C O TTO N SP I N N I N G C A L C U L AT I O N S

AN D YA R N C O ST S
C O TT O N W E AV I N G A N D D E S I G N I N G By .

JO H N T TAY LOR late L ecturer n C otto n W eavin g nd

.
, o a
D es ign ing in t h P resto n nd oth er Techni cal Schools
e a .

R evi e d n d er t h di ec t i o n o f F WI L K I N S ON D ir ctor o f
s u e r .
, e
th e T e t le and E ng ineering School B olto n
x i With 402 , .

D i g am s
a r C ro w n 8.
7 6d n t vo , s . . e .

TH E E LE M E N TS O F C O TT ON S P I N N ING .

By JO H N M ORR I S and F . W I L K I N S ON W i th a Pre face .

by Si r O S ON
B A D B
. .
, C E . .
, With 1 69 D iagram s
and I llustrat o s C ro wn 8 vo
i n .
, 7s 6 4
. .

P RI N C I P L E S O F W O RS T E D S P I N N I NG . By
H O WA R D P R I E ST M A N With 1 1 8 I l l ustrat io ns
. . 8 vc ,
75 6 d
. . ne t .

W I LD A N D C U LT I V A T E D C O TTO N = P LA N TS
O F TH E W O R LD : a R evisi o n o f t he G e nu s G oss yp iu m ,

fram e d prim rily w ith th o bj ect o f aidi g Plant rs and

a e n e

I vest ig ators w h m y co nte m plate t h Sy stem ati c I m prove

n o a e

m e nt o f t h C otto n Sta ple By Si

e G E OR G E WA TT . r ,

M E . C M . . LL D ( A b d and
,
. . .

or erl y Pro fessor o f ot y alcutta

f m vers ity and B an , C U ni ,

Re por er
t on E co o c Pro uc s
n overnm ent o f mi d t t o t he G
a
I nd i W i t 53 P
.h la es h ch olour d R o y al t , 9 of w i ar e C e .

Svo , 3 0s ne t . .

J A C QU A RD W E AV I N G A N D D E S I G N I N G .

By F . T . B E LL M e d all ist i n Ho ours and C r t ifi cate d

,
n e

e c er
T a h in Li nen M nu fa turing and i n
a Weavi g nd c n a

Patter n De sign ing C ity and G il ds o f Lo ndo n I nstitute

,
”
u .

Wi th 1 99 D i g a ram s . 8 vo , 1 2 s . ne t .

LO N G M AN S, G R EEN , AN D CO .

LON D ON ,
NEW Y OR K , B O M B AY , AND C A LC U I TA
’ ‘
COTTON SPINNING CALCULATIONS
AND YARN COSTS
A PRAC T I C A L AN D C O M PRE H E N SI V E M AN U AL O F
C ALC U LA T I O N S,
Y A R N C O ST S AN D O T H E R ,

D A T A I N V O LV E D I N AD APT I N G T H E
M ACH I N E RY I N ALL SE C T I O N S AN D FO R ALL G RAD E S , ,

O F SPI N N I N G AN D D O U BLI N G

JA M E S W I N T E RB OTT O M
L E CT U R E R I N COT T O N SP I N N I N G, M UN I C I PA L S C H O OL O F T E C H N OLOGY , M A N C H E ST E R

L O N G M A N S, GR E E N ,
A ND CO .

39 P AT E R N O S T E R R O W, L ON D O N
N E W Y O R K , B O MB AY , A N D C A L C UTT A

A ll r z glz t s r eser ved

g
 P R E FA C E

TH E aim of the author of th i s work h as been t o provide th e

stu dent w ith part iculars of the gearing in all th e mach ines
involve d i n Cotton Sp inn ing together wi th a metho d of cal cu
,

lat ing the trains of gearing These are acco mpan ie d by suitable
.

e xample s an d e xerc i ses .

E xi st ing works conta in ing Sp inn ing Calculat ions appear to

deal wi th th i s subj e ct in a manner too abstract for th e averag e
stu dent I n th i s book the deta ils connecte d wi th the cal cu
.

l at ion s and essent ial in chang ing the con dit i ons of work ing are
,

full y given .

The e ffects of twi st in yarn are intro duce d in cons iderat i on

of it s importance and in th e hope of st i mulat ing further i nvest i
gation of it s work ing .

The yarn costs are dealt wi th part i cularly to ass i st stu dents
preparing for th e City an d G u il ds of L on don I nst itute e xam ina
t ions in Cotton Sp inn ing .

A ugu s t, 1 907 .
 C O NTE NTS

T RAN SM I SSI O N OF MO T I O N
P AG E
A scertaining the rate — D irect i on— Si zes —E fiect s o f ch anges — E x am ples
an d e x erc i ses 1— 15

CO TT O N MI XI N G

B ale b reak ers or cotton pullers an d distri b utors — Thei r o bj ect — Ty pes
-

Act i o n s — C apac i t i es —Sp ee ds flD aft s — M er i ts an d dem er i ts — E x am ples

r

an d e x erc i ses — N otes o n the stac k an d di rect m etho d s 15 25

O PE N I N G AN D SCU T CH I N G

O pen ers—G ear ing— Spee ds —M etho ds o f fee din g— D rafts—L ap weight — E x
am ples an d ex erc i ses—Scutchers— The gearing —Spee ds — D rafts—L ap
w e i ght — P rod uct i on—L ap le ngth m ot i on s— Changes in spee d we ight , ,

an d cotto n— E am ples an d e x erc i ses — P os i t i ve se m i

x ,
an d n o n pos i t i ve
-

draft co nn ect i o n s — N on — stop w orking— C on trol l in g factors —Spee d o f

he at er s an d f an s — Si zes o f fee d rollers —Ove r s cu t ch i n g an d other de fec
t ive treat m en t 25—56

Car ds —The

, ,
e
CARD I N G

fl
gearing—Spee ds D rafts—Alterat i on s — F u n ct i ons o f parts
-

C o n di t i o n s co n tro l l i ng effi ci n cy — R ate o f m ovem e n t o f at s — Wrapp i n g

— N a m es appl i e d to cotto n i n the processes—Coun t in g cotton — Car d
cloth in g coun t in g preparat i o n for m oun t ing character of i t s po ints
,

Ex ma ples an d ex erc i ses

PR EPAR AT I O N FOR , AND CO MBI N G

l ver lap m ach in e— Obj ect—N am es and fu nct i o n s o f parts — G earing

S i
Spee d s — D rafts — P ro d uct i o n— E x am ples an d ex erc i ses 7 6 — 80
R i bbon lap m achi n e — O bj ect—N am es and fun ct i on s o f parts —G earing
Spee ds — D rafts — P ro d uct i o n E x am ples an d e x erc ises
-
V 11 1 CO N TE N T S
PAG E
b g — Altern ative preparat i o n of laps — O bj ects of com bi ng — Th e
Co m i n
N a m i t h co m b er
s Spee ds D rafts an d the l im i tat i o n s i n ran ge ,

We ights o f sl i ver an d w aste— E am p l es an d e erci ses x 8 4— 9 5 x

Th e He i l m an n co m b er— D i fferen ces o f the d uple an d N a m i t h— Sp ee ds x s

D rafts — Attach i n g h w a dj uste d— D raft restr i ct i o n s —I tem s co n troll i n g

,
o

the e ffi ci en cy — E x am p l es an d ex erc i ses 95— 1 02

A TT E N U AT I NG AN D E QU AL I ! I NG (TH E
D R AWI N G P R O CESS)

d raw fram e — Obj ects —N um b er o f hea ds usefu l — Obj ect an d m o de o f

-

test ing sli vers — Sy stem o f putt ing up — Allocat ing the d raft s
“

Sp ac i ng t h e sli ver—Spee ds drafts cou n ts an d pro d uct i o n — Su i ta b le

, ,

s i zes of rollers —An al y si s of s y stem s o f roller gearing— The arrangem en t

o f hea ds— A m o d e o f ascertaini ng the total draft— E am ples an d x

fl
ex erci ses 1 02

A TTE N U AT I N G (TH E FLY FRAME PR O CE SSE S) -

Th e o bj ects o f the y fram es : slu bb er in term e di ate rover an d j ack —The , ,

n ecess i t y f or repet i t i o n —The o b j ect o f t wi st i n g —Th e di rect i o n o f t wi st

i n g i t s i nfl ue n ce — Twi st co n stan ts

,
Th e g ear i n g i n these f ram es
The n am es an d fu n ct i o n s o f parts — E ffects o f a l teri ng the co n e trai n
C han ges i n spee d draft cou n t t wi st an d spac in g
, , ,
E x am ples an d
ex erc i ses — Co n e dr um s and differe n t i als — R easo n s for a differen t i al trai n
of fix e d value 1 1 0—
7 1 41
An al y s i s o f the act i o n o f d rawi ng ro l lers wi th d e duct i o n s 1 52— 1 54

SP E CI FI CA T I O N OF C O N D I T I O N S I N CARD I N G
DEPAR T ME N T

u tab le co u n ts an d sp in dle spee ds P reparat i on defin ed—Coun ts p act i

S i r

cab le with the avai lab le m ach in er y — F actors co n troll ing the allocat i on
o f t h e tota l draft — E x a m ples an d e x erc i ses — Han k i n di cators

1 4 1 — 1 52, 1 54
u b o bb in m easurin g m ot i on s
F ll

SP I NN I N G

Th e m ul e— D escript i o n and fun ct i on s of parts—Twi st co n stan ts F actors

co n troll in g the val ue o f all train s— E am ples o f speeds t wi st draft x , , ,

coun t b uil der gain an d pro duct i o n—G earing in m ul es by D o b so n an d

, ,

B arlo w Hetheri n gton P latt T el fal l — J ack i n g s l o w roller d ou b le

, , ,
r , ,

spee d t wi st ing hasteni n g b ack in g off an d takin g u p an d other m ot io ns

, , ,
- -

— C om par i son of actual spee ds an d pro d uct i on s wi t h calcul ate d— L osses

i n dr ivi n g— U s e o f the tacho m eter an d tachoscope —Hau k an d other
i ndi cators—Ta b les o f pro d uct i on s 1 56— 204
 CONTE N T S 1X

PAG E
The ring fram e —G earing — Spee ds — D raft — Twi st and other changes
E x am ples an d e x erc i ses — Com par i so n o f calc ul ate d wi th actual spee d s
an d pro d uct i o n s — L osses i n d rivin g—Ta b le o f pro d uct i o n s — C o n di t i on s
favoura b le to ring sp inning—The influence of t wi st on the output 204 21 3

fl
YAR N S

Twi st standar ds for s ingle—E ffects o f t wi st i n s ingle — R elat ive b reaking

res i stan ce in s ingle 21 4 21 6
Twi st stan dar d s for var i ous k in ds o f f ol d ed y ar n s — Th e in uen ce of the
d i rect i o n an d e x te n t o f t wi st l n the s in gles upo n the stren gth an d other
features of the fol de d y arn— The aim s of dou b l ing— E q u i l i bri um i n
fol de d y arn s F eatures develope d i n fol di ng —To ascertain the su i tab le
-

t wi st 21 6—224

D O UBLI NG

The r ing dou b li ng fram e — G earing Speeds — Twi st pro duct i o n — E x am ples
an d e erc i ses — T
x he t wi n er m ul e —G ear i ng —
Spee d s —Twi st pro d uct i o n
— E x am ples an d ex erc i ses 224 230
Wi ndin g— R eel ing 247 — 249

CO ST S OF Y AR N

Total an d etails o f expen ses — E x am ples o f costin g— Co m pari son of cost

d
Y arn fro m s i ngle an d d ou b le rovi n g— C o m b e d q ual i t i es R i n g y ar n
-

C otto n an d y ar n pr i ce l i sts —
Cost o f po w er space — P o wer re q u i re d
E x tra cost o f co m b in g— D epartm e n tal costs 23 1 — 247

I NDE X
 COTTON SPI NNING CALCULATIONS AND
COSTS OF YARN

TRAN S MI S S I ON or MOTI ON
The Method calcul ating the R ate of Mot ion when Tooth Gear i s
of ,

empl oy e d — When wheels are employe d in a s i mple or direct

tra in as in Fig 1 the ir move

, .
,

ment in teeth or cir cu m fer en

,

t ial l y i s ali ke
, The ir a xi al
.

movement differs o nly when

th e wheels are not al ike in
s i z e Th i s difference is rela
.
,
B o

t ivel y i nverse t o the ir teeth

, FI G 1 . .

contents Th is i s prove d by
.

assuming that the wheels A B C an d D in Fig 1 conta in , , ,

.

