

e a re en a a a o , o a

T o the of

r fr ctiv i d x dryi g s mi dryi g ils br ly

o o n . e n e e a na a a e an

th e e Th e a nd a re oa d

di f r ti t d fr m dryi g ils f ts but s p r ti is

e a e n . n e -
n o

fe th e n on and th e on

v ry m rk d c ut li s d ils h w v r xc pti l
en a e o -
n o a ,
e a a

not Co on and ee e e on a th e

f rm r b i g much l w r l tt r high r th v r g It is
e a e . n o a re o e e ,

e n o and th e th e
thus vid t th t pr s c glyc rid s cids m l cul r
o e e a e e an a e a e .

en th e of e of a of l ow o e a

w ight d cr s s disp rsi whilst u s tur t d glyc rid s i cr s

e a e en e e

e e ea e th e a e ea

figur r m rk bl xc pti g r l rul is u g ( hi s

e o n, n a e e n e

t he A to th e T C ne

w d ) which sh ws v ry high disp rsi i d d this b i g p rh ps

e . e a a e e e on en e a e n e

oo O il , e on n ee e n e a

its m st ch r ct ristic pr p rty

o a e ,

o a a

uth rs th t littl ct disp rsi

e o e .

The I I Y find FR E E AC D T has e ef

fe th e o n,

figur b i g slightly r is d ( b ut ch c t fr
a o a on e

th e fo r fi ve p er
‘

c dity ) X I A I i cr s s disp rsi whil h ti g

e e n a e a o 0000 1 ea en . ee

O D T ON o f a n o il th e
I A I pr duc s m rk d d cr s his f rds m s
a i . n ea e e on, e ea n

Y
P OL ME R S T ON a e e ea e T a fo a ea n

disti guishi g xidi d fr m p lym ris d ils

o e a .

“ ”
Of
”
e E LA ID I N S
giv much l w r disp rsi s th ils r m which th y
n n o se o o e O .

e o e e on an the o f o e a re p ro
du ce d
ct t mp r tur duri g bs rv ti is
.

The e ffe Of th e e Of th e Oil th e a n ot

v ry m rk d is t mp r tur d cr s s figur pp r tly b ut

e e a n O e on

R e of th e
ch d gr ris [ fu th r d t ils rigi l p p r
e a e . e e a e e ea e e, a a en a o

0 000 2 fo r ee C Fo r th e o na a e

sh uld c sult d pt mb r]
ea e . e . r e e a

o be on e , A n a lys t, 1 9 1 8, Se e e

3 Ap p a ra tu s
fr ct m t r is m st g r lly suit bl
.

Th e P u lfr i c h R e a th e fo r t h e
disp rsi lth ugh r di gs m ls b i d bb
o e e o en e a a e

be ta th e A é i n s tr u
m t s urc light m st g r lly mpl y d is th t bt i d by
e on , a o ea n ay a o O ne on

The Of

l ctric disch rg h i gh v lt thr ugh tub hydr g u d r

en . o e o e ne a e o e a O a ne

e of of

pr ssur ( b ut his iv s blu r ys c rr sp di g

an e e a o age o a e o en n e

lo w e e a o 2 T g e re d a n d e a o e on n
 60 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I
T CA L D E T E R M N A T O N S I I III
D i ag r a m f
o di sp ers i ve p ow er o
f oi ls a nd f a ts .

40 0 C .

T U I
NG ( C H N E S E W O O D)

TOL U OL

I
E NG NE O I L

P ET RO L E U M NAP HT H A
‘
018

PAL M K E R NE L .

C O C O N UT

Enl arged Diagram 078—027

W A L N UT
Y — “

U UI
P E T RO L E M N A P HT HA
PO P P
P ER LLA :I U ME N H A D E N
N FL O W E R
T R P E NT N E

A
‘
HE MP : S
0205 S AL
S H RK L VE R I
0200
'

01 9 5
'

FA R M - F
“

mo n .

0 190

0 18 5

B U T T E R FA T

01 8 0
'
PAL M K ERNEL
 I I
D S P E R S V E P OW E R

fr m th e blu li It will
re d t d th t drum
to th e be the
is divid d i t p rts th t c mpl t r t t i
o e ne . no e a

2 00 a nd of the
drum m v s t l sc p thr ugh 1 d gr th r f r
e n o a , a o ne o e e o a on

the

divisi drum r t t s it thr u h

o e e e o e o e ee , or e e o e
;
’
I on o f t h e o a e
'

o g O I

It fr u tly h pp s t h t blu l i i s v isi bl b i g bs rb d

.

b y the
t his c s u st bl ch d pr f r bly xp sur
eq en a en a no e ne e, e n a o e

o il In t h e O il m be bye
l i ht
. a e ea e ,
e e a o e

to g .

5 C a l cu l a t i o n
r fr ctiv i dic s b i d by r f r c t bl s suppli d
.

Th e e a e n e a re o ta ne e e en e t o th e
with i strum t subtr cti g h rr cti li ddi g
a e e

th e fo r t h e C ne a n d a

c rr cti li t mp r tur c rr cti m ls

n en , a n t e Co e on n

th e o e on fo r t h e F A be
c ss ry cc rdi g t mp r tur hich t bl s h v b
ne . e e a e o e on ay a o

ne e a a o t o th e at w th e
c lcul t d
n e e a e a e a e ee n

a e

disp rsiv p w r ( ) is th sc rt i d cc rdi g f rmul

a .

The e e o e to en a e a ne , a o n to th e o a

np — nc
1

720 I

r cipr c l this figur is fr qu tly mpl y

Th e e o a Of o e d in disp rsiv m sur
e e ea

m ts (b i g h l umb r)
e e en e e

en e n a w o e n e .

6 E xa m p l e
upp s r di gs w r f ll ws
.

S of a n O il o f u p 4 8 3 87
‘

gl li
o e ea n :
I e e as o o

i fo r
°
an e red ne C = 40
a nd drum r t t d thr ugh
th e bri g blu li i t rs cti o a e to to
th r f r
o n e ne n e e on

Of c r o s s ~ w ir e s ,

gl blu li
e e o e
°
i fo r 3 ne F = 4o 36
i d x r fr cti is bt i d fr m t bl s ll s
an e e .

The n e of e a on n ow O a ne o th e a e as fo ow

C o rr ec t i on fo r
D fi

4 89 1 7 5 36 1 34 8 2498
‘
I
9 7
5 36 1 34
9 2 5 00

5 36 1 350 2501

4 8 OZ 7 9 7 5 37
‘
I 135 1 2 5 03
'

9 6
“

5 37 1352 2 5 04

4 SO 9 O ,
x
‘
oo 5 3 7
°
no : z I

uF = [I 4 8 6 2 7 ° ‘
o r3 5 1

i 4 9 9 08
° °

OI 35 1 1
-

c disp rsi
.

Hen e th e e on F C
4 80 9 0 0 1 8 1 8,
'
I

disp rsiv p r (
e e ow e to
)
0 18 18
1

I
'
O3 7 6 ,

I
r e c rp r oc a l 26 8
PST?)
.
62 STA ND A RD A NA L Y I T CA L D ET ERM NA T O NS I I 111

V SC I OS I TY
1 D e fi n i t i on
dfi d r sist c which p rticl s
.

V i s c o s i t y ma y b e th e th e of a

liquid r th ir fr m ti v r th r
e ne as e an e a e

O ffe to the o

If v ss l w t r is t i lt d surf c w t rr i sl v l
e ee o on one o e e .

th e e ma n e , a nd on

ll w i g v ss l f ll b ck i t s rigi l p siti w t r sci ll t s

a e e of a e e , a e of th e a e e

th e
fr sid sid ft r sh rt l ps t i h w v r this t i c s s
a o n th e e e to a a to o na o on , a e o a e

om A e of me mo
c ss t i is pri ci p lly v isc si ty wtr
e to e . e a o a o e e on ea e .

The du ecs t o th e of th e I n th e a e Of

high ly v isc u s l i u i d s s u ch gly c r i c st r sci ll t ry t i

e a on n a o a e .

Oil , mo
cc urs l i u id si ply r su i g sl wly it s rigi l p si t i
as e n or a no o a o on
o q , o

o a t all , th e q m e m n o o na o on .

2 R em a rk s

liqu i ds xhibit visc sity gr t r l ss d gr this

.

A ll to a and

qu lity is i d p d t d sity liquid

e o ea e or e e ee,

of th e
n e en en en of th e e g g lycer i n h a s a

it is v stly m r visc s th m with

a ; . .

S G of ye t S G of

vr 1
. . a o e ou an er cu ry a . .

13

c ffici t visc sity is f rc r quir d m v pp sit

o e .

The Of th e e to in o e

dir cti s surf c s liquid sq cm r cm dist t

oe en o o e e o e o

tw o Of a 1 in a nd 1 an

with v l city cm s c d his is t rm d

e on a e . . a ea , .

Of 1 p er e T th e a b s ol u t e

( r pr s t d by r k sig it b m sur d
a e o . on . e e

v i s cos i t y e en e th e G ee a nd ha s een ea e

by d t rmi g r t liquids thr ugh c pill ry tub s It is

e n

th e a e of flo w of e

c lcul t d fr m f rmul ( Ipg

e e ni n o a a .

’
P oi s eu i l l e s o a s ee V ol a e

d t rmi ti bs lut visc sity this m r r quir s

a a e o .
,

A s the on of th e a o in
c s id r bl skill tim its p rf rm c it b cust m ry
e e na e o an ne e e

a nd fo r ha s to
sc rt i tim t k by liquids thr ugh st d rdis d rific
on e a e e e o an e e en o a

th e e a en to flo w o a an a e

r l tiv ly l rg dim si s
a e a n o e

of en on

h r h v r s m gr v bj cti s this pr ctic first

e a e a e .

T ow e e o e a e o to a e I n th e
pl c r t utfl w is i flu c d by liquid
e e a re e on .

e th e a e of o o n e th e de n s i t y of th e
w ll by its vi s c sity g i wh c rr cti b md
a en ,

o A a n, en o e on has ee n for
d sity p ri d is pr p rti l visc sity ly
as e as .
a e

th e t h e e fflu x e o o o on a to th e o in th e

c s liquids urth r th r l st
en , on

e of g O f r el a t i v ely h i h v i s cos i ty F e as e e a re a t

f ur st rd i strum ts d t rmi ti s di f ri g
a .
, ea
”
“
a n da n en fo r e fflu x e e na on a ll o f fe
structi figur s bt i d v c mp r bl xc pt ithi
o , n c on

th e n ot e W
m rgi s s t d th r u f rtu t c mplic ti hich b
o n, e O a ne a re en o a a e, e e n

th e ta Ano w has
i tr duc d is mult i plyi g v ryi g d gr s t mp r tur hich
a n e . e n o na e o a on e en

the of of e at w
d t rmi ti s m d It pp rs th r f r v ry sir bl th t
n o e n a n e ee e e a

na on a re a e a ea e e o e de in
futur ly d t which sh uld ll d
e e . e a e a

m s t r i ct ly co p a ra b le be
t ch ic l w rk th s bt d gr d st d rd
e on a a a re o a owe

in a nd e e to be a i ne at

t mp r tur
e n a o , o an a ee an a

h v sh w th t it is simpl m tt r
e e a e .

A r ch b u t t a nd D eel ey a e o n to
st d rdis typ visc m t r th t m us d
a a e a e

an a e a ny e Of e fflu x o e e so a -
it ay be e to
 A B SO L U T E V S C O S T I I Y 63

bt i tru visc sity

a n th e m h y h v sc rt i d in a b s ol u te t er s T e a e a e a ne

bs lut visc sity s luti s glyc ri v ryi g d siti s

o e o .

th e a of of n of a n en e a nd

it is ly c ss ry c struct ch rt ch i strum t sh wi g
o e o o on e ,

On to fo r en o n th e

rt c mp r d with th s figur s simil r s luti s ch rt

ne e a on a a ea n

a e O f e fflu x fo r a o on The a

c c mpl t d t rmi ti visc sity bs lut t rms is

o a e e e e .

th e of th e o in a o e e

m r ly m tt r simpl c lcul ti
on e o e e, e e na on

of

st t d lu I p g uth rs pi i th t
e e a a e e a a on .

me 74 , th e Of fo r
t ch ic l w rk r sults xpr ss d w h l u rs pr r bl b i g r
As a e in V o , a e a o a re O n on a

mb e e fe a mo
si ly ris d c p r d h y pr p s th r f r th t t ch ic l
e n a o e e e e in o e n a re e, e n e

purp s s bs lut v isc si ty fig r ult i pl i d th u s (

ea me m o e a nd om a e . T e o o e e e o e a fo r e n a

th e be m by x

qu sti d t rmi ti
o e a o e o u e e 1 0 0, 27

The m o n o f th e s t a n da r d t e p era tu re for t h e na on

is v ry imp rt t fir s t pl c t mp r tur ch s sh uld

e e e

on e I n th e a e th e e e a e o en o

such th t it mpl y d ils withi r s bl limits

a e o an .

be be e o e fo r a ll o n ea on a e of

tim d t rmi ti
a ca n

fo r t h e na on

ils such c st r m st cyli d r ils visc us

e e e .

“
O a nd of th e a re to o at

rdi ry r m t mp r tur s t sti g It is ls d sir bl th t r g rd

as a o o n e o o

fo r
sh uld p id u d r which
o na oo e e a e e n . a o e a e a e a

be t o th e a c t u a l w o r k ing c o n di t i o n s n th e Oil

is us d th t figur sh ll h v s m pr ctic l sig ific c It

o a e

th e o e a a n an e has
b sh w th t v wh h ti g b ri gs is v ry sm ll
e ,
so a e a a e .

1
e th e n Of ea n a nd th e
c fici t fricti t mp r tur film is upw rds
een o n a en en ea e a

e Of t h e O i l
°
oef Of lo w , t h e e e a Of 8 C
b v th t surr u di g p rt s hil it is pr b bl th t much igh r
en on a .

o f th e W h
t mp r tur s th this bt i m st c s s isc sity d t rmi ti s
a o e a o n n a ,
e o a e a e

in a e V
l w r t mp r tur s th this w uld th r f r pp r h v littl
e e a e an o a n o . o e e na on

at e e a e an o e e o e a ea to a

pr ctic l v lu
o e e e

a a e

g i it b usu l this c u tr hr h it sc l
a .

A ha s in o to u s e th e Fa en fo r
p ri d umb rs but it is f irly vid t th t visc sity figur
a n, een a n y e a e

t h e e fflu x e e a o e of

tru s i g ific c sh uld f ll i t li with th r physic l d t

o n , a e en a

m in th e e

pl ym t sc l its d t rmi ti
e n an e o a n o ne o e a a a

g o f th e Cen ti r a de fo r
ft r c r ful c sid r ti frgi g uth rs sugg st th t
o en a e e e na on .

A o n of th e th e a
is pr b bly m st suit bl t mp r tur st d rd (
e a e on e a o e o n , o e a
°
40 C th e
lr dy mpl y d d t rmi ti r fr ctiv i dic s
. o a o a e e e a e as a an a as

in th e of th e Of

ils)
a ea e o e e e na on e a e n e

h r is furth r imp rt t p i t c sid r c s ils

o .

T e e a e o to e I n th e a e of o

hich mpl y d lubric ti AU

an o n on .

w I fo r on a t H G H E R T E MP E R T R E S, a s e g in
st m cyli d rs w t r c l d cyli d rs i t r l c mbusti
a re e o e a . .

ea e a nd th e of n e na

gi s i dic ti visc sity u d r such w rki g c diti s is

n , a e -
oo e n e o on

en of th e
v ry d sir bl h r is ls xpr ssi w ll k w f ct th t
ne ,
an n a on o n e o n on on

T o th e e o f th e

lth ugh ils b c m l ss visc us t mp r tur ris s th y

e e a e . e e a e on e -
no n a a

a ll o th e do not

l s th ir visc sity s m d gr this is imp rt t f ct r

a o e o e e o as e e a e e ,
e

a ll to th e ee , a n d

ctu l pr ctic dditi th r f r st d rd d t rmi ti

o e e o a e e an o an a o

in In e e o e to th e on of

vi s c sity uth rs pr p s th t furth r figur is sc rt i d

a a a e . a on an a e e na

the a

t rm d his r pr s ts
o ,
o o o e a a e e a e a ne ,
co n

ve n ie n tl y N m e th e V i s co s i t y R a t i o u b er T
r ti b tw bs lut vi s c sity st d rd t mp r tur ( )
e . e e en
°
th e een th e a at e e a e 40 C
high r t mp r tur th t b i g pl i ly m st
a o e o e o an a .

and at a e e e a e, a of b o i l i ng w a ter e n a n the o

sb r y ld s 1
O o ne Re no .
64 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I MI I T CAL D ETE R N AT O N S III

suit bl ( °
a nd is bt i d by dividi g f rm r figur with th e th e
l tt r hus
a e 1 00 o a ne n o e e

a e . T

vi s c s ity
The is th r f r imm di t ly sc rt i bl by
at 1 00
°
C
dividi g st d rd figur by r ti umb r whil l tt r uld
o . e e o e e a e a e a na e

n th e an a e th e th e a e wo

ls xpr ss pr p rti l r ducti visc sity high r

a o n e ,
e
1
a o e e th e in of a n o il at the e

t mp r tur
o o ona e on o

e e a e .

f ll wi g t bl giv s figur s
The o o ils
n a e e e fo r a fe w o

i t i e s ( 11 x 100) a t 4 0 C
°
Ta b le of V is c os . a n d of V i s c os i t y
°
1 a t 40
°
40
R ati o nu mb ers
] —
1 00
0
1 00
0

i i
L qu d V i i
s co s ty
°
Ra t i o no .

2 31

M i n er a l
R ussi spi ddli u ch i ry
Oi l s
an

me
n e
m ma
ric sp i dl ( )
ne

A me an n e I

l igghit chi ry ma
n e oil
(2
ne

( ) en I

xl
h vy chi ry
( )
a e
n
2

cyl i d r i l s
ea ma ne

n e o (I)

(3 )
(4 )
(5 )

g3 E ffi u x i n s t r u m e n t s
hr f ur th s g r lly mpl y d
.

T of ene a e o e v z. i
dw d visc m t r
e e a re o e e ,

( ) Th e R e oo o e e

gl r
a .

( ) b En e

( ) S a yb o l t
lm visc m t r
c

( ) d Co a n - A r c h b u tt

d scripti i strum t will s rv first

e o e e .

A of th e R E D W OOD fo r t h e
thr si c th y ly di r c structi l d t ils m th
e on n en e e

ffe i n a n d n ot in th e od

th ir mpl ym t l st is sp ci l typ will d scrib d

ee, n e e on on on a e a e

of o en The a a e a e a nd be e

s p r t ly
e e . e

e a a e .

ull
c s tru c t i
1
Fi f r ti t
n ohis p i t c urs
on ly xpr
on ss d
c urv bt i d pl tt i g r s ult s v isc si tyd t r i t i s
ma o n ca n , of o e, on be e e e b y th e
on

v ry i g t p r tur s
o f a n Oi l a t
on o f

a
the
n e m
e o

e a
a ne

e .
by o n th e e of o e e m na on
 I
V SC O S T I Y 65

4 T h e R e dw ood V i s com e t e r
ph t gr ph sh ws visc m t r r dy i strum t
.

The o o a o th e o e e ea fo r us e . The n en

dw d isc b ig .
31 . Re oo V om e e tr
c sists
on c pp r cyli d r
of a s i l v e i e d b a t th e tt m which
of gt is an a a e

plug b r d thr ugh f rm st d rd rifi thr ugh which liquid

-
o e n e o o

o e to th e th e

fl s which is cl s d by m t l b ll cyli d r is fill d

o o an a o ce o

ow , and o e a e a a . Th e n e e to t h e

F . w 11
. .
5
66 Y I
ST A N D A R D A N A L MI I T C A L D E T ER N AT O N S III

g ug m rk th rm m t r is susp d d a nd a c st t e in th e O i l t o a

d pth by clip ddl s fix d cyli d r which slips v r

a e a e o e e en e on an

th e f Pa to a th e

v ss l is pr vid d with h dl stirri g tub fr

e . e a re e n e o e

o il and h fo r a nd a i
h ldi g th rm m t r v ss l is m u t d c pp r j ck t j
e e o e a an e n e o

o e e Th e o il e e n e in
supp rt d by thr l gs which pr vid d ith l v lli g scr ws spirit
o n a e . o a o e a e

w A
l v l is ls pr vid d
o e ee e a re o e e e n e .

UX I d t rmi f ll ws
e e a o o e .

Th e E F F L T ME S a re e e n ed a s o o

P r o c e du r e
I i strum t pl c spirit l v l
Set th e l v l by en a nd a th e top : e e

m s djusti g scr ws l gs x mi j th t this

u n e
p e e on
-
.

of a n e on e E et a nd s ee

is p rf ctly cl r dry ls th t cyli d r is dry cl

ea n . a ne a
1
a nd a nd a a nd

ill j ck t with w t r p i t just b v g ug m rk

e e ea , o a n e ea n .

F th e e a e to a o n e the a nd

h t c ss ry t mp r tur
a a o a e a ,

to .( e a 40 C
°
1 04
°

ill v ss l with liquid t st d pit g ug

ea ne e a e e,

F th e th e to b e t o th e of th e
s v s ti h t l i u id pr v i u sly t p r tur r u i r d
3 . e e e e o n a e .

It a e me t o ea th e q e o to the em e a e e
q e

)
° °
( 40 C F
l c gr du t d fl sk u d r rific th r t t
. 1 04 .

4 P 5 0c c e th e a nd en o a e

p ddl s djust s urc h t till w t r st ds

. a e a a a e . . a n o e

th e a e , a nd a th e o e of ea th e a e an a t
4 05 C
°

5 Wh liquid u d r t st is x ctly r is b l
.

°
en th e at 40 C th e al

with th r h d st rt st p w tch th h g b ll
. n e e e a . a e ,

a nd th e o e

clip K p cl s w tch t mp r tur w t r j ck t

an a a o -
a ; en an a on

f th e e of th e
uri g ru i g liquid his sh uld ll w d
. ee a o e a on e e a a e a e

d th e o u t of t h e T now be
f ll k pt x ctly th t p i t till d t rmi ti
n nn n . o a o e
°
to to 40 C a nd at e th e

is fi ish d Wh liquid fill d fl sk x ctly

a . e a a o n e e na on

th e ha s th e to e a th e

m rk st p w tch cl s rific t tim

n e . en e a

5 0c c th e a nd o e th e o No th e
tk utfl w liquid
. . a ,
o a e . e e

fo r t h e o o of th e 5 0c c of

p t u til succ ssiv tim s x ctly c curr t

a en . . .

6 . Re ea n tw o e e e a re e a on en .

S Za a ems mel er mp ty , b u t
’
'
s /z oa l a l ea v e w n eed
’ ‘
s eo e n ot a se s oa p to
m b er , w /z z efz may b e w zjeea w z l fz Tfi e t/zer mo
’ '
’
ck a ft
’

cl ea n s e ez l a so r ag .

m u s t ae t o t/z e fi r m/ i dea
’
fi a fl a l ea a n d r etu r n ed cl ea n r a ck s
’
w efer s ca r e u l lyf

g5 S t a n da r di s i n g
rd r th t visc m t r sh ll v il bl bt i i g
.

In th e be fo r tru e
it must st d rdis d f ll wi g m
o e a o e e a a a a e o a n n
z
V i s cos i t i e s be in th e o a n n er

r p r ight s luti s pur st glyc ri di s till d w t r by

an a e o n z

P 3
of in
w ighi g glyc ri c r fully th r ughly mixi g t g th r
1 . e a e e o on e e n e a e

th e a nd o o

s luti s pl c d st pp r d b ttl s ch
e n e n a e n o e e .

T he a re a e in o e e o e 2 50 c c of ea

b i g suit bl qu tity
o on ,
. .

e n a a e an

J sh uld v ry c r fully c l d w i t h dry f t h r It is bv i u s t h t

.

cc ur cy i s tru t is d p d t
1
et be e a e o ea ne a ea e o o a .

th e a
2
a

dd
o f th e n

l
m en
y e en e n o n t h e et
j
i t i l s lut i s i t r d i t v isc si ty sh uld l s
p d
S ee A r chb u t t a n d D e e e , L u b r zr a l i on a n d L u b mea n ts ,
if
1 7 7 et s eq
’
.

. .

vpisci t s t r is curv pl y tdh r p sip tcis lly i dccicurt td w rk curv sh wbt i th r r

o f n e me o b e ma e u p th e
3
A ona o on a e o o a

o me e to b e em o e fo r e a a a e o s o a s to o a n mo e

r g s s lut i s
o n o n th e e ( Tw o o e
i l s b tw
o n a re

rr w r l i i t s visc si ty
n a e o n th e ) e o n O e .
.

an e of o on may b e ch s o en fo r o e ee n n a o e m of o .
68 STA N D A R D A NA L I I Y I T CA L D E T ER M N AT ON S III

7 H vi g v lu s K ch s luti k w visc sity

n ow th e of fo r on of

di gr m is pl tt d sh i g v lu s K i t rm di t
. a n a e ea o no n o ,

ow n th e of for a ll

v lu s tim s d siti s ) r c d this m r

a a a o e a e n e e a e

e fflu x x P in
k l rg sh t squ r d p p r m rk l g h ri
a e e en e . o ee a nn e :

( ) Ta of and o ff a o n

li v lu s sc rt i d tr
a e a a e ee a e a e a a o

z on ta l th e fo r at fo r w a a nd th e

first f ur s luti s ( up b ut l v rtic l li m rk

ne a e a e a ne e

to a th e
v lu s K fr m
o o on o 2 a on g e a ne a

o ff t h e of 0 t o 0 04

( ) M rk a cr ss p siti s O sc l dtr
a e o .

b o ff at th e th e a e of th e fi ve

c r fully j i p i ts v curv
a o o on n e e

m i n a t ion s , and th e in
k th r sh t squ r d p p r simil r m r
a e o n o n an e en e .

( ) Ta of a nd i n a

m rk h ri t l li v lu s —
c e a no e ee a e a e , a a nn e

th e
’
o ff o n ne 4 000 ta , a n d on a

v rtic l li s m v lu s K b f r M rk
a a o z on a a e 0

th e fo r o ff n o w

p i ts i d t rmi ti s c r fully j i
e a ne a e a e as e o e . a

a ll fo r t h e n ne e e on a nd a e o n in
v curv m di r ms sh w pp sit wh t
o n na an

S a l l s ca l e ag a a re o n o o e of a

is r quir d
e en e .

e e

D e t e r m i n a t i on of V i s c o s i t y ( 77 x 1 00) 4 0 C
°
6
pr vi usly is figur multipli d by
. .

th is t h e a b s ol u te
"

As s ta t e d, e 100 t o

giv wh l umb r It will strictly c mp r bl with r sults btai d

e o e

be
th r m k visc m t r st d rdis d
e a o e n e . o a a e e o ne

in of in 5 A rc h b u t t a n d
l y h v sh w th t sp ci c rr cti is c ss ry ils b l
a ny o e a e o e e an a e as .

Dee e a e o n a a e al o e on ne e a fo r o e ow 4 0

t his c s i t is r c rr ct t k v lu c rr sp d i g y (
.

In mo the e of K

b l w)
a e e o e to a e a o e on n to a s ee

e o .

P r o c e du r e
(a ) Oi l s w i t/z 40
t rmi tim ( ) d scrib d §
ov er .

1. De e n e e ffi u x t as e in 4
sc rt i d sity s cti ( )
e e .

( ) o f o il in
’
2 . A e a n en a at 40 C . as e on 2 a of 5 .

Th e S G
£ is t.k n by b ttl
. at this figur multipli d 5
, c . a e o e, a n d e e

by 0 9 9 908
Multiply by
.

’ ’
t = ta
i d sc l v lu K c rr sp di g
3 . a .

F th e e of on n t o tel

Multiply by
n on a e a o e .

1 OO K
‘
’
5 ta
r sult ( x )
. .

°
Th e e = 1
7 1 00 at 40 C .

(b ) Oz l s w z bt v i s cos i y b el o w 4 0
' ’

t
bfr
.

I 2 a nd 3 as e o e

i d v lu K sc l c rr sp di g fi
.
,

F e of to tcl
M ultiply by
4 . n a on a e o e on n .

1 OOK
'

5 . ta .

°
x 1 00 ) at 40 C .

E xa m p l e s

(A ) A s mpl sp rm g v figur s e of o il a e e

s c ds
e

tim ( )
a
°
1 . E fflu x e t 40 C .
=
93 e on .

40
2 . The S . G . at 0 C . was 0 869 a

d sity (
en a
’
) 8 69 2 x 9 9 9 0 8
‘ '

86 84 .
 II
S T A N DA R D S N G T II I
E V S C O ME T E R
()
5 69

MJO
3 177 1
771

3°
3 /7 7 Wl
70 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T CAL D ET E R M N AT ON S I I III

’
ta =

A ssum sc l c rr sp di g
e a e o e on n to
‘
0 0 2 3 2.

1 00 K = 2 2 t
’
x = 18
7
°

3 ;
'

a 2 3 2 .

A mi r l gi ne a g v f ll ws “
en ne
”
o il a e as o o

E fll u x tim ( ) s c ds e t 40 C
°
. e on .

The S G . . at C . w as 08 93

d sity en
‘
89 3 1 x
‘

9 9 9 08
'

89 2 2 .

3 t ci = 2 3 5 1
ssum v lu K sc l c rr sp di g
. .

A
’

4 . e a e on a e o e on n t o t a w a s 0 02 3 9 .

t a x 1 00 K = 5 6 2
’
5 . .

°
1
] at 40
7 . D et e r m i n a t i on of V i s c os i t y R a t i o nu mb er ° C
] a t 1 00
his umb r is simpl c lcul ti fr m
1

T n e m a e a a on the es a t 40 C
°
a nd

visc sity l tt r t mp r tur is d t rmi d

o V i s co s .

°
100 C for a n y o il The o a t t he e

simil r m r th t but r pidly b ili g t r is us d

. . a e e a e e e ne

in a nne to at wa e 1 in
j ck t sp cific gr vity b ttl is imm rs d b ili g w t r
a a a a o n e

the a e a nd th e e a o e e e in o n a e .

The d sity ( ) is bt i d by multiplyi g

en a
’
o a ne n th e S G a t . .
1 00
o C b Y 9 9 908
. .

E xa m p l e
Th e visc sity o o f th e s mpl
a e (A ) of sp rm e o il a bv o e a t 1 00
°
C . wa s 47 .

T h en R a ti o
% n u mb e r
7
7
39 .

I n th e c s s mpl ( ) gi
a e of a e B , en n e o il , visc sity o a t 1 00
°
C wa s 6. 1.

T h en R a ti o nu mb er 52
6
3

8 Th e C ol e m a n A r ch b u t t V i s c om e t e r
his i str m t di f rs fr m th r visc m t rs its c structi It
-
.

T en fe o e o e e in on

is gl ss tub gr du ti s m rk d it
n u o on .

of a nd th e o il h as on fo r 2 5, 50 and

cc tub c sists g ss pip tt hich is cl s d with

a , e a a a e on

1 00 Th e o il e a of a la w o e

plug s ft d j ck t which is gl ss is fill d by fu n l

. . on e e

of wo o Th e of a e th e n e

mpti d by tub
a o . a e , ,

c an d e e e b .

P r o c e du r e
1 th t tub j quit cl th p ur w t r
See th e e a nd e t a re at 40 C
°

fr m l rg b k r i t j ck t r w fr m tim tim usi g

. a e ea n ; en o a e .

o a and to n

stirr r fr qu tly sur if rm t mp r tur

a e ea e n o a e ene o e e,

th e to e n
ri g
e e e

p ur i t tub ( which is cl s
e en e un o e a .

°
2 B t h e o il t o 40 C a nd e fflu x o ed

with plug) p i t littl b v v lum

. n . o n o e

th e to a e a th e to be r u n o u t,

stir with th rm m t r till x ctly ( v id f rm ti

o n a o e o e
,

°
a nd at 40 C
bubbl s)
e o e e e a . a o o a on

o f a ir- e .

t p r tur w i ll
u h t ch ic l purp s s
1
Th e em x ctly but
e a r r t his is c l s
e n ot be e a 1 00
°
n ea e b ut o e

en o g fo r e n a o e .
 I
C O L E MA N A RC l B U T T V S C O ME T E R
-
I
m v pu l g a nd st rt s p w tch to a t th e e x ct m a o me n t h
w en o i l

p ss c c m rk cs
Re o e a a
-

3 .

t h e 100, a s th e a e ma y b e
as e 50, o r 2 5 a .
,
. .

Fi g .
32 . Co l e ma n A r c h b u t t V
-
isc o me tr
e
72 I
S TA N D A R D A N A L Y T C A L D E T E R M N A T O N S I I III

4 Ta k umb r s c ds r quir d of r ch r m rk fo r t h e o il to
k pi g j ck t m whil u if rmly
. e n e e on e e ea ze o a ,
' °
at 4o C
d t rmi ti s r t umb r j ck t is first
ee n a e ea n e n o .

5 Fo r at 1 00 C fo r th e

h t d by p uri g wtr fu l is th r pl c d by
. e e na on . a io n e , a e

in h o t a nd th e

d liv ry tub fr m b ili g which st m g r t

ea e o n a e , nne en e a e

in is e n e a ed

p ur d tub
o o n ca n ea

is h t d
a e e e a -
.

°
Th e o il ea e t o 1 00 C and o e in, and th e t o p o f t h e

pr t ct d with gl ss
. e

o e e a a ca p .

S t a n da r di s a t i o n of t h e V i s com et er
his is cc mplish d x ctly b f r st t d )
T dw d 5 fo r t h e R e
i strum t p r t sc l s must m d thr v lum s
a o e e a as e o e a e oo

Se be fo r t h e
K figur s d t rmi d ch
n en . a a e a e a e ee o e 1 00,

50 and 2
5 , a nd th e e e e ne fo r ea .
 I
D O O L T T L E V I S CO MET E R 73

N ON E F F L U X V I S C O M E T E R S
-
‘

I n th e cs ils c t i i g susp d d m tt rs such

e of o de flo c cu l a t e d
gr phit with highly visc us x mpl h vy cyli d r
a on a n n en e a e ,
as

e, a n d 0 115 , fo r e th e

ils it is pr ctic bl bt i visc sity by m sur m ts

a o as e a ea n e

not e to o th e e fflu x en

th s p rticul r c s s typ i strum t is c ss ry

o a a a n o ea e .
,

Fo r n o n e fflu x of

b st m st r li bl th s is
e e a a a e a -
e n en ne e a .

The e a nd o e I a I I e of e e th e D OO L TT L E TO R S O N V S C O

ME T E R .

D OOL I T T L E T OR S I ON V I S C OM E T E R

D e s cr i p t i on
igs F sh w c structi
33 i strum t
a n d 34 pri cipl o th e on o n of th e n Th e
c c r d is r t rd ti swi g t rsi p dulum which is
. en . n e

on e ne th e e a a on o f th e n of a o on en

imm rs d liquid u d r x mi ti in m r visc us li uid

th e e on The o e o th e

gr t r is its sl wi g cti p dulum sp cific gr vity

e e n e a na .
q ,

th e o on th e The e a

i flu c r sult pp r tus c sists st l cyli d r

ea e n a on en .

has e o n th e The on of a ee

i ch s high by 5 i ch s di m t r susp d d by st l wir fr m

no n en e . a a a n e

1 e a ee e o a

fix d p i t wir p ssi g thr ugh firmly tt ch d h ri t l

2 n e n e a e e en

th e and t o, a

gr du t d disc cyli d r is imm rs d v ss l c t i i g

e o n e a n o ,
a a e o z on a
,

Th e e e e in a e e on a n n th e oil

this v ss l is surr u d d by j ck t c t i i g w t r th r liquid

a a e . n

and o e a a e on a n n a e or o e

which h td c ss ry t mp r tur
e e n

ca n be ea e t o th e ne e a e e a e.

P r o c e du r e
1 Fill cyli d r with x mi d t h e o il t o b e e a
u s p d p dulum by m s thumb scr
. n e ne .

2 S en th e en i n th e o i l, a n d ea n of a ew

i strum t bri g r disc i d x m rk

-
.

a t t op of th e to th e
th t th r is t rsi ir
n en n ze o on n e a , so

o n on t h e w
disc by m s thumb scr w twist ir
a e e no o e .

3 F ix t h e a nd ea n of th e e the w
thr ugh c mpl t circl fix it ls
.
. ,
-
e

o o e and o

Wh is t mp r tur r quir d r l s disc

a e e a .

4 en th e oi l a t th e e e a e e e th e a nd

bs rv its gul r scill ti ( ) right ( ) l ft ( ) right

.
,
e ea e ,

o e 1 to 2 to 3 to
gi
e an a o a on , ,
e ,

g i cl mp disc twist wir thr ugh but this tim

a a n .

5 A a n a and e o 3 60 i n th e
pp sit dir cti th t
. e

e to in 3
l s disc g i t k thr bs rv ti s gul r
o o e on a .

6 Re e a nd a of th e

scill ti
. ea a n a e ee o e a on an a

o a on .

C a l c u l a t i on
Th e p dulum s i gs fr m
en w n o 3 60
°
to th c ti u s r o, a nd t o,
r tur i g g i r c ti ui g th r dir cti
ze en on n e s a y,

( 1) e n n a a n to z e o, a n d in th e to ,
r tur i g r swi gi g b ck
on n n o e e on

(2)
°
z e o, a n d
s a y, e n n to n
( )
n a t o , s a y, 3 3 24
74 Y I
ST A N D A R D A N A L MI T CA L D ET E R N AT I ONS 111

Ne gl cti g first d s crib d fr m

th e a re e o
°

3 60 t o we o bt i
I st c mpl t s i g
e n e a n

o e e w n :

z ud

c r t r ti He n e e a da on :

Fig . l i ttl rsi isc t r

33 . D oo e To on V o me e

Ca lcul t a e in th e s m m r swi g pp sit dir cti

th e in th e
bv) tk m r sults
a e a nne n o o e e on

(5 a nd 6 a o e , a nd a e th e ea n of th e t w o e .
76 S TA N DA R D A N A L Y I T C A L D ET E R M N A T O N S I I 111

S OL U B I L I T Y l

1 D e fi n i t i on
s lubility ils v r us s lv ts is c st t d p di g
.

Th e of o

tur glyc rid s c mp si g

o In a io o en a on an ,
e en n on

th e na e of th e e e o o n th e o il .

2 Ou t l i n e of Me t h od
m th d usu lly mpl y d m suri g di r ti l s lubility
.

Th e fo r th e ffe o

ils s l ct d s lv ts is t t mp r tur hich s luti

e o a e o e ea n en a

of o in e e to th e e at w th e
bt i h ti g t g th r qu l v lum s s lv t sh ws
e o en no e e e a o on,

o a ned by ea e e e of th e o il a n d o

c li g first sig s turbidity thus i dic ti g diss luti

n o a o e o en , ,

on oo n , th e n of , n a n o on .

3 m Re a rk s

ri us liquids di r th ir s lv t cti ils f ts

.

Va o ffe in and An
c pti th r ils its b vi ur t w rds s lv ts is A
e o en a on on o a .

ex e on to a ll o in eh a C ST OR O I L

I pg v ts m divid d i t thr gr ups

e o o o a o en

(s ee V ol e S ol be ee o

cc rdi g th ir cti ils f ts

.
,
a en ay e n o ,

a o n to e a on o n O a nd a

U
.

GRO P 1

lv ts diss lvi g ils f ts v ry pr p rti

.

So a nd in
thyl th r th r th rs
en o n O a e e o o on

E e e a nd o

rb disu phid
e e e .

Ca on l
rb t tr chl rid
e .

Ca on e a o e

hl r f rm th r chl ri t hydr c rb s
.

C o o o a nd o na e d

tr l um th r th r hydr c rb s
e o o a on .

Pe o e e e a nd o e o a on

U
.

GRO P 2

lv ts ly p rti lly diss lvi g ils f ts ( usu lly c t i i g

.

So o n o a nd a a on a n n a

hydr xyl gr up)

en on a a

o o

thyl lc h l E
M thyl lc h l
a o o .

c tic cid s m th r r ic cids

e a o o .

A a nd

ct
e a o e o e o gan a .

A
rb lic cid th r ph ls
e on e .

Ca o a a nd o e eno

U
.

GRO P 3
lv ts f ts pr ctic lly t t lly i s lubl
.

So in w h ic h o i ls a n d

W t r
en a re a a o a n o e
'

lyc ri
a e .

G e n , e tc

A is s lubl s lv ts gr up i s lubl
.

C ST O R OIL in th e of o 2, and in
p tr l um th r hydr c rb s g r lly th r ils v ry s m
o e o en n o e

and O to

xt t th ir s lubility s lv ts i t rm di t cl ss his is
e o e e e o a on ene a . e O a o e

in in of th e n e e a e a T du e
glyc rid s which th y c mp s d
e en e o o en .

to t h e fi d r i ng s ol u b i l i ty o f th e e e of e a re o o e

r r W st
.

1 —
S e e F ye a nd e o n, A n a lys t , 1 9 1 8, 43 , 4 20 .
 “
T R U E V A L E N TA T EST 77

d i gr s p g s
I n th e i t is c l rly s th t
m 84 , 8 5
i l s c t i i g gly c ri d s c c ut ) r
a a on a e ea een a

O ( l ow m ol ecu l a r w eig /z t mo
s lubl t h vrg
I on a n n e e of e o on a re e
. .
g .

th e
i l s c t i i g gly c r i d s r p ) l ss
o e an a e a e .

O ( of b ig /i mol ecu l a r w eig /z t

s lubl
2. on a n n e e e .
g . a e a re e

i l s c t i i g hi gh pr rt i gly rid s sh w i cr s d
o e .

s lub i l i ty
3 . O on a n n a o
po o n o f u n s a t u r a ted ce e o n ea e

uth rs h v f u d th t th r f ct rs which if ll w d
o .

1
The o a e o n a e e a re tw o o not a

tir ly d str y r li bility stim ti s lubility th s

a a , o e

fo r, th e of th e on of in
s lv t s h s
en e e o e a e a o e e

o en . T e e a re

1 A Y I FR E E F TT AC DS

h s l w r turbidity t mp r tur i cr si g s lu ility

. .

T e th e th e b of

ils
e e o e e a e, n ea n o

th e o .

M I U
2 O ST RE

his r is s turbidity t mp r tur d cr si g s lubility

. .

T th e th e
c s ils f ts c t i i g v r —
a e

c t fr f tty
e e a e, e ea n o .

I n th e e of o and 15

ci s ( t rms l ic) th s must r m v d by sh ki g with c t

a a on a n n o e 10 ee a
p er en .

a d in e of o e be 90 p er
lc h l s p r ti g dryi c s s Wh r cidity is l ss
e e e o e a n en .

a o o e a a n and th e o il In th e
th this figur m c lcul t d utr l m ki
, ,
ng . a e e e a e

an th e be fo r t h e o il by ng th e

c ss ry ll w c l w ri g turbidity t mp r tur
, e ay a a e ne a .
a

fo r th e of t h e The
uth rs h v stim t d f ll t mp r tur pr duc d by
ne e a a o an e o e n e e a e .

a o a e e a e th e a in th e e e a e o e on e p er
c t cidity ils typic l v ri us cl ss s h s figur s m
in of th e T ay b e

us d c lcul ti g r sults utr l ils th s cl ss s

en . a o a a o a e . e e e

in a a n th e e fo r ne a o il fo r of

qu sti v ri ti figur m istur lt r ti s

e a nyo e e a e .

The on of on o f t h e du e t o e, a n d a

c c tr ti s lv ts us d is m by
e a a e o e a on

i n th e on o f t h e en e et th e u s e of a s t a n da r d
t st A big hs this purp s cc u t
on en a o ,

Oi l fo r t h e L M ON D O I L C fo r of

its purity ( glish expr ss d ) cidity fr d m fr m st ri

e ,
e n o en o e on a o n
2
En low a nd

If pur glyc rid w r si ly pr p r d t his w uld pr b bly

e e ,
a ee o o ea ne .

th e e ol ei n b e th e
d l st d rd purp s l d c sis ts l s t ti r ly l i
e e e e ea e a e , o o a

A mon o il mo o f o e n, and

if x ists bt i i g pur sp ci xpr ss d

i ea an a for t h e o e . on a en e

di fli cu l t y e in me n , t h e o il ma y b e
xtr c t d l b r t ry
a ny o a n n a e e e e e or

i n th e
It b s gg st d st d rd is c t ic ci d by s t i t t i w i th
e a e a o a o .

ha s e th e a m ea n of

lk li s l idi f i g p i t i th r th s th ds is suffi ci tlyd l ic t

een u e e to an a e a ra on

b yt h e Ne of me
pu p s ci d is xtr ly hygr sc p ic i t pp r s h p l ss
o o n e e e o en e a e
a a , or yn .

for t h e i c o e, a nd S n th e me
tt pt i t s st d rdis t i
r e a e e o o a ea o e e to
em

W t rm r sults c rr ct d th s v ri ti s djust d
a an a a on .

th e fo r and a e t o th e
st d rd ( c tic cid )
e e e o e e e e a a on

an a o il th e Tr u e V a l e n t a a e a a nd T u r b i di t y V a l u e
( lc h l r g t ) (
a o o bl ) ea en s ee e ow .

§ S ol v e n t s
lv t rigi lly us d by A I AI
4 .

Th e na e Va l en t a was C ET C C D , a n d th e

uth rs h v f u d th t this is b st mpl y m st c s s wi g

s o en o

th e to in
gr t r d gr discrimi ti hich it giv s with m st ils
a o a e o n a e e o o a e , o n

t o th e of w e o o

this c s cidity must i d p d tly d t rmi d

ea e e ee na on .

In a e, th e a of th e o il o r fa t be n e en en e e ne .

—
ti dr druggist
1 A n a ly s t , 19 1 8, 43 , 4 20 .

2
Ob a ne f o m a ny .
78 Y I MI
S TA N D A R D A N A L I [5 T CA L D ET E R N AT O N S 111

As c tic cid is v ry pr ch g its v lu wi g bs rpti to to a o n of

m istur it is c ss ry m k bs rv ti with st d rd sid

a e a e on e an e a e, o n o

to a e an o th e o il

by sid with u d r x mi ti c tic cid

o e, ne e a e a on an a e

t h e o il T he is k ep t
'

a t or

withi ith r t st utr l lm d

e n e e a na on . a e a
°
80 0
°
n 10 w a y of e to oil

uth rs f u d th t xc ll t s lv t r pid s rti g purp s s

e e . ne a a on .

Th e a an e e en o en fo r
mixtur ppr xim t ly c t Y A qu l
a o o n a o n o e

was a e of a a e 92 p er en ET H L L C O H OL 1 a n d a n e

v lum A Y A his is th st d rdis d by dditi

o . a

e Of M L L C OH OL T on o f th e
r quisit m u t w t r u til it giv s 7 turbidity t mp r tur with
o . en an a e a
°
of 00 C
st d rd It is li bl ch g its v lu but sh uld ch ck
e e a o n a e n e . e e a e

th e o il not to be ed

fr m tim ti m ft r turbidity t mp r tur b sc rt i

an a . a e an e a e, o e

to A th e e has a n e d,

us d d t rmi i g cidity
o e e . e e a e ee n a e

m
th e s a mp m le be e for e e th e a of th e o il , a n d

c ss ry c rr cti cidity c m d
e sa ay n n

th e n e e a o e on fo r t h e a a t on e a e.

5 P r e l i m i n a r y Op e r a t i on s

A A AI
.

S T ND RD S I T ON OF TH E S OL V EN T .

( ) A I I
ACET C AC D

gl ci l cid is fr cryst ls d i d
.

“ ”
The m oz en, a n d th e at a te
u til furth r liqu r ru s hy
a a a a ra n e
°

p era t u re of 1 5 C o ff T
th m lt d if withi b l w b v t st with
.
,
n no e o n . e a re
° °
en e e and n 10 e o or a 80
st d rd lm d ( b l ) cid is suit bl
, o e e
2
oil e ow th e fo r
If b v t st furt r fr i g dr i i g cryst ls
an a a on s ee ,
a a e use .

90 he and of th e

is c ss ry If b l w t st w t r is dd d cid
a o e e ,
a e ez n a n n a
°
e o 70 e a e to t h e to
bri g it r quisit d gr c c tr ti
ne e a .
,
a e a

t o th e e ee of on a

m u t w t r c s s ry is b ut
n e e en on .

Th e of ne a a
'
029 p er cen t fo r
ch d gr ris r quir d
a o n a e e o .

ea e ee C e e e

A
. .

( ) B A L CO H OL R E G E N T
qu l lum s c t thyl lc h l pur myl
.

M ix e of 9 2 p er and

lc h l t rmi turbidity fi ur with st d rd lm d

e a vo en . e a o o e a

o De e ne th e g e

mk c ss ry dditi t r bri g it up
a o . an a a on

o i l, a n d a e th e n e e a a on of w a e to n to
°

700 C
ci d v lu ( t r s l ic ) ust sc t i d
.

The in m of o e m be and fo r
v ry t t st d rd t p r tur l w r d
a a e e a er a ne ,

y th e em

hus l d cid i ty c t lc h l
e e on e p er cen . a ci di an a e a e o e e

c s in th e a e of a mon o il f th e a
is dj u st d g i v tu i d i ty t p r tur
T ,
o a
p er en .
, o o
°
to rb em e of 67 C
m u t w t r r quir d dd d ill b ut
a e e a e a .

T he of a e e e to b e a e w be a o

ch d gr ris c ss ry W h c
a o n

p er ce n t fo r C
djust d r g t will t d v ry th u h it sh uld
. ea e ee . e ne e a . en on e

th e not to a o be
ch ck d fr m tim tim
a e ea en en , g o

e e o e to e

A A
.

( ) C T HE ST N D RD OIL
h is sh uld glish xpr ss d lm d sh uld
.

o i l, a n d
”
T be En be
t t d I di lu (b l w ) by t st ( p g
o e e e a on o

fo r Va 1 00 a nd B i eb er’ s

) ( g tiv ) It sh uld k pt ll c rk d b ttl

es e o ne e e o e a e

1 40 be e in a we e, a n d

cidity d t rmi d i t rv ls
ne a e . o -
o e o

th e a re -
e e ne at n e a .

s u i t bl
1

a
Th e aut
e fo r
h rs f u d t h t i du s tri l (
o
.
i r l is d ) t h l t d s p i rit
this ust d t r i d ll w d d scrib d l t r o n a -
n a non- m ne a e me ya e was

2
T h e aci di m be e e m ne a nd a o e fo r as e e a e .
 “
T R UE V A L E N TA T EST 79

6 P r ep a ra t i on of th e Oi l
U is r m v d by filtr ti thr ugh dry thick filt r p r
.

MO I S T
if h ti g w t r b th is p f
RE e o e a on o a e
, pa e ,
°
t h e o i l, o n t o 100 C in n ot er ect ly

cs pl c d t st tub imm rs d
ea n . a a e -
a ,

cl ea r In t h e O il, in e

b ili g w t r is filt r d thr ugh dry c tt w l his

. a ny a e, a e a -
e e e

in e e o o on oo T
is cc mplish d by fitti g w l cl s ly i t
o n a e ,
.

w a d of th e

tub pushi g this s l wly spir l dir cti

a o e n a oo o e n o

th e a nd o in a a e I
thr ugh st ut pi c wir b t i t f rm
e, n on

t h e o il A e e of e en n o th e o of

plu g r is us d this purp s sh uld just fit tub

o . o

a fo r o e It o th e e

sily (
n e e .

ea . S e e fig .

§ 7 . P r o c e du r e
(a ) A C ET IC AC ID
cid is pr f r bly k pt v cuum fl sk (
.

Th e in of

ki d r d ly purch s d figur w d ys )
a e e a e a a a

th e at a low
It will th v ry u lik ly fr duri g ight
n ea i a e e no a a .

be en to ee z e n the n

c ld w th r If this is v il bl th r
e n e
Fig .
35
in o n ot a e an e e

b ttl will suffic but cid mu t m lt d wh

ea e . a a

th e a be fro z e n l , a nd

ill th pr b bly ch g v lu c c pip tt with l g

o e e, s e e en

w en o an e in a e A 2 e e

st m is k pt p rm tly m
a . . . a on

i
cid b i g h ld
e e e anen

m e rs e d in the a e n e

tightly g d c rk p
,

in oo o th e o

k pt cl s d by m s
a , en

en d of a

pi c rubb r tub pr vid d

e o e ea n

e e of e e o e

with s lid g ss ca p of la r o d, th e

h l f rmi g cl s c v r It
a o

is thus c ss ry suck
o e o n a o e o e .

unne a to th e

c tic cid i t pip tt

e

a e a th e e fo r
m sur m t cc ssi
n o e

an d of

m istur fr m this c us is
ea e en ,
a e on

v id d
o o a e

a o e

t st U is
.

Fo r t h e T E ST T BE

us d such di m t r th t
e , a -

of th e

th rm m t r bulb is p
e a a e e a

o e e co m l etely
by c c liquid
e

cov er ed 4 of

th rm m t r is i s rt d
. . .

The e o e e e

tightly i t c rk fitti g
n e

n o a o to th e
t st tub sm ll gr v b i g
n
F ig 3 6 .

e e, a a oo e

cut sid c rk sc p
-
e n

in t h e e of t h e o fo r e a e of th e h ot a ir

mpl y d sm ll bulb r di g ;
.

T W O T H E R MO M ET E R S to
l rg bulb ccur t ly ch ck d r di g
a re e o e ,
a a ea n J

°
or 1 C a nd a a e a a e e e a nd to

gr du ti m rk is m d t st tub with i m d
.
, , ea n

A a a on e on th e da
c c fr m b tt m is p ur d i t tub up
a a e -
e a on or

file at 2 . . o o o ,
a nd t h e o il o e n o th e e to

rk s(
butyric cid pr v t fr i g
1 Pa
a
e
'

) s gg s t s
to
A n a lys t , pl
e
y t en
pr p rt i 1
9 1 8 , 43 ,
e ez n .
126 u e the e m o me n of a o o o n of
80 I I I
S T A N D A R D A N A L Y T C A L D ET E R M N A T O N S 1 11

this m rk ( m iscus r di g) t mp r tur b ili g t r

l
at th e e of wa e
ci is m sur d —
a en ea n e e a o n .

°
The a d ea e a t 20 25 C
th t t st tub is quit cl dry
.

S ee th e e e ea n a nd

cc cl r h t d b ili g w t r t mp r tur
a -
e .

R un i n 2 of th e ea o il, ea e to
his is ju g d by m rk tub ( It is u d sir bl
. . o n a e e e a e .

T d e th e a th e e to

pip tt it )
on e . n e a

c c c tic cid fr m b ttl by m s pip tt I s rt

e e .

A dd 2 of a a o o e ean of th e
th rm m t r ith c rk h t whilst c uti usly
. . e e e . n e

m
th e s a ll bu l b e o e e w o a nd ea

sh ki v r k d fl m mixtur
, ,
a o

e u nt i l th e e s u dden ly cl ea r s

v i d c t ct th r t r bulb w i t h w ll t st tub
~
a ng o e na e a .

A of th e mo me th e of th e

ll c l hilst still sh ki g t t mp r tur

o on a e e a e -
e.

A ow to w a n d n o e th e e a t th e

first ig turbidity liquid

oo a n e e a

n of of th e
p t d t rmi ti usi g th rm m t r ( gr u t
S .

Re th e l a rg e b u l b ad a ed

V ) but this tim pl c t rh t d

ea e e na on , n e o e e

in b v t mp r in w a to
°
e th e

tur f u d sh k u til cl r h s d tub 5

e a e e ea e a o e e a
T ,

in and T en s et a th e
imm rs w t r c r fully t x ct t mp r tur
e o n a e n ea . i e e,

ed i n th e h ot a nd n o e th e e

wh f i t st sig s turbidity pp r
e a e , a e a e e a e

th e a n e of ea

sc rt i i d p d tly cid v lu l ic ) p
en n a .

6 A a n n ( e en en th e a a e of th e oil as o e a g e 1 23

M k simil r t st ith s m cid st d r lm d

. e , .

e w th e a e a a nd th e an a d a
7 . a e a a , on

o il

M k c rr cti s sh b l
.

8 a e o e on as ow n e ow

A
.

( )
b Y E TH Y L AM L - AL C O H O L R E G E NT
his m k pt th r b ttl ll c rk d st p
-
.

T ay b e e in an e e o e, o r in we

p r d b ttl sm ll bulb th rm m t r ly is us d t st
a -
o e or o

Th e a in th e
p r t x ctly d scrib d d r c tic cid — b usi g
e e o e . e o e e on e e .

O e A A 1 4
r g t pl c cid
e a e e a as e e un e , a o ve , n

th e in e of th e

p t sm m r tk m bs rv ti s
ea en a a .

Re in e a nne a nd a e e a n of o

mpty c t ts tub i t sm ll b k r ri s tub

ea a ,
e a on .

m
'

E of e n o a ea e n e e and th er
m t r with lc h l dr ps ph l phth l i s luti
on en , o

h ot a dd a fe w of

lk li ( cid lu p
e e a o o , o en o a e n o on

a nd t i t ra t e, w i th N s ee A Va e,

lcul t cidity t rms l ic cid m ki g c ss ry

10 a a .

Ca a e th e a in of o e a th e
c lcul ti w ight by multiplyi g v lum us d
e , a n ne e a

o n of th e th e e of th e o i l

( which d ly
n o e

by sp cific gr vity
a a e

the
—e a of th e o il a t 99 1 00
°
C nee on

ppr xim t )
.

b
t c rr cti s cidity i dic t d b l
e a o a e .

5 . No e o e on for a as n a e e ow .

8 . C a l cu l a t i on s
C O R R EC T I ON FOR AC I D ITY
c rr cti cidity sh uld first m d sc rt i
.

Th e for of th e o i l be A
by r f r c f ll wi g t bl s c rr cti c t cidity
o e on a o a e . e a n,

to th e th e o e on fo r 1 en

l ss u d r t st multiply this by cidity f u d

e e en e o o n a e , p er . a

for t h e o f oil th e a and

r sult t mp r tur fi ur bt i d his is fi l

C a n e e , o n ,

a dd th e to th e g e o a ne T th e na

figur r quir d cs lc h l r t c s c tic

e e e a e .

i n th e e of th e a o o ea g en I n th e a e of a e

cid c rr cti is ls c ss ry str gth cid

e e e a .

a a o e on a o ne e a fo r t h e en of a

ut h r s h v sh w h t s ult s c t d by g v ri t i s
,

pr p t i s s lv t
a r e no t a ffe s lz /z t in
1
Th e a o a e o n t a re e a a on

th e o or on of t h e oi l an d o en .
 I N FL U E N C E O F A C D T I I Y— T R UE V A L E N TA

I nflu en ce f
o A ci di ty of Oi l s on Tu r b i di ty F i g u r es .

( A ce t i c A cid ) .

Fa ll i n T rrrb i di t y t e mp e r a t u re

l il Ai l
.

D e g re e s p e r 1 p e r ce n t .

C a s s of O c di t y ( a s O e i c )

ry ii g
s

Ma ne 1
9 0
°

°
Dr n 1 8 5
i
dry i g ( x c pt r pe
°
S e m dryrng 17 7
Non
gp t bl grf upt s ( xc pt c c ut gr up)
n e e a a nd
-

Ve e a e a e e o on o

c ut p l kr l
Ra e o il o

i l f t s ( x c pt butt f t )
C o on o i l a nd a m e ne

Mi l k f t s
A n ma a e e er a

I nflu en ce f
o A ci di ty Tu r b i di ty F ig u r es
f Oi l s
o on .

( A myl E t/zy l A l co/z ol R eag en t )

- -
.

Fa ll i
i n T u r b di t y t e mp e ra t u r e

l il Aii li
.

D e g re e s p e r 1 p e r c e n t .

C a s s of O c d t y ( a s O e c)

rr i g
s

Ma ne

i dryi g
D yi n
S em
dry i g( )
n
-

Non
dry i g( )
n 1
-

N on
gc t utbl grf tups ( x c pt c c ut
°
-
n 2 1 6 1
Ve e a e a e e o on

i l f t s ( x c pt butt rf t)
Co on o 20 1

B utt r i l k f t s
A n ma
e a nd
a

m
e e

a
e a

N ote — cl ssI f th e of th e oi l is u k w figur of

°
ma y b e ll w d
c s s but ci d i ty this t st sh uld pr f r bly
a n no n, a e 20 a o e in
a ll a e , th e a of t h e O il , fo r e , o e e a b e low .

C O R R E C T ON I FOR A C ET IC AC ID
f ll wi f rmul c rr cti cid
.

U s e th e o o ng o a fo r o e on fo r t h e a

= ( V t + 80
wh r e e tru l t °

V= “
e Va en a ,
”

bt i d ith t st d rr ct d cidit
t = t e m p e r a t u re o a ne w o il e e co e e fo r a y,

with st d rd s m cid ( c rr cti g

,

m
'
t = te e ra t u r e oil a n d th e

cidity if c ss ry )
an a a e a
p o e n

fo r a ne e a

st d rd lm d is cidity mu t
.

—
N o te I f th e an a o il n o t n eu t r a l th e a s be
sc t i d c rr cti m d c s s( b l w
a on

a er a ne a n d th e o e on a e in a ll a e s ee e o

uth rs pr f r fi l figur r ti
, ,

The a o e e th e na e a s th e a o,

V x 10
80

this sh ws th t c ss ry c rr cti s h v b the n e e e een m d whi c h

t mp r tur figur l v s p d ubt
as o a a o e on a a e, a

e e a e e ea e o en t o o .

F . 6L W . ll .
82 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T C AL D E T E R M N A T O N S I I 111

g9 . E x a mp l es

(a ) US I N G A C ET I C A C I D .

c tic cid purch s d fr

Th e a e cryst ls r i d
a a e w as o z en a n d th e a d a ne

It th g v figur ith lm d
.

°
en a e a e of 72 C w a on o il

cidity lm d c t ( l ic) th r f r
. .

Th e a of th e on o il w a s 5 p er
c rr ct d figur c tic cid is
°
a 1 en . as o e ,
e e o e

th e o e e e fo r t h e a e a x

s mpl A a t st d g v usi g sm ll bulb

e o f ol i v e oi l w a nd th e
th rm m t r ith fi l t st
a s e e a e, n a
°
e o e e 67 C a nd w th e na e

cidity liv fu d c ss ry
.
, ,

The of th e o e Oil w a s to be and th e n e

c rr cti is th r f r hich b i dd figur
a o n e a

e e o e w e ng ed t o th e
giv s
o e on , a e,
°

7I 7
'

e .

cc r i g A f rmul
o dn t o th e o a
° ’
V= t + ( 80 t )
w e g et

a n d in t h e r a ti o fi g u r e w e g e t

7 6 3 x 10 _

80

( b) US I N G A THE A L C O H OL R E G E N T .

I dustri l m thyl t d spirit b i g mix d with pur myl

lc h l g v s lv t sh i g turbidity figur ith lm d
n a e a e on e n e e a

a o o a e a o en ow n a e w a on Oil o f

cidity lm d ( l ic )
.

A of a on o il as o e :

his is th r f r st d rd
T o il ) ( c rr cti e e o e an a at 70 x 2 o7
‘

o e on fo r
a cidity lm d ) of a on o il i e

m u t w t r r quir d r is figur fr m
, . .

The of e to e th e e to o 55 5
c t
a o a e e a

is
n

) 12 x 1 1 5B =
°

p er en

tri l m d ith c t dditi tr

.

A a was a e w p er en a o n of wa e

his v
. .

°
T 67
°

ga e o

furth r 5 c t w t r dd d givi g c rr ct fi
.

A of was a th e
‘
e 0 o e g u re

( quiv l t lm d )
p er en . a e e , n
° °
of 67 5 e a en to 700 for n eu t r a l a on oil

s mpl g v turbidity figur

.

°
A a e of l in s e e d o il a e a e of 58 3
b i g titr t d with / lk li c c w r us d k i g
On N Ta n th e

cidity l ic c t
e n a e IO a e e e

li s d
a ,
. . .

°
S G . . of n ee o il a t 99 C . as 8 8, t h e a as o e p er en . was

2 55 i n
2 x 88 x 2
“

c ss ry
Th e O is th r f r
ne e a c o r re c t i n e e o e

C
f l wi g t bl s di gr ms iv r s ults bt i by
.

The ol o a nd th e o a n ed th e
uth rs ith v ri us s mpl s ils f ts w x s
n a e a a g e e

a o w a o a e of o , a , a nd a e
84 STAN D AR D A N A L Y I I
T C A L D E TE R M N A T O N S I 111

m of Tu r b idi ty Temp er a t u r es C ( cor r ected )

°

D i ag ra . .

A l colz ol r eag en t .

C AC A03 T UNC3 2JAPAN WAX

A
AR C H IS

TALLO WZLARD

Av
L MO ND
ou e

YA
MA i z e z s es AMé s LM

SO

C H I N ES EN EG T L LO W
C OT T O N
. A
S U N FLO W ER

L I NS EED

P ER LLAI

B UT T ERFAT

A
P L M KERNEL

C OC ON T U
 “
T R U E V A L E N TA I
F GUR ES 85

D i ag r a m f
o A cet i c A cid Tu r bidi ty ( Tr u e Va len ta )
nu mber s

R APE

C AC AO Z PA L M
T A L LO W

A L MON D

O L IV E
C H I N ES E V EG T A L L O W
.

S UN FLO W ER

C OT T O N

S O YA z N I G ER

B UT T E R FA?
P ER I L LA

P AL M KERNEL

C O CO N T U
86 S O L UB L TY I I 111

Cor r ected Tu r bidi ty Temp er a t u r es Wa xes ) .

Am yl thyl l c h l r g t
-
e -
a o o ea en :
70 0
°
C . a l d
mo n oil .

KL
a le r ta S t a n da r d
l A m
pzii i
T l

l
it
l
A i A
T r ue V x10 Te t r re

Al l
u rn er T es t T rue Va ue
Va e n t a 80 myl E t h y
-

ce t c ce t i c
coh o

i s n o lubl e i sn o lubl e

k it i s lubl
r sw x
Oz o er
P a a ffi n
c
n o e

c r si
B ee a 10 p er .

C d l i ll
e e n

an e a 1 0 p er c .

C d l i ll
pr
an
ffi
a ra
e
a af
fin
n

a 33 p e rc .
88 Y I MI
S TA N D A R D A N A L I T C AL D E T E R NAT ONS 111

t mp r tur bs rv ti d gr s
e of l r l tt r
th e o on in e ee
.

C a nd th e ow e e e to th e

ch r ct r light mpl y d
e e a e a .
,

a a e of th e ra y e o e .

3m P ol a r i et e rs

c structi p l rim t rs is m d cryst l k w

.

I n th e on of e o f th e

Ic l d p r his subst c is w ll k w pr p rty

on o a e e ,
us e a a no n
“ ”
S T as e h a s th e
d ubly r fr cti g light cryst l is cut cut surf c s
as e an a . an e, no n, o e

of The i n tw o, and th e
p lish d c m t d by d b ls m ( this
o e a n . a a e

a nd Ca na In w a y, o n e of th e

r fr ct d r ys light is c us d t t lly r fl ct d ) cryst l

o e e en e a a a .

of to be Th e
pr p r d is m u t d br ss b ll th t light p ss s fr m
e a e a a e o a e e e . a so

n ow in e so a th e en d

cryst l b f r st t d r ys ( m r highly
e a e o n e a a a e o

to en d o f th e a n d, a s e o e a e on e o f th e a th e

r fr ct d ) is t t lly r fl ct d fi ld i w d sig d
a , , o e

o u t of th e of V e As
this is t rm d m rg t fr m prism is
e a e on e o a e e e e . so e ne ,

p m N i col ri s Th e e e en ra y th e
p l ris d wh prisms pl c d c lum liquid
e e a . o

and tw o e e n d t o e n d, a n d a n of

is pl c d b tw prisms light b i g pr j ct d thr ugh syst m

o a e ,
en a re a o

e ee n t h e e n o e e o th e
it will f u d th t c rt i p siti prisms light is tr s
a e , e ,

be in on o f th e

r t ti g th r prisms li t gr du lly pp rs
o n a ,
a e a n o , no an

m i tt e d On now o f th e gh
u til m ximum is r ch d which ccurs r t ti g pri s m x ctly
. o a n o n e or o e , a a a ea

th e

( right gl ) fr m its rig l p s iti this s m pris m

n a a ea e ,
o on o a n e a
° ‘

90 o o o on If a e be now

r t t d thr ugh furth r gl fi ld vi w will g i pp r

a an e i na .

o a e o a e an e of th e e of e a a n a ea

d rk
r s this is sily s cc mp yi g figur
a .

The ea on h fo r ea een in t e a o an n e.

Fig 37

A and prisms p l ris d li ht issui g fr m

B a r e th e t w o Th e o a e g on n o A

is h ri t l pl ( ) p ssi g thr ugh prism ll ws

. ,

in th e On a n o 8 , th e a o

wh l light tr smitt d b c us it tr smits light

o z on a ane a .

th e e of th e to be an e e a e an in t h e

s m pl
o

th r c s wh prism is tur d thr u h right gl

a e a ne

B an e , n on e
“

ne o g a
I n th e
light fr m prism b c m tr smitt d si c is tr s
o e a e, en

of th e A ca n e o e an e n e B n ow an

mitti g light v rtic l pl

o

in
If prisms p cd st d djust d th t
n a e a ane .

th e t w o a re n o w la on a an and a e so a no

light is visibl tr sp r t ptic lly ctiv subst c is pl c d

e ,

a e
and a a a e an e

b tw th m pl p l ris ti is twist d r u d m r l ss
e, an en ,
o a

th e a n e of e o n a nd o e or e

light b c m s visibl If p siti fr t rism ( t rm d

e een e o a a on ,
,

e o e e . th e o on of th e on p e e th e
 P OL A R IM ET E RS 89

is k wlys er this is r t t d u til bs lut d rk ss is n , a nd now

r st r d b ck prism p r m i i g fix gl thr ugh

a na no o a e n a o e a ne

th e ol a r i s er e d, th e a n
which it b tur d will m sur ptic l ctivity
e o e , a ,
or e a n n e o

ha s be e o f th e o of th e
subst c qu sti
een ne a ea a a

in
ri us f rms v b d vis d rd r
an e e on .

Va m o of P ola r i et ers ha In e to

s cur cl s r djustm t fi ld vi w is divid d i t

o e een e e . o

e e of th e a n a lys er th e of

thr s gm ts by m s discs qu rt th r cryst ls

o e a en e e e n o

t w o or ee e en ea n of of a or of o e a

this m r it b p ssibl bt i justm t which

z .

In has to o a n an ad in fo r
giv p siti lys r di r t s gm ts fi ld vi w
a nn e ee n o e en ,

a en on of t h e a n a th e ffe of the e of e

bcm id tic l sh d hil slight st r t ti fth prism

o e ,
en e en

e o e o fa n e o f l ig h t, w e th e e

c us s dif r c sh d b tw divisi s fil
en a a e o a on o

a e a fe e of th e of th e e d I n th e
i strum ts fi ld is divid d
en a e e ee n on .

L a u r en t, m an d t h e S clz i dt a nd H a e n s clz th e

it qu l s gm ts whil p l rim t r fi ld is
n en ,
e e

n o tw o pp in th e L i i clz th e e

divid d i t thr l tt r i strum t is h r d scrib d but

e a e en , e o a e e

e n o Th e a ll a re

v ry simil r m ipul ti
ee . a e n en e e e e ,

e a in an a on .

4 A p p l i c a t i on t o Oi l s

tur l ils ptic lly ctiv v ry sm ll d gr wi g

.

A ll to a t o th e
st r ls which th y c t i figur s bt i d l tt r
na a o a re O a a e e a e ee o n

Th e fo r t h e
f ll ws
e o e on a n . e O a ne a e a re as

o o

h l st r l [ ]? H ss C o e e o a
31
'

I2 e e .

Is ch l st r l [ ]? M o o e e o a
59 1 a re s c h i
'

P /zytos t er ol s

it st r l [ J M S o e o a
I5
D
2 en z z i .

[1 M tth s i B r a s s i c a s t e r ol 4
18
0 a e and He nz .

[
41
S ig ma s t e r o l a

cs ssm
I n th e its ctivity a ) is
e of e a e o il , a to + 1 6 du e t o t h e

s s mi it c t i s ( s s mi £4 3
e a n chl r f rm )
on a n e a n
1
: in o o o

W ith r g rd c st r glyc rid s rici l ic c d cc u t

.

e to o il , th e e of no e a i
its igh ctivity ( his is symm tric c rb t m
a a o e a o n

fo r h a T du e t o t h e a e a on a o of

rici l ic cid Ipg st r [ ]?

.

no e a ; s ee V ol a e Ca o o il a + 7 6 to 9 7
h r is l s gr up ils l ss imp rt c
.
, .

T of o of th e Clca u l /n oog r a
gr up which glyc rid s ls ptic lly ctiv
e e a o a o , e o an e,

o of th e e e a re a o o a a e

h ulm gr
,

[l
l?
C a oo a o il a 52 0
( m r tti
] .

H yn do ca r p u s
“
a o o il

L u k a b ro Oil + 42 5
'

5 Th e L i p p i ch P ol a r i m e t e r
di gr m giv s rr g m t ptic l p rts
.

fi g t 3 8,
'

Th e a a th e a of th e of

i strum t ph t gr ph fig is l tt r d c rr sp di ly
, e an e en o a a

th e en a n d th e

l s s c ll c t i i g s luti p t ssium dichr m t

n o o
, a ,
.
39 , e e e o e on ng .

a G a e on of

yst m l s giv l rg d im g p i g
. on a n n o o a o a e .

b c, (1 S e of en s e to e en a e of o e

hr ic l risms pl vibr ti issui

,
.
e a en n .

n 1 , n 2, n 3 . T ee N o
p ; th e a n e of a o n o f li g h t ng
90 Y I
S TA N D A R D A N A L T CA L D ET E R M N A T O N S I I 111

fr m n , and n 3 f rms sm ll gl ith th t

a a an e w of n , which be lt r d
e e

by m fig
o o a ca n a

S ee 39
lysi g ic l W h sc l is r pl is
ar . . .

An a n N o . en t h e a e a t z e o, the an e of n ,

Fi g 38
.

F ig 39 . . L i p p i ch P o l ri t r
a me e

rr g d th t m u ts light fr m of 11 2 , 11 3 a n d n , a r e e qu l a nd th e
fi ld is u if rmly light d ) th r p siti s fi ld is figur s
so a an e a a o n o a ,

e n o e (a . In o e o on the e as e a,

b and c .
92 P RAC T CA L I M E TH O D S F OR T H E 111

THE IO D I NE V ALUE

1 D e fi n i ti on
I di lu is p rc t g I I
.

The o ne Va e th e en a e of OD N E C H LOR I DE ( I Cl) ex

pr ss d t rms I di which is bs rb d by
e

e e ih e of o ne a o e a n o il , fa t , e tc .

2 Ou t l i n e of Me t h o d
ccur t ly igh d u tity is diss lv d
.

An a we of th e o il , fa t , etc in a

suit bl s lv t xc ss i di chl rid s luti dd d ft r

a e e q an .
, o e

a of a nd a e

r quisit tim mut r m i i u bs rb d is stim t d

e o en , an e e o ne o e o on a e ,

th e e e e th e a of I Cl e a e

c v i tly by p t ssium i did thi sulph t mpl yi g

o n e a n ng na o e ,

on th e u s e o f e and a e, e o n

st rch s luti i dic t r diff r c b t rigi l

en en o a o o

a o on The e w ee n th e o na

gc t t s luti its fi l c t t i di r pr s ts
as an n a o . e en e

i o di n of th e on a n d of ne e e en in
t rms i di bs rb d by
on e n o na on e n o

e of o ne t h e I Cl a o e th e o il, fa t , et c .

3 R ema rk s

discussi th r tic l ch mic l s t ch ic l

.

A on of t h e eo e a and a a n d a l o of th e e n a

sp cts I di lu ill f u d Ip
e ,

of th e Va w be i n V ol
r i h lg first pl y d i t f u d th t ly
a e o ne e o n .
,
.
79 .

B om ne w a s th e em

i t b s rb d s tur t d c rb t s i t l s r pl c d h ydr g by
a o en a t o e , b ut wa s o n a n ot o n was
b y th e m b ut
l ib r t i g
a o e un a a e a on a o , a o e a e o en

s u bs t i tu t i on , e a n HBr
I
gi v s — E rz H -
C e Dr C HBr .

I di i t s lf is ly sl wly bs rb d c t th r f r pl y d em in
pr ct ic
o ne e on o a o e , a nd anno e e o e be o e

pr c dur first us mix d lc h lic

a e .

Th e H at ed w a s du e t o u bl , who

s luti s i di m rcuric chl rid T h s s luti s i t r ct ith

o e e e a o o

o on of o ne and on n e a w

pr uct i di m f ll ws
e o e . e e o

th e od i on of o ne o n o c h l o ri de l a s o o :

H H C 1 + 1 =
g 12 + 2 I C L
ld r umb rs i di v lu r bt i d by this
g 2 2 2

A ll t h e fo r t h e we e o
m th d
o e n e o ne a e a ne

e o

W j m th d is lm st xclusiv ly mpl y d It c sists

.

’
The i s o n ow a o e on

s luti gl ci l c tic cid which u ik

e o e e e .

i n th e u s e of a of I Cl i n nl e th e

m rcury s luti k ps st bl m y m ths j s luti

o on a a a e a , ,

H ub l fo r T h e I Vi s
/ ’
o on

furth r gr t dv t g th t fr m it is bs rb d v ry
e o on , ee a e an on .

h a s th e e t h e 1C ] a o e e

r pidly by th t wh r s i t r ti f rm rly t k
ea a an a e a o

a t h e o il , fa t , e t c th e on o e oo

s v r l h urs it c mpl t d m st c s s withi h lf h ur

.
,
so a , e ea n e ac

e e a o , ca n n o w be o e e ,
in o a e ,
n a an o .

full ddd
1

t i t i h f ll i g s ubs t c s
ils
111 a

t h d
on l s pr du c d
t e o ow n
W I an e a re a o o e H cl , I I I O and H I Og .

pp
Fo r of th e H i rb l me L e w k o w i ts ch , Oi l s , Fa ts a nd a xes , Vo l
‘

e a o s ee .
,
.
39 8 et se
q .
 A ST N DA RD A NAL Y

Ca r ful tt ti f ll wi g p i ts is c ss ry sur ccur cy

t o th e to e n
r g ts us d sh uld high st bt i bl d r
e a en on o o n o n ne e a e a a

( ) a The ea en e o be of t h e e o a na e eg e e of

( ) b v ss ls us d must scrupul usly cl

Th e be ea n a nd dry
i di s luti must c r fully m sur d ( c u ti g r ps
e e e o .

( ) Th e o ne o on be d
fr m pip tt ft r liquid usi g s m pip tt
c a e ea e o n n o

th e has run ou t, a n d

bl k d t rmi ti )
o e e a e n a e e e

fo r an e e na on

i di s uti sh uld lw ys m sur d

.

( ) d The o ne ol m on o a a be ea e o ut a t th e sa e

mp te er a t u r e

titr ti sh uld c rri d th t p i t is c rr ct

.

( )
e Th e a on o b e a e ou t s o a th e e n d

ithi 5 p thi su ph t s luti

o n o e

w n dr o of th e o l a e o on .

4 Ma t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d
ur st gl ci c tic ci
.

1
[ ]
A P e a al a e a d
[ ] I di
B i di trichl ri de
[ ] l chi g p d r sulphuric cid
o ne or o ne o .

C B ow and

t ssium dichr m t pur st fr r m s dium

ea n e a

a nd
[ ] D Po o a e, e ee f o

[ ] t rch
a o .

E S
dium thi sulph t pur cryst ls (
a .

[ ] F So H ) N 3 28 203 5 20
t ssium i did pur st ( ) / s luti
o a e, e a .

[ ]
°
G Po a e, e KI Io o on

rb t tr chl rid r distill d dri d v r fus d c lcium

o o
.

[H ] Ca on e a o e, e e and e

chl rid
o e e a

o e .

5 P r ep a r a t or y Op e r a t i on s

I AAI I I M UI
.

PR E P R T ON I ( )OF OD NE ON OC H L OR D E I CI S OL T ON

UI )
.

(W J
’
I S S OL T ON

(i)
W igh em i dn out 1 3 ighi g b ttl diss lv
gr s of o i e2 in a we o e and

c c pur st gl ci l c tic cid w rmi g s luti

n o e

in 1 000 of e a a a e a a th e
w t r b th ( r fully v id c t ct c tic cid
. .
, n o on

th e a Ca e a o on a of t h e a

with st m v p ur )
on a e -
. e a

l p ur b ut c c i t th r v ss l sid
ea or a o .

a n d s et a
( ) Coo ;
( iii ) up chl ri pp r tus
11 o a o 1 00 . . n o a no e e e e .

Fi t
c tr t d h ydr ch l r ic ci d is ll w d dri p i xtur
a o ne a a a .

Con m
bl chi g p wd r w i t h t i s i ts w ight w t r bl chi g
en a e o o a a o e to on to a e

of fi ve me of

p wd r sh uld i x d i t p st with twic i t s w igh t pl st r

ea n o e , e a e . T he ea n

be m
ris w t r p st ll w d br k up i t lu ps
o e o e n o a a e e e of a e

of Pa a nd th e s et, a n d m
ch l r i is w sh d w i t h l i ttl w t r th d i d
a e , a e a o e to o en n o .

and

bubbl i g th r ugh sulphuric cid w sh b ttl

The o ne gas a e a e a e en r e by
in
iv ss dry chl ri i t i di s luti u til
n o a a a o e .

( ) Pa th e o ne gas n o th e o th e
d rk br w c l ur liquid is ch g
ne o on n

of t h e s e en to e to cl ea r

i di s luti k pt b ck ( ii ) is
a o n o o an a

da r le ti n t The o n ow

dd d u til c ur s luti b c m s f i tly br w

or a ng e . ne o on e a

a e n th e ol o of t h e o on e o e a n o n .

st i f r c tly fr l i u i d p ur d c ry s t l s
lt r t iv t h d is d iss lv gr tub i d i tr ich l r i d
o ff
1 Be o z e n , a nd a ny o e a
e en q .

pr p r d b ut c c gl ci l c t ic ci d
me
c t
am me e of
2
An a e na e o to o e a 10 o ne o e

s lut i i di s lv t u t i l i d i is s l i gh tly x c ss ( I
in a o a nd to a dd a 2 9
(a s no w ) e a e 3 00 . . a a a e a , 2 p er en .

s
i v It is t h d up l i tr w i t h c t ic cid
o o n of o ne i n th e a me o en n the o ne in e e see .

) . en ma e to a e a e a .
94 Y I
S TA N D A R D A N A L MI I T C A L D E T ER NAT ON S 111

hi s l igh t x c ss i d i pr v t s p ssib i l i ty
T s e f r ti e of o ne e en th e o of th e o ma on

o f i odi n e t r i ch l or i de

(v) H t s luti w t r b th mi ut s his

.

ea th e th e for T
r d rs it m r st bl it will ch g str gth
o on on a e -
a 20 n e .

en e o e a e, and n ot in fo r
s v r l m ths l c w ll st pp r d b ttl k p
an e en

P in e and in
d rk
e e a on . a e a e -
o e e o ee

th e a

II AAI A ( ) IU I U A
.

PR EP RE I T ON O F D C N OR M L N S OD M TH OS LP H TE

( i ) W igh pur cryst llis d thi sulph t ( hyp

. IO

m out 25 of
“

s l hit ) diss lv litr tr

e gr s e a e o a e o
”
a nd e of wa e
c w t r su ci t t st s s lu
u
p e o e in a .

s rm i n 5 00 0 ffi fo r few th e
t i w i ll k p r th d ys
12 a a e a re en a e as
. .
, o

n ot for m o fe w

( ) W igh ith gr t ccur cy pur st

on ee e an a a .

ou t m w l
of p ota s
sium dichr m t diss lv distill d w t r m k up
11 e ea a a gr s e

o a e, o e in and to
c his s luti k ps i d fi it ly
e a e a e

T
th t w t r is lw ys s lut i this
I ooo c . . o on ee n e n e .

°
S ee th e at 1 5 5 C a nd a the at
t p tur
a a e , a us e o on

m
l c b ttl l b l / A I U I A
e e ra e.

P in e and e N 1 0 P OT SS M D C H R OM TE

( iii ) ip tt i t fl sk c c KI s luti 5 cc
a e o a .

P 10 of a dd

tr c c pur c c hydr chl ric cid h

e e n o a a . . o on 0 . .

wa e a nd 5 of T in
fr m bur tt x ctly c c / di hr m t
. . e on . o o a . e n r un

o e e e a 20 of N 10 c o a e

titr t this i di s luti ith thi sulph t s luti

a . . .

2
( ) iv N ow w th e

( i ) ru i g thi u til s luti is p l y ll w th

a e o ne o on o a e o on

in th e and

ddi g dr ps st rch s luti ( b l w) itr t

,
nn n o . n o on a e e o , en

10 of th e a o on s ee T
v ry c r fully u til blu c l ur is j giv s
a n o e o . a e

e a e e n th e e o o ust di s ch a rg d a n d
pl c p l r c l r ti c rr ct m u t t r
e

to a a e g o o a T he e of wa e

is th d thi sulph t s luti m k it x ctly

a e ee n on . o a o n

a dde t o th e o a e on to a e e a

quiv l t dichr m t ( c c dichr m t sh ul

en o

a en to th e o a e3 20 N 10 o a e o d
t k x ctly c c / thi p
e . . .

a e e a 20 N Io o s ee ag e

A UI
.
,
. .

III ST RCH S OL T ON

M k thi p st by rubbi up grm st rch with littl

.

e ng 1 of a a e

t r p ur i t c c b ili g t r H t
a e a n a
,

wa e and o n o 1 00 of o n wa e ea fo r a fe w
mi ut s t r b th till cl r s luti sh uld
. . .
,

th e w a e q u rte Th e on o

m up fr sh ch
n e on -
a ea . o

be a de e ea da y
A A
.

IV C R B ON I T E TR C H LOR DE

his sh uld h v b fr d fr m tr c s m istur by pl ci

.

T of a ng

gr ul s fus d c lcium chl rid liquid

o a e ee n ee o a e o e

a fe w an e of e a o e i n th e
A
.

V T H E S M P LE
If this is th t it is quit cl r If w rm till cl r
.

a n oi l s e e n ot, a ea

if still cl udy filt r thr u h thick dry filt r p p r If

a e ea .
,

o e o g e a e a fa t
m lt filt r thr ugh fu l if c ss ry
o r, ,
.

o r w a x, e a nd e o a h ot n ne ,
ne e a .

1 Cal cul t d fr a e u ti o m th e e
q a on

K 2C r207 I 4 HCl 6K I C r2C l s l 8 K C 1+ 7 H 2O l 3 12

- -

K = 39 °
1 0 ; Cr = 5 2 uiv l t ‘

2 —
0 ; O = 1 6 00
°

Eq a en K 2C r207
2
9 20
49 03 3 .

uf tcit r b v t
.

2
S ee e q a on a o e .

3 is n o e d.
O r th e a o
96 D ET E RM N AT ON O F T H E I I I OD I N E V A L U E 111

( ) 20 cc p of t ssium dichr m t ( / ) t k o a e N IO oo 19
'

75c c, of thi sulph t o a e

s lut
ii . . o a .

f ct r thi s luti
o i o n,

of on = 1 0 1 2 7
'

( iii ) umb r c c thi us d t st ( )

a o o . o .

N of fo r = 10 2
5
( iv ) umb r c c thi us d bl k
e . . o . e e a .

N e of . . of o . e fo r an

O I 12 5
'

—9 7 1
b l gs dry i g s i dryi g cl ss gr t ccur cy
.

N ote —I f th e oil to the em a nd

r u ir d i t is b st t k 5 t i s w igh t gi v
e on n or -
n a , ea a a

is cc me th e of Oi l a nd u s e 2 5 of

W j s lut i ft r s l ps t i c c KI s lut i
eq e , e to a e 2 e en, . .

i
’
A cc th e me e of me a dd 1

w t r t i tr t b f r
s o on . e a a
5 . . ot o on , 1 00 . .

a nd

W j s luti is quit st bl l g p ri ds pr vid d it is

a e ,
a e as e o e .

’
A s th e i o on for o e

k pt c l pl c d w ll —st pp r d b ttl it is c v i t mpl y

s e a e on e o ,

a nd in to e o

it st d rd wh str gth c b d t rmi d his

e oo ,
a e a e o e e o e, on en e n

th e ha s T
sh uld cl rly m rk d b ttl with d t pr p r ti
as a an a en en on e e en e e ne .

be th e th e a e of on a n d

dts i t rv ls (usi g st d rd dichr m t ) ls

o ea a e on o e e a a

th e a e o f r e c h e ck i n g s a t n e a n th e an a o a e a o

r c rd d
hus if c c W s lut i f u d r uir c c / th i
e o e .

N
’
T of th e
s ulph t b v ) str gth s lut i ( t r s i d i ) is
, 10 . . i s
j o o n a re o n to eq e . . Io o

6, 7 th e" of th e in m of o 01 8 7 5 N
It th us b c s u c ss ry ft r first t i
a e a o e , en o on e ne

( m ome th e me
s t d rd is thi sulph t s lut i
023 7 9 7 g r L p er to
‘ ‘
or s e nne e a a e

an a e th e o a e o on .

S t u den ts t i nt s t -
l ea v e a ll app a r a tu s cl ea n , r i n s i ng ou t fla s h w i th h o;
s oa p s ol u t i on , a nd cl ea n s i ng b u r et te by r u n n i ng w a ter th r oug h Th e .

t h i os u lp h a te s ol u ti on n eed n ot b e h ep t , b u t th e N /I O di ch r o ma t e s h ou l d b e

p ut in a s p eci a l b o t tl e a n d r es er v ed for th i s tes t on ly .

 S TA N D A R D A N A L Y I T C A L D E T E R M N AT O N S I I 97

B R OM I N E T H E R MAL T E ST

D efi n i t i on
his t st is m sur
T e o f th e t v lv d tr ti g d fi it w ight
h ea
’

diss lv d d fi it v lum s lv t with d fi it

e a ea e o e on ea n a e n e e

o f a n o il o r fa t in e of

v lum br mi
o e a e n e o o en a e n e

o e of o ne .

Ou t li n e of Me t h od
usu lly p rf rm d grm
As a is ccur t ly w igh d
1
e o e 1 o f th e o il o r fa t
v cuum j ck t d t st tub diss lv d c c chl r f rm
, a a e e e

in a a m in 10 of th e t e
td c c br mi s m t mp r tur r pidly
a -
e e e -
e, o e . . o o o ,

p e ra t ur e n o e a nd I of at th e
dd d tub stirr d with th rm m t r umb r d r s
,
. . o ne a e e e a e a

a e , th e e e th e a n d th e n of eg e e

ris t mp r tur r c rd d
e o e e , e

C . e in e e a e e o e .

R ema rk s

uri D bs rpti br mi by u s tur t d f ts h t is v lv d

ng th e a o on o f e

pr p rti l br mi bs rb d m th d thus ur ish s r pid

o ne n a a e a ,
ea e o

o o on a to th e o ne a The f
m s i dir ctly d t rmi i g h l g bs rpti v lu
o e . e o n e a a

ea n of the e of th e fa t
I p It is mpl y d much f rm rly s i c
n e e e n n a o en a o on a

2
(s ee Vol n ot e o e as as o e n e th e

i di lu givi g dir ct figur s is c p bl v ry r pid p r m c

. .
, .

no w e of fo r an

usi g W j w r v cuu m j ck t d tub is

o ne va e, n e e , a a e a e e,

th e
’ “ ”
n i i odi n e s ol u ti on The De a e e e

us d this r duc s h t by r di ti mi imum figur

s . a a -

e as e th e lo s t to a The e

bt i d giv s m y i st c s f irly cl s ppr xim ti

e ea a a on n .

o a ne x in o e a o a on t o t h e

i di v lu but it must r li d up css

e an n an e a a

o ne a e, n ot be e e on in a ll a e .

A p p a r a t u s a n d Ma t e ri a l s r e q u i r e d
[A] A D e a a a e e e w r v cuum j ck t d t st tub e of a b ut c c c p city with
o 20 a a

ir susp si
- -
. .

a w e l o o p fo r en on .

tm c a s e a s b es t os woo
w
for:p /p e t te
cocoon

s oda l i me r ubb er teat

F ig 4 0.

1
For g e su g st d d i fic ti s W i l y f h i b rg r
e mo a on s ee e , ou r . S oc . Ch e m I n d 1 8 9 6, 3 8 4
. .

A rch b u t t, l bz d 1 89 7 , I o H e i du s chk a a nd R e n e e P h a r m Zen t r a l h a l l e ,

3 ;
.
. ,

19 1 2i 303
h
.

uth rs h v h w v r f u d It gr t s rt g t t fo r s am pl s
l iv
2 of
' ‘

l e a o a e o e e o n ea u s e as a o in es e

of o e oi l .

F . 86 W . II .
98 I I
S TA N D A R D A N A L YT CA L D E T E R M N A T O N S I I II

his i s su i t bly p c d s ll wit h l pu ch d in ma tin , h i n the

c tr b tt st d i g w d b s h vi c rr
T a la e a a o e n e

m,
c tr l h l r c i v pr t c t s l d tub
en e of the o o an n on a oo en a e, a ng a o e

e a nd th e en d of th e
tub is p ck d r u d w i th c tt w l
s p o n di n g en a o e to e e o e ea e e .

Th e ( ) in fig 40
I c c pip tt fitt d ith rubb er t t s lim pr t ct r
e a e o n o on oo as . a .

a nda o da o
[B ] A e w a ea e o e

fig ( )
. . e e ,

in 40 b
th rm m t r gr du t d
as . .

°
1
in 3 C
[C ] A e e a a e

ur hydr us br mi
e o .

[D ] P o o ne

hydr us chl r f rm
e an .

[E ] An o o o o .

P r o c e du r e
S usp d cl dry v cuum tub by its wir l p fr m
the a nd th e
k bl c c u t rp is
I . en ea n a -
e e oo o

h oo of th e a an e, a n d o n e o e

grm w ight by m s pi c tubi g w igh

.

A dd a n d, of a fine e of

x ctly this m u t m lt d
2 . I e ,
ea n e n ,
e

in of oil or fa t
x c s c i tly r v d by spi ll filt r p p r
e a a o n e e .

A ny e es may o n v e n en be e mo e a of e a e .

F ig .
41

3 Pl c tub c r fully st c c chl r f rm tir in ne a n d a dd I O of S

g tly w th th rm m t r t t mp r tur ccur t ly ( )
. a e e a e ,
. . o o o .

en i e o e e ,
and no e e e a e a a e a .
I oo P R A C T CA L I ME T H O D S FOR T H E III

M A U M E N E: T E ST

( T H O MP SON A ND B A A LL NT YN E S ’
MOD I F I C A T ONI )
1 D e fi n i t i on
his t st c sists m suri g ris t mp r tur pr duc
.

T in th e e of ed on

mixi g d fi it qu titi s with sulphuric cid

e on ea n e e a e o

n e an e of a n o il , fa t , or w a x Th e
m difi d m th d c mp r s ris t mp r tur p duc d with th t
e n a .

th e of a

bt i d mixi g s m pr p rti s sulphuric cid tr

o e e o o a e e e e a e ro e

o a ne on n th e a e o o on of a a nd wa e .

m Re ark s

t st is g t v u b i g l ss r li bl th h
2 .

M m
’

The n o t of al an t e

th rm l t st with br mi pr vi usly d scrib d ( ) fi ur bt i d

au en e e re a e, e n e e a e

8a The g e o a ne

this c s is ls pr p rti l i di v lu th ugh l ss d gr

e a e o ne e o e e .

in to th e to a e e ee

si c c st t f ct r is ducibl Its r g us ful ss is l ss t

a e a o o o on a
.
o ne a e, o

de e of han
f rm rly i di v lu is p bl v ry r pid d t rmi ti
n e no on an a o e . an e ne e

th e n o w ca e of na on

t st is h w v r simpl r quiri g littl skill is

o e as o ne a e a e a e e .

Th e a nd s o of use in
w rks t sti g wh r i dic ti ly is r quir d
e o e e e, e n e ,
’
a nd

ulphuric cid is v ry v ry c s id r bly str gth wi g

o e n ,
e e an n a on o n e e .

S apt to in to

its xtr m ly hygr sc pic tur ls is r li bl guid

a a e on e a en o n

A o, t h e to

its c c tr ti si c cid sm th t
e e e o o na e . S G
. . no e a e e

/H
°
of 99 28 04 h a s t h e S G as of

/ str gth v ryi g str gth c sid r bl i flu c

on en a on , n e a o
a e . . a
°

96 The ha s e on th e

i cr s t mp r tur bt i d but si c high r ris t mp r tur

o
en . a n en a on e a e n en

n e of e e of e a

with str g r cid is ls giv m ixi g with it is b st d pt

ea e a e o a ne ,
n e a e e e

w t er , to a

m th d p p s d by mp divid
a on e a a o en o n n a e o

th e e t ro Th o s on a n d B l l a n yn e l , a n d th e

d gr s ris r c rd d by umb r bt i d w t r
o o e a e nu

b er of fo r t h e o il the n fo r a e

u d r x ctly simil r c diti s his is t rm d p cific mp r

e ee e e o e e o a ne

e T th e S Te e a

tur cti figur s bt i d b st multipli d by

n e a a on on . e e e
”
R ea o n, and th e 1 00 to

disp with m
e e o a ne a re e e
z
e ns e de c i a ls .

3 Ap p a ra t u s et c requ i red
cc b k r c t i d p c k d with c tt l
. .

[A ] 200 in b ox on w oo

h rm m t r ( tigr d ) r d i g
. . ea e , on a ne a a e o .

[B ] T C en to
th r t r is tt ch d st i rr r d (
e o e e a e ea n

mo m e ma in fig 4 2 ) o u t of

pi c pl t
T o th e e e a a e a e e as .

a e e of ti n -
a e.

Ti n
a on
pl t
-
c ut t h ugh
l g d tt d l i s a e

o e
ro

ne
Plt h t cl i pt dr bulb
a e

er mo m e
p e

e
on to

Fig .
42

d t r i ti
S oc C h em I n d 1 8 9 1 ,
bs lut v isc si ty p g
1
f ou r . . . . 2 34 .

2
A s in th e e e m n a on o f a o e o , a e 63 .
 S T A N DA R D A N A L Y I T C A L D ET E R M N A T O N S I I b 10 1

[C l c c pip tt
c tr t d sulphuric cid
10 . . e e .

[D ] Con en a e a .

§ 4 P r o c e du r e
igh b k r [ ] th w igh i t it m
We th e A and 50 g r s of th e o il , e t c

r st
I . ea e , en e n o .

( t o th e n e a e m ) c e n t i g ra

th t cid [ ] is s m t mp r tur r is
rn e .

Se e th e D at e a s o il If n o t,

l w r it by imm rsi w rm r c ld r w t r
a a a e e e a . a e or

e on in a e or o e

lc b kr st c tt w l [ ] t t mp r tur
o e a e .

“
a n d o il in ”
P of A
i t by m s pip tt sulphuric
a e ea e ne o on oo ,
no e e e a e

of oi l N ow n o oil of
( ) run ea n e e 10 0 0 of

cid t ki just mi ut mpty pip tt stirri g m

a .

1
ng on e n to e e, a n d

hil with th rm m t r p ddl ti u stirri g u til

a , a e e n ean

w and e Con
furth r ris t mp r tur ccurs t p i t ris
e e o e e a . n e n n no

in ( ) No th e t op of b
mpty b k r cl dry it m sur c c w t r (
e e e e a e o e o n e
—
. .

E out ea n a nd a nd ea e 50 of

s m i iti l t mp r tur id ) i t it I cc
ea e , ,
. . a e

e e a e as o il a n d a c n o r un in o of

cid b f r r c rd ris t mp r tur ( )

a e n a ,
. .

a as e o e a nd e o e of e e a e c

—
.

5 . sult 7 Re :
b a
x 100 .

Th e f ll wi g t bl giv s s m r sults bt i d by h mps

o o n a e e o e e o a ne T o on a nd

Ba ll tyan ne

§ M m
5 st ( sp cific t m p r tur r cti ) w t r
au en é Te e e e a e ea on a e = I oo

M h d
. .
,

ll i v r C od
en a

e
en
—
—
306
24 3 2 72

Wh l
S ea 2 12 2 29

i s d
a e 15 7
—
uttg (sJ pd s ) L
T
n ee

n a
—
ane e
3 20
3 30
349

pr chis Co
Ra
on e e

e —
—
1 63

1 25
1 70

14 4

l isvt r A a
O e —
—
1 05

89
137

94

pr t sf t
Ca
N ea
S
o
’

m “
oo
— oil
89 1 05

e 93 1 00

S t u den ts s h o u l d cl ea n s e b ea h e r , dry i t , a nd re p l ace i n b ox . Th e

p a ddl e may b e p l a ced i n t h e b ox a nd th e th er m om eter r et u r n ed to

ut i usly t h t r st ft fr gi l
ca s e .

1
Ca o , as e r m o me e e m s a re o en a e.
 P RA C T C A L I M ET H O D S FO R T H E

OX Y G E N A B S OR P T I O N T E ST

D e fi n i t i on
t st ims
Th e at r c rdi g p rc t g xyg c p bl th e of o of

bs rpti by u d r rdi ry tm sph ric c diti s

e a e o n e en a e en a a e

a o on th e oil n e o na a o e on on .

R e m a rk s

lth ugh
A dryi g p w r ils xp sur
o th e
“
b of o t o a ir has ee n

d pt d b sis cl ssi c ti ils s tisf ct ry m th d

n o e on e o e

th e of fi of o ha s
b f u d d t rmi qu it tiv ly this dryi p r ryi g is
a o e as a a a on ,
no a a o e o

e en to a nt ow e D
u d ubt dly m i ly xyg bs rpti fr m but r t
o n e e ne a e ng . n

du e to o o th e a i r, th e a e

such bs rpti is d p d t m y f ct rs which it is di ficult

n o e a n en a o on

of a o on e en on an a o f to

c tr l su fici tly c r fully lytic l purp s s

en

f for
i di bs rpti v lu th r f r lytic l rk b
on o en a e ana a o e .

Th e has e e o e, in a na wo ee n

tk m sur xyg bs rpti p r ils

o ne a o on a e a ,

e of th e o ow e of o

m i r s s why c c rd t r sults h v b
a en a s a ea en a o ve .

One of th e o n ot e en oh ~

p st is b c us it is v ry difficult h v l y r
a n ea on on an e a e

ta in ed in t h e to o f oil

su fici tly thi purp s s t st hus xt r l surf c s

a e a e e a e a a e

f fo r t h e of th e T th e e

b c m xidis d ski f rm d pr t cts i t ri r

en n o e e . e na a e

of th e o il e a n d th e o e o e th e n e o

fr m xid ti
e o e o ,
n

distribut d v r fi ly divid d l d us d
o o a on .

t h e o il o e Lz
'

L i v a ch e pp e ea a nd er t e

c pp r purp s
e ne ,

fo r t h e
l d p wd r ( bt i d l d s lt w i th i c
o e o e .

k g rm of b y p p tg
w shi g ppt wi th w t r l c h l th r d y i g v cuu ) w igh
Ta e I ea o e O a ne . a ea a z n ,

a nd e a nd in m
i t ccur t ly t ch gl ss spr d i t hi l y r r p fr
a n . a e , a o o e r n a a ,
e

a nd in m
p wd r v ly p ssibl t d
D
pi p tt
a a e on a w a a , ea a t n a e . o o a

6 g rm to th e S
w t ch gl ss rd i ry t p r tur xp s d l igh t sc rt i i c r s
of th e o il o n e as e
°
e e o en as o e . an

em and a

w igh t fr t i t i
a a at o na e a e e o e to , e a n n ea e

of om me to me
p dds m g s r si t spr ds pr cipit t d
e .

B i s ho a an a ne e o na e and ea th e o il o n e a e

silic a

us d strip m is l th r distributi
.

F a h r i on o f Ch a fo r of th e oil

uth rs pr f r wir g u this d s t d bs rb

e a o ea e on .

“
The a o e e fi ne e a z e, as not to
m istur ( chi f thi film is rm d
oe en a o

o e on e
) of th e e drffi cu l t i e s and a of o il fo in
i t erstic s g u which is xp s d b th sid s cti
, n e

th e n e of th e a z e, e o e on o e to th e a on

of th e a ir

i f r ti bt i bl th ugh gr t i t r st is i f ri r
.

In cs th e ma
v lu t h t by i d i v lu
an
y a e, n o on o a na e, o of ea n e e , n e o in
to y1el de d th e

imp rt t t ch ic l pr bl m p i t v r ish tr d s
a e a o ne a e.

An o an e i n th e a nd in
dditi xyg bs rpti is ch r ct r film pr duc
n a o e a n a n a e ,

a on to the o en a th e of th e e d,

sp ci lly its l sticity tr sp r c lustr

o on, a a e o

e and

this purp s s u i t bly tr t d ( b i l d plu s dr i rs is p i t d

e e a e a , an a en e .

Fo r o il,

w d gl ss pr f r bly pi c g l t i tr sp r c
o e the a ea e o e , e , a n e

e e of fil m Th e
s p ci lly l stic ity th t st d dryi g i f furt h r
on oo , a , or e e a on a e a ne . an a en e , a nd

th e e a be th e of th e oil , a nd

t st s d si r d g l ti d iss lv d w y by i rsi w r w t r
e e a , ca n en e e on n e

th e ma y b e m me in m
dri d t st d s u i t bl r
e a re e e , e a ne o e a a on a a e ,

a nd th e fi lm of e o il e e in a ny a e ma nn e .
1 04 P R AC T CA L I ME T H O D S FO R T H E 111

E LA I D I N TE S T

I D efi n i t i o n
l di st giv s i dic ti mut glyc rid
.

The E ai Te on o f th e of t h e

pr s t si c tr tm t with itr us ci ils

n e an n a a o n e e

o f o l ei c a ci d in a n o i l, d, o

c t i i g t bl pr p rti s l i c v rt d i t s lid s mi
e en n e, on ea en n o a

on a n n o f o e n a re or e

s lid b di s wi g pr d cti s lid st r is m r A I I

no a e o o on on e e n o o
' '

o o e , o n t o th e o u on o f th e o e eo -
o e EL D N .

2 M Ou t l i n e of e t h od

is dd d s luti itr us cid pr p r d by cti

.

The il to on of n th e a o n of

m rcury itric cid w ll sh k t g th r i t rv ls

o a e a o o a ,
e a e

e on n a and t h e t w o a re e a en o e e a t n e a

ch r ct r r sulti g pr duct b i g th t d
, ,

th e a a e o f th e e n o e n en n o e .

§ m 3 Re a rk s
W th r g rd ph m Ipgs
.

i m m t o th e en o n o f s ter eo is o er i s V ol
l di t st is gr t v lu is qu lit tiv ly
e a eno -

,
s ee .
,
a e

44
— 46 Th e e ai
'

n e n ot of ea e, a n d a a e on

b sh w th t r sults bt i d i flu c d by m y
. a .

1
I t has th e an

di r t f ct rs m th d pr p r g itr us cid
ee n o n a e o a ne are n en e

ffe g th e of th e of

mixi g cid t mp r tur c diti

en a o ,
as e . . e o e a in n o a ,

2
th e a a n d o il, t h e and th e a nd

t st is chi fly us d liv ils this c s m

n e e a e, ag e on on

of th e o il The fo r and in a e a co

t st sh uld l ys m d s m tim with s mpl

. e e e O e o ,

p a ra t i ve wa be a t th e e a a e of

liv k w purity
e o a a e a e

o e o il o f no n .

4 M Ap p a ra t u s a n d a t eri a l s r eq u i r ed

[ ] W id m uth d st pp r d b ttl s b ut c c c p city

.

A of a o 1 00 a a

[ ] ip tt s cc cc
e- o e o e e o e . . .

B P e e ; 2 50
itr us cid s lut
. . . .
,

[ ] C N io n
M s ur rcury i t dry b k r i tric ci d
o a o .

cc cc of me a dd 1 2 of n of

ll w c ld t i ll rcury is d iss lv d i tr u s
ea e ou t 1 . . n o a ea e ,
. . a

a nd a i n th e a ll th e me T he
ci d f r d is b s rb d w i t h pr duct i gr s luti l g
S G . . o to a ct o o e . n o

me th e of a the
gr c l r ti r i s s l t i is
a o a o e o on ee n o on : a s on as

ee n o o a on e ma n th e o u on fi t fo r us e .

5 P r o c e du r e
It id m uth d b ttl [ ] pip tt c c
.

1 n o th e w o e A 50 of th e o i l t o be
t st d
. e- o e e e . .

e e

cc itr us cid r g t [ ] i s rt st pp r ll
.

2 A dd 2 of th e C a nd we

sh k
. . . n o a ea en ,
n e o e

l c b ttl w t r m i t i d t mp r tur —
a e .

3 P a th e in at a e of 2 5 3o C
sh k i t rv ls mi ut s h urs
. e o e a e a n a ne e e a .
,

a nd r e - e at o f 10 fo r 2

t ch r ct r pr duct bt i d if s lidific ti ccurs

a n e a n e o .

No th e o f th e

t ls tim t k this
4 . e a a e o o a ne o a on o ,

no e a o th e e a en fo r .

W
sh w d t h t ft r xp s ur s u l i gh t d y s liv d id
1
H u bl ; el l e m a n .

y i ld
2 G i n /l to fo r e o il
o e a a e e o e n 14 a , o not
a n e l a rdi n
'

e .
 STA N DA R D A N AL Y I T C A L D E T E R M N AT O N S I I 10 5

R e s ul t s
The f ll wi cl ss s pr ducts m
o o ng a e disti guish d ith
of o ay be n e w th e
ils
«

di fle r e n t
’

O liv e o il

A lm d on

2243
1 11 15
s li h rd m ss o d a a .

S p rm
t s f t (s m t m s)
e

Nea
’
oo o e i e

N ea ts f t
’
oo o il

A rctic sp rm e

Must rd
A r chis
a
butt ry m ss e a .

p rm ( s m tim s )
a

S o e e

p
e

Ra
uflwr
e

S o il

ig r
n o e

N
y b
e

So a ea n

Co tt s on e ed

Se sm a e p sty m ss s p r ti g fr m fluid
p
a a e a a

p rt
,
n o a

Ra e i on
liv r
o .

C od e

S ea l
Wh l
rp is
a e

Po o e

L isn e e d oi l

H mps d liqui pr ducts d o

W l ut
e ee .

a n

S tu den ts s h ou ld l ea v e a ny r eag en t ov er , i n th e cyl i n de r , a n d l a b el sa me .

B ott l es to b e cl ea n s ed w i th w a r m s oap s ol u t i on , r i ns ed a n d dr i ed .
1 06 P RA C T C A L I ME T H O D S F OR T H E 111

S AP O N I F I C AT I O N V ALU E

D e fi n i t i on
v lu i dic t s umb r m g mm
1 .

The s a p o n i fi ca t i o n th e of i l li es of

p t ssium hydr xid r quir d c mpl t ly s p ify

a e n a e n e ra

mm to one g ra e of t he

subst c It th r f r simply xpr ss d

o a o e e e o e e a on

an be e e

v lu / H
e . ca n e e o e e
°
KO fo r s a p o n i fi c a t io n x 10

A I I A O U I A is umb r r mm s
sa a e
p .
o
.

Th e S P ON F C TI N EQ V L E NT th e n e of g a e of o il

by quiv l t
s a p on i fi e d m ) p t sh
one e a en gr s of o a .

v lu qu v l t s ap . a e
sap . e i a en

v lu s ap . e
q u rva l e n t s ap . a e

2 M Ou t l i n e of e t h od

is b il d h lf h ur with xc ss lc lic p t sh
.

Th e fa t e tc fo r of a oh o

m u t u bs rb d p t sh b i g th d t rmi by b ck titr ti
. o e a an o an e e o a ,

th e a of n ed a a on

with / H bl k d t rmi ti is ls m d v lu
o n na o e o a e n en e e -

N Cl ; e, a n d th e s a p a e

is c lcul t d fr m diff r c b t th s figur s

2 a an e e na on a o a .

a a e o th e e en e e w ee n e e two e .

m
3 Re a rk s

pr ctic l pplic ti s v lu I
.

Fo r th e o f t h e s a p o n i fi ca t i o n V ol
pgs —
a e s ee

cs AX fl sk sh uld b il d
a a a a on .
,

e 83 85 I n th e of W ES th e be o e fo r an

h ur l g r s luti s dium lc h l ( s dium lc h l t )

a . a e a o

o or a nd a on of in o o a o o a e

is pr f r b ly mpl y d
on e , o o a o

e e a e

cs Y A K U A crud bitum
o e .

I n th e a ( of V E R D R S B ST N C ES th e en

w x s ) s luti must dilut d ith lc h l ft r u til

e as e .

g . e

a e th e o on be w s a p on i fi ca t i o n n

c l ur ch g ith ph ol phth l i disti ctly s

e a o o a e

th e o o w th e be ee n , a n d

l rg p rc l i b si m mpl y d titr ti
an e en a e n ca n n

a a e o e a n a n ay be e o e fo r t h e a on .

M
Ap p a ratu s a nd a t er i a l s r e q u i r e d

[ ] fl sks c c c p city
A
pr f r bly r u d b tt d J fl sks (
2

c ic l
a , 2 00 . . a a .

hs T me in fig 4 4
fl sk is sh w ) c s sh uld gl ss p t sh
e e a re e e a o n -
o o en a a . a on a

a nd in be of th e s me th e
pr u c d s lv t cti s ki ds gl ss pl y d
[
a o n , any a e o a a ,
as o a

h as me of em

[ ] c d s rs st d ( upright r flux
a on o n e o en a on o n o n a o e .

“
B ) as at b
c v i t s t d b i l i g u d r fl ux is t h t sh w ph t
2 on en e on an e .

A for i n t he
gr ph p g w hich d ti
on e n en an o n n e re a o n o o

fig 4 8 b e ma bya ma n fo r
shi ll i gs It is d s ld r d pl t w i t h w d b s sur s
a ,
. on a e 12 1, ca n e n a few
ma e of t in - a e , a nd en

th t bl k t st is p rf r u d r x ctly si i l r c d i t i s w i t h
n . o e e a e a oo e

th e med m a th e
d t r i t i ( w t r b th r pl s d tr y
a an e e o n e e a on on

m in fig 4 4 , ma y the
h r sh w c ss ry )
e e na o n. A a e -
a , as . e a ce an -
a

is b ut n ot n e

cc cc c c pip tt s 5 c c bur tt
e e o n, e a .

[ ] C 25 and 2 a nd

[ ] lc h lic p t sh
. .
, 10 . .
,
. . e e ,
0 . . e e .

D A
his is pr p r d d iss lvi g b ut p t sh ( pu i d fr
o o o a .

T by g rms o f o m
lc h l) i i u u t i ty w t r ki g up
e a e o n a o 20 a r fie o

a o o cc
in th e m n m m q an of a e , a nd m a n t o 5 00 . .
10 8 IT H E SA P O N F CAT O N V A L U E I I 111

s v r l h urs w r pl c ddi g r M i f purpl c l r m mo n O4 th e

d is pp rs h pl c l i ttl p d r d ch lk
e e a o in a a a e, a n e K e o o a

i ion fl sk in th e a nd

d ist i l t st i g ist i ll t t i ll wh b i l d t st tub w i th l i ttl

a ea . T en a e a e ow e e a a ,

th e d in
s tr g s lut i y ll w l r t i cc urs st di g ll ct
, e n a e , en o e a e -
e a e

KOH Co
r idr d ist i ll t but r j c t l st c c
on o on , n o e o co o a on o on an n . e

th e ma of th e for th e

ccur t ly st d rdis d ( / H is u suit bl )

e n e a e u s e, e e a 50 . .

[E ] N / H 2 cl , a a e a e N 2 25 04 n a e

/ ph l phth l i lc h l
an . .

[F] 1 o
en o a e n in a o o .

§ s P r o c e du r e
1 A ccur t ly igh cl dry fl sk (if r u d b t m susp d
a e we th e ea n a o ot o ed en

by ir fr m k v r b l c ) th cc
. n -

w h oo a nd e n a dd 2 of th e o il

( m lt d ) with pip tt t ki g c r th t dh r s
e o o e a an e pan . .

fa t or w a x n o oi l a

ck fl sk ccur t ly igh g i
or e e a e e, a n a e a e e

to of A we

5 c c p t sh ith pip tt c u ti g
ne a . a e a a n .

R u n in 2 of th e a l c o h ol i c w th e
dr ps which dd d ft r pip tt is mpti d
. .
_
o a e e, o n n

o a re a e a e th e
l c u d r r flux c d s r h t k th r fl sk
e e e e .

P n e e on e T e th e o a n d ru n in
c c p t sh b f r ll wi g s m umb r dr ps
a e en . en a e a ,

25 of o a as th e of to
ll fr m pip tt tt ch r flux
. . e o e, a o n a e n e o

fa o e e A to
tly b il b th fl sks mi ut s r t ti g mixtur
. a e .

G en o o fo r 3 0 th e o il

cc si lly sur mixi g

a n e , o a n e

to en
isc ct l tt r d c c c r fully utr lis d lc h l
o a on a e n .

D o nn e a e ad 10 of a nd

titr t with / H usi g c c ph l phth l i t umb r

,
. . a e ne a e a o o

a e N 2 C l, n 1 of en o a e n No e n

c c us d ( )
. . . e

of e

itr t bl k d t rmi ti s m m r ft r dditi

. . a .

T e e in a nn e of

c c lc h l t r sult ( )
a e an na on a e a e a on

No b
’

10 . . a o o . e e

S ap on i fi c a t i o n v a l ue
—) 56 1 1 00
(b a x
1 000 x2 wt o f fa t

cc c v rt
.

N /2 K O H w t of K O H to

bs rb d cc p rc t g
. .
- . on e

in I of

/ s luti
a o e . . e en a e

N 2 o f fa t

simplifi d thus
o on

or e

(b ) x

ight
a

we o f o il

§ 6 E xa mp l e
tk
.

Wt of o i l m 1 8 03 5

lum / H r quir d by bl k
a en gr s.

cc
.

Vo e of N 2 cl e e 3 5
cc
an . .

o il

c v lum r quir d by us d (
24 05

cc
. .

He n e of N /2 H C l ) KOH 3 5 8 5 24 O5 = 1 1 8
r quir grm H
e o e e e . .

1 80 3 5 g rm s o il e e I I 8 x 0 2 80 5 KO .

1 g r rn r quir s
O il e g rms e
1 8 03 5
x
In

v lu Sap . a e

S t u den ts s h ou l d l ea v e fl a s h s cl ea n , a n d N /2 H C l i n b u r et te s h ou l d b e
e mp ti ed ba ch i n t o i ts b ott l e a nd th e b u r et te w a s h ed th r oug h w i th di s ti ll ed
w a ter .
 STA N D AR D A NA L Y I T C A L D ET E R M N A T O N S I I 109

I N S O LU B L E B R O M I D E V A LU E
O F F ATT Y A C I D S

D efi n i t i on
I U AU f tty c ds d riv d fr m
1 .

The N SO L I
B LE B R OM DE V L E o f th e a a i e e o a n o il

fa t is th e p rc t g i s lubl br mid s bt i d e of m g o e o e o a ne on b ro in a t i n a

s luti f tty cids suit bl s lv t

or e en a n

o on o f th e a a in a a e o en .

2 Ou t l i n e of Met h od
w igh d qu tity is f tty cids s p r t d
.

A o f t h e Oi l s a p o n i fi e d, th e a a e a a e

diss lv d th r with littl c tic cid chill br mi is

e e an ,

in a nd ed Th e
dd d dr p by dr p ith c tr l t mp r tur u til d fi it
o e e e a e a e a , . o ne

w on o of the e e a e, n in
xc ss ft r st di g mi imum tim is filt r d w sh d
a e o o e n e

and a fo r a n e, e e a nd

d d c st t w i ht
e e ,
e an n , a e

ri e to on an e g .

3 R em a rk s
t st
rigi lly pr p s by H
.

Th e e was o MI o ed EHN E R AN D T C H E LL in
b s d up i v stig ti s H just y rs
na o

1 8 9 8, a n d w a s th e e a on of A ZU R A t en
rli r f tty cids fr m ils w r rigi lly us d but H b r
a e on n ea

Th e th e o
M itch ll pr f rr d ils th ms lv s th y f u d pr cipit t d
ea e . a a o e e o na e , e ne

and th e e as th e
br id s l ss s lubl h ir m th d tk — m
e e e e o e e e o n e a e

om T w a s to of th e o i l
diss lv c c th r which c c gl ci l c tic
e e o e e e o a e 1 2
.
gr s
“ ”
and o e i n 40 of e e to a fe w of

cid w r dd d ( th y f u d b tt r ch r ct r pr cipit t si g
. .
,
. . a a a e

of th e
c tic cid th with th r l ) t mp r tur k pt
a e e a e e o n a e e a a e e a e u n

The
°
e an e e a on e e e a e was at 0 C a nd

s v r l h urs w r ll w d pr cipit ti iltr ti c rri d

a a . e .

e e a o e e a o e for e a on F a on w a s out

by m s thistl fu l c v r d with h m is th r filt r

. a e

ea n of a e nne , o e e C a o l ea and a

pump pr cipit t w sh d f ur succ ssiv l ts c c

e , e

a nd th e e a e w as a e w rt h o e o f 10

th r
, e o . .

°
of e e at 0 C
sp cifi d t mp r tur p r ti
.

L E W K OW I T S CH
°
e e th e e e a e of 5 C for
filt r d thr ugh pl it d filt r p p r pr f rr d p r t
. o e a ng ,

and
‘
e e o e e to th e
mix d f tty cids
a a a e , e e e o e a e on

e a

br mi t d s luti c rb t tr chl rid

a .

P E OCT OR 1 o na e a o on of th e o il in
pr cipit t d br mid s by dditi bs lut lc h l
a on e a o e,

a nd e a e th e o e th e a o n of a

U I sugg st d c c gl ci l c tic cid wit

o e a o o .

S T C L F FE 2 the us e of 5 of h
c c th r f u d much l w r r sults if m r c tic cid r
e e . .
. a a a e a

40 of e and o

us d H c l d t mp r tur w t r ( b ut
. . e ,
n o e e o e a e a we e
th e of
°
e oo e at e e a e ta p a e and

prtd
e .
-
a o 11

o n t h e o il

w rk d l b r t m th d
o e a e .

E I B NERM AND UG G E N T H A L E R 3 o out

p r ti g f tty cids mpl yi g t mp r tur

e an e a o a e e o ,

o n th e and e
°
o e a n a a ,
o n a e e a e of 10 C .

1
f ou r . S oc . C h em l . u d 1
9 06 , 2
5 , 7 98 .
2
A n a lys t , 1
9 1 4 , 39 , 28 .

1 9 1 3 , 3 8, 1 5 8 .
1 10 Y I
S T A N DAR D A N A L MI I T CAL D E T E R N A T ON S 111

f r g i g m th ds w r c r fully r vi w d by
Th e o n ewith o e e a e e e G E M ME LL 1
vi st blishi g st d r m th d pr c dur c p bl yi ldi g
o e e a

ew to e a an a d of e of

c sist t r sults H f u d t t v ri ti s ccurr d ri i l

a n e o o e e, a a e n

ha in th e
m th d H b r Mitch ll with c c tr ti s luti
e e o n a a on o e o
on en .
g na

of ne and th e on of th e on o f

m u t c tic cid mpl y d ls th t usi g

e o e e on en a o

t h e o il, a n d th e a o n of a e a A t h e o il ,
br mi c t t pr cipit t li bl v ri ti
e o e . o a , n

th e on en o f th e was to a on The
mi imum tim c mpl t pr cipit ti fu d ur h urs
o ne e a e a e a .

e fo r o e e was to b e fo o

i ficulty xp ri c d ith m th d
n e a on o n .

D f was Me e en e w E ib ne r a nd l ’
u g g e n th a e r s e

bi cumb rs m ccup i g du l gth tim ( thr

o ,

e ng to o e o of e ee

d ys ) mpl yi g t mp r tur which di ficult m i t i

as o e, yn an un e en

a and e o n a e e a e was f to a n a n
°
10

uth rs pi i
I n th e m th d utli d by mm l is m s
’
O n on, th e Ge l th e o t
s tisf ct ry c p bl yi ldi g c c rd t r sults m th
a o e o o ne e

one a nd e of Th e od

h r giv th r f r is br dly th t mm ll with s m m di c ti s

a a o a a e n on o an e . e

of Ge fi
rk d by uth rs chi fly with vi w sh rt i tim
e e en e e o e oa a e o e o a on

wo e ou t th e a o a to th e e

r quir d
e e o en ng

r rd ch mic l c sid r ti s I pp
e e .

In eg a to e a on e a on s ee V ol .
,
. 8 5 , 86 .

4 Ap p a ra tu s and Reag en t s req u i red

ubl bulb d fl sk ( us d butt r lysis) sh w

.

[A] A do for
h i s is pr vid d w i t h bl w d v ic pl y w sh b ttl
e- e a as e e a na as o n .

T o e a o -
o ff e e as e m o ed i n a o es .

( Fi g 4 5

[ ]B c c gr du t d fl sk with st pp r
1 00 a a e a

[ ] m ll fl sks pr vi with ccur t ly

. .
, o e .

C S de d a a e

gr u d st pp rs b ut c c
a a o

of 50
c p city ( ighi g b ttl s suit
o n o e a o . .

a we n o e a re

bl )
a

sm ll c trifug t ki g tub s
e .

of
[ ] D A a en e a n e

c c c p city ( v r)
ubb r tipp d stirri g r ds
10 . . a a or o e .

[ ] E R o

[ ] w dish filt r p p rs fu ls
e -
e n .

F S e a nd nne

th r fr fr m lc h l w t r
e e a .

a nd
[ ] G E
th r
e ee o a o o a e .

k cc cc of in
pur c ust ic s d
Ta e 2 00 . . e e a 5 00 . .

fl sk of

ll w st d d ys h
a ,
ad d 10 g rnrs e a o a,

fo r t w o T
d ist i l th r v r w t r b th ( usi g
a nd a o to an a . en

c ut i r g rds k d fl s )
th e e e o e a a e -
a n

me a nd

d isti ll t gr s hydr us
du e a on as e a na e a

dd of a n

c pp r s u ph t ll w st d s v r l
to th e a e a 10 in o

l A to

d ys
o e a e. o an e e a

lyc ri c ustic s d s luti

a .

H
[ ] G
iss lv gr s l ss pu stick
l 1g e n- a o a o on
45
< .
.

D of

c u s t ic s d u l w igh t w t r v ry c c this s lu
o e 1 00 ui or e re

of To of

ti c c pur c c r t d ly c r i
o
a o a in a n eq a e a e . e e 20 . .

o n a dd 1 8 0 of

I[ ] ulphuric cid c t s luti distill d w t r

. . e on e nt a e g e n.

S 10 en o on in e a e

l ci l c tic cid
a p er
.

[J ]
.

G a a a e a .

1
A n a lys t , 2
97
I 12 I N S O L UB L E B R O M D E V A L U EI 111

6 Ge mm i s ell g ve t h e fo l l o w rn g figur s e

s d i ls ( ) t
.

c
(b l d)
Li n ee o ra w 326 to 3 7 6 p er en .

Soyp b a e a n o il
ol e

4
'

I b
to

Ra ( )
e I 2 35
( ) 2

u gl iv r
‘

3 oo
T n nil

Wh l
Co d e 3

(br w )
a e

M h d
o n 25 8

h rk l v r
'

en a en 51 7
S a

pr
S eal i e

S e m oi l 1 7 0

N ote for s tu den ts . A l l eth er w a s h i ng s to be p l a ced i n “

E th er R es i du es
b ott l e f or recovery . Cl ea ns e a l l g l a s s a
pp a r a t u s w i th h ot so ft s oa
p s ol u ti on

a n d r i ns e i n w a ter .
 S TA N D A R D A N A Y L I
T C A L D E TE RM N AT ONS I I 1 13

R E I C HE R T -
ME I S S L V A LU E

(W ith W o ll n y s
’ l
a nd L e ffm a n n and B ea m s m dific ti s )
’ 2
o a on .

D e fi n i t i on
is m sur
1 .

Th e R ei ch e r t M ei s s l
f Va l u e ea e o f t h e s o l u b l e v ol a t i l e tty
cids m l cul r ight) bt i d fr m m
-
a a

a ci ds
( i of l ow we o 5 gr s of a fa t
if rm r sults bt i d pr vidi c diti s l id d w
. s . a o e a o a ne or

w ax Un o a re o a ne o ng th e on on a o

strictly dh r figur is t rms cubic c tim tr s

. e n

a re e ed t o The in of en e e of

d ci rm l lk li r quir d utr lis ti th s cids

a . e e

for on o f

figur s lubl v l t i l c id s bt i d u d r c d i ti s
e no a a a e e ne a a e e a .

The fo r t h e th e of th e
l sk t st is pr ct ic lly i d t ic l w i th b v but is t d
e o e o a e a o a ne n e on on

Po th e e r me t h e R ei ch ert
dist i c t i
en e e a a en a a o e,

P ol en s k e fo r n on .

2 Ou t l i n e of Met h o d
is r sulti g s p diss lv d tr
.

T h e fa t s a p o n i fi e d, and th e in w a th e
tty cids lib r t d by dditi sulphuric cid liquid
e n oa o e e ,

fa a e a e th e a of a n d th e

distill filt r d filtr t titr t d ith l k li

on a ,

e d, e e ,
and a e a e w N 10 a a .

3 R ema rk s

rigi l m th d w r t k but it
.

I n R ei ch er t m ’ 3
2
‘

5 gr of th e fa t e e

f u d m r c v i t d pt M sugg sti d ubl this

s o na e o s a en
’
wa s o n o e to a o ei s s l e to o e

qu tity d t ermi ti
on e n en . s on

fo r t h e
th sh w d th t u l ss c rt i c diti s w r l id d w
an e na on .

W oll ny
l
en o e a n e e a n on on e e a o n

and strictly dh r d u if rmity r sults tt i bl t o, in th e was n ot a a na e.

h s r pri cip lly

a e e n o e

T e e we n a

d fi it si sh p pp r tus
e

( ) I A z e and e of a

fix d tim distill ti d fi it v lum distill t

e n e a a a .

( ) A fo r t h e o n of a e of a e

r v ti diss lv d c rb di xid distill t

2 e e a e n e o .

( ) 3 P on o f in th e a e

v id c ggl m r ti u m lt d f tty ci s
e en o e a on o e .

( ) 4 A e of a o n of a d
duci g li bility st r f rm ti v l til cids
o an o e a n e e a .

4
( ) 5 Re of e of t h e

c mmitt pp i t d st d r c diti s l id d
n a e o a on o a e a .

A w as a and d ow n fo r
t st furth r m dific ti by fi
o ee o n e an a on on a

th e A m Le and B 2
w a s th e u s e of

s luti c ustic s d glyc ri pl c

e . e o a on zz a n n ea

a o on of a o a in e n, fo r s a p on i fi ca t i o n , in a e of

lc lic p t s
oh o m th d is th r by gr tly sh rt d
h, a n d a s th e en e and th e

r sults bt i d id tic l m difi d p c dur is d pt d h r

a o a e o e e ea o ,

th e e e

cc mp yi g ph t gr ph sh ws distill ti pp r tus fix d up
e o a ne a re en a , o e ro e e a o e .

[Th e th e e

r dy giv s st d rd dim si ]
a o an n o o a o a on a a a

ea for u s e, a n d e th e an a en on s

1
f ou r Ch em I n d 1 8 8 7 , 8 3 1 , a n d A n a lys t , 1 9 00 , 3 09
. S oc . . . .

2 A n a lys t , 1 8 9 1 , 1 5 3 .

d ubt s p ssibi l i ty
3
Z ei ts f a n a lyt C h em 1 8 7 9 , 1 8 68
. . . . .

Wa xes
Ip
4
L e w k o w i t s ch o th e o o f es t e r i fi ca t i o n S e e Oi ls , Fa ts . a nd ,

V ol .
, 4 18 . .

F 86. W . II .
1I4 ST A N D A R D A N A L Y T I C A L D E T E R MI N A T O N S I I II

S ol u t i on s requ ired
A s luti c ustic s d glyc ri
on o f in
W i gh c u s t ic s d
o a o a e n .

5 0 g rm s
iss lv cc w t r
e o ut a o a .

c c t his s lut i w i t h c c pur glyc ri

D o e in 5 0 . . a e .

M ix 50 of of

rm l sulphuric cid
. . o on 4 50 . . e e n.

No
ci rm l c ustic s d ccur t ly st d rdis d b rium
a a .

De an e (or a

hydr t )
no a a o a a a e a

h l phth l i s luti
a e .

P
iss lv p h l p h th l i c c lc h l
e no a e n o on .

D o e 1 g rm en o a e n in 1 00 . . a o o .

F ig 4 6 .

5 P r o c e du r e
th t distill ti fl sk ( c c ) is cl dry
.

I S ee th e 3 00 ea n a n d

u t rb l c fl sk w igh i t it x ctly
. a a on a . . .

Co th e and
5 g rrn s of th e
filt r d
2 . n e a an e a ,
e n o e a

e e o il o r fa t
c c s luti [ ] fl s k with pip tt
.

3 A dd 20 of A to
H t c uti usly v r k d fl m ( with c st t r t ry m v
. . . o on a a e e .

4
m t pr v t cr cki g spurti g) u til liquid b c m s
. ea a o o e a na e a e on an o a o e

to a nd

p rf ctly cl r ( — mi ut s)
en e en a n n n e o e

e 2 3
t d sid c l t mp r tur must ll w d f ll
e ea n e .