1 00 7 5 50 an d 25 teeth respecti vely an d th at th e first

, , , , ,

ment ione d moves one revolut ion Thus the wheel A moves .
,

to the e xtent of 1 00 teeth and s i nce it s teeth gear w ith thos e

,

of B an d the latter with C an d thes e als o with D then each of

, , ,

them wi ll move tooth per tooth of A an d therefore each w i ll ,

move 1 00 teeth Hence the ir respect ive a xi al movements w ill

.
,

be

A —1 1 oo
01 1 0 O- -
B _ — o_ _ or
7 0
l 1

C L° Q J ° Q 01
=
O5
or 2 D =
§5 4

The prece ding result s show th at the a xi al movement or revo

lutions of wheels un der such con diti ons are i nversely pro
, ,

p ortional t o th e ir rel at ive teeth contents and th erefore a s ,

follows
O
t COTTO N SPI N NI NG C ALCUL ATIO N S

Toot h cont ent s . Rat ios of t h l

ei r r evo u t i on s .

The Directi on of the Movement s imple of Tooth Wheel s . In

-

direct tra ins of wheels th i s is always respect ively alternate .

Th i s i s seen on reference to Fig 1 By number in g the wheels

. .

in the ir respect i ve n u mer i cal or der it i s seen that those having ,

o dd numbers w ill all rotate i n the s ame di recti on an d reverse ,

to those having even numbers .

The following are e x amples in th e appl i cat i on of the afore

ment ione d po int s in respe ct of Fig 1 .

EXAM PLE I —Assum ing A revolves 1 00 tim es per m inute at what rates
.
,

w oul d B C and D rotate in that ti m e

EXAMPLE I I —Assuming B rev olves at the rat e of 1 00 per minu t e give the
, ,

.
,

rates of A C and D in that tim e

, , .

E XAMP L E TI L—Assum ing C m akes 1 00 revolutio ns how m any woul d A B , , ,

and D m ake

EXAM P LE I V —I f D m a de 1 00 re volu tions how many woul d A B and C

.
, , ,

m ake ?

A nswer s

EX AM P LE I The m ove me nt of A e xpresse d in t eeth per m inu te woul d be

.
-

R evolutio ns of wh eel x nu m b er of teeth it contains th is 1 00 x 1 00 wh ich , ,

 AND COST S OF YAR N 3

num ber of t e et h B C and D must l ike wis e m ove and therefore the number of
, , ,

teeth m ove d per minute by B divide d by the nu mber of teeth wh ich it c onta ins
, , ,

will giv e its r e volutio ns in that ti m e .

13 3 % r evolutions per m inute of B

Similarly

The rev olu tio ns per minu t e of C 200

400

E X AM PLE II . umber of teeth wh ich B m oves

-
The n pe r minute 1 00
revolutio ns x 7 5 t eeth and th is nu mb er A C and D m us t
, , ,
con e s que ntly m ove ,
and therefore

The r evolu tions per m inu te of A

EX AM P LE I II .
—The u mb er of t eeth wh ich C m o ves
n ar e 100 x 50, wh ich
nu m ber A B
, , and D m ust als o m ove and th er efore,

The revolutions of A

200

E X AM P LE I V —1 he nu mber of teeth m oved by D

.
' ‘
are 1 00 x 25, and

th erefore A B and C will m ove a l ik e nu mb er ther efore

, ,

The rev olutio ns of A

The R elati ve R at es of Rotati on of the Whe el s comprise d in any

Dir ect Trai n re are sp ecti vely inver se t o their Teeth Contents — Th i s
i s seen t o be the case in all the prece ding e x amples . Thus in
4 COTTO N SPI NN I N G C ALCUL ATION S
A ns wer to E xamp l e I .

A : B : : 100 : 1 3 3 319 or

Ans wer to E x amp l e I I .

B A z : 1 00 : 75

An s wer to E x amp l e I I I .

C 50
C : B : : 1 00 :

An s wer to E x amp l e I V .

D A 1 00 25

D C 1 00 50

E x ampl es i n R espec t of t he Di re ct i on of tati on —

Ro I n E x am ple I comm e nce
. .

by numbering A 1 ; B 2 ; C 3 ; D 4 ;
, , , ,
thus A and C m ove in the opp os ite
directio n to B and D .

I n E x a m ple I I co m m e nce by num bering B 1 ; A 2 ; C 2 ; D 3 ; thus A

.
, , , ,

and C m ove reverse to B and D .

NOTE — The reas on for nu mbering A and C the sa m e is because that is the ir
relativ e order .

I n E x a m ple III co mm ence b y num ber ing C 1 ; D 2 ; B 2 ; A 3

. thus C , , , ,

and A m ove in t he opp o s ite direct io n to D and B .

I n E x a m ple I V the nu m ber ing is D 1 ; C 2 ; B 3 ; A 4 ; thus D and B

.
, , , ,

m ove in the oppos ite direct io n to C and A . .

Direct and I ndi rect Trains — When wheels are arrange d in an

indirect tra in !( compose d of two or more s imple tra ins ) as con ,

tain ed in Fig 2 the con dit i ons of .

,

transmi ss ion differ from those obta in ing

in direct tra ins as contai ne d in Fi g 1 . .

The difference in Fi g 2 cons i sts in .

the wheels B and C being un ite d an d

have a common axi s These must .

therefore revolve together Mot i on .

from A to D i s imparte d to the r im

of B by that of A thence from th e ,

r im of B to it s hub an d thenc e to ,

th e r im of C an d from th i s p art to the r im of D

, .

The e ffects of B and C being so co u ple d are that the ir

 AND CO ST S OF Y AR N 5

movement i n teeth i s only alike when they conta in the same

number of teeth The ir relat ive movement in teeth differs in
.

th e direct ratio of the ir teeth contents Thus if in Fig 2 .

,
.
,

A B C D conta in 4 0 20 6 0 an d 20 teeth respect ively

, , , , , ,

The revolut ions of A wll l b e to those of B 20 40, or as 1 2

B C : : 1 : 1
C

shows in two only of the three ins tances th at th e

Th i s ,

relative rotat ion is the i nverse of the ir dimens i ons and henc e ,

the rul e revolut ions of wheels are relat i vely invers e to the i r
,
“

t eeth contents i s only appl icable in re spect of direct trains of

,
”

wheels .

Fig 2 i s an in direct tra in and compri se s two di rect tra ins

.
,

of wheels namely AB an d CD Th e e ffects of the ir comb inat ion

, , .

may b e ascerta ine d by mult iply ing the ir se parate values ,

together thus ,

2 x 3 = 6
or th e movement

therefore ma de 20 revolut ions the movement of D

I f A, , ,

i n revolut i on s woul d be 20 x 6 1 20 because A an d B woul d ,

move 20 x 40 teeth and therefore B an d C woul d mak e ,

20 X 4 0 20 X 4 0 x 6 0
revolut ions C , and D woul d move tee th ;
20 20
20 60
an d therefore the revolut ions of D woul d be
T
2)
1 20,

or the value of the train mult ipl ie d by the revolut ions of its
first wheel .

The follow ing i s a summary of the forego ing de ducti ons in

respect of
Direct Trai ns of Wheel s — 1 The c ircumferent i al or teeth rate .

of th e movement i s alike in all th e wheels compr i se d in a direct

tra in of wheels .

2 Th e rate of rotat ion i s relat i vely inverse t o the c ircum

.

ference or teeth contents of th e wheels compr is e d in a direct

tra in .
6 COTTO N SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATION S

3 . The direct ion

of rotat i on i s alternate at each success ive
wheel and when numbere d in progre ss ive or der the direct ion
, ,

of the odd numbere d wheels wi ll be alike and oppos i te to those

-

wh ich are even numbere d .

I ndir e ct Trains of Wheel s — 4 The c irc umferent i al or tooth

.

rate of the movement i s al ike only in those wh eels compr i se d

i n each of the several direct trains wh i ch const i tute any in direct
tra in .

5 The rate of rotat i on is relat ively i nverse to th e tooth

.

contents of th ose wh eels compri se d in e ach only of the s everal

direct tra ins of wh i ch th e in direct tra in i s const itute d .

6 The direct ion of rotat ion i s alternate at each success ive

.

wheel in any one only of the several direct tra ins wh i ch con
s titu te the in direct tra in .

7 The di recti on of rotati on is alternate throughout an in di rect

.

tra in when those wheels wh i ch are fastene d to each other by a , .

shaft or other coupl ing are regar de d when number ing as only
, , ,

one wheel : thus in Fig 2 the wheels A B C D woul d be num

.
, , ,

bere d 1 2 2 3 respect ively so th at the dire ct ion of B and C

, , , ,

woul d be that oppos ite to A an d D .

8 The c ircumferent i al rate as well as the relat i ve rotat ion

.
,

in in direct tra ins i s ascerta ine d by treat ing them as so many

,

s imple trains as they may comprise .

Cl assificati on of Wheel s — Wh en the funct ion of a wheel i s to

convey mot ion from hub or axle to rim and therefrom to another ,

wh eel it i s terme d a dr i ver

,
.

When the motion i s rece i ve d at the rim from another wheel , ,

an d passes thence to its hub or a xle i t i s des ignate d a dr iven ,

Wheel .

When th e f unct i on of a wheel i s merely to convey mot i on

along it s r im from wheel to whe el it i s terme d a carri er Wheel , ,

but when such a wheel has also to transm it movement to it s hub

or axle for driving some other part i t woul d also be terme d a
, ,

dr iven wheel but only in respect of the latter connect ion

,
.

E xamp l es in t he C l as s ificati on f
o wheel s i n F igs . 1 , 2, 3

Fig 1 , . assum ing the mot ion flow ing from A to D

A is a driver ( m ot ion flo wing from th e a xle to r im ) .

8 COTTON SPI NN I NG CALCUL ATIO NS

respect ively and therefore in the pos it ive direct ion ; B F E 2 2

, , , , ,

an d 4 respect ively an d therefore negat ive

,
.

The Method of calc u lating the Valu e of Wheel Trai ns .

A s imple metho d appl i cable in direct or i n di rect t r a ins

, ,

i s de duce d from the forego ing proce dure i n ascerta in ing the
relat ive movements of the wheels in F igs 1 and 2 The value . .

of the tra ins i n each of those instances i s foun d by mult iplying

, ,

t he si ze s of t he dri ver wh eel s i n te eth t og ether for a numerat or

, , ,

and thos e of the dr i ven wheel s t og ether for a de nomi nat or

the resultant be ing the val ue of the tra in ; or the relat ion of ,

the final wheel in terms Of one of the first wheel Th i s re sult . ,

whe n further mu l tipl i e d b y t he rev ol ut ions of the firs t Wheel in a ,

g iven t ime ob tai ns t he rev oluti ons of t he final wheel in that t ime
,
.