5 S to The be to
blw
. an a e oo . e e a e a o e a
°
e o 1 00 C .
I 16 P R A C T CA L I M E T H OD S F OR T H E 111

T HE P OL E N S K E V A L UE

1 D e fi n i t i on
l sk lu is m sur v l til f tty cids
.

Th e P o Va of th e i n s ol u bl e
bt i fr m m
en

It is xt si O pr vi us
e e a ea e o a e a a

o a ne d s of a fa t or w a x f th e
5 gr
M ) t st but r t r x ctitud its p rf rm c is c ss ry
o . an e en on e o

(R e g in a a nd

pr scrib d dir cti s must mi ut ly dh r d figur is

.
-
.
, ea e e a e e o an e ne e ,

th e e e be e a to The e

t rms c bic c tim tr s ci rm l lk li r quir utr li

e on n e e .

in e of of de e d for n e a

s ti tty cids
u en e e no a a a e

a on o f th e fa a .

2 Ou t l i n e of Me t h od
is r sulti g s p diss lv d t r tty
.

T h e fa t s a p on i fi e d, th e in w a th e fa
cids lib r t d by dditi sulphuric cid liquid distill d
e n oa o e e ,

a e a e th e a of th e e th e

distill t filt r i s lubl ci s diss lv d lc h l titr t d

on a , ,

e e d, a n d th e d in a nd

ith lk li
a e n o e a o e a o o a e

w N 10 a a .

3 R e ma r k s

dh r c x ct c diti s distill ti ( subs qu tly ) is

.

A e en e to e a on on i n th e and e en

v m r imp rt c th ich rt M issl t st si c m u t

a on

of e en o e in th e R e th e a o n

i s lu l cids c rri d v r with st m d p ds t mp r tur

o an e an e -
e e ,
n e

of n o b th e th e e e

liquid —l c l v rh ti g i cr si g m u t — m u t
e a a e o e ea e en on e a

of th e a ea th e th e a o n of

st m pr duc giv tim r surf c liquid xp s d

o o e n n ea n a o n ,

ea o ed in a th e a e a of e of o e e tc

distilli g fl sk still h d bulb tub c d s r must ls

en e, a e .

Th e and e, a n d be a o

st d rd dim si s iv ph t gr ph which sh s pp r tus

n a , ea on en e

of a in ow th e a a a

fill d r dy distill ti
an en on ,
as g en o o a ,

e fo r
titr ti figur s lubl
ea a on .

Th eI K RE C HER T P OL E N S E, fo r th e o e

v l til cids m m st purp s s t k id tic l with

-
or a on e

o a e a fo r be en as en a th e

ich rt M issl KI U YK A (
, a y, o o e ,
a

Re ) The R SC H N E R a n d S H R E WS B R N PP E L SD ON
t sts xt si s this d t rmi ti ( p g s
e -
e .
-

e a re e en on of e e na on . S ee a e 147,

4 R eag ents requ i red

ustic s d s luti M by diss lvi g m hy r t

.

[A] C a on a de o n p u re
’
s o di u d a e

qu l ight t r
o a o .

in an e a we of wa e

lyc ri
.

[B ] G
ulphuric ci 5 c c pur c c tr t d H cc
e n .

[C ] S d 2 of 28 04 t o 1 000

ith distill d w t r ( c c sh uld just utr lis c c

a . . . e on en a e . .

w a e 2 of
35 ne

lc h l c t c r fully utr lis d ( p l phth l i )

e a e . . . o . .

[D ] A 9 0 p er h en o a e n

ci rm l s dium hydr t b rium hydr t

o o . en . a e ne a e .

[E ] De
h l phth l i s luti c t lc h l
no a o a e or a a e .

[F] P in o o

d r d pumic sift d thr ugh butt r musli p ssi g

en o a e n o on . I p er en . a .

”
[G ]
“
P ow e e e, o e n or a n

m sh
e
“ ”
90 e .

5 P r o c e du r e
th t c c distill ti fl sk is cl dry
.

See th e ean a n d

filt r d
I 300
u t rb l c igh i t it x ctly
. a . . a on a .

2 . Co n e a an e, a n d we n o e a 5 g r nrs o f th e e e fa t .
S TA N D AR D A N A L Y I MI I T CAL DET ER N A T ONS

A dd 2 cc H s luti [ ] m glyc ri
of Na o A a n d 20

H t c uti usly v r k d fl m (with c st t r t ry m ti

. . o on gr s e n .

'

a e on

pr v t cr cki g ) u til liquid b c m s p rf ctly cl r ( —

ea a o o e na e a an o a o on

to a n n e o e e e

mi ut s)
e en ea 2 3

sid c l
n e .

Set to oo

Wh blw
a e .

°
en 100 C
cc tr
e o .
,

1 00 of wa e

dd d s luti
. . a re

a nd of

s p ct d if
a e ,
o on

th e oa e ffe e ;
c ss ry by w rmi g
t r b th
ne e a a n

on w a e

s lut i sh uld
-
a .

Th e
cl r l str w
o on o

be a nd

c l ur d br w
ea pa e a

If th e

t s t ust r j c t d
o o e . o n,

m be
c c sulphuric cid
e e e e .

40 of

s luti [ ] dd d
. . a

o on C
grm
a re a e ,

a nd of
0 1
pow
d r d pumic [ ] G
fl s k is tt ch d
e e e .

The a

c d sr
a a e

to on en e a n d th e

f tty cids liq fi d by

,

a a

g tl h t v idi g
ue e

b ili g
en e ea ,
a o n

o n t h e l iq u i d Th e
sm ll h l still
.

a o e in th e
h d tub sh uld
ea be
b ut cm fr m r
e o

a o 1 u n de

sid c rk
. o

e of o

liquid is distill d
.

Th e
usi g kd flm
e ,

n a

sb st s pl t
na e a e,

a n d th e a a e 1

pr vid d flm
e o

o e a n d th e

r ul t d th t
, a e

eg a e so

c c distill d
, a

1 10 o ff

withi — mi ut s
. . a re e

ls c d sd
n 19 20 n e .

A o, th e Fi g 4 7
distill t must drip
on en e .

a e

it
n o r c iv r
th e t mp r tur high r th —
e e e at not 8
°
C
If high r th this gr t r f c li g w t r must
a e e a e e an I 20 .

flo w be
mpl y d
e an a ea e o oo n a e

e o e

Imm di t ly c c h v distill d v r fl m is t k w y
.

e a e 1 10 th e
r c ivi g fl sk r m v d c r pl d by c c
. . a e e o e ,
a e a en a a ,

th e e and

m suri g cyli d r
e n a e o e at on e e a ce a 20 . .
,

ea n n e

distill t fl sk is c l d by imm rsi up cc

.

T he in the to t h e 1 10
m rk w t r
a e

b ut mi ut s
a oo e e on . .

in
°
a a e at I
5 C fo r a o 5 n e

f t t pg 5
. .

1
S ee o o n o e, a e 11 .
1 18 K T H E P OL E N S E V A L UE III

The fl ti g cids ( f rmi g ily dr ps) m d dh r a re n o w to to

ck fl sk by g tly t ppi g fl sk imm rs d
12 . oa n a o n o o a e a e e

th e of t h e en a n a n d th e a e fo r
furth r mi ut s
ne a , e

ten
i s lubl cids x mi d t m d wh th r
a e n e .

The a re n o w e a nd a n o e e of

th y pp r ( ) ily dr ps ( ) s mi s lid ( ) s lid

13 . n o e a a ne , a e e

I o 2 e o 3 o

I rt c rk i t fl sk r v rs s v r l tim s
e a ea as o ,
-
,
.

and e a

ilt r thr ugh filt r p p r titr ti

14 . ns e a o n o a e e e e e .

15 F m m o a e a e of 8 c di a et er Th e a on of

cc filtr t dir ct d pr vi us t st giv s

. e .
.
.

of t h e e in the e o th e

ich rt l sk figur
1 00 . . a e, a s e e , e

Re Po
W sh c d s r tub c c cyli d r m suri g fl sk with
e -
en e e .

16 and

c c w t r thr tim s usi g s m w t r ch v ss l

. a on en e e, 20 . . n e ,
ea n a

15 n a e a e for a nd

pl ci g filt r j ct w sh t rs
. . a e ee e , ea e e ,

Re e a wa e

i s ch g i with c c lc h l thr tim s p ur filt r

a n on e . .

R and
‘

17 15 a o o ee e o on

ch c c must ll w d dr i thr ugh xt is

. n e ea a a n . . e .

Ea 15 be a o e to a n o b e fo r e t h e °

ne

dd d
. .

itr t lc h lic filtr t with / lk li usi g c c h l

a e .

18 T N Io a 0 5
phth l i s luti [ ] his figur l sk lu
. a e a o o a e a ,
n . .
p eno

a e n o on F . T e Po en e Va e .

g6 In t erp r e t a t i on o f R es ults
t st r f r c ly c c ut p lm k r l ils butt rf t
.

Th e has to and and

c ut p lm k r l ils yi ldi g m r
e e e en e on o on a e ne o e a .

Co a nd m of th e i n ter edi a te

wt f tty cids hydr lysis giv hi h umb rs whil butt rf t

on a e ne o , e n o e

m ol e th e
v l til cids which chi fly m giv s figur s
. . a a on o ,
e g n , e e a ,

of l ow ol w t e l ow
r g rds pp r c i s lubl cids ( b v ) th s
o a e a a re e . .
, e .

As th e a of th e
fr m pur butt rf t with lu s usu lly liquid cl r
e a ea a n e n o e a 13 a o e o e

M low R va a re a a nd

wh l t h s fr m high M v lu s mi s lid cl r If
o e e a .
-
. e ea ,

i fa t of R e a re a n d n ot

vr c t c c ut is pr s t cids lw ys liquid
e o e o .
-
. a e -
o ea .

10 of o on o il en th e a

m tt r is fully discuss d I pgs

o e p er en . e ,
a re a a .

Th e a e e i n V ol .
,
a e 7 8, 8 7 , 173 .

E xa m p l e
A s mpl
butt rf t g v f ll wi g fi ur s
e of e th e

ich rt M issl v lu
a e a a o o n g e

Re e e a e 2 12

v lu
-

P 01 37
i s lubl v l til cids r m i d liquid c li g
a e

bv) W
.
,

th e n o a ne
5,
c c ut pr s t if wh t pr p rti
e o a e a e on oo n 13 a o e . as

o il and in on ?

f rri g t bl giv p g I th t g ui
o on e en ,
so a o o

Re e n t o th e a e en on a e 1 7 5, V ol we find
butt r sh uld h v c rr sp di g
.
, a a en ne

e M of R va l Pol va l of 1 4

h r is th r f r xc ss (
o a

rm l v lu
.
-
. . e a o e on n . . .

T e e of 37 23 in th e
c lcul ti ch c c is quiv l t c t
e e o e an e e no a a e
’
B y P ol e n s k e of

dd d c c ut
s a a on , ea 0 1 . . e a en t o 1 p er en .

e o on o il

is giv s c t dd d c c ut pr s t
a .

Th e 23 p er en . a e o on o il e en .

S t u de n ts s h ou ld cl ea ns e a ll a
pp a r a t u s i n h ot so ft s oa
p s ol u ti on , a n d

ri ns e i n w a ter .
1 20 STA N DA R D A N A L Y I T C A L D E T E R M N A T ON S I I [5 111
On a ddi g n th e e quiv l t m u t
a en a o n of H 28 04

H 2$ O4 R (O H ) C O OK C H3 C O OK
I m ol . I mo l s oap . 1 mo l .

s ul p h u ri c p ota s s . a ceta t e

K 2 $ 04 OH 3 C O O H R (OH) C O OH
1 m ol . a ceti c 1 mo l .

p ot a s s .

fa tty a ci d
s u lp h a te

The r cti with A

ea on L C OH O L S is f ll ws
as o o

016 H 33 0 H H
( a 3
C C i s H sa o ( 02 11 3 0 ) C H3 C O OH
1 mol . 1 mol a ceti c. 1 mol cety l a cet a te
. 1 mol .

cet
yl a l coh ol a nh
ydr i de a ceti c a ci d

1 mol .
3 m ol s a ceti c. 1 mol tr i a ceti n
.
3 mo l s .

a n hy dr i de
g lycer ol a cet i c a ci d

The l tt r r cti is m d
e ea m th d glyc ri
on a e u s e of i n th e a cet i n fo r
lysis ( p g
a e o e n

ana a e

ils which c t i fr f tty cids giv v ri bl c tyl v lu s wi g

O on a n ee a a

m di glyc rid s r cti s h r

e a a e a e a e o n

th e of a nd Th e
‘

to re s ence ono

f ll w
p e e ea on e e a re
-
.

as o o s

OH
/
0, H 5 O H
\ O C
013 H 35 0 2 m ol s . a ceti c
1 mo l .
a n hy dr i de

mon os tea r i n
O 02 H 3 O
/
.

C , H 5 o 02 H 3 0 + 2 0H C O O H
,
.

\ H 0 2 m ol s
18 35 .

1 mol di a cetyl .
a ceti c a ci d

mon os tea r i n
OH
/
— O C i s H 35 0
Cs ( C aH 3 O ) z o
13 35 1 m ol . a ce t i c

1 mol di s tea r i n
.
a fl hydr i de

O C 2H 3 0
03 H 5 4 0 018 H ,5 0
. 0H 3 00 0 H
13
11 35
0 1 mol .

1 m ol m on o . a cet i c a ci d

a cety l di s tea r i n

ur tri glyc rid s c t i i g hydr xyl gr ups giv g tiv

P ‘ on a n n no o o e a ne

c tyl v lu but pr s t ils f ts c t i hydr xyl

e -
e e , , a e

t h e ST E R O L S in o and a on a n a o

gr up this cc u t ils f ts giv sm ll p sitiv v lu s

a e a e, e en

o , a n d on a o n a ll o a nd a e a o e a e .

sh w t h t t h d
c tyl t d i x d f tty cid s y i ld s u r l i bl r sult s w i f r t
1
L e w k o w i ts c h h a s me of en edz h t a nd Ui g er , w h o
’

o n a th e o B
i
h ydr id s f tty cid s by ct i c t ic h ydrid
a e a e th e m e a a , e n e a e e , o ng to th e o m a o n
of a n e o f the a a th e a on of the a e an e .
 Y T H E A CET L V A L UE 12 1

c s f ils f t s c t i i g A I A Y A I th s
I n th e a nd on a n n VOL T LE F TT C DS

lib r t d thus i cr s pp r t c t l
a e o o a e e

a re s a p o n i fi ca t io n , and n ea e th e

lu bl k d t rmi ti sh uld th r f r m d figur

e a e on a a en a e y
Va A on o e e o e be a nd the

bt i d subtr ct d fr m c tyl v lu f u d his giv s U

e . an e e na a e, e

o th e a e a e T e th e T R E

A Y AU
a ne a e o o n .

CET L V L E .

4 Ap p a ra t u s a n d Ma t e ri a l s r equ i red

c tic hydrid
.

[A ] A e
ur fr fr c t ic cid
an e .

P e a nd om a

[ ] lc h lic p t sh st
ee e a .

B A an

ccur t ly
o o o a ,

da r di s e d
b ut r l is su i t bl
a a e .

A ma

[ ] ulphuric cid
o no a e .

C S N
r l s lut i
a ,
.

N o ma

[ ] qu us st d rd c ustic
o on .

D A eo an a a

p t sh / N Io

u d b tt m d sks
o a , .

[ ]
E Ro fla
c c c p city
n -
o o e ,

2 00

flux c d s r
. . a a .

[ ] F Re on en e

k r litr c p city
.

[ ]
G B ea e of 1

[ ] v p r ti g b si ( l rg )
e a a .

H E a o a

[ ] Kipp s g r ti g
n a n a e .

’
I C OZ
p r tus
en e a n a
p
a a

[J ] fi ly dr w b t
.

A ne a n o u t,

tub
en

p ssi g
e .

his is T fo r C 02
i t s lut i b kr
a n

in

[K] u ls filt r p p rs dry

n o o on ea e .

F n ne

v
,
e a e ,

in g o en

[ ] ur tt s pip tt s
.

L B e e a nd e e .

5 P r o c e du r e
b ut m
.

1 Ta ke 10 of th e

t st d pl c
a o
.
gr s

o il to be and

r u d b tt m d fl s
e e , a e

in o n -
o o e a k

2 A dd c c c tic
20 of a e a nh

[ ] c ct r flux y
. . .

dr i de A to

b il s d b th
, on n e e

[ ] F a nd o

v r sm ll k d fl m
, on an -
a

or o e

h urs
a na e a e

fo r t w o
r sf r l rg b k r
o .

3 T an e to
c c b il
. a e ea e

[ ] G a n d a dd
5 00 of

wtr
. . o

ing a e

ct Kipp [I ] with
.

4 C onn e
b t tub [J ] p ss
.

en and C 02 Fi g 48
e a .
 122 Y T H E AC ET L V A L UE III

thr ug whil b ili g h lf h ur ( bj ct this is

h, fo r th e of
“

to
pr v t h ll w st d mi ut s
o e o n , a an o o e

T to fo r fe w
iph b tt m qu us liqu r b il g i thr suc
e en en a o an a n e .

'

5 S on o fi and out

tim s till t r is fr fr m c tic cid (t st ith

. o o a eo o ,
o a a n ee

c e s s i ve e th e wa e w

litmus )
ee o a e a e

filt r c tyl t d thr ugh dry filt r p p r dryi g

.

6 N ow e th e a e o il a e a e in n

v
. a e o

W igh ccur t ly b ut 5 m c tyl t d pr d ct

o en .

7 ou t a of t h e a u a nd

c c st d rd lc h lic p t sh [ ]
. e a e a o gr s e a e o

a dd 50 of B
il u d r r flux h ur th tr sf r l rg v p r ti g
. . an a a o o o a .

8 Bo fo r en an e to a e e a

b si v p r t lc h l w t r diss lv s p
. n e e on e o : _ o a n

o a e o ff a a dd a e a nd o oa

quiv l t v lum r sp di g p t sh
a n, e a o o ,
e .

9 A dd t h e H e of N 28 0 4 c o re n to th e o a

us d ( ) plus c c r
. e a en o . on

7 05

W r m g tly f tty cids ill c ll ct

e . . o ve .

: th e w t op
ilt r thr ugh filt r p p r i t titr ti g fl sk w sh f tty
10 . a en a a o e on .

11 F a w et a nd

cids ith w t r till filtr t is l g r cid

. e o e a e n o a n a ,
a a

w hot th e
itr t filtr t ith H usi g ph l phth l i
a a e a e no on e a .

12 . T a e a e w N 10 KO n en o a e n as in
di ca t o r
r m r sult bt i d subtr ct b i g ll w c xc ss
.

13 F 50, for of

dd d
. o e o a ne a e n a o an e e e

H N 28 04
c tyl v lu
. a e

A
cc / H
14 . e a e
No of N Io KO x

W ig c tyl t d t k
. . .

e ht of a e a e o il a en

If c t i s v l t i l f tty ci d s
th e o il rigi l w igh t tk th e of th e

( ) u st ccur t ly w igh d w i gh t y i ld c t l t d pr du c t
on a n o a e a a , o na e o il a en in
m be a nd the of th e of a

bt i d
I a a e e e e e e
, ya e o

u l w ight is th s ti t i v l t i l f tty
o a ne .

An of o i l en s a p o n i fi ed a n d t h e e ma
ci d s pr c d d wi t h u si g d i r c t i s which pply u lly
eq a e on o f th e o a e a

his r sult u s t t h subtr c t d fr pr vi u s rd r bt i

a o ee e ,
n e on 7 to 1 3 a eq a .

T e m en be a e om th e e o one in o e to o a n the
tr u e a cetyl v a l u e .

6 E xa m p l e
ight c tyl t d
.

We of a fa t + fla s k g rms ,
r fl sk
e a e

Ta e a

W ight c tyl t d t k
e of a e a e fa t a en 50 23
No c c / H us d titr ti
of of N KO in cc
l ss c c xc ss H us d
. . . Io e a on . .

e 50 . . fo r e e 28 04 e 20 8

A cetyl v a lue

208 x

M gs r quir d
of KOH to ne utr lis v l til
cids fr m grm
e e a e o a e

a o I o f fa t

Tr u e a cety l v a l u e

23 2 17 3 .

S t u den ts s h o u l d cl ea n s e a ll pp a r a t u s h ot ft s ol u ti on , a nd
a zn so s oa
p
r i ns e i n w a t er .
1 24 Y I
S TA N D A R D A N A LMI I T CA L D ET E R N AT O N S

Fo r s m h rd w x s mixtur b bs lut lc h l is of d
c ss ry cl r s luti s qu us
o e a a e a e e n z en e an a o e a o o

fo r m The s t a n da r d a lh a l i be
lc h lic but f rm r is u u lly pr f r bl If cidity is
ne e a ea o on . ay a eo
1
th e e
s a th e
sm ll / lk li sh uld mpl y d if l rg m t / lk li
or a o o ,
o e e a e . a

N Io be e o e a in N 2 a

is pr f r bl titr ti th r s uld l st
a a a o ; e a ou n ,
a

A t th e e n d of th e ho be at ea

A pr s t p i t is quit d fi it but
e e a e . a on e e

50 P E R CENT OF LC OH OL The end

must t k bt i d sh ki g
. e en . o n e e n e,

be fi p p th e t er s i s t en t i nh co l or a t i on o a n

c l r ti sp ci lly w rm str gly lc h lic s luti

a en a s rs a ne on ,

as th e in a nd o o o on s ,

r pidly dis pp rs wi g glyc rid s st rs

o o a o n, e e a a on a

t o s a p o n i fi ca t i o n of th e
Mi r l ci d s sh uld t st d by sh ki g lt d wi t h di sti ll d
a a ea o n e e or e e .

be for th e me fa t
w t r t st i g u u s l i u id i f pr s t th y sti t d
ne a a o e e a n e e

th e a nd ma y b e ma by
t i tr t i g this wi th lk l i usi g i d ic t r
a e and e a eo q e en e e e
n
q , ,

a n N 10 a a , n met hyl or a ng e a s n a o .

4 A p p a r a t u s a n d Ma t e r i a l s r e q u i r e d
t d rd qu us lc h lic
.

[A ] S a n a N a O H o r K O H , N /I o a n d N /2 ( a eo or a o o ,

[B ] A lc h l m thyl t spirit ccur t ly utr lis d s m a ed ; fo r

w x s mixtur bs lut lc h l b
o o ,
or e ,
a a e ne a e o e

a e a e of a e a o o 2 to 1.

h l phth l i c t lc h l
o e n z en e

[C] P en o a e n 1 en in o

cc r t bur tt pip tt s
p er . a o .

[D ] A e and e

itr ti g fl sks
u a e e e .

[E ] T a n a .

5 P r o c e du r e
c c titr ti g fl sk b ut 5 m
.

I To 2 50 a dd a of t h e o il o r fa t ,
ccur t ly w igh d
a a n a o s
. . .
gr

is b s t cc p ish d w ighi g s ll
a a e e e .

his T cs i n th e o f a n oi l , om l by ma
b k r c t i i g b ut s pl p uri g b ut h lf
,
a e e a e e n a

g rms o f th e a m e , o
i t r w ighi g
ea e on a n n a o 10 n ou t a o a

fl sk ( f f )
a vo i di n g t h e l os s o dr op s r om b ea her a n d e Th e
d d c s f s ll v p r t i b s i
n o th e a e n .

o il a d e I n a e o f a a t , a ma e a o a on a ma y b e
pl y d wi th sp tul w ighi g b si s p tul b f r ft r
di ffe re n c e z . n

em fa t a nd e o e and a

r vl
o e a a a, e n a n, a a e

mo of t h e fa t

5 c c utr l lc h l m thyl t spi it [ ] bri g

e a .

2 A dd 0 of n e a a o o or e a ed r B and n

b il
. . .

to
c c ph l phth l i [ ] titr t with
a o .

3 A dd 1 of C a nd N 10

/ lk li lk li dr ps tim w ll git ti g fl sk
. . . en o a e n a e or

N 2 a A dd t h e in at a

duri g dditi t umb r c c lk li mpl y d

a . a a o e, e a a n a

th e No of of a

cid valu
n a on . e n e . . a e o e .

c c us d
4 . A e

W ight tk [with lk li
No
]
. of . .

of fa t
e x 5 61
N 10 a a

c c us d
e a en

No of x 28 05

W ig t tk
. . . e

e h of fa t a en

6 E xa m p l e
ight (i )
.

We of b ea k e r + o i l = 2
3 g r ms ,
( 11) 2 0 0 1 51

w ight
n a) n

e o f o il =
= 5 05 8 .

1
E x c pt e i n th e cs a e of hi gh m e lti g p i t w x
n o n a es .
 T H E A C D VA L UE I 1 25

Vo lum e of N /I O K O H us d =
7 5
°

cc H c t i s gr
e c c
. .

Now of N / KO 0 0 6
5 KOH
cc c t i x mg
1 . . IO on a n in .

KOH 75 56 KOH
c r quir mg
. . on a n . .

Hen e 5
°

o 58 gr ms of o il e e 7 5 x 56 . KOH .

1 grm r quir s 2 m
of o il e e
7 5
5
56
58
g KOH
. .

ci v lu a d a e= 8 30°
.

7 E xp r e s s i on of R es u lt s
cidity is ft xpr ss d diff r t t rms pr ctic
.

A e e e in in a nd th e

c mm st m th d is giv figur t rms p

o en e en e a e,

e th e in of o l ei c
o o ne e o to e e er ce n t a g e o f
a ci d

this c s c lcul ti is m d f ll ws
.

In a e th e a a on a e as o o

umb r c c / lk li x N of of N 28 2

W ight tk
e . . Io a a

o f fa t

( si c m l cul r w ight l ic cid )

e a en

s e 2 82 i th e a of o e

cid v lu m multipli d by f ct r
n o e e a .

O r th e a a e ay be e th e a o

s h ou l d cl ea ns e i n h ot
S t u den ts a ll pp a r a tu s
a
ft
so s oa p s o l u ti on , a nd

r i ns e i n w a ter .
 1 26 P R A CT C A L I M ET H OD S F O R T HE III

U N S A P O N I F I A B L E M ATT E R

1 Defi n i t i on
A A
is usu lly h ld I IAB LE
.

Th e U NS P ON F M TT E R
”
in a n o il , fa t wax a e

c mpris t s subst c s which w t r s lubl ft r tr tm t

or

to ho a re n o t

ith lk li s ( ) It is xpr ss d p rc t g f
o e e an e a e -
o e a e ea en

w a a e s a p on i fi c a t i o n . e e e in e en a e o t h e o i l,

fa t, e tc .

2 Ou t l i n e of Me t h od
w igh d qu tity subst c is with lc h lic p t sh
.

A of t h e s a p o n ifi e d

lc h l v p r t d s p p st ith r mix d with s d

e e an an e a o o o a ,

th e o ff, a nd th e
tr t d xtr ct r with th r s p diss lv d w t r
a o o e a o a e oa a e e e e an

a nd in or t h e in
s luti sh k s p r ti g u l with succ ssiv sm ll
ea e an e a o e e , oa o e a e ,

a n d th e in f
qu titi s s lv t ch c s s lv t v p r ti yi lds
o on a en a e a a n nn e e e a

of In th e
m tt r subst c
an e o en . ea a e o en ,
on e a o a on , e

u n s a p on i fi a b l e i n th e
“ ”
th e a e an e .

3 R em a r k s

pr vi usly st t d ( I p ag s im l ils c t i
.

As ) V ol 1 5, 62 a ll

sm ll qu titi s r l t d lc h ls v g t bl
e o a e .
, e an a o on a n

of C H OL E ST E R O L or e a e a o o a n d a ll e a

ils up c t
a an e , e e

Y
t o tw o of PH T OS T E R O L S

h s subst c s f rm usu lly gr t r p rt

o p er en . .

T a th e ea e of the u n s a p o n ifi a b le

m tt r g ui ils f ts
e e an e o a

of a nd

is pr s t s m m ri ils s h r k liv r c rt i
a e en ne o a .

p m S a ceti e en in o e a ne o a nd e o il o f a n

sp ci s c sists pri cip lly u s tur t d hydr c rb p

er , a e

of th e S i n a cen e
dditi u d t rmi d ch r ct r ft
e e on n a n a a e o a on .

In o n , r es i n ou s s u b s t a n ces of a n

cc mp y st r ls r d r s p r ti th s difficult
a n e e ne a a e o en

th e and en th e on of e e A l bu
d riv d fr m s ds pl t fr m tissu s
a o an e o e e a a .

m mp
i n ou s i u r i t i es th e of th e th e

im l usu lly pp r d t rmi ti this v lu

e e o ee an or o e

of th e i n th e of

middl l y r b tw qu us s p s luti th r
an a a a ea , e e na on a e, as a

flo c c u l e n t th e eo o on a n d t h e e

it is usu l i clud this mut m tt r

e a e e een a oa e

no t to in th e of u n s a p on i fi a b le
If r quir d it m stim t d by filtr ti qu us p rti ft r
a n e a o n a e .

e ay be e a e a on o f t h e a eo o on a e

s p r ti fr m th r
e

th e e

A U A AX yi ld high pr p rti s m tt r
e a a on o e .

Th e N T R L W ES o f u n s a p on i fi a b l e

i s lubl c h ls c t i d fr lib r t d by
e o o on a e ,

du e t o t h e e al i n t h e w a x,
ryi g pr p rti s hydr c rb s ls fr qu tly
n o o o on a n e ee or e a e

o n i fi ca t io n Va n o o on of o a on a re a o e en

pr s t
sa
p .

A I AX r fi d st t c t i ly
e en .

MITh e NER L O LS AND W ES in th e

mi ut m u ts c stitu ts l ss r fi d ils
e ne a e on a n on

o f s a p on ifi a b l e The
t i v ryi g m u ts bitumi us m tt rs which yi ld s lubl m
n e a o n on en . e e ne o c on

of

p u ds with p t sh u r fi d c l pr ducts c t i pr p rti s

a n a n a o n no a e e o e co

a nd ta r

ph ls cid subst c s which ls r m v d ith lk li s

o n o a ,
n e ne oa -
o on a n o o on

of en o a nd a an e a re a o e o e w a a e .
128 STA N D A R D A N A L Y T I C A L D ET E R M I N A TI O N S 111

[G] E th r
lc h l c t purifi d m thyl t d pirit
e .

[H ] A 9 5 p er
dium bic rb t
o o en .
, or e e a e S .

[1] So a o na e

J tr l um t r fr cti t d usi g g d c lum r j cti

.

[] Pe he n , a nd

fr cti s b ili g v r
o e e a on a e , n a oo o e e ng
°
a on o n o e 40 C .

§ 5 P r o c e du r e
X A I
.

A W ET E TR C T ON

r c c fl sk
.

1 Ta e th e 200 an d

w igh i t it ccur t ly b ut
. . . a ,

e n o a a e a o

m l( ) 5 gr s of th e oi a

5 cc lc h lic
.

A dd 2N a
2 12
p ot
c ct
. . . o o

[ ] ash F and onn e to

r flux c d s r il g tly
u
, p
e on en e Bo

( t r s d b th)
. en

5 wa e fo r 1

h urs
or an -
a

r sf r lc h lic s p
.

3 T the
s luti f rm d prtr
. an e a o o oa

o on e to Se

with c c w t r c l
o a a a o

50 of

c c th r sh k ll w
. . a e ; oo .

A dd 4 0 e e a e, a

sprt s p
. .
, o

to a n d r un o ff

liqu r i t fl sk th r
e a a e oa

n o a and

l y r i t st pp r d b ttl
o , e e

a e n o a o e e o e

pl c s p liqu r s p
.

4 Re a oa in
rtr xtr ct g i ith
. e o e a

and w

c c th r
a o e a a a n
1
30 e e R un o ff a s be
r th r xtr ct
. . .

fo e , a dd e t o p re
ch rg
e e a

i
v ou s a e

r t s p liqu r c m r
.

5 T ea oa o on e

ith c c th r u it th r
. o e

w 30 e

xtr cts p ur i t s p
. . e , n e e e

e a a nd o n o a

r t r c t i i g c c dis
, e a

on a n n 20 of

till d t r tr
a o . .

wa e Ru n o ff wa e
ith ut sh ki g
e .

F ig 4 9 w o a n

W sh th r l s luti by
.
.

6 a th e e e ea o on

sh ki g vig r usly ith f ll wi g qu titi s distill d w t r

.

w th e an e of e

ll wi g cl s p r ti ch tim th ru i g w y
a n o o o o n a e ,

n a ea n e a a o n ea e a nd en nn n a a th e

w t rl y r
a o

a e a e

c c distill d t r
.

2 e wa e

cc
. .
,

5
cc
. .

30 . .

a
If s p r ti
th e
e t
a a h r l y r is
b th t i ll d iss lv d th r c c s b i l c l g i
1
th e
o e
s luggish h t s p l i u r w t r
on o f
e
th e
e
e
o mme n
e a e

e to
a t a ll

o a nd oo
, ea
a a n
oa
.
q o on a e

,
 U N SA P O N F A B L E I I MA TT E R 1 29

7 th r i t t r d fl sk distil
R u n th e tt chi g e n o a o ff by to a c o n

d sr pplyi wtr fl sk dry r sidu l

. e a e a , a a n

a nd a hot to th e a nd th e
m tt r w t r v c st t w ight ( )
en e ng a e a ,
e a

a e in a a e o en to on an e b .

bx 1 00
u ns a p on zfi a bl e p er cen t .

N otes lki —A sh w Wi u ick s p r t i s d p d 1

has th e q

p rt i l c h l pr s t s p li u r u t i t i s s t t d u s t th r f r
. s e o n, e a a on e en on th e p ro
on of a i n th e T he q m
s tric tly d h r d
o o o e en oa o e e o e
q . an e a e

be
W i l ki dv is s i xtur w it h
a e e to .

In c ase of m e o f, g rm w a x
c st r s p i fy w i t h l c h l ic p t sh ( b v )
w a xes , e a e to us e a sa
y,
g r ms cc
o il , a nd 2N a

wtr i st d c c c ld w t xtr c t
a o a on . . o o o a as a o e ,

b ut to cc of
°
C of a nd e

w i t h su cc ssiv v lu s c c th r W sh w i t h cc w t r
us e 40 . . a e at 30 . n ea 50 . . o a er, a

me of

v p r t w igh c rr ct i is ppli d k w tt r
5 0 , 4 0, 4 0, 3 0
e e o . . e e . a 2, 5 , 30 . . a e ,

A fo r t h e n u n s a p on i fia b l e ma
c st r
e a o a e a nd e . o e on a e no e

of a o o il .

B X A ID RY E TR CT ON
l c b ut c c b ttl w igh
.

1 P 10 of t h e o il in a w e ig h i n g ac

p ur b ut h lf i t l r p rc l i b si
. a e a o . .
'
o e ; e

c u r a t e l y, out a a nd
o a n o a ge o e a n a n

w igh g i i f r c ( )
o a

e D fe en e a

iss lv m c ustic s d cc t r with

a a n . .

D 2 of a o a in 2 wa e a dd t o o i l ,

cc c t lc h l l c i v rt d fu l v r
o e gr s . .
,

1 00 of 9 5 p er en a o o P a e an

b si h t t r b th stirri g cc si lly ith gl ss

. . . . n e e nn e o e

n, a nd on a wa e a n o a on a w

f h ur
a ea -
, a a

r o d, fo r
'

vprt p sty c sist cy th b ut m s d

.

E a o a e to a a on en en a dd a

m s dium bic rb t mix w ll h t dry ss

; o 10 gr s an
— a nd 2 3 gr s o a ona e, a nd to
v r w t r b th
e ea ne

th e
ri d up lumps p wd r dry w ll w t r ve
o e a e -
a .

G th e to o e e in a nd

pl c xtr ct r xtr ct h urs with p tr l u m th r

n , a a e o n,

in fa t o e a 2 3
( fr cti t db l w
a e a o

] ) usi g t r d fl sk s lv t
a e ;
-
e o e e e

[J
°
ona e e o 40 C n a a e fo r t h e
mv m t ri l dry by s tti g sid p
a . a o en .

Re th e e in th e fo r
mi ut s r gri d dry w t r v g i xtr ct
o e a e a ,
n a e o en a

fe w n e e n in a e o en a a n a nd e fo r
furth r h ur
, , a a

e o

vprt th r fl sk dry w t r v c st t
.

E o ff e in and in to
m tt r ( )
a o a e e a a e o en on an

w e ig h t = u n s a p on ifi a b le a e b .

b x1 00

a
unsa p on ifi a b l e p er cen t .

For th e furth r x mi ti e e a na on o f t h e u n s a p onifi a b le m tt r a e s ee pg a e 176 .

S tu den ts s h ou l d l ea v e fla s h s a nd a pp a ra t u s cl ea n , r i n s i ng ou t w i th h ot
s oa p s ol u t i on . R ecov er ed e th er s h ou l d be r et u r n ed to r eag en t b ot tl e .

1
A n a lys t , 1
9 1 7 , 42 , 2 00 .

F 85 . W . II .
 S EC TI ON IV

S P E C I FI C T E ST S F O R O I L S, FAT S A N D WA X E S

C L A SS 1 . MA R I N E O I L S
GRO U P I . F I SH O I LS

M e n h a de n Oi l

H OP P E N S TE D T S C OL OUR R E A C T I ON
’

P r o c e du r e
1 P lc a t st tub c c
e in cc c t 5 of o il, 5 e one, a n d 1 cc c c of on

hydr chl ric cid sh k mi ut

. a e -
e . . . . a . . .

o and fo r 1

tub c c p tr l um th r mix by i v rti g

o a ,
a e n e .

2 A dd t o t h e 5 of a nd e n

tub twic ll w s ttl

. e . . e o e e e ,
n

e to
b tt m l y r cs m hd is c l ur
e : a o e e .

3 The in t h e of o il , o o ed a

whil with liv r it is br y ll w

. o o a e ,
a e en a en

bl u i s h g r een , -
e co d e o i l, ow n or e o .

R ema rk s

I n th e cs
mixtur s c t i i g l ss th
e of 40 p e r c t m h of a de n

gr c l ur b c m s m sk by br ti t
a e on a n n e an en . en

o i l, t h e ee n o o e o e a ed th e ow n n of th e o il .

GRO U P II . L I VE R OI LS

S U L P H U R I C A C I D T E S T F OR L I V E R OI L S

P r o c e du r e
D iss lv b ut c c b ut c c c rb disulphid2 of th e o i l i n o 10 of a on e
*

p ur littl c c sulphuric ci sl wly d w sid

1 . o e a o . . a . .
,

a nd o a e on a d o o n th e e o f th e

tub
.

c l r ti ju cti cid i dic t s

e .

A blue on at the n on of th e a a n d o il n a e a

liv r
2 . o o a

e o il .

R ema rk s

c s v ry r cid ils purplish br w c l r ti is

I n th e of a or o n o o a on

bt i d m blubb r ils s id giv blu c l ur

a e e an o ,

o a ne . So e e o
1
a re a to e th e e o o .

h ps ulp
g fl C a u t i on , h i h ly i n a mma bl e .

1
T o m on a nd D n o .
 r I I
S P E C F C T E S T S F O R O L S , FA T S A N D I WA X ES I 33

C LAS S I I . D RY I NG O L S I
C h i nes e W o o d (T u n g ) Oi l

S OL I D I F I C A TI ON TE S T

P r oc e du r e
1 Diss lv o e ab o ut c c 5 c c chl r f rm
2 sm ll b si o f th e o il in in
c c s tur t d s luti i di chl r f rm tir
. . . . . o o o a a a n,

a n d a dd 5 of a on o f in S
with gl ss
. . a a e o o ne o o o .

a a ro d

b ut mi ut s iflj is pr duc d ith tu g

.

2 . In a o 2 n e a st el l
y o e w n o il .

W a lnut Oi l

D e t e ct i o n of P op p y s e e d oi l i nW a l n u t oi l ( B e l l i e r
1
)
P r o c e du r e
I D iss lv m o H cc
e 16 c t lc h l g r s of K O i n 100 of 9 2 p er
W rm c c ith c c ( ) u til cl r s luti is
. . . en . a o o .

2 a 1 o f th e o i l w 5 of 1 o on

bt i wh c rk is i s rt d it is furth r h t d
. . . . . n a ea
°
o a n e d, en a o e e an d t o 70 C
h lf h ur w t r b th
n e ea e .

fo r a an o in a a e a

uffici t c t c tic cid s luti is dd d

-
.

S of a
‘

3 25 n ow to
x ctly utr lis c c lc h lic p t sh ( sc rt i d by
. en p er e n . a e a o on a e

th e 5 of a a ne a

bl k t st)
e a ne a e . . o o o a a e

th
an e

t st tub is g i c rk d pl c d w t r
.

4 Th e e e a a n o e a nd a e in a e of 2 5 C en

w t r — sh ki g fr qu tly
-
.
.
, ,
° °
in of 1 7 C
c s pur l ut ly v ry sm ll m u t
a e 19 .
,
a n e en .

I n th e e of o il , of
5 a e wa n a a a o n p re
is rm d p ppy s iv s p pp
. on e

c ip i t a t e fo e ; o e e d oil g e a co i ou s t .

R e ma rk s

N ot l ss th
e an 20 p er c t p ppy s
en . of o ee d o i l c a n be d t ct d by this
e e e

m ea n s z
.

C L A SS I I I . S E MI D R Y I N G O I L S -

C ot t on s e e d O i l

H A L P H E N C OL OU R TE S T

P r o c e du r e
I . Ma
*
k e a 1 p er c t s luti
en . o o n of fl w rs sulphur c rb
o e of in a on di s n l

p h i de .

1
A n n C h i m App l i q 1 9 0 5 , 5 2
. . . .

2
B a l a v o i n e , f ou r S u i s s e de C h i mi e et P h a r ma c i e ,
. 1
9 06 , 1 5 .

Ca u t i on , h ig h ly i nfla m ma b l e .
1 34 S P E C F C T E STS FOR I I IV

Ta k sm ll q tity diss lv qu l v lum of o i l, in e of a myl

lc h l s m v lum
2 . e a a ua n o e an e a o

a n d a dd th e e of

Imm rs t st tub b ili g w t r

a o o ,
a e o

3 e e e e in o n a e

tt s d giv s r m mi ut s p
-
. .

4 Co o il in f 5 to 30 dee r ed col or a ti on

( m tim s r g
. on ee e , o n e ,
a

so e ) e o an e red
-
.

R ema rk s

Th emyl lc h l m r pl c d dr p pyridi
a a o o ay be e a e bya of

iv c t l ss c tt s d th r m d t ct
o n e.

F e p er en of o il in oil be ed

by this r cti
.
, or e , o on ee a no e ay e e

ea on

c l ur pr duci g subst c p ss s i t h gs
.

Th e o o o n o t h e fa t o f o et c fe d o n
c tt c k l rd fr m which giv s r cti r cti is
-
n an e a e .

o on th e th e Th e
mi ut s by bl i g
a e, ea

r d r d g tiv by h ti g
a o e ea on . on
°
en e e ne a e ea n t h e o i l t o 2 50 fo r 10 n e ,
or ow n

th e o i l

KA K ls giv s c l r ti
.

PO o il a o e th e re d o o a on .

N I TR I C A C I D TE S T

P r o c e du r e

1 I t t st tub pl c
n o a cc q l v um fe w of t h e o il , a n d a n e u a ol e of

itric cid ( pr f r bly — sh k th r ughly

. e -
e, a e a . .

a nd fo r at
°

37
°
n a I I 41
l st mi ut s ll w st d
e e a a e o o

ea two A to

c l r ti i ic t s c tt s d
n e . o an .

2 . A fi co ze b r ow n o o a on n d a e o on ee o il .

R ema rk s

t st is s id d t ct
Th e e c t c tt s aliv to of o n ee d o il in e o il

m ric c tt is l ss r sp siv t st h ti g
e e 10 p er en . o o .

A e an o on o il t o th e and n th e o il

r d rs it g tiv p is ls s id giv s m c l r ti
e e on e e ,
ea

en e ne a e . Ra e o il a o a to e th e a e o o a on .

S I L V E R N I T R A TE ( B e cch i -
Mi l l i a n ) TE S T

P r o c e du r e
I Th e mix d tty cids fr m bt ifa th e o il a r e o a n e d, a n d c c diss lv 5 o ed

c t
e

t st tub 5 c c
a o

c t lc h l cc
. . .

in a e e in I of 90 p e r a o o 2 of 3 p er en

silv r itr t s luti dd d

-
. . en . . . . .

mixtur is h t d t r b th till ut third

e n a e o o n a re a e .

Th e on th e ab o of th e
‘

2 wa e
lc h l is v p r t d
. e ea e -
a on e -

a o o

pr s c c tt s d rk i g ccurs f tty
e a o a e .

3 I n th e e of o n ee d o il , a nd th e
cids th y s p r t c l ur d bl ck
. e en o a en n o ,
a

a ,
as e e a a e , a re o o e b r ow n i s h or a .

R ema rk s

B rigi lly us
ecch i o t sti g mpl y d r g t ed th e oi l fo r a nd e ea en co n

t i i g ( dditi itric cid ) myl lc h l th r c l

na e n ,
o e a

in to n and o z a o il

st t s th t t st r c g is s littl c t c tt
a n n a on a a a o o ,
e e ,
.

H olde th e 1 p er en of o on

s d mixtur H t d ils il giv r cti

a e a e e o n e as e as .

ee o il in a e . ea e o fa to e th e ea on .
1 36 I I I S P E C F C T ES T S F O R O L S Iv

tir ly s lubl — fr m s lid s tur t d cids— h

a re e n with and th e w i gh g rve ,
l d s lts i s lubl th r
e o e o o a a e a '

in
It ll ws t t s lid cids ( l d s lts i s l bl ) will
ea , a n o e e e .

“ ”
fo ha th e o f a n o il in
pr s c r p s h b rm lly high I d i lu whil s t
o o a ea a n o u e ,

th e e of e o il , ow a n a Va th e
liquid cids will c t i m r s lid cids th rm l
e en a no a o ne e,
“
Tor tel li and

sc rt i turbidity t mp r tur lc h ic s luti

a on a n o e o a an no a .

“ ”
F or t i n i t he e e a of th e a ol on of

s dium s lts liquid f tty cids i dic ti pr s c

a e a n e o o

th e o a of th e a a as an n a on of th e en e

s lid cid
e
“ ”
of

uth rs h v x i d r i gi l t h d i t s wh t
o a .

m th e me fi nd me
l gth y cu b rs h y h v th r f r d i fi d i t s v r l r sp c t s
Th e a o a e e a ne o na o , a nd o a

a nd m om e T e mo in
( i d ic t d )
en e . e a e e e o e e e a e e

as n a e .

Ou t l i n e of Me t h od
l d s lts bt i d by tr tm t
Th e with l d ea en of t h e s a p o n i fi e d o il ea
c t t r s lv d by m s th r i t s lubl i s lubl p rti s
ea a ,
o a ne .

of e e a nd n o

h s d c mp s d with hydr chl ric cid i di

a e a e , a re e o e ea n e n o o e o on .

T e e a re th e M P a n d th e

v lu i s lubl fr cti bt i d turbidity t mp r tur

e o o e o o a , . . o ne

e of th e a nd th e
‘

a n o e a on o a ne e of

lc h lic s luti s ium s lts lubl cids

, e e a

th e a o o o on of th e od a of th e s o e a a s ce r

ta in ed .

Ap p ar at u s and R ea g en t s r equi red

[A] flux c d s r fitt d with 0 c c fl sk ( p g

Re See
ic l wid c k d fl sk c c c p acity
on en e , e 2 0 . . a . a e

[B ] C on 500
u l wit h tight gl ss)
a e ne -
e a , . . a .
,

[C ]
'

F ( c o ve r wa t c h
‘

a ;

prtr c c p city
nne ,

[D ] Se 5oo o
lc h ic t sh ( c t lc h l)
a a o . . a a .
,

[E ] 2N A ol Po
iss lv ( pur fr al c l) cwt
o 9 0 p er a en . a o o .

D 5 6 o g rm s o f K O H k om o ho
’

4 5 13 ; ma
up c c w i t h b s lut l c iss lv et p t sh
° “
o e e In . . a er e

o ho l, d
w i gh t w t r k up c c h puri d i du s tri l
t o 5 00 . . a o e a or o he o a In i ts ow n

of a nd ma fie ”

thyl t d spi ri t ( i r l is d) b ut c t s tr gt h
“
e a e , e t o 5 00 . . w rt n a

me m o
dium lc h l t pr p r d by diss lvi g c r fully grm cl
ne a
a e n on e a
9 1 per en . en .

[ ] F So A 6
°

m t llic s dium bs lut lc h l It must

o o a e, e a e o n a e ea n

in 100 c c of a o e a o o be
fr shly pr p r d
e a o . . .

e a e

[ ] bs lut lc h l
e .

G A A
c tic cid c t s luti
o e o o .

[ H] A A 10

[I ] th r (dry) m thyl t d
e , p er en . o o n.

E e e a e

[J ] d c t t pur cryst lli

.
,

L ea A
K h l hth l i c t
e a e, e a ne .

[ ] n P i a b s ol u te a l coh ol
'

[ ] H ydr chl ric cid c t c t s luti s

en o a e n, 1 p er en . .

L o o A ,
10 p er en . a n d 20
p er en . o on .

P r o c e du r e
It c c fl sk w igh gr s
t h e 200 cc o f t h e o i l , a dd 50 of 2N

lc h lic p t sh [ ] s p ify u d r r flux ( p g

1 . n o . . a e 20 in . .

E and See
dr s ph l phth l i s luti utr lis by
a o o o a a on n e e . a e

Add fe w of e no a e n o on, a n d n e

titr ti g with c t c tic cid [ ]

2 . a op a e

H
I t fl sk [ ] pl c gr s l d c t t diss lv cc
a n 10 p er en . a e a .

B 20 e a e, a n d i n 30 0
b ili g distill w t r l wly p ur utr lis d s p liquid
n o a e in ea a o e
3 . a . .

of o n ed a e . S o o th e ne a e oa
 I I TORT E L L I A N D FO R T N
37 T E ST [

it n o b ili g c t t sh ki g c st tly
th e l d s lts
o n a e a e, a n on an as the ea a

sprt
lu d r r t ti g fl sk m hil c us s lts
e a a e .

Coo e th e ta p , o a n th e a ea n w e to a e th e a

dh r sid s fl sk
n

to a to t h e o f th e

ur qu us liqu r
e e e a .

Po o ff t h e a eo o

i t l rg b k r
tur i g p rticl s
n o a a e ea e ,
re

of

l d s lts th t
n n a ny a e
'

r u n o fl to th e
fl sk W sh l d s lts
ea a a

th e

ith c c w rm w t r
a . a ea a

w 2 00 of a a e

) thr tim s fi lly

. .

( 70 C
dr i i g fl sk
. ee e ,
na

a n n m a a n d re

dh r t m istur
,
ov

i ng
fr m l d s lts by
a ny a e en o e

th e

m s dry
o ea a

of wad of

c tt w l
ea n a

o on oo

fl sk c c
.

Add t o th e 80 of

th r c rk s cur ly
a . .

a nd

ll sh k till s lts
e e ,
o e e

we a e th e

br k up l c
a a re

o en P u n de I

r flux c d s r h t
a e Fi g 50
.
.

e on en e a nd

by pplic ti s w t r fl sk h ki g i t rv ls
ea

of h ot to at fo r
i ut s
a a on a e a ,
S a n n e a ,

15 m
h ur th p ur
n e

rk fl sk pl c w t r
.

°
Co a nd in at C fo r
c t ts filt r fu l pl c d m uth s p
a ,
a e a e 15 . on e o ,
en o

to a in in th e of e a

r t r [ ] c v r with w tch gl ss till th r l s luti

on e n on e a nn e a e o

D and has
filt r thr ugh
a o o e a a e e ea o on

e ed o

filt r p p r with i s lubl l d s lts is tr sf rr d

.

The a th e t o th e
fl sk g i b il d c l d b f r with furth r c c th r
e e n o e ea a an e e

and ofe

filt r d thr ugh fr sh p p r ft r dr i i g r m i i g 40

a a a n, o e oo e as e o e a e . . e ,

and e e o A any e a n n

l d s lt fl sk is w s h d filt r with urth r c c

a e a e . e a n n ,

in th e ou t on to f 40
th r this is ll w d dr i thr ugh
ea a a a e e a e . .

of e e ,
and a o e to a n o .

I n s ol u b l e S alt s

The filt r p p r c t i i g i s lubl l d s lts is pl c d on a n n th e n o e ea a a e in a

b k r littl pumic p d r dd d b il d h lf h ur
e a e

ow and fo r a an o

with c c c t s luti m ki g up l ss by
ea e , a e e e a e , o e

50 of 20 H Cl fo r
v p r ti H
. .
p er en . o on, a n any o

o n of Cl
liquid is i t s p r ti g fu l c l d cc
e a o a .

Th e nne oo e to and 50
th r is th dd d s p r t r sh k ll w d st d
ru n n o a e a a n ,
. .

of e th e en a nd a to
qu us liqu r pr cipit t d l d c hl rid is th
e en a e , e a a o a o e an .

Th e a nd o e e n r u n o ff,

th r l y r sh k with c c c t s ttl d
a eo o e a e ea

th e e 20 of 10 H C l, e e th e

cid r m v d th r w sh d with thr succ ssiv l ts

e a e a en . .
p er en .
,

o e a nd th e e e a e ee e e o of

cc t r
a e ,

wa e

th r l s luti is i t sm ll fl sk s lv t
20 . . .

T he th e e va p o

wtr v
o en

rtd c ids dri d

e e ea o on ru n n o a a a ,

C in t h e
'
°
a e o fl, a n d th e a e a t 10 0 . a e o en .
138 I
TO R T EL L I I A N D FO RT N T E ST IV

12 Th e M P of f tty cids
th e I di lu th d t r a n d th e Va
mi d
. . . a a o ne e a re en e e

ne

rt lli rti i bt i d f ll wi g r sults

.

To a nd Fo th e
I i l li —
e n o a ne o o n e

Me
l ipv
O il
°
od ne v a u e t ng p oin t C .

O e 58 59
—
Ra
5 0 p er
e

c en t p liv
. Ra e in O — e
41
47
42
48
3° 48 49
-

20
50
—5 1
10 54
— 55
s
S e a me 55
— 56
chis —
A ra
C o on tt 57
57
—58
58

S ol u b l e S a l t s
13 th r l filtr t
T o th e s p r t r(
e ea b v ) is dd d
a e in t h e 8 now a e

cc c t hydr chl ric cid st pp r i s rt d

. e e a a o s ee a o e

1 50 of 10 th e and

wh l w ll sh k f tty cid s luti is ll w d s p

e
. .
p er en . o o a ,
o e n e

the o e The to a

r t fr m milky l d chl rid wtr l tt r th

e a en . a a o on a o e e

th e a nd and th e
furth r c c cid is th dd d s p r t r g i
a e o ea o e a e a e en
,

r u n o ff A 15 0 of a th e
w ll sh k liqu r
. e . . en a e ,
e a a o a a n

en , a n d th e o r u n o ff

th r l s luti is w sh d with
e a .

14 Th e e

l ts c c w t r is th
. e e ea o on a

tw o o f 100 an d en

i t dry t r d fl sk th r
o . . a e ,
'

th e e

v p r t d by imm rsi fl sk
run n o a a e a e
,

e of th e a

w rm w t r cids dri d
a o a e e on

in a nd th e a
If u d r x i t i is dryi g
a a e ,
e .

t he oil m
s i dry i g t his is b st d
n e e a na on a n

m oil , in
c urr t h ydr g ( p g
or e -
n e o ne a

of C 02
If dryi g i t s f ly c rri d
en or o en s ee a e

o il , ma y b e
wtr v
a n on - n a e a e
0
ou t in e n a t 1 00 C
I t t r d c c m suri g fl sk is
a a e o .

1
5 a e 50
cur t ly w igh d
. n o a . . ea n a

m n ow a c a e e e out 1

dry cids c c bs lut

gr s
2
of th e 10 of

lc h l dd d ls dr ps ph l
a ,
. . a o e

fe w of

phth l i bs lut lc h l [K]

a o o a e , a o a o e no

in a nd

cid th c r fully utr lis d with

a e n a o e a o o ,

th e a

s dium lc h l t [ ] s luti
en a e ne a e

th e F th e

b i g m whil k pt cl r by w rm
o a o o a e , o on

ea n

bs lut lc h l is dd d up
e n e e ea a

in g A n ow a

c c m rk s luti sh k
. o e a o o e

to th e 50 a th e o on a

suit bl qu tity i t t st tub

. .
, en,

turbidity t mp r tur
a a e an ru n n o a e -
e,

and th e

(p g
e e a e a s cer

F lg SI t a in e d a s i n t h e Va l en ta t es t a e

ci d
1
rt
To e ll i rt
uti i bt i
an

h rs td Fo s d i u s lt s
h t t his is u c ss ry
n dry
o t h s v r sulph uri c
rd
a n

r c fr
th e o m a and e e o e

to th e
the a
r i gi l
i n v a cu o
o

d a o
na

e
t i t i s s d i u s lt s i v t h y h v c l cul t d w i gh t
.

qua n
Th e a

f tty ci s c rr rsp c d iv g i pprt x i t ly wh l bul

on
e
o

n
find

rigik l d i r cdry
of
t i s cid s lr dy
o

a
m
o
a

ma
g
e
en ,
nn e e

to th e o
e
a

na
e
, b ut in
a

e
a e
o

on
e

the
.
to
e
on o m
of

2
I t ma y b e m o e on e n en to us e th e o e of the a ,
a ea
1 40 S P EC F C T E S T S F OR I I Iv

GRO U P II

K e r n el Oi l s

B I E B E R S TE S T
’

P r o c e du r e
1 Pr p r r g t by w ighi g th e in b k r qu l w ights w t r of a e

c c sulphuric cid fumi g itric ci rd r m d

. e a e ea en e n a ea e e a e ,

a nd d, i n t h e
w ighi g sh uld d r u hb l c ci s dd d
on . a n n a o e na e .
,

Th e
dr p dr p st irri g w i t h l ss
e n o be on e o n a o g a an e, a nd th e a d a e

by ro d.

l c cc t st tub c c r g t fr m
o o n a a
, g
2 P o f o il in e , a n d a dd 2 of

gr du t d cyli d r h k ll ll w st d
. a e I . . a e -
. . ea en o a

S we a nd a to

k r l ils giv ft r st di g f p c l r ti
a a e n e . a e , o an .

3 . Th e e ne o e, a e an n ,
a a int inh o o a on .

R ema r k s

L e w k o w i t s ch 1 c uld d t ct l ss th c t o n ot e e e an 25 p er en of a pric t k r o e ne l

lm d with t st
.

o il in a o il th e
r g t sh uld pr p r d fr sh ch tim
on e .

Th e ea en o be e a e a e ea e.

A r a ch i s Oi l

sp ci l t sts
Th e r c g itied t rmi ti f r chis
a e fo r t h e an d on o A a O il
d p d up its c t t glyc rid s r chidic ig c ric cids
e o n on e e na

en on o n en of of A a nd L
r l tiv i s lubility th s s lv ts
e e e a no e a ,

a nd th e e a e n o of e e in o en .

B E L L I E R S TE S T
’

his t st rigi lly pr p s d by

T b svrl B el li er , h a s ee n n ro di fi e d in
b x mi d by v rs f u d
o o e e a

r sp cts by th r bs rv rs
e ,
na o e
2 3
a nd has E who o

m di c ti h r d scrib d s tisf ct ry T uth rs h v ls

e e o e o e e , ee n e a ne e n

th e o fi a on e e e e a a o he a o a e a o c on

firm this th ir xp ri c
.

ed in e ow n e e en e .

Re m ark s

x ct pr c dur must dh r d
The r r bt i r li bl o e e be a e e to in o de to o a n e a e

r sults t st is suit bl d t cti r chis f ts with

e a

Th e n ot for on of a a o il in
xc pti p l m k r l c c ut but is suit bl ils
e . e a e e e a ,

the e e o n of a e ne a nd o on , a e fo r a ll o .

R ea g e n t s r equi red

[A] A lc h lic t sh Po
iss lv pur fr l c h l cc w t r
o o a .

D 8 0 g rms of K OH , om a i n 80 d
k up l itr w i t h c t (by v lu ) l c h l
o e e o o , . . a e ,
an

ma to me
ilut c tic cid
e 1 e 90 p er en . o a o o .

[B ] D A A
iss lv v lu gl ci l c t ic ci d v ls w t r
e e .

D o e 1 o me a a a e a in 2 o . a e .

sf ld ld r
1
A n a lys t , 1 904 , 29 , 1 0 6 .

Ma n
r Un ter s d N a h rg s u Gen u s s m 1 9 0 5 , I 7 , 5 7 ; A e , i b i d
2
e
f
Z ei t, . . . . . . .

rt 6 7 6 ; F a n z , B ei t r a g e z N a ch w ei s u z K en n t n i s s d E r dn u s s bl es ,
’

19 1 2, 24, . . . .

D is se .
,
M un ch en , 1 9 10 .

3
A n a lys t , 19 12, 37 , 4 87 .
 I W X 4 O L S , FA T S A N D A ES 1 1

[ ] C lc h l A c t ( v lum ) 70 p er by
l c gr du t d c c fl sk c c w t r k up rk
o o , en . o e .

P in ma
w i th pur bs lut l c h l
a e a a a e 1 00 . . a
30 . . a e ,
a nd e to ma
e a o e a o o

P r o c e du r e ( v rs m difi d )
’
E e e

M sur ccur t ly c c pl c c c fl sk
o
‘
1 ea a I o f t h e o il , a n d in
c c lc h lic p t sh [ ] i s rt c rk with l g c d si g
. e a e . . a e a 1 00 . . a ,

a dd 5 of a A
tub s p ify by h ti g x ctly mi ut s v r b ili g
. . o o o a , n e o a on on en n

e, a n d a on fo r 4
w t r b th
ea n e a n e o e a o n

a e a

l s luti x ctly c c dilut c tic

.

°
2 C oo t h e o on to 1 5 C a n d a dd e 15 of

cid [ ] ith c c c t lc h l [ ] sh k
. . a . . e a e

a B w 50 of 7 0 p er C and th e
iquid till it b c m s cl r
. . en . a o o , a e

l
If s lut i r i s tu bi d w r t ill i t c l rs
e o e ea .

em a n m
Imm rs c ld w t r sh ki g c ti u usly
o on r , a ea .

3 e in and N OT E T HE

AU which turbidity ccurs

. e o a e ,
a n on n o ,

T E MP E R T RE at

If f i rly high w r t i ll c l r r p t w i th ut c l i g w t r
o .

m a nd in
If turbidity d s pp r sh k this t mp r tur
a , re - a ea , e ea o oo n a e .

4 not at e at fo r
mi ut s th l w r c s s wh r turbidity
.
oe a ea a e e a e

5 n a nd to C In a ll

m till cl r r p t t ki fi l turbidity
e ,
en o e .
a e e e

and e th e s econ d
’

o c c u rs , w a r ea ea a ng a s na

t mp r tur
, ,

l i ve i l s h v b f u d gi v turbid ity first but t his is

e e a e .

S o me
bt i d r t i g ft r w r i g t h r s gi v sl igh t p l
o o a e een o n to e a at ,

m O
w hich is f ll w d pr s c
n ot o a ne on e a t e- a n e e a o a
p ea n e .

b y a di s t i n ct r eci i ta t e, i n th e
r chis p p
e s cen c e , n ot o o e as e en e

of a a oil

isti ct turbidity is pr duc d pr se c 5 c t

.

5 D i n th e e n e of p er en a nd

upw rds r chis s mpl

. n o e .

a of a a oil i n th e a e .

Ap p r oxi ma te p er cen t a g e f
o A r a ch i s Oi l p r es en t cor res p on di ng
t o temp er a t u r es f
o t u r bidi ty ( E ver s ) .

ii ii
O l i vr chis
Oil
e
°
T u rb d t y T e mp
1 I
°

8— 4
—
I
'

3
.

+A r ch i s
O il
a 50
°
l o
T ur b d ty T e mp .

+A a 5 /o 15 9 17 0 60 353
10 1
9 8 70 3 66
20 257 80 38 0
3° 9° 39 8
40 3I 5
°
—4 0 °
8

EVE RS
’
M OD IF I E D Q U A N T I TA TI V E M E T H OD
A ddi t i o n a l R e a g ent s

[D ] cid lc h l A A
c t ( v lu ) l c h l ( b v ) wit h c t ( ) ydr
o o .

by me C l H
ch l r ic ci d lc c c gr du t d fl sk
7 0 p er en . o a o o a o e 1 p er en . vo . o

A P H Cl i n a nd fi ll
up rk wi t h c t lc h l
o . a e 1 c c . . 1 00 . . a a e a ,

to ma
lc h l c t
70 p e r en . a o o .

[ ] E A o o , 9 0 p er en .

P r o c e du r e
I W igh m it c c fl sk5 gr c c lc h lic s o f th e o il n o a 1 00 a dd 2 5 of a o

p t sh [ ] s p ify by h ti g u d r r flux c d s r
. e . . a ,
. . o

A and fo r
mi ut s
o a a on ea n n e a e on en e

5
s p s luti c c dilut c tic cid [ ]
n e .

T o th e h o t dd 7 5 B and

c c cid lc h l [ ] c l — h ur
2 . oa o on a . . e a e a
° °
1 00 . . of a a o o D and oo to 1 2 14 C fo r . 1 o .
. 14 2 I I I E V ER S
’
MO D F C AT O N O F Iv

F ilt r w sh with cid lc h l

and ppt b i g k pt o at I 7
°
th e

l s by m s l p pl ti um ir til filtr t giv s

e ,
a a a o . e n e

e of a of w th e
turbidity with t r M A U A I
oo ean oo a n e un a e e no

wa e E S R E TH E W S H N GS

iss l ppt c rdi g bulk — c c c t

. .

D to in 25 70 h o t 9 0 p er
lc h l c l fix d t mp r tur b t
o ve ac o n en

If
. . . .

° °
a o o and oo to a e e e a e e w een 1 5 a n d 20 C

cryst ls pp r qu tity ll w st d this t mp r tur

.

a ea in any an a o to an at

h urs ilt r w sh with m sur d v lum c t

a , e e a e

1 to 3 o F e a a ea e of 9 0 p er
c h l ( usi g b ut h lf v lum t k cryst llis ti )
.
, e o en .

al th e fo r and
“

fi lly ith c c p c t lc h l
o o n a o a o e a en a a on ,

w 80 of 70
W sh cryst ls ith w rm th r i t igh d fl sk istil th r
na . . er en . a o o .

a w a e e n o we e a D o ff e

w igh
a e

dry
.
,
°
a t 100 C a nd

sc rt i cryst ls ( p g If l w r th
.
, e .

°
A a n M P of a a e o e an 71 C ,
cryst llis fr m c t lc h l c rr cti s lu ility
e . . . re

9 0 p er en a o o Add o e for o b
c t lc h l b l ( bl I ) t t l lum
a e o . . on

i n 9 0 p er e ow Ta e and fo r o a e

c t lc h l us d pr cipit ti g shi
en . a o o ,
as , vo

o f 7 0 p er e in and wa

( bl I I )
en . a o o e a n ng

Ta e .