Applying th i s in fin ding the revolut ions per m inute of

shafts 2 3 4 and 5 respect ively i n Fig 3 when th e s i zes of
, , , , .
,

the wh eels in teeth alphabet i c ,

ally are : 4 0 20 50 25 1 00 4 0
, , , , , , ,

3 0; an d ( 1 ) i s assume d to make 500 revolut ions per m i nute the ,

following are the results

( ) A i s a driver B a carrier C is a dr iven wheel an d
1 , , ,

therefore
The revolut ions per m inute of shaft ( 2) gg x
f 500 400
 AN D CO ST S OF Y AR N 9

( 2) A and are
D drivers , B i s a carri er , C an d E are dr i ven
wheels , and hence
R evolut ions of shaft ( 3 ) p er m i nute 88 -
X X 500 1 00

( )
3 Here A is a driver and B the dri ven wh eels therefore ,

1
8 x 500 1 000 revolu tions of s h aft ( 4) per m inute

( 4 ) Here A an d F are drivers , and B and G are driven

wheels h ence
,

The revoluti ons of shaft ( 5) per m inute x 500 13338

The E ffect s of changing Wheel s — The e ffects of changing the

s ize of any wheel depe n ds upon it s f unct i on I f a dri ver wheel .
,

t he ax i al rate of al l other Wheel s r ece i v ing m ot i on fr om i t wi ll b e

al tere d i n t he di rect rat io of t he chang e because the movement of ,

the new wheel in teeth per revolut ion w i ll be altere d in that

, , ,

rati o ; and th i s w ill a ffect all the others dep en ding upon it for
the ir mot ion in l ike terms Hence chang ing A to 3 0 an d
.
, ,

tak ing the revolut ions of A at 500 per m inute woul d c ause ,

The shaft ( 2) to rotate at

500 X 88 by gear ; or by proportion

, ,,

4 00 x 3 00 per minute
The shaft ( 3 ) to rotate at

500 x 88 x 25
by gear ; or by proport ion
1 0 0, ,

1 00 X 3—8 7 5 per m i nute

Th e sh aft ( 4 ) to rotate at

500 x 88 by,gear ; or by proport i on ,

1 000 x 38 7 50 per m inut e

:

The shaft ( 5) t o rotate at

— by gear
8 88
X or by proport i on
3
500 x , ; , ,

13 33 1 x 28 1 000 per m inute

In cas e o
f a dr i ven wheel bei ng al t er ed, t he ax i a l f
r ate o thos e
wheel s , dep endent u
p o n i t for their m otio n, wo u l d be fiect ed
a i n the
IO COTTO N SPI N N I N G CALCUL ATIO NS

i nver s e r a ti o to t ha t change — Because the rate of movement of it s

teeth woul d be unaltere d because the wheel rece ives i ts mot ion
,

from the s ame wheel a s h itherto I t s a xial rate woul d be .

increase d when the new wheel contains less an d dim in i she d if ,

contain ing more tee th He nce altering the wheel C to 4 0 instea d

, .
,

of the wheel A as sum ing the latter to make 500 revolut ions per
,

m inute woul d h ave the following results

,

Shaft ( 2) woul d rotate at

88,
500 x 5 or 4 00 x —
5
28 500 revolut ions per m inute
Shaft ( 3 ) woul d rotate at

500 x 38 — x 1 25 revolut ions per m inute

Shafts (4) (5) woul d not be altere d
and .

I f B were altere d to 3 0 instea d of C then the follow ing ,

would be the result

'

Shafts ( 2) and ( 3 ) woul d not have the ir spee ds a ffecte d because ,

C woul d move at the same tooth rate ; thus

Shaft ( 4) woul d rotate at

500 x 88 or , 1 000 x 88 666 8 revolut ions per m inute

Shaft ( 5) woul d r otate at

500 x 88 X 88
-

or , 8 8 8 8 revolut ions per m inute

The forego ing show that increas ing the s iz e of a dr iver
wheel increases proportionately the spee ds of th e subs equent
Wheels in the tra in and r i ce uer s d that increas ing the s i z e of
,

a driven wheel proporti onately decreases the spee ds of the sub

sequent wheels in the tra in an d vice vers a Therefore t o , .
,

determi ne t he teeth c ontent s or s i ze of a wheel when it i s requ ir ed

t o alter the spee ds the proce dure must be as follows
,

I n the case of dr iver wheels : the s i z e of the wheel i t i s dec i de d

to alter mul tipl ie d by the spee d requ ire d and divide d by the
, ,

e xist ing spee d will g ive the wheel requ ire d because the s iz e
, ,

of th is whe el must be altere d in the direct proporti on of th e

pre sent rate to th e require d rate .

I n case of dri ven wheels : the s i z e of the wheel it i s deci de d

to alter multipl ie d by the e xi st in g spe e d an d divide d by requ ire d
, ,
 AN D CO ST S OF Y AR N 11

spee d w ill g ive the wheel requ ire d becau s e the driven wheel
, ,

must be al tere d in the i nverse propor tion of the present rate to

the requ ire d rate .

To determine the si z e s or te eth c ontent s of wheel s t o empl oy i n

a train in or der to obtain a spec ific Spee d of the final wh eel .

Ascertain the value of the tra i n requi re d ; the di stance of the

shafts apart ; the space ava ilable for the wheels ; the p itch of
the teeth that affor ds su ffic ient stre ngth with du e regar d t o ,

l ightness ; th e direct ion of mot ion Th i s latter w ill decide whether

.

the number of wheels to employ shoul d b e odd or even .

The number of wheels shoul d be a s few as poss ible The .

space avai lable restricts the ir s iz e .

Th e distance apar t of th e two centre s mult ipl ie d by

will g ive the sum of the circumference s of the wheels
requ ire d Th i s di vide d by the suitable pitch of th e teeth give s
.

the sum of the ir teeth contents whatever the number of wheels

, ,

wh en they are arrange d w ith their centres in a stra ight l ine .

I f the ir centres are arra n ge d otherwi se it woul d be necessary to ,

determine the sum of the ir distances apart Th e latter woul d .

control the sum of the ir teeth contents The contents of each .

wheel woul d then b e dec ide d accor ding to the interme diate axial
spee ds require d .

Un der con di t ions s im ilar to Fig 2 where the rat i o in the tra i n
.
,

i s 6 to 1 and th e latter h as to rotate in the oppos ite direction

,

to the former an Odd number of whe els must be employe d

,
.

The follo wing woul d suffice A s ix t i me s the smallest s iz e of D

,

pract icable and these connecte d by a su itable carr ier or odd

, ,

number of carr iers I f there is a w ide di fference in the s iz es of

.

the wheels th i s i s i mpracti cable then A 24 t i me s B ; an d C, , ,

25 t imes D sh oul d be employe d .

EXE RCI SE S —As certa in the wh eels c onve nie nt to secure the u ndermen tione d
values in the foll owing tra ins
1 .A dire ct t ra in to co n sist of s ix wh e el s with a x ial m ot io n in the ratios of
1 , 2, 3 , 4, 5, and 6 r esp ectively .

2 A direct tra in t o co n s ist of thr e e wh e els with ax ial m otion in the ratios of
.

1 , 8, and 3 respect ively .

3 An indirect tra in of s ix wh e els , co m pr is ing thre e dire ct tra ins, with the
.

ax ial ratios 1 , and 8 respectively .

I2 COTTO N SPI N N I N G C ALCUL ATIO N S
4 . An i ndirecttra in of six wheels co m prisi ng three direct tra ins with the
,

differe nce i n a x ial rat ios e qually distribute d the whole a m oun t ing to 8
,
.

5 An indirect train of s ix wheels the whole c ontaining a ratio of 1 9 one

.
, ,

of the direct tra ins t o h ave the value

R ope and Belt Driv ing — R opes

belts are e xtens ively an d

employe d in the transm i ss i on of mot ion The metho d of .

calculat ing the spee ds and s i z es of the dr i ving surface s — pulleys

an d drums —i s i dent i cal w i th that in wheel gear the s i z es of ,

the pulleys an d drums tak ing the place of th e teeth contents in

wheel s ; the measurem ents usual be ing in inche s or feet
diameter these measure m en ts be ing ma de from di ametr ically
,

oppos i te po ints of contact of the transm itt ing me dium .

fl
FI G 4 . .

EX A M PL E 1 (Fig — A t what rates per minute w oul d B C D E F and

.
, , , , ,

G rotate i f the groove d y wheel of the e ngine A m akes 50 revolut io ns per

m inute w as 25 feet and the others 5 9 8 1 25 5 and 6 feet respectively 9
, , , , , , ,

A ns wer s

R evolutio ns of B per m inute

 AN D CO STS OF YAR N I3

R evolutions of D per m inu t e

1 20

1 00

The reas ons for a dopt ing t h is m etho d of de termining the Spee ds of par ts
whe n m ot io n is tra ns m itt e d by bel t or rope gear are as follo ws
The c ircu m fere n ce of a drum or pulley or a c ircl e w he n div ide d by the
nu m ber 3 14 1 6 g ives i ts diam e t er ; the dia m eter be ing eas i er t o m easure it is
, ,

cus t o m ary to ascertain the c ircum feren c e by m ultipl y ing the diam eter by that
nu m b er For pract ical purp os es 272 is c ons idere d near e n ough in this k ind of
.

work .

The rate of the m ov em e nt of the strap in calculat ing is ge n erally assu m e d to

be the sam e as the co ntact surface of the dru m This ho wever varies con .
, ,

s iderabl y fro m that rate ac cording to the working co nditio ns such as tens io n
, , ,

cohesive ness and pl iabil ity of the belt ; distances of the ce ntres apart ; m aterial
, ,

s izes and shap e of drum s ; am ou nt of loa d Thes e are not usu ally recogniz ed in

fl
.
,

m aking cal culations but are allo we d for in g eneral practice

, .

The rate of the m ove m e nt of rop es is ab out the sa m e as the po int of co ntact
in w ell co nstruc t e d gr oove d pulleys
-
I n calculat i ng it is not cus t o m ary t o m ake
.

any all ow an c e .

The rate of m ove m ent of the ropes e ngaging with the groove d ywh eel A
wi ll therefore be the sa m e as tha t of the pulley at the ce ntre of the part in con
ta ct with the rope I f t his is 12 5 fe et fro m the ce ntre of the pulley or e qual to
.
,

25 feet in dia m eter the cir cu m fere n ce of such a c ircle w oul d be 25 feet x 3 14 16
, ,

an d therefore th is w oul d be the ra t e wh ich the rope woul d m ove per revoluti o n

of A .I n 60 r evolutio ns it woul d therefor e m ove the rope 60 tim es tha t

, ,

a m ount or ,

25 x 3 1 41 6 x 60
’

The rope m ov ing

at th is rat e abou t the pulley B which is 5 feet dia m e ter or , ,

5 x 3 1 4 1 6 in c ircu m fere nce the n the n u m ber of t im es w h ich the le ngth r epre
’
,

se nting the c ircu m feren ce is contained in the length of rop e pass ing over the
pulley in a giv en tim e will be the rate at wh ich it revolv es Therefore
,
.

15122
25 1 60
the ra te of r otation of B
”
3 00
1

Since , in r ope and b el t gearing , and pulleys dru m s al ways work in —

pa rs a
i
driver and dr iven— and thes e in calculatio n are al ways place d on oppos ite s ides
of the equat ion—wh en one is the nu m erator, the oth er is al ways the de no m inator .

The n ecess ity for u s ing the constant 3 1 41 6, t o co nv ert the diam eter into the
ci r cu m fer ence , o ccurs just as oft en a nu m era t or as a deno m inat or , and it al ways
 I4 COTTO N SPI NNI NG C ALCUL ATION S

ca ncels . I t is , therefore left out of the , cal culatio n ; h ence the rule is as
follo ws
dia m ete rs
of drivers revolut io ns of 1 s t dr iver the revolut io ns of the last
diam eters of drive n
x l { dri ve n drum or pulle y

becaus e
dia m eters
of drivers x revolut io ns of 1 s t dri ver
dia m eters of the dr ive n x rev olut i o ns of last drive n

EX AM P LE 2 (Fig —R equ ire d the revolutions per minute of F D C B A

.
, , , ,

resp ectively whe n with the gearing as g ive n in E x a m ple 1 G is fou nd to

, , ,

r evolve 1 1 0 t im es per m inute .

NOTE —I t is best in w orking ques tio ns of th is kind to assu m e the one m ov ing
at a k no wn rate the driver This al ways s impl ifies the calculat io n whether
.
,

dealing w ith r ope belt or teeth g e ar

, ,
.

( 1 ) G is a dr iv er and F drive n

13 2 r evolu t io ns of F

( 2) G ,
E, and A are drivers ; F ,
A, and D are drive n

_ -

206 25 revolut i o ns of D
5 x 25 x 8

(3 ) G ,
E, and A are drivers ; F ,
A, and C are drive n
1 10 x 6 x l 2 5 x 25
-

revolutio ns of C
5 x 25 x 9

(4) G ,
E, an d A are drivers F ,
A, and B are drive n
1 10 x 6 x 1 2 5 25
'

x
3 3 0 r ev olu ti ons of B
5x 25 x 5

(5) G and E ar e driv ers ; F and A are drive n

1 10 x 6 x 1 25
revol uti o ns of A
66
5 x 25

E XAMP LE 3 ( Fig —What sizes of B C D E and F woul d be re qu ire d in

.
, , , ,

order that the ir revolutions per minute m ay be B 250; C 21 4 ; D 1 8 7 ; E 1 50 , , , ,

G 1 00 respe ctivel y assu ming A to m ak e 60 r evolutions in that tim e and to

, , ,

be 25 in diam eter ?
’

Here A is the driver and the rate of the m ov em ent of the r op es will be
,

60 x 25 x 3 1 4 1 6 per m inute
’
.

Since B is r eq uire d to rev olve 250 t im es per minut e

60 x 3 1 416
Circu mfer ence of B m ust be
I6 COTTO N SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATIO NS

detri mental
effect u pon the cotton There i s a great difference
.

in the princ iple of the t wo types of mach ines name d The .

Hopper has a coarse comb ing act ion and cons iderable pres sure s ,

upon the cotton are el im inate d The pro ductive capac ity of a
.

FI G . 5
.

roller pull ing mach ine ranges up to l bs per 558 hours .

when worke d at the h ighest pressure The best results obtainable .

are when it i s run at a h igh spee d for Ameri can cotton and at
a mo derate spee d for E gypt ian and I n di an variet ies .

The follow ing are the part iculars of the parts in the R oller
cotton puller Fig 5
, .

a the l ine sh aft mak ing 220 revolut ions per m inute
, .

”
b a drum 1 9 in di ameter on the l ine shaft and driving the
, , ,

mach ine strap .

0 c are swing or
, gallows pulleys .

d represents the fast and loose pulleys on the mach ine shaft ;
"
these are 1 6 di ameter .

e a
, groove d rope pulley 1 9 diameter fi xe d upon the
, ,

mach ine s haft driving a rope wh i ch dr ive s the porcup ine

,

cyl in der
.
 AND COST S OF YAR N 17

f ,
a groove d carr i er pulley for the above ment i one d rope -
.

x e d upon the p orcup i n e

"
g ,a groove d pulley 1 05 di ameter fi , ,

shaft and dr iven by the above menti one d rope -

.

h a wheel conta in in g 25 teeth fi xe d on the mach ine

, ,

s hafi .

i, a wheel on the shaft of th e lower secon d pull ing rol ler ,

c onta in ing 40 teeth an d driven by h , .

j,
a wheel conta i n i ng 1 4 teeth an d fi x e d upon the a xi s of i , .

k a wheel conta i n ing 7 6 teeth an d dri ven by j

, , .

l a wh eel conta in ing 1 4 teeth fi xe d to the a xi s of k

, , .

m a wheel on the lo wer first pull ing roller conta in ing

, ,

7 6 teeth an d dri ven by l

,
.

n a wheel fi xe d on the first pul ling roller c onta i n ing 1 7 teeth

, , .

0 a carr ier wheel gear ing w i th n and p

, , .

p ,a wheel on the latt ice roller shaft contain ing 20 ,

teeth .

q a groove d rope pulley 1 0 diameter at tache d to e and

, , ,

dr iving r .

r ,a groove d pulley 1 5 di ameter , .

3 ,a wheel fi xe d upon the a xis of r contain ing 20 teeth , .

t a wheel w ith 6 0 teeth fi xe d on the latt i ce roller a xi s u

, , .

tl a wheel w ith 6 0 teeth fi xe d upon the other vert ical latt ice
, ,

shaft an d engage d w ith t .

u l an d na wheels on latt ic e roller shafts

, each contain ing ,

3 8 teeth .

u z a carr i er wh eel ge ar ing w ith u l an d u g

, , .

u a wheel 24 teeth fi xe d to th e latt i ce roller shaft

, , , .

27 a carr ier wheel engaging w ith u and w

, .

w w y z wheels contain ing 24 teeth each distr ibut ing latt ice
, , , , ,

connect ions .

R evolut ions per m inute of the var ious parts in the roller
cotton pulling mach ine (Fig .

220 x
The mach ine pulleys
12
The fee d lattice roller

The sur face spee d in inches per m in ute 47 x x 272 81 24

C
18 COTTON SPI NNI N G CALCUL ATIO NS

The first pa ir of pull ing rollers

R evolut ions per m inute

Surface pee d 113 76

‘

S
7

The secon d pair of pulling rollers

220 X 1 9 x 25
R evoluti ons per m i nute 1 63 3
1 6 x 40

Surface spee d per m i nute

1 6 x 40 7

The porcup ine cyl in der

1 9 x 21
Revolut i ons per m i nute
1 6 x 1 05

The lower conveyor lattice rollers

220 X 1 9 X 1 0 X 20 X 6 0
R evolut ions per m inute 58 0 5
1 6 x 1 5 x 6 0 x 60

Surface rate per m inute in inche s x x 272 1 003 5

'

The r ight -
h an d elevator latt ice roller

Surface rate 58 05 1 003 5

The left han d elevator latt ice roller

-

2
3
The first overhea d conveyor an d di str ibut ing roller

58 O5

Surface rate 58 0 5 x M 1 003 '

5
7
 AND CO ST S OF Y ARN 19

The secon d overhea d conveyor and di str ibut ing lattic e

roller

Surface rate 58 0 5 x 2
x 7 2
1 003 5

All the m ach ine s use d in connect ion w ith cotton Spinn ing
c ontain the power t o attenuate the cotton The term wh ich i s .

m ost generally use d in place of the wor d attenuat i on i s draft

”
.

”
The e xtent of th e draft “
governs the relat ive we igh t Of the
c otton at th e difier ent po ints in the proces ses The e xtent .

pract icable in each mach ine and also between the vari ous po ints
,

i n each mach ine shoul d be well un derstoo d because it i s th i s

, ,

wh i ch governs the relat ion in the we ight of the cotton in any

part of th e mach ine .

I f a mach ine or a part of it conta ins a draf t of four th e

, , ,

difference in the state of the cotton a s regar ds it s we ight woul d

, ,

be four t imes Th i s means that i t has become four ti mes lighter

.

and longe r between the parts referre d to .

Th e e xtent of the draft may be ascerta i ne d from the relat ive

rates of the parts moving th e cotton or from the relat ion in the
, ,

we ight Of the cotton as it passes un der th e influence of the t wo

po ints in quest i on .

Applyin g th i s in respect of the m ach ine un der not i ce i t i s

, ,

foun d that the draft between the fee d latt ice and th e first pa ir of
pulling rollers is
surface movement of th e
113 first pa ir of pulling rollers
surface movement
of the latt ice per
per minute in inches
minute in inches

so that the cotton un der t he influenc e of the rollers w ill be 1 4

t ime s l ighter than that upon the latti ce and therefore 1 4 t imes
,

l onger
.

Th e follow ing are therefore the draft s between the

a djacent p ar ts in progress ive or der in the above name d
, ,
-

mach ine
20 COTTO N SPI N N I N G C ALCULATIO NS

F irst and secon d pa ir of pul l ing rollers

3 07 9
18 8 5
1 63 3

Secon d pull ing rollers an d lower conveyor lat tices

0 3 26
3 07 9

L ower conveyor an d the vertical latt i ces

1 003 5
1 003 5

F ee d lattice an d overhea d conveyor latt ice

1 003 5
12 35
812 4

EX E R CI S E 1 —\Vhat woul d be the spee ds i n revolutio ns per mi nute of the

.
, ,

u nder m e ntio ne d parts if the l ine shaft driv ing dru m was 1 6 inches in dia m eter
-
,
-

i n tea d of 1 9 i nches : (a) the m ach ine pulle y ; ( b) the fee d latt ice roller ; ( )
s 0

t he fi rst pa ir of pull ing roll ers ; (d ) th e sec ond pa ir Of pull ing rollers ; ( e) the
porcup ine cyl inder ; ( f ) the lo wer co nveyor latt ice roller ; ( g) the vert ical con
v ey or latt ice rollers ; ( h) the overhea d co nve y or latt ice rollers

EX E R CI S E 2 —What woul d be the e ffec t upo n the spee ds of the differe nt

.

parts if the 25 wheel on the m ach ine shaft was cha nge d to 3 0 after cha ng ing the
l ine sha ft dru m to 1 6 inches ?
-

The wm king Of the first of these e x erc ises is as fo l lo ws

220 x 25 x 14 x 14 x 17 _
40 x 76 >< 76 x 20
16
or by prop ort io n
,

220 x 25 >< 14 x l4
0"
40 x 76 x 76

1375 ; or 13 7 5

220 x 21
440 ; or 44 0
,
1 0,

220 x 10 x 20 x 38
15 x 60 x 38
 AND CO ST S OF Y AR N 21

220 x 1 0 x 20
15
48 8 ; or
x 60

220 x 1 0 x 20 x 24
48 3 ; 0" 48 8 9
15 x 60 x 24

A n s wer s to E x er ci se 2

(a) Mach ine pulleys , 220 .

(b) 4 7 59 .

(c)
(d) 1 65 .

Fi g 6 i s
. an elevat i on of the gearing in a cotton pulling
mach ine of the Hopper type Th is type of mach ine re duce s the
.

5 d ue .

Fe e d La t t i c e
Lo w e r C o n ve y o r Lat t i ce s

FI G . 6 .

cotton to a very loose open c on dit ion The a dvantages of th is .

mach ine over the roller type of mach ine are

G reater opening an d clean ing power .

L ess no i se an d dus t when well constructe d .

L ess personal attent i on .

G reater pro duct i on about lbs per

, hours w ithout .
,

pressure .
22 COTTO N SPI NNI N G C ALCUL ATION S

L ess ri sks of fire in th is and subsequent mach ine s by its

el im inat ing har d substances .

M ixin g powers cons iderable whereas in the roller type they

,

are very l imite d .

F ewer breakage s and u p keep less costly -

.

The mach ine driving pul leys are on the str ipp ing cyl in der
shaft an d in the figure they are shown as 1 2 i n ches in diameter
,
.

These are dr iven by a strap from a drum on the l ine shaft 26 ,

inches in di ameter an d mak ing 220 revolut i ons per m inute

,
.

( 1 ) R evolut i ons per m inute of the fast an d loose drums of

the mach ine
220 x 26
12

R evolut ions per m inute of the supply latt ice roller

220 x 26 >< 7 x 24 x 24 x 24
12 x 20 x 90 x 30 x 30

R ate per m inute in feet

x 5 5 x 22
12 x 7

R evolut ions per m inute of the sp ike d latt ice roller

220 26 4
x >< 7 x
2
1 2 x 20 >< 9 0

Surface rate per m inute

x 20 x 22
l2 x 7

R evolut i ons per m inute of the regulat ing cyl in der

220 x 26 >< 7 x 54 _
1 2 x 20 >< 9 0

( 7 ) Surface rate
1 00 1 x 1 4 x 22
12 x 7

(8 ) R evolut ion s per m inute of the str ipp ing cyl in der
220 x 26
12
24 COTTON SPI NNI N G CALCULATIONS

Whe n the drivi ng pulleys are 1 2 inches dia m eter the draft be t wee n lo wer ,

co nveyor and elevat ing lattices is 05 .

Whe n the dr iving pul leys are 1 5 inches di a m eter the spee d of all the parts ,

will be decrease d in the sam e proport io n and the drafts wi ll th er efor e be

,

u nalter ed .

A ns wer s t o E x er ci s e 5

(1 ) 4 7 68 revolut io ns .
(8) and ( 9) Unaltere d
.

s a a; a;
r
e 7 83 4
( 6) ( )

The usefulness of th i s mach ine is infin itely greater than th e

roller puller E vi dence of th is i s foun d in the number of m ills
.

wh i ch h ave mo difie d the ir mixing arrangements s in ce it s

i ntro duct i on .

The most common pract i ce i n us ing th i s mach ine i s that of

plac in g th e cotton from the vari ous lots of bales in the mach ine ,

i n the des ire d proportions at a rate permi tting only of the

,

l i mite d e xerc i se of their Open ing an d m ixing funct i ons When .

such replaces stack m ixing var iat i on s are v is ible in all the
,

subsequent stages .