TA B L E I . Cor r ect i on p er 1 00 c c o . .
f 9 0 p er cen t . a l coh ol

u s ed f or crys ta ll i s a t i on a nd w a s h i ng ( A r ch b u tt ) .

G r ms at

We i g h ts o f fa t t y a c id s

C
°
C . 20 .

or l sse

Cor r ect i on p er a coh ol

l
T AB L E I I . 1 00 c c o . .
f 7 p
0 e r cen t .

u s ed for w a s h i ng .

O r ms

W e ig h t s o f fa tt y a c id s

°
73 C
°
C 72 C
°
M . P .
7 1 . M P . . . M . P . .

A bv o e
—o ‘
g rm
10

ss t h
F ct r f c v rsi
Le an

f p rc t g f f tty
a o or on e on

cid s t A r chis O l
o e en a e o a

a o a r
 ’
1 44 B E L L I E R S T E ST [5 I V
7 In c th r cryst ls fr m
as e c t lc h ly 90 p er ol , o r o n

v ry sm ll m u t r duc str gth lc h l c t ( cc

. e e a re n o a o en . a o a

Of a to 7 0 p e r
wtr cc c t lc h l ) ryst llis
e a a o n e e en o o
, en .
31 . .

a e t o 1 00 — 9 0 p er en a o o C e at 17
° °
fo r
h ur filt r w sh Wi th c t lc h l w igh b f r
. . . . a 19

1 o e a 70 p er en a a nd

ddi g c rr cti c t lc h l ( bl I I ) If
, , . o o e as e o e,

fo r 7 0 p er Ta th e M P o f
cids is b l r cryst llis fr m sm ll qu tity c t
a n o e on en . a o o e . . .

°
ow 7 1 C , e of 9 0

lc h l g i fr m c t lc h l
a e a e o a a an
.
p er en .

a o o or a a n o 70 p er en . a o o .

The r sults bt i d sh w
e O t bl pr vi us p g
a ne a re o n i n th e a e on e o a e .

E xa m p l e
Weight f tty ci s bt i d of a grm d O a ne 55
cryst ls
a .

°
M P of 72 C
t l v lum c t lc h l us d ( i cludi g ri i l
. . a .

To o e Of 70 p er en o o e n

cc)
a a n o
.

g na

cc
1 00 . .

100 + . .

rr cti 5 grm ( bl I I )
Co e on 25 x . Ta e .

t l v lum
To c t lc h l us d e of 9 0 p er a

cc
a o en . o o e

65 +
mp r tur lc h l
. .

°
Te e a e of a o o : I 5 C .

rr cti 5 42—3 grm ( bl I )

Co e on = 9
3
9
‘
03 1 3 . Ta e .

W ight f ty cids c rr cti s of at m a nd o e on gr

ct r ( bl )
e a .

Fa o Ta e II 20 .

—
A r a ch i s oi l cen t =
1 o e r ce n t .
p er .
g x 0 80 3 x p

R E NA R D S
’
M E T H OD

D e fi n i t i on
his m th d giv s ppr xim t stim ti
T of th e A r chidic a nd

ig c ric cids pr s t
e o e an a o a e e a on a

L no e a e en in a n o il .

Ou t l i n e of Me t h o d
Th e Oil is
f tty cids lib r t d by hydr chl ric ci
s a p o n i fi e d, th e e a e o d,
iss lv d th r th r l s luti v p r t d tty ci s
a a o a

d in th e e o a e and th e fa d
diss lv d c t lc h l pr cipit t d with s luti ctt
o e e e , e ea o on e a , a ,

in 90 p er a o on of a

l l d s lts xh ust d with th r a i s lubl r sidu

o e en . a o o ,
e a e e a e

of e a d, the nd th e

c mp s d with hydr chl ric cid u d r th r l tt r is distill

ea a e a e e e ,
n o e e e

de e e e Th e a e ed

dry f tty c ids diss lv d m sur d v lum c t

o o e o o a n .

O ff, a n d th e in e of 90 p er
lc h l c l d filt r d w sh d with c t c t
a a o e a ea e o en .

a nd 90 p er en a nd 7 0 p er
lc h ls dri d w igh d ll w c is m d cid iss lv d by
a o o , oo e , e e ,
a e .
en .

a nd A an e a e fo r t h e a d o e
w shi gs fi l w ight multipli d by iv f ct r giv s
a o o ,
e e e . o

t he and th e e a g en a o th e
p rc t g r chis pr s t
a n ,
na e , , e

e en a e of a a o il e en .

R em a rk s

A s fo r B e l l i e r
’
s t st ( p g
e a e
 ’
R E NA R D S T EST 14 5

R ea g en t s and App ara t u s r equ i red

[A] N A lc h lic t sh Po
H ydr chl ric cid c t tr
. o o a .

[B ] o o A , S G . . 60 p e r en .
,
Wa e

40 p e r
[C ] th r ( m thyl t d ) dry
E e e a e

d ctt c t s luti
.

[D ] Lea A e a e, 2 0

lc h l c t by v lum (
p er en . o on .

[E ] A S G 8
°

o o , 9 0 p er en . o e . .

[F] ( 70 S G

flux c d s r xhl t xtr ct r

‘ ‘
$3

[G ] Re on en e , So e e a o ,
e tc .

P r o c e du r e
I Sa p ify m ( s p v lu p ) with c c s Of t h e O il in 1 06 75
lc h lic p t sh v p r t lc h l diss lv s p
. on 10 gr as a on . a e, . . .

of N o ff a oa in
w t r ri s i t s p r t r ith w t r xc ss
. a o o o a ; e a o a e o o ; o e

w hot a n d a dd
‘

a e ,
n e n o a e a a o a e ,
e e

of H Cl
l w ll ( sh k ith thr l ts c c th r w sh
.

°
Co o to 1 5 w of 20 and

with l ts c c w t r till fr fr m mi r l cid

e a e ee o . . e e , a

e t h e re a l s ol u t i o n o Of 1 0 a e ee o ne a
‘

th r i t fl sk distil dry f tty cids w t r

. . a .

R u n th e e e n o a a O ff, a n d th e a a in a e

v
,

i s s lv dry f tty cids cc c t lc h l [ ] c l

o en .

D i n 50 of 9 0 p er en a o o E oo

cc c t l d c t t s lu
o e a a . . .
,

to —38
°

42 C
°
a n d a dd 5 o f 20

ti [ ]
.
,
. .
p er en . ea a e a e o

D
l ll w st d mi ut s
on .

°
C oo to 15 C and a o to an 30 e

c t lc h l thr ugh filt r bri g l d s ps filt r with

. n .

De o ff a to
th r pl c filt r l d s lts xhl t xtr ct r xh ust
an o o o e ,
n ea oa on e

e and ea in So a nd e

ith th r till w shi gs l g r d rk d sh ki g with

e e ; a e a a e e a o , a

H w t r
e e a n a re n o on e a e ne on a n

S a e

W sh s ps i t sep r t r with th r w sh b ttl

2 .

e, a n d de
c mp s by ddi g — 5 c c H [ ] sh ki g th r ughly till
a oa n o a a a o an e e a o

o o e a n 20 2 Cl B a nd a o o

l d chl rid c s s s p r t
. . n

ea o e ea e to

l r l y r w sh th r till fr fr m l d chl rid

e a a e .

R un O ff o w e a nd e a dd

gr ul s fus d c lcium chl rid st d mi ut s

a e a e ee o ea o e ;
a fe w an e of e o e, a n d an 30
i t fl sk ri si g s p r t r with th r r t i i g
a n e ru n

o f? out and

dr ps w t r sprtr
n o a , n n e a a o e e ,
e a n n a ny

of i n th e
istil th r dry f tty cids
o a e e a a o .

°
D o ff e and a t 1 00 C
iss lv f tty cids c c c t lc h l [ ] C
e , a a .

D i n 50 Of 90 per E OO1 t o

c ll ct cryst ls sm ll filt r c h crucibl w sh

o e a a . . en . a o o .

°
15 C e Goo e, a n d

ith thr succ ssiv l ts c c c t lc h l ( r tur i g

.
, o e a on a a ,
or a

w ee e o f 10 Of 90 p er
w shi gs ch tim c t ic sur s tur ti ) ch
e o . . en . a o o e n n

th e w to
tim s m t mp r tur
a n ea e on e or e ‘
en e a a on ,
ea

e a t th e a e

W sh with c t lc h l ( r j cti g w shi gs ) till filtr t

e e a e .

II 7 0 p er th e

r m i s cl r ddi g w t r iss lv cryst l s ru i g

. a en . a o o e e n a n a e

D in e t h e r,

w eigh
e

s luti i t t r d fl sk v p r t dry
e a n ea on a n a e . o a ,
nn n
°
a t 1 00 C a nd Th e
c rr cti umb r c c c t lc h l us d
o on n o a e a ,
e a o a e, .
,
.

fo r t h e Of of

( rm lly c c ) is dd d w ight bt i d
o e on n e . .
90 p er en . a o o e

50 + 10 + 1 0 + t o th e

( bl I b v ) tk f tty cids ( p g
no a . . a e e O a ne

Ta e a o e , a nd th e M . P . a en of the a a a e

F 8L. W . II . 10
146 I
S P E C F IC T ES T S F O R IV

his sh ul
T If b l tr tm t ( r m d be 71
°
—7 2 5 °
C e ow th e f
) must rp td
o . ea en o

be
ur r chis giv s c t mix r chidic lig
par . 10 e ea e .

P o il 4 8 p er Of ed a and

c ric cids by this m th d

12 . e a a e en . a no

a e o

r chis c t ight tty cids

e .

A a o il p r e s en t =
p er en . we fa a x21 .

E xa m p le
W ight tty cids bt i
e o f fagrm a o a ned

c t lc h l us d cc
.

C c of 90 p er en a o o e 80
mp r tur lc h l
. . . . .

°
Te e of a 17 5 C
°
o o

rr cti dd d lc h l ( bl )
e a

grm
.

Co to b fo r o Ta I = 06 x i 0 = 0 1 2
4 5
rr ct ight
e on e a e a o e
66 .

Co e ed w e “
3 4 87 n o n

3
.

A r a ch i s oi l p e r cen t . =0 8
4 7 x 2 1 = 7 3 2 p er ce n t .

Ol i v e 011
Ma z z a r o n ’
s Te s t

T his t s t r c tly p p d is m d ifi t i f th M m é t s t ( p g l

i w hich t h s ulp h ur d i x i d g l ib r t d b y th ct i f t h il w i th sulphuric

e , e en )ro os e , a o ca on o e au en e a e 100

ci d is l d i t N ] I di s luti m u t d c d d t rm d
n e o e as e a e e rea on o e o

d th
c c f il is t t d w i t h 5 c c f pur s ulph u ic ci d f G 8 4 7 Th 8 0
a e n o 10 o ne o on , a n e a o n re u e e e i ne .

l ib t d is spi r t d t hr ugh N I d i s lut i d th r duct i sc rt i d

20 . . o o re a e . . o e r a o S . . 1 1 . e 2

by m s f t hi sulph t M s t t s t h t l i v il g i v s duct i t
e ra e a a e o 10 o ne o on a n e e on a e a ne

I d i ; th r v g t bl i l s h v mu ch high r
ea n o o a e. a z z a ron a e a o e O e a re on a

C°
f f N/
v lu s g
20 .t o o c . c. o Io o ne o e e e a e o a e e

A r ch i s 7 R p M i 6 5 C tt 38 S y b
a e , e . .

5 S s me 5
a ,
a 3 e 1 , e a 0, a ze , o on 1 , o a ea n 2 2 .

T e s t fo r C a r b on D i s u l p h i de

S u lp h u r Ol i ve Oi l s

s
A S fo r t h e I I a /fi h en e
ma l q a n of o we
t st ( p u si g dr p pyri d i
l pr us tcity fl littlrs sulph ur h ctirbg d isulp hi d of
s ee .

On
n

ea
a

n
o

a cr i
of
ms on
ne, k
col or a t i on
a p kd v l ps
o o il , a n d

e e o
a .
,

in th e e en e o f a s e as o 02 p er ce n t . o f a on e.

C L A SS V I

GR O U P I

C acao B u t t er

B JOR K L U N D S TE S T
'
2

P r o c e du r e
P l c b ut m t st tub of t h e fa t in a n d a dd twic th e
hk w rm if
1 3 gr
ight th r ( cc)
. a e a o s a e -
e e
°
we of x a 84 at 18 C S a nd
°

c ss ry till c mpl t s luti t k s p c

e e or . . . a e, a

ne e a o e e o on a e la e .

—
S t a z Sp er i m A w a r I t a l 1 9 1 5 , 4 8 , 5 8 3
difi d
1
.
5 94 . . . .

2 Z cz t a n a lyt Ch e/21 3, 2 3 3 , mo
.
f . e b y L e w k o w i ts ch ,
.
j . ou r n . S oc Ch em . .

7n d 1 8
99, 5 5 7
. .
14 8 E L S DO N S
’
MO D I I F C AT O N O F I [5 I v
pr c ss publish d
The first criticis d i ldi g
wa s in 1 9 1 0, a n d w a s ‘a s

i f rm ti lr dy bt i bl by ich rt l sk m th d
o e e e ye n

no n o a on n o t a ea o the R e Po
urth r th r bs rv rs w r u bl bt i s m r sults
a na e e -
en e e o .

2
F to o th e a s th e

uth rs c tly x mi d c us s
e , o e O e e e e na e a n a e e

E l s a on 3
'
Re and B ag s h a w e th e fo r t h e
div rg c figur s bt i d i tr duc d mi r m di fic ti s
a o . en e a ne a e

e en e Of th e e o a ne , a n d n o e no

hich th y st t d sur d c c rd t r sults t r lsd sh d

o a on
“

4
w e a e en e on o an La E ow e

th t r sidu l f tty cids fr m ich rt l sk c uld us d

e . e , on

th e e a a a o th e R e e Po e be
m th d tr ted xt si this pr c ss
a -
en o e ,

and th e o ea as an e en o n Of e

chi fc diti c sist t r sults li s ccur t justm t

e o .

Th e fo r in th e a e ad

str gth lc h l mpl y d

e on on on en e e a en

of th e en of th e a o o e o e

c r ful h ds pr c ss h ul f rm v lu bl ch ck
.

In th e e d th e
l sk figur this cl ss ils si c it giv s m sur m st
a e an , o S o o a a a e e on

Po fo r of O e of th e
ch r ct ristic cids gr up urth r sh w by lsd wh
en e e a , n e e a ea o
'

5
a of t h e o F e as o E on , en c o n

c cti ith l sk v lu it yi lds lu wh th r

a a e .
,
n

s i de re d i n onn e on w th e Po en e a e, e a C e as to e e

p lm k r l c c ut is pr s t it thus pp rs d sir bl in fa t , a nd

th t t st sh uld p rf rm d c ju cti with this t rmi ti

a e ne or o on e en a a ea e a e

th e e be e e in on de e na on :

rigi l f rm t st is th r f r mitt d h r
a o o on n

The o na o of t h e e e e o e o e e e .

P r o c e du r e ( lsd s m difi d m th d )
’
E o e e o

mv fl sk c t i i g r sidu l f tty cids fr m

on

Re th e th e th e
ich rt l sk pr c ss fr m c d s r c l
1 . o e a on a n n e a a a o

Re Po th e a nd th e con
t ts w t r u til cids h v s lid c k
e -
en e o e o on en e , oo

in the a e s et to a o a e

r k up c k with stirri g p ur c t ts
en a e n a .

B th e ro d, a n d th e of th e
fl sk wir g u si v W sh fl sk f tty cids with
2 . ea a e a n o on en

on t o a fine e a ze e e a a a nd a a

c c c ld w t r
a .

of
0
5
Wh cids h v dr i d r tur th m fl sk si g thi ir
0 . . o a e .

to on

sp tul t ki g c r r m v p rticl s fr m g u
3 . en a a e a ne , e n e a ,
u n a n

a , a nd to e e a ll th e
fl sk c t ts w t r v bl wi g thr ugh
a a n a e o a e o a ze .

D ry a nd in th e a ir th e

fl sk i t rv ls
4 . a on e n a e o en , o n o

at

fl sk c c lc h l ccur t ly djust d XA Y
a n e a .

5 A dd t o t h e of a to E C TL

( st d rdis d th rm m t r r di g
. a 100 . . o o , a a e a e
° °
1
5 S G AT 5 C to 1 6
° °

9 2 00 1 a

h uld mpl y d ) fr m st d rd pip tt c rk fl sk

. .
f
. an a e e o e e ea n

be o a an a e e, o th e a

rm c uti usly u til f tty cids h v c mpl t ly dis

S o e o e , ,

a nd wa th e a a e o e e

s lv d
a o n a

l dr blw th r ughly sh k ll st
o e .

°
6 C oo C e, a nd a a nd
'

ta p 155 ow to

h lf h ur u til t mp r tur is x ctl

e o o o a

wtr
. un e .
,
°
in a e at 15 5 for a an o , or n e e a e e a y

7 ilt r titr t c c filtr t ith / ustic d ft r dditi

F 50 of a e w N IO Ca So a a e a on

cc c t ph l phth l i s luti ( pr ctic is

. e ; a e . .

of of on a e

c ss ry judg ccur t ly p i t which is s m h t

1 0 2 en en o a e n o
. .
p er .

to e a a e the en d o n o ew a

difficult bs rv )
ne e a ,

to O e e .

rivbbis ichlt rds 1

2
C
Re
a nd R
a nd B o on,
a ,A n a lys t , 1 9 1 1 , 3 6 3 2 7 ,
i b i a 1 9 1 1 , 3 6, 3 3 4 , e t c
’
.
,

.
e tc .

3
Mi d . 1
9 1 7 , 42 , 7 2 .

Mi d
5
S ee
.

u n de r
1 9 1 7 , 42 , 2 9 8
P a /nz K er n el Oi l
.

.
 S H R E WS B U R YK
-
NA PP ME T H O D 14 9

R e s ul t s
lsd giv s f ll i g figur s with butt r
E on e the o ow n e e a nd m rg ri mixtur s
a a ne e

W i t h butt rf t
Per ce n t coc o n u t o i l
. 0 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1 00

16 6
Wit h l rg ri 58 3 76 5
e a 89 8
5
°
20 24 o

O eo ma 4
a ne 8 9 10 6 1 37 16 9 20 8 25 3 18 4 18 53 4 73 2 89 8

U U C R VE O F R ES LT S.

20 30 40
A lc h l s lub ci s
o o o le a d .

P a lm K e rn e l Oi l

d t cti this
The mixtur s wh r c c ut is ls pr s t
e e o n Of O il in o il

is m tt r gr t di ficulty si c pp r tly ly r sp ct which

e e e o on a o e en

a a e of ea f th e o n in
th s ils ch mic lly is th ir c t t l w r f tty cids
,
n e a a en e e

e e tw o O di ti e r e a in of

c c ut b i g rich r th s cids th p lm k r l his is sh w

e on en o e a a ,

o on e n e in T in
high r l sk v lu c c ut W h c c ut is pr ss
e e a an a e ne . o n

th e e Po en e e of Oi l Oi l e d,

st ri is f u d h v pr ctic lly s m ch mic l c mp siti

a o on . en o on e

th e to th e
p lm k r l
ea ne o n a e a a a e e a o o on a s

a e ne Oil

sh th t p lm k r l i s i dic t d butt r
.

’ 1
E l s a on ha s own Oil in a nd

m rg ri mixtur s wh l sk figur c lcul t d c c ut

a a e ne n a e e

a a ne e en th e P o e n e e, a a e to o on O i l,

1
A n a lys t , 1
9 1 7 , 42 , 2
98 .
I 50 K PA L M E R N EL OI L Iv

giv s l w r p rc t g th th t c lcul t d fr m hr w s bury K pp th e S

figur which d p ds up pr p rti l uric myristic c ids
e a o e e en a e an a a a e o e -
na

th e of and

pr s t i with c c ut p lm k r l ils
e, e en on o o on a a

and ca l a nd

rg i b l w l sd
e en ,
o on a e ne o .

mp l e s Of ma E
kr l cc urri t g t h r w i t h
a r ne e o , on
_

Oil

c c ut
e ne o n
g ,
o e e

o on c s o il in the a e O f N os . 2, 4 , 6, 8 .

C oco n u t p e r ce n t .

i
D ffe re n ce
Fr o m P . Fr o m S K . .

B a r n ett a n d h v d vi s d m t d rriv
R ec/i s l
r ti ho to a e a t th e o of

c c ut p lm k r l ils pr s t mixtur s his is giv

a e e e a e a

a nd i n fa t e T
f ll ws
o on a e ne O e en . en a s

o o

B u rn e t t and R ev i s Me t h od

Ou t l i n e of Me t h o d
st d rd ich rt l sk pr c ss ft r utr is ti
I n th e Re Po al on o f th e
i s lubl v l til f tty cids i s lubl b rium s lts
an a e -
en e o e , a e ne a

o /
o a w i th N I O ha ry ta , t h e
filt r d w sh d with c t lc h l diss lv d d fi it m u t
n e e a a n o e a a a re

O ff, 9 3 p er in
lc h l s m str gth t mp r t r turbidity
e e a e en . a o o ,
o e a e n e a o n

Of h ot o f th e and th e e a u e Of

c l g sc rt i d
a o o a e en ,
e on

oo i n a e a ne .

R em ark s

lc h l
A c t by v lum str gth is st t d
of e m st t o b e th
s ti s f ct ry str gth mpl y must ccur t ly h ck d
o o 9 3 p er en . o e en a e o

to and be Th e
turbidity p i t is st t d quit i d p d t m u ts
a a o en e o ,
a a e c e e .

to be o f the a of t h e tw o

f ts pr s t but is d t rmi d by th ir r l tiv p rc t g s

o n a e e n e en en o n

t st sh uld m d withi h urs l sk

a e en , e e ne e e a e e en a e .

The be fe w o Of the Po en

titr ti
e o a e n a e

a on .

R ea g en t s requi red

A lc h l
o o Of 93 per c t str gth by v lum
en . en o e .

1
A n a lys t , 1
9 1 3 , 3 8, 2 5 5.
I 52 S P E C F C T E S T S FO R I I Iv

S t ock B -
e l fl e l d l m e t h o d f o r t h e de t e c t i o n of B e ef

s t ea ri n e i n la rd

P r o c e du r e
1 P rpr s ts st d rd mixtur s tw o of

ur l rd
e

— with
. a e e an a e .

° °
A P of M P 35 C
c t b f st ri 34
. e a . . .

5 5, I O, 1 a n d 20 of M P 56 C
ur l rd with
p er en ee ea n e,
—
. . . .

° °
B P of M P 39 40 C
c t b f st ri
. e a . . .

a nd 20 of M C
°

5 5 5, 1 0, 1 P

( pill ry m th d p g l rd u d r x mi ti
i
p er en . ee ea ne, . . 0 .

O b ta i n M ) P Of

mp r this ith S cc rdi g which it ppr xim t s

. . ca a e o , a e 39 a n e e a na on

Co a e w et A or B, a o n to a o a e

in M P

i ss l c c m lt d c c th r gr du t d cyli d r
. .

D 3 of fa t i n 21 in a a a e n

c c c p city
o ve . . e e . . e e e

of 2 5

iss lv simil rly c c ch st d rds

. . a a .

D 3 Of ea of th e in th e s et of

mixtur s ch s
o e a . . an a

l h urs x mi v lum s cryst ls

o en .

5 C oo a ll a t 1 3 C fo r 24 a nd e a th e of

f rm d
. . o ,
ne o e a

m u t b f st ri is ppr xim t ly d t rmi d by

e .

Th e of

c mp ris s mpl with st d rd

a o n ee ea ne a o a e e e ne

on o f t h e th e s et

x mi cryst ls u d r micr sc p c firm by ch r ct r

o a a e an a .

6 E a ne o o e, a n d on th e a a e

pp r c ( b l w )
. a n e

i s tic a ea an e . S ee e o .

Mi cr o s c o p i c E x a m i n a t i on
ryst l lis
C s mpl fr m th r x mi u d r c v r slip
th e a nd e

first with s i ch th with i ch bj ctiv

a e a e o e e ,
a ne n e a o e -

rd cryst llis s bl g pri s ms with I A

-
n en -
n o e e .

La in C H SEL SH PED ENDS

f st ri cryst ls tufts dl s but v r ith chis l

a e o on -
.

B ee ea a of fine ne e w

sh p d xtremiti s ( ph t s )
ne a re nee e , e

See
rigi l c r p crys t l s sh uld x i d ft r
a e e e . o o .

( Th e Of be m rec 1ys ta l li s a t o n i th e
ch r ct ris t ic pp r c is d is pp r )
o na o a o e a ne : a e

a a e a ea a n e a
p t to a ea .

Me t h od of B o mer 2
T his me th d is b s d u p d i r c b tw lti g p i t th e fe th e me of th e
c ry s t ll is d fr l rd th t f tty cid s d riv d t h r fr
o a e on en e e ee n n o n

g l yc mi de s om a nd of th e m
iss lv lt d c c th r ll w st d h ur
a e a a a a e e e e o .

1 .D o e 5 0 g 1 ms of me e fa t i n 5 0 . . e e , a nd a o to an 1 o
°
C
ll c t c yst l s filt r pr ss r d iss lv c c t h r st d g i
at 15 .

Co in 5 0 and

h ur
2. e r a on a e , e e o e . . e e ,
an a a n
,
°
1 o at 15 C .

1
A n a lys t , 1 89 4 , 19 , 2 .

2
Z ez t s f Un ter s N a h rg s Gen u s s m 26,
'
’
. . . a . u . . 1
9 13, 559 .
 I
O L S , FA T S A N D WA X ES

Fig 5 3
. . B EE F A ND L ARD C R Y ST A LS

f
p l r is d ligh t f
( p l is d l i gh t )
1 . B ee fa t x 1 5 0 2 . B ee fa t x 7 0
( o a e ) o ar e

3 f
B e e fa t x 1 50

rd rd
.

4 . La x 2 50 5 . La x 1 50
1 54 I I S P E C F C T E S T S FO R Iv

sc rt i c ry st l s If b l th y u st g i cryst ll is d
of 61 °
m be
fr t h r
A e a n M . P . a . e ow e a a n a e

om e

p i fy p rt i w i th l c h l ic (p g cid i fy i g wit h i r l
e .

Sa K OH m
ci d c ll ct i g f tty cid s sc rt i
on a o on a o o a e a n ne a

a nd a nd di yi n g t h e A M
rd giv s d i f r c
a ,
o e n a a . e a n . P .

°
La fe e of C
f utt t ll w
e a en 5 2 .

B ee fa t a nd m 0 1 to 2 C
°
C
pr—s c b f is su s p c t d i f w i th gly c ri d s i g
on a o .

d i r c is l ss th w i th cryst l
The e en e o f ee fa t to b e e e , , e e gi v n
°
60 6 th e ffe C of

l ss th
°
M . P . en e e an 5 0 , or a s
°
65 °
C
°
e an 3 0 .

G RO U P II

B u t t e r fa t

K I R S C H N E R N U MB E R

D e fi n i t i on
T h e K i r s ch n e r l umb r is m sur v l til tty cids fr m e of th e fa
silv r s lts which s lubl w t r ( butyric cid
n e a ea o a e a o

a n oil or fa t , t h e Of in
butt r)
e a a re o e a e e .
g . a

in e .

Ou t l i n e of Met h od
distill t
The w t r s lubl cids ich rt sk
a e Of th e in th e R e P ole n
pr c ss ft r titr ti with b ryt ( is tr t d with silv r sulph t
a e o e a e -
e

e e N
filt r d filtr t r distill d ft r dd ti dilut sulphuric cid
o , a a on a a ea e e a e,

a nd th e o n of in
st d rd ich rt l sk pp r tus distill t b i g m sur
e e ,
a e e e a e a i e a

th e Re Po th e ea ed

titr t d b f r
an a e -
en e a a a ,
a e e n

a nd a e as e o e .

R ema rk s

his m th d is xt si
T ich rt M issl pr c ss it
e o o f th e Re and

i dic t s wh—t pr p rti s lubl v l til f tty cids is

an e en on e -
e o e ,

o f th e due t o
butyric cid th r f r butt rf t si c s lubl v l til cids
n a e a o o on o e o a e a a

a nd to th e e a of

c c ut p m k r l c t i pr ctic lly butyr c

a e e o e e a ,
n e o e o a

o on a nd al e ne on a n a a no i .

c s dult r ti butt r with c c ut

I n th e e of a p lm k r l on of o i l or

l l sk v lu giv s i f rm ti r quir d but wh

a e a e o on a e ne

O il a o n e , t h e Po a ll th e
th r f ts pr s t c s mixtur s m rg ri c t i i g
en e a e e n o a on e e ,
en

in th e e of of

c c ut ( ) p lm k r l with butt r t st bl s c rr ct sti

o e a a re e en , as a e a a n e, on a n n

a nd th e o

mt md t t l p rc t g butt rf t pr s t which c uld

o on or a e ne , e e e na e a e e

to b e e o f th e e of

m y c s s d duc d fr m l sk l ls it
a e a o a e en a e a e en , o

not in be the Po en e a o ne . A o,

d fi it ly st blish s pr s c bs c sm ll qu titi s
an a e e e o

th e of of

butt rf t m rg ri s c t i i g th s ils
e n e e a e e en e or a en e a an e
“
e a in a a ne on a n n e e two o .

P o e
r c du r e 3

Ta k filt r d distill t ft r titr ti with

th e N /I O b ryt i n th e
ich rt l sk m th d ( c r b i g t k xc d
1 . e e e a e a e a on a a

Re e -
Po en e e o a e e n a en not to e ee th e

1
3
I bi a
The
’
. 1

ro
905 ,
e
9,
u e a nd
p
p c d r c l cul t i f ll w t h s pr p s d
65 .

a a on o o
2 S ee
o e
a

o
ge
o e
24 9 .

by B o lt vis
on a nd Re .
1 56 B AR Y TA N U MB E R S —WE I N W UR M S T E S T ’
IV

p i fy w i t h c c 1 l c h l ic
P r o c e du r e
I Sa 5 g r mS O f fa t N Na o H
i tr t w i t h / u si g ph l ph th l i ( l cul t p
. on 50 . . 2 a o o

N 2 H Cl , Ca S V
v l c h l by b i l i g bl w i g i t fl sk d iss lv s p
2 . T a e n en o a e n. a e . .
, .

R emo a nd a ir a nd in
r c tly b i l d d ist i ll d w t r
e a o o o n o n n o a o e oa
3 .
,

k up rk i t h w t r
h ot
r sf r c c fl sk r is
e en o e e a e .

T an e to 2 50 . . a , a e to 4 0 C
°
.
, a nd ma e to ma w a e
°
40 C
i p tt c c st d b i l i gw t r i ut s c c / b ri
at .

P e O ff 1 00 in 5 m a dd N 5 m
ch l ri d ( ll w i xtur r i
e . .
, an o n a e n e , 50 . . a u

g r m s B a C 12 H 2O to a nd a m ema n

w t r b th t i ll s lt s c l sc
o e 25 . 2 o e to
in Ba a
l filt r i t c c fl sk w shi g i s lubl s p w ll ki g
a e -
a oa e e.

C oo e n o 2 50 . . a ,
a n th e n o e oa s e ,
an d ma n

k ma r
i p tt c c i t b k r ci d i fy i g w i t h c c h t
up to .

P H Cl
b ili g c c ppr x s t d v r i gh t
e e 2 00 . . n o a ea e ,
a n I . . c one . : ea to
a nd a dd 1 0 N H Q S O4 , a nd

i lt r ppt ch c ru ci bl w sh fr fr ch l r i d s fi lly
o n . . a o . . an o e n .

F m a nd

wi th u t i t i s c c w r l c h l dry c st t w igh t
e . on to a G oo e, a ee o o e , na

of 1 0 m a nd

w igh t fu d is c l cul t d
tw o q an e . . a a o o , to on an e .

Th e Of (
B a S O4 ) B a O B a SO4 65 7
this is subtr c t d fr v lu s lut i u s d ( )
e o n 25
p . c . a a e to X 0

om t he B aO of t h e B a C l2 in
(w hich u s t s t d rd is d x ctly si i l r ) his iv s
a e a e o on e 5
m be in m
v lu cid s f r i g i s lubl s lts fr th i s
an a e an e a a w ay . T g e BaO
e of a m om g rm s of fa t a nd ca l

v lu ( )
‘

a o n n o e a 2 : ,

cu la te d m fa t = i ns ol BaO b
s p v lu f d ( ) is c l cul t d
to 1
g r . a e .

Th e ( ) K OH x P 3 6 7
v— lu ( )
10 . a on. a e ou n in 2 , a a e to B a O ,
fo r
g rm fa t = t o t a l B a O
v lu ( )
1 a e a ,

b = s o l ub l e B a O
r th s c l cul t
a a e c .

1 1. F om e e fig u re s 1 a a e

C L ASS I X

B eesw a x

V7 e i n w ur m ’
s 2 Tes t ( fo r C e r sie n a nd Pa r fi a f n )
P r o c e du r e
1 Sa p ify m on with c c / lc h lic p t sh (
5 gr s of w a x 25 of N See
pg
. . . 2 a o o o a .

vprt
a e

2 E a
lc h l c mpl
o a e t ly c c pur glyc ri
o ff a a n d a dd 2 0

h ti g w t r b th till c mpl t s luti is ct d

. o o o e e ,
. . e e n,
‘

ea n e ffe

glyc ri s luti i t c c b ili g distill d w t r

on a e -
a o e e o on e .

3 R un e n o n o 1 00 Of

ur b s w x giv s luti pri t ( ws

. on . . o n e a e .

4 P e p
ee a es n ea r ly tr a ns a r en t on, a nd

ppr ) r dily r d thr ugh mm liquid

. o n ne

a e sa y ca n be 50 Of th e
c t p r ffi c r si w x s r d r pri t u r d bl
, ea ea o . .

5 p er Of

slightly m r c us s pr cipit t
en . a a n or e e n a e en e n n ea a e,

a nd o e a e a e a e .

R emark s

T his t st d p ds e e en on th e s lubility
o Of t h e u n s a p on ifi a b le m tt r a e of

Vo l
1

. I
Fo r
.
r sult s u der ,
s ee n e s
p ecia l tes ts i n g e n e r l d scri pt i
a e ons of O i ls f ts a nd a in

2
Ch em Z ez t
'

. . 1 89 7 , 5 19 .
 I 57 I
S P E C F C T ES T S F O R O L S I 1

b sw x w k lyc ri dult r ti with c r b

in i s ct A nau a w a x and n e

ls pr duc s turbidity lth ugh cc rdi g s m si tic

ee a ea g e n . e a on a
‘ A
wax a A to B erg o e a

b s x s giv turbiditi s it is wh l g d pr limi ry

o o e . o ,
a o n ,

ee wa e e e on th e o e, a oo e na

t st
, ,

e .

H a r de n e d fa t s

E S T I MA T I ON OF M I N U T E Q U A N T I TI E S OF
N I C K E L I N F A TS

Th e f l wi g m th d
ol o n e o ,
du e t o A ta ch z
, is v ry s sitiv e en e a nd r li bl
e a e .

P r o c e du r e
As l rg qu tity p ssibl is pl c d fl sk e o f th e fa t in a an d

h td w t r b th ith qu l bulk pur c c tr t d

1 . a e a an as o a e a

a w of

hydr chl ric cid — h urs sh ki g fr qu t i t rv ls

ea e on a a e -
an e a e on en a e

o o a fo r 1 2 o a at

cid is r m v d by s p r ti g fu l filt r d filtr t

, n e en n e a .

2 Th e a e o e a e a a n nne e e a nd the

vprtd p rc l i b si w t r b th ( fum
.
, , a e

e a o a e in a o e a n a n on th e a e a in a

ch mb r)
e
-

r sidu is diss lv d c c bs lut lc h l r d r d

a e .

3 Th e in 50 of h ot a o

just lk li ith mm i cc s tur t d s luti

. e e o e . . e a o o ,
en e e

w on a , a n d 50 of a h ot a

bs lut lc h l dd d pr s c
a a ne a . . a e o on

Of m b e n z i ldi o xi in a o e a o o a e I n th e e of

ick l pr cipit t is pr duc d

a -
e . e en

N a red

liquid is h t d mi ut s w t r b th th
e ,
e a e o e .

4 The fo r a fe w e on th e a e a nd

filt r d thr ugh t r d filt r p p r pr cipit t b i g w sh

. ea e n -
a , en

th e e ed

w igh d
e e a e a e

with lc h l dri d
e e o a a , e n a
°
h ot o e a t 1 10 C a nd e e

ick l pr s t is bt i d by multiplyi g w ight

a o ,
.
,
.

5 The N n the e of th e
pr cipit t bt i d by
. e e en o a ne
‘

e a e O a ne O I O9 3 .

E xa m p l e
ight
We of fa t tk en = 2 53
’

5 7 g r ms
r dry filt r tub
a .

Ta e Of p a p e r + w e ig h i n g e = 15 4 3 2 5 g r ms
'

e .

+ PPt
We ight ppt Of .
= ‘
09 4 8

c t 09 4 8 x x
' ‘

109 3 1 00
N i p er en . i n fa t 0 04 1 p er cent .

2 53 57

R ema rk s

Th e pr cipit t b ili g ch g s fr m r dd sh y ll w e o r ed to
m is pr p r d f ll ws
e a e , On o n , an e i e o .

T he b e n z i l di o xi
iss lv be il c c m thyl l c h l
a -
e e a e as o o :

I . D o e 10 gr m s Of nz
3
i n 50 . . e a o o .

1
Ch em Z ei t 1 9 0 3 , 7 5 3
. . .

pr p r t i b il b
2
Ch em Z et t 1 9 1 3 , 3 7 , 7 7 3 ; o r A n a lys t , 1 9 1 3 , 3 8 , 3 1 6
'

. .
.

3
F o r th e e a a on of e nz a nd enz o n , s e e P r a t t i . A dva n ced Org a n i c
C h em ( C o e n )
. h .
1 58 IM I I K E ST AT ON OF N C EL 1v

lc P c c r u d b tt m d fl sk
in a 2 00 s tur t d s lu o o a n d a dd a

ti hydr xyl mi hydr chl ri w t r

2 . a e . . n -
o e a , a a e o

m
o n Of 8 gr s Of de i n
ct r flux c d s r b i h urs wtr
o a ne o o a e .

3 Conne to a nd l fo r 6
b th sm ll dir ct fl m
. a e on en e , o o on a a e

a or a e a e

ilt r pr cipit t f rm d w sh it with w t r th

.
,

4 F th e h ot a nd

with sm ll qu tity c ld thyl lc h l ( cryst llis

. e e a e o e , a a e , en

Of D ry Re
if c ss ry fr m c t )
a a an o e a o o . . a e

r cti is c p bl d t cti g ick l

ne e a , o a e on e .

The ea on a a e of e e n 1 in of N e in
s luti
g t ri i lly pr p s d d i thyl
o on .

Th e a en o g na o o e was me l
g yo xi m e
l

rt i 1 Fo ni, Ch em Z ei t . . 1
9 1 2 , 36 , 146 1 .
 S EC TION V

I D E N T I FI C A T I O N A N D D ET E R MI N ATI ON OF
FAT T Y A C D S A N D A L C O H O L S I (INCL U I
D N G GL Y CE R I N )

FATTY A C I D S
A . MIX E D
Wh 1 ils f ts split by en o s p and a a re s a p on ifi ca t ion , a n d th e so

pr duc d cidifi d by m s mi r l cid ch glyc rid impl

. oa

of

mix d yi lds its thr m l cul s f tty cids If cids

o e a e ea n ne a a ea e e, S e or
,

e ee o e e of a n y Of th e
l i b r t d s lubl i w t r th y m r l ss l st w sh
e ,
a a . a so

in t he
liqu rs u l ss sp ci l pr c uti s t k pr v t s luti
e a e a re o e n a e ,
e a re o e or e o a

o n e e a e a a to

f tty cids th r f r rm lly bt i d by f mili r pr c ss

on a re en e en o on .

The a e e o e no th e of

ils c ll d I U A Y A I plus
a a O a ne a a o e

s a p o n i fi c a t io n of o a re th e s o a e N S OL B LE F TT C DS

m tt r x ct mixtur f tty cids yi ld d by

-
,

t h e u n s a p on ifi a b l e a e an d th e e e Of a

p rticul r is c i tly t rm d m
.
, a a e e a

o il o r fa t th e i x e d fa t t y a c i ds of

th t p rticul r s mpl
a a o n ve n e n e e

ch ic lly f tty ci d s pr p d by hydr ly sis ut cl v

a a a a e .

“
th e in by
wi t ch ll r g t th rwis l s c sist pr ct ic lly ti r ly f tty
Te n a , a a , e a re o an a o a e, o r

th e T Of the
ci d s i s lubl i w t r w t r s lubl cid s b i g p rtly v l ti l is d
e ea en , or o e e, a o on a a en e a

th e i n th e
st u s d duri g pr c ss p rtly l st by s lut i
'

a n o e n a e , a e o e a e n a o a e

ea m t h e de g lyce r i n a t i o n a nd in the
w k glyc ri l i u rs ( s w t
e n o e ,
a o o on
“

h w pr vi usly f tty cids gr du lly dimi ish s lubility

e n o ee
ea q
1
AS in
m l cul r w i ht i cr s s hus butyric cid is s lubl w t r
2 . S o n e o a a a a n o

th e T in
pr p rti s c pr ic c prylic c pric
as o e a e g n ea e .
,
a o e a e

in a ll O9 in 100
‘
08 in 0 1 in 1 00

l uric tr c s s lubl ly b ili g w t r myristi t t lly

o o on ,
a o ; a 1 00 ; a

b o il i n g w a t e r ; in
'

i s lubl It is bvi us th r f r th t lib r t d f tty cid s fr m f ts

a ,
a e o e on o n a e ; c, o a

th e
which c t i cids l w r m l cul r w ight t myristic cid will
n o e . O o e e o e a e a e a a o a

in h an
t i i d fi it pr p rti s th s l w r f tty cids cc rdi g
on a n a o e o e a e a

of to th e

v lum qu us mi r l cid liqu r us d l gth tim

con a n n e n e o o on e e o e a a a o n

e of th e a eo ne a a o e a nd the en Of e Of

b ili g if
o ,

t rm mix d f tty cids r f rs th r f r i s lubl f tty

o n ,
a ny .

”
Th e to th e

cids fr m p rticul r lytic l purp s s f tty ci s

e e a a e e e e o e n o e a

O il o r fa t , a n d fo r a n a th e d
sh uld w ll w s h d with w r m w t r sur r m v l s lubl
a o a a a a o e a a

be to e n th e of

cids It is vid t th t r cti s pr p rti d p d t

o e a e a a e e e o a o e

th e
s lubl f tty cids th ir gly rid s will c rr sp di gly
a . e en a any ea on or o e es e en en on

in an o il be
m difi d m x d f tty cids d riv d th r fr m
o e a a or e ce e o e on n

o e in th e i e a a e e e e o .

pg 1
V o l 1, . a e 37 .
 Y I 6
F A TT AC DS A N D A LCOHOLS 1 1

physic l h mic l h r ct ri s ti s
T he mix d f tty a nd Of th e
cids r s mbl cl s ly m st c s s th s ils th ms lv s xc pt
C e e e a
3 . a a c a a c

in of th e e

c s th s pr p rti s such cidity m lti g p i t visc sity

a e e e o e o a e o e o e e ,
e e

i n th e e of e tc

which c diti d by glyc rid s glyc rid s

a o e o e e , as a ,
e n o n ,
o ,
.
,

th e e e e e

ic x mi ti s ps c mm rci l s mpl s
a re on one qu a .

§ S in t h e of a n d of

f tty cids ils th ms lv s v il bl x mi ti it will

4 . n e e a na on oa ,
o e a a e

of a a th e o e e e a re n o t a a a e fo r e na on,

w ll c sid r st d rd d t rmi ti s fr m st dp i t
a
,

be to th e th e of th e

mix d f tty cids fr m ils f ts f ll wi g p g s m

e on e an a e e na on o an o n

and I n th e o n a a ny o di fi

c ti s c ss ry p rf rm c t d rd t sts td
e a a o o a . o e

for th e Of th e S
t bl s iv sh wi g figur s r c rd d f tty cids
a on ne e a e o an e an a e a re no e ,

a nd th e e e o e fo r t h e a a

by v ri us bs rv rs
a e a re g en o n

r sh uld t k l ib r t i g f tty cid s ( p g ) pr t ct th

a o O e e .

Ca in th e e 167 em

fr x id t i sp ci lly f tty cid s r s si t i v t his r sp c t t h

e o be a en e a n a a s ee a to o e

m mo in
i l s fr w hich t h y d ri v d tty cid s fr ri dryi g s i dryi g
o o a on , e e a as a a a re e en e e e an th e
m Fa om ma a nd m
i l s sh uld dri d c urr t s u ch hydr g c rb
O o e a re e e . a ne , n e -
n

be in of i n difle r e n t g a s ,
d i x id
o o e a en as o e n, a on

o e , e tc .

P H YS I C A I

Sp e ci fi c Gra v i t y
P r o c e du r e
x ctly E c s ils ( p g ) xc pt t t si c f tty i n th e of o 26 ha th e

cids h v su lly high r s lidifyi g p i t it is dvis bl mpl y

a as a e a e e e ,
n e a

to e

high r t mp r tur d t rmi ti t mp r tur b ili g

a a e u a a e o n o n ,
a a e o a

e e fo r t h e e e T he e e a e of t h e o n

) is m st c v i t si c pp r tus
e a e na on

w t r b th ( ppr x
.

99 C th e e th e a a a ca n

fill d t mp r tur th h t d b ili g w t r wh

a e a a o . . o on e n en , n

be a t a ny a nd in a e en the

xc ss f tty cid xud s ut m tic lly l vi g v ss l l ys full

e e e a e en ea e o n ,

of th e wa

( c mp r d with w t r
e a

mix d f tty cids t k

e e a a e e a o a a ,
ea n e .

°
Th e S G of th e en at 99 o a e a e

di f rs fr m th t ils s m t mp r tur by b i g
. . e a a ,
a

at fe of th e at th e e n

l w r pr p rti lly l ss by — c t
o a O a e e e a e

b ut to 00 27 2 3 p er
f ll wi g t bl sh ws r c rd d v r g sp cific gr viti s
a o 0 0 17 o e , or o o ona e en .

Th e o o n a e o e o e a e a e e a e Of t h e

mix d f tty cids ils f ts t k

O

99 C
e a a of O a nd a a en at
15 5 C

Mel t i n g P oi n t

m lti g p i t
Th e mix d tty cids is much m r fi it th of th e fa a o e de n e an

th t ils f ts is usu lly high r c pill ry tub m th d

e n o n e

Of t h e o a nd and e Th e a a e e o

is su t bl ( p g It d s giv such g d i dic ti s

a a ,
a .

n ot on as th e

s lidifyi g p i t ic d p ds p pr p rti
i a e a e oe e oo n a

S e th e M P th e o o on Of

s l i d cids c t i d th s ft i dv rt tly
o n o n n . . e en u on

i n th e o il , and e en or

d lib r t ly r m v d this fi ur is v ry v ri bl t bl s iv
o a on a n e e e a re o en na

e a a e The a e
g e th e
e g e

r figur s ly f tty cids ch

e e a e e o ,
.

a ve a g e e on for t h e a a o f ea o il .

S o l i di f yi ng P oi n t

See pg a e 42 a nd t bl f ci g p g
a e a n a e 7 0, V ol . I .

F 8:. W . I I.
STA N DARD A N A L Y I T CA L D ET E R M NA T ON S I I [§ V

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ST I O S I V EI
1 64 I I
S TA N D A R D A N A L Y T I C A L D E T E R M N AT O N S V

6) R e fr a c t i v e I n d e x

r fr ctiv i dic s
Th e f tty cids l w r th th s of th e
,

o e of th e
ils fr m which th y d riv d dv t g usi g f tty
e a e n e a a a re o e an
1
One in th e
cids pr f r c ils d t rmi ti is th t c rr cti
O o e a re e e . a an a e n a

a in e e en e t o th e o fo r th e e e a o on

is c ss ry fr cidity ls l tt r s m tim s v il bl
na on no e

fo r th e n ot a

such c s s high r t mp r tur th c ss ry if

ne e a ee a , a o a e a re o e e a a e .

m th e
°
In 40 C be
is igh r th this r sults sh uld th bt i d
a e a e e e a e an . ay ne e a

S P h e an ; th e en be o a ne a t th e M P
cids c lcul t d
. e o . .

°
o f th e a and a a e to 40 C .

V i s cos i t y

visc sity
Th e f tty cids is much l w r o f th e in liquid c diti on

th th t ils s m t mp r tur fig r s giv

o a a o e a on

an a of the o at th e A th e u e e no

us ful i ic ti s th y h v b r c rd d
a e e e a e . s

e nd a on e a e n ot e en e o e .

S ol u b i l i t y
2

f tty cids
Th e gr tly th ir s lubility fr m
a a ils fr m difle r in th e o o

which th y d riv d sp ci lly lc h l which lm st mix d

ea e o o

e in in all

f tty cids s lubl c ld w ll th r rg ic s lv ts

a re e e , e e a a o o a o e
,

a a a re i n th e in
( c st r cids xc pti s r g rds p tr l um th r) tty cids
o e o , as e as o e o an o en

a o o il a Fa
s p r t d by th ir di ri g s lubil ti s lc h l v ryi g str gths
a re e e on as e a e o e e e . a

a re e a a e e ffe in Of n

stim ti r chidic st ric hr wsbury K pp st )

n o i e a o o a en .

( See e a on of a a , ea ,
e tc .
, and S e -
na Te .

P ol a r i m e t e r

ptic l ctivity m y
O ith r pr s c symm tric b e du e t o th e Of a

c rb t ms glyc rid s cc mp yi g st r ls
a a a e e e en e e

a on a o i n th e i n th e or to

sm ll qu titi s xtr ctiv m tt rs l tt r c s

e e , or a o an n e o ,

a of e in th e oil I n th e th e

f tty cids will h w ptic l ctivity whil c s th y ill

an e a e a e . a e a e,

a a m i n t h e fO I w
giv imil r d gr r t ti hus c st r h ulm gr
S o no O a a , e er a e e

e a S a e of T oo a, h yn do
c rpus th r ils giv f tty cids sh wi g ptic l ctivity
ee o a on . a o , C a

a a nd o e o e a a o n o a a

MI A
.

CH E C L .

I o di n e V a l u e s

ic S i di bs rpti is c c r d glyc ryl r dicl is

fa r th e
dilu t f tty cids giv high r i di v lu s th c rr sp di g
n e, s o as o ne a o on on e ne ,
e a e

th e a n th e

ils but di r c is c st t wi g slightly i

a en , a a e e o ne a e o e on n

th e ffe n ot to th e diffe ing

m l cul r ights f tty cids c mbi ti v r g v ri
o ,
en e on an o n

o e a we of th e in The e a e a a

ti pp rs fr m
a a na on a

c t
o .

on a ea to be o 2 to 3 p er en .

E l a i di n
’

his t st giv s s imil r

T r sults with f tty cids fo r th e o ils fr m
which th y d riv d l ic cid b i g c v rt d i t l dic cid
e e a e a a as o

e a re e e , th e O e a e n on e e n o e ai a .

fr ut h rs
1 T het h t a o find a th e c rr c t i
o e ch on c t fr
s t i l s b i g hi gh r c c ut
fo r ea on e p er en . ee fp ttyl kcird i yl
a a t

l w rp g rs p c st r
i es m t o 000 1 0 5 fo r mo
ut r fr c t t r r d i gs
fo r o a nd m
bl III
“
e ne
'

o 0 000 9 5 o , e n e on a

a nd o e fo r a e a nd a o

pp d i x
Fo r B e e a o me e ea n s ee Ta e
- .
.

2
S ee a e 2 5 4, 2 5 5 a nd A en .
 M IX E D FA TT Y I AC DS

w h et -
r e

S I IO
’
STA N DAR D A NA L Y I T CAL D E T E R M NAT ON S I I [§ V

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Sl l
17 0 M IX E D FA T T Y I AC D S v

vp td fl sk s pd c p s d
of
f fl sk
i n th e ig i n a l a nd th e e om i n th e
f tt cid s w sh d filt r k pi g l tt r c v r d u ch
e a o ra e or a , oa o e a .

th e m
p ssi bl wi th w t ch gl ss ci d s t h ri s d wi th t h r i t
The a y a a re a e on e , ee n a e o e e as

a nd a

t r d fl sk th r v p r t d curr t
as o e a a , a re en n e e e n o

a e a and e ] e e a o a e of
f in en of H or C 02
i l w ight f tty cids
.

w ight tk
F na

e
e
U o f oil
of a

a en
a
100 H EHN ER N MB ER .
”

K v lu
Th e P O L E N S bt i d by t ki g m E mix d f tty 5 gr s of th e e a

cids pl c ils di f r littl fr m figur s ils th m

a es , o a ne a n

in e o f th e fe th e fo r t h e e

s lv s hus i s lubl f tty cids fr m c c ut giv figur

a a o ,
e o e o

e e T th e o on oil e a e of

fr m p lm k r l m th d is gr t v lu
. n o e a a o

17 5, and n o T he of ea a e i n th e
d t rmi ti th s ils s ps mix d f tty cids b i g first
o a e ne . e o

e e of in th e

bt i d th r fr m by cidifyi g p s luti with mi r l cid

na on e e o oa ,
e a a e n
1
o a ne e e o a n th e s oa o on ne a a

A c e t yl V a l u e

c tyl v lu
Th e f tty cids d t rmi d sm of th e be ne in th e
m r th t ils but c r sh uld t k th r ughly w sh
a e a e a a ca n e e a e

a nn e as of th e be to

mix d cids fr fr m s lubl cids m th d is pplic bl

a o , a e o a en o o a

th e e Th e fo r
d t rmi ti c s t r s ps
a ee o o e a . e o a a e

th e e e na on o f a o o il in oa .

A ci d V a l u e

S e e N e zrtm l z s a l z on Va l u e
' ’

a b v (p
o e . I

Un s a p on i fi a b le

rf rm d simil r m r
Pe o e m th d ils ( p g
in a t o th e fo r Th e
f tty cids first utr lis d with p t sh s d
a ann e e o o a e

a , a n d t h e u n s a p o n i fla b l e

m tt r th sh k with th r
a a a re ne a e o a or o

a e en a en o u t

mm rci l f tty cids fr qu tly c t i xc ss

e e .

Co e a a o f u n s a p on ifia b le

wi g d c mp sit i t ki g pl c duri g splitti g ut cl v s

a e en on a n e e

o n to e o in e tc

sp ci lly c s di s till d f tty ci s ( s pm ki g purp s s

o on a n a e n n a o a e , .
,

i n th e e of d Fo r
f tty cids s uld xc d /
or e e a a e a a . oa a n o e
°
a a ho ) n ot e ee 2
o
u nsa
p o n i fla b l e .

1
S ee F rye r , j ou r . S oc Gb em 1 n d
. . . 1 9 18, 37, 2 62.
172 L E A D S AL T E T H E R - -
ME T H OD v

2 A dd a c tic cid till slightly xc ss b ck titr t utr lity in a nd to

( usi g ph l phth l i ) with lc h lic p t sh

. e a , e e , a -
a e ne a

If i x d f tty cid s pl y d i st d diss lv

n e no a e n a o o o a .

th e m em of th e o il , in
l c h l t i tr t wi th / u u s p t sh ilut w i t h w t r
e a a a re o e n ea o e

a o o , a nd a e N 2 aq eo o a . D e a e to

istil lc h l t r th diss lv s p cc
1 00

D o ff a wa e ba a nd in
wtr
o o on -
, o e oa 100 . .

c c wid ck d c ic l fl sk sl wly with

a e .

P l a c e i n 50 0 a n d a dd

c st t sh ki g c c b ili g w t r owhich b dd d
. . e- n e e , on a a , o ,

of t has
cc c t l d c t t s luti ill up fl sk with
on an a n , 2 00 . . o n a e ee n a e

30 of 10 o on F
b ili g w t r sid c l p er
. . en . ea a e a e . a

o n a nd s et a to
Wh l d s lts liquid cl r p ur l tt r
a e , e oo .

en th e a re s e t a n d th e o ff th e a
b i g c r ful r tur p rticl s l d s lts which
ea a ea ,
o e ,

to of run out

W sh s lts ith b ili g t r sh ki g c li g u d r

e n a e e n any a e ea a .

a th e a w wa e a nd th e

m whil r t ti g ( fig ) c us s lts
o n ,
a n oo n n e

ta p, ea n
50 to th e a to

dh r sid s fl sk W h c ld ash tr
e o a n s ee . so as a e

a e e t o th e of th e r u n ou t w wa e

r p t with b ili g w t r
e a . en o , ,

and ea

r i fl sk by tur i g upsid d w rmv furth r

e o n a e .

D a n a nd e

m istur with c tt w l h ld by f rc ps
a n n e o n, e o e a ny

o e w a d of th e
c c th r ( m thyl t d ) c rk fl sk sh k th r ughly
a o on oo e o e .

A dd 200 of e and o o

th pl c u d r r flux c d s r h t w t r b th till ly
. . e e a e , o a ,
a e

a nd

light susp si r m i s m v fr m
en a e n e e on en e ea on a e -
a on
,

fine fi Re c o n de n s e r s c o rk ,

sid c l r m t mp r tur filt r i t s p r ti g

a en on e a n . o e o

a n d s et a to to
fu l k pi g fu l c v r d with l rg w tch gl ss
e oo oo e e a e, e n o a e a a n

nn e e e

W sh u fl sk with f ur succ ssiv qu titi s c c th r

,
ee n nn e o a a e a a .

o t a of 30 of e on

ppt ll w th r r i thr ugh

a o e e an e . . e

to a nd a o a ll e to d o

th r l s luti s lubl l d s lts s p r ti fu l

. e a n .

A dd t o on of in ng n ne

c c dilut H ( c c c c H c c with t r)
e e ea o o e ea a e a a ,

1 00 of e Cl 20 on cl to 1 00 wa e

st pp r s p r t r sh k th r ughly d c mp s
.
,
. . . . . .

th e and to th e

l d s lts t d till c mpl t s p r ti ccurs b tw

o e e a a o ,
a e o o e o o e

S e een th e

th r qu us l y rs th pr cipit t d l chl rid

ea a . an a o e e e a a on o

a nd a a nd e n r u n o ff ea d

w t r w sh th r l l y r ith l ts c c w t r till
e e eo a e , e a e o e

a nd and w o f 10 a e

fr fr m mi r l ci s p r ti g ch tim
a e , a e e ea a e o . .

d, w e ll e a

r ul s fus d c lcium chl rid th r st

ee o ne a a e a a n e .

A dd fe w g e of o to e e a nd a nd

h ur th r m v st pp r p th r thr ugh
a an e a e ,

fo r and o u t th e e e

s p t r filt r filtr t i t c c gr d t d
an o , en e o e o e ,
ou r o

n eck o f a ra o to a n d ru n n o a 2 00 ua e

fl sk i s s r t r with l ts th r b i g c r ful
e on e a e . . a

R ou t tw o of e

r t i c lcium chl rid dr ps w t r which h v

a . n e e pa a o o e ,
e n a e

to e a n e a nd a ny o of a e a e

sprtd
a o

o ut

M k up th r l s luti c c with eth r sh k

e a a e .

th e t o 2 00 e a e, a n d

st pp r fl sk ip tt i t fl sks ( l tt r t r d ) 5 c c
a e e e ea o on . .
,

P tw o A a nd B 0

th r l s luti driv th r curr t

o e a . e e n o a ,
a e a e ,
. .

in of C OZ o n
”

of th e e on , a n d e ofl e en

w t r b th ti u h t p ss till furth r l ss
e ea o e a

Con e to ea a nd a i n C 02 no e o

w ight ccurs
a a e -
a . n

in
Imm di t ly i tr duc i t r qui s it qu tity W j i di
e o .

A th e e e an of i s
’
o ne

s luti c rt i i di v lu W igh fl sk
e a e n o e n o

o on, a nd a s e a n o ne a e . e a B .
 I I I I I
S E P A R AT O N A N D D E T E R M N A T O N O F S O L D A C D S 73 1

Yi ld liquid u s tur t d cids

of

wt f tty cids fl sk x c t
e n a a e a

of in B 4 x
yi ld s lid cids is bt i d by di r c bv
. a a a p er en .

The of o o th e ffe e of th e a

figur yi ld t t l i s lubl f tty ci ds fr m

e a a ne en o e

e and th e of t h e o il
y i ld s l i d cid s d i r ctly bt i d tr t i g
e o a n o e a a o .

T he of ma y b e
s lubl l d s lt s l ft filt r p p r d scrib d p g
e o a e o a ne by ea n the in
th e
i d i v lu sh uld d t r i d ci d s uld g i v
o e ea a e on e a e as e e on a e 1 37 . Th e
be m The ho ash

i ci r t i sh w i g t h t l d s lt b pr p rly d c p s d
o ne a e o e e ne . a s e no on

n ne a on , o n a the ea a ha s e en o e e om o e .

I I SOL D AC DS

D et er m i n a t i on
’
’

S efi a r a t z on a na

s li cids s p r t d
Th e d stim t d by th ir di r ti l a nd e a e e ffe
s lubility lc h l v ryi g s tr gths
o a a re e a a e en a

in of

d scrib d m t st rp
o a o o a n en .

IB EHEN C as e i n Tor tel l i a nd F or t z

' '

e fo r a o il

U I } (p g
e e

ER C C

A I I d scrib d t st ( p g
a e

i n R en a r d s
’
AR CH D C as e e e a e

AI STE R C

t ric cid is s p r t d its p rc t g stim t d mix d

.

S a nd e en a e e a e in th e
f tty cids by tr tm t cids with s tur t d
ea a e a a e e

of a n o il fa t of th e a

d r th s
a a en

s luti st ric cid lc h l

or ea a a a e
°
on o f ea in a o of 8 1 83 S G at 0 C Un e

liquid cids cids l w r m l cul r w ig t th st ric

o a o . . . e e co n

di t i o n s t h e a nd a of o e o e a h
diss lv f ll i g m th is
a ,
e an ea

ed o u t H m M Th e od du e el er a n d z t efi el l
l
’

o ow n e to

r vis d by m
a re o . .

2
a nd e e E er s on

E s t i m a t i on of S t e a r i c A ci d

P r o c e du r e
1 D iss lv pur st ric cid
o e c c lc h l g r rn s e ea a i n 5 00 of a o o S G
‘
8 1 83
c t by v lum ) st pp r d b ttl pl c
. . . . .

9 4 4 p er in a nd in
w t r v r ight
en . o e a o e e o e, a e

i ce and a e o e n

xt siph sup r t t lc h l by m s thistl

.

2 Ne da y, o n o ff t h e ea n of a e

fu l ti d v r with musli c ct d ith

. e na an a o o

nne e o e th e en d fi ne an d on n e e w

v cuum fl sk filt r ump (

. n,

a a a a nd e fig
p .

t o fi l te r p u mp .

Fi g 5 4 .

1 A n a lys t , 1 8 9 6 , 3 2 1 .

3 Z ez t s
f Un ter s d N a lz rg s Gen u s s m 90 3 , 6
'

. . . . u . . 1 , 22 .
 174 S E P A RA T I O N A N D D ETE R M N AT O N I I v

3 igh i t squ t wid m uth d fl sk

We s lid ( m 1 of 5 gr
if liquid ) ids diss lv c c b v lc h l s luti
. n o a a e -
o e a g rrn o or s

a nd in 1 00 of a o a o o on

v r ight git t pr m t cryst llis ti

ac o e e o

l
. . .
,
-

i n i ce
°
Co o to 0 and a a e to

ilt r lc h l b f r k pi g s k imm rs d wtr

o e n ,
o o e a a on .

4 F o ff a fla i n i ce
usi g thi s tl fu l v cuum fl sk W sh r sidu with thr
. e o o as e o e, ee n e e a e ,

and e ee

l ts c c lc h lic st ric s luti

n e n ne a a . a e
°
o f 10 on a t 0 C
iss lv cryst ls h ri g musli thistl fu l ith th r
o . . a o o ea o .

D ad to of w e
5 e nn e e

fl s k v p r t dry wih
. o e a n n e
°
a n d a dd to o a e o ff a t 100 and

sc rt i sh uld udr if tr t
a , e a e g .

M
°
6 A P : o be n ot 68 5 C t oo lo w th e ea

m t sh u ld r p t d
. e a n . . n e .

be
rd t st i f fr fr f tty cid s high r w igh t t i tr t w it h
en o e ea e .

om of mol
s t d rd l k l i ( p g
( In o er to e ee a a e . e , a e

ubtr ct fr m w ight cryst ls bt i d grm ll w

an a a a a e

S of to fo r
‘

7 a o 00 5

st ric cid lc h lic s luti us d b l c cryst ls

. a o e a ne a o

du e t o Th e e of

is c lcul t d
ea a a o o o on e . a an a
’
a p a e to s t ea r i c a ei a e r cen t .

P a l nz i t i e c t s t isf ct ri ly st i t d pr s c t h r s l id cid s
a ei a
’
be ma in e of o

is u s u lly bt i d d i r c fr ct i l cr st ll is t i
anno a a o e e e en e o a

and a o a ne by ffe en e , o r by a o na y a a on .

IQ I I L U D AC DS

S ep a r a t i on a nd D e te r m i n a t i o n

l i ui d f tty c ids first s p r t d fr

Th e s l i d ci d s by l d s lt om th e th e
th r th d ( p g
a a re e a a e o a
q a ea a
-

me
hy th br i t d d sc ib d u d r
e e o a e

m et b er i n s ol u b l e b r om i n e
(p g pr ci p it t d br i d s d t r i d (i f ) th i r
T e a re en o na e , as e r e n e va l u e

om m
sc rt i d If t h y lt cl r l i u id b t
Th e a nd

th r is
a e e a e e are e e ne a ny e M . P .

me °
C
pr s t (f clup d ic si i l r cid )
to a ea at or a ou 1 80 e e n o oct o
a e a ne . e q .

or om i a’e e en ro m ano on , or m a a .

Oct oor om i a es bl a cken w i t /z ou t mel ti n g

’ °
a t 200 C .

I n th e c s a e of m i xtur s
b th which i s lubl of o ct a nd h e xa b ro mide s ( of

th r l tt r s p r t d fr r r by tr t t w i t h pur
e o o a re n o e

) , th e ma y b e m t h e fo me me n
b i li g b w hich r s lubl
in e e a e e a a e o ea e

is in t h e lz exa or onz i a e
’
th e mo
th r l i u r fr br i t tr t t c t i s x c ss
o n en z e ne , e o e .

T h e mo m th e o m na i on me n
br i his is r v d by p ci g th r l s lut i s p r t i g fu l
e q o o ea on a n an e e of

o m ne T emo la th e in
sh ki g w i t h u u s s ut i s d i u thi sulph t wtr
. e n e e ea o on a e a a n n ne

ol of m o t he
th r l s lut i r v d by filtr t i t hr ugh dry filt r p p r
a nd a n an aq eo on o a e, a nd a e in
the emo

th r is d ist i ll d si du b i l d i t h i i u p tr l
e e ea o on e a on o a e a e .