E xtens i on in the usefulness of th e mach ine i s poss ible by

a dopt ing one pul ler per or lbs per week an d .
,

a dj u st ing them s o that the ir maxi mum opening c apacit i es are

ut ili z e d in that t ime the cotton from the s everal pul lers
, , ,

supplie d w ith bale cotton in the usual way but in perfe ct

rot at ion pass ing into a common trunk from wh ich the several
, ,

e xh aust openers draw the ir suppl i es These latter deli ver t o .

hopper fee ders attache d to further Openers fitte d wi th the full ,

w i dth type of heat er s F rom these th e cotton may p ass to the

.

scutcher or to the car d direct The hopper fee der to th e final .

opener sh oul d be fitte d w ith automat ic supply control attache d

to fee d of the opener respons ible for its supply By th i s system .
,

i n a m ill consum ing lbs of cotton per week the supply .

,

woul d be drawn from s ix t imes the usual number of bales w i th ,

the a ddit ional a dvantages that the har d and soft qualit ies woul d
be unavo idably mix e d in the des i gne d proporti on s con
t inu ou s l y .

To der ive th e ful lest benefits from the us e of the hopper

 AND CO ST S OF Y AR N 25

cotton p ul l erT a s an open ing pro ces s —i t is necessary to bear in

-

min d th at the open ing an d consequently the clean ing e ffe ct i s

, ,

depen dent upon : The rate of movement of th e sp ikes amongst

the cotton and the pressure of th e cotton against the sp ike d
surfaces ; the distance of th e po ints of the sp ikes on th e
regul ating cyl in der from those on the sp ike d latti ce and ,

the c ontrast ing rates in th e movement of the se two latter

parts .

The best Spee d of th e Sp ike d latt ice i s the h ighest rate at

wh i ch it may be worke d without un due stra in The rate vari e s .

cons iderably in the var i ous makes an d also w ith cotton treate d
,
.

Amer i can cotton allows of a h igher rate th an I n dian or

E gypt ian The most benefici al Spee d can be re a dily ascerta ine d
.

by test Th i s dec ide d the regulat ing cyl in der sh oul d be a djuste d
.
,

t o a po int at wh i ch the mach ine pro duce s only th e amount of

cott on requir e d in the f ull working t ime Where these items are .

di sregar de d the Open ing and clean ing util ity of th e mach ine i s
only part ially real i z e d .

TE E OP E NE R .

Fi g 7 .conta ins part iculars of the pr incip al p arts an d the ir

c onne cti ons in a h opper fed c ompoun d comb ine d opener P ar
-
.

t icu l ar s of th e other parts an d the ir connect ions are conta i ne d

i n F i gs 8 9 1 0 and 1 1
.
, , The obj ect of g i ving the deta ils i n
,
.

five instea d of in one figure i s t o avo id confus i on .

The spee ds of the var ious parts in Fig 7 are .

Counter sh aft revolut ions p er m inute

Beater sh aft
Cross shaft
Side sh aft
Bottom cone sh af t
Top cone shaft
P orcup ine cyl in der
F an sh af t ( 1 )
F an sh aft (2)
26 COTTO N SPI NN I N G CA LCUL ATIO N S

.
p e r m in .

C o u nt e r

an Sha t 1 f f
Fa n S h a t 2

FI G 7. .

EX AM PLE S OF WO RK I N G OUT TH E SP EE D S OF TH E AB O VE PA R T S .

220 36
The counter shaft
1 2
220 x 3 6 x 27
The b e at ei
1 6 x 13

220 x 3 6 x 27 x 5
The cross 21 4 1 7
16 x 1 3 x 24

220 x 3 6 x 27 x 5 x 30
The s ide 428 3 4
16 x 13 x 24 x 15

220 x 36 x 27 5 x 30 >< 40
The botto m co n e
5 x 30 x 4 0 >< 5
The t op 61 1 95’ s ay 6 1 9
r

16 x 13 x 24 x 15 x 20 x 7

The pOI Cupi ne cyl i ndei

16 x 16

15
Fan shaft ( 1) 557 X
(g

Fan s haft ( 2) 1 028 x B 1 542

 AND CO ST S OF Y AR N 27

EX E R CI S E S R EL AT IN G To F IG 7 . .

(1 ) At what spe eds woul d the parts co ntaine d in th is figur e revolve if the
l ine shaft m a de 250 instea d of 220 revolutio ns per m inute ?
(2) I f the fan shaft pul ley ( 1 ) was change d t o 6 inch es at wha t rate per
-
,

minute w oul d it revolve ?

(3 ) At what rat e per m in ute w oul d the bot t o m and t op cones r evolv e if the
bo ttom co ne and s ide shaft wh eel s 20 and 40 were subs titut ed by 24 and 3 6
-

, ,

r esp ectively
( 4) What s ize of driving and drive n pulleys woul d alter the ra te of the cr oss
shaft fro m 21 4 1 7 to 257 per m inute ? “ 7 hat e ffect woul d su ch an alterat ion
have upo n the spee ds of the oth er parts ?
(5) What changes w oul d alter the sp ee d of t he heat er t o 1 1 13 r ev oluti o ns
per m inute if the fan and cross sha ft are t o re m a in unal t ere d ?
( 6) At what rates woul d the t op co n e shaft revolve whe n the cone strap is
-

work ing on the ex tr em e r igh t and left ends r espect ively ?

A nswer s to E x er ci ses (Fig 7 ) .

(1 ) sp eed of all the: pa rt s woul d b e increase d in the sa me prop ortio n a s

The
the chang e in sp eeds t hus : 562 1 1 68 243 3 48 6 7 97 3 5 684 500 1 1 53 8
, , , , , , , , ,

1 7 52 r espe ct iv ely .

( 2 ) The surface ra t e of t he strap and pulley w oul d he u naltere d and therefor e ,

the revolutions per m inut e woul d be al tered in sam e proportion as the s iz e of

pulley nam ely t o 1 1 00
, ,
.

(3 ) B ottom co ne 4 58 9 top cone 645

, ,
.

A 6 i ch dr iv r on the b ea ter shaft or a 20— inch dr ive n on the cr oss

( )
4 n -
e ,

shaft The s ide shaft and b ottom and t op cones woul d b e alter ed in the ra tio
.

of fr om 5 to 6 or to 514 1 028 and 7 3 4 resp ect ively

, , , .

5) Th h t er pulley to 1 3 inches ; the pulley dr iv ing the cr oss shaft pulley

( e e a -

45 inches or the cr oss shaft pul ley 26 inches ; the pulley on fan shaft
8 -
,

68 inches .

(6) 1 562 and 3 527 r espect iv ely .

C al cu l ati ons r el at ing to the sp eeds f

o the p ar ts i n F 1g 8 . .

R evolut ions per m inute oi

The supply latt i ce roller

9 x 7 x 78 x 85

per m inute
inch es
The bottom latt i ce rollers 6 1 2 x 4 x 23 x 1 7 20 x 20
}
x
i n th e hopper

inches per minute

28 COTTO N SPI N N I N G CALCU L ATIO N S

The sp ike d latti ce rollers 61 2 x 4 x 23 x 17

in the h Opp er 9 x 55 X 7 9
The surface spee d i n 24 4 7 x 55 X 22
4229 8
inches per m inute 7

l
'

\
I
2
ft
i .

l a l

a
g s 5
440 x 6 x 4 x 24
The regulat i ng cyli n der
1 2 x 1 2 x 48
 AN D CO STS OF YAR N 29

The surface spee d i n 3 3 0 x 1 8 x 22

i nche s per m inute } 9 7
207 4 , or 1 7 2 8 ft ’

4 40 x 6
The stripp ing cyl in der 220
12
Th e s urface spee d in
}
220x 1 6 x 22 _
1 1 06 3
in ches p er m inute 7

QUE S T I O N S R EL AT IN G TO F IG . 8 .

N a m e the parts a ffecte d by ea ch of the follo wing alterat io ns and calcula te ,

the e ffects in revolut io ns and surface spee d in feet per m inute

( 7 ) I f the co ne strap was su ccessively place d at b o th ex tre m e po ints on the
co ne dru m s .

( 8 ) I f the pulle y on the top co ne shaft was 5 inches dia m et er i ns t ea d of 4

- .

(9) I f the pulley on C was cha nge d to 9 inches dia m eter .

( 1 0) I f the 8 6 on the supply lattice r oller shaft and the 1 2 driving it were
altered t o 8 4 and 1 4 respect ively .

A ns wer s to qu es t ions r el a ti n
g to F ig 8 .

( 7 ) Whe n the s trap occ up ies

Th e e lf h
t- and The ri gh h
t- and
e x t rem e p t
os i i on . e x trem e p os I t ion
.

Sp ike d latt ice roll er revolut ions revolutio ns

244 feet 1 23 8 feet
Hopp er lattice roller rev olutio ns 10 8 4 r ev olut io ns
423 fe et 1 8 7 6 feet
Suppl y latt ice roller revolutio ns 1 6 1 5 rev olutio ns
6 3 feet 27 9 fe et

8
( ) The parts affe cte d woul d in th is case be the sa m e as in qu es tion 7 ea ch ,

be ing increase d in rate to the e x tent of g or ,

Sp ike d latt ice roll er revolutio ns

528 7 2 feet
H opper latt ic e roller rev olu tions
9 1 8 feet
Supply la t tice r oll er revolutions
1 3 67 feet

(9) I n t h is
cas e only the supply lat tice wo ul d b e affecte d ,
and this to the
ex te nt of 8 ; thus

R evolutio ns of supply la ttice roller

Surfac e spe ed

1 0
( ) nI this i nstan ce o nly the supply lattice woul d be a ffected ,
an d th is to
the ex te nt of 88 x pg and th erefore
,

R evolutions of supply lattice roller 0 7 56

Surface spee d 1 3 67
30 CO TTON SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATIO N S

o u nd
f in
Cal cu l a ti o ns r el ati ng to the sp eed f
o t he p ar ts
F ig 9
. .

R evolut ions per m inute of

The latti ce roller

62 x 4 0 X 3 3 x 20
”
The surface spee d of 58 3 5 x 3 x 22
55 01 5
the latt ice in inches 7

r'e r o ll er 3 :

e e d r o ne r

2 n d Pr e s s u r e
.

fl
fl
p EP

”
3 L o w e r' Fe e d ro ll e

d a l r o l le r

S id e S h a f t

t
Bo t o m C o n e

FI G . 9 .

61 2 x 1
The first presser roller
”
The surface spee d of the 4 6 67 35 x 22
}
x
51 3 3 7
first presser roller in ins .
7
61 2 x 1 x 3 4 x 27
The lower fee d roller
62 x 40 x 3 8
32 COTTO N SPI N NI N G C ALCUL ATIO N S

5 44

2 03 9 x 1 6 x 22 _
1 02 53
0

7
5 44
Top cage
4 9 8 9 6 0_
1 5528
8 21 3 28

To S ide

'

C a ge 1 6

P ull ey
f
C r o s s S ha t

FI G 1 0
. .

1 5 528 x 21 x 22
1 02 4 8 5
7
5
 AND CO ST S OF Y AR N 33

1 1 7 2 x 3 x 22
°

7
220x 3 6 x 27 >< 5 x 1 3 x 1 3 x 24 >< 24 x 40

3 564 0
21 28
"
1 6 7 5 x 25 x 22
13 1 6 ‘

EX E R CI S E S I N C ONN EC T ION WIT H F IG 1 0 . .

What w oul d be the e ffec ts if

( a) The 44 wheel dri vi ng the bo tt om cage wh eel was change d t o 4 6
( b) The 1 4 w heel on the botto m fee d roller w as cha nge d to 1 6
( c) The 24 w heel on the s ide shaft was cha nge d to 22 ?
Ascertain the wheels that w oul d m ake the surface Spe eds of cages cage ,

r ollers and fe ed roll ers as nearly al ik e as pra cti cable without alter ing the rate of
,

the latter .

C al cul ations r elating to the sp eeds o f t he p ar ts fo und i n

F ig 1 1
. .

R evolut ions an d surface spee d p er m inute oi

5 33
The t op cage

22 03 x 21 x 22
Surface spee d 1 45 4 5
7
220 x 3 6 x 27 x 5 >< 1 3 x 13 x 27 x 25 x 33
The b 0ttom cage

2 8 93
2 8 93 x 1 6 x 22
Surface spee d 1 45 5 1
7
5
The cage rollers
1 57 56
1 57 56 x 3 x 22
Surface spee d
7
F irst or th e top 5
calen der } 16 x 13 x 24 x 65 x 7 1 x 23

Surface spee d
34 COTTON SPI N N I N G C ALCUL ATIO N S

220 x 3 6 x 27 >< 5
The secon d calen der

Surface spee d
5
The thl r d calen der 1 0 08 4
1 6 x 1 3 x 24 X 65 x 7 1 X 21
1 0 08 4 X 5 5 X 2
g
0 a

Surface spee d 174 80 ‘

Ca l e
’
d e ns 5 5D 1 a

La p Ro ll ers

S ha t f

FI G . 11 .

The
fourth or 220 x 3 6 x 27 x 5 X 1 3 x 1 3
bottom calen der } 16 X 13 x 24 x 6 5 x 7 1

Surface spee d
220 x 3 6 X 27 X 5 X 1 3 X 21 X 1 7
The lap rollers
”
7 179 x 8 34 x 22
Surface spee d 1 97
‘
42
7

Draft s i n Opener s — I n the processes embrace d in Sp inn ing

the cotton i s a ttenuate d in a s omewhat gra duate d manner unt il ,
 AN D CO ST S OF Y AR N 35

it i s re duce d to a sp ec ific we ight per u ni t of leng th ; the e xtent

of the attenuat i on appl ie d in each a s well as in the collective
,

processes depen ding upon the ult imat e fineness or count of the
,

yarn require d The attenuat ion i s increase d w ith th e finene s s

.

of the yarn an d i t is distribute d amongst the vari ous mach ines

,

in proport i ons wh i ch pract i ce h as prove d most benefic i al A .

knowle dge of the e xtent most e xpe di ent in each proce ss as well ,

as between the vari ous po ints i n each proce ss i s therefore ,

i n di spensable .

D raft i s the term use d to denote th e attenuat i on or

“ ”

difference tak ing place in th e un i t of we ight of th e cotton i n the

var i ous stages I t i s use d also i n e xpress ing the difference in
.

the rate of movement of th e p arts of a mach ine I t denotes th e .

amount of attenuat ion occurr ing between t wo p o int s wh ich it i s ,

customary to e xpress in terms of one un it of th e prece ding of the

two po ints spec ifie d Thus if the draft in an opener i s sa id to
.

be three the rate of the del i very in terms of one un it of the fee d
,

i s three and th erefore th e cotton i s elongate d to an e xtent of

,

three t ime s it s original length and in consequence becomes at

,

least one th ir d of the we ight per un it of length fed

-
.

The several ways of procee ding to ascerta i n the amount of

th e draft are
( )
a By t i m in g th e rat e of movement of th e respect i ve
parts .

( )
b By compar in g th e we i gh t of th e cotton p er un it of length
at the respect ive parts .

( ) y
0 B calculat i ng the relat i ve movement of the respect ive
parts by means of th e connecting gearing .

The metho ds ( a) an d ( b) are of course only pract i c able when

, ,

it i s conven i ent to work the mach ines The other m etho d ( c)

.

necess itates part i culars of the gearing only an d the draft can ,

b e ascertaine d at any t ime I t i s the metho d most generally

.

a dopte d an d i s accurate Wh en it is inconven i ent to obtai n

,
.

parti culars of the connecting gear an appro xi mate result may ,

be qu i ckly arri ve d at by e ither of th e former metho ds .

The follow ing calculat i ons i llustrate the metho ds (a) an d (c) ,

the Spee ds repres enting the former however be ing th ose alrea dy
, ,

ascertaine d by calculating from th e conne ct ion w ith th e dr iving

36 COTTO N SPI N N I N G C ALCUL ATIO N S

shaft i nstea d of by t im ing E xamples i llustrat ing the appli cat ion
,
.

of the metho d ( b) w ill follow .

C al cu l a ti o ns r ela t ing to t he dr afts between t he t ar i ons eon

tiguou s p ar ts comp ri s ed i n the op ener , as r ep r es ent ed i n F igs

7 , 8 , 9 , 1 0, and 11 .

The dr aft between

The supply and bottom latt ic e (Fig 8)
’

"
Bythe calculate d 73 5
surface Spee ds 1 0 94
”

or by the connect
,

ins s ear

The lower hopper latt ice and the sp ike d latt ice

32
4 2 8
By the calculate d surface spee ds
5
5
4 8 x 48 x
or by the connect i ng gear
, ,
5 76
20 x 20 x 5

The p ike d latt ice and the fee d latt i ce to the porcup ine
S

cyl in der ( F igs 8 and 9) .

By the calculate d
surface spee ds 4 22 98
E the connect 1
y
I ng gear 17 x 23 x 4 x 6 2 x 4 0 x 3 3 x 20 x 5;

The fee d latt ice an d first presser roller to porcup ine cy l in der
F
( ig 9 ) .

By calculate d s urface spee ds

By the connecting gear

The
fee d latt ice an d the first lower fee d roller to the
porcup ine
By calculate d surface Spee ds

By the connect ing gear

 A ND CO ST S OF YA R N 37

The first lower fee d roller and the pe dal roller

7 2 91
By the calculate d surface spee d
6 47
3 3 x 2g
By th e connect i ng gear di rect
27 X 3

The pe dal roller and the firs t botto m cage ( F i gs . 9 and

1 02 53
By th e calculate d surface spee ds
72 1 6 1 4 23

By the connecting gear direct

44 x 1 6
34 x 1

The first botto m cage and th e first cage rollers ( Fig . 1 0)

1 1 05
By the calculate d surface spee ds 1 07 8
1 02 4 8
.

1 1 5 x 44 >< 3 69
By the connect i ng gear di rect
4 4 x 20 x 16 64

The first cage rollers , and fee d rollers to beater

13 16
By the calculate d surface spee ds
20 x
By the c onnect i ng gear di rect
14 x 3

Th e fe e d rollers to beater and the secon d bottom cage ( F igs .

1 0 and 1 1)

By the cal cu
late d Spee ds 13 16
B the con ec t 28 x 3 0 x 24 x 3 8 x 27 x 25 x 25
y n
m s s e e r dl r ect } 4 0x 24 x 24 x 7 1 x 21 x 23 x 1 1 5 x 2;

Secon d bottom cage and the secon d cage rollers ( Fig . 1 1)

-
1 4 3 55
By the calculate d surface Spee ds 1 02

1 1 5 x 25 x 3
By the connect i ng gear di rect
33 x 16 x 16
38 COTTON SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATIO NS

(
D r aj ts )
co ntinued

First calen der ( top ) an d the secon d cage rollers

By the calculate d surface spee ds

1 6 x 21 x 5 5
By the connect i ng gear di rect 1 07
25 x 23 x 3

Secon d an d first calen ders

By the calculate d surface spee ds 1 0 45

By the c onnect ing gear direct 1 0 45

Th ir d and secon d calen ders

By the calculate d surface Spee ds

By the connect ing gear direct

F ourth an d th ir d calen ders

By th e calculate d surface spee ds

By the connecting gear direct

L ap rollers and th e fourth calen der

1 97 4 2
By the calculate d surface spee ds
’

7 1 x 21 x 1 7 x 8 2
By t he connect in g gear direct

The draft between t he lap rollers an d the fee d rollers to th e

beater
By the calculate d 1 97 4 2
-

surface spee ds 13 16

By th e connecting
gear ing direct
B y the interven ing x X
1
drafts X X 1 2 25

1
Thi s defici ency i s d ue to the dr afts between the var i ou s p ar ts be ing i ncomp letel y
exp r es sed .
 4O COTTO N SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATION S

the length contracte d to the e xtent of

,
t imes the length
del ivere d thereby increas ing the we ight to that e xtent
,
Thus .

the we ight of the cotton

fed by the pe dal roller (x) l
12x 1 00
57 x O! S ' per y d .

Thewe ight of the cotton at any other points may be s imilarly

c alculate d the we ight be ing only appro ximate i f the loss i s
,

unknown .

The follow ing answers relate to the we ight of the cotton at

the various po ints the los s between the pe dal roller an d first pai r
,

of cages be ing assume d as 2 per cent and 1 per cent between .

, .

the fir st and secon d pairs of cages The working of th i s quest ion .

i s g iven so that the stu dent may accustom h imself to the

working of such e xerc ises .

The we ight of the cotton at

F ee d latt ice to porcup ine ozs .

P e dal roller Ans .

( Work in g ) L et a we ight of the cotton at the pe dal

roller
(a we i ght of cotton at deli very (93 12 oz s
draft
.

27 2
97 .

1 2 ozs . x 12 x Ag s e x 2 72 3 3 68 ozs . A ns .

First pair of cages A ns . 23 4 ozs .

F ee d rollers to beaters A ns . 182

Secon d pa ir of cages An s .

B et we en calen ders 3 an d 4 A ns .

I t is
customary to alter the draft by means of the wheels on
the s ide Shaft also Sl ight alterati ons by a dj ustments of the cone
,

strap .

EX ER CI S E S IN R E S P EC T OF D R AFT S
O P E N E R As P E R DE T AIL S
I N TH E IN F IG S .

7 8 9 1 0 AND 1 1 IN CLU S I VE WI T H AN S WE R S A P P E N D E D
, , , , , .

F ind t he drafts betwee n the following parts by gear direc t

( 1 1) Sp ike d lattice and pe dal roller A ns 0 1 7 1 . . .

( 1 2) Sp ike d lattice and fee d roller to the beater A ns 03 1 . . .

( 1 3 ) Sp iked lattic e and lap rollers A ns . .

 AND CO ST S OF Y A R N 41

( 1 4) P e dal roller to cyl inder and fe ed rollers t o beater Ans 1 8 1 . . .

( 1 5) P e dal r oller to cylinder and seco nd botto m cage A ns . .

( 1 6) P e dal roller to cyl inder and botto m calender A ns 2 3 8 . . .

( 17 ) F ee d rollers to the beater and the first cale nder A ns 1 1 . . .

( 1 8 ) F ee d rollers to the beater and the lap rollers Ans . .

( 1 9) The seco nd b otto m cage and the lap rollers A ns . .

( 20) F irst cale nder and the bott om cale nder A ns . .

( 21) Assu ming that this ope ner pro duce d laps which w e ighe d at the rate of
1 3 5 ozs per yar d wha t cha nge in that we ight woul d ar is e fr om ea ch of the
.
,

foll o wing alt eratio ns

( a) The 3 0 cross shaft bevel change d to 27 ?
-

( b) T he p inio n on t he b otto m co n e t o 22 and that dr iv ing it on the Side

,

Shaft to 3 8

( c) The 5 inch pulley on the beater Shaft to 6 inches ?

-

A ns ozs ;
. ozs ; ozs . . .

(22) What changes w oul d pro duce a lap we ighi ng 1 0 ozs per yar d assu ming .
,

that with the gearing as in the figures the lap m ade we ighs 1 2 ozs per yar d ? .

SCU TCH E R S .

The P art i c ular s of Dri ving — Sp ee ds of the p arts in the

scutcher ( Fi g .

I n th i s figure B i s dr iven by a belt from a 25 inch p ul ley on -

a counter Shaft and the latter i s fitte d with fast and loose
,

pulleys 1 5 i nches in diameter and these latter are driven by a

, ,

belt from a 3 2 inch di ameter drum on the l ine sh aft wh i ch

-
,

makes 220 revoluti ons per m inute .