Th e o ff, a nd th e m m m of o e um

th c pl t ly d iss lv i t ( p tr l u th b l w
e e e re e o e w a n e

om m °
of

c l i g cry s t l s br i d lt i g sprt
e er to e e o e B P . . e o e e er e o 40 On
oo n ,
a of his isom e me n at 1 14
°
C . e a a e o ut . T t h e t etr a
or omi a’e
c c tr t i g filtr t furth r cr p c ryst l s bt i d
.

On th e of ma y b e
ltr t c sist s which d t r i d v p r ti
a nd
‘
on en a n a e, a e o a o a ne ,

fi t h e di b r om i de ma y b e m
s lv t
the a e on of e e ne by e a o a on o f

th e o en .

H y dr o x y l a t e d F a t t y A c i ds
hs T d t rmi d by (p ga re th e a ce tyl va lu e ) of t h e mix d
i s lubl cids ft r w shi g fr fr m s lubl cids
e e e e ne a e 1 19 e

n o e a a e a n ee o o e a .
 17 6 I I
D E N T I F C A T O N A N D D E T E R M N A T O N OF I I I V

C . E X AM I N AT I O N O F AL C O H O L S

A lc h ls xist ils f ts w x s thr f rms in a nd in

I ils f ts r m tic lc h ls k w
o o e o , a a e ee o

In and th e th e s t e r ol s ,
which ch r ct ristic tur l f ts
. o a as a o a a o o no n as

of n a

I I m st tur l w x s
a re a a e a a .

In m na a a e a s a li p h a t i c, on oh y dr i c a l c oh ol s ,

c mbi d ith f tty cids st rs ft fr

. o ,

o ne w a a as e e ,
a nd o en ee in th e

wax

III bs c mbi ti ith f t y cids

.

A s t h e t r il i ydr i c g l y c e r ol in na on w a t a

ils f ts
. a e o

in a ll o a nd a .

I S t e r ol s
pr vi usly xpl i d ( I p g ) st r ls c t i d
.

As a ne V ol 62 th e in
tur l ils f ts b i g ch r ct ristic ils
e o e .
,
a e e o a re on a n e

a ll n a a nd a C H O L E S TE R O L of a ll o and

f ts im l rigi th r phyt st r l f tty b di s

a o , e n a a e

of a n I n , a n d S T O S T E R OL , o r o of a

v g t bl rigi
a a o e o e o o e
,

of e e a e o

m u t st r l pr s t ils f ts v ri s usu lly fr m

n .

Th e a o n of e o e en in a nd 0 1

c t it is c t i d m tt r is l t d
o a a e a o

to 2 0 p e r en a nd in t h e u n s a p on i fi a b l e

fr m s p s luti by s lv ts st r ls
.
, on a n e a e , o a e

o th e oa o of th e o i l Th e co n

stim t d by m th d by pr cipit ti with

on o en . e o a re

ve n i e n t l y e th e of
’
I Vi na a u s
/

lc h lic s luti I which f rms i s l bl c mp u ds ith

a e e o ,
e a on an

a o o I I o on o f D G T ON N , n e o o n w

st r ls
o o u

e o .

E s t i m a t i on of t h e S t e r ol s

P r o c e du r e
D iss lv m tt r p rts b ili g c t
e t h e u n s a p o n ifi a b l e i n 50 of 9 5 p er en
lc h l ( if cl r filt r w sh with littl lc h l)
1 . o a e a o n .

not a nd o , a dd h o t

c t digit i s luti c t lc h l till furth r

a o o ea ,
e , a e a o

1 p er en on n o on i n 9 0 p er en a o o no

pr cipit ti t k s pl c
. . e

ttl h urs filt r ch crucibl w sh with

e a on a e a e .

2 Se for fe w to a Goo
lc h l th with littl th r dry w igh w ight
. e a o , e on e, a
°
a o en a a t 1 00 C a nd e e

pr cipit t giv s m u t st r l pr s t
o , e e e , .

of e a e e a o n of e o e en .

R em a rk s

If usi g rigi l l ch m
th e o filt r d ith o il , 50 g r o f th e o il o r fa t w
cc c t lc h l b ili g u d r r flux c li g s p r ti
n na ea s e e

75 of 9 5 p er a nd

lc h l th tr ti g simil rly with furth r c c fr sh

. . en . a o o ,
o n n e e ,
oo n , e a a ng

o ff o il 75 of

lc h l r t lc h l xtr cts ith c t d i git i

a o o ; en ea n a a e . . e

T th e a w in h ot
c t lc h l b f r
a o o ea o o e a 1
.
p er en . on n

9 0 p er en . a o o as e o e.
 Y I 77 FA T T A C D S A N D A LC O H OLS 1

I I I I D E N T F C AT O N O F T H E S T E R O LS

hrT m th ds i tif i g st r l s by micr s c pic

tw o e of de n th e v iz

x mi ti cryst ls f rm d fr m lc h lic s luti s by

e e a re o y n e o ,
. o o

e on of th e a o e o a nd

sc rt i i g m lti g p i ts st rs which c t t s
a na o a o o on ,

a e th e e n of e of th e a e a e th e
m st suit bl
a n n o n e , a re

i c pr s c phyt st r l i i l p stul t s dmixtur

o a e .

S th e e of m a fa t
'

e en

with v g t bl r c g iti st r ls is gr t
n e o e o n an an o a e a e

o il or fa t , th e of the of

lytic l imp rt c is c mp r tiv ly sy d t ct phyt s t r l

a e e a e e o n on e o ea

o an e It a a to

im l f ts but r c g iti ch l s t r l v g t bl ils f ts

a na a . o e ea e e o e o

in a a th e e o n on o f o e e in a nd

is much m r difficult c mm ly ccurri g i s t c this is

an ,
o e e a e o a

of th e

dult r ti li s d with fish ils

o e ; a o on o n n an e

a e a on of n ee o il o .

Mi c r o s c op i c E x a mi n a t i o n

P r o c e du r e
iss lv
D m tt r ( p g ) sm ll qu tity
e u n s a p o n i fi a b le a a e 1 26 in o f c o ld

th r i t sm ll p rc l i dish v p r t s lv
1 . o e a a an

a nd run E o ff ent

p t usly dry w t r b th c l di s s lv mi imum

e e n o a a o e a n . a o a e o

a nd i n th e
m u t bs lut lc h l
S on a n eo , on a e -
a ,
oo , o e n

of a

cl r d c t d s luti i t s m ll t s t tub ll w
a o n o e a o o .

R u n th e e, a nd a to

cryst lli s by sp t us v p r ti bt i s mpl fr m

2 . ea e an e o on n o a a e -
o

O o th e

b tt m tub by m s pip tt pl c c v r gl ss
a e o n a n eo e a o a on . a n a a e

of e ea n of a fi ne e e, a e on o e a a nd

x mi u d r micr sc p
o o ,

bs rv d puri fy w r lc h l ic s lut i sh ki g
e a ne n e o o e .

th e m by
wi th fi lyp wd r d i l ch rc l filt r w r v p r t dry ss
I f c rys t a l s a re n o t o e e ,
a a o o o on a n

ma m,
r diss lv l i ttl l c h l
ne o e e an a oa ; e a e a o a e to ne

a nd in
h l st r l giv s cryst l s figur h y pp r pl t s
e o e a e a o o .

C in e T e a ea as a e

f rm ( tricli ic syst m )
o e e o e a as
3 . .
,

r h o rnb i c in o n e .

Fig 5 5 . . l st r l C h o e e o c r v s ta l s

P hyt st r ls giv dl s st r s p d gr ups

e in a ha e o a nd cryst ls a of

f rm sh w bt i d
o e o e n ee -
,

th e o o n a re o a ne .

Fi g .
56 . P hyt st o e o r l c ry st l s a

\V . II .
17 8 X MI I E A N A T O N O F A L C O H OL S v

Mixt s st r ls giv phyt st r l f rm u ss ch l st r l

of t h e e th e e o nl e o e

is xc ss wh d s rh mbic pl t s f d sid by
ur e e o o o ,
e o

in le a nd o a e are o un

sid s t l sc pic f rms ccur sh w figur

e e , en n ee e

e ; al o e e o o o as o n in e.

l sc p ic c ry st l s i tu
F ig st r l s .
57 . Te e o a fr o m m x re of e o

micr sc pic x mi ti is ly pr limi ry

Th e sh uld and be
f ll w by c t t t st ( u d r)
o o e a na on on e na , o

o o ed th e Ph yt o s t e ryl a e a e e n e .

P h yt o s t e r y l A c e t a t e T e s t

P r o c e du r e
I Ta k l h lic s luti th e a cryst s p ) v p r t on of th e al 2, I 77 a nd e a

d y ss sm l p rc l i dish th — cc c tic
. e co o o . o a e

to in l e n a dd 2 3 of a

hy d ( c c i l ) c v r dish with w tch gl ss

r ne a a o e a n ,
. . e

dr i e r 1 00 g in a oil a nd

h t b il i g i h sm ll fl m
an e p . . or , o e a a

to w t a a a e

vprt xc ss c tic hydrid w t r b th

ea o n .

of a
'

E ofl e e o n th e a dd

sm l qu tity bs lut c h l rm sid

a o a e e e an a e -
a ,

l of al ; wa a nd s et to
cryst lis
a a an a o e o o , a e

al e.

Fli t r cr st ls w sh with littl c t l c h l tr sf r an d a e 9 5 p er

sm b si diss lv — c c bs lut lc h l ll
e y a en . a o o ; an e

to a a ll a in 5 10 e a and a ow

r cryst lis l c cryst ls p r us pl t

n, o e . . a o o o

to al e. P a e a fe w a on a o o a e to dry, a nd

tk (p g
e

M P

crys is r m i d r cryst ls thr t m by fi t r g

a e . . a e

Re ta ll e th e e a n e of th e ee i l in
r diss l g lc h l t ki g sm p rti cr p
a es e

a nd i in all of th e

pr duc d ch tim sc rt i ch cr p
e o v n a o o , a n a o on o

A e M P o f ea

ryst ls bt i d fr m
e ea e a n

cr ps If
o . . . o .

C a n ow a ne 2, 3, 4 , 5 th e M P of

d s fr m furth r cr st llis ti is c ss ry
a re o o o . . .

5 n ot di fle r 4,
If it v ri s furth r cryst llis ti is dvis bl
oe o no e y a a on ne e a .

If cr p is b l w
e e a a on a e

phyt st r ls bs t
a ,
a .

°
th e M P of o S e o 1 15 C
If th r h d is high r th his t ds
. . .
, o e o a re a en .

on t h e o e an th e M P e an t a nd to
r s wi h ch r cr st llis ti phyt st r l pr s t
, ,
. .
, en

i t a s Th e
f ll g t bl giv s id p rc t g phyt st r l
e ea e y a on, o e o a re e en .

o o wi n a e e an ea of th e e en a e of o e o .

( j ag er a nd K l a m r ot/z .
)

R emar k s

dig t i c mp u d m
Th e i be mpl y d ( bt i d pr vi usly
p dry ppt b i g b il d with c tic hy id
on n o o n ay e o e as o a ne e o ,

th e e n o e a dr
cr st ls first cr p c l ur d th y sh uld pr ss d
. . e an e .

I f th e of th e be
b tw filt r p p r if c s s y d c l ri s d by sh ki g w rm
y a o a re o o e , e o e e

e e en e a e a n d, ne e ar e o o e a n the a
,
1 80 X MI I E A N AT O N OF A L C O H O LS v

tyl lc h l Ce a o o

O c t o de c yl
ryl Ce
Myricyl
t r ls S e o 135
'

5
Mix d lc h ls sp rm — e a o o oil 16 1 19 0

w l
e

fa t
b sw x
oo

ee a 99 10 3
-

c a r n a ii b a w a x 1 2 3

T he st r ls if pr s t mi r l w x s s p ar t ed fr m and ma y b e th e

lip h tic lc h ls by h ti g with qu l w ght p t sh lim ( p rt

e o , e en , ne a a e e a o

of

h urs d r th s c diti s
ea n an e a ei 1 a

p rts )
a a a o o o a e
°
K OH, Ca O t o 2 50 C fo r t w o Un
liph tic lc h ls l s hydr g c v rt d i t s lts
2 a . o . e e e on on

th e a o o e o en a n d a re on e n o th e ot

c rr sp di g f tty cids thus

a a o e a

th e o e on n a a ,

H H H C30 O KO C 30 H5 9 0 2 K 2 H2

myricyl lc h l p t ssium m
GI

a o o o a el i s s a t e

The st r ls r m i i g u ch g d m xtr ct d by tr ti g be
p wd r d m ss xhl t xtr ct r with th r s lid hydr c rb s
e o , e a n n n an e , ay e a e ea n

in So
will l s xtr ct d s p r t d r m st r ls pr vi usly
o e e a a e e a o e e ; a ny o o a on

a o be e a e a nd ma y b e e a a e f o the e o as e o

d scrib d
,

e e .

I II GL Y CE R I N
lyc r l glyc ri is ch r ct ristic c stitu t tur l ils
.

G e o or e n the a a e on en o f a ll n a a o

and f ts which it xists

a ,
in glyc ryl b s H — 4 e c mbi ti as th e e a e C3 5 in o na on

w th f tty c ds
It f ll ws th t p c t g pr s t ixtur wi th
i a a i .

th e e of a n o il o r fa t in m
glyc id ic subst c s ppr x i t ly st i t d y i ld
o o a e r en a e en a e

ma ma
gly c ri bt i d h w v rb l w)
n on - er an e ca n be a o e e e b y th e e of

( p o n i fica ti o n S ee
p rc t g lyc r l pr s t ils f t s v ri s cc u t
e n o a ne on sa . o e e e o .

T he of in a nd

p s s ibl pr s c v ryi g m u ts
e en a e g e o e en o a a e on a o n

of the o e e en e of a n a o n in t h e o il of

r f tty cids 1 F ee a a

diglyc rid s
. .

M 2 on o a nd e e

m tt r
. .

3 U n s a p on ifia b le a e

sh w pr vi usly ( I p g ) lyc r l bt i bl fr m
. .

As Vol 8 5 th e g
pur triglyc rid m i xtur c lcul t d fr m v lu
o n e o .
; a e e o o a na e o a

b t h e s a p o n i fi ca t i o n

ch H b i g quiv l t grm
e e e e can e a a e o a e,

of KO to 0 5 4 664 of g l yc e r ol w Th e
p rc t g glyc r l yi ld d by pur triglyc rid s th r f r r dily
ea g rrn e n e a en

e of

c lcul t d fr m t bl v lu s giv p
e en a e o e e e e e ca n e e o e ea

be th e e o f t h e s a p o n i fi ca t i o n 2 64 ,

I
a a e o a a e en o n .

Vo l
th r tic l yi ld fr m utr l ils f ts v ri s fr m b ut
. .

'

The a nd a

(r p ) ( c c ut ) b i g rm lly b ut
eo e a e o ne a o a e o a o
1
to 1 4 0 10 5
c s fr cidity pr p rti t m u t ly c r l
a e o on , e n no a a o

I n th e e of in a n o il a ona e a o of

i s l s t wi g d c mp s ti lyc rid
a ee a o o n g e o

o o n to th e e o o i on of th e g e e

bl
.

1
S ee T a e XII .
 Y I GL CER N 18 1

D ET E R MI I Y I I
NA T O N O F G L C E R N I N O L S A N I) FA T S

P r o c e du r e
p ify ccur t ly w igh d qu tity ( — m )
Sa 20 30 g r of th e o i l
with lc h lic p t sh ( p g driv lc h l
1 . on an a a e e e an s

fa t a nd e o ff a th e

w t r b th
or a o o o a a e o o on

w t r diss lv s p p st th suffici t dilut

a e -
a .

2 A dd a e to o e th e oa a e, a nd en e

) sulphuric cid d c mp s s p
. en

( — 1 4 to e o e the

ilt r f tty cids w sh utr li s xc ss cid

a o oa .

F o ff th e a nd n e th e e of a in
filtr t with xc ss b rium c rb t filt r g i w sh
a a a
3 . e , , a e e

the an e e of a a on a e,

v p r t liquid w t r b th till furth r w t r is

a e e a a n, a ,

a nd e th e on t h e a

d iv
a o a e a e -
no e a e

e n o ff

xh ust r sidu wit sm ll v lum s mixtur th r

r .

E th e e e h a o of a e of e and

lc h l w shi g thr ugh dry filt r ru i g filtr t

4 . a e e

and and

w shi s i t sm ll b k r v p r t s lv t wtr
a o o ,
a n o a e ,
nn n a e

ng n o a ea e e a o a e o ff in h ot
dry r sidu l crud glyc ri d s cc t r v r sulphuric cid
a a ,
o en a e ,

th e e a e e n in a e i a o a

w igh
o e ,

a nd

ry i g c st t w igh t is u c ss ry
e .

D to

t rmi c ti v lu crud glyc ri ( p g fr m this

n on an e nne e a .

5 De e of and

c lcul t yi ld glyc ri fr m
.
e ne a e n a e e n a e o

a a e th e e of e n o th e o il .

E xa m p le
tk —
O il m en 2 5 2 56 s,

wt glyc ri bt i d —
a gr
e n o a ne 3 0 3 7 g r rn s ,
p rc t g glyc r l by c ti pr c ss
.

e en a e of e o , a e n o e

p rc t g yi ld gl c r l fr m
e en a e e of y e o o fa t 3 0 37 x 88 7 5 x
100 x 2 5 2 5 6
1 00

c t 10 6 4 p e r en .

C OM M E R C I A L GLY CE R I NS

g1 R ema rk s

I CALLY
U Y I is bt i d by d ubl distill ti
.

C HE M P R E GL CE R N on o f

crud glyc ri s f ll w d by bl chi g with im l ch rc l

o a ne a o e a

o o e

Y A I Y I is t rm mpl y d c distill d
e e n , ea n an a a oa .

D N M TE GL C ER N th e fo r t h e
crud It v ri s fr m d p y ll w p l str w c l ur
e e o e on e e

a e o ee to in
U Y I d riv d fr m s p ly s s p crud )
e . e o a e a o o .

CR D E GL CE R NS ma y b e ”

fr m v ri us splitti g pr c ss s
e e o oa e oa e or

th e fa t s a p o n i fi ca t i o n

c dl c rud gly c r i d r i v d fr ci d pr c ss is
o a o -
n o e e

om s a p o n i fi ca t i on

t r d d ist i ll t i crud
The an e- e e n, e e th e a o e ,

”
me
ch typ glyc ri c mply with c rt i st d rds cc rdi g
e a on e .

Ea e of ha s to
purp s which it is mpl y d f ll wi g t bl summ ris s
e n o e a n an a , a o n

t o th e fo r Th e
pri cip l r quir m ts f ur gr d s glyc ri
o e e o e . o o n a e a e

th e n a e e en of th e o a e of e n .

i
ly c r l c t r
So a p c ru de S a p o n i fi ca t i o n c r u de D yna m te C h e m p u re .

—
G e o

rgp ci fi cc gr v i ty
Ash
O ani
p er

r e s rdu e
en

u
.

d u
ud d r 80 0 88 0 98
n er
99 ove
n e
99
‘

‘
01

3 0 1 0 n er 05

tr c s ly tr c s ly i ut lytr c s bs t
°
S e a 15 C . 1 3
s ic
A r en a e on a e on m n e a e a en

on
182 I E X MI A N A T ON OF A L C O H O L S v

m Ch e glyc ri m t st d by its sp cific gr vity

i ca lly p u re yb e
bl its r fr ctiv i d x ( bl ) its visc sity
2 . e n a e e e a

( Ta I V, V ol n e s ee Ta XI
( bl p I ) It sh uld h w v r c f rm f ll wi g
s ee e . e a e e or o

Ta V I I, 26 5, V ol o o e e on o to the o

t sts purity
e . . . o n

e fo r

v r g s pl g v s
An c t am sh uld i a n a s h o f 00 5 a nd th e a sh

xc d c t u i r t is ppr ci bl
As h . a e a e e e
°

p er en .
, o n ot
”
The me n “
e a sh Th e
c t i c pp r i r t st
e ee 0 1 p er en . B . P . r eq e no a e a .

a sh w ill is cc Th e fo r i r on mi x
glyc ri w i t h c c w t dr p i u h ydr t dr p
on a n o e or on . B P . . e to 10 . .

of a mmo n m of

s lut i t ic cid w r th f pi k
e n 40 . . a e r , a dd a o a e and a o

of h en mo int d t r a n s i en t
purpl c l r ti ccurs
a o on a nn a , n ot e an a a an n or

d c pp r u st bs t wh t st d pr scrib d
e o o a on o .

L ea a nd m be fo r b y th e

( c p r i g c l u s pr du c d dd i t i ( ) p t ssiu
o e a en en e e as e e B P . .

om i by of m mo n a nd m
c id c pp r ( ) h ydr ch l r ic ci d l d s lut i s
a n o o r o e a on I a a o a

a nd H a s for Th e
c t i i g a w i gh t gly c ri
fo r a nd

c prd ss r gl ss s
ya n e o e 2 o o a ea . o on

om in N e the of

th r d i r c c l ur sh uld bs rv d b tw
a re a e le a e , on e on a n n e e n of

th e No ffe in be t h e t wo

s lut i s )
o e . en e o o o o e e e ee n

o on .

Or g a n i c Im p ur i t i es
h s T d ri v d fr f ulty u ctur
ma y b e dult r m m a n fa ma y b e du e t o a
ti r sult i g fr subtr ct i g fr si du
e e e e o a e, or e a

Th e org a n i c r es i du e , om th e a s h o m th e

bt i d g ly v p r t i g w igh d u t i ty glyc ri
on . e n a n re e
°
of th e 60 C
d s r lly x c d c t t st s u d r
o a ne on en t a o a n a e e e n at 1
e q an .
,

ma 1
Th e B
ly sl igh t ch rr d sidu d ur bu t sug r wh h t d
n ot n o
“
oe e ee 04 p er en . . P . e a re a s n e

Su g ar On e a nd n o o of

w i th k d fl ( ug r i f pr s t r d i ly st i t d by s
. a e re o rn a en ea e

a me . S ma y b e ma mea n
p l ri t r )
na e a ,
e en ,
ea e e of

th e me
h uld u d rg d rk i g c l ur wh i x d
o a e .

m
Acr ol ei n , for S in m e
w i t h u l v lu s lut i dr ps
ic a ci d . o n e o no a en n o o en

i me of a on o f a m mo n a a nd a fe w of A NO

sl ll w d st d i ut s d rk
an e a o
q o o g 3
o n. a nd a 5 m i n th e
W r g tly wit h u l v lu dilut sulph uric cid
o e to an n e a .

Fa t t y a ci ds m me of

sh k v ig r u s ly r th f i t d ur sh uld tic bl
. a en an eq a o e ‘
a , a nd

N 0 mo be
h w i th u l v lu
a e o o . e an a a n o o o no ea e .

“
Ext r a n eou s m S ake me o f co n e £128 04
k pc l r t h v ry sl igh t str w c l r ti sh uld ccur
or g a n i c a t t er . a n eq a o .

a nd ee oo . N 0 mo e an a e a o o a on o o .

A rs eni c
his sh uld tir ly bs t
T o limit is p rts milli
be e en The B P two
s t d rd t st is
en a . . . a p er on .

Th e du e t o Gu tz ei t
( ) I t l g t st tub pl c c c lyc ri
an a e

a n o a on e e a e 2 of th e g e n

s m i c fr fr m rs ic c c pur dilut
-
. . .

( ) b A dd a nd a fe w of

sulphuric cid
o e z n ee o a en ,
. . e e

vr t st tub pl c filt r p p r m ist d

a .

( ) c O th e t o p of t h e e e a ca p of

ith s tur t d s luti m rcuric chl rid th thr furth r

e -
e a e a e , o en e

w o n of

l y rs dry filt r p p r s cur by m s rubb r

a a a e o e o e ; en ee e

of a nd of a

b d
a e e a e ,
e e ea n e

x mi ft r h lf h ur st i sh uld pr duc d
an .

( ) be
’
E o o e on

p p r m ist d with h H
a a ne a e a an o ; no a n

th e t e g C lz
m dici l purp s s c v i t pp r tus t st is th t
a e o en e .

Fo r e fo r t h e
sh w figur ( ) It is mpl y d f ll wi g
na o e a on en e n a a a e a
,

i n th e K i r by Gu tz ei t o e in th e o o n

m r
o n e -
. e

a n ne

bef r d l rg r pr p rt i s
1

o me
r sh uld t k
D u e t o p o l yg l yce rol s
in a
ve
rh t t h s w i ll
o o
.

on
Ca
.
e o be a e n n ot to o e ea , or e e
1 84 I
N T R A T I O N T E ST FO R G L Y C E RI N v

stirri g i t m c ti d s u l p h u r ic a c i d, S G in
fl sk lu d r
n o 1 00 on a ne a
n gr s . .

Coo ta p

W igh i t thi w ll d b k r b ut c c c p city m

a . n e .

ofa 2 00 1 12

b v cid mixtur imm rs mixtur w t r

e n o a n a e ea e o a a gr s
-
. .

of th e a in e of a n d i ce ,

stir with th rm m t r ( c uti usly pr v t fr ctur

o e a e, e e a a e

a nd a e o e e a o to e en a e of th e

bul ) b
Wh t mp r tur f ll w ig ccur t ly
.

°
th e has to 12 C h ou t a a e

b ut glyc ri b k r with p ut ll w
en e e a e a en .
, e
°

15 g rms of t h e in and a

f ll i t cid mixtur p p stirri g c uti usly

a o e n a ea e S o ,
o

to n o th e a dr o by dro a nd

ll i g t mp r tur ris b v
a e ,
n a o
°
n ot a ow n f th e p e e a e to e a o e 30 C . A ter ea clz dr o
bas l l n , tlz e l i q u i d i s s t i r r ed t i ll t b e t emp er a tu r e na s f a l l en t o
f e a
°
2 5 b ef or e tb e n ext dr op i s a dded

If t p r tur ris s d g r p i t r s f st
.

[ th e e m e a e fo r a n y ea so n , th e a e
c urs is br k b tt b k r wit th r t r
e to an e o n

th e om of the h th e mo me and

d isch rg c t t s i t w t r]
o e to ea o ea e e e

th e th e i ce
Wh glyc ri b i tr duc d this stir
a e on e n n o a e .

a ll th e has ee n n o e in way th e
mixtur mi ut s l g r u til t mp r tur f ll
en e n

fe w th e has to
tr sf r bs lut ly s p r ti g fu l ( ri si g
e a n e on e n e e a e a en

dry
°
15 C and to
fu l with c c H is dvis bl )
.
, an e an a o e e a a n n ne n n

th e z S O4

If dy mit glyc ri is g d qu lity itr glyc ri

n ne on . a a e .

th e e n of oo th e
pr d c d will quickly ris fl t ily l y r mix d
na e a , n o e n

e and oa on t h e

cids qu lity lyc ri is judg d by r pidity

o u e as an o a e e

T he of th e g e n th e of

s p r ti i t cl l y r If i t rm di t l y r
a . a e a

th e e of

m tt r is pp r t if s p r ti sl w
e a a on n o a ea n a . an n e e a e a e

flo c c u l en t th e be or th e

itr glyc ri c t i m t ri l glyc ri is u suit bl

a e a a en ,
or e a a on o ,

on a n flo cc u l e n t a the e

itr glyc ri m uf ctur must r j ct d

n o e n a e ,
n n a e

fo r e, a n d be
W hil s p r ti is t ki g pl c w igh b k r us d
n o e n an a e e e .

e th e th e fo r
glyc ri c lcul t glyc ri mpl y d t st
e a a on a n a e, r e - e ea e e

th e n, a nd th e in th e
Wh c mpl t s p r ti itr glyc ri t k pl c
e a a e e n e o e e .

of t h e has
cid l y r c r fully sli ghtly git t itr glyc ri
en o e e e a a on n o e n a en a e,

r u n o ff th e a a e a e and th e n

( with ut sh ki g ) c us dh r t dr ps cid
, a a e o e n

a n so as to of a to
d p s it dr w this th w sh with w t r —
o a e a ny a e en o
°
o a o ff, a n d at 35 40 C a nd

g i twic ith c t s dium c b t s luti l stly with

e : en a a e .
,

e w 20 p er
wtr
a a n en . o ar ona e o on, a

r s f r itr glyc ri bur tt cyli d r r d

a e .

T to a and o ff th e
v lum itr glyc ri pr duc d
an e n o e n e e or n e , ea

e of n

ppr xim t yi ld itr glyc ri is bt i d by multiplyi g

o o e n o e .

The of n

c c by thus
a o a e e o e n o a ne n

th e n o . of . 16 ;

c ri
.

x x 100

glyc ri t k
e n

W t . of e n a en

T he yi ld sh uld v r e c t ( th r tic l yi ld
o b e o e 2 10 p er en . eo e a e 2 46 7 p er
c en t )
itr glyc ri must d s tr y d p
.

T/z e n o e n f be e o e . S r ea d o u t a tli i cb l ayer ‘

. o

dry sa w du s t i n an op en s p a ce a w ay f r om b u i l di ng s a n d a ll ow t/z e
, ,

n i tr o
g lycer i n t o dr op o n to i t f r o m a s ep a r a t i n g f u n n el i n a th i n
 E X A MI N A T O N O F A L C O HO LS I 18 5

co n t i n u ou s tr a i l , t a b /f i rr ,
ca r e tl m/ no
p oo l s a re
f or m ed . Afifi ly a

l zjgf /z ted tc/z t o en d, d [b e n i t r og l ycer i n w i ll b u r n w ay

but p rt fr itr
nza on e an a

ra p i dly [D es tr oy a ci ds i n a s i mi l a r w ay, a m th e o

glyc ri
. a o n

e n ]

CR U D E GL Y CER N I . S TA N D A R D ME T H O D S O F A N AL YI S S

S a m p li n g
m st s tisf ct ry m th d v il bl s mpli g crud glyc ri
Th e o a a o e o e fo r
lik ly c t i susp d d m tt r which is li bl d p sit s lt
a a a a n e e n

e to on a n en e to on

s ttli is h v glyc ri s mpl d by fici l s mpl r s

a e ,
or a e e o a

e n
g, to a th e a n of

p ssibl ft r it is fill i t drums but cs bfr spr

e e n a e a a e as o on

as o e a e ed in
ti s lts t k p c such c s s sh ll s mpl with
n o ,
a ny a e e o e a ny e a a

on of a ha s a en la In a he e

s cti l s mpl r ( p g th s l drums br d th m with

e . e a a a

e ona e th e e

umb r id tific ti k p r c rd br d umb r

a a e en ea , an a

n fo r on, a nd of th e The
pr s c vi s ibl s lt th r susp d d m tt r is t d by
e en a ee a e o an n e .

e en e of a n y to b e no e th e

s mpl r r p rt s m m d his c rtific t t g th r ith

e a or o e en e a e

a e a nd a e o of a e a e in e a e, o e e w th e

t mp r tur glyc ri ch drum must s mpl d lyc ri

,

of t h e Ea be G e

which d p sit d s lt th r m tt rs c t ccur t ly s mpl d

e e a e e n . a e . n

has a anno be a a e a e

fr m drums but ppr xim t s mpl bt i d by m s

e o e a or o e e

th e be
s cti l s mpl r which will ll w c mpl t v rtic l s cti
o an a o a e a e ca n o a ne ea n
,

of th e a o e e e a e on of

glyc ri t k i cludi g d p sit

e on a a e ,
a o

th e e n to be a en, n n a ny e o .

A n a l ys i s
I D e t e r m i n a t i on of Free Ca u s t i c Alk ali

igh s mpl i t c c fl sk dilut with

.

1 We 20 of th e 1 00 a e

ppr xim t ly c c fr s ly b il d distill d w t r xc ss

.
g r rn s a e n o a . .
,

a 50 of h e a e a dd a n e e

utr l b rium chl rid s luti c c ph l phth l i

o a e . . e o e ,

of ne I of en o a e n

s luti m k up m rk mix
a a o e o on, . .

to th e a nd

ll w pr cipit t s ttl dr w cc cl r liquid

o on, a e a .

2 A o th e e a e to a o ff 50 of th e ea

titr t with rm l cid

. e e, . .

a nd a e no a a

3 . Ca lcul t p rc t g a e xisti g c ustic lk li

to e en a e of NazO e n as a a a .

II D e t e r m i n a t i on of Ash an d T ot a l A l k ali ni t y

igh s mpl pl ti um dish bur

.

We m
’

1 2 to 5 gr s of th e in n ofl th e
glyc ri v r lumi us rg d bur r th r s urc h t
. a e a a n ,

A e e of ea

ivi g fl m t mp r tur t mp r tur b i g k pt

e n o e a no an ne or o o

lo w th e e e n e lo w
v id v l tilis ti f rm ti sulphid s
g n a a e e e a e, e e a

to a o o a on a n d t h e o n of e

Wh m ss is ch rr d p i t th t w t r will b c m
a o a .

en th e t o th e a e not e o e

c l ur d by s lubl rg ic m tt r l i xivi t distill d

a a e o n a

o o e vi t h
y h ot e

t r filt r w sh ig it r sidu pl ti um dish

o e o an a e ,
a e

wa e a nd th e i n th e a n

tur filtr t w shi gs dish v p r t cr

,
e , a n e e e .

Re th e a e a nd t o th e e a o a e a nd a e
3
fully ig it with ut fusi W igh
. n a n ,

th e a s h

is s lv distill d w t r titr t t t l lk li ity usi g

n e o on . e .

D e th e a s h in and a a n n

i dic t r m thyl r g c ld litmus b ili g

4 . o e a e a e o a ,

as an n a o e o an e o or o n .
1 86 I
EX A M N A T O N O F A L C O H O L S I v

III D e t er m i n a t i on of Al k ali p r e s en t a s Ca rb on a t e

k s mpl dilut with c c distill d w t r

.

1 Ta 10 g rm s o f th e 50 a dd

suffici t / c id utr lis t t l l k li f u d I I ( b v )

. e a e, e . . e a e ,

N I a to th e t 4
u d r r flux c d s r mi ut s
en ne a e o a a a o n a a o e ,

b o il fo r to 20
15 _

W sh d w c d s r tub with distill d w t r fr fr m

n e e on en e n e .

2 th e

c rb di xid titr t b ck with / H usi g ph l

. a o n on en e e e a e , ee o

a a nd N I Na O
phth l i i dic t r
on o e, a e a ,
n en o

lcul t p rc t g duct fu d
a e n as an n a o .

3 Ca th e of N a gO De th e N a 20 o in
I bv dif r c is p rc t g xisti g
. a e e en a e . n

3 a e The fe en e th e e en a e of NazO e n as

c rb t
o .

a on a e .

IV Alk a l i c omb i n e d W i t h Or g anic A c i ds

sum p rc t g s fu d I I I I d duct d
.

Th e o f th e of N a 20 at a nd

fr m p rc t g f u d I I is m sur th r lk li
e en a e o n e e

the at a e of t h e N agO or o

c mbi d with rg ic cids

o e en a e o n ea e a a

o ne o an a .

V D e t e r m i n a t i on of A c i di t y
s mpl ilut with c c istill d w t r fr
.

T a ke of th e d e 50 d a e ee

fr m c rb di xid titr t with / H ph l phth l i

10 g r rn s a e, . . e ,

e, a nd N I Na O a nd ch o a e n

xpr ss t rms r quir d utr lis

o a on o a e .

E e in e of N a 2O e e to ne a e .

D e t e r mi n a t i on T o t a l R e s i du e
°
VI of at 16 0 C
this d t rmi ti crud glyc ri sh uld slightly lk li
. .

Fo r th e be
rd r
n o a

with xc di g quiv l t
e e na on e e a ne
°
N a z C O3 , n ot / th e of o z
°

N a 20 , i n to

p v t l ss rg ic cids v id f rm ti this
e ee n e a en o
o e

of o a To o o a on o f p o l yg l yce ro l s
l li ity must xc d d
re en o an . a

a ka n n ot be e ee e .

( ) a AAI PREP Y I R T ON OF GL C ER N

W igh
1 s mpl i t
g rrn s 10 c c fl sk dilut ith t r
of th e 1 00 e w wa e
c lcul t d qu tity / H giv
. e a e n o a . . a ,

a n d a dd t h e of N I Cl N 3 2C O3 t o th e

r quir d d gr lk li ity
a a e an or e

ee o f a

ill fl sk c c mix c t ts m sur c c i t

e e e a n .

2 F th e t o 1 00 th e a nd e 10

w igh d p tri simil r dish di m t r d p

. a . .
,
on e n ea . . n o

25 in a nd 0 5 in
hich sh uld h v b tt m
a e e e or a . a e e . ee ,

w fla t
crud gly c r i s b r lly hi gh rg ic r sidu
o a e a o o .

cs I n th e of ma in
l ss u t ity is v p r t d th t w igh t rg ic r sidu d s
a e e e n a no o an e e a

to b e th e of o

t ri lly x c d q
i ll i gr s
e an e a o a e , so a e an e e oe

n ot ma e a e ee 30 to 4 0 m am .

( ) o A AI EV Y I
P OR T ON O F T H E GL C ER N

1lc dish
P a w t r b th (
e th e v cts th e t op of th e 1 60
°

qu lly ll ) u til m st w t r v p r t d r m this

. on a a e -
a o en a

we of th e ha s F
p i t v p r ti is ff ct d v t mp r tur
e a n o a e e a o a e . o

o n th e e a in th e th e of

hich is c r fully m i t i d
o a

ppr xim t ly
on e e e o en , e e a e
°
w at 1 60 C A the
c rr ct r sults bt i d v m suri g cub
a e a n a ne . o a e

o e in in
h vi g ir pl t thick lyi g b tt m distribut
e a re o a ne an o en ea n 12 . e,

a n an in on t h e to
h t trips sb st s m i ll b rd pl c d sh lf h lf
on a e . n o o e

th e S of a

v th s strips dish c t i i g glyc ri

ea . e o -
oa a re a e on a e a

w a y u p th e o e n On th e th e
is pl c d
. e e on a n n e n

a e .
188 E X MI A N AT I O N OF A L C O H O L S v

D r to s mpl 15 sb st s g rm s of th e c a i e fu l l y o n th e a in
such th t will b s rb d k w ight g i
)
0 op 1 a e e o

way it a ll be Ta th e
r pl c b ttl d sicc t r u d r mm pr ssur
a a a o e . e e a a n

a nd e th e in th e 1 to 2

u t l c st t w ight
e a o e e a o n e . e e
i
in
"

i gh t is c s t t b ut h urs l w rt p r
n on an e .

C th e w e in em

t t st is pr l g d
°
At 15 . on an a o 48 o . At o e e a

th e

s ulp h uric ci d d sicc t us t fr u tly r w d

uf e, e o on e .

The a i n th e e a or m be e
q en en e e .

A C E TI N P R OCE S S

R eag en t s r e q u i r e d

A B EST his sh uld c r fully s l ct

AC ET C A N H I YD R I D E T be ed

g d s mpl sh uld r quir m r th c c rm l

. . o a e e e .

A n ot 0 1 to a

c c ly slight c l ur sh uld
o e

H wh bl k is
oo a e o e e an . . no

Na O en a r un o n 7 5 On a o o o

v l p duri g dig sti bl k

an . .

de e o n e o n o f th e an .

P U U RE IU F A SED purch s d s lt is g i SOD M A C ET TE The a a n

c mpl t ly fus d pl ti um silic ick l dish v idi

. a e a

in ng

ch rri g p d r d quickly k pt st pp r d b ttl

o e e e a a n , a or n e ,
a o

ow and in o e or

d s icc t r It is m st imp rt t th t s dium c t t

a n , e e e a o e e

th e e a e be
hydr us
e a o . o o an a o a

an o .

A UI
S OL AU I T ON A OF A U C ST C S OD FO R N E U T R A L l S I N G, OF BO T

N / ST R E N GT H , A A r dily FR E E FR O M C R B ON TE T h is
'

be ea

m d by diss lvi g pur s dium hydr xid its w ight

1 . can

in o wn of

w t r ( pr f r bly w t r fr fr m c rb di xid ) ll wi g
a e o n e o o e e

a nd a o n

s ttl u til cl r filt ri g thr u h sb st p p r filt r

a e e e a a e ee o a on o e

to os o r e e

cl r s luti is dilut d with w t r fr fr m c rb di xid

e an a e a
e n ea , or e n o g .

T he on o e

str gth r uir d

ea o on e a e ee o a

to th e en eq e .

N/ AU I A
C ST CA A rprd bv SOD FR E E FR O M C R B ON TE P as a o e

c r fully st d rdis d m c ustic s d s luti s sh

1 ,
. e a e

and So ow

m rk d dimi uti str gth ft r b i g b il d such s ut s

a e an a e . e a o a o on a

in o e ol i on

sh uld r j ct d
a e n on en a
. e e n ;
o be e e e .

N / I I r ful ly st d rdis d
AC D . Ca e an a e .

P H EN OL A I UI iss lv
P HT H c t ph l LE N S OL T ON D o e 0 5 p er en eno

phth l i lc h l utr lis

. .

a e n in a o o a nd ne a e .

P r o c e du r e
1 I t rr w m uth d fl sk ( pr f r bly r u d b tt m d ) c p city
n o a na

b ut c c which b th r u hly cl d dri d w igh

. o -
o e a e e a o n -
o o e , a a

a o 120 ha s a nd

cur t ly r p dly p ssibl

. .
, een o o g ea n e e , e

a nd a s m to of th e
glyc ri
ac a e a i as o e gr S

ut h rs p f r w ighi g b ttl wi th b ut glyc ri

e n .

T he
W i gh p ur p xi t u t st pp r g i w igh
a o re e to us e a e n o e a o 10 c. c . e n .

ma mo a n d re -

ub r ct w i h t s ly c ri t
e , o out a p ro e a n ,
o e a a n e .

S t ak en

b ut r s hydr us d i u m c t t th c c
a e n
g g e .

A dd a o 3 g in of th e a n o so a e a e, en 7 5 . . of
 I AC ET N P R O C E S S F O R G L Y C E R I N
9 18

th e a ce tic hydrid c t fl sk with pri ght i big e, a nd onnec th e a an u L e

c d sr
an

c v i c i r tub t his c d s r sh uld vr

on en e .

be
i sid
Fo r t he
l g
on e n en e nne e of on en e o not o e

50 cm and mm
ct d
. on 9 to 10 . n e .

fl sk is c
c d sr i th r
T he a onne e to

th e by
gr u d gl ss j i t ( pr f r
on en e e e a

bly ) rubb r st pp r
o n a o n e e

rubb st pp r is u s d
a or a e o e .

If
it sh uld h v
a er o e e

ha d
l i i ry tr t t wi th
o a e a p re
m men hot
c t ic h ydr i d v p ur
na ea

t c t ts
a e an e a o .

Hea th e a nd

k p just b ili g
o n en

fo r
h ur t ki g pr c uti s
ee o n one

to

pr v t s lts dryi g
o ,
a n e a on

en th e a n

si s fl sk
e

th e de Of th e a

ll w fl sk c l
on .

A th e to
s m wh t thr ugh
o a oo

o e a and o

c d s r tub
,

th e a dd

c rb di
on en e e

50 c c of th e
xi fr di s t i ll d w t r
-
. . a on

de ee

h td b ut
o -
e a e
°
to 80 C
t ki g c r th t fl s k
ea e a o .
,

th e

is l s d fr m
a n a e a a

not the
c d sr
o o ene o

bj c t c l i g is
on en e .

Th e of

v id sudd ru sh
O e oo n

v p urs fr
to a o a ny en of

fl sk om th e
dd i g t r v id
a o a on

a nd

br ki
a n wa e , to a o
fl sk i T me
is s v d dd i g w t r
ea ng th e a .

b ya th e

b r c t ts
a e n a e

e fo e th e of

fl s s l i d i fy
on en th e

k b u t th e
t ts ll d
a o , co n

may b e
s l id i f t st
en a ow e to
d th e
with y
o an e
p ro
c e e de d th e
w i th ut d t i t
n e xt da y
me n
c t ts
o e r . Th e
fl sk of th e ma y
wr d ust
on e n a

be me m
xc d
b ut
u til
a to ,
°
80 C
s l t i is c pl t x c pt
n ot e ee , .
, n the
o u on o m e e e e

fe w da rk fl cks Fi g
rg c
a o re
p re 59
s e n tm g I mp u i

c rud givi g fl sk r t ry t i s l ti is r
o a ni i t i es
i n th e
u ick ly ff ct d
e . By n the a a o a mo on , o u on mo e

q e

l fl s k c t t s ith ut l s i g fr m d s r W h
e e .

Coo a and on en w

quit c ld w s h d w I s id d s r tub d t ch
o oo en n o co n en e . en

e o a o n th e n e of th e con en e e, e a the
190 X MI I E A N A T O N OF A L C O H O L S v

fl sk w sh st pp r gr u d g ss c cti i t fl sk o ff or o n la th e
filt r c t ts fl sk thr ugh cid w sh d filt r i t
a ,
a o e on n e on n o a ,

and of th e

J gl ss fl sk b ut litr c p city
e on en a o an a a e e n o

a e na a a of a o I e a a

W sh th r ughly with c ld distill d t r fr fr m c rb di xid

.

o e wa e ee

c c ph l phth l i s luti ( ) th c ustic

a o o o a on o e .

A dd of a e n o on F in
s d s luti ( ) ( ) u til f i t pi kish y ll c l ur pp rs
2 . . en o ,
e n r un a a

C or D n a a n n ow

thr ugh ut s luti

o a o on e o o a ea

th e
his utr l is t i ust d lk l i sh uld
o o o on .

f m be mos t
d w sid s c t t s wh i c
T ne a a on on e ( art u l ly ; t h e a a o be
fl sk
.

t he Of th e the of

wi t h cc si l gi t t i ch g t i u t i l s lut i
r un o n e a , on en h a re kep t ra p i dly
e of mo
ly utr l is d i d ic t d s l w d is pp r c
sw i r l i ng o a on a a a o n or an on n th e o on

b y th e
c l ur d v l p d l c lly by lk l i ru i g i t i xtur W h
is n ea r ne a e , as n a e o er a ea a n e of th e
th e a th e m
t his p i t i s r ch d sid s fl sk w sh d d w w i t h c rb
o o e e o e o a a nn n n o e . en

th e of the
d i x id fr w t r l k l subs u tly dd d dr p by d p
o n ea e e a a re a e o n a on

and th e i
ix i g ft r ch dr p u til d si r d t i t is bt i d
ee a e a a e en a
o e- q e o ro ,

m n a e ea o n th e e e n o a ne

fr m bur tt c c c lcul t d xc ss /
.

Now in e so or Of N
t c r fully x ct m u t
r un o a e . . a a a e e e I

Na O H ( ) D and no e a e th e e a a o n

il g tly mi ut s fl sk b i g fitt d with gl ss tub

.

Bo fo r I 5 th e
cti g p rti c d s r
en n e ,
a e n e a a e

al
“

a n as a a on en e

l quickly p ssibl titr t xc ss H with

.

C oo as / o e a nd a e e e of Na O N 1

cid ( ) u til pi kish ll w ch s p i t c l ur just

as

E n the n ye o or o en e n d o n o o

rmis
a ,

furth r ddit i i d ic t r t his p i t w i ll c u s r tur

e a n .

on o f t h e n of

pi kish c l u this ust gl c t d first p i t t k

A e a n a o at o n a e a e

th e n o o r m be ne e e ,
a nd th e en d o n a en .

B AK
L N T E ST
c tic hydrid
A s th e s dium c t t m c t i impuriti s e a nd o a e a e ay on a n

which ct r sult it is c ss ry m k l k t st usi g s m

a e an e

a ffe th e to b th e
qu titi s c tic hydrid s dium c t t lysis
e ne e a a e a an e ,
n a e

of a an e and o a e a e as in th e a n a

ft r utr lisi g c tic cid it is c ss ry m r th

an e e .

A th e a e not n e t o a dd

cc / l k li ( ) th t r pr s ts xc ss lk li usu lly
e ne a n a , e a o e an

of t h e N r a D as th e Of a

l f ft r tri c ti glyc r l d t r mi ti
a a e e en e e
5 . . a a

e t a e s a p o n i fi ca t io n o f th e a e n i n th e e o e e na on .

C a l cu l a t i o n
Ea ch c c N Na OH bs rb d grm glyc r l 00 3 06 7 8
ttl glyc ri
. . . a o e e o .

E xa mp l e . Bo e and e n 230 27 5

( ) 2

w ight gly t k of 5 60
cc u s d b c k titr ti
e . a en

N HC l fo r 8 2 5,

cc H bs rb d
. . . e a a on

N Na O 4 1 7 5,
b k bs rb d
. . . a o e

la n 0 2 5,

di f
a o e

f .

lyc ri
G
x e n
“

0 3 06 7

4 SO
x 100

c t glyc r l
’

p er en . e o .
 19 2 I M Y
D C H R O MA T E
[5 ET H O D F O R G L CER IN v

E SUA A B A il pur
C ET c t s luti l d
T E OF L E D Bo 10 of

c t t with xc s s lith rg h ur k pi g v lum

. . a e p er en . o on ea

a e a e an e e of e fo r the
c st t filt r whil isr g rd pr cipit t which
a one o , ee n o e

and hot D
subs qu tly f rms r s rv c t ct with rb di xid
on an ,
e e . e a a ny e a e

e en o P e e e o ut o f on a

A IU v ry dilut s luti c t i i g
. ca on o e .

F P OT F SS M F ER R I C ANI DE A
b ut c t
. . e e o on on a n n

a o p er en .

P r o c e du r e

We igh m glyc ri dilut

20 cc t k cc
s of th e e t o 2 50 a nd 5
silv r c rb t ll s t d with cc si l git ti
gr e n, . .
,
a e 2 . .

2 A dd t h e ow to

b ut mi ut s slight x s s ( b ut c c m st
. e a on a e , a an , o a o na a a on,

fo r 10 a n d a dd a in
5
c s s) b s ic l d c t t ( ) ll w s t d furth r
a o n e , e ce a o . . o

of the E ; to fe w
mi ut s dilut with distill d w t r c c th cc
a e a ea a e a e a o an a e

e e t o 1 00 a nd e n a dd

c mp s t v lum pr cipit t M th r u hly

n e ,
a e . . . .

to fo r t h e e o f th e ix
ilt r thr ugh dry filt r i t suit bl rr w m uth d v s s l
o en a e o e a e o o
.
g .

3 F
r j cti g fir s t c c r tur filtr t I f cl r
. e o a e n o a a e na o -
o e e e ,

th e 10 and n ot a nd b r ig h t
st p rti filtr t with littl b sic l d c t t which
e e n . .
, e n a e ea .

Te on o f th e a e

sh uld pr duc f rth r pr cipit t gr t m j rity

a o a e a ea a e a e,

o e no u e e a e I n th e ea of

c s s c c is mpl
o . a o

cc si lly crud s pl w i ll f u d r u i r g r this

a e 5 . . a e .

O m be mo e , a nd in
th r l i u t c c d i lut glyc ri sh uld t k
a o na a e a e o n e in
q
c s of 2 5 of th e be
puri fi d wi th c c b sic c t t ust t k
a e ano e a q o . . e e n o a en ,

6 of th e C a re m be
v id rk d x c ss b sic c t t
a nd e . . a a e a e. a en to
2
ma of

M sur cc cl r filtr t i t gl ss fl sk b k r
a o a e e e a a e a e .

4 o ff 2 5 of th e ea

( pr vi usly cl d with p t ssium dichr m t sulphuric cid )

. ea e . . a e n o a a a or ea e

a e a nd

dr ps sulphuric cid ( I ) pr cipit t sm ll x c ss

e o ea ne o a o a .

A dd of 4 to a e th e

l d sulph t p wd r d p t ssium
12 o a e a e e

of ea m A dd 3 7 2 82 Of t h e

dichr m t ( ) i s d w dichr m t with c c w t r

as a e .
gr s o e e o a

A R th e 25 of

st d with cc si l sh k i g u t l dichr m t is dis

o a e . n e o n o a e . . a e ,

a nd n i a ll the

s lv d ( r ducti will t k pl c )
an ,
o a on a a n , o a e

cc c t sulphuric cid ( by v lum )

o e no e on a e e .

N ow a dd 50 of 50 p e r a nd

imm rs v ss l b ili g w t r h urs k p pr t ct d

en
5 . . . . a o e

e th e in o n a e fo r t w o o a nd ee

fr m dust rg ic v p urs such lc h l till titr t

e e e , o e e

o a nd o an a o as a o o th e a i o n 15

c mpl t d
, ,

fr m w ighi g b ttl slight xc ss f rr us mm i m

o e e .

6 A dd of th e u
sulph t ( ) m i g sp t t sts p rc l i pl t with
. o a e n o e a e e e o a on

C ak n th e p o ta s

sium f rricy id ( ) itr t b ck with dilut dichr m t

a e , o e on a o e a n a e

F T th e
r m m u t dichr m t r duc d c lcul t p rc t g
e an e . a e a e o a e .

F th e of o a e e e a a e th e e en a e

glyc r l
7 . o a o n

of

grm glyc r l m dichr m t

e o .

1 7 4 5 64 g r s o a e,

grm dichr m t grm glyc r l

e o

0 I 34 I I e o
'

I o a e .

R em a rk s

It i s imp rt t th t c c tr ti cid xid ti mixtur th e on of a i n th e o a on

tim s trictly dh d
o an a on en a e

a nd t h e e O f o xi da t i o n be to

f r dichr m t is dd d glyc ri s luti it is ss ti

a e re .

Be o e the o a e a e to the e n o o n, e en al
 Y I 93 ANA L YI S S OF GL CE R N 1

th t slight xc ss l d pr cipit t d with sulphuric cid of be th e

stipul t d
a a e e ea e a e a as
,

a e

crud s pr ctic lly fr fr m chl rid s qu tity silv r

.

For e a a ee th e of

c rb t r duc d b sic l d c t t cc
o o e ,
an e

a on a e ma y b e e e to a n d the to
It is s m tim s dvis bl littl p t ssium sulph t sur
a ea a e a e . .

e t o a dd a

cl r filtr t
o e e a a e o a a e to en e

a ea a e .

I n s t r u c t i o n s fo r c a l c ul a t i n g a c t u a l Gl yc e r ol C o n t e n t
1 Det rmi e pp r t p rc t g glyc r l
n e th e a s mp by e en a of in th e le
c ti pr c ss d scrib d r sult will i clud
. a en e e o a

th e a e e as e e Th e e e a c e t yl i s a b l e

impuriti s if pr s t
n o , . n

be en

t rmi t t l r sidu
e ,
a ny e .

°
De th e e a t 1 60 C
t rmi c ti v lu r sidu ( ) t rms glyc r l
e ne o a e .

De n e th e a e of th e e e 2 in e of e o

duct r sult f u d ( ) fr m p rc t g bt i d ( )
e e n a .

De th e at 3 th e t I

r p rt this c rr ct d fig r glyc r l If v l til

4 . e o n o e en a e o a ne a

a nd e a c e t yl i s a b l e

impuriti s pr s t th s i clud d th i s figur

e o o e e u e as e o . o a

e a re e en , e e ar e n e in e .

N ot e s and R e c o m m e n da t i o n s
xp ri c
E sh w th t crud glyc ri g d c mm rci l has o a in e e n of oo o e a

qu lity sum w t r t t l r sidu c rr ct d c ti

e en e n

.
°
th e of a e o a e e at 1 60 C a nd e

r sult c m withi urth r such crud s di hr m t

a , , o e a e n

e to o f 1 00 F in th e c

r sult gr s with u c rr ct d c ti r sult withi

e ,
o n . e , e , o a e

th e n o e e a e n e to I

v t gr t r di r c s b i g f u d impuriti s such
e a ee n

I n th e Of ffe e

pr s t rim thyl glyc l

e en ea e en e n o n , e as

l r z m el lzy l en e g lycol T
'

p l yg ly cer ol s a re e en e en e

is m r v l til th glyc ri it th r f r c c tr t d by
o or . o

e e e o e be
fr cti l distill ti ppr xim ti qu tity bt i d
o e o a e an n ; ca n on en a e

An o on t o th e be
fr m spr d b tw c ti dichr m t r sults s uch
a ona a on . a a an ca n o a ne

th e een the a and o of

distill t s trim t yl glyc l sh wi g by f rm r m th d

o ea e e n a e e

h th e 80 69
°

/
/ xpr s s d glyc r l
e ene o o n o e e

by l tt r
a e , o
o
°
a nd th e e e e as e o

If v l til rg ic r sidu
e

cs s p
a o
.

°
t h e n on e o an e e a t 1 60 C in th e of a l ye
crud v r wh c rr ct d c rb di xid
-
o a . a e oa

be 5 i en n ot fo r in th e a sh,

th r sidu sh ll x mi d by c ti m th d
e o e 2 . e . o e e a on o e

th e e e a be e a ne th e a e n e o and

xc ss glyc r l f u d v r s ll d duct d fr m c ti
en , any

of e o o n o e 0 5 ha be e e o th e a e

figur
e e n

cs distill ti th r glyc ri s
e .

I n th e of s a p o n ifi c a t i o n , on, a nd o th e

limit rg ic r sidu which sh uld p ss d wi h ut fu th r x mi

a e a e e n ,

of o o be a e t o r

ti sh ll fix d s mpl c t i i g m r
an e e e e a na

be at I I n th e e v e n txo f t h e a e on a n n

th / rg ic r sidu must c tyl t d gly r l f u d

on a e o e
°
th e o be a nd a ny

( ft r m ki g d ducti ll d duct d fr m
an I o
an e e a e a e ,
ce o o n

th e of 0 5 Sh a be e o th e

c t g glyc r l f u d by c ti t st
e on e
a e a n p er
en a e of e o o n th e a e n e .

F 86. W . II .
 E X MIA I
N A T O N OF A L C O H O L S

I I
B R T S H S T A N D A R D S P E C F C A T O N S F O R S OA P LY E I I I
A N D S AP O N F C A T O N C R U D E G L I I I Y CE R NS I
S o a p L y e C r u de G l y c e r i n
A na lysisto b e m d cc rd c with I t r ti l t d rd
a e in a an e th e S
M th ds
o n e na on a an a

st d rd sh ll / glyc r l crud glyc ri

e o

Y GL C E R OL The an a a b e 80
°
e o Any e

t d r d which t s ts glyc r l v r sh ll p id
.
o
. e n

p m 81 be fo r at a la
i cr s c l ul t d fr m st d rd crud glyc ri
en e e e e o or o e , a a ro

as o th e an of 80 Any
which t st s u d r / but / v r sh ll subj ct r ducti
n ea e, a c a e a e e n
° °
80 78 be to a

5 tim s sh rt g c lcul t d p pric fr m If

e n e o
15 o
or o e ,
a e e on

of 1 th e a a a e at ro ra ta 80
t s t f lls b l w buy r h ll h v right r j cti
e o e, e as o

th e 78 th e th e of

hus
e a e o e S a a e e e on .

T
pr mium p id w u d b s d up pric u it
Any e to be o l be a on t h e of

glyc r l xc ss
a e e p er n

/ glyc r l c t t b v of 1 0
°
i n th e th e
st d rd w uld m dditi l c tr ct
e o ,
e g an e
. . e o
e o on en a o e

o f 80 0 3
5 3 on t h e
pric d fici cy
o ea n a n a on a

glyc r l c t t uld m
an a on a
°

/
e, a nd a e en of 1 0 o
in th e e o on en wo ea n

d ducti —gg
a e c tr ct pric on on th e on a e .

E xa mp l e
Let X = c rr ct d pric
o

glyc r l / by lysis
e e e .

°
Y:
pric £—
e o o
ana say

Z = c o n tr a c t 60 p e r to n
st d rd glyc r l
e, s a y .

S = an a o
e o 80

T h en X
K
E
Y
.

T hrfre e o e X
60 x 8 1
80
2
£ 60 . 1 85 . 0d .
p e r t on .

A g i if Y= 78 8
di r c
°

h
a n,

T 80 7 88 ffe x 80
-
en :
1 2 0, en e .

And 80

hrfr T e e o e X —60
1 3s . 0d .
p e r to n .

A SHst d rd sh ll /
The v t p rc t g a be l o
°
I n th e of th e e of

xc di g but xc di g p rc t g d ducti
. an a o
. e en e en a

ash e not 10 5
sh ll m d xc ss c lcul t d fr m c tr ct pric
ee n e ee n a e en a e e on

be fo r t h e e e a a e as o 10 at on

if p rc t g xc ds dditi l p rc t g
a a e a e,

a nd th e of a s h
e e ee 10 5 an

d ducti sh ll m d qu l d ubl m u t xc s
e en a a o na e en a e

be e e a to o e the a in e s of 10 5
If m u t xc ds buy r sh ll h v right r j ct
e on a a o n e

th e a n of ash e ee 11 th e e a a e th e to

p rc l
o e e

th e
hus
a e .

T
s h w bv If lysis
th e d s ash xc d not

xc s s v r st d rd ( is t k
as o n a na oe e ee

5 the e th e 10 0

c t c tr ct pric sm xc ss v r
10 e o e an a a en as a p er
e n a g e o n th e on a e . I n th e a e w a y a ny e e o e
19 6 A NAL YI S S OF GL Y CER N I v

pr mium p id uld b s d up
Any pric to b e wo be e on th e e p er
it glyc r l xc ss glyc r l c t t
e a a
°
of / of 1 0 in th e
b v st d rd uld m dditi l
un e o , e .
g . an e e o
e o on en
° l
o / th e of 88 wo g g o n th e
c tr ct pric fici cy lyc r l c t t
a e an a o
ea n a n a on a

on a e, a n d a de en of I O in th e g e o on en

uld m d ducti 7
wo c tr ct pric [ x mpl s
ea n a e on of
1

8
5
on th e on a e . Fo r e a e

c lcul ti s
of p crud s p Soa
”

st d rd sh ll v t p rc t g
a a on s ee e ,
.

ASH Th e be 0
5 I n th e of th e en a e

xc di g 5 p rc t g d ducti sh ll m d qu l
. an a a e en e

of a s h e 0 be e e a to
d ubl m u t xc s st d rd c lcul t d
ee n a e en a e e on a a

th e a in of th e of 0 5 a e at

c tr ct pric If m u t xc ds buy r sh ll h v
o e o n e e s an a a

th e a of a s h e 20 th e e a a e

right r j ct p rc l
on a e . o n ee

the to e e th e a e .

E xa mp l e

Let D = fr m c tr ct pric
de du c t i o n e du e t o e xc ss v r
e o e th e

st d rd (
o on a

5
'

pric £
an a 0

Z = c o n t ra c t 6 8 p e r t on
v r st d rd (
e, s a y .

e = e xc e s s o f a s h o th e 5
°

e an a 0

hT en D
Z x 26

h r f r if lysis sh s
10 0

T e e o e, ana ow 12 0 a sh,

68 x x2
195 .
p er t on .

1 00

A I
ORG I U N C st d rd sh ll R ES D p rc t g E Th e be 1
°
l A en a

d ucti h ll m t ic m u t xc ss st d rd
. an a a o
e e

ed on S be a de o f w th e o n in e e of th e an of

c lcul t d c tr ct pric buy r sh ll h v right

a e a a

at th e Th e th e to
r j ct which t sts v r
1 a a e on a e . e a a e

p a rc e l
x mpl rmu b v is qu lly pplic bl
e e a ny '
e o e 2

Th e e a e a nd fo l a fo r a sh a s a o e e a a a e to

org ic r sidu
an e e .
 S EC TION VI

T E ST I N G A N D A NA L Y S I S OF H YD R OC A R B ON O I L S

A ND WA X ES
 S EC T I ON VI

T E ST I NG A N D A NALY S I S O F H Y D R O C A R B ON O I L S

A ND WA X ES

HY D R O C A R B O N O I LS A N D W A X E S

S TA N D A R D D E TE R M I N A T I ON S

Th est d rdan a m
p h ys i c a lm a n d ch e i c a l de t e r i n a t i o n s fo r th e
f tty ils w x s
a o and a pplic bl ydr c rb ( mi r l ) ils
a re n ot a ll a to h ne a o

f ll i yi ld us ful i f rm ti m y c s s
e a e o a on .

The o ow ng e e n o a on in an a e

S G
°
. . at 15 6 C .

M . P . C ( . mi n eral w a xes ) .

R e fr a c t i v e I n de x .

V i s cos i t y .

S ol u b i l i t y .

Op t i c a l A c t i v i t y .

I o di n e A b s or p t i on .

S a p on i fi c a t i o n V a l u e .

A c i d V al u e .

In dditi th r e e a re th e f ll i g imp rt t g r l t sts pplyi g

o ow n o an e ne a e a n

mi r l ils
a on ,

to ne a o

F l a s h p oi n t .

I g n i t i on t e s t .

C ol d t e s t .
200 H Y D R OCAR B ON O I L S A N D WA X ES VI

S ol u b i l i t y

his t st
T p ci l pplic ti ha s c s c l ils which a a a on i n th e e of ta r o
s lubl dim thyl sulph t whil ils fr m th r s urc s r m i
e a S e a oa -
,

in
u diss lv d
a re o e e a e, e o o o e o e e a n

t st is is d f ll w s
n o e .

Th e du e t o Va l m l a a nd ma
c c gr du t d cyl i d r pl c c c
e e as o o

In cc of o il and of

d i thyl sulph t (v ry p is u s) s k i ut t d i ff r c
a 10 . . a a e n e a e 2 . .
4 . .

me ha fo r m e a nd no e

v lu ft r cl s p r t i i t l y rs t k pl c
a e e o ono , e 1 n e en e

in me ha s Th e
d i i ut i is t k c l h dr c rb s c s v ry
o a e a ea n e a a on n o tw o a e a en a e .

m
v l t i l d is ti ll t s th d is u i t ccur t
n on a en a s du e t o oa -
ta r y o a on . I n the a e of e

th e me
ls disti guish s b tw r si mi r l by m s
a e o n ot e a
o a e , q a e.

Va l en ta o e e e en n o il a n d o il ean

s lubility f rm r gl ci l c tic cid r c d f ll ws

a n o ne a

o f th e of t h e in P
t st tub w i th c c gl ci l c tic ci d
o o e a a a e a . o ee as o o

M cc ix of th e o il in of

rs tub w t r k p git t d i lt t h r ugh

2 . . a e -
e 10 . . a a a e a

i mme in 50 C
°
a nd F
filt r r j ct first c c c ll ct i g xt c c t i tr t i g
e e a e at . ee a a e . er o a w et

d th e th e n e d
w igh d u t i ty w i t h st d rd l k l i l cul t c t ic ci d
e ,
an e e 4 . .
,
o e n 4 . . an a n

th e
pr s t d i r c str gth is d iss lv d si cid s
a e e q an an a a a . Ca a e a e a

; th e ffe in du e t o th e
pr s t w i ll ff c t sl ightly ccur cy s ult but this d s
e en en e en oil o e . Ro n a

th e a of th e
ct i ts ut i l i ty
e en a e a re , oe no t

a ffe
g e n e ra l
lubility is s m tim s mpl y d t st hydr c rb
.