The revolut ions per m inute of the var i ous parts together ,

with the calculat i ons are as follows ,

220 X i
Beater Sh aft (B)
f?2fi
g
220 x 3 2 x 25 x 5
838 1
15 x 10 x 7
220 x 3 2 x 25 x 6
Cross sh aft 58 6 6
0

15 x 10 x 1 2
D r iver cone 220 x 3 2 x 25 X 6 X 6 5
drum (D ) 1 5 x 10 x 1 2 x
F ee d latt ice 6 45 x 1 x 3 9
roller ( F )

Surface rate
42 COTTO N SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATIO N S
 AN D CO ST S OF Y AR N 43

6 x 1
P e dal ” Her -
8 3 42
1 5 x 1 0x 1 2 x 5 5 x 4 2 5 x 8 8

Surface rate
Lap mot ion 220 x 3 2 x 25 X 6 x 8
shaft (L) 15 x 1 0 x 1 2 x 20

E o ttom cage U
0
1 5 x 1 0 x 1 2 x 20 x 7 1 x 7 4 >< 9 6
Surface rate
'

Top cage (C) 220x 3 2 x 25 x 6 x s 32

15 x

Surface rate
8 x 1 3 x 20>< 1 9 _
6 x
TOP calen der (21 ) 1 0 506
1 5 x 1 0 x 1 2 x 20 x 7 1 x 7 4 x 21
1 05 06 x 5 x 22
Surface rate 1 6 5 094
7

R evolut ions and surface Spee d per m inute of

B ottom calen der 220 X 3 2 X 25 X 6 X 8 X 1 3 X 20

1 1 6 1 2 r evs ‘

( 1-
9 3 2) 1 5 x 1 0x 1 2 x 20 x 7 1 x 7 4
H
1 1 61 2 x 5
o
x 22
Surface rate 1 8 2 47 4
7
6 x 8
revs
1 5 x 1 0 x 1 2 x 20 x 7 1 x 74
II
6 387 X 9 5 x 22
Surface rate 1 90 6 9 6
7

Drafts b etween

P e dal roller and fee d latt i ce

By ge ar direct 1 0 25

( b) By the surface rates , alrea dy calculate d

44 COTTON SPI NN I N G C ALCUL ATIO N S

B ottom cage an d pe dal roller

8 diameter
”
1 2 di ameter
1 45 9 3 8
-

2 78 4
524 3 5

Top cage and bottom cage

1 54 x 1 2
”
1013
96 x 19

1 44 09

B ottom calen der an d bottom cage

96 x 5
32 x 12
1 8 24 7 4
( b)

L ap rollers and bottom calen der

74 x 11 x 95
20 x 7 4 x 5
1 9 06 9 6
(b) 1 8 2 47 4
-
1 04 5

Lap rollers an d bottom cage

“0 32 x 20 x 7 4 x 1 2
1 3 06

1 9 06 96
( )
b
1 45 98 8
-

L ap rollers and pe dal roller

1 1 x 95
‘

1 2
1 90 6 9 6
52 4 3 5

Lap rollers and latt ice roller

1 3
1 90 6 96
 AND CO ST S OF Y AR N 45

EX E R CI S E S IN R E SP EC T OF TH E P AR T S IN FI G . 12 .

EX E R CI S E 1 —What Sizes of
.

(a) B eater pull ey woul d b e requ ired to g iv e 1 066 r ev olutions of that part per
m inute
(b) Counter shaft drum ( 25 inch es) woul d be requ ire d to g iv e 1 266 revol u
t ions of beater Shaft per m inute
(c) P ul ley on the fan shaft woul d be neces sary t o giv e 1 1 7 3 § r evolutio ns
of fan per minute ?
(d) P ulley on the beat er Shaft woul d b e necessary to driv e the fan 1 67 5
revolutio ns per m inute ?
( e) To what e x t ent woul d the we ight pr odu ced by the m ach ine b e a ffecte d
by the alteratio ns ( a) and (b) respect ively
( f) What changes respectively in t he g ear ing woul d be e x p edie nt after
m ak ing the alteration s ( a) and ( b) if it was re quire d that the w eight pro duce d
,

in a g ive n t im e re m a in as b efore the alterat io n

E XE R CI S E 2 —Wha t woul d the draft in the m a ch ine ( Fig 1 2) bec om e if

. .
,

the follo wing alterat io ns w ere m a de in t he g ear i ng

( a) Th e 8-
in ch pulley on t he cr o ss shaft cha nged t o 9 inches an d 7 inches

success ively
b
( ) T he 6 5 in
-
ch pul ley o n t h e c r oss shaft cha nge d t o 6 inches and 7 inches

su ccess ively
( ) The 65inch and 8 inch p ulleys b oth on the cross Shaft ar e change d t o
c - -
, ,

7 inches ea ch

EX E R CI S E 3
( a) Ascertain t he we igh t in pou nds per lap in each of the cas e s ( a) ( b)
, , , ,

E x erc ise 2 and als o t he num ber of laps m a de in 1 0 h ours assu m ing they
, ,

m easur e d 3 6 7 yar ds an d average d 22 lbs 1 5 ozs each with the gearing

, . .
,

oth erwis e as per Fig 1 2 A ll ow 10 per cent for lost t im e

. . . .

( )
b W hat cha nge in the s i z es of the 65 inch or 8 inch pu lleys on t he cross
- -

Shaft w oul d be n ec essary to pr oduc e a lap 1 2 oz s per yar d if tha t m a de wi th .

,

t he gearing as per Fig 1 2 w e ighe d 1 0 ozs per yar d ? Also stat e the differ
, .
, .
,

e nce in the le ngth and weight in b oth instanc es wh ich w oul d be cause d by the
, ,

change .

( 0) What effect up on the output of th is m achine woul d result from an

, ,

alteration in the pos itio n of the strap on t he cones Assu ming the su m of the
dia m eters of the con es at opp os ite po ints are 8 2 inches and the strap is on a ,

part of the driv en cone 4 inches in dia m eter what w oul d be the weight per yar d ,

of the lap m a de if t hat produce d with the gearing as per Fig 1 2 was 1 0 ozs
, ,
.
,
.

per yar d ?
( d) I f the lap m a de in a m a ch ine geare d as per Fig 1 2 av erage d 3 67 yar ds
,
.
,

an d we ighe d 22 lbs 1 5 ozs . an d the loss in the pro cess was 2 per ce nt
.
,
and the .
,

nu m ber of laps u s ed at the fee d 4 wha t s houl d b e the weigh t per yar d of ea ch
,
~

of the latt er
46 COTTO N SPIN NIN G C ALCULAT I O N S
48 COTTO N SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATIO N S

A ns wer s to E xer cis e 6 ( a)

D r iver 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38
D raft .
42

39 40 41 42 43
3 4

A ns wer s t o E x er ci s e 6 ( b)

The H unt ing Cog Mea su ring or Le ngth Moti on us e d i n Ope ner s
and Sc utcher s I n Fig 1 4 , K and A represent th e calen ders an d
.
-
.

FI G . 14 .

also the connect ing wheels ; H i s the drop shaft wheel ; G the -

drop sh aft lever G1 be ing i t s p i vot g i s a proj ect i on of G s u p

-
, ,

porte d by th e lower part of catch lever F F is p ivote d on P an d ,

 AN D CO ST S OF YAR N 49

couple d t o the lower part of lever D by D 1 D having it s f ulcru m ,

at E The spring I presse s aga inst D forc ing th e wheel C

.
, ,

wh i ch i s loose upon a stu d attache d to D t o gear w ith wh eel B , ,

the lat ter b e ing fi xe d upon the sh aft of the c alen der A R an d .

B are proj ect i ons from the s ides of th e wheels C and B wh i ch ,

are in gear When the project ions meet the wheel C i s force d
.

out of gear w ith B th is act ion cau ses the levers D D 1 an d F

, , ,

to release g and consequently G falls to T thereby disengaging

, ,

H from J an d Since the latter i s dr iven by th e former J cease s

, , ,

t o rotate The fall of th e lever G di sengages the fee d moti on

.
-

clutch by r o d connect ions w i th G Sho wn at po int ! The lap .

cont inu ing to rotate after the calen ders have cease d del iver ing
e ffects the s everanc e an d c omplet ion of th e lap .

The length of the lap ma de i s governe d by the revolut ions

wh i ch the wheel B make s i n caus ing i ts proj ect ion to have
contact w ith R on C ,
.

The revolut i ons of the wheels B and C per lap are the l eas t , ,

whol e num ber s whi ch exp r es s t he r el ati o n of t heir tooth contents ,

t hei r r el ati ve r evol uti ons bei ng i nver s e t o thos e num ber s Thus .
,

i f B i s 21 and C range d fro m 7 1 to 8 1 teeth respect ively

, ,

the revolut i ons of these wheels per l ap woul d be as g iven in

, ,

the first p art of the table on p 50 I f B had 7 2 and C . .

,

range d from 7 1 to 8 1 teeth then th e ir revolut i ons per lap woul d

,

be as given in the se con d part of that table I f C had 8 0 an d .

B 2 teeth then the i r re spect ive revolut i ons woul d be 1 and 40

, .

Shoul d C be any nu mb er wh i ch h as no common div i sor between

i tself an d un i ty then i f B conta ins less teeth than C th e
, , ,

revolut i ons of B per lap woul d b e the same a s the teeth contents
of C .

Assum ing the di ameter of the calen der 5 i nches then the ,

leng th of the lap woul d b e

o x revolut ions of B p er lap

yar ds
36

or revolut ions of
, B per lap x 0 43 63 yar d
50 COTTO N SPI N N I N G C ALCUL ATION S

Si z es oft he w h l ee s Re l at i ve r at e o f
h
( i n t ee t ) . t hei r rot at ion . g f th l p i
Len t h o e a n
y d t d
ar s as as cer ai ne
by l l t
ca cu a i o n .

EX AM PLE — I f C is 7 8 and B 4 1 and the dia m eter of the cale nder 5 inches
, ,

and the draft betw ee n th is cale n der an d the lap rollers the n the approx i
m ate le ngth of the lap w oul d be as follo w s
The ratio of the toot h co nte nts of C and B ca nnot be ex presse d in less
whole nu mbers and he nce B will m ake 7 8 revolut io ns per lap
, ,

78 x 5 x 3 14 16 x 1 04 5 length of lap i n inches ( appro x im ate )

inches 1 06 7 feet

found that whe n the lap is very th ick the lap e x cee ds so m e what the
I t is , ,

calculate d le ngth but as th is discrepa ncy is the sa m e in respect of each lap of

the sa m e we ight it is ge nerall y neglecte d and the calculate d le ngth take n as the
, ,

actual .

Thea dvantages of the hu nting cog m o tion is tha t it obtains the sam e le ngth
-

on each lap an d th is ca nnot be cla i m e d in respect of the other m ot io n s

,
Th is .

arises thro ugh the slo w and irregular dise ngage m e nt of the knock ing off catch in -

the latter .

Laps of a le ngth represe nt ing any num ber of revolut io ns of the op erating
cale nder can be m a de by th is m otio n .
 A ND CO ST S OF Y ARN 51

EX E R CI S E 7
revolutio ns w oul d B m ake and what le ng th of lap woul d
( a) H ow m a ny ,

result if B and C were 4 1 and 8 1 respe ctively and cale nder 5 inches dia m eter
,

A ns 106 feet
( b) What le ngth of lap woul d be m a de if B had 4 2 and C 8 1 teeth whe n the
. .

cale nder B is 5 inches in dia m eter ?

A ns 3 58 feet
( 0) What Sizes of B m ay be use d for a lap of 3 6 2 yar ds if C had 8 3 teeth
. .

wh en the cal ender B is 5 inches in dia m eter ? A ns 1 82 -

. .

PLATT KNOCKI N G MOTI ON

’
S -
OF F

I n Fig 1 5, K i s
.
the b ottom calen der and A i s a Single worm
secure d to it ; B i sa worm wheel dri ven by A and C a p i n ion ,

fi xe d upon the axi s of B ; C dr ives the

knocking off wheel D the proj ection
-
,

E on D pulls th e catch F and the lever

G to wh i ch i t i s attache d in pass ing
, ,

that p o int Th i s movement move s th e

.

lever G to th e ri ght on it s p ivo t X unt il

G ceases to support H The latter is th e .

drop sh aft lever an d in consequence of

-

the with dra wal of th e support G the drop ,

FI G 1 5
shaft wheel is dis engage d from dr iving th e
. .

calen ders and other part s depen dent upon them for the ir mot ion ,

an d hence del i very c eas ing the lap i s complete d

, , .

To start a new lap G i s ra i se d at a po int on the left to enable

,

the clearance of the catch F from E F i s supp orte d by a ,

finger of the r ight han d wh ilst the left l ifts th e drop lever
,

H when the we ighte d port ion of G to the left of X c auses i t t o

, , ,

move into a support ing pos it i on for H Th i s act ion engages th e .

drop shaft wh eel and sets the del ivery and fee d parts in a cti on
-
,
.