So in a l c o h 01 e fo r on

ils hus k r s is s lubl b ut v ls bs lut lc h l

o e e e o e as a o a

o . T e o ene o e in a o 2 o . of a o e a o o .

()
Op t i c a l A c t i v i t y 7

d t rmi ti
The ptic l ctivity mi r l ils is limit d on of th e o a a of ne a o of e

c s mixtur s ( susp ct d mixtur s) r si ils

e e na

use i n th e of e e of o o r of

c st r hydr c rb ils l tt r h vi g r r ly high r

a e e or e o n

%m o il w it i n e ra l th e

r t ti th t t is c rri d p l rim t r x ctly

a o o a on o ,
a e a n a e a e

The out in t h e
f tty ils
o a on an es a e o a e e e a as

fo r a O .

I o di n e A b s or p t i on

Th e i di s luti is suit l
W ij s t st is c rri d
H ii b l a b e, a n d th e out

x ctly f tty ils but it is ft c ss ry mpl y m sur d

-
o ne o on e a e

fo r to e
xc ss s luti m k bl k t st sid by sid ith k
e a as a o , o en ne e a o a ea e

of and to e w now n

s p cim limi t tim f ct r m y c s s d fi it a

e e o on a e a an e e a

to e th e in n b s orp
ti v lu s bt i bl but figur is l rg ly pr p rti l
e en na e e a o ,
as an a e e e

a re n ot o e, th e a e o on a t o th e
tim cti
on a e a na e o

e of a on .

Sap on i fi ca t i on V a lu e
his is c rri d
T s m m r d scrib d f tty ils out in th e fo r
rud s bitumi us pr ducts giv p sitiv figur s wi g
a e a e anne as e e a o .

C a nd ma y t o th e

st r s f tty cids ( m t ic ) which th y ft c t i fi d ils

e no o e o e e O n

of Re
giv v lu s th t dmixtur s f tty ils r dily
e e a a e .
g . on an e o en on a n . ne o

e n o s a p o n i fi c a t io n of ma y
d t ct d this mi r l fl t surf c
a e , SO a a e a o ea

be in w ay T he O il ma y th e e of th e
lc h l b ili g but this d s ct ccur cy
e e e . ne a oa on a

a t th e e n d of t h e n o t a ffe th e a of

titr ti
a o o o n , oe a

th e a on .
 S TA N D A R D D E T E R M N AT O N S I I 20 1

c s d r crud s w x s c l ur ch g m
I n th e of k th e b e di f fi
thi s c s liquid pr vi us titr ti m p ur d
a e a e or a e , o o an e ay

cu lt t o s ee In e th e to on, ay be
i t l rg bulk distill d w t r l rg r m u t i dic t r
. a ,
e o a o e

of h ot a nd a o n of n

mpl y d sp t t sts with ph l phth l i m m d p c

n o a a e e a e , a e a a o

e e eno a e n be a e on a ot e

l i til
o e or o ay

a n e .

A ci d V a l u e

his t st m
T mpl y d d t cti
ay r si f tty cids
be e e fo r t h e of

mi r l cids l tt r c s it is pr f r bl sh k giv w ight

e o e e on o n, a a or

I n th e e to

with distill d w t r s p r ti g fu l wtr

ne a a . a e a e e e a a e a en e

of t h e o il h ot in ru n o f
f
titr t with lk li usi g m thyl r g i dic t r
e a e a e a a n nn e a e ,

a nd a e a a ,
n e o an e as n a o .
2 02 H Y D R OC A R B O N O L S A N D I WA X ES

F L A S H P OI N T

D efi n i t i on

fl sh p i t
The of a n is t mp r tur
o il th e e at which th e o il gi s ofl
'

v p ur i fl mm bl xpl siv
a o n e e a ve

a a o ,
n a a e or e o e in a ir .

R em a rk s

f tty ils h v ry high fl sh p i ts

A ll t h e a o v lv a e ve a nd do n ot

i fl mm bl v p urs u til d c mp siti ccurs Mi r l ils v ry

a o n , e o e

n a a e a o

v ri bl m r v l til ils fl shi g tm sph ric t mp r tur s

n e o o on o . ne a o a re e

th e at

ic fl sh p i t r d rs illumi ti g ils u s f t st is
a a e, o e o a e o a n a o e e e a e .

S n l ow a th e of

gr t imp rt c x mi ti k r s fl sh p i t hich
e a o n en e na n o n a e, e

i n th e o n of e o ene, th e of w

is l g lly fi d mi imum
ea

st d rd t st is m d
o an e e a na a o n
°
e a xe at a n of 73 F . T he an a e a e i n th e
ABEL ( f )
T E ST E R in
c s lubric ti g ils h vi r fr cti s AY
71 . ra .

I n th e of a nd th e GR
KY MA i strum t is suit bl
a e a n o , ea e a on or
,
’
P ENS RTE NS

fl sh p i t is c ss rily d t rmi d by its v l tility

-
n en a e .

Th e a o n of a n Oi l not n e

m b ili g p i t si c c mp r tiv ly h vy m c t i sm ll
e a e e ne o a

or ea n o n o n n e a o a a ea o il ay a

p rc t g v l til c stitu ts W h this ccurs it m r lly

, e on a n a

en a e of o a e ay b e g ene
ttribut d f ulty m th ds r fi m t
e on en . en o , a

a e to a e o of e ne

ld r m th d m ki g t st p v ss l is
en .

Th e of th e w as in a nd

k w p fl sh t st his is s ld m mpl y d
o e e o a n e an o en e e ,
“ ”
n ow th e T now

cl s d h mb r b i g us d h ti g p i gm
no n as O en a e . e o e o e ,

fo r th e oil , a n d a n O e n

m d by m s m ch ic l d vic pplic ti
a o e c a e e n e ea n n o

m e n t a r i ly a e ea n of a e an a e e fo r t h e a a on o f

th e fl m us d t sti g
a e e for e n .

TH E A B E L TE S T

Th e Ap p a ra tu s

his c sists m t l v ss l
T which is pl c d of a e fo r t h e o il , in h ot
ch mb r h t d by w t r b th hich is fitt d ith fu l
on e a e a e a

a ir th e w e w a nne an

v rfl w pip th rm m t r cvr ch mb r
a e , ea e a e -
a , ,

e and a Th e o e fo r t h e o il a e has
p rf r t d slid ith h l s c rr sp di g with simil r p i gs
o e o e o e e .

w on

c v r its lf giv p siti s slid p cl s

a e o a e e o e o e on n a o en n

the and of th e a nd th e
ch mb r
o e e ,
en o on e o en o e

sm ll bur r fix d piv t us d with wick fl m is

a e .

A and

m d dip fr qu t i t rv ls tim ( v ry s c ds) i t

e
a ne e on a o or gas a e
'

, ,

to at of e e 4 on n o o ne o f th e
p i gs cti p i ls pplyi g fl m
a e e en n e a e e

th e a on o f o th e
si pl r typ s pp r tu s p r t d h d t i d
o en n , en n g a o a n a e .

Th e m s of a by a nd me b y m ea n
p dulu suppl i d w i th pp r tu s t d rd i stru t is p r t d
e e a a a re o e a e an ,

of a m men
ut t ic lly by cl ck w rk
en e th e a a a s . Th e an a n O e a e

a o ma a o o .
2 04 H Y D R OC A R B ON O L S A N D I WA X ES VI

P r e l i m i n a r y Op e r a t i o n s
( a ) F LL N G O I L C U P I I
lc cup ( ft r r m vi g c v r) l v l surf c g d
.

P th e o i l e e in
light fill ith t st d with ut spl shi g u ti surf c
a e a o n o e on a e e a e a oo

a nd w th e o i l t o b e l th e
is x ctly l v l with p i t g ug fix d cup
, e e , o a n ,
n a e

of th e o il th e of t h e i n th e
i ll fr s ll v ss l v i d s pl shi g
e a e e o n a e e .

F om a ma
l c c v r c r fully cup pr ss i t p siti
e e to a o a n .

P a e th e o e a e on th e a nd do w n
i s rt th rm m t r s ck t pr vid d pr ssi g c r
, e n o o on ,

t h e f ou n d b u l b i n th e
fully h m sc l f ci g p r t r
n e e o e e o e o e , e n a e

o e, th e a e to be a n th e o e a o

A
.

( ) 5 T H E T E ST FL ME
If is mpl y d t st m m ist c tt w l
-
.

o il fo r t h e e fla o th e i n th e
l mp wick with p r fi light wick djust th t
e o e -
e, en o on oo

and th e a f n o i l, th e a nd a th e
fl m is si b d fix d cvr cup If is
a a , so a

of th e z e of th e ea e on t h e o e o f th e o il

us d c ct up with rubb r tub s pply djust fl m

a e .
gas
e on n e e e to g a s u a nd a a e as

st t d
, ,

a e .

( ) I I
5 T M NG
If simpl r typ is us pl c p dulum p siti susp d d
.

th e e d, e th e en in o en e

fr m supp rt suppli d with i trum t ( p dulum c sists

e e a on ,

th e th e Th e
“

on

br ss b ll tt ch d silk c rd i ch s l gth fr m its p i t

o o e ns en . en

of a a e to 24 in en o o n

susp si c tr gr vity br ss b ll )
a a a a o n e

of en on t o th e en e of a of th e a a

AI WA A
.

( ) d P REP R N G TH E TER B TH

H t b ili g l rg b k r b si b ut litr tr
-
.

to in e of wa e a nd

ur this
o o

c ld w t r r duc t mp r tur
ea n a a e ea e or a n a ,
°
a dd s u flflc i e n t a e to th e e a to 13 5 F Po
i t i strum t thr ugh fu l pr vid d u til it fl ws
o e e e e .

th e th e o u t of th e
v rfl w pip I s rt th rm m t r ( l g bulb ) djust t mp r tur
n o n en o nn e o e n o

th e a nd a

x ctly ( by ll wi g c l h ti g with spirit l mp

o e o e . n e e o e e on e e a e
°
to e a 130 F to p ro
) b f r c rryi g t st
. a o n oo ,
or ea n -
a

v i de d e o e a n ou t e .

P r o c e du r e
H vi g dj st
1 t mp r tur w t r b th x ctly
ed th e of th e to e a

pl c cup c v r c r fully p siti djust

. a n a u e e a e a e -
a
°
F th e o il an d in A
fl m t st bur r f c ss ry p dulu m swi gi g
1 30 .
,
a e o e a e o on .

of i s et a nd

bs rv th rm m t r cup ( If cl ck rk typ i d up by
a e e -
ne ne e a ,
en n n

e in o il wo e, w n

tur i g k b fr m l ft right )
o e e o e e . o

to

dr p slid which m ti
n n no

Wh t mp r tur r ch s
o e .

°
2 66 F aw O o on

ppli s t st m rific
. en e e a e ea e en e,

fla e to o

p ig sl i d sh uld d s l wly d uri g ti

a e e -
e .

Th e of th e be th e me of

(b ck w rd s f rw rd s b ck w rd s ) p dulu
o en n e o on e o , n

flame s w i ng s of th e m, a nd th e
sl i d u ick ly duri g f urth sw i g p dulu his is
a a ,
o a , a a .
en

o f th e m T
s ry sur u i f r i ty d issi ppl ic t i fl
e q s /z u t n th e o n en . n e ce s

m in m on o f a i r, a nd a on o f a me .

ut t ic typ d pr ss trigg r pr vi d d )
a to en e n o a a

( c s In e of a o ma th e

If fl sh ccurs this t mp r tur ( ) ( p i tb l

a e, e e e o e .

°
at 66 F or a t a n y e ow

p r ti must r p t d ith fr sh p rti

3 . a a o e e a e . o n
°

) 73 F th e O be w on O f o il

b f r b i g pl c d cup first
ea e a e o

c l dd w
. e a on e

i n th e
°
a n d th e
to 55 F
pplic ti t st m m d wh t mp r tur r ch s
oo e o n . e o e e n a e

a a on of th e e -
fla e a e en the e e a e ea e
°
60 F .
 I
FL A S H P O N T —A B E L T E ST 20 5
2 06 H Y I
D R OCA RB O N O L S A N D WA X ES v1

0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
0 1x 00 O \ O H N eo n- m0 N OO ON O v
0 0 0 0 m n h h h h h h h h oo oo

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
0 N OO O\ O ~ el m ¢ tn 0 tx oo Ch O H
0 0 0 0 h h u h h h h x
x m h oo oo

\0 o 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
10 n “ 00 O\ 0 on co s t- m0 m oo Ox o
\O e 0 0 0 m m h t h N h h w

m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m m
10 0 m oo O \ O rs ea s t- 10 0 x
x oo O \ O
0 0 0 0 0

v e e a s e s
m x n o m o
i
. .

. “ “ “ “ u “

Q .
Q ‘
s it
-
d v e e v e v a — e fl- e e
N3 I n. \O I\ OO O O H N Nb fl ' l flfi o N d)

—
\0 0

H H H H H M H H H H H Di

m w w w w w w w m w w mw m w m
mo w a o m v me
?
a a a a e
g s s e o s c s “ n “
. m u “ “

H u b -t H H —c i -t i- t u u

w m w 00 00 00 00 00 oo oo oo oo oo oo oo oo
a a VP II MO N CO O O H N M Q‘ W W
Gc s 0 0 0 0 0 \O

IQ m m m m w w m m m m m m w m m
-q N m ¢ vi0 N OO O O H N m Q - ‘l
u o
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 l‘ h h h h h l‘

N G N N N N G O‘ N N G N O‘ N N OX

N N N N G G N G N N N N G N N N
2 08 FLASH P O I N T —P E N S KY MA R T E N S
’
-
T E ST VI

P r o c e du r e
1 F ill
cup up g ug with r pl c c v r
th e to p si o il
‘
p la c e
'

in
ti djust fl m light bur r b th
. a e e a e o e c up o
, ,

o n, a a e, a nd

t s m wh t pidly first u til blw xp ct d

ne enea .

2 H ea o e a ra at 30 C
°
th e
t mp r tur ( m k pr limi ry r ugh t st if c ss ry ) th
.
,
n . e o e e e

e e a e

rt v r ris mi ut git ti g c ti u usly

a e e na o e ne e a en at
,

th e o f not o
°
a e e C . e p er n e, a a n on n o

Fi g 6 2.

by twisti g fl xibl c th e cti

with l ft h d r m (1 th e F
tim tim tilt fl m i t cup by tur i g mill d h d
n e e on n e on e an . o

to th e th e th e

( with right h d )
e e a e n o n n e ea

f th e

Wh fl sh ( slight xpl si with l rg blu fl m v ish

an .

“
th e
”
3 en

r pidly ) ccurs t t mp r tur r p t with fr sh

. a a e o on, a e e a e an

i ng n o e th e e, a n d

s mpl h dli g cup with f rk h ld r suppli d

a o ,
e e a e ea a e

a e o f o il, an n th e O il th e o -
o e e .

S l u deu ts w i l l k i n dly l ea v e cu p a nd a pp a r a t u s cl ea n a nd dry a f t er us e .

of
1

th e
Th e
a
u
o
st fr fr
v p ur pr duc d
o il m
o
be
e .
ee om mo is tur e, a s t his i t rf r s w i t h
n e e e t h e i n fla mma b i l i ty
 H Y D R O CA R B O N O L S A N D I WA X ES 2 09

G R A Y S F L A S H P OI N T A P P A R A T U S
’

Th e Ap p aratu s

his is s imil r
T sky M rt s i strum t t o th e Pen
’

sh w s cti fig is
a -
a en n en ,

o n in e on , 64 ,
fix d supp rts
.

to th e a nd

r m v bl xc pt by
e o ,

not e o a e e e un

scr wi g
ik sky —M rt
e n .

L th e P en a en s

it j ck t git
e

has h ot a ir a e A a

ti liquid is pr vid d
a -
.

o n of th e o e

fo r by stirr rs sh w o n i n de
t il fig hs
e ,

in 64 T e e a re r o

by m s st l sh ft
a . .

ta ted of a ee a

b ri g sm ll b v ll d
ea n ,

e e e

wh l with t th d dg
ea n a a

e e e,

g r d with v rtic l
ee ,
oo

ea e a e a be
wh l p r t d by
v e ll e d and o e a e

m s h dl hr
ee

ea n of th e an e T ee

p i gs pr vid d
.

o en n a re o e on

th e lid fl sh fo r th e and

th s cl s d by l s
a ,

c v r pr vid d with p
e e a re o e a oo e

o en

i gs which c i cid with

o e o e

th e

p rts fix d lid wh
n o n e

in th e

c v r is tur d
o e en

th e o e ne on e

qu rt r r u d m v m t th e

c usi g t st m dip
a e o n ,
o e en

th e e fla e to

i t cup
a n -

th e

his m v m t is c us d
n o .

T
by thr wi g b v l g rs
o e en a e

th e e e ea

pl y with l t r l
o n

out of

mvm t h ri t l
a a a e a

e en of th e o z on a

sh ft c usi g l tt r
o

a n th e to

g g with p r ti g
a , a e

en a e a p in o e a

cvr j cup
n

th e a nd et The
is cl s d g i by r pidly
o e .

o e a a n a re

v rsi g h dl th e an e

th rm m t r fitt i g
e n .

A o e e a nd

suppli d ith
e n

a re e w th e in s tru
m t en .

P r o c edu r e
1 . F ill th e cup— which
F 86 . W . II .
2 10 I —I I I IFLAS H PO N T GN T ON PO N T VI

must cl bedry—with s mpl g ug ( li

and th e to th e
cut r u d i sid 5 i ch s fr m b tt m ) pl c lid
ea n a e up a e a ne

th e Re th e
i s rt th rm m t r light t st j djust fl m
e 1 n e o o o a e
'

o n n .

a nd th e et a nd a th e e to

b ut g i ch l g
n e e o e e e -
a

a o , n on .

Fi g 64 .

H ea t cup with bu s bur r hilst c i u usly

th e O il th e w on t n

r t ti g stirr rs ll wi g ris b ut mi ut
n en ne o
°
th e th e O il to 20 C p er e

u til r its xp ct d fl sh p i t ( m k r ugh t st first if

o a n e , a o n e a o . n

n e o n e

c ss ry ) ft r rds b ut this r t
n ea e e a a a o e

and a wa at a fifth
lid g rs p siti p p ly t st j by
ne e a e o one -
a e .

S th e ou t of and a et

tur i g h dl qu rt r tur ft r its g g m t with

e ea o on, o en cup p e -

of a th e

c v r r t ti g d vic l s by r v rsi g m v m t
n n an e a a e n a e en a e en

o C e th e en a n d re

g g b v l wh ls k p c st t git ti
e -
o a n e e. o e e n o e

en a e th e e e ee so a s to ee Oi l in on an a a on

wh l v t is v ry si ly r pidly cc pl ish d
.

Th e o e mo e m en e ea a nd a a om e

t mp r tur which slight xpl si ccurs is t d

.

4 Th e e e a e at a no e a s th e

fl hp i t
. e o on o

as o n of th e o il .

S tu den ts w i ll k i n dly l ea v e cu p a nd a pp a ra tu s cl ea n a n d dry a fter use .

I G N I T I ON T E S T
D efi n i t i on

The ig iti p i t is l w st t mp r tur which o f a n o il th e e at th e o il

will c ti u bur ft r pplic ti fl m its surf c

n on o n o e e e a

on n e to n a e a a on of a a e to a e .

R equ ire m ent s

A p rc l i crucibl 3 i ch s h ight by i ch s di m t r in in
mb dd d b ut g i ch s d s d b th trip d
o e a n e 1 n e e n e a e e ,

e to a in and

m ll t p r flm
e e o n an on a an -
a o .

S a a e or fine g a s
h rm m t r r di g vr
, a e .

°
T e o e e ea n to 3 50 C . or o e .

P r o c e du r e
I ill crucibl with
F t s t d b ut i fr m its brim
e th e o il to b e to i n ch
th t it is pr t ct d fr m dr u hts
. e e a o o ,

a n d s ee

tir g tly with th rm m t r h t f irly r pidly fi rst

a o e e o a g .

S th e a nd at

u til t mp r tur fl sh p i t th tur bur r

en e o e e ea a a

th e e of th e o f th e o il

dw h t v ry sl wly b ut b v this t mp r tu
n e e a a o n ; en n ne
°
n, a n d to a 15 C
ft r v ry ris b v fl sh p t pply fl m
o ea e o o . a o e e e a re .

°
A e e e of 2 C th e th e to

surf c u til l tt r c tc h s bur s qui tly

e . a o e a oi n a a e

th e of t h e o il th e fi re and

ith ut furth r ssist c

a e n a e a e n e

w o e a an e .
2 12 Y I W X H D R OCA R B O N O L S A N D A ES v1

m v fr m h ld up s urc l ght stir ith

Re ice , to a of i a nd w th e
th rm m t r u til l st tr c dis pp r d t ki g
3 . o e o o o e

th e of w a x has
t mp r tur this p i t
e o e e n a a e a ea e ,
a n

th e e at o n

p t with s m s mpl u til c c rd t r sults

e e a .

4 Re th e a e a e of o il n two on o an e

bt i d
. ea

a re O a ne .

2 Freez i ng m i xt u r e s m et h od 1
his m th d d p ds up s luti s v ri s lts such
.

T th e u s e of of o us in
pr p rti s th t th y s tur t d th ir fr i g p i ts th s
e o e en on o on a a

at e ez n In
c diti s c st t t mp r tur is m i t i d u til s luti s
o o on a e a re a a e e o n . e e

th e
tir ly fr mpl ym t v ri us s lts
on on a on an e e a e a n a ne n o on a re

o r r e l i q u e fi e d, a n d b y th e of

r g t mp r tur s is m d v il bl
en e oz en e o en a o a a

an e of lo w e e a e a e a a a e .

S a l i n e F reez i ng S ol u t i ons .

P a r ts p e r 100 o f w a t er Fr e e z i n g p o i n t s l
of s o u tion s

td iussiu c rbsulph t t c rys t l

Po a m a e 28 6 F
°
.

tt ssissiuu iitrtr tt
So
Po a
m
m
a

n
o na e

a e
a s

26
-

9
20
2
-
85

driiuu chchll rriidd i

Po
So
a

m
m n

o
a e

e
23 5
Ba
t ssi ui u chchl lridrid
Po a m
o

o
e m
e
[ 63 87
10
-
9

i u i tr t
A mm o n m o e 43

ddiiuu chi trl rtid

A m mo n m n a 16
-
e 75
So m n a e 0 05 0
1 7 75
So m o e 43 21 3
-

In t sti g r g s mpl s st d is mpl y d which h lds

n a an e of a e

umb r t st tub s th s imm rs d b v s lu

e , a an e o e o a

e of e e a nd e e a re e e in on e of th e a e o

ti s c t i d v ss l imm rs d s lt fr i g mixtur
n o
-

on a n e in a e e e e in i ce a nd

s this liquid c mm c s r ( fr i g is ssist d by stirri g

on an a e ez n e .

As oon a s o en e to f e e z e
ddi g sm ll qu tity fr s luti bulk) it will m i t i
e ez n a e n ,

of to th e
its p rticul r t mp r tur c st t l g it r m i s ly p rti lly
or a n a a an oz e n o on a n a n

a e e a e on an as on as a n on

fr hich tt i d by lifti g it fr i g mixtur

a e a a

w be out of th e

cc si lly ft r h urs tub s x mi th s ils

oz e n , ca n a a ne n ee z n e

A fe w th e n ed, a n d

which t d hilst r st t st d liquid givi g

o a on a . e a o e a re e a o e o

a re s e t a re n o e w th e e in a n th e

xt l st t mp r tur t bl pr c di g n this m r u til

, e a re e

owe i n th e e, a n d i
t mp r tur b tt i d wh if still
ne e e a e a o ee n a nn e n

the of C has t h e o il

r m i s liquid it m furth r c l d by m s liqu fi d g s s

e e a e . een a a ne ,
e n,

be of e e a e

( his is h w v r r r ly c ss ry xc pt sp ci l circum
e a n , ay e oo e ea n .

T fo r use in e a

st c s ircr ft ) v ri us s lt s luti s c v i tly

o e e a e ne e a , e e

e a a e tc Th e a o on a re on en e n

k pt st pp r d b ttl s r dy
an , e .
g .
,
. a o

e in o e e o e ea fo r us e .

3 m
F l u i di t y ( chult ) e t h od S
his is much m r c mplic t d m th d d p ds up rbitr ry
. z

T and

c diti s pr scrib d by russi t t ilw y ir cti

a o e o a e e o ,
e en on a a

on on e e the P S Ra D e on . Th e
pp r tus mpl y d is sh x d di gr m
an a e a

a a a e o e ow n in th e a n ne e a a .

f ist r 1
H o me e , flf z t tei l u ng en , 7 ,
'

24
 C OL D T EST —F L U I D I T Y MET HO D 2 13

Th e App a ra tu s

is tub
a. mm i t r l di m t r his is h ld by
U of 6 T clip
sh is imm rs d cyli dric l m t l v ss l fill d with liquid
a -
e . n e na a e e . e a as

o w n, a n d in b
fr i g r quir d t mp r tur ( ith r
e e a n a e a e e e a
° °
at th e e e e 5 C 15 C ) a nd

surr u d d by s lt fr i g mixtur tub is c ct d

eez n e a e e e . or .

i ce a nd e 0 T he
pi c s sh w with simpl m m t r
an a eez n

by
o n e . e o nne e

t he 3 way th e d and th e
ight d fu l c t i d v ss l clips pl cd
-
e e as o n e a no e e

we nne e, on a ne in th e e e f, a nd tw o

rubb r tub s c mmu ic ti g with th r ith

e a re a e on

th e e one o a n t h e a i r a n d th e o w th e
fu l m m t r
e ,
n e

nne a nd a no e e .

Fig 6 5 .

P r o c e dur e
1 I tr duc s mpl
n o e it tub by m s pip tt
th e e o f O il t h e U- e a of a

imm rs fr i g fluid lvl b i g mm

. a n o ea n e e

a nd i n th e b ‘
t h e e e o f t h e o il 10

bl fluid h l tt r bt i d c rr ct t mp r tur
e e eez n ,
e n .

e o w th e w en t h e h as a ne th e o e e e a e

ll tub r m i i mm rs d h ur m r
a e o

a ow the e to fo r I

ur w t r i t v ss l u til pr ssur mm is r gist r d

e a n e e o or o e .

2 Po a e f e of 50 e e

m m t r h p pi chc ck tub
. n o e e n a e . e on

th e ano d T x The o il in th e U
sh uld ris
e e

If this is
. en O en n o .
-
e

o e at
f m p m
th e mi n i mu m r a te o m i n u te
cs is c sid r d r m i fluid this t mp r tur
10 . er .

the th e o il to at

Wi t r is t st d
a e, on

summ r
e e e a n e e a e .

“ ° ” °
o il o il
” “
n e e e at 15 C . and e at 5 C .
2 14 H Y D R OCA R B O N O L S A N D I WA X ES v1

3 The pr s s ur is ll w d
e e a o e to a ct on t h e O il fo rx ctly mi ut 1 e, a n d

pi chc ck is th r l s d h ig t m sur d
. e a n

th e y a n d th e h o f t h e o il

by surf c r m i i g wh fl w d b ck l v l
n o en e ea e , e ea e

th e w e t th e o il has to e e
tub
a e e a n n en o e a

i n th e U
si i l r x i ti is d td i ut s
-
e .

A m m ma e o f o il h to 5 0 C
°
for m
c ld h ur
a e a na on ea e . 10 n e

a nd oo e for 1 o .

E X A M I N A TI ON OF C R U D E S

C r u de P e t r o l e u m

S PE C AIY p
I FI C GR V T s ee a ge 26

I A I I U — distill ti m th d usi g s lv t
.
,

D E TE R M N T ON O F MO ST RE th e
is m st suit bl (p g
a on e o n a o en

o a e a e

S U I U I I
S P E N D ED pg
MP R T E S, s e e a e 19

A I bl sky pp r tus is mpl y d cc rdi

.

FL SH P O NT Th e A P en o ng

v l tility (p g s
. e or a a a e o e a

t o th e o a of th e o il a e 2 07 ,

F r a c t i o n a l D i s t i l l a t i on
( ) E ng l er
T his giv s m sur e yi ld
a ea v ri us distill t s fr m crud s
e of th e of th e
lth u h i g id y
e a o a e o e

and a o g ow n t o th e w el

di ri g c diti s distill
,

ffe of th e
ti it d s giv s m yi lds
n on on a

o n, oe n ot e th e a e e

w ich w uld bt i d h be th e

l rg sc l giv s g d c mp r
o O a ne on

it
tiv i ic ti s pr vid d st d rd
a e a e, e oo o a a

nd th e

c diti s lw ys dh r d
e a on o e an a

e e to

gl r fl sk mpl y d
on on a re a a a .

Th e E n o h as
dim si s sh is us d
e a e e

th e own, a nd

with c d s r cm l gth
en on e

60 in
cc tk dis
a on en e . en .

1 00 o f o il a r e a en fo r t h e
h t sh uld such
. .

t ill a t io n , a n d th e ea o be
th t dr ps c d s t f ll 2 o of on en a e a p er
s c d e fr cti s c ll ct d
a

Th a on a re o e e

m sur d b t ll i g
e on .

and ea e e w e en th e fo ow n

t mp r tur s e

phth up
e e a
°
Na t o 1 50 C
Illumi ti g
a .

— O i l 1 50 3 oo C
°

ubric ti g ils v r
na n .

°
L o o e 3 00 C
dis ill ti is st pp d h
a n .

The t w en

b tt m b c m s fr liquid
a on o e
Fi g 6 6 .

th e o e ee of

whit v p urs pp r
o o e ,

or e a o a ea .

F or m ol i t e R e a ct i on
This t st is e
j fl It d p ds
du e t o N a s t up f ct th t wh
u ko
l
. e en on th e a a en

1
P et r ol . 1 9 09 , 4, 1 3 3 6.
2 16 H Y D R O CA R B O N O L S A N D I WA X ES VI

C r u de Go a l s and Sh ales

x i t i f ll ws l i s
T he m c rci l pr c ss tri l the of t he o mm e

d stru ct i v d ist i ll t i is d s ll sc l yi ld c rud

e a na on o o ne a o e a a
,

m a e o n a ma e o i l or

s ulph t c l c ul d c rud
e e a on a e, a nd th e e of

and o f a mm o ni a , g a s , e t c The e o il a n d

th st d fr c t i t i u t s ch d ist i ll t bt i d
t a r, a e .
, a a te . ta r
b e te by on , a n d th e mo o f ea

t d (p g
ca n en e a ona a n a e o a ne

no e a e

E X A M I N A TI ON OF D I S T I L L A T E S

Nap h th a

S PE C AIYpg
I FI C GR V T a e 26

A I I Xpg
.
,

R E FR CT V E N DE a e 45
UIIYpg
.
,

S OL B L T a e 76
A I pg
.
,

FL S H P O NT , e 20 2

phth m h v c l fr i g mix ur f r
a .

Th e na a ay a e to be o o ed in a eez n t be
t sti g
e o e

e n

A I A I I AI pg
.

FR C T ON L D ST L L T ON , a e 2 14

cc phth distill d fr m gl r fl sk fr cti s

.

of th e n a th e E n a nd

tk t mp r tur hich first dr p f lls fr m

1 00 . . a a re e o e a a on
°
C Th e e at w the

c d s r is t k b gi i g b ili g
a re a e n ev ery 1 0 . e e a o a o

th e en as th e e of th e and th e e n d
t mp r tur is t k wh b tt m fl sk b c m s fr r m
on en e a nn n o n ,

th e of t h e e f
liquid
e e a e a en en o o a o e ee o

trictly d ist i ll t s sh uld t k figur wh i ch w t r b i l s

.

S th e be th e
bv i st d v
a e o a en a t e at a e o
0
a o e 1 00 C n ea of th e e en

AI Y A
.

A R OM H R B ON S

urt s t st wi t h fu i g i tric cid ( p g ) is r c d d

T C D R OC .

m e o m m en
’
B
it b di s xtr ct d wi th th r d i lut i ci d s lut i w i t h
on e n n a a e 2 30 e . Th e
of t he
wtr
D t o- o e a re e a e e e on on a o on

a e

U
.

I
D E T E C T ON O F T I I R P ENT N E AND P NE OI L
dr p W j i d i s lut i s v r l cc ph th
.

H ti b l of th e
ur ph th r i s c l ur l st i ut s w i t h ut pp r t
A dd 1 o of i s -
o ne o on to e e a . . na a .

ma 30 m
ch g i t si ty turp t i pi c l r
P e na a e n red in o o fo r at ea n e o a a en

in I n t h e p r es e n c e of ne a nd oi l th e
d is pp rs d i i ish s i t si ty
'

an e n en . en ne o ou

m in n en
t rmi u t pr s t i d i bs rpt i v lu ( p g
a ea or n e .

De e ne a mo n e en by o ne a o on a e a e

I l l u m i n a t i n g Oi l s

rm lly fr cti — ) (No a a on 1 50 3 00 C

°
.

C OL OU
g d k r s sh uld p rf ctly tr sp r t i ch l y r
R .

A be a en in a 3 a a nd

sh uld h v ly f i t tr c y ll w c l ur mpl d
oo e o en e o e e an -
n e ,

e of o o Col or i m et er s a re e o ye

d t rmi r l tiv c l ur which k r s is s ld

o a e on a a n a e o .

to e e ne th e e a e o o on e o e ne o .

AIYpg
,

I I
S P EC F C GR V T a e 26

pg
.
,

C OL D
K r s s h uld r m i liquid
T E S T, a e 211 .

e o e ne o e a n at 10
°
C .
 E X MI A N AT ON OF D ST L LA TESI I I 2 17

A I pg
FL S H PO NT , e 20 2

l g l limit this c u try is fix d

a

m y
.

°
The in o at 73 F ; in Ge r a nd th e
c ti t g r lly
e a n e . an
°
on n en ene a a t 21 C

A I A I I AI pg
.
,

FR C T ON L D ST L L T ON , e 2 14

phth ( p g but fr cti s c v i tly t k

a .

AS fo r on

v ry up
na a a e a a re on en e n

udr mut
a en
° ° °
dI S t ill in g n e 1 50 C and e e 25 C to 3 00 C a n d th e

rmiig till m sur d

. . .
,
a o n

e a n n i n th e S ea e

p
.

F O R MOL I T E T E ST , a ge 2 14

UIIYpg
.

S OL B L T a e 76
K r s is sily s lu l v ls bs lut lc h
, .

e o en e ea o b e in 2 o of a o e a o o l.

I I AU pg
.

OD N E V L E, a e 92
ussi k r s
.

R
m ric
an e o ene 0

A
lici
e an

Ga an 0 1

his disti guish s m ric k r s fr m ils th r s urc s

.

T n e A e an e o ene o o of o e o e .

( mi r l ) Lub ri ca ting Oi l s ne a

S P EC I I AIYpg
F C GR V T a e 26

yi ds i f rm ti id tity lubri c ti g ils

.
,

Th e S G el to th e of and

giv s i dic ti s dult r ti with r si ils

. . n o a on as en a n o ,

e n a on of a e a on o n a nd ta r o .

I
V S C OS I Y p g T a e 62

m st imp rt t t st this cl ss visc sity th ugh

.
,

Th e o o an e fo r a of o il Th e
d fi it m sur lubric ti g v lu is r li bl guid m y
. o ,
o

not a e n e ea of a in
dir cti s si c c rt i d fi d mi imum visc siti s ss ti l u d r
e n a e, a e a e e an

v ri us c diti s which lubric ts mpl y d

e on , n e a n e ne n o e a re e en a n e

th e o on on in
visc m t r us d sh uld st d rdis d giv r sults bs lut
a an a re e o e .

Th e o e e e be to in
m sur strictly c mp r bl with r sults bt i d wi h th r
o an a e e e a o e

ea e, s o a s to be o a a e t

f rms pp r tus ( p g r is r s why figur

e o a ne o e

of a a a s ee e Th e th e

) sh uld f rm c v i t xpr ssi visc s ity

o a e no ea on e

(7 x 1 00 n ot m on of in a ll c o

tr s cti s sp cific ti s
7 o o a on en e n e e o

m e rc i a l an a on and e a on

visc sity r ti umb r ( p g ) is r pidly sc rt i d

.

“ ”
Th e 70 a nd

giv s s ful i f rm ti f ll visc sity high r t mp r tur s

o -
a o n -
e a e a a e a ne ,

a of th e in at

th r f r u d r ctu l w rki g c diti s

e u e n o on a o e e e a e ,

a nd e e o e n e th e a a o n on on .

I I A
OD N E I A IIAI AU pgs
B SO R P T O N AN D S 0 P ON F C T ON V L E, a e 92 a nd 1 6
h s b th imp rt t x mi ti r si f tty ils
.

T e e a re in t h e na fo r and

i di v lu s v lu s v ri us f tty ils f ts
o o an e a on o n a o .

Th e a n d s a p on i fi c a t i o n Of t h e

r si giv I i di v lu s mi r l lubric ti g
o ne a e a e a o a o , a ,

and en i n V ol Th e ne of

ils sm ll s p v lu s
o n a re . . o a e ne a a n

o a re a , and th e a on . a e n il .

AC I A U p g
D V L E, a e 123

s ful d t cti g pr s m u t m r l cid ( l t

.

U fo r th e a nd a of in e ef

fr m r fi i g ) p g f tty ids r si cids

e e e n e e n ce o n a a

o e n n ,
a e 123, a n d of a ac or o n a .
2 18 H Y D R OC A R B O N O L S A N D I WA X ES VI

F L SHA pg
PO NT, I a e 2 02 .

C OL D pg
T E ST , a e 211

m st imp rt t t st si c if s tti g p i t high

.

A th e o n i s t oo t h e o il

pr v t d fr m r chi g p rt lubric t d
o o an e ,
n e, e n ,

m ay be e en e o ea n th e a to b e a e .

M I UO ST p R E, a g e 1 8.

G U I MM N G
M i r l ils if pr p rly r fr fr m gummi g t d ci s
.

ne a o o e e fi n e d, a re ee o n en en e

f tty i l s s d lubric ts ly t h s with i d i v lu s

, .

( Of t h e low
s t bl )
a o u e as an , on o e o ne a e a re

ui a e

U A pg
.

S S P E N D ED M T T E R S, a e 19

is ft d lib r t ly dd d lubric ts m yc s s
.

Gr a i z i te
p to a nd in

is disti ct d t g th r susp d d m tt rs must r r d

o en e e a e a e an ,
an a e

a n a va n a e O e en e a e be eg a de as

impuriti s
.
,

e .

A N T I FL U OR E SC E N T S
hs dd d d str y l ss bl m (flu r sc c )
.

“ ”
T to en th e oo o e en e of

lubric ti g ils chi f subst c us d this purp s is

e e a re a e e o or e

The an e e for o e n i tr o

It m d t ct d f ll w
a n o . e

nap h th a l en e ay be e e e as o o s

il c c s pl i ut s w i t h c c l c h l ic
.

( ) Bo of th e m fo r fe w m of 2 N a

p t sh pr s c i tr ph th l bl d v i l t c l ur
1 2 . . a e a n e 4 . . o o

I n th e e of n d to
is pr du c d by r du c t i c p u ds
o a . e en on a a en e a oo -
re o e o o

t he to om

tr t t w it h i c du st d i lut hydr ch l ri cid

o e e on a z o- o n .

me n oi l a nd

pul si v d ur p thyl i w i ll pr duc d

( ) 2 On ea of th e z n e o o c a ,

du e t o h m ne be
t
a re e o o a -
na a o e .

st ly pl y d subst c sk u pl s t d urs i l s is
S cen s

T h e mo c o m m on em ma
si ly c g is d i t s d ur b i tt r l d s
o e an e to n ea a n o o in o

n i t r ob en z en e , by of mo n
‘

ea re o n e o o e a

C o a l t a r O il s
t s t wi t h d i t hyl sulph t (p g
-

me
’
S ee Va len t a s e a e a e

( st tki ) F u e l Oi l s A a ,
e tc .

Th ex mi ti su lly c mpris s
e a na on u a o e

M I UO ST I A I
R E D ETE R M N pg T ON , a e 18

A I AI ( v l til c mp ts) p g
.

F R C T ON T O N T ES T o a e o on e n a e 2 14.

A I pg
,

F L SH P O N T, a e 20 2

p
.

C O LD T E ST, age 2 1 1 .

W AX E S
P a r a ffi n Wax
MO I S T U R E AN D pg M EC H N C AIA L I MP U R I T I E S a e 18

YI AA I
.
,

ELD OF P (H R ) FF N WAX ol de

iss lv th r t st tub v id i g x c ss
.

m in
pr ci pi t t with u l v lu bs lut l c h l
D o e gr e e in a e -
e, a o n e e ,

21
°
C .
, a nd e a e an e
q a o me of a o e a o o .
 SEC TION VII

T H E T E ST I N G A N D A N A L Y S I S O F R O S I N A N D

T U R P E NT I N E
 S EC TION V II

T H E T E ST I N G A N D A N A L Y S I S O F R O S I N A N D
T UR P E N T I N E

R OS I N ( C o lo p h o ny)
A . D E TE CT O N I
(a ) In m i n era l oi l s

r si
As high its pr s c ha s susp ct d a ci d v a l u e may b e in
mi r l ils sh wi g disti ct ciditi s cid v lu is d t r
o n a e en e e e

ne a o The e o f th e o i l

mi d ( p g ch c t r si pr s t b i g ppr xim t ly
o n n a e . a a e e

of

quiv l t
e 12

cid v lu
ne a s on a ea p er en . o n e en e n a o a e

to 1
°

5
firm f ll ws
e a en a a e .

Con as o

k cc w rm sh k w ll with c c
o

I Ta e 10 of th e o il , a and 10 of 70 p er
c t lc h l c l filt r thr ugh m ist d filt r p p r
. . .
, a e e . .

a nd

v p r t filtr t if r si is pr s t r sidu sh uld p s ss

en . a o o oo e o a o en e e a e .

2 E
gummy c sist cy st by i b rm t rch t st ( b l )
. a o a e a e : o n e en ,
e e o os e a

on en . Te th e L e e an n - S o e e ow .

(b ) I n fa t t y l
oi s o r fa t t y a c i ds

Ro si mixtur ith f tty ils cids is b st d t ct d by

in ad e w th e
—
n,

f ll ws
a o or a ,
e e e e

L i eb er m ann S t o r ch t e s t as o o

1 G en tly w r m sm ll qu tity s mpl with qu l v lum of t h e e an e a e

pur c tic hydrid c l

. a a a an a o

of e a e an e : oo

ip tt c tic hydrid l y r it dr p
.

2 P e o ff t h e a n d a dd to of

sulphuric cid ( by mixi g c c c c H with

. e a e an e a e ,
one o

S G n on 28 04 357
c c t r)
a ,
. . . . .

wa e
pr s c r si vi l t c l r ti ( r pidly fu itiv ) is
. . .

3 . In e en e of o n a o e o o a on a g e p ro
du ce d .

R e ma r k s

If s pl is v ry d rk c l ur
th e m ct i this r s in a nd th e fo r in
d isti ct wi th l c h l ic p t sh cid i fy x i f tty
1. a e e a o o , re a on , ea on ,

on i fyl and e am ne the d

r si cid s l ib r t d
n sa a o o o a
, p , a a an

h l s t r l gi v s si i l r c l r t i It r v d by d iss lvi g
o n a e a e .

C m may b e e mo

fr s p s lut i i b v ) wit h t h r f r d c p si g w i t h
11. o e e o e a a o o a on . e o n

m th e be e om

i r l ci d
o ut o oa o on ( . a o e e e o e o n

m
pg
ne a a .

1 a e 1 06.
2 24 I —W M R OS N T ITC H EL I . E T H OD V II

4 T r sf r s p r ti fu l c l to ri s fl sk with to a nd e ou t

th r v r l tim s ddi g this s p r t r I s rt st pp r

n ne
. an e e a a n
g , oo n a

to a nd

sh k vig r usly ttl cid u us l y r

e e se e a e , a n e a a o . n e o e

Se e : r u n o ff a

W sh th r l s luti st rs r si cids with w t r till

a e o o . aq eo a e .

5 o n of e a nd th e
w shi gs l g r cid litmus c c lc h l
. a e e ea o e o n a a e

e to A dd 5 0 a nd

i t titr ti g fl sk ri si g s p r t r with littl lc h l

a n a re no on a . . . a o o

r un n o a n a ,
n n e a a o a e a o o .

Fig 6 7 .

6 T itr t with N lk li usi g ph l phth l i i dic t r

cids pr s t
. a e . a a ,
n en o a e n as n a o .

C of N a lk a l i x 0 346 = ro s i n a
°

e en
7 C

th d pl y d st i t i g r si pr s t
. . .
.

sm me ma y b e m fo r ma th e
s ps t h i x d f tty ci d s b i g firs t is l t d ci d i f i g dri d
Th e a e o e o e e n o n e en

in oa , e m e a a e n o a e b ya yn a nd e
°
a t 1 00 C .
 A NA L YI S S O F R OS N A N D T UR P E N T N E I I 22 5

T U R P E NT I N E

G enui turp ti is distill ti pr duct tur m ne th e a on o of th e

“
na al gu
c if rs It is li bl dult r ti by
ne en

of on a e to a e a on

ussi tur ti
e .

“
R
W d turp ti
r man
istill ti r ts d en
p en ne
”
fo d a on of oo and w oo .

i
oo ne

P n e oil

si spirit
.

Ro n

tr l u m phth s spirits
.

“ “ ”
Pe and

ls
o e na a .

B enz o
rb t tr chl rid th r chl ri t hydr c rb s
.

Ca on e a o e, a nd o e o na e d o a on

st d rd d t rmi ti s yi ldi i f rm ti purity

.

Th e an e n
g n o a on a s to t h e of

turp ti
a e e na on

en n e a re :

p cific gr vity
S e a at I 5 5 C
°
°
.

Refr ctiv i d x a e n e .

Solubility .

Optic l ctivity a a .

I di bs rpti
o ne a o on .

In dditi th r s r l s cific t sts v lu

a o n, t cti e e a re e ve a pe e of e fo r t h e de e on

v ri us dult r ts
a

of a o a e an .

°
S p e ci fi c Gr a v i t y at 15 5 C .

Th e S G is c v i tly bt i d by m s on en e n o a ne ea n of th e S G b ttl but

o a ny

st d rd m th ds m mpl y
. . . . e,

of t h e an a e o ay be o ed

f ll wi g t bl sh s turp ti s m its
e .

Th e ow th e S G of a nd of

dult r ts
o o n a e . . en ne o e

a e an

ur ric turp t i
N a me
P e A me an en ne

— Br
P et r ol eu m di s t i l l a tes
ic
ussiI d iP 1 00 .
°
1 8 0 A me .

R an
an

E n an
—
.

°
B P . . 1 80 2 00

l
Coa l ta r di s t i l l a t es
-

s
B enz o
To o
i
lu l
P n e o il
Ca rb t tr ch l rid
on e a o e

F . W . 11 .
2 26 E X MIA I
N AT O N OF T UR P EN T N E I VII

R e fr a c t i v e I n d e x

r fr ctiv i d x turp ti m d t rmi d

Th e of be t h e b u t yro
r fr ct m t r it c m s ithi sc l r di gs th t i s trum t
e a e n e en ne ay e e ne on

w the of

but s i c s m c mm dult r ts turp ti f ll ut s id

e a o e e ,
as o e n a e ea n a n en ;
e of th e on a e an of th e
sc l bb typ is b st r u d w rk
n e o o en ne a o e

th e A é th e fo r a ll - o

r fr ctiv i d x is us ful figur x mi ti tur

a e, e e n o .

Th e e e in t he on of

p ti p ci lly h c mbi with fr cti l di s till ti

e a e n e a e a na

w n ed th e on o f t h e

s mpl ( f ) t mp r tur mpl y d t st is suit bly

en n e, e s e a en o a on a a

in Th e i n the
l w r th th t fix d ils cc u t its v l tility
a e v. ra . e e a e e o e e a

for t h e of
°
o on a o n C
r di g if t k i r t t mp r tur b i g c lcul t d
o e an a e , o a , s a y 20 .
,
°
th e en a t a d ffe en e a e, t o 20 C
usi g c rr cti d gr
ea n , a e e n a a e .
,

the o n 0 00 4 2

f ll wi g t bl giv s usu l v ri ti s r fr ctiv i ic s

o e e
n p er ee .

The t he on of th e nd

sc l r di gs pu turp ti s m its substitut s

o o n a e e a a a e a e e

and a e ea n of re en n e, a n d o e of

l
e

i i x R e fr a c t ve n de S ca e r e a di n g (2 . B. )

u i tur t i
°
20 C .

W d turp t i
G en ne p en ne

oo en ne

p h th s —P et r ol eu m di s t i ll a tes
Na a 1 00
0
1 8 0 13 P .

l Coa t ta r di s ti ll a t es
-

lu l B enz o
°
1 5 00

Xyllv l t ph h To o 487
'

1
'

o I 4 94

vy b l So
H ea
en na t a

tsid l i i t s sc l
en z o

Ou e m of a e.

S ol u b i l i t y

urp ti is miscibl with ili c tic hydri

T diss lv s de , and

p rts c t lc h l M st mi r l di s till t s
en ne e an ne , a e an o e

in 10 of 9 0 p er o ne a oil in
s lubl th s s lv ts
a en . a o o . a e a re

o e in e e o en .

Te s t
’
Fr ey s l

c c turp t i is v i tly h k of s t pp r d c c cyl i d r w i t l

in h
c c O nhydr u s i l i i ut s is th ll w d st d
10 . . en ne o en S a en a o e e 50 . . n e

fo r 5 m d
pr s c p tr l u d ist i ll t s t h s ris fl t s ur c
30 . . fa o an ne n e an en a o e to an . I n th e
m
il i th i r v lu r d
e en e of e o e a e e e w dl e a nd oa on th e fa e of th e
an ne , a nd e o me may b e ea o ff .

M [ pr p s s f ll wi g t st b s d up its s lubility
a r ci /l o 2 o e th e in
c tic cid
o o o n e ,
a e on o

a e a :

A dd c t w t r gl ci l c t ic ci d
p er s t by tr t i g ci d w i t h
u lv l dry
of Te th e
s lut i sh uld r sult
2 en . a e to a a a e a . ea n a

o u me o f k cc °

tu p ti pl c gr du t d cyl i d r (st pp r d ) gr du lly

a n eq a C 8 2 a t 40 C . a c le a r o on o e . Ta 5 e . .

of in d a dd t h e

c t ic ci d s ll u ts t i sh ki g v ig r u sly u t i l l r s luti
r en n e, a e a a a e n e o e e an a a

in ma mo me
is bt i d l w t r t i ll turbi d s ll u t i t i s ci d t i ll
a e a a n at a , a n o o , n a C ea o on

Coo in ma of a

i ut s
a n d a dd

c l r s l t i is g i bt i d w hich p rsis t s ft r c l i g
“

o a ne a e an e a
.
, q
fo r 5 m
t t al v lu l i u i d is th s rd t p r tur t k
ea o u on a a n o a ne e a e oo n n e .

T he o o me of th e q en me a u e , th e em e a e a e n , a nd

1
f ou r A me r C /l etl l S oc
. . . . 1 908 , 3 0 4 20
, .

3
B u l l S oc C /z u n 1 9 1 2 ,
. . . 11, 76 2 .
228 E X MI A I
N AT O N O F T U R PE N T N E I VI I

I I
S P E C F C T E ST S FOR A D ULTE R ANT S

A . P ETR O L E U M D I S T I L L A TE S
F r a ct i o n a t i on T e s t

The b st g r l t st sc rt i i g purity turp ti is e fo r th e of en to

r cti lly distil giv qu tity t v lum

e en e a a e a n n ne

f and no e th e of dI S t i l l a t e
bt i d b tw d fi it t mp r tur s c s susp ct d dult r
a on a a en an o e

e I n th e e of e e a e a

ti r fr ctiv i d x sp cific gr vity ch fr cti is

O a ne e e en e n e e e a . a

th e th e of

tk g d i dic ti xt t dult r ti is thus

on, e a e n e or e a ea a on

a nd a oo n a on of th e e en of t h e a e a on

bt i d
a en ,

O a ne

r fr ct i v i d x is s t p i dly bt i d su i t bl gur t his

.

th e mo a nd fi fo r
purp s t st gr t dv t g r u iri g ly dr p l i ui d
The e a e n e ra o a ne a e e

o e, a nd th e h a s th e e of of

x i ti
ea a an a eq n on o
e a q
fo r e a m na on.

P r o c e du r e

I Ha v umb r gr du t d cyli d rs r dy c p city

of

gr du t d c c
. e a n e a a e n e ea , s a y 10 0 0 a a ,

a a e in 1
16

lc gl r fl sk ( p g ) c c s mpl tur
. .

P in En e 2 14 1 00 of th e of

p ti i s rt t rm m t r c rk c ct c d s r pl c
a e an e a a . . a e

he and to

cyli d r c tch distill t h t with m d r t fl m

en n e, n e o e e o ,
onn e on en e , a e

to and

( k pi g fl m lw ys s m h ight mpl yi g s m
a n e a a e, ea a o e a e a e

e a a th e a e e a nd e th e

bur r)
ee n a , o n a e

ne

t t mp r tur which fi liquid c s s

.

No th e e at th e rs t dr oo of o n de n e

th bs rv th rm m t r cl s ly t h r ugh ut distill ti W h
e e e a ,

o e o

t mp r tur r ch s r u d umb r d gr s di g
en O e e e o e e o a on . en

th e of

r m v cyli d r imm di t ly r pl c with fr sh

e e a e ea e a o n n e e ee , en n

in 0 01 5, e a nd

with ut disturbi g distill ti t umb r c c

°

e o e n , e a e e a e a e

one a on No th e n of of

first fr cti sc rt i r fr c tiv i d x ( ) sp cific

o n . e e . .

th e a on, and a e a n e a e n e a nd or e

g ra v 1t y
r c d u til xt ri s t mp r tur ccurs r m v
.

°
P th e n e 5 in a nd

fr cti b f r ti u fr ct i ti g v ry ris u til

o ee n e e e a e o , e o e
°
Con 5
t t l distill t r ch s
a on a s e o e . n e a on a n e e e, n

( ) th e a e ea e 95
t mp r tur r c h s
a o a c c
. . or
°

( ) c the e e a e ea e 2 00 C

M s ur r sidu l liquid fl sk d t rmi its r fr ctiv

.

th e i n th e a nd

i d x ( ) sp cific gr vity mp r r sults with th s

ea e e a a , e e ne e a e

a nd Co th e

bt i d s m pp r tu s with s mpl g ui m
n e or e a . a e e o e

in th e e of

turp ti
O a ne a e a a a a a en ne gu
en ne

i g v ryi g f c t rs d isti ll t i h igh t ck c p ci ty

.

Ow to th e in
fl sk t p r tur r r pid i ty d ist i ll t i h t fl
n a n a o a on, as e o f ne , a a

of em of o om , of me ,
i t is dv is bl ch p r t r st d rd d t r
a , e a e a a on , ea of a

et c .
, his
a a e fo r ea o e a o to us e ow n an a e e

m i n a t io n s .
 I FR AC T I ON A T O N T E S T 2 29

T he f ll wi g t bl s h w typic l x mpl
o o n a e S o a e a e s of fr cti ti a ona on

G en u i n e g u m t u rp en t i n e 4 7 o 8 [2 0 C ]
°
A .
<
-
,
re f . i n dex l
°

67 6 Z B . .

Co mmen ces to di s t i l a t I 56 5 C
° °

l l
.

il x
me
°
Fr a c t i o n s C Vo u of To ta R e fra c t i v e
i i
. .

L i m t s o f t e mp e ra t u re fr a c t i o n 0 c di s t la t e n de 20 C
°

—6o
. . . .

°
83 s
' '

l l 4 7 oo

si du
1 60
0 O
D
Re e 5
“

o 1 4 839
9s c - c .
[9 5 at 1 64 s <3 ° °
.

Com men ces

“ °
B R u s s i a n t u rp en t i n e t o di s t i l a t I 59 5 C
’

li l
. . .

i
il
Fra c t o n s C Vo u me of T o ta
i i
. .

L i m t s o f t e mp e ra t u re fra c t on c c. d s t l a te
—6
. .

°
1 0 45
1 60
° — 65 I
°
2
”
1 65 ° —7 I o
°
36 9 70
‘

1 70
0 —7 5 1
°
8 5 79 s
‘

1 75
° —8 I o
°
87 9
'

1 80
°
— 85 1
°

si du
°
1 85
°
o 4
Re e 50
95 cc . .
[9 5 [o]
0
at C .

C .
“
Wood t u rp en ti n e . F i r s t dr op a t 1 53 O
‘
°
C .

T e mp . of
O
fr a c t i on Vo l u me . c c . . i
Tota l
d s t i a te ll . c c .

SS
'
I I I
—
“

° °
15 5 16 o 49 4
1 60
° —1 6 5 °
33 4 82 8
1 65 —1 70 °
8 2
1 70 — 75 I
°
91 0
°
1 75
R es i du 5 0

95 cc . .
[9 5 /O]
°
at C .

D . P et r ol eu m di s t i ll a te, S G . . Com men ces to

°
di s t i l a t 1 27 C
l li il
.

Vo u me of T o t a v ol .

fr a c t i o n . c c
. . o f d s t la t e

0 5

3 5
27 6 2
25 8 7
3 4
1 5 6
3 1

2 16

270

2 8
27

377

°
/o d ist i ll d e a t 200
°
C .
2 30 E X A MI N A T O N O F T U R P E N T N E I I VI I

Tu rp en t i n e A 10 p er cen t .
p et r ol e u m di s t i ll a te
Commen ced di s t i l l i ng
°
S G 08 6 26 a t 1 27 6 C
li l x
. . . .

i
L i m t s o f t e mp . Vo u me of T o t a v ol . Ref . i n de .

o f di s t i lla t e
°
o f fra c t i o n C fra c t C
°
. . on. c c . . 20 .

— 1 3 0°
1 30
° —1 3 5
O 0
1 35 14° 1 4 34 5
_

° °
1 40 14 5
—5
-

°
1 15 1 0

( 00
.
—155 0
0 3
15 5
° —1 60 °

1 60
°
—65 1

1 65
° —1 70 7
'

1 70
° —1 7 5 36
1 75
° — I 80 18

180
° — 85 1
°

° °
1 85 -

90 1 $ 6
—1 9 5 °
0
I
9S 1
R es rdu e 5 0

95 cc [9 5 at 19 6 50 C

i st c
gi v u t dult r t i l st rri v d by
. . .

mo of a mo be
i sp c t i t bl It is h w v r s f r c l cul t p rc t g pr s t
I n th e n an e en, th e a n e a o n ca n a a e at

on o f th e th e
ch f c t i i d x th c tu l v lu dult r t
n e a e . o e e a e to a a e e en a e e en

in b y th e re f th e me of

fr ct i t t l t h s givi g t t l p tr l u pr s t
ea ra on n e en a a o a e an
.
, p er
a on, th e o a of e e n th e o a of e o e m e en .

S ol u b i l i t y i n F u m i n g N i t r i c A ci d
his m th d
T m difi d by M du e t o B u r t on , a n d e R o t/re, a r cu s s on , a n d

giv s r li bl s tim t mi l hydr c rb s pr s t

e o ,
o

W i n teryi el d, a e of th e

dult r ti It d p ds up f rm ti s lubl r si us m
e a e a e e n e ra o a on e en

th e o n of

p u ds by t cti fumi g itric cid up turp ti which

as a e a on . e en on o a o e e no co

o he o n Of a on en ne, do n ot

s p r t fr m cid up diluti M i r l phth s ith r

n a n n

th e
u ct d up by umi g cid if r m tic l fi hydr c rb s
e a a e o a on on . ne a na a a re e e

th e f o
°

e on a o r, a a 01 o e n

pr s t itr b di s f rm d which diss lv d by th r

na n ,
o a on

a re ca n be o e o ut

diluti u mi g cid with t r

e en ,
n o- o e a re o e e e

on on o f th e f n a wa e .

M ( m difi d )
’
B u r t on s et h o d o e

j Ob stim ti
e ct p tr l um bThe distill t s of

dult r ts turp ti
. e a on e o e or en z e ne a e as

a e an in en ne .

Ap p a ratu s and R eag ent s r eq u i r ed

[A ] 1 00 c c fl sk with ck gr du t d cc c c di isi s fo r 10 in 1

c c fl sk with gr du t d ck b v
a ne a a e v on
16
. . . .
, . . .

[B ] 5 00
p r ti g fu l c c c p city with l g d liv ry
. . a , a a e ne as a o e .

[C ] Se a a n nne 10 . . a a on e e t u b e, n a rro w e d
a t end

p r ti g fu l b ut c c c p city
.

[D ] Se a a n nn e a 1 50

umi g itric cid (

o . . a a .

[E ] F S G

itric cid c c
n n a . .

[F] N
th r
a on .

[G ] E e

l k li s l ( m H lc h l )
.

[H ] A KO in w a te r + 10 c c

I s lt fr i g mixtur
a o n . 10 gr s 1 00 0 0 . . a o o .

[] I ce and a eez n e .
232 E XA MI N A T I O N o r T UR PE N T N E I VII

B I
P NE O I L

r shly distill s mp s sh u empl y

.

F e ed a le o ld b e o ed

W l
.

ff Te s t ‘
’

il c c s pl w i th c c i tr b c t
o s

Bo of th e m of n e nz ene , a dd a c . c . o f 2 5

c ut i u sly h t b il g s c d s (pi il s r c t v i g r u sly )

5 . . a e 5 . . o
p er en .

H cl a nd in fo r
pr s c p i ily l y r is c l ur d br w ci d br w
a o ea to o 10 e on ne o ea o o . In
th e e of o il th e n a nd th e a
bl ck bs c i s p l y ll wish gr c id d rk r
e en ne o a e o o e o o n to
I n i ts th e o il a nd th e
gr
a . a en e a a e e o een a a a e

een .

P ies t Tes t
’
2

turp ti wi th t ic ydrid dr ps
s

h k ccS of th e o f a ce a nh a dd 1 0

c l furth r r ps ll wi g t d r
a e 5 . . en ne 5 c c . . e ; o

c H cl ; a dd d HCl On oo m

t p r tur d rk i g ccurs pr s c pi bs c
on c . oo ; e 10 o . a o n to s an at

em in of o il , a nd i n i ts th e
turp t i r i s l url s
e a e, a en n o e en e ne a en e

en ne e ma n co o e s.

C . R OS IN SP IR IT
G r i m a l di Te s t 3
’

fr ct i l d istill t (p g ) d ist i ll t i s c ll c t d fr ct i s
s

I n th e i on th e in on o f

i t rv l s which v i ld s s ll r v lu s hk
a ona a a e 2 14 a e o e e a

cc of th e ma me a nd is
t st tub s w t c c hydr ch l ric cid gr ul t d tub s k pt
3 . .
, or a t n e a e er ye e o , s a en

in i h a nd ti n , a nd th e
pr s c r si spi ri t ( pi l i ) r ld gr c l r t i
e -
e on . o o a an a e e e
°
C I n th e e e n e of me
d v l ps
a t 1 00 . o n no n an e a e en o o a on

e e o .

Zu ne
’
Te s t
sugg s distil s pl c ll c t i g firs t c c d is till t
s

Zu n e 1 00 c c . o f th e m of

s p r t ly d ist i ll i g furt h r c c x i i g first fr cti r sidu

e ts t o . a e, o e n 25 . . a e

a nd e am n n th e on a n d

i d x W i t h pu tu p t i d i r b tw l ss th
e a a e , n a e 5 . .
, a e e

fo r f ffe th e t w o is
c s r si v c t i t i s v r t his figur
’
re . n e . re r en ne e n ce e e en e an 004 .

I n th e a e of o n o il , e e n one p er en .
, o e e.

D I A HY A
C H L OR N TED D R OC R B ON S

h s h v b us d m sk iti s li ht p tr l um dis
.

T to a dd on of g e

th ir supp s d pr p rty r d ri g turp ti

e e a e een e a o e

t ill a t e s , a n d fo r e o e o e of en e n th e en n e n on

i fl mm bl
n a a e

h i r pr s c r d i ly d t t d by gr c l r t i
.

fl ma y b e th e of a me
pr du c d by pi c c pp r w i r dipp d l i uid h ld v r
T e e en e ea e ec e een o o a on . a

of i n th e a nd

bu s fl
o e a e e o e e, e q , e o e a

me
u t pr s t s t i t d by th d ri us ch l ri
n en a .

Th e a mo n e en ma y b e e ma e th e m e o of Ca fo r o ne

( C C l4 =
°
/ C 1)
‘

92 z o
.

S U M MAR Y O F T E S T S FO R A D U L T E RA N T S

R u s s i a n Tu r p en t i n e

O d ur
r cti ti t st
o .

F a o na on e .

W o o d Tu r p e n t i n e
F r ct i t i t s t
w r i d i v lu
a on a on e .

Lo e o ne a e .

1
'

F a r b en z e z t u ng , 9 1 2, I 7, 2 1
1 .

2 Cnem Z et t 1 1 2 , 36, 1 9 8
'

. .
9 .

3
1 6231 . 1 9 07, 3 1, 1 14 5 .
 T E S T S F O R A D U L T E RA N T S 233

P i Oil
w r i di v l
ne

Lo
t st ( p g
e o ne a ue .

L zeb er m a n n S l or e/z
'

W fi t st
-
e a e
"
al

t st
: e .

'
’
P z es t s e

ir
.

R os i n S p it
w r i d i v lu
Lo
r ct i t i t st ( l w fr ct i
e o ne a e.

F s)
t st
a ona on e o er B P .
. a on .

'

Gr z nz a l a z
d istill t i t st
'
’
e .

’
Za ne r a on e

r l um ll
.

P et o e D is ti a tes

i d xl w r
S G
. .

Re f
w r i d i v lu
. n e o e .

Lo
lubi li ty t sts
e o ne a es .

So
r ct i t i t st
e .

F
lub i l i ty fu i g itri c ci d t t
a o na on e .

So in m n n a es

l
.

p tr l u d ist i ll t s
en z o es

A s fo r e o e m a e .

Ch lr
o rcr
i n a t e d H yd o a b o n s

r ct i t i t s t
S G
. .

F
pp r gr fl
a on a on e .

Co me
sti t i th d
e ee n a .

ma b y Ca r au s m e
’
E
'

on o .
 SEC TI ON V III
I NT E R P R ET A T I O N O F R E S U LTS

r ti l m th d x mi ti
1 Th e ils f ts w x s
a on a e o of e a na on of o a a nd a e

pr vi usly p i t d ( I p g ) — w uld is l t
.
, ,

as e o o n e ou t Vol 64 b e to th e
glyc rid s st rs d t rmi id tity
.
, a e o o a e c on

s t i tu e n t e e tc and th e a nd t h e p ro

p rti s pr s t ch f ili g t is split v ri us glyc rid s

e e , e ,
e e ne en

o f ea h to th e
st r s x mi i dividu l f tty cids lc h ls ly
o on e en , or a n up a o e e
,

or e e a nd e th e and a On in
c s s is it pr ctic bl tt mpt s p r ti c mp t
, a ne n a a a o o .

a fe w a e to of th e

p rts m th d lysis f ll i g
a a e a e a e a a on o o n en

a as a e o of a na e g in th e o ow n

I s lubl br mid v lu — H x ct u s tur t d cids

.
,
.

“ “
a nd
”
n o e

s r t d br mid s
o e a e e a o o n a a e a

e pa a e

ich rt M issl l sk Kirsch r— rti l s p r ti v l til

as o e .

Re Po Pa of e

cids
e -
e -
en e- ne a e a a on o a

m tt r— p r ti lc h ls hydr c rb s
.

U n s a p on i fi a b l e Se on of a and

rd
a e a a o o o a on .

R en a
t sts — p r ti f tty cids high m l cul r w ight
B e ll i er Se on of a of o e a e

rt lli
e a a a .

To e

li c must th r f r pl c m i ly up
Re e c mp ris be ed on th e o a o n of th e

physic l ch mic l d t u d r x mi ti with

an e e o e a a n

a a nd a a of t h e o il , fa t , wax e e a na on

th s yi ld d by pur sp cim s sm
e a or n

o e e e e e en of th e a e .

It is bvi us th r f r th t c sid r ti
2 first imp rt on of th e o

c is xt t v ri ti sh w by s mpl s sm
. o o ,
e e o e, a a on e a

th e e of of th e e o il , fa t, e tc

fr m di r t s urc s u d r diff ri g c diti s It will dvis bl

an e en a a on o n a e a .

ffe a nd be a e

c sid r this qu sti s m d t il

o en o e n e e n on on . a

to on e e on in o e e a .

3 E ffe c t of D i ffe r i n g V a r i e t i e s of P l a n t or Animal

ils d riv d fr m di ri g v ri ti s sp ci s s m pl t
.

O ffe of t h e an or

im l slight diff r c s ch mic l physic l

e e o n a e e or e e a e

e xh i b it u n do u b t e dl y in a nd
'

e e a a

pr p rti s lth ugh k wl dg this m tt r is pr s t v ry m

an a e en

o of at e en e i
p rf ct r c t t bl disc v ry this c cti is rm us
o e e , a our no e e a e

A in th e eno o

di r c s ch mic l c mp siti ils fr m v ri us p ci s

e e . e en no a e o e onn e on

ffe in th e of o S e e of

sh rks
en e e a o o on o a o
‘
a .

1
f u d y i ld i l s v ry ich
Th e s qu a l z a a e
'

s tur t d h ydr c rb
’

d pi c hp
a re o n to e o e r in a n un a a e o a on

n a me ma n , A n a lys t ,
“ ”
S na ene . C a 1
9 1 7 , 42 , 161.
 I N T E R P R E T A T O N OF R E S U L T S I 2 37

g4 E ffe c t of Cli m a t e
ct clim t yi ld d by im l pl t
.

The e ffe of th e a e o n t h e o il e t c an

is pr b bly slight ch mic l physic l d t c c r d

. e e an an a or

as fa r a s th e e a nd a a a re on e ne

h w v r is u d ubt dly i flu c d by clim tic

o a a a .

Th e fi o f a n o il , th e

c diti s bt i g hus liv ils fr m v ri us c u tri s dif r gr tly

a v on r o e e ,
n o e n en e a

T fe
v ri ty ) m pr b bly
ea

th ir p l t bility lth ugh diff r c s

on on o a ni n . o e o o a o o n e

in in th e
ls h v s m b ri g this qu sti f ct rs p r ti g this
e a a a ,
a o e en e a e 3 ay o a

The in
cs diff r c s s il m t mp r tur r i f ll
a o a e o e ea n on e on . a o o e a n

th e of and As
x mpl fr m im l s urc s diff r c ch mic l c mp siti
a e a re e en e o ,
ea n e e a e, a n a . an

e the in e o o o n -o f

butt rf t fr m Irish butt r m cit d

e a e o an a o , e en e a

e a o e ay be e .

5 E ffe c t of F ood

cs im l il s f ts is v ry imp rt t m difyi g
.

F o o d, i n t h e a e of a n a o and

f ct r cs im ls A U A Y th r v ri ti s
a , a e o an o n

a o I n th e a e of an a N T R LL FE D a re in
ch r ct r v ri ty mut f dt k p rc t g
. e e a a on

th e a nd a of th e en, a n d th e
m istur t k with it diff r t r sults giv by butt rf t bt i d
a a e ,
a e ,
o n oo a e en a e

of Th e
"

o e a

fr m v ri us p rts w rld pr b bly chi fly ch r ct r

en . e en e en e a o a ne

of th e du e t o th e of

f dt k f d I A I A A u d ubt dly i flu c s
o a o a o a re o a e a a e

Th e of F S H E T NG M MM LS o

c t t u s tur t d glyc rid s d riv d th r fr m th r

oo a en . oo -
n e n en e

th e of i n th e oil e e e e An o
i st c is v ri ti c mp siti AX fr m diff r t
o n en n a a e e e o . e

th e g re a t a a on in th e o o on of B E E SW

p rts w rld pri cip lly d ubtl ss v ry g ch r ct r

n an e o e en

of th e du e n o e to th e of

flr c u tri s c c r d
a o ,
a , , a in a a e

th e o a of th e

Wh im ls up A I I I A I ly is th r ft
o n e on e ne .

fe d RT F C L D E T, n o t o n

m rk d dif r c v ur fr m such im ls but

en a n a a re on a n e e o en

fe en i n t h e fla of t h e o il fa t
ch r ct r glyc rid s is fr qu tly m difi d hus dditi
a a e e o or o an a ,

th e of th e e e en T in
lt r ti fl v ur butt r riv d fr m c ws put up
a a e e o e .
, a on

to th e a e a on in a o of th e e de o

rti ci l di t th r is lt r ti p rc t g v l til f tty cids

e o on a n

fi e e e an a e a on i n th e e en a e of o a

yi ld d ich rt M issl t st W h r f d m mm ls c t i s
a a , e a a

i n th e R e e e e e e th e oo of

glyc rid s d ff ri g ch r ct r fr m th s yi ld d by im l its lf

e e -
. a a on a n

e e e n in a a e o o e e e th e

pr p rti th s glyc rid s ccur b dy m ilk f s such

i an a e ,

of e e e e o i n th e o and at of

mm ls
a o o on

ma ]

bs rpti th r subst c s cc mp yi g f ts s uch

a .

Th e on of o
’

e an e a o an n a

fr m s s m subst c c tt s d givi g H M
a o , a s s es a n z z n

e o il, a n d th e in o on e e o il th e t/
r sulti g fr m givi g s m ch r c
o e a an e n a en

r ea ct i on m i n t h e fa t th e a n i al s o fe d th e

c l ur r cti s is w ll st blish d
e n o n a e a a

t e r is t i c on n ow e e a e

rtu t ly lyst pr s t ils us d

o o ea ,
.

Fo fo r t h e t h e ST E R O LS i n th e
f dd r pp r b c m bs rb d this m r thus
na e a na , e en o e as

do n ot to in n o n e of

phyt st r ls h v b d t ct d t ll w fr m c ttl
o e a ea e o e a o e a nn e :

th e e e e i n th e a o o fe d
t bl pr ducts l rd fr m h gs with c tt c k his t st is
o e o a e e en a e o n v eg e

in fed T 2

th r f r still v il bl d t rmi i g im l v g t bl s urc

a e o ,
or a o o o on a e . e

e e o e a a a e fo r e e n n th e a n a or e e a e o e of

a n o il o r fa t .

cc rd i g t
1 A r c t r s rch s i l s t k d th e o fo o b y ma mm a l s p rt i lly
h ydr ly s d i t h b dy h v i g f tty ci d
o n o e en e ea e ,
a en a s a re a a

a n d r e - e s teri fi e d a s m i xed g lycer ides ,

gr ups pr p r t r l s u ch ls
o e n e o a n a a

the no ma fa t of m a m ma
c t t t st p g
o o e o .

2
P h yt o s t e ryl a e a e e : a e 1 78 .
2 38 I N T E R P R ET A T O N OF R E S U L T S I V I II
§dditi
6 v ri ti In tur l c diti s which to th e in may
m dify ch r ct r ils th r v ri ti s
. a on a a on na a on on ,

th e of th e et c du e to th e
m uf cturi g pr c ss s mpl y d fr m im l
o a a e o , .
,
e e a re a a on

an a m o e o t h e t r ea t en t b f th e
pl t tissu fi ls l g r l public c urs
n e e o e an a or
,

t o th e a e of t h e o il t o th e I n th e
tr tm t which u d rg s it m ls suf r i dv rt t
an e na en e a . o e

of th e t h e oil fe
c t mi ti it is ft imp rt t disti guish this fr m wilful
ea en n e oe , ay a o na e en

on , a n d to
s phistic ti
on a na o en o an n o

o a on .

7 P u ri ty of th e S ou r c e
lth ugh d ubtl ss m y c s s is k wi gly dult r t
.

A o e in oil e a ed by
mixi g ch p r f tty m t ri l with rigi l pr duct th r ls
o an a e no n a

th e o

s m i st c s which such dmixtur is ig r c i dv rt c

n ea e a a e a na o , e e a re a o

o e in du e t o no a n e

u v id bl tur l c dit i s hus li s d is fr m s m

e n an a e e, na en e,

to T o il

urc s r gul rly c t mi t d with fr m th r s ds fish liv rs

or na o a e na a on on .
,
n ee , o o e

o il and

s ld m bt i d fr m si gl v ri ty fish
o on a na e o o e ee e
s e , e a ,

a of

J p fish m fr m J p s h rr g Jp s
a re e o o a ne o n e a e .

“ ”
o il ybe th e th e
s rdi fr m b th
a an a o a a ne e e in , or a a ne e

a n e, or o o .

8 F r es h n es s of th e Oi l yi e l di n g
-
Ma t e r i a l
this f ct r is gr t st p r v ri ti c l ur ur
.

To du e t h e t o f th e in o do

fl v ur ils f ts ch mic l ch r ct r is ls li bl gr t
a o ea e a a a on o o , ,

and of o a nd The a e to
lt r ti s hus fr f tty c dity is m sur
a o a . e a a a o a e ea

T th e a i o f a n o il o r fa t l a rg e l y a
fr sh ss fruit s d cs im ls f tty
a e a on . ee a ea e

o f th e o f th e in th e a e of an of th e

tissu fr m which it b d riv d m y c s s xid ti

e ne , ee , o r, a , a

ha s In on of th e
glyc rid s is pr duc d r sulti g fr m s m c us ifd c mp siti
e o e en e e . an a e , o a

e th e e , a n d, e

rigi l tissu ccurr d l rg xt t glyc rid s m

e e o ,
e n o a e a o o on

of th e o has o to a th e

h v b m r l ss br k d w r sulti g rm ti l w r
na e e a e e en , e e ay

e en o e or e o en n, e i n t h e fo on o f

f tty cids ld hyd s tmi s th r rg ic b s s ccur

a e o n a o e

e tc P and o in
ils fr m putrid fish blubb r m ri im ls
a a ,
a e e , . o a ne , e o an a e ,
o

o o a nd e of a ne an a .

9 Me t h od o f ob t a i n i n g Oi l , F a t , et c.

c s ils f ts bt i d by xpr s si c l ur
.

In t he e of o and e th e a nd

fl v ur is gr tly i flu c d by AU
a a o a ne e o n, o o

of th e o il th e T E M P E R T R E o f th e e x

pr s s i l gth tim t k c ki g s d c ld
a o ea n en e
“ ”
of fo r the e tc ; th e
xpr ss d ils b i g lw ys light r sw t r pur r
e on, en e a en oo n ee , . o

ee e a nd e

lbu mi us impuriti s cc mp y m st xpr ss d ils gr t r

e e e o e n a a e ,
.

A to a
l ss xt t th ugh th s r lly c sid r bl d gr r m v d
no e a o an o e e e o ea e or

o e e a re g e ne a to a on e a e e ee e o e

by ft r r fi m t
e e en ,

xtr ct d ils c t i s m s lv t us d xtr cti

a e e ne en .

E ma y of th e en fo r
sp ci lly if c mpl x s lv t such p tr l um th r b us d
a e o on a n o e o e e a o n,

as o e e e has een

this purp s ulp h ur liv ils c t i sulp ur fr m c rb

e e a a o e o en ,
e , e
”
fo r S h th e
‘

disulphid mpl y d xtr cti liv m rc

o e . o e o on a n o a on
”
in the e o f th e

ils bt i d by b ili g im l tissu with w t r s p ci lly wh

e e o e a on o e a .

O a e e in
putrid c diti c s l w r r d s fi s h ils li bl
o a ne o n an a e , e a en

in t h e e of a e of o to
c t i xc ss m istur much lbumi us impuriti s g t bl
a on o n, a s a o e g , a re a e

of e a nd no Ve
w x s whi c h m stly bt i d this m r s ld m fr fr m
on a n e e o a e . e a e

in a nne a re e o ee o

m istur r ub usu lly c t i s diti much dmix

a e ,
a re o o a ne ,

o e, a nd Ca na a wax a on a n , in ad on, a ed
240 H Y D R OG E N A T O N I V I II
l di
9 E r d r d i pplic bl en

v lu pr ctic lly u lt r d
. ai n e e na a e .

Io S a p o n i fi c a t io n e

I s lubl v lu r duc r
. a a a na e e .

I I Br ed to
ich rt l sk v lu pr ct c lly u lt r d
. n o e . a e e ze o .

12 Re Po e a e a

c tyl v lu usu lly r duc d ( s plit )

. e -
en i a na e e .

3 1 A OH o ff

cid v lu u lt r d
. e a e a e e .

14 A
u lt r d
. a e na e e .

15 U n s a p o n i fia b le na

c t t t st u lt r d
. e e .

P h yt os t e r v l a e a e e na e e
l

l ur t sts
Co o e r d r d g t v m st c s s en e e

rd t st m difi d th ugh still pplic bl

ne a i e In o a e .

R en a e o e o a a e

ittl guid rigi l s urc hydr g t d is v il bl

, .

L e to th e o e Of a en a e oil

it m yb difficult m y c s s disti gui h h rd d fr m

e as na o o a a a e,

a nd a in to n a a en e a n a t u ra l

d t ti tr c s ick l (p g ) wil g r lly pr v it s

e an a e s o

fa t Th e e ec o n Of of N e a e 1 57 l
pr s c but impr v d m th ds w rk h v m d it p ssibl r m v
. a e ene a o e

e en e, Of to

tr c s ick l c t lyst u l ss ils h v high cidity

o e e o o a e a e o e e o e

a ll a e of the N e n e th e O a e a a

H rd d ils pp r tly s p ify with lk lis m r r dily th

a a , .

a a o e th e

tur l f ts uth rs d v l p m th d th ir r c g iti

a en e O a a en a on ea an

a nd th e a h Op e t o a fo r on

b s d up this bs rv ti hr ls c rt i s m h t dis
na a a , o e e o e o e e o n

a e on o T e e a re a o e a n o ew fine
ti ct s xt r l phy s ic l ch r ct ristics h rd d t s which
e a on . a

n i on i n t h e Of fa
h lp r c g iti i iti t d but th s di ficult d scrib
e e na a a a e a en e a re

a e to t o th e f to in
t rms furth r p i t is th t cry s t ls bt i d by v p r ti
e o n on n a e ,
e e a re e e

s et A th e th e e a
th r l s luti ft dif r fr m st ri bt i d fr m b f
e . e o n a a o a ne o a on

Of a n e fe th e fa t
U rigi l lth ugh usu llyu r c g is bl f ts
e ea o on o en o ea n o a ne o ee .

Th e ODO R o f th e o Oi l, a a n e o i n th e
th ms lv s m s m tim s d t ct d by d ur d v l p d s p i
na o n a e a

be th e o o e e o

lib r ti g f tty cids with dilut sulphuric cid ( p g

e e e , ay o e e e e e e on a on

fyi n g a nd th e a e a e 2 72

It m p i t d th t ils m st c mm ly hydr g t d
e a n a a

a y a ls o be out th e O o o on

dryi g s mi dryi g m ri ils c t i st rs

o n e a o en a e
,

i e th e e a nd a ne O a ll on a n e e o f u n s a tu

r t d f tty cids h vi g c rb t ms t s hydr g ti giv

. . n ,
-
n ,

18 he
st ric cid much gr t r pr p rti s th pr s t m j rity
a e a a a n a on a o ; e, on o en a on , e

in on a n a re e en i n th e
v g t bl f ts It f ll ws th r f r th t if ft r pr vi g th t giv
ea a ea e o o a o

of e

s mpl is by m s c t t t s t (p g
e e a e a . o o ,
e e o e, a ,
a o n a a en

e ta bl e fa t Of th e p h yt o s t e r yl e a e

l r p rc t g st ric cid is f u d ( p g ) it m t k
a e a ve ea n a e a e
g
ge e Of a e 17 3 ay be a

pr b bl th t h rd d is u d r c sid r ti
a a e en a ea a o n en a s

fa t
d t b v it is s th t v lu i s pr ctic lly
o a e a a a en e n e on e a on .

In the th e s a p on i fi c a t i o n
u ct d h rd i g but u f rtu t ly m st c s s this giv s littl
a a a o e een a a e a a

n a ffe in in
guid ils usu lly ch s h rd i g c t i glyc rid s which
e a en n , n o na e ,
o a e , e e

th e fo r en n

rm l m l cul r w ight s m r m rks pply cs

e, a s O a o en a on a n e e

in Th e in th e
'

e a e e a a

ich rt M issl v lu c s h rd d A this

a re n o a o e a . a e

of th e R e I n th e of R PE OI L

w uld id tifi d by s p v lu l t t st ll by
e -
e a e . a e a e ne

be th e a on a e and Va en a e as we as

rd t st ( rucic cid b i g c v rt d i t b h ic cid )

o en e .
,

th e R en a th e
A hydr g ti l s s hydr xyl r dicl rici l ic
e e a e n on e e n o e en a .

C ST O R O I L , o n o n, o e th e o a e of t h e no e

gr up xt t hich this ccurs b c m s i di s ti guish bl

o ena

o a nd to th e e en to w o ,
e o e n n a e

r l g d tr t t high t p r tur s pp rs r du c u t
,

s t r l s pr s t s p ci lly c s ch l s t r l ( M
1
P o on e ea men at e m e a e a ea to e e t h e a mo n s of
Clzem
'

e o e en , e e a i n th e a e of o e e o a rc u s s o n , Z el t . a ng ew . .

19 14, 27 ,
 I N T E R P R E TA T I O N O F R E S UL T S 24 1

fr m th r h rd d ils pr ctic h w v r c tyl v lu w uld

o e en e O In th e a

vr tir ly g tiv this t st w uld th r f r still disti guish

o a . a e, o e e , e a e o

ne e be en e ne a e, a n d e o e e o e n

th e fa t
hr littl qu sti th t h rd d il s l gitim t ly
.

T e e ca n n o w be be
mpl y d r pl c tur l f ts pr ctic l purp s s i clud i g
e e on a a en e O ca n e a e

to e na fo r a ll th e

m uf ctur d bl pr ducts is usu lly c ss ry l st c s

e o e e a a a a a o e , n n

e of e e o It in th e
mpl y judici us mixtur si c h rd d i s rm lly
an a i . a ne e a ,
a a e,

to e th e fa t too

h rd l furth r it quit s m
o a o e, n e a ene no a
“
fo r u s e a o n e, a n d ha s n ot e the t ext u r e

tur l s pm ki g it b f u d h t much l rg r
a . e , a e as a

ha s
'

Ia t In t

p rti s r si m s tisf ct rily mpl y d h usi g h rd

na a oa a n e en o n a a e
.
p ro
of be w th e
“

d st ri s r pl c t ll w p lm
o on o n ay a a o e o e en n a

Oil
”
to

qu sti hydr g ti d s ff ct lysis ils

e ne ea ne e a e a o or a .

Th e Of oe no t a th e Of O

si c A I A Y A I is pr ctic c rri d It
e on o ena on e ana as

a l ls , in ]
'

e P RT L H D R OG E N T ON n ot a a out

th r f r f irly s f ly ssum d th t ils h v b r fi d

n e e .

m ay be a a e a e a o a e n ot ee n e ne in
this m r
e e o e

a nn e .

I I E ffe c t of Ag e
k pi g ils f ts l g p ri d with ut ch mic l
.

Th e of o and fo r
physic l c h g r sulti g is p ssibl pr vidi g th t
ee n a a on e o o any e a

or a e

(i) tr c s tur l splitti g f rm ts rm lly pr s t

an e n o e o n a

a ll a e Of n a fa t en no a e en in
ils d riv d fr m s d s r m v d d str y d
a -
n e ,

an d th e

( ii ) ils k pt fr fr m tr c s m i s tur
o ,
e e o ee ,
a re e o e or e o e

th e O a re e ee o a ll a e Of e, a nd a ir a nd

light rig r usly xclud d

o

a re

th rwis fr f tty cids pr duc d c rt i m u t

o o e e .

O ma y b e a nd a of

d c mp siti ccur ( w ll xid ti ) r sulti g t g th r

e e ee a a o e , e a n a o n

e o o on o as as o o e e in the p ro
ducti Ipg m ils m r li bl
e a on e n

o n O f r a n ci di
t ( s ee V ol So a re o e e to

th s ch g s th th rs l chi g d d ris ti ( p rt fr m
y .
,
a e e O a

e e an e a n a re O e B ea n a nd eo o a on a a o

d v l pm t d ur r cidity ) l ys ccur s m xt t
.

th e e of o du e t o wa to o e e en

sp ci lly if light is fr ly dmitt d

e o en o an a o ,

e e a ee a e .

12 Sp e ci a l Tr e a t m e n t
ils m di d s v r l imp rt t r sp cts by v ri us t ch ic l
.

O fie in a

pr c ss s s p ci l purp s s d t il d d scripti m th ds
a re o e e a o an e e o e n a

fo r A on of th e e o

mpl y d d s c c r us h r but bri f I dic ti ch g s

o e e e a o e . e a e e

e n ot on of th e an e

ct d m r imp rt t c s s m s rvic
e o oe on e n e e, a e n a

e ffe e in t h e o e o an a e ay be of e e

( ) Ia A HI A I ( lym ris d ils)

L T H OG R P C V R N SHES Po e e O

h s pr duc d by h ti g ils high t mp r tur s (

.

°
T e e a re th e o to e a e 2 50
c s li s d which is chi fly us d is
o e ea n e
°

3 00 I n th e of O il , th e S G

i cr s d
a ee e e

i di v lu d cr s d
e n ,
. .

n ea — e to 09 —
6 09 8, and th e a to 1 20 80,
cc rdi g t mp r tur l gth tr tm t ils
o ne e e ea e

a o n to th e e and th e of Th e O a re

tr sp r t viscid liquids x ct tur ch g s which

e e a en ea en .

an a en a nd th e e a of th e
ccur is u d rst d but p lym ris ti glyc rid s pr c ds
, , na e an e

o n ot Of th e e e o ee

c sid r bl xt t
n e oo , o e a on

to a on e a e e en .

e ffe
1 d e
r
Deot
in
i chi f bj ct s
c t d h ydr g t i u t i l hi gh d gr
o r fi
is a i g is pp r tly
t k pl c
o
on ,

e na
on e

on
of

n
th e
a
e

e
O e
ee
i n o il e n n ,
o f lz a r de n z ng h a s
'

a en
a a en

a e .
not

F 85 . W . II .
24 2 E F FE C T O F S P E C A L T R E AT ME N T I V II I

(5 ) I
B O L ED O L S I
il d ils pr duc h ti g suit bl ils b ut with
.

°
Bo e o ed by to 1 50 C
sm ll qu titi s subs c s t rm d dri rs wh r by cquir s
a re o ea n a e O a o .

“
of t t h e o il a
”
a

pr p rty r pidly dryi g l stic ski N rly c mm rci l

an e an e e e e , e e e

th e o e of to a ll

b il d ils pr p r d fr m li s d lth ugh th r dryi g ils m

a n an e a n . ea o e a

o e O a re e o o il , a

us d dri rs dd m f ll wi g simil r c mp u ds
a e n ee o o e n o ay

be e Th e e a ed a y b e th e

l d m g s xid s c t t s x l t s b r t s r si t s
. o o n ,
or a o o n :

a nd
“ ”
ea an a ne e a nd

i s lubl f tty cid s lts lcium s lts s us d s m xt t

o e ,
a e a e , o a a e ,
o a e , o na e ,

n o e a a Ca a re a l o to
v ri us mixtur s b v M y substitut s g ui
a . a e o e e en ,

and a o o f a ll th e fo r
b il d m with usu lly mixtur s r si fish ils
e a o e . an e en ne

o e o i l a re et a e of o n a nd o e tc

c s p lym ris d ils is i cr s d (

.
, ,

A s in th e e of th e S G to
‘

9 47
p c ss r d rs thick visc us i di v lu is
a o e e o ,
. . n ea e

and th e ro e en e th e o il and o Th e o

r duc d sm css cid v lu ls i cr s s

. ne a e

e e to a s low 7 0 in Th e
lym ris ti s m d c mp siti ccur but x ct ch g s
as o e a e . a a e a o n ea e .

Po e a on a nd e th e e e

u d rg by r quir furth r lucid ti il d ils m

o e o o on o ,
a an

n e one the oil e e e a on Bo e O be

disti guish d by th y yi ld i ci r ti pr s c
e . ay

th e a s h du e t o t h e
dri r pr ctic l t st c c r s l gth tim t k
n e e e on n ne a on, e en e

of th e e Th e e on th e en of fo r
thi l y r l stic ski qu lity ski pr duc d
. a a e n e a en a

n a e to dry t o an e a n, a n d th e a of th e n o e .

( c) B L OWN O I LS
bl w ils pr duc d by bl wi g thr ugh h t d
.

T he a ir th e o il

h y us d lu ric ts su lly dmixtur with mi r l ils wi g

o n o a re o e o n o ea e .

T b in
th ir high visc siti s h y simul t c st r h v high c tyl
e a re e as an u a a e ne a o , o n

to T o o i l, a n d

v lu s by m s which th y m r c g is d
e o e . e a e a a e a e

a e , ea n of e ay be e o n e .

( ) U ’
a A I ( urk y
S L P H ON ils) TED O LS T e -
re d o

h s pr duc d by cti c c tr t d sulphuric cid

.

T th e a on o f

c st r liv c tt s d th r ils h y us d xt siv ly

e e a re o e on en a e a on

a and o T e a re in
pr c ss dy i g pr duci mulsi s with w t r
o , o e, o on ee e o . e e en e

the of a n d fo r n g o il e Th e
p rc t g sulph t d tty cids m bt i d by b ili g with
o e e n , o on a e .

1
e of fa be
dilut hydr chl ric cid ( — ) mi ut s ith c st t git ti
en a e on a e a ay o a ne o n

1 5 fo r 4 0 e w on a a on

f tty l y r is diss lv d th r sulphuric cid qu us

e o o a n an .

The in e a nd th e in th e a eo

liquid with b rium chl rid

a a e o e e ,
a

p p td . a o e .

dditi tur l ri ti s ils f ts

In th s t o th e n a in e tc a nd

pr duc d pr c ss m u ctur th r m
13 . a on a va a on o ,
a , . o e

in e of an fa e, b e i n a dv e r t e n t c on

ils his m ccur m y w ys

o e o e e ay

ta m m
i n a t i on or o di fi c a t i o n o f o T in
hus tim duri g h dli g it m pl c d
. ay o an a .

T at th e of t h e Oil , be in
t ks c t i i g th r ils i t b rr ls c sks hich h v b
, a ny e n an n ay a e

a nd a w a e een

i d qu t ly cl s d h v b s ttl d liquid
an on a n n o e o ,
or n o a e

m ; o r th e oi l e en e e a nd th e

p rti l tt r is quit c mm ccurr c

na e a e ea n e ay a e ,

r u n o ff th e to p T he e a o on o en e, a nd

cc u ts v ry v ri bl st ri c t t t ch ic l s mpl s
o on . a e

o n fo r t h e e a a e ea ne o n en of e n a a e of

ils
a

o .

twithst di g r g i g c us s which p r t
No th e fo O e a e to p ro
duc v ri ti ils f ts th r is g r l gr m t m gst
14 . an n e o n a e ,

e a a on in o a nd a ,
e e a en e a a ee en a on th e

rb i 1 He g , G/zem R evu e, . 1 9 02 , 5 .
24 4
l
I I III
N T E R P R E T A T O N O F R E S UL T S V

§ m r usu l pr bl m is sc rt i purity
18 A xt t to a th e th e e
ch r ct r dult r ti if pr s t s mpl k w
. o e a o e e a n , or en

a nd of a of a e of a n O il , e t c

r put d g ui f ll wi g sugg sti s m s rvic

a a e e a on e en ,
a no .

e e to be en ne Th e o o n e on ay be of e e
‘

sc rt i s mpl gr s g r l xt r l ch r ct r with
.

A A if the in
d scripti g v t d rd t xt b k s ( I cti )
. e a n a e a ee ene a e e na a a e

th e in i n V ol Se IV
littl b tw h ds t st U if dibl try
e on i en S an a e -
oo or .
,
on .

R ub th e a nd th e OD O R : e O il,

A U t if mut
a e e e en an e an e

the FL VO I R No t h e CO N S ST EN C E a n d, o i l, th e of

st ri pr s t
. e an a o n
“ ”
ea ne e en .

B sult tr d p p rsCon ruli g m rk t pric

th e a nd fi n d th e a e e of the
subst c mk t wh t p ssibl dult r ts qu l
. a e a e n

a nd of e an a re e a to

l ss th this pric ( his is usu lly m st v lu bl guid )

an e, a e a no e a o e a

a nd e an in e . T a a o a a e e .

C d t il d d scripti
Th e e awill g r lly h w e of t h e o i l, e t c th e
b st t sts mpl y but ll wi g m giv gr t st
. e on . en e a S o

e to t h e fo be of

r l utility
e e o : o n ay en as ea e

g ene a I a s SO R T N G T E S TS

g t bl 1 im l ils—i di v lu r fr ct m t r
Ve e a e and an a O o ne a e or e a o e e

g t bl im l f ts —r r ct m t r v lu
. .

2 Ve e a e andan a a ef a o e e o r s a p o n i fi ca t i o n a e

g t bl im l w x s—m lti g p i t
. .

3 Ve e a e and a n a a e e n o n

H ydr c rb mi r l ils— gr vity

. .

4 . o a on a n d ne a O S p ec i fi c a .

D H vi g sc rt i d this pr limi ry figur tur up c l ur e na th e ed

di gr m ( I h pt rs ) c c r d figur giv u d r
. a n a e a ne e, n o o

V ol C IV a nd V th e

d t il d d scripti If figur bt i d
a a .
,
a e on e ne ,
or e en n e
'

th e w i t/z tae
'

’
the on e o a ne coz n cz a es

th r giv th r is i iti l pr sumpti purity It is w ll

e a e e . a v er ag e

va lue a e of

r ly this first r sult ( si c mixtur s m r dily m d

e e en , e e an n on . e

n ot to be to
c mply with t st ) sugg st pr c d f ll ws
e on e n e e ay ea a e

o on e e a nd w e e to o ee as o o

sc rt i s p ci l d i gr s w hich i l s c i g i t pr c ti c l
,

A s b y m ea n of th e m om n

dult r t s ( b v ) dj c t u st i M k t
e a n, e a a a ,
O , n o a a

B t o th e o il in q e on
ch t h s tur up th r d i gr s t i g which figur s
ra n g e a s a e an a o e , a re a a en . a e a no e

o f ea of e e and th e o m th e o n e i n the
th s i l s h r t st v g d i v rg c fr s pl u st i
n e a a , no n e

fo r th e g m t he m in q
h s t his t s t c pr r sult s b f r If gur bt i d is
e e o S ow ea e a e ra e e en e o a e e on .

C and m th e t he fi
g i id t ic l wi th cl s vr r t h r is gr tly i cr s d
oo e e , o a e e as e o e. e o a ne

t o th e figu
pr su pt i puri ty p rt icul r c s s thi rd figur sh uld sc rt i
a a n en a or o e a e a ge e, e e a ea n ea e

m Of In be
g t i v v lu s l s bt i d sp ci l t st s sp ci c dult r t s
e on . a a a e , a e o a e a ne d,

and ne a e a e a o o a ne in e a e fo r e fi a e an .

E xa m p l e 1 A s a m p l e of oliv e oil , r ep u t e d p ure

i d i v lu w f u d t b
.

Th e
T his c i ci d d w i t h th figur f typic l il T h r w th r f p
o ne a e as o n o e

l i mi ry i d ic t i f pu ity
o n e e e or a a o . e e as e e o re a re

T h l ik ly dult r t s i c si d r t i f c urr t m rk t v lu s w r r chis

na n a on o r .

c tt s s me r p d th dry i g i l s
e e a e an ,
n on e a on o en a e a e , e e a a ,

T h dry i g i l s w r d fi i t ly x c lud d si c t h y w uld r is th i d i v lu

o on, e a , a e an e n O .

gr t xt t u l ss th dd ti w r m sk d b y s m il wi t h l w r i d i
e n o e e e n e e e ,
n e e o a e e o ne a e

v lu
t o a ea e en ,
n e e a i on e e a e o e o o e o ne

fr c th r t bl s d
r l t i s th s i l s l iv
a e .

ma t o th e d th e of

td
Re e en e w as e o e a e ,
an e a on e e O to o e

ch
lth ugh subj ct gr t v ri t i sh w d wid st d if r c s
w as no e o n ea .

th e fe
if w l ct d It th r r ch s
Th e t i te r t es t , a o e to ea a a on , o e e en e ,

s es a me at! ere n e g e e . w as e e fo e o en .
ME T H O D O F U S E O F C O L O U R E D D IA GR A M

( R E FR A C T I VE I N D I C ES )

C O T T O N S EED

A L MO N D

I
O L VE .

A
N E T S FO O T
'

DO L P H N I

L A RD

I L L I P'

JA P A N
’

W AX
MO W R A H

C AC A O
S P ER M O IL
B O RN EO T A L L O W

I
C H N E S E V EG T A L L O W
B E ES W AX

P A L M O IL
24 6 U S E O F T H E C O L O U R E D D A G R A MS I I VI I

c l s st t l rd s t l ik ly dult r t
th e mo Ta k i g t h s l w figur s
o e of o we

rd r pr b b i l i ty
o e o a a re e a e an s . n er e ,

of
g e t in o a

Ill i p
o e

e
Jp
r .

M wr h
e a an wax .

ll w e o a .

t Ta o .

c Ca
pr
n
s
ao .

x
m o il

r t ll
s S e .

Bo
rp is
ow.
v n eo a

Po
t ll
o
o o e .

hi s C
utt rf t
P n e e veg . a ow .
~
B
sw x
l

i
-P e a .

~ B ee
l
‘
-
g a .

12. Pa m oil .

th s w i ll ssu t h t x clud d b i g i gh r
me 5 , 8, 1 0, a n d 1 1 h
pric th t dv t g w uld g i d
Of e e, w e a a a re e e as e n e

b y a du l t era t i on l
l ss l ik ly t h b c us usu lly r fi d th y
in e, s o a no a an a e o b e a ne .

3 6, 7 , 9 , 1 2 a re a l l

w uld k v ry s t isf c t ry dult r t s xc lud d lt g th r

1, 2, , e e an 4, e a e as a e ne e

n o t ma e 6 ma y b e fo r
this r s i dr t h r f r p ssibi l i t i s
o e a a o a e an . e e a o e e

e a on ; th e re m a e e o e a ll

si d r t h s i l s which gi v gur s high r th l rd f rri g

n e , 1, 2, 3 , 4 , 7, 9, 1 2 a re o e .

C on fi Re
di r th s rd r pr b bil i ty
e now o e O ,
e tc . e e e an a . e n

to t h e ag a m e e a re , in o e of o a

lphi Do
tsf t
1 3. n.

N ea
’

l iv
14 . oo .

O
r chis
15 . e.

16 . A a .

h S
l d
17 . ea .

A mon
tt s d
l 8 . .

19 . Co o n ee .

s Se me
p
20 . a .

2I . Ra e.

M i 22 . a z e.

th s
Of wr f d u t d u ch high r curr t
1 5 , a nd 1 8 m i n th e
pric l ist s h y w r t h r f r xclud d fr l ik ly c sid r ti
e e, 1 3, I 4, e e oun to b e
q o e e en

T m
ur i g t h r d i gr s i t s t h t sprts
e . e e e e e o e e e o e on e a on .

t o th e am th e t i t er tes t
l rd w id ly fr l i ui d i l s w i t h x c pt i c tt s d
T n n n ow o e a , w as een a e a a e

a e om a ll th e q O , th e e e on of o o n ee O il a nd

chis
t it r t st t r f r d i t g v r sult
a ra .

he his ma T in
bs c l i ui d i l s w i t h p ssibl xc pt i c tt s d
T he e e w as e o e e, and a e a e of

di ca t ed t h e of a nd

chis It l s x c lud d f t s w i t h hi g t i t r J p his l ft

a en e q o , th e o e e e on of o o n ee

h T for
si d r t i
a ra . a o e e a e , as a an w ax . e co n

6,
g r l pr ct ic l ik l ih d dult r t i w i t h yb
e a on 1 , 3, 4 , 7 , 9, 12, I 17, 19 .

In th e ofa 3 , 7 , 9 , 1 2 , 1 7 ma
v ry s ll lth ugh i t is w ll lw ys b r i d
en e a a e e oo e a on I , e

k ma t h e p os s i b i l i t y i n m
ut i l i ty sch u si g di gr s)
ta en as e , a o e a a to ea n

(h c th e of th e e me , t he m
st c s s t h r r c si d ri g gur s r c rd d b v lyst
en e n a a .

I n mo e e fo e , th e fi
w uld j ust i d x i i g c tt r chis lph
a e , on e n e e o e a o e, th e a na

fie in m b y t h e Ha
rd ) t sts t ll x i ti l rd cryst l s
o be e a n n fo r o o n o il a n d a a en a nd

Rena a nd fo r bye a m na of th e
i f g v g t i r sult s pr u ci g
B e ll i er ( or e , a ow on a a , a nd

al l a e ne a ve e ,
ono n n as p ure .

ss s t u l ik ly i dv rt t dult r t i h v cc r d t his
p ssibi l i ty u st l s t sigh t
mo
1
Ca e of n e na e en a e a on a e o ur e , a nd

o m not be o of .
 I I N T E R P R E T AT O N O F R E S U L T S
47 2

( furt h r x i t i w uld u s fully i c lud am na i d i v lu s p ci c th e e , a nd th e fi

gr vi ty )
A e e on o e n e o ne a e

ly dult r t l ik ly fr figur s ci t d b v x pl is
a .

a t a ll m th e i n th e am

t ll w f (p g
The on a e an e o e e a o e e e

a o , or b ee s tea r i n e a e

If sp cific t sts pr v pr s c m r th
20 dult r t th e e of e an

xh ustiv x mi ti must m d
. e e o e e en o e a n on e a

an e a e e a na on be a e

I st c s ccur which this is u c ss ry wh dult r t s c c r d

.

in th e
gi v c rt i t st s u t i t t i v figur s which by pr s c
n an e o nn e e a en a e an on e n e

in a re u n i n flue n c e d t he e en e o f

th r i l s hus
e e a n e an a e e
q
th e o e o T

t — x c pt pr s c bl w i l s l c h l s st i t d by
.

in e of E ma
v lu
Ca s or oil e e e en o n o , a o o , e tc . e

s m ea n o f a eefy l

r — — pr s c f tty il s ly
a e.

Mi n e in p fi e of a b y u nsa on i a ol e

bs c h r dryi g ri i l s
a l oil e en o on .

Li n s e ed in s e of ot ma b y me a n o f i n s ol u b l e

v—lu
oil a en e n or ne o

b r om ide
t st
a e .

’
Ar a chi b y R en a r d s
u —— bs c p l k r l by
s oil e .

in e of m oil P ol en s ke
b s c c c ut
Cocon t oil
“

a en a e ne .

m in e of oil b y P ol en s ke
u —— v lu
P al k ernel a en o on .

B b y K i r s ch n er
ils r l v lu
tt erfa t a e.

in if of no ma b y s ap on i ea /i on
t — — hydr c rb i l s d t r i ti
Rap e oil o s v
. . a e.

in b y g lycer ol m
ils st i ti
Fa t y oi l s o a on o e e na on.

R os i n in b y Tw i t c/z el l ma
— fix d i l s f t s by
o , etc . e on .

Vol a t il e oil s in e o a nd a di s t i l l a t i on

th s t h r i s t c s p rc t g dult r t
.

In e e , a nd a fe w the e of th e be
r d i ly c l cul t d si pl ri th t ic l th d s
o e n an e , e en a a e an ca n

ea a a e by m e a me a me o
‘

th r c s s p rc t g dult r t pr s t is uc d by
.

In th e of a de d
c r ful x mi ti d t bt i d ch t st si c
o e a e e en a e e an e en e a

o n of th e in and e t h e re s u l t

must di gr ms will f u gr t s rvic

a e e a na a a o a ne ea e ,
n

b e l a r g e l y i n fe r e n t i a l , t h e be n d of

rrivi g s u d c clusi
a a o ea e e

in a n at a o n on on .

21 c s mixtur f ts ils
The a e of a hich ith r e of a a nd o etc in w ne e th e

umb r ils pr s t th ir id tity is k w is quit c mm ly

.
, .

of o e en n or e en no e a o on

ccurri g pr bl m lytic l pr ctic lucid ti r quir s

n e n,

in The e

lysis s u d judgm t which

o n o e ana a a e . e a on e a

m ature e xp e ri e n ce o f oil and th e

such xp ri c bri gs uch c s is dmitt dly m st
a na o n en

e en e n S a a e a e o ne of th e o

difficult pr bl ms wh l r g lytic l pr ctic mr

e .

e in th e e of a na e a ll th e

wh it is r m mb r d th t xp rt dult r ti is ft d lib r t ly
o o e an a a o e

e a en e e a e

pl d misl d lyst
so en e e e e a e e a on o

to th e a n a

sp cific c s s v ppr xim t lysis m

a nne ea .

In e e en be o u t o f th e

u sti pr s t st t k wl dg but uch i st c s

a e an a o a e a na ay

in th e of o u r

surprisi gly pr ctic gr t ssi st c is k w dg

e on e en a e no e e, s n an e a re
q
fe w i n Of a no le e of th e
m t ri ls lik ly mpl y d giv purp s th ir cu r t
n a e . ea a an e

a to b e e fo r o e, a n d of r en

v lu th s c sid r ti s m r ft th ythi ls sugg st

a e e o e a en e

a e, a n d e e tw o on e a on o e o en an an ng e e e

h u s i t w uld p ssibl by ppl ic t i b v t h ds

ly s f i rly ccur t ly i xtur pr p rt f ll w i g i gh t
me
1 of th e
T o be o e, th e a a on a o e o , to
i
c p t s c st r p r fi l i s d r c c ut utt r
ana e a a a e a m e of a ny o o on of th e o o n e

chis
om
fa t ,r si b on en

o n, and
: a o

enz en e
oil,
.
a af n w a x, n ee o il, a a o il , o on oil , b e
24 8 I I III N T E R P R E TA T O N o r R E S UL T S V

th e k ey topr bl ms lysis which might ls ll igh of fa t b e we in

s lubl
o e a na e e n

i c pr ctic such mixtur s ils d sig d s m

o e .

S in of o e tc fo r
p rticul r t ir i t d d fu cti is r dily sc rt i bl it ill
n e, a e, e , . a re e ne o e

u s e, a n d he n en e on w
pr f r bl c sid r lysis such gr ups ils
a a n ea a e a na e,

be e to on e th e a na of of o etc in
r l ti th ir mpl ym t m ost im rt t m cl ssifi
e e a o , .

to en Th e be ed a s

udr
e a on e e o .
po an ay a

dibl ils f ts
°
n e

P E e o a nd a

pm ki g ils f ts
.

U
S oa a nd

ubric ti g ils f ts
P a n o a .

O L a nd

dl m k i g f ts d x s
a n o a .

Q Ca n e a a a ri wa e

Illumi ti g ils
n .

F
W mixtur s p lish s
na n o .

a nd
’

{
T ax e o e .

A E di b l e Oi l s and Fa t s

subj i d t bl sh ws figur s ils ts w ich m

.

Th e o ne a e o th e e fo r a nd fa h
p ssibly us d dibl purp s s xcludi g s m rrr
o ay

be e fo r e e o e e of th e fa t s l
b st i iti l t st is fr ctiv I d x f ll w d by p
o , n o e a e .

The e th e R e a e th e S a
l f ts I di lu ils by l t p cific t sts
e n a n e ,
o o e on .

Va fo r or o ne Va e fo r o an d th e Va S
i dividu l ils f ts m th m d u til r g i quiry
u e, a , , en a . e e

fo r and a be th e e of th e

rr w d d w c rt i m mb rs s ri s I f rm ti
n a o ay en a e, n an n

ha s n to e a n e e of th e to
li k ly c mp ts mixtu d riv d fr m xp ri c is h r
na o e o e e . n o a on a s

th e onen of th e re e e e e of

gr t v lu
e o o e e en e

ea a e .

E xa ml l 1 A sa d oil

g ld y ll c l ur pl s t fl v ur d ur
p e . a

Th e o il had a nd a Th e
sugg st i liv
a o en e ow o o , ea a n a o . o o was

e oil

r fr ct t r r d i g
ve o f o
r fr ct t r )
e .

( me B u t yr o me °
C
I d i v lu
The e a o e ea n was -
e a o e 40 .

o ne a e,

l t
Va en

h s g r s t k t g t h r wit h fi pr b bl c st itu t s g rl th e d th e
c r ct r sugg st d l i v w i th i xtur s s r chis
T e e u e ,
a en o e e o a e on en ,
an en e a

th e o il , e o il, m me a n d a
p ssi bly c tt dryi g l s w r u l ik ly si c i d i v lu
ha a e of e e o a e of e a a , or

The oi the a nd th e
r fr ct i v i d x gur w uld h v b i fl u c d gr t r d gr
o o on . n e e n e n e o ne a e

fi and th e
l t l wrd ss l w r pr s t l t figur w uld
e a e n e e o a e ee n n en e to a ea e e e e,

If e am e o il th e V a
pr bly l w r but this w uld r is d by dd it i l i ttl r chis
Va en a o e e . a one e e e en , en a e o

be be on of a

p cifi c t st s w r d
ob a o e , o a e a e a a .

ma
ud u i s r ct i g v v ry d isti c t c l r t i h r f r s s pr s t
S e e e e n ow e.

T me
t st sh w d r chis pr s t furth r x i t i wit h rd s
’
Ba o n ea on a e a e n o o a on . e e o e e a e en .

m
’
and a R ena
t st sh d c t r chis lph t st g v g t i v r sult
’
B el l i e r s e o e a a e en , e e a na on

oil . Th e H a
th r f r c tt s d pr s t 9 8 p er
e owe en . a a en e a e a ne a e e ;
oil

gur s w r c si d r d l ight th s r sults p is pr v d

e e o e no o on e e e en .

The fi i n th e of Ra e o il

bs t si c pr s c c t r chis i t w uld r is l t
e e e on e e e e e . o e

i n th e e of 10 th e V a
gur u ch g t r xt t
a en ,
n e, e en p er en . a a , o a e en a

fi e to a m rea e e en .

1
l is t i c lud s
M i istry
The
d ils
furt f t s pl c d
h r d t il s
n
l g v r t sch dul issu d
ss f i l i r t s r f r c
e a ll th e o a nd a a e i n th e o e n me n e e e

lt
b y th e
B o on vis a nd
n

is r c Re dd of

,
Fo o Fo r
.

’
Fel l /y F aa a s ,
e

e o m me n
e a

e
o f the e

.
a m a fa ,
e e en e to
 I N T E R P R E T A T O N O F R E S UL T S I

w 0 e m m a k 0 m 0
m m m o
:9 “ ? ; : : m 9

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E D B L E O L S A N D F AT S I 25 1

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252 I N T ER P R E TA T O N O F R E S UL T S I V III
Tb e ma rg a r i n e w a s t/z er ef or e a s s u med to con s i s t o : f
utt f t
c ut
B er a

Co o il

rd d
on

Ha fa t
tt s d
en e

Co o n ee o il

B . S oa p M a n u fa c t u r e
x mi ti
Th e ils us d c mp siti s p di rs
of th e i n th e of oa ffe
fr m m st th r c s s f ct th t ly mix d fatty cid s v il
e a na on o e o o on

i n th e th e
bl ils h vi g b split by t rm mix d
o o o e a e a a on e a a re a a

th e O ( s a p o n i fi ca t i o n B y th e
f tty cids is m t i s lubl f tty
a e, a n ee n . e e
“
th e Th e
ch r ct ristics th s giv s cti
a a ea n n o e a

of in V
s p is d c mp s d by m s mi l cid c r fully ti g
a a e e e a re en e on .

The of

d ur mitt d f tty cids w sh d dri d b i g th r dy

oa e o o e ea n n er a a ,
a e no n

th e e th e a a e and en ea fo r
x mi ti
o o e ,
a e ,
e n

b st I I I A is I I A U f ll d by m
a na on .

The N T L T EST th e OD N E V L E, ow e th e
UA I si is v ry fr qu tly pr s t
e o ean

M O L EC L I R WE G H T a n d T T E R T E ST Ro
it is b st r m v it lt g th r fr m f tty cids b f r pr c di g
. n e e en e en ,

a nd to th e e o e o ee

with th r t sts his is cc mplish d by usi g l rg qu tity

e e o e a o e e o a a n

th e o T of

mix d f tty pr c di g witch ll m th d

e e . a o e n a a e an

th e e a a c i ds + ro s i n a nd o ee as in th e T e e

(p g ft r utr lisi g r si cids st rs f tty cids

n o

e A e ne th e th e e of th e a

sh k qu us s p s luti with th r t r v p r t d
a a n o n a ,
e a

e n ou t o f th e a th e e he
t rs split by b ili ith lc h lic p t sh v p r ti g
a re a eo oa o on e e ,
e a o a e

O ff, a n d t h e e s e w o ff

lc h l diss lvi g s p p st w t r cidifyi g with mi r l

o ng a o o o a , e a o a n

o th e e in a nd a n ne a

cid f tty cids thus bt i d fr fr m r si cids but c t i

a o , o n oa a a e

Th e
m tt r ccurri g rigi lly r si
a . a a O a ne a re ee o o n a , on a n

a n y un s a p on ifi a b le a e o n o na i n th e o n .

E xa m p l le 1 l A s a mp e of h ou s eh o d s oa p ( i n Mr s )
pp r c s p— i rly l igh t y ll w c l ur l s t d u
.

e of fa fi rm, 1

rc t g f tty cid s c t
A
'

ea a n oa e o o o , p ea a n o o r

f
st d r si ibr t rch p g si pr s t
Pe en a e o a a
p er en .

by L ma n n S Ro
k l rg u t i ty ( i x d f tty ci d s pr c d d b v
Te e fo r o n e e -
o ( a e n e en .

To o ) 3 0 g r ms of m a nd

r vi g r si cid s
e an e a a o ee e as a o
a q e,

e mo th e
r p rti r si w i t ch ll c t
n o n a .

on of byT =
f tty cid s fr fr r si cid s g v f ll w i g figur s
P o o o n e 22 p er en .

T he a a ee o m o n a a e th e o o n e

I d i v lu
l cul r w igh t
o ne a e

M mo
i t r t st
ea n e a e
°
T 33 C
tt pr s t lph r ct i
e e .

Co o n o il w a s e en b y th e H a en ea on .

l cul r w igh t sh ws c c ut pr s t
T h e me a n m o xt t b ut oil t o th e e of a

c t ci d s
e a e o o on e en en o

3 0 p e r e n o f th e f
d t r i ti i x d f tty ci d s c r d t his figur
. a t ty a .

2
m on o f th e m fi me
ll w h rd d pr s t i d i v lu ti t r t st
A POLE NSK E e e na e a a on e .

fa t w a s b y th e Th e
l w r th w uld v b xp ct d wi th h rd d c sid ri g ut
Ta o , or a a en e e en o ne a e . e e w as

o e an o ha e e en e e e a en e fa t , on e n th e a mo n

M s t h u s h ld s p s sc t d w i t h gr d p rfu s (ci tr ll
t pg low me
1 a re
o o e o oa en e a e e on e a,
2
S ee no e, a e 1 70 .
2 56 I N T E R P R E TA T O N O F R E S U L T S I VII I
E xa m p l e 3 mp l e
tr sp r t sl igh tly udr
. A sa of s o da s o ft s oap

fi rm i n
° °
C cl o u d

sist c d ur l i s d r si
T h is w a s an a en at 20 .
, y n e 15 C . and co n

O of o il a n d

f tty cids r si ) w r c t
en e . o n ee o n.

pr s t ibr t rch t st
Th e a a o n e e 5 0 5 p er
°
en .

si b y th e L ma n n S
w it ch ll st i t i g v
Ro n w as e en e e -
o e .

Th e T ma R os i n
r si cids w r s p r t d f ll w i g figur s pply (r si
e e on a e 15 p er cen t .

The th e
i x d f tty ci d s )
o n a e e not e a a e a nd o o n e a to o n +
m
I di v lu
e a a

i t r t s t i d fi i t ( cc u t r si pr s t)
o ne a e
°
T of

I s lubl br i d lu
e e n e n e on a o n o n e en 25

om

l st figur g v i s d b ut c t pr s t t his pr s u d
n o e e va e

Th e l
‘
60 p er and me th e
pr s c s th r wit h i d i v lu b ut — st r
a e a e n ee a o en . e en , e

f o me oil Ca oil

su s p ct d th r r s s c tyl v lu tty c ids th

e en e o o e o ne a e a o 80 1 00 . o was
Th e of th e fa
c rr s p d i g p rc t g c st r
fo r
bt i d his g v
e e o e ea o n . a e a e a was en

T e o f 25 of o il in
f tty cid s
o a ne . a e 35 5 , o e on n to a e en a a o

th e
i d i v lu bt i d c rr sp d d i t h t his ixtur il r si
a a .

T he m of o a nd

th r w uld l ik ly pl y d u d r xisti g k t
o ne a e o a ne o e on e w e s o n,

oil be to b e m the ma r
c diti s
a nd a s no o e o e e o e n e e n e

th e mp os i t i on w a s ta ken to b e

i s d
on on ,
co

L o il

st r
n ee

Ca o o il

Ro si n

C Lub r i ca t i n g Oi l s and Fats

c s s d t rmi first A I I A I U (p g
.

In a ll th e S P ON F C T ON V A L E

c s mi r l lubric ts ly such l rg ly
a e , e e ne a e

I n th e of ne a an on now

us d cl ss s rk lysis ill f ll li s giv

a e , as a re a e

fo r a ll of wo th e ana w ow th e

udr (p g ill m disc v ri g

e a e , o ne en

mi n er a l l u b r z oa /z flg oi l s i
'

a nd
'

a e w at

p rticul r fr cti s distill d pr ducts mpl y d th ir

n e a o e n

t he a on of th e e o e o e a nd

s urc
a a e

If v lu is v ry high d t rmi p rc t g
o e .

"

t h e s a p on i fi ca t i o n th e e of

U A I IA A (p g If this is b l
e

lubr c t
a e , e e ne e en a

NS PON F B LE M TT E R e ow s, t h e i
'

a e 1

pr b bly c sists tir ly im l v g t bl ils mixtur s th s

an

e of a n a or e e a e o or of

i di v lu sh uld th bt i d th s figur s (
o a on en , e e e .

Th e a e o en be o a ne and e e th e S V a nd

) c mp r d it sp ci l di gr ms ( I h pt r ) ith
o ne , e . .

th e L V w h th e e a a V ol C e V w
subj i d t bl stim t d by c tyl v lu
. o a e a .
, a or

th e m Ca s t or oi l be e th e in
bs c l tt r r c g is d by th ir high
o ne a e . ay a e a e a e,

th e ( of ol ow a oi l s Th e
visc sity but diff r fr m c st r b i g ly p s lubl
a en e . a e a re e o n e e

a nd S G e o a o in e n on a r ti a l ly in
lc h l )
o . . o e

A is b st r c g i d by ( tru l t pg
a o o .

th e Va l en ta “
R PE OIL e e o n se Va
A by t sts ( p g mi dryi
e en a , a e

AR C H IS th e B el li er and R en a r d e Se
dryi g ils u d sir bl c stitu ts lubric ti g ils m
a e n
g
-

a nd a of a nd

susp ct d by high i di figur

n o a re n e e on en a n o ay

be ne e

is ch r ct ris d by its s p v lu by
e e a o ,
.

SPERM OI L low S G a nd e, a n d

yi ldi g littl glyc ri

a a e e . . a on . a

n on s a o n i fi c a t o n i
p
d t ct d by t st
e n e or no e .

I R OS N O I L I m ma n d R OS N a re e e e th e
’

Lz eoer a z - S t or o/z e

M di fi d th d pg
,
.

1 o e me o of Gem mel l , a e n o.
 I I N T E R P R E T A T O N O F R E S U LTS

and r si i s s tim t d by m th d ( p g si is th e Tw i t ch el l e o a e Ro n o il

r c g is d by its high by furth r p rticul rs giv s cti

o n e a e

S G and th e in
(p g
e o n e . .
, e a a en e on

VI

M y lubric ti g ils U th t is th y mixtur s

a e

C O MP O N D, of

ils with mi r l ils h s will giv d fi it

an a n o a re a ,
e a re e

s a p o n ifi a b l e o T e s a on ifi ca t ion

v lu s m i r l m r m v d by sh ki g qu us s p
ne a o e e e e n
.
p
a nd th e O il be th e a

mulsi bt i d with th r s p r ti g
a e , ne a ay e o e a n eo oa

e o n s a p o n i fi c a t io n , e e a a n d ev a p o rat

th r r sidu l mi r l m x mi d b v
on, o a ne e ,
a n ,

in g Off t h e e Th e o il be
p s luti is th d c mp s d by mi r l cid mix d
e . e a ne a ay e a ne as a o e .

The en o a nd th e
f tty cids x mi d (p g
s oa o on e o e ne a a ,
e

a a e a ne a e

mp u d lubric ti g f ts gr s s m c t i lk li s ps
Co and ea e on a n a a nd

i s lubl m t llic s ps ( c lcium m g sium

o n a n a ay a oa ,

l k li s ps m r m v d by b ili g with w t r sh ki g
n o e e a oa a ,
a ne ,

Th e be e o n a nd

ils with th r ( ft r c li g
a a oa ay e o a e , a n

o ut th e u n s a p o n i fi e d o r u n s a p o n ifi a b l e O e e a oo th e
liquid ) c s m t llic s ps ( r c g is d by i ci r ti g
e n

I n th e of e a oa e o e th e
gr s x mi i g b st m th d is b il with
. a e n n ne a n

e , e tc ) and e th e a s h th e to in 4
hydr chl ric cid s p r t ily l y r w sh s p ify with lc h lic
ea .
,
a n n , e e o o 1

a e O ff th e
sh k ith th r qu us liquid th
o o a ,
e a o a e , a ,
a on a o o

p o ta s h , a n d e out the oil w e e Th e a eo

d c mp s d with mi r l cid f tty cids bt i d

'

a . ca n en

be e o a n d th e a a ex

m u t pr t will b st g ug d by stim ti g
o e ne a a , so O a ne

m ined Th e be a e th e

cidity ily l y r ( b v ) ft r tr t m t gr s with

a . a o n es en e e a n

of th e of H C l, a nd

w shi g fr fr m mi r l cid furth r ch ck m m d by

a o a e a o e a e ea en ea e

a A e e be e

stim ti m u t lim m g si but it sh uld r m m

n ee o ne a a . ay a

ng th e of e tc be
b r d th t th r m xc ss this pr s t
e a a o n e, a ne a, .
, o e e

e e be an e Of e en

ilw y w gg gr s s usu lly c t i p l m t ll w p rti lly

a e e ay e .

Ra O il , o r

with s d lim cc si lly mi r l ils dditi

a a on ea e a on a n a a o ,
a a

s a p o nifi e d e, a n d o in
si is fr qu tly pr s t m d t ct d by i b rm
o a or a ona ne a O a on .

Ro n and be e e e th e L e e a nn

t rch t st stim t d by cidity ( mi r l ly)

e en e en ,
ay

S o a nd e th e in ne a o il or t h e

witch ll m th d ( ils )
e , a e a on

T e e o in s a p o n ifi a b le O .

E xa m p l e 1 An
“
en g i n e oil

i rly v i c u s r dd ish c l r w i t h str g fl u r sc c ( bl

.

oo m
“
Fa o il ,

It g v ll wi g gur s
s o , e , ea on o e en e

a e t h e fo o n fi e

(
°
)
isc si ty ( s lut
S G
. . 15 C .

°
V C
isc si ty r t i u b r
ab x 85 s
'

o o e 17 40 .

V m
l sh p i t ( r y)
o a o n e
°
C
v lu
F a o n G a 165 .

S a p on i fi ca t i on
ld t st
a e
°
Co e 16 C

r si r si ( i b r t rch) c l i l s ( r l i t r ct i )
.

n o il L ma n n S Fo m o
h s figur s sh w d
No o n or o e e -
o ,
no oa -
ta r O e ea on .

s otn ew /z a t lz ea vy mi n er a l l u b r i ca ti ng oi l ,

pr b bly u ssi rigi

and o
T e e e o e a f p u r e,
ex cel l e n t u a li ty, a nd o a of R an o n
q .

E xa m p l l
e 2 ur A s amp e of a l b i c a ti n g oi l fo r a i r c r a ft e n g i n e s

u i t visc us pp r c l st whi t w ith l i ttl d ur

.

his in mo e, a nd

fl u r sc c bl
T w as q e o a ea an e, a e o o ; no
o e en e oo m
 I I I 59L UB R C A T N G O L S A N D F A T S 2

It g v f ll w i g gur s
a e th e fi
p vl
o o n e

Sa on . a ue . 18 1 3
°
( ) C 9 63
tt r c t
S G . . 15 . 0

Un s a p o n i fi a b l e ma
isc si ty (
e
p er en .

°
) V o 7; x t oo 40 C 2 46

sh w d u ix d with i r l
.

T h e l ow p on ifia b le s a p o n i fia b l e o i l , m
high i d ic t d i th r c s t r t h gh
u ns a o e a n e m ne a O il ,

d t he Oll

r th r l tt r c tyl v lu t h r f r d t r i d his g v
an S G . . n a e e e a o or a b l ow n oi l , ou th e S V . . w as

l o w fo r t h e The m
sh w i g s pl
a e a e . a e a e w as e e o e e e ne . T a e

14
93 , o n the a m e t o b e g en u i n e ca s to r oi l .

E xa ml l 3 r An lu t i oil s o m ot o
i rly v isc u s r dd ish tr sp r t w i t h s tr g fl u r sc c ( bl
p e . d fo r -
ca r en g in e b ri c a on

Fa “
m
It g v
o , e , an a en , on o e en e oo

of

It th r f r pp r tly c p u d
a e a S V . .

om O il

i rl r v d by sh ki g s py ul si pr du c d ft r
was e e o e a a en a o n .

Th e m oil mo the m
b v ) w i th th r
ne a w as e e a n oa e on o e a e

s a p on i fi ca ti o n
(
u u s l i u r d c p sit i wi t h i r l cid y i ld d tty cid
s ee a o e e e .

T he om m fa
giv i g figur s ( s c t i ) u d r
a eo o on e o on ne a a e e a
q q , ,
s ,

V
wt
n e s ee e on as n e

M ea n mo l . .
3 17 .

I d i v lu
v id tly th r pr s t b ut
o ne a e

hisT w as e en ra pe 011, and b y the S V . . e e w as e en a o

x i ti
5 p e r cen t
i r l c s t i tu t bt i d by v p r t i
1 .

An e am m
th r xt c t h w d pr b bly rc
na on of th e ne a on en ,
o a ne e a o a on of th e
typ i ca l m i n er a l l u b r i ca t i n g oi l , of A me i
ri i
e e e ra , S o e a o a an

o g n .

E xa ml r
4 An l c xl e g fo r w u b ri a tion

Y ll w c l ur sti ff c sist c r tic d ur

p e . a ea s e ag g on
a o ma

w igh d p rt i i ci r t d bt i d ( c t)
e o o o ,
on en e, O o .

a nd th e a s h o 63 p er
c sis t d l s t i r ly s d i u c rb t
A e e o on w as n ne a e , a ne 10 en .

mo m
i gh d u t t h b i l d w i t h d i lut sulphu ic cid filt r d
on e a ent e of o a on a e .

a mo th e Oi l

ri d w igh d his g v c t ci d i y
A we e n was en o e e r a , e e

d a nd T oil a nd th e a

c t t r s l ic
o fl, e , e e . a e p er en . t w as 37 3
in m fO
p er
It th d c p s d w sh d f ll wi g t sts d
en . e o e .

e n s a p o ni fi ed a n d e om a nd t he ma
f tty cid s
w as o e , a e o o n e e

on th e a a

it r T
°
C
I d i v lu
e 44 .

wt 493
o ne a e

M ea n mo l
pp r tly i xtur t ll w p l sti t i
. .

his m of and m oil , a nd ma

st ric ci d ( b r s t d p g ) c fir d t his
T was a a en a e a o a e on

He me ho me
’
th e e 1 67

gr s th r f r f
ea a ne ,
a on .

Th e ea e had e e o e th e oll ow i ng co mp os i t i on
ll w Ta 36
l
o

Pa m O il

d So
37
106

W t r
a

a e 16 4
1 00 o

his is
(T s tr ic tly c rr c t si c p rt i ( c t) xist d of th e oi l

s p c bi d w i t h s d )
not o e ,
n e a o on 37 p er en . e e as

oa o m ne th e o a .
26 0 I N T E R P R E T A T O N O F R E S UL T S I V III
D C a n dl e M a n u fa c t u r e
dl s
m d fr m
.

Ca n e a re a e o

t ri s v ri us gr d s I S of

r ffi
. ea ne a o a e .

2 Pa a wax

Mixtur s
. n .

3 of 1 a n d 2 .

sw x
. e

4 B ee
k rit ( c r si )
. a .

5 Oz o
p rm c ti
. e e e n .

6 S e a e

dditi m t th r sub s t c s
. .

In on , ca r n a ii b a w a x, w a x, a nd o

mpl y d stif rs
a on a n e an e a re
”
e o e as fe n e
A
.

“ ”
STE RI N E S

his is c mm rci l t rm s lid f tty cids h y pr duc d

r . .

T th e o e for T
by v ri us pr c ss s hydr lysis ( ut cl v witc h ll ) by
e a o a a . e a re o e

th e of T etc

cid pr c ss ( tr tm t ith sulphuric cid ) ch c s

a o o e e o a o a e, e ,
. or
“ ”
th e a e o f fa t w a nd in ea

f tty cids usu lly distill d whit m tim s

o ea en a ,
a e

th e to g et a fa t So th e

st ri is suffici tly light with ut di s till ti

a a a re a e e . e e
“ ”
s a p o n i fi c a t io n The
i s till d f tty cids pr ss d xclud liq id f tty cids
ea ne en o a on .

d h ot to e th e The
cid pr c ss giv s high r yi ld ( —
e a a a re e e a

c t ) h rd f tty cids
-
e u a .

60 65 p er of

m lti g p i t ( — )
a o e e a e

st ri (t rm d distill ti
e en . a a a ,

b ut th e
°
” “
47 52 C of th e
st r i ) is l w r st ri fr m
e n o n . ea ne e e a on
”
S a p o n i fi ca t i o n ”
has M P of 52
yi ld — c t is bt i d )
ea

cs cid
ne o e . ea ne a . . o
°

56 C a nd a 45 48 p er I n th e e of t h e a

pr c ss cid st r l ct m gst pr ducts

. e en . o a ne . a

o h ydro xys t ea r i c a nd th e o

f rm d ls littl l ic cid It m thus disti guish d fr m

e ,
a ea o a o n e a re a on

iso be o

st ri by i di v lu s
o e , a o a e -
o e a . ay n e

s a p o n i fi c a t io n
”
ea ne th e ne

I di v lu istill ti st ri
o a e

o ne a— e . D a on ea ne 15 30 ,
— S a p o n ifi c a t ion 8O
lm st f ts m mpl y d yi ld st ri s th ir v lu
'

a ll ybe e a nd
”
A a to e

this purp s is c mm rci l yi ld st i its

o a o e e ea ne ,
e a

fo r g a u g e d b y th e of a nd

m lti g p i t
o e o e a e e a r ne

t ri s m hus c sis mixtur s s lid f tty cids chi fly

e n o n .

S ay t t of of

st ric p lmitic Mixtur s cids h v f ll wi g m lti g

ea ne on e o a a ,
e

and o f th e a t he
s lidifyi g p i ts
ea a . e a e o o n e n

and o n o n

M . P .
26 2 I N T E R P R E T A T O N OF R E S U L T S I V III
T h e h y dr o g il s by r ducti with hydr g e n a t i on of on en a nd a

c t lyst is xt siv ly mpl y d c mm rci l pr ducti

O e o

n ow fo r th e of

high gr d st ri thi s m th d lm st mpl y d

a a e en e e o e o e a o on

m ”
By o o a n y o il ayb e e o e

c dl m uf ctur pr ctic lly l ss by xpr ssi l r

a e ea ne . e , a

fo r e, a n d a no o th e e e o n o f ow e

m lti g p i t fr cti s is i curr d

an e an a a

e n o n a on n e .

AA I
2, 3 P R FF N WA X
r m p tr l um sh l lig it ( I ) It is s ld m mpl y d
. .

F V ol
c t st ri
a e, o r e s ee e o e o e

l b i g s ft but is stif d with —

o e o e ,
n . .

e n t oo fe n e 5 20 p er of ea

c r si m t us d this purp s
a o n e, o , en . ne ,

or c a rn a ii b a w a x, w a x, e t c a re fo r o e

st ri pr s t rdi ry p r ffi c dl m r dily
e e n, on a n . e .

The in na n an e ay ea be
sc rt i d by m s cid v lu by m lti g p i t (
ea ne e en an o a a

of th e a e, a n d th e

subj i d t bl )
a e a ne ean a e n o n see

o ne a e .

4 AX B E E SW
hurch c dl s usu lly m d with pr p rti s b sw x
. .

”
C e e o on of ee

s ld m pur ft p rc t g b sw x is st mp d
an a re a a o a ,

th e e w ax O th e of

c dl t ri p r fi c r si m t
e o . en e en a e ee a a e on

th e an S ea n e, a af n w a x, e e n , c a rn a ii b a w a x a nd on a n

mpl y d th ir m uf ctur
e .

w a x a re e o e in e an a e .

(A) M el t i ng p oi n t of mixt u r es of s tea r i n es w i t /z

S cotch p a r afi n w a xes F ]
1
. .

Ste a r i ne 1 2 1
°
F . i
w t h p a ra flin
'
i
S te a r ne 1 2 3 F w i th
°
.

wa x of M P . . F .
p a r a ffi n w a x M P . . .

c mpl t lysis such c mp sit c dl s is m tt r s m

Th e of of

di ficulty If ly b sw x mi r l w x s pr s t
o e e ana o o e an e a a e o e

f on ee a a nd a w a x or th e

p rc t g b sw x m bt i d by v lu
. ne a a e a re e en ,

e of be t h e s a p o n ifi c a t i o n Th e
r ti umb r is ls imp rt t figur ( Ipg
e en a ee a ay o a ne a e .

a o n e a o an o an e see V ol .
,
a e

5K I ( c r si ) O ZO ER T e e n

his is ft mpl y d by it s lf c d m t ri l wi g
. .

T n ot o e e as a an le a e to th e

f ct th t it c t m uld d ( lik pur b sw x ) but must dr w

en e o a ,
o n
“ ”
be e ee a be
I pgs pg
a a a nn o o e e a n .

S e e V ol .
, a e 2 0 8, 2 4 5 ; V o l 11, . a e 2 19 .

J I dw d
pr s t ch is p rc t g t ri l ss
1
. . Re oo .

2
T h e p a ra fli n e en in ea th e e en a e o f s ea ne e 1 00 .
 CA N D L E MA N U F A C T U R E 26 3

(B) M el t i ng p oi n ts of ca n a le m a ter i a l f r om ’
T/z u r i ng i a n

p a r a/fi n w a x a n d s t ea r i n e

Me lix
t ng p o mt
ngi
Pa fi a x
of mi
.

t u re
l
.

r er t

4 0 75

6 A I S P ER M CET

p rm c dl s h v b lm st t i r ly sup rs d d by
. .

S e an e a e n ow een a o en e e e e th e

p r ffi
a a s t ri c mbi ti but
n a nd still us d sm ll xt t by
ea ne to

x mi rs light m sur m ts st d rd c dl s
o na on , a re e a a e en

gas e a ne fo r ea an e

s t d rd c dl is ll w d c t i
en

c t b sw x
e a an

The to 3 of

v rc mi g brittl ss p rm c ti mpl y d
an a an e a o e on a n a
p er en . ee ,

fo r O e o n t he en e of th e w a x, a n d t h e S e a e e o e

r u sch w ig
S c h e i t h a u e r , D i e F a b r i k a t i on ’
o er zl i u i er a l ol e ,
’

B a n e , 18
95 .
264 I N T E R P R ET AT I O N O F R E S U LT S V I II
sh uld h v c dl s sh uld x mi d
M P Of —
4 5 46
°
C The be fo r
s p v lu cid v alu pr s c p r ffi
o a e a . . . an e o e a ne

M P e, u n s a p o m fi a b le, a n d a th e e of

st ri b i g r dily r v l d r sp ctiv ly by l tt r t s ts
. .
, a on . a e, e en a a n
“
the
”
w a x a nd ea ne e n ea e ea e e e e a e e

l r c
.

E xa m p 1 A “
ffi n a n dl e

ci d v lu
e .
p a a

Th e
his sh w d pr s c b ut c t s t ri w hich ui t
a a e was 30 a .

us l
T o th e e of a o 15 of ea ne, w as q e
e e en p er en .

c dl is
ua .

Th e fan e u n s u i ta bl e or a b ot cl i ma t e

l uc
.

E xa m p 2 A w a x c a n dl e fo r ch

st p d b sw x
h
c t
e . r use

his T m ”

g v f ll wi g figur s
w as a e ee a , 75 p er en .

It th e

v lu
a e o o n e

S a p o n i fi ca t i o n
ci d v lu
a e

A a e

Un s a p o n i fi a b l e
Th e ss u i g i r l and ly w r pr
th es t w d m m sh o

c t b s w x ly
S V . . A V . .
, a n ne a w ax on e e e en , e

60— 6 2 p er en
tt r pr v d pr s c — c t
ee a on . .

T h e u n s a p o ni fi a b l e ma e the e of of un

s ubs t c s dd i t i t h t d ri v d fr b sw x
o e e en 30 40 p er en .

o m th e

th r f r r p rt d —
s a p o nifi a b l e an e in a on to a e e ee a .

I t was fi
e e o e e o e as 13 15 p er cen t . de ci e n t i a b ees w a x

ml r l
.

E xa p e 3 A t a n da d s p e rm c a n d

his g v r sult s u d r
. s e

T
v lu
a e e as n e

S a p on ifi ca t i on
ci d v l
‘
a e I Z O '

ti u b r
A a ue

Ra m
fr t s fig—r s i t h t c dl c t i d fr —
o n e

I m he th e om I o

which is c t x c ss u t ll w d
The N FE R E N C E o e u e s a an e o n a ne I 5
per f
cen t . o b ees w a x,
‘

9 5 p er en . in e e of th e a mo n a o e .

E I ll u m i n a t i n g Oi l s
pur mi r l lubric ti g ils p g
.

Fo r e 2 17

ils still us d l rg xt t illumi ti

e ne a a n o s ee a .

S a p onifia b le o a re e to a e fo r in
l mps th s p light xp s d situ ti s wh mi r l l mps
a e en na on

k ee in o il

w uld b c m xti gu i sh d
a ,
as e e a e o e a on en ne a a

chi f ils mpl y d

o e o e e n e .

Th e e o e o e a re

p (c l ) Ra e o za Oil ,

rd La O il ,

l Sea
Wh l
liv
a e

O e

mi dryi g dryi g ils u sui bl wi g

Se r pid cl g a nd o ta to t h e
gi g ick Mucil gi us subst c s such ccur imp rf ctly
-
n n a re n e o n a o

Of t h e w in
r fi d ils bj ct i bl fr f tty cids sh uld xc d
n . a no an e ,
as o e e

e, a n d th e no t e

c t th rw s ch rri g wic is pr duc d

e ne o , a re O e ona ee a a o ee

5 p er Of th e k o

v ri ti s r p k w j m suit bl
en .
,
o e i e a n e .

Th e of b et a nd R a
’

w s o n a re n o t s o

bur i g g ui
a e e a e no n as a a e

fo r a s th e n e O il

Mixtur s f tty wit h mi r l il s v ry c mm h uld

n n en .

Of on, a n d S be
x mi d u d r (p g
e a ne a O a re e o o

e a ne as n e l u b r i ca t i n g oi l s a e
266 IX WAX M II T U R ES A N D P O L I S H E S V I

h ot filtr t i turp t i s lut i

on o f a p l ish ili pr s t is of th e Th e dye
b s t st i t d c l ri tric s (u si g st d rd s lut i s dy s
a en ne o on o . an ne e en

ma me me a n
l c h l) filtr t fr bv w x s pl y d p l ish s
e e e by o o n an a o on o f n i g ro s e n e e

in i n th e m th e Th e em fo r
p r c r si t ( crud r fi d ) c d l i ll c s ug r
a o o a e o a o e. a e o e o e a re

a a ffi n , mon a nd ca r na ii b a ,

b sw x r r r v ri t i s
e e n, an e e ne , an e a, ane a ,

a nd a fe w
p l ish s ;
d t i r ly w i th ut turp t i b i g j lly ul si s
ee a a e a e e .

S om e ma em

pr duc d p rti lly s p i fyi g w x s w i th l k l i s lut i s ul si fyi g

o e a re e en e o en ne , e n e on

by by em

th wi t h s p s lut i s urp t i p tr l u d istill t s w t r

o e a a a on n a e a a o on , or n

em T m a nd ma y
b th pr s t p l ish
oa o on . en ne or e o e a e a e

o be e en in a s a p o n i fi ed o .

E xa m p l e S a mp l e of fl o o r p ol i s h

l ur
.

Co re d, i n ti n b o x
t d ist i ll d lt d p l ish t his g v yi ld l i u id
o .

S ea m e I oo cc . . of me e o , a e a e of 65 6 c c..
q
of S G

c t p ss d v r b l w
. .

D is til l ed 5 o cc 9 5 p er e o e e o 1 80
°
C
I
. . . : en . a .

N FE R E NC E P u r e t u rp en t i n e
r sidu l g v f ll wi g figur
. .

Th e e w ax th e es

p v lu
a a e o o n

ci d v lu
Sa on . a e

A
°
a e l o z

Un s a p on ifi a b l e 75 5
°
M P 52 C

I
. . .

N F E RE N C E . P r ob a bly a mi xt u r e of a b ou t eg u a l p r op or t i on s of b ees w a x a nd

p a ra fi n w ax .
 S EC TION I X
I D E N T I FI C A T I O N O F A S I M P L E O I L , FAT ,

OR WA X

No t th e P H YSI CA L A subst c ST T E of t h e

If ( ssumi g rm l r m t mp r tur
e an e

it is
.

li qu id a n a no a oo e e a e of 1 5
,
— 20 C ) °
. an

oi l or liqu i d w ax

If
.

s ol i d, a fa t or w ax

c sist c u c tu u s i s th ft t r ft
.

The ma y b e s and th e fa t me d
butt r
on en e o a nd n o , en O en e
“ ”
a e

If it m f tur l ) m
.

a n O il,
”
ay be a t ty na a or i n er a l
r s bl f tty i l s pp r c h v u su lly
.

T h e l i q u i d w a xes m in a nd

fish y d ur u l ss high ly r fi d
e e e a o a ea an e, a e a a
“
o o n e e ne

tur l ils f ts whilst mi r l ils

.
,

Th e a nd g l y c e r i de s , th e

wxs disti gui h pr c d

na a O a a re ne a o

a nd a ll n on - g l y c e r i de s To
f ll ws
a e a re . n s , o ee as

o o

I l c sm ll m u t
P a e a subst c a p f a t st
o of th e an e in a er ect ly dry e

tub h t vr with sh ki g u til distill ti

. n

e, a n d b u n s e n fla m e , a on

t k s pl c whit fum s v lv d
ea o e a a n , n

a e a e or a re e A p e n e t r a t i n g o do u r

m ) i dic t s
e e o e .

( o f a crol e
g ly cer i de
'

n a e a .

Fi g 69 .

2 Fi t t w o sm ll t st tub s ( g ) with c rks tub s fig 5 x a nd e in 69

mv pl c th r i b ut c c liquid
. a e -
e o as . .

Re e a a nd m of th e
s lid t t st tub q bu s fl m ( c uti usly
o a e e e n a o 2 or 2
, . .
, gr s

of th e o H ea th e e a

first ) h tt ch which is pl c d sm ll
. e -
ov r a n en a e a o

at ( )
as in I . T en a a to b ,
in a e a a
270 O D O U R S O F O L S A N D FA T S I 1X

D E GR E E

a pp r tly with ut d ur
a en o o o

pl ea a n s t s l i gh t
utty
rt ll wyt ic
n

ma
(I )
“
, or a o

d ist i rctci v ll d( rd c urg is d

”
a o

n ot u pl n ea ans t ( 2) pr u c don o n e

u r c g is bl
n e
or
n

o
e a

n
)
e

a
e
a

e
o
e o

o
n e

u pl
n ea s an t (I) s l igh t
prcrid u c d
(2) on o n e

p us tr utsi g
”
(3) a

d is gr bl
a e ea e
(4 )
( 5) na
e ne

eo
a n
”

T h e fla v o u r v ri s gr tly tr i d p l t but
of a n O i l o r fa t to t h e
is g r l disti ctiv ly xp rts
a e ea a ne a a e,

in to th e e

t if wh th r if th r is d p sit s lid
,
en e a , n e on e .

No e, a n o il, e e cl ea r o r t u r b i d, or e e a e o of o

m tt r
il s v ry v ry gr tly m u t st ri s lid
a e .

O ea i n th e of fa t
which th y c t i m i s d lm d c st r
a e a o n ea ne or o

So g l a nd

ils r r ly v r s with d p sit d st ri rm l

e on a n . e, a s e . . n ee ,
a on , a o

e or n e e ee n o ea ne at no

r m t mp r tur s th s which usu lly c t i st ri

o ,
a re a e e a
“ ”
e Of
m u t v ri s cc rdi g t mp r tur
oo e e a . o e a on a n ea n e,

th e to th e of the ex
pr ssi its subs qu t m st r
a o n a e a o n e e a e
l
of th e O il , a n d t re a t en t Ca o il

is v ry visc us r p l ss M st th r ils f irly

e on e en . o

and a e o il e so o o e O a re

fl id rm l r m t m p r tur s
e o ,
. a

u at no a oo e e a e

f t s t r d i l s wi g t h i r b i g l i u id c u try
.

”
S ome me i n th e of

rigi c c ut p l k r l
“
a a re e o o n to e e n
q o n

oil, m oil

f ts J p yrtl h v w xy pp r c
o n, e o on a e ne
.
g . .

”
d m ”

c ch i d l fr c tur br ki g c t h i r f l s d scri pt i
“
Tw o e a nd
“
a , a an w a x an e w a x, a e a a a ea a n

H en
rc th s b t h b i g tru glyc rid s
a on o a a e on ea n . e e a e e on in
c o mm e e, e e o e n e e e .

M i n era l ( glyc rid s liquid )

oi l s non -
e e

hs v riabl char ct r f tty ils xc pt

.
,

T not in th e

r rds t if c si s t c is
e e a re SO a e a e as a O , e e as

ega con s i s t en ce a nd V i s cos i t y . No e the on en e

l i m i d,
p p oi ly, th i ch o r sy r u y
t
.

No e th e c o l ou r

his v ry fr m w t r whit )
.

ma y t o d ar k r eddi s h
”
T col ou r l es s

but i t rm di t sh d s lm st
a o a e e

b r ow n b l a ch , th e e a re a o in
v ri bly
or n e e a e a

a a r eddi s h , ye l l ow i s h r ed, o r y el l ow .

is ft i dv t tly d c t d fr s l i d r si du
1
Oi l o en na er e n e an e om o e e.
 I D E NT I F I CAT I O N OF A N OI L, ETC . 27 1

y mi r l il s xhibit
Ma n fl th t i s th y pp r ea

gr ish by r fl ct d light s p i lly ti bl g i st d rk

a r een u or es cen ce , a e a
ne a o e g ,

e no cea e a a n a a

b c k gr u d
ee n e e e ec a

t
a o n .

No e t h e o do u r

M st mi r l ils h v r c g is bl d ur which light r

.

in th e

ils t rm d s m wh t r mi isc t c l
o ne a o a e a e o n a e O o ,
e

may b e “ ”
of
(
h vi r fr cti s p ( d ur
O e e g a s sy as o e a e n en oa

y r eu ma t i c Of a
“ ”
) a nd in th e

dist ll d pr duct ) Illumi t g h v usu lly f mili r

o
gas ea e a on en z O

0 115 th e
d ur p r fi
i e o . na in a e a a a
”
O o of a a f n Oil .

W a xes ( glyc rid s s lid )

no n -
e e o

g d d l v ri ti ccurs b tw wxs
.
,

A of een t he

t
oo ea a a on o e a e .

No e th e h a r dn e s s

m wxs
.

So a re v ery h a rd and b r i ttl e, c a r n a ii b a w a x,

i s ct m t m mi r l w x
e a e as e .
g .

w ax a nd on a n w a x So of th e

c mp r tiv ly s ft ( c p bl b i g k d d with
n e . e ne a a es a re

a e o P l a s t i ci ty a a e of
“ ”

fi g rs ) is ch r ct ristic qu lity b sw x c r si
o a . e n n ea e

th e of a nd

k rit ) w x s
n e a a a e a ee a e e n

(
W l is xc pti l b i g ls is v s li
oz o e a e .

w ax e on a in l v e l i h e,
I s ct p rm c ti ls istill d m t
oo e e n sa -
as a o a e ne .

w a x a nd S e o d e o n a n w a x, a re crys ta l

tructur
n e e a , a

li ne
fi a nd br ou s in
br ki m st w x s br k su f c
S e .

On ea ng o a e th e o en r a e ha s con ch oi da l

( sh ll li k ) pp r c
, a

e ea a n e

t
-
e a .

No th e c o l o u r
sw x ( u l ss bl ch d ) is c r ub
e .

B ee y e ll ow to r ed w a x,

r si is with ( fr qu tly )
a n e ea e a na a

y ell ow i s h t o di r ty g r een Ce y el l o w ,
whit p cks p r ffi x s u u lly
. e n e en

e S e ; th e a a n wa e a re s a col ou r l es s a nd

p tr a n s a r en t o r t r a n s l u cen t
t
.

No e t h e o do u r

sw x is m lti g
.

B s w eet a n d a r o ma ti c C a r n a ti b a wax ha s ,
ch r ct ristic d ur w l
ee a . on e n

o f n ew m ow n h ay oo wax ha s
d ur whil m st th r w x s
a a a e O o a p ro
-

“ ”
n o u n c ed of th e o
g oa ty
with ut sm ll
o o ,
e o e a e a re

o e .

Di s ti ng u i s h t h f ll ws e w a xes as o o :

t b ut m
H ea with lc h lic p t sh ( d scrib d
20 s of th e w a x a o o o a

pg v p r t dry ss w t r b th t k up With
a o gr as e e ,

to a e and h ot
w t r If m lt d fl ts u lt r d surf c cl r
a e e a o a e ne on -
a , a e

th e wax oa na e e on th e of

liquid is I A
a e . e e a e a ea

th e w a x M NER L W AX
If s py liquid is bt i d m r l ss cl udy ( l c h ls
, a .

or du e to a

h ydr c rb s ) is A U A (
a oa O a ne , o e e o o o or

th e w a x ) N T R L a ni ma l o r v eg e t a b l e WA X ,
I U
o a on , a or a

B T ME N W A X

bi tu w x s u su lly r d i ly d ist i gu i h d th r rthy d ur

.

The men ei

s p ci lly w r i g
a e a re a ea n s e by ea o o .

e e a on a m n .
27 2 I I
D E N T F I C A T O N OF A N O I L , E T C I . IX

‘
A . G L Y CE R I DE S

tur l ils)
(I) L IQ I U DS (n a a O

Po ur dr ps
fe w o p lm
of d rub
t h e o il on th e s Of o n e han th e h a n d
t g th r m m ts k pi g th m lm st cl s d i s rt
a a ,

fo r fe w o en a n d, ee n e th e
s sp c just v r thumbs c r fully ti g d ur
o e e a , a o o e ,
n e

no e i n th e a e o e th e a e no n th e o o

fi sh y d ur h w v r i t i d ic t s M
, .

(i )
”
A “
( fa “

d ris d i l s ( c ll d ) ft d t ct d by pr c d i g
o o ,
o ) e e n ,
n a e a r i n e oi l s Cl a s s I . D eo
”
fi sh m ay be
f ll ws
o e o so -
a e o en e e e o ee n as

p i fy w i th l c h li c p t sh ( p g vprt
o o

Sa th e o il

l c h l diss lv si du w t r bri g b i l cidul t wi th

on a o o o a a e e a o a e o ff the
th e in d
d i lut sulphuric cid i di t ly t d ur l ib r t d
a o o , o e re e a e an n to o a a e

a nd mme th e of th e
tty cids d r th s c d i ti s l st ri i l s v i f
e a ,
a e no e o o e a e

Un mo all ma
h ig ly fi d i t d ist i c t fi sh y d ur
fa a . e e e on on ,
a ne o ,
e en
”
em

rd d ri i l s u l ss hydr g t i b c ri d v ry
h re ne ,
a n o o .

Ha
”
ma th e has
this r d t ct d tr i d bs rv r
e ne ne o , n e o en a on een ar e e

fa r, ma y b e i n ma nn e b y th e

( ii ) pl s t fr sh d ur s m tim s m rk dly
e e e a ne o e e .

A n ot u n di s ti n ct i v e
p i ts rigi (
ea an ,
e ,
o o ,
o e e a e

m
a ro a ti c or n u t ty, o n to a v eg eta b l e o n . Cla s s e s I I ,
I II , IV )
sc rt i i di v lu ( p g
.

A a n th e o e

I di v lu b ut
e ne a e a

2 10 t o
( o 1 20 C l a s s I I “
D r yi n g
Ab ut
o ne a e a

o 1 20 ( m 1 00 C l a s s I I I “
Se i dr y i n g
-

l Be ow ( N Cl a s s I V “
o n - dr yi n g

( iii ) fi t d ur i dic t s m A ni
“
al oi ls Cl a s s V
”
A ta l l owy ( )
ic ly c mm im l ils xclusiv m ri
a n o o n a e .

S th e o n o of th e
gr up it sh uld di ficult
n e o on an a ,
e e a ne
“ ”
l a r d o il
f a nd th e oot oi l s , n ot be f to
isti guish th s fr m v g t bl ils
o ,
a re o

d th e
If d ur is d ubtful ( c s c fir )
n e e o e e a e o .

th e o a nd in m th e u n s a p on i fi a b l e
tt r ust x i d
o o a ny a e to on

ma of th e o il m ( be m fo r Ch ol es ter ol P hytos ter ol s

g )
e e a ne or s ee

is pr s t g t bl i l s (
Pa e 177

( ) ) Ve
fir c t t (p g
a A P hyt os ter ol e en . e a e o Cl a s s es I I , I I I , I V .

C on m b y t h e M of th e
is pr s t M r i i l (
. P . a e a e a e

( ) b Ch ol es ter ol ) ma oil

sc rt i yi ld (p g
e en . a ne or a n Cl a s s I or V .

A th e of I n s ol u bl e B r omi des
i ttl i l ils (
e a n e a e

(i ) L ) A n ma
i r y i ld M ri ils (
e o r none . o Cl a s s V .

( ii ) Fa
fir by sc rt i i g lti g p i ts br id s
e . a ne o Cl a s s
Con m a e a n n th e me n o n of th e om e p ro
du c e d
c y s t l s ( ) sh uld d rk
.

Th e r a 11 o a en a t 2 00
°
C w i t hou t mel t i ng
. .

C LASS I M I . AR N E I O LS

( )I D iss lv b ut c c cc
2 t st tub o f t h e o il in 10 C S 2 in a dd a

dr ps c c tr t d sulphuric cid
o e a o . . . . a e -
e ;
fe w of a

i dic t s I U ( U
o on en a e .

A v i ol et col or a t i on n a e L VE R OI L GR O P GRO P
274 I I
I D E N T F CA T O N OF A N O I L , E T C I . IX

I 6o —I 7 0 U T N G OI L

firm by s lidific ti t st ( p g
.

C on
A U
o a on e a e

C N DLEN T OI L

isti gui s h d fr m tu g by i s lubl br mid t st

.

D e

u g y i ld s br mid s
n e o n n o e o e .

T
dl ut giv s — c t
n e no o e .

Ca n en e 11 12 p er en .

— 148 1 58 H E M PS E E D OI L
his is usu lly gr c l ur
.

T o il in
WA U O
a een o o .

— I 4o I 5o LN T IL

h r ct ristic d ur w l uts
.

C a a e o o of a n .

— I 3o I 4o Y P OP P S E ED OI L

isti guish d fr m w l ut s y ig r
.

D a n d s un

fl w r by yi ldi g i s lubl br mid s

n e o a n , o a, n e

YA A
e e n no n o e o e .

SO BE N OI L.

I N GE R OI L

U
.

S N FL OW E R O I L

v lu s th s thr ils v ry cl s
.

The Of o e a nd

th y disti guish bl with di ficulty by ch i l

a e e e ee O a re e

f em c a

physic l t sts d ur fl v ur
e a re n a e

a nd Th e a nd a re t h e

b st guid u fl w r is g ld y ll w
a e . o o a o

S o il in
c l ur ig r disti ct utt fl v ur
e e . n o e o en e o
“ ”
o o ,
a nd n e O il has a n n y a o .

C L AS S III MI YI SEI -
DR NG O LS

i di v lu b f r yi lds b st i f rm ti
.

The e, a s e o e, e the e n o a on

MA I
o ne a .

— 1 15 12 5 Z E OI L

firm by disti ctiv d ur high

.

C on and u n s a p on ifi

bl m tt r ( l cithi )
n e O o

du e t o
KA K
a e a e e n .

— PO OI L

Sc rc ly disti guish bl fr m c tt s d giv s

111 120 .

o o ee and e

r cti but t st usu lly g tiv

a e n a e on ,

H p a l h en ea on , B ecch i e a ne a e .

5
— C OTTO N S E E D OI L

firm by lph th r c l ur t sts

IO 1 12 .

C on Ha a nd o e o o e a nd

by high f tty cids

en

S P

A E
. . a a .

— 1 03 1 10 S ES M OI L

firm by disti ctiv ud ui c l ur t t

.

C on n e Ba o n o o es .

— 10 2 10 4 C R OT O N O I L
Dis r bl d ur bur i g t st firm
.

ee a e o a nd a Con
by ich rt M issl t t —
ag o n n e .

Re = 12 13

U A
e e es .

— 98 C RC S OI L

pl s t d ur but M v lu rm l
1 00 .

Un ea an O o ,
R .
-
. a e no a .

C LA S S IV YI . I
NON DR -
NG O LS

A s c rt i
e a n v lu ( p g ) c firm by
s a p o n ifi c a t io n t st a e a e 1 06 and on Va l en ta e

(p a g e )
A U
79
—
'

V . 1 70 17 7 ( . R P E OI L G R OUP . GRO P
 NON D R -
YI NG O LS I 27 5

176 —1 84 C A STO R O I L G R O U P ( GR O U P

U U
. .

1 88 —1 9 5 OL I VE
. OI L GR O P .
( GR O P

Va l en t a ( a cet i c a ci d
)
rly i s lubl b ili g c tic r up
.

N ea (G )
lubl c ld c tic r up
n o e o n a e . o I .

So e in o (G
l t rm l ( i t rm di t ) r up
a e . o

Va en a no a n e e a e .
(G o

G r ou p 1 . Rap e Oi l G r o u p

Th e i i v lu s giv
o d ne a e e an i dic ti n a on

— 10 5 1 20 AI R V S ON O I L

his wild v ri ty r p s d
.

'

T m
i s fr o a a e of

MU A ( bl ck )
a e ee .

ST R D OI L

MU A ( hit )
a .

ST R D OI L w
dily disti guish d by ch r ct ristic pu g t ur
e .

R ea O do

th r l must rd )
n e a a e n en

( of e e ea a o il

A
.

—
9 7 105 R PE OIL .

G r ou p 2 . Ol i v e Oi l G r o u p

Th e i di v lu s sh ul
o ne a e o dbe a sc rt i d
e a ne

1 10 — 1 13 C H ER R Y K E R N EL
10 1 —1 0 8 A P R C OT I
9 1 — 1 00 U PL M
Th e b er n el oi l s .

92
—1 0 9 A PE CH
dily disti guish d fr m th r ils
R ea gr up by
n O of t h e

i b r r cti ( p
e o o e o
“ ”
th e B e e ea on co l o u r t e s t, .

9 8 —1 00 A L M ON D OI L

mix d f tty cids diss lv u l v lum

.

Th e e a in a n eq e of

bs lut lc h l cl r s luti
a o e a o
°
a o e a o o at I 5 C to a ea o on

( isti ct fr m r chis ric s s m

. .

D n o ) a a ,
e, e a e, etc .

Tru l t e Va
g en a ( p V
o
Io
IO .

R C E OI L I
su ally high cid v lu disti ctiv musty d ur
.

U e and
”

A I
a a n e o o .

AR CH S OI L

istinguish d by s rd s t sts ( p g s
.

D B el li e I
’ ’
e and R ena e a e

1 40

T ru e
V
g o
lo
I I 0
'

.
(P 76)

80—8 5 OL I VE OI L

r ct ristic d ur t st with lib r t e f tty cids

.

C ha a e O o : e e a d a a .

T ru l t
e Va
gen a =
( p 72
V
o
l o
.

18 —2
 27 6 I II
D E N T F CA T I O N O F A N O I L , E T C . IX

Gr ou p 3 . C a s t o r Oi l G r ou p

ly c mm rci l is A r dily disti guish d

Th e on o e a o il C STO R , ea n e

( ) lubility lc h l So in
( ) H ig visc sity
a a o o .

b h
igh sp cific gr vit
o .

( ) H
c tyl v lu
c e a
y .

( ) d A e a e.

C LA S S V IM I . AN AL O L S

I di v lu s u d r
o ne a e as n e :

— 69 A 72 NE ’
T S F OOT O I L.
— 67 A 88 L RD OI L

d ur l rd l rd ill usu lly s r

.

T he of in o il w to
d tify it
o o a a a e ve

i
ts t v r g
en .

’
S G N ea foo '

9 17 a

rd
'

. . e a e .

La o il 9 155
'

( ) I ( ts) 2 S OL D S . T h e Fa

m d r pr c ss h rd i g ils i t f ts by hydr g ti
Th e of
“ ”

with m t llic c t lyst m d id tific ti s urc f ts

o e n o e a en n o n o a o en a on

ha s a th e en on of t h e e of

bt i d c mm rc v stly m r di ficult pr bl m th f rm rly

a e a a a e a o a

in f
r c g iti h rd d f ts is d lt with p g
as o a ne .
o e e a a o e o e an o e .

The on of en e a ea on a e 2 39

cs tur lly f rm d f ts th r is u u lly littl di culty

e o n a .

In th e e of n a e e s ffi in
v g t bl f ts ( l ss ) im l f ts (
a a o e a , a e

di s t i n g u i s h i n g b e t w e e n ) C VI a ndan Cla s s V I I
’ ‘

by m s l tt r If this v ry f i t s mpl m
e e a e a a a a

of th e odo u r o f th e be th e
m lt d sm ll b si wh c mm rci l s mpl im l m
ea n a e . e a n ,
a e ay

be in n, en a o e a a e of a n fa t
lm st c s s r c g is d with littl pr ctic
e e a a a a ay

in a ll be
W h d ubt xi ts c s s c firm ti is l ti
a o a e e o n e a e a e .

and in a ll a e as on a on , th e on a n d

id tific ti by m s m lti g p i ts ctts

en o e s , o a

on o f t h e s t er ol s Of th e of th e a e
"

ea n

(p ) will giv c clusiv r sults

en a e n o n a e

. 1 78 e on e e .

C LAS S V I . T H E V E G E TA B L E F A T S

A sc rt i t h e S ap on i/i ca t i on Va l u e
lw U typic l
e a n .

Be 200 G RO P I fa t Ca ca o b u t ter
U
o a .

2 00— 22 5 GRO P 2 Pa lm oi l

bv U
.

A o e 225 G RO P 3 Cocon u t oi l .

G r ou p 1 . Th e V eg et ab le B u tt ers

A sc rt i i di v lu
e a n o ne a e

AU
.

—
7 5 85 L REL OIL

c g is dbygr c l u ch r ct ristic d ur
.

Re o o o ra n d
A U
n e e en a a e o o .

—
54 6 3 S HE B TT E R

disti ct d ur high
.

H as ( — O o and u n s a p on ifia b le 4 10

c )
n ,

p er en t .
27 8 I I
D E N T F I C AT O N O F A N OI L , E T C I . 1x

C LA S S V I I . AN IM A L FAT S

A sc rt i th e s a p o n i fi ca t io n v lu
lw A U
e a n a e .

Be o 2 00 B OD Y F T S— G R O P 1.

A b
o ve 2 00 MI L K F A TS —G R O U P 2 .

G r ou p 1 . B o dy Fats

A sc rt i i di v lu
bv ish ti g m mm ls ( xclusiv m ri
e a n o ne a e .

A o e 80 F ea n a a e e of a ne

m mm ls l ss I r up b r a C G i ce etc

A
a , a , o -
ea ,
.

L RD

dily id tifi d by its tr sluc t pp r c

.

Re a e and

s lv lik c sist c
en e an en a ea a n

—
a e- e on en e .

50 55 B ON E FAT

c is d by pr s c m
.

Re e of li e s a l ts

A
og n e e en .

38
— 45 T L L OW

M utt t ll is c mm ly h rd r str r
on a ow o on a nd on g e in
fl v ur d ur th b f
a e

a o a nd o o an ee fa t .

G r ou p 2 . Mi l k Fa t s

Th e o n l yc o mm on m mb r is U A
v lu ( p )
e e B T TE R F T .

M
R eich ert ~ ei s s l

l sk ( p )
a e . 1 13

Po 1 16

Ki rsch r ( p )
en e .

ne . 1 54

B . N ON G L Y C E R I D E S
-
.
(Wa xs
e and M ne i r l ils)
a O

A sc rt i
e a n v lu s
t h e s a p o n ifi ca t i on a e

I UI A I IA
.

I L Q D AND S P ON F B LE Cla s s V I I I L i qu i d w a xe s l

I UI U A I IA
. . .

2 L Q D AND NS P ON F B LE XI Mi n e r a l oi l s

A I IA
. . .

3 . I
S OL D AN D S P ON F B LE Cla s s es I X (N a t u ra l
and X .

w a xe s a n d b i t u men w a xes )

U A I IA
.

4 . I
S OL D AND NS PO N F B LE Cl a s s X I I . Mi n e r a l w a xes .

C LA S S V III IQ I W
'

. L U D AXE S

Two ly
on imp rt c
a re o f o

sc rt i sp cific gr vity
an e .

A e a n e a .

~
87 8 8 83
-
S P ER M OI L .

°
87 8 A RCT IC SPE R M OI L .

o
1

n
rt i i l s d ist i ll d fr r si ( r si
w ictgi p si cid s th y c t i t h y d t ct d
Ce a n o
t o th e ro n a
p i i ls)
e

e
om
on a n :
o n o

e
n a nd

a re e e
ne o

e b y th e
a re sl igh tly
L i b rm
e e
sa

a nn S o
-
t rch
p o ni fi a b l e

re a ( on age
 NON G L -
Y C E R DES I 27 9

C L A S S 1X . N AT U R A L W AXE S
Itis not a t pr s t p s s ibl sc rt wh th r i l e to a wax has ma
v t bl rigi It is th r f r ssum d th t s ur c is u k w
e en o e ain e e a an an

eg e a th e
sc rt m p ( p g
or e o n . e e o e a e a o e n no n

A e a in el ti n
g oi u t
A AU A
a e

WA X
'

C RN B

firm by
.

°
C on at 1 55 C
M lt sm ll qu tity — gr bl d ur
.

e a an a e ea e o o of n ew

rn o w n hay
urbidity t mp lc h l r g t
.

°
1
T o o = 82 C
I
e a ea en

—
. .

°
80 8 N SE CT WAX
sily r c g is d by its fibr us lustr us
.

Ea e o n e a nd

s mbl s p r c ti but is much

o o ap

Re ma
h rd r
p ea r a n c e . e e S e e

urbidity t mp lc h l
a e .

l
T ent = i n s o lu b l e
A I A
e a o o rea
.
g .

— 68
°

70
°
C N D EL LL WA X
h r ct ristic d ur
.

C a a O o

urbidity t mp lc h l r g t
e .

°
1
T e a o = 63 C
AX
. o ea en .

° °
62 5 B E E SW
su lly br w ish y ll w with pl s t d ur
.

U a e o ea Of

h y
o n ,
an O o

on e

urbidity t mp lc h l r g t
.

°
1
T =
76 C
ti umb r
e . a o o ea en .

Ra
A I
o n e

— 42
°

49
°
SPER M C ET

ustr us tr sluc t sc l s lm st d url ss

.

L o an

urbidity t mp lc h l r g t
en a e , a o o o e .

1 °
T e . a o o ea en =
44 C .

— 30
°

40
°
W OO L WA X
c g is d by its g ty d ur s lv li k
.

Re o o

sist c r dy bs rpt w t r
o n e oa ,
a e -
e co n

en e, a n d ea a o i o n Of a e .

C L AS S X . I M NW X
B TU E A ES

CRU IUDE B T ME N W A X
c is d by its lu s tr us br w ish bl ck c l ur highly brittl
.

Re o
gn e o o n o o

ch r ct r bitumi us d ur w rmi g
, a , e

a a e a nd no O o on a n

I U
.
,

REF I N ED B T M E N WA X
cid r fi d pr duct r s mbl s m cl s ly but
.

The w ax o e

d sti guish d t h r fr m by pr ducti

a e ne o e e e c e re s ,
can

be f th e Of a t ty a ci d

( m t ic cid ) di s till ti with sup rh t d st m s by

i n e e e o o on a

on a n on e ea e ea al o

its
a a on ,

( —
a ci d v a l u e = ) 15 2o

A
.

M ONT N WA X ”

distil ti pr duct bitum fibr us cryst lli

.

A la Of wax ; ha s a ne

structur , br w whit c l ur f i t bitu mi u s d ur

on o en o

n to and O o

i s ti guis h d by its high cid v lu —

e o e o o ,
a n no .

D n e a a e = 73 85 .

W st
1
pg
F rye r a nd e on . S ee a e 86 .
2 80 I I I
D E N T F C AT O N O F A N O I L , E T C I . 1x

PE A T WAX
distill d pr duct p t lm st i disti uish bl fr m m t
.

A e o of ea ,
a o n ng a e o on a n

wax .

C L AS S X I . I M NE RAL I O LS

No t c l ur
e o o :

( )
1 Ve ry d rk br b ck ith gr lu r sc c
ow n to la 1
w f
r cti lly distil (p g
a e en o e e n e.
,

F a on a 1 00 G O a e

liquid distils til high t mp r tur

.

( ) N0 l
r ch U IU
a e e a e

ea e d. P ET R OL E M R ES D E

fr cti s bt i d g fr m
.

b M on a ne v a rYi n

light U U
a nY a O 1
o

t o h ea v v CR D E P E TR OL E M
sc rt i i g s urc c mp r fr cti s bt i ith th s
. .

Fo r e o f o il , a n ed w o e

giv I
a e a n n o o a e a on o

en in V ol . .

(2) The iso il co l ou r l es s to r ed b r ow n

sc rt i p cific gr vity
.

( )
a A e a n S

(i ) light v l tilis s h
e a .

Th e o i l 15 and a nd

U
o a e on .

59 0 66 8 PETROLE M ET H ER

U II
.

6 68 7 47 P E T R OL E M SP R T

( ii ) is m bil but r dily v l til gr u lly

.

Th e o il o e, n ot ea o a e, ad a

v p r ti g h dr pp d filt r p p r
e a o a n w en o e on e a e .

— °

75
'

So W I I I H T E SP R T

l sh p i t — turp ti substit t
.

° °
F a o n 75 80 F en ne u e

( iii ) dr p p c pi c filt r p p r d
. .

A o of o il la ed on a e e of e a e oes

—
‘

n o t eva or a te

I U IAI
p .

80 8 LL M N T NG OI L

AA I
2
'

”
82 P R FF N O I L
°

A
.

”
°
84 S OL R OI L

U IAI I
.

— '
86 9 2 L BR C T N G O LS

irly m bil light c l ur

.

( ) a Fa o e, o o .

I SP N D LE OI L
”

(B) M dium fluidity with str g

.

gr flu r sc c
e on

I ee n o e en e
“
E NG NE ”
OI L

hick fl s v ry sl wly
. .

( ) T ow

d rk r c l ur
'

y , e o ,

Y I a e o o C L N D E R OI L

l t t mp r tur
. .

Co o th e o il a n d n o e e a e of

s tt g
e

e in

(i) bv pr b bly A
.

°
A o e 0 C o a SH L E O I L.

( ii ) I A ° °
B et we en o C and 10 C A ME R C N O I L

( iii ) luid U IA
. . .

°
F at 18 C . R SS N OI L .

1
c rud p tr l u s l igh t r c l ur
A fe w e e o e m a re e in o o .
 S EC TION X

T AB L E S

I id v lu s xpr ss d t r s l i c id
Ac a e e e e in e m of o e c a

II l c h l s lut i s
, .

A o : S G of o on

III s ut i s
o . . .

A m mo ni a : S. G of ol on

t ic w ights
. .

IV A om e

p ci t i s cyl i dri c l v ss l s
.

V Ca a e of n a e e

rb t p t sh s lut i
.

VI Ca on a e of o a : S G . of o ons .

rb t s d s lut i s
.

VII Ca ona e of o a : S G . of o on

III u stic lk l i s lut i s

. .

V Ca a a : S G of o on

t igr d d gr s u i v l t h r h i t
. . .

IX C en a e e ee e
q a en to Fa en e

h r h i t d gr s u i v l t tigr d
.

X Fa en e e ee eq a en to C e n a e

ly c ri — fr ct iv i dic s sp ci fi c gr vit i s
.

XI G e n Re a e n e a nd e a e

lyc r l th r t ic l y i ld s fr i l s f t s
.

XI I G e o : eo e a e o m o and a

XIII ydr chl ric cid s lut i s

.

H o o a : S G of o on

i t ic ci d s lut i s
. . .

XI V N r a : S G of o on

l ic st ric cid s i di v lu i xtur s

. . .

XV O e and ea a : o ne a e of m e

d i u ch l rid s lut i s
.

XV I So m o e : S G . of o on

X II ulph uric ci d s lut i s

. .

V S a : S G of o on

X III isc sit i s ( s l i u ids)

. . .

V V o e of o me q 77 x 1 00 at 40 C
°
.
2 84

T AB L E I .

A ci d va lu es i n ter ms f
o i id
ol e c a c .

O l i Al
e c
a c id
c id
va ue
 TA B LE I V .

19 1 8

I n t ern a t i on a l A t o mi c W ei gh t s .

l
S ymb o l
S ymb o

Mo
N eo
lybd
dy i u
m
uen

m
m

ick l
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N eo n

it r diu ti
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N e

i tr
O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O N on ( a m e ma n a on )
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 N og e n
0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O O

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

o o o o o o o o o
o o

o o
o

o
o

o
o

o
o

o
o

o o
o o

o
o

o
o

o
o

o
o

o
o o

o o
o o

o o
o

o
Ta n tl a u m

o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o o

T h ri u m
o

Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q Q V a na d iu
XYtt rbi u
en on
m

Z
Yttr
i
iu
e

nc
m
m ( N e o yt t erb i u m )
 TA B L E V .

C a p a cit i es o
f cyl i n dr i ca l v es s e s o l f I cm . l eng th or h eig h t .

The c p ci ty of a n v ss l bt i d by ult i plyi g

ma y b e m th e fi gur
l gth h igh t v ss l u st i (
a a y e e o a ne n e

in c c.. b y th e en or e of th e e e in q e on in

i
Ca p a c t y c . c .

A ppl ic bl l s u i t l gt h i ts c ub i ch s —c u
of en a nd i ch s ;
t—c u f t tr s—cu tr s
a e a o t o a ny n e : n e . n e

fe e . ee ; me e . me e , e tc .
294

TA B L E X I .

G l y c e ri n — R e fr a c t i v e i n di c e s a n d s p ecifi c
°
(15
’

g ra v i t i e s C .
) S ka l w ez t

l l
G yce r o
p er c e nt .
S G
.

15
°
. a

C
t
.

v
Ob s e r er

L ist i
n g Wi ll ig
Va n de r en
 29 5

T AB L E X I I .

G l yc e r o l .

Tnea r et i ea l y i el ds f r om neu t ra l oi l s ( a ver ag e) .

Oil or fa t

[T o lyc ri c t t c s s fr cid ity

fi n d th e g in of of th e ils e tc i t is
ppr x i t ly c rr ct d duc t fr glyc ri figur s ch c t
e n o n en a e ee a o ,
.
,

ma m th e fo r
ci d i ty l ic cid ]
a o e o e to e 0 1 o e n e ea on e p er en .

a as o e a .
 TAB L E X I I I .

H ydr o c h l o r i c a cid . S G
. .
f
o s ol u t i ons
p er cen t . by w e ig b t of

p u re H C l a nd o f con cen t r a t ed s ol u t i ons .

°
T w a dde ll S G
.

( 18 B é )
°
.

.
S G

( 1 9 Hé )
°
. .

.
29 8

T A B LE X V .

f m ixt u r es
’
Ol ei c and St ea ri c a c i ds . l oa i ne va l u es o .

l
O e ic
p er
a c id

cent .
S i
tea r c a c
p er cen t
id
.
 2 99

T AB L E X V I .

S o di u m ch l o r i de .

(I55
°
C) by f Na C l
’
S G of s ol u t i on s p er cen t
‘

. . . a na . o .

llx
T w a dde
( a p p ro ) p er
N a Cl
ce n t .
T w a dde
( a p p ro
llx N a Cl
p er ce n t .
 3 00

TA B L E X V I I .

S u l p h u ri c a c i d. S G
. .
f
o s ol u t i on s a n d p er cen t . by w en t f H 2S O
o

v
s .c . C .
s o4
p er ce n t
( in )
.

a cu o
 A PPE N D I X I

A N E W T E S T F O R O L S A N D F AT S I
uth rs h v lr dy p i t d (
Th e — ) th out A n a lys t , 1 9 1 8, 43, 4 20 at

r l tiv s lubility tur l ils f ts giv s lv t is

a o a e a ea o n e

th e of th e a nd in
c st t ch i dividu l pr vidi g th t ll w c is m d
e a e o na a o a a en o en a

fo r o il , o n a du e a o a e fo r
fr f tty cidity h y h v b impr ss d with pr ctic l utility
on an ea n a an e

T th e of

t st c s ils h v f u d c s mixtur s ils

ee a a . e a e ee n e e a a

th e i n th e e of o a nd in th e a e of of o

th t r sulti g turbidity t mp r tur mixtur is virtu lly

e a ,
a e o n e

th e e e a e of th e e a an

rithm tic m t mp r tur figur ch c mp t ils

a e n

ea n o f th e fo r of th e
ic c s s p c mm rci l f tty cid lysis
a e e e a e e ea o on e n o .

S in t h e a e of and o a a na th e
rigi l glyc rid s v il bl uth rs i v stig t d turbidity
n e, oa e a a ,

a re n o t a a th e th e

t mp r tur s bt i d with mix d f tty ci s th ms lv s with v ri us

o na e e a e, a o n e a e

th e e a d e

lv ts rd r disc v r wh th r qu l gr discrimi ti
e e a e o a ne a e e a o

in to e an e de ee of

w r bt i d cs ils
so en o e o e e a na on

as in th e a e of th e o

hy m st suit bl s lv t purp s c tic cid

e e o a ne .

T fi nd th e o a e o en fo r th e to be
b ut c t str gth st d rdi d t st ils
e o e a e a

of a and i n th e fo r a nd
“

9 0 p er en en an a

f ts g i st pur l ic cid mix d f tty cids lm d

o .
,
se as e o
1
a a n e O e a or t h e e a of A O il 2
ticip t d r l ti b tw turbidity t mp r tur s
a a on

As wa s a e th e th e
bt i d with mix d f tty cids c rr sp ds cl s ly with th t
an ,
e a on e e en e e a e

th e e a a o of the
ils th ms lv s ( p g s — but div r c is quit gr t
o a ne e on o e a

e a e 83 8 th e not

b tw l w st high st m mb r th t is sc l
o e e e g en e e so ea

th e e m and th e e th e in
p ris with th t ils is s m h t c mpr ss d
e e en o e e , a ,
a e, co

of th e o o ew

sm ll m u ts u d c mp s d glyc rid s
a on a , a o e e .

f
Th e p e s e n ce of a a o n of i n th e
mix d f tty cids r is s turbidity t mp r t r c sid r bly it is
n e o o e e e

e a a a e th e e e a u e

th r f r ss ti l th t c mpl t is bt i d b f r
on e a ;
e e o e e en a a a o e e sa
p on i fi c a t i on e o e th e

t st is m d mix d f tty cids fr m s p bt i d m

o a ne

a e, a nd the e a a o

sh uld pr f r bly by lc h l p t sh
e oa ,
or a s o a ne co

m e rcia ll y, be p on ifi e d in th e
tit r t st ( p g
o e e a re - s a a o o o a as

It is ss ti l th t mix d f tty cids th r ughly sh d fr

e e a

en a a th e e be wa
fr m v l til ci s s p ci lly cs c ut lm K r l ils
e a a o o e ee

o a e a d e e a in th e a e of Co a nd Pa
hus f ll wi g r sults r bt i d with s mpl s c ut
o , on e ne o .

T th e o o n e we e o of Co a nd

lm K r l ils
,
a ne a e on

Pa e ne o

P r o c e du r e
gr mm s t k
20 e o f o il

with c c lc h lic p t sh ( / lc h l ) u d r
a a en .

S a p o n ifi e d of 2 N
°
1 00

r flux i h ur
. . a o o o a 90 o
a o o n e

fo r an o

lc h l v p r t d w t r b th
e .

A o o e a o a e o ff o n a e a

c c b ili g w t r dd d s p p s t h t d u til p rf ctly

-
.

I OO of to e a nd

cl r s luti r sult d
. . o n a e a e oa a ea e n a e e

ea o on e e .

p g gi v l st i d t ic l r sult s 1

2
S ee a e 7 9
Th e t w o e
.

a mo en a e .
 IX 3 3 AP P E N D 1 0

5 / H2
°
d d till slight xc ss
Q S O4 a de in
tty cids h t d till p rf ctly cl r cl s p r ti bt i d
o
e e .

Fa a ea e a nd a

cid liqu r f tty cids filt r d thr ugh dry filt r with ut
e e ea ea n e a a on o a ne .

A r u n o ff a n d

furth r tr tm t
o a a e e o a e o

e ea en

bt i d with ut w shi g turbidity v lu s giv by

.

As so o and th e th e
mix d f tty cids w r f ll ws
a ne o a n , a e en

e a a e e as o o

cid ( c c f tty cid s 2 of a t 1 00

°
C
c c c tic cid b ut
° a a
S ol v e n t = A c e t i c
. . .

a 80 0 C
t st l ic cid )
.
°
2 of A at 20 C
pg
. . e a a o .

e to O e a
(
c ut
see a e

Co C
lm
on .

°
Pa K e rn e l = 3 0 C
'

ft r th r ughly w shi g with distill d w t r u til w shi gs

.

A e o o a n h ot th e

sh w d tr c cid w sh d cids w r g i filt r d thr ugh

e a e n a n

o e no a e of a the a e a

filt r p p r r sults bt i d r u d r
, e e a a n e e o a

dry e a e a n d th e e o a ne we e as

c ut
n e
°
Co on 5 C 27

lm
.

°
Pa K ern el = 4 3 o C
°

dditi its v lu lysis s p c mm rci l f tty

.

In a on to a e i n th e of oa a nd of

cids t st m ppli d lysis c v i tly c ju cti

a na o e a a

th e be t o oil a n a in
ith tit r t st hich s m pr c dur is r quir d It
a , e ay a e ,
on e n en on n on

w th e fo r w th e h a s th e
dv t g th t c rr cti cidity is c ss ry c s ils
e e , a e o e e e e .

fo r in th e e of o

but m ti d b f r c r must t k th t
a an a e a no o e on a ne e a as a ,

p fi
e o e, a e be a en a a tnor oug lz ti on
is bt i
as en on e sa on z ca

of t h e o il o a n ed

furth r dv t ff r d by this m th d is th t r sult is

.

A a n age o e e e o th e not

i flu c d by pr s c m istur cid ythi g

e a a e

en th e e en e of o in the o i l, or in th e to a n

lik s m d gr cs turbidity t st with hus

n e e a ,
n

th e ee a s in th e a e of th e e t h e o il T
turbidity t mp r tur is pr duc d by dd ti
e a e e

ris
.
,
°
e of 1 C in th e e e a e o e th e a on of

m ist r s lv t figur cs str g r cid

a . i
°

/ of u e t o th e th e in th e a e of t he
'

13 e on

usi g ils b i g / dd d m istur pr duc qu l ris

o
o o en ,
e a
°
n th e o e n
'

029 a e o e to o e an e a e in the

turbidity t mp r tur ( p g
o

e a

s lv t dditi l dv t r dily fr i g
e e a e

Th e h a s th e a n a g e o f n ot at low
t mp r tur s b i g l ss hygr sc pic th cs
o en a o na a ea e ez n

e a nd of fa r e o o an in th e a e of th e

str g r cid
e a e e n

on e a

W bt i f ll wi g r sults usi g c r fully w sh d mix f tty

.

e o a n th e o o n th e a e a e ed a

cids fr m pur sp cim s ils

n e

a o e e en of o

T u r b i di t y T e m p era tu r es of Mi x e d I n s o l u b l e F a t t y A c i ds
c tic cid [A t st with l ic cid ]
e a = 80 C
°
. e o e a .

Th e t st is p rf rm d
e pg e o e a s on a e 79 .

Ca st r s lubl tt s d rd Co 76
°
La 86
°

c ut M i
o on ee

r chis
o e
° °
Co 76 A 87
lm K r l sm ll w
on a ze a
° ° °
Pa Se e 77 Ta 83
is d hi s v g t bl t ll w
43
lm
e ne a o
° ° °
L 69 C Pa 83
y b liv p
79
n ee ne e e e a e a o
° °
So
°
ea n 75 O 78 Ra 96
ig r
a

lm d Wh l
e e

N
° ° °
e 75 A on 80 a e 72
 DI X I I APPE N

H TMI I Y I
E D E TE R N AT O N O F G L C E R N I N S OAP

glyc ri rm lly r t i d by h rd s ps pr s t s ft
A s th e and in
s ps m d fr m f tty cids is usu lly sm ll m u t sp ci l pr c uti s
e n no a e a ne a oa e en o

in
c ss ry rd r bt i ccur t r sults h r m th ds
oa a e o a a a a a o n ,
e a e a on

in to o T t wo
hich uth rs h v f u d r li bl th y giv pr f r c
a re n e e a o e a n a a e e . e e a re e o

w th e a a o n e e a nd th e e e en e to th e

s c d th s cc u t its gr t r f cility sp d first is

o e a e e

of e e on a of ea e a nd Th e
h w v r r c g is d st d rd m th d sh uld mpl y d c s
e on o n a ee .
,

th e e o n e an a o and be e e in a e

disput
o e e ,
e o o

of e .

P r o ce du r e
I W eigh o u t t oo gra mm es o f s p iss lv t r l rg a nd d in h ot w a in
b kr c t sulphuric cid til slight xc ss
. oa o e e a a e

A dd 25 en in
H t b kr w t r b th u til s p r t d f tty cids
ea e .
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i llu i t i g rr pl i ri t i ry t ssts pl ct i I I lysis

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m na n 2 1 6 , 2 64 , 2 80 P e m na e , S
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132

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-
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,

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2 5 0, 2 5 7, 27 5
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3

t cl if
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79 Su fe 10
9

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13 2

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e ne 2 15 T e 223

o or 10
9
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rd
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vis i ll i g
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yh i bldrgs r
I 55, 1 7 1, 277 V a r r e n t ra p 1 7 1
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y
ich rd s
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ich d
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R
Ro e blf rt s
mo n

R o e 2 30
55
155
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t
W e s o n 5 8 64 7 6 , , , 1 03 , 1

Wil y
S a yb ol t 64 e s 92

ch ult W i l ki
S c h ei th a u e r 2 6 3 e 97

h r w sbur W i d us
S z 2 12 e 1 2 7, 1 29

S e n a 1 76
y 147
W
W lf 3
S ka l w ei t 2 9 4 i n te rfie ld 2 30

xt ckhl t
S o lt s i e n 1 3 5 o f 2 2

So e 22 V ol l n y 1 1 3
V

S o
tt krc s 152

S o e 22 1 27 2 , , u
Z ne 2 13

S o h 222

C A MB R I I
D G E : P R NT E D BY J
. B . PE A CE, M . A .
, AT THE U I
N V E RS T I Y P R E SS
 CA M B R I D G E T E C H N I CA L S ERIES

T E C HN I C A L HA N D B O O K
OF

O I L S FA T S A N D W AXES
P .
J F RY
. E R ,
FC S . . .

AN D

F . E . W E ST O N ,
B Sc . .
,
F C S . . .

h m ic l d G r l V ol I . . C e a an en e a

c d diti W ith fi ur d 6 t
Se on e on 6d ‘

33 g es an 3 p la es 1 03 n et

v ry u s ful b k r f r c t ch ic l w rk r w r
. .

ks
ch is t ut h r s h v s u cc d d c d si g r rk bl u t
A e e oo of e e en e fo r t h e e n a o e and the o

cc ur t u s ul i f r t i i t s ll s p c ski lful
m in em a mo
by
e . T he a o a e ee e on en n a a e a n

typ
of a

i f r ti
e v
and ry
u c l r pri t i g
a e

ick ly v i l bl
and

e publ
tt r ish r s h v h p d t h
ef

gr
ea
t i p rt c
n o

t n

h s
k t his
ma

y
n

s
,
on

th e
n o a ma
e a
a

e
e,

el
a nd

e
‘

e
th e
m to ma
use of

st ss b k which sh ld u sd c j ct i w i h s t d rd
n o ma on q a a a e, a ma e of ea m o an e in e e da of

tr tiist su i t w rt hsubt hj icrt whi l hicpurcht h ss p ss ss st d rd w rks w i ll

fin d
re

ea
.

e on

e
A
t he
o
oo

e
,
and

e
w
to
ou

h
be
o e w ho
a e
e

”
in
o
on u n

e th e
on

an
t
a
th e
o
an a

q .

Tb e j ou r n a l o f tb e S oci ety o f C lz enz i ca l I n du s t ry

T H E C HE M I ST RY OF
D Y E ST UFF S
A M AN U A L F O R ST U D E N T S O F C H E M I ST R Y
A N D D Y EI N G
BY

M F ORT M Sc ( L e e ds
)
ctur r i r d r d T ch ic l C
. . .
,

o ll e g e
Le e i n D ye n
g in t he B a fo e n a

A ND

D P h D (B )
L L L LOY er n
c tur r r ic d T h ic C h mi str i B r d r d ,
. . . .

Le i n O ga n l the fo
T ch i l C
an ec n a e
e
y n a

o lle
e n ca
ge

L r g cr a 8 eW ith ow nt t fig r s v0 . 12 ex -
u e . I os n e t

W ith d v l p t uf c tur dy s i t d K i gd
yh u dr d s i f t h u s d s y u g ch ist s u s t h v u d t s lv s
th e e e o me n of th e ma n a e of e in th e Un e n om ,

a bt hs rrbi ddu stry d l rg d sc succhr cs sct bltrisht dd si c t

m an
o e
n e

i n th e
,
n ot

a e b g r br blys
on
o an
e n
,

e
of

a
o n

e
em

n e th e w a r
m
P
a

e
e

an
fo
.
n hem
o a
e e

no

tsh rd sis blur s sh wuldh y y ubsgrb fr thisis cxc fill dt l i ttlblub s k r thstr v ri d
o

e e
e n

no ea o n
e ma n

a o n
on en

man who
a e ef
fo r
on
in
ne
s t r i ct 1y s e c i fi e d

to
_ p
e , or a
a ea

e a
,
b ut
fe w

rd vgl p dprf ctic fulll i fr trr t isi s wuth sid p hisc fulp ttiiculs r wi v rk whichr t i furt
an
ha e

e of
of
a
e,

a
o
n o ma t
not a

on

w hr
o

hich
o o

e
m
ar
e e

a
en

o ,
e oo a

ma y b e
mo a e

r d b k is c s tru c t d
m
ss u pt i t h t r d r me h im mo me i n
‘
e e o e ro e ea e en ea e g e e
s
k wl d ic ch is try w hi l s t i ly d v t d s ubj c t i t s
to ea . The oo on e on th e a m on a th e ea e h as o me

ti tl i t d s
no

e,
e

t u ch u i t u s f lly up pl t i v lv d
g e o f o rg a n
o e n o t fa i l t o o
e m
q
,

e
and

e u
ma
on
n

th e
e

an
o e

Tb e Ch emi ca l Tr a de
to th e
o e .
e of

[ou r /1a !

[ P T
. . 0 .
 P u b l i s /z ed
A n I n t ro du c t i o n t o A p p l i e d Me c h a n i c s
B Sc
. A
B yEW RT S AN D R E WS ,
.

7 s 6d n et

c rdc r
. . .

E le ctr i a l E n g i n e er i n g . Vo l . I . I nt o u to y By T . C .

B A I L L rE , B S c 5 s 6d n et

i
. .
, .

Ma ch i n e D ra w fo r E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e rs YTH E
‘

By E
pl t s BL
ng . . .

48 a e 2 OS net

A
. .

A Ma n u a l of Me c h a n i ca l Dra w in g By JH D C E
p ts L ES,
. . . .

3 5 6d net ; o r in t w o ar 6d n et ch
A r I r
, 25 ea .

D o m e s t i c Sci e n c e . ByC . W . H LE . Pa t .
45 n et . Pa t I I .

45 6d n et .

D e ve l o p m e n t of E n g li s h B u i ldi n g Co n s t r u c t i o n By C F
I N NOC E NT , 12 s net
. . .

Art
.

A r c h i t e c t u ra l a nd B u i l di n g Co n s t ru c t i o n P l a t e s ByW
R .
J
pl t s
AG G A R D , Pa rt I .
30 pl t s a e .
7 5 6d
.

n et. Pa
L T ER
II .

30 a e 7 5 6d n et

i U YC
. .

A r c h i t e c t u ra l B u i ld n g o n s tr u c t i o n . Vo l . I . By W . R .

J
AC C A RD and F . E . DR R .
7 s 6d net .

A l t e r n a t i n g Cu rr e n t s i n Th e o r y and P r a cti ce By W H N
J AM
. . . .

E S, s n et

i i A K MA
12 .

E xp e r m e n t a l B u ldi n g S c i e n c e . Vol I . . B y G LE . S N SON,

B S c ( E ng ) 65 6 d n e t
A
-
. . . .

Ch e m i s t r y fo r Te xt i le St u de n ts By B K ER NOR T H,
A A . R
a nd NORM N BL ND, B Sc 3 05 net

c r
. . .

Na v a l A r h i t e c t u r e . Pa t I . B y JE S T E E L E , B S c . . . .
,

6s 6d n e t
A
.

E l e m e n t a ry P h ys i c s fo r E n g i n e e rs . By J . P LE Y Y OR K E .

4 5 6d n et .

I n p r ep a r a t i on

c
A r c h i t e t u r a l B u i l di n g Co n s t r u c t i o n V o ls II a nd III By
UY
. . .

W R J
A G G A R D a nd F E DR R

AI
. . .
. .

E l e c t r i c a l E n g i n e e ri n g V ol I I ByT C B I
LL E , U se
AA CA
. . . . .
. .

A u t o m o b i l e E n g i n e e ri n g By A . . GR H M L RKE ,

E l e c t r o Te c h n i c a l Me a s u r e m e n t s B yA E MOO R E
A
- . . .
,

a nd F . SH W , B Sc . .
,

P a p e r , i t s Us e s and Te s t i n g B y S H E L D ON L E I C E STE R
r f ss r G X A
. .

Mi n i n g Ge ol og y . By P o e o . K NO a nd S R . T C L FFE I -
ELLI S .

i
Te xt el C a l cu l a t i o n s — Ma t e r i a l s , Y a r n s and Fa b r i c s . By A .

MI T C H EL L B E L L .

L a b o r a t or y No t e B o ok fo r A p p li e d Me ch a n i c s and Hea t
E ng i s
ne . By F BO . U L D E N, B Sc . .

E le m en t s of A p p l i e d Op t i c s B y W R B O W ER , B Sc
c
. . . . .

E l e tr i c I n s t a l l a t i o n s By C W H I LL
A cc A AU
. . .
,

ou n ti n g By J OH N B W RDH G H, C A
A KI A
. . .
.

D ye i n g and Cl e a n i n g B y FR N L N W W L K ER
Sc i AK
. .
.

E xp e r i m e n t a l B u i l di n g Vol II By G LE
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C A MB R I D G E U N I V E R S I TY PRE SS
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