The length of the lap w ill vary accor ding to the revolut ions
wh ich the calen der makes in turn ing the wh eel D one revoluti on .

The gear may b e as follows z—B ottom calen der 7 i nch e s ,

diameter ; A 1 ; B 25 ; C 1 8 ; D 4 8
, , , , .

The revolut ions of A per one of D w ill therefore b e

a x 3
5 4
3

and the length of the 3 1 41 6

}
1 200 7 x
x
lap in yar ds 18 36

Th i s type of length mot ion ten ds to the pro duct ion of lap s
 52 COTTO N SPI NN IN G CALCUL ATION S

slightly vary ing in length Th i s ar ises from th e slow move .

ment of part G dur ing it s w ith drawal and th e ten dency of it s ,

support ing surface to wear smooth and somewh at roun de d ; th i s ,

ass i ste d by the vibrat i on causes the supp orting p art G to fall
,

away at slightly vary ing intervals measure d i n revolut ions of

'

the calen der .

EX E R CI S E 8 —Calcul ate the le ng th of the laps

.

(a) Whe n C is 1 6 1 7 19 and 20 respectivel y

, , ,
.

A ns yar ds . .

(b) Whe n the fol lo wing wheels ar e use d together instea d of those previously
g ive n : A 1 ; B 24 ; C 1 7 D 50
, , , , A ns
. yar ds . .

(c) Whe n B is altere d to 24 ? A ns 3 9 1 yar ds . .

(03) Whe n D is altere d to 50? A ns 42 5 yar ds . .

EX E R CI S E 9
I f a lap 50 yards l ong is re qu ire d what Single wheel w oul d g ive the neares t
,

r esult ? A ns Cha ng ing D t o 59 . .

EXE R CI SE 1 0
I f a lap 4 8 % yar ds was re qu ir ed what Size of C Shoul d be use d ? A ns
,
.

EXE R CIS E 1 1
(a) What le ngth of lap in yards woul d be m a de i f the hu nting cog lap
, ,
-

l e ngth m ot io n wheel on the top calender co ntaine d 8 2 and t he wheel on the

k nocking off lever 8 3 teeth ?
-
A ns .

(b) F ind the tim e take n to m ake a lap y ards in le ngth .

A ns 3 8 45 m inutes . .

(0) What woul d be the we ight Of one lap and also the pro ducti o n in lbs per .

1 0 hours i f 2 per ce nt w aste was e x tracte d and the t im e lost in taking out the
, .

laps and other incide ntal stoppages e quals 8 per ce nt and the we ight of the four .

laps co m pris ing the fee d ea ch average 1 1 8 ozs per yard A ssum e the le ng th of . .

the lap yards . A ns 3 9 lbs ; 6 006 lbs . . .

(d) What changes i n the gear woul d be best to re duce th e ou tput to a

nor mal a m ou nt say to 3 000 lbs
, per 1 0 hours without cha ngin g the count of
.
,

the lap ?
A ns R e du ce s ize of 8 inches and increase Size of 24 i nches in corresp onding
.
,

pr op orti ons or 8 inche s to 6 inches 24 inches to 3 0 inches ,

.

PR ACTI CAL N OTE S .

Chang e s in the We i ght and Count of t he Laps made by Op ener s

and Sc u tcher s — Th e pos it i on of the cone strap i s automat i cally
.

controlle d by the fee d regulator To fac ili tate a dj ustments in .

the we ight of the lap as c ircumst ances deman d an a dj usting

, ,

screw connect i on i s provide d Th i s latter an d ch ang ing the .

,
 AN D CO ST S OF Y AR N 53

draft gear are the means of control ling th e draft and therefore
, ,

o f the we ight and count of the lap ma de The range of a dj ust .

ment pract icable in r es pect of the draft by gearing is unl imite d

, ,

but that by the a dj ustment of the cone strap i s very l im ite d and ,

shoul d only be ava ile d of for temporary a djustments .

The best pos it i on for the cone strap when the fee d i s of th e ,

mean or normal we ight is at the centre of the cones Th i s secure s

“

.
,

th e w idest and most useful range of act i on of the cone strap ,

a daptable e qually towar d light an d heavy variat ions in the fee d .

When by temporary a dj ustments so often necess itate d by var ia

, ,

t ions in the character of th e cotton an d act i ons of th e mach ine , ,

c ommon in or dinary work ing the cone strap h as been gra dually
,

move d and settle d in a p os it ion otherwi se th an central steps ,

ought to b e taken to alter the draft t o an extent wh i ch w ill

restore the cone strap to the centre pos it ion or otherw ise the ,

e ffi cacy of th is part of the mach ine i s interfere d w ith .

The system of c onnect ing the fee d and deli very parts in ,

these mach ines by belt is be ing superse de d by rope or tooth

, ,

gear The metho d Sh own in Fig 1 2 i s not al ways s at i sfactory

. . .

Var iat i ons in the sl ippage of the above name d strap s affect th e -

draft and add to th at ar is ing from th e cone strap

, P os it ive .

dr iving re duces the poss ib il it i es of such defects w i thout intro

du cing any di sa dvantage s .

F luctuat ions in th e draft are a l so often occas ione d by var iat ion
i n the sl ippage of the fee d latt ice ; too h i ghly tens i one d or slack
latt ices latt i ce roller bearings out of alignment and obstructi ons
, ,

about these parts b in ding of the lat tice against th e s ides thes e
, ,

are amongst the ch ief causes of var iat i on s in th e we ight and

count of the lap The system of connect ing the fee d latt i ce
.

roll ers by tooth gear shoul d rece iv e c ons iderati on wh enever the
vari at ions in th e we ight of the laps i s uns at i sfactory and
cannot be eliminate d .

P r oduct i ons Spee ds and the ir Contr olling Fact or s — I n th e

, ,

sp inn ing of coarse and me dium counts of yarn from Ameri can
an d s i m ilar and lower type s of cotton e xhaust openers are ,

e x tens i vely use d I n thes e mach ine s the pract ice of di spens ing
.

th e lap measuring and knock ing off mot ion is e xtens ive -
"
.

The a dvantages of such pract ice are th e el im inat ion of th e ,

54 COTTO N SPI NN I N G C ALCUL ATIO NS

th ick and th in place usually follow ing the stoppage and in

, ,

crease d pro duct ion ; it i s also a deterrent towar ds dilatoriness

on the part of the atten dant P ro duct ions rang ing as h igh as
.

lbs per week of 555hours are not uncommon un der such

.

con di t ions .

The rate of del ivery ranges up to 3 0 feet per m inute an d the ,

rate of the fee d about one th i r d of that amount The we ight of

-
.

the cotton delive r e d ranges to oz per yar d per inch of .

w idth and that of the fee d 2 5 oz s per yar d per inch of width
,
. .

The Si z es of j ee d rollers are from 2} inch es to 3 inche s in

diameter .

The h ighest surface rates of beat ing i nstruments range up to

feet per m inute Cre ighton porcup ine s up to 1 000
.
,

small porcup ine cylin ders up to 1 1 00 porcup ines (discs ) 900 , ,

large porcup ines (3 6 inches and upwar ds ) to 6 00 t hree bla de d ,

-

beaters to 1 250 two bla de d beaters up to 1 500 revolut i ons p er

,
-

m inute .
°

F ans range up to 2500 revolut ions per m inute .

The Controlli ng Fact or s i n re spect of t he Part s and Spee ds N ame d .

Small fee d rollers are only a dapte d for l ight fee ds at low rate s
an d pres sures F ee d rollers wh i ch h ave insu ffic ient hol ding
.

“
power depreci ate the open ing action by allowing pluck ing .

Overwe i ght ing in or der to secure i ncre ase d pre ssure —better
hol ding power— h as the same ten dency H igh rate s of fee d an d .

beat ing as well as heavy fee ds requ ire larger fee d rollers
, ,

irrespect ive of the length of the staple Too qu i ck and over .

fee din g pro duces an e x cess of goo d cotton wi th the dropp ings ,

an d interferes w ith the op en ing an d clean ing act ions The Si z es .

of fee d rollers are from 2 inches to 3 inch es diameter 24 i nche s

are only su itable when the fee d i s l ight slow and the pressure , ,

mo derate High spee ds accompan ie d by a heavy fee d and

.
,

pressure necess i tate rollers 251 inches to 3 inches di ameter ; 24

,
°

i nches are only a dapte d for mo derate con dit i ons Too clos e .

setting of these ten ds to weaken ing the fibres wh ilst the oppos ite ,

c auses a stringy ten dency in the appearance of th e cotton .

When large rollers are use d 1 3 inch woul d be sat isfactory for
3

the heaviest fee d With small fee d rollers distances less than
.

3 i nch a r e do ubtful .
56 COTTO N SPI N N I NG C ALCUL ATIO N S
EX E R CI S E afts — Calculate t he dra fts betwee n the follo wing parts
16 ( D r ) .

in Fig 1 3.

Latt ice p e dal rollers (A n s

and . .

P e dal roller and botto m cage (A ns . .

B otto m ca g e and ca g e rollers (A ns . .

t op cale nder (A ns . .

F irst and Second cale nder (A ns . .

S eco nd and thi rd cale n der (A n s . .

Third and fourth cale nder (Ans . .

F ourth cale nder and lap rollers (A ns . .

P ro ductio n in pound in 1 0 hours u ninterrupte d work ing assu ming the lap
s
’
,

we ighs 5250 gra in s per yar d (A n s . .

Also the draft bet wee n the fee d lattice and lap rollers
, (A ns . .

Also the we ight per y ar d of the cotto n fed assu m ing the l ap pro duce d to
, , , ,

we igh at the rate of 5250 gra ins per yar d allo wing 2 per ce nt for loss i n waste ,
. .

( A ns.
gr a ins ) .

CAR D CAL CULATI ON S .

F ig represents the gearing common in car ds of t he

. 16
revolving fiat type I n the different makes of these mach ines
.

wheels an d other parts of varyin g dimens i ons are a dopte d t o ,

a dapt them for the con dit ions un der wh i ch they work The .

subten de d calculat ions relate to the Spee ds of al l the parts wh i ch

they conta in ; they are arrange d in the following instances ,

as far as conveni ent i n progres s ive or der Sl ipp a , ge an d th i ck .

nes ses of b elts an d ropes h ave not been t aken into cons iderat i on
in these calculat ions but it i s a dvi sable to do s o in pract i ce
, In .

belt dri ves un der b ad con dit ions th i s i s somet imes cons iderable
, ,
,

but un der fa ir con dit i ons shoul d not a mount to more than t wo
or three per cent at each po int in transm is s i on The actual
.
.

spee ds w ill he therefore somewhat less than th e calculate d

, , .

The Spee ds gi ven are thos e in common use i n treat ing or dinary
E gypt ian and th e b etter classes of Ameri can cotton .

The l ine Sh aft from wh i ch the strap dr i v ing the car d in the ,

figure i s driven i s assume d to m ake 220 revolut i ons per m inute

,
,

and the drum upon i t to be 1 2 inches in di ameter .

The dimens ions g iven refer to the diameters i n inche s in

respect of pulleys or teeth in cases of wheels
, .
A ND CO STS OF Y AR N 57
 58 COTTO N SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATIO N S

Sur f
ace s p eed p er m i nu t e .

D et ai l l l
s of ca cu at i on .

I n i nches . In f
e et .

Lap roller
220x 1 2 x 1 8 x 5 x 28 >< 40 x 40>< 1 4 x 1 7
l 5 x 7 x 1 0x 1 00x 21 6 x 4 0x 1 20x 48
04 8 48 x 6 x 22 9 1 41 3 07 6 1 7
7

The feed roller ( 1 20 x 1 7 x zé

"
)
220>< 1 2 x 1 8 x 5 x 28 x 40 x 4 0>< 1 4
1 5 x 7 x 1 0x 1 00x 21 6 x 4 0x 1 20
"
1 3 69 x 24 x 22
0 8 06
7

"
The l ickerin ( 7 x 5

452 57

1 278 6 9 8 1 0655 8

Th e cyl inder ( 1 5 x 18 x 50 x 64
220 x 1 2
15

1 7 6 x 50 x 22
27 6 07 23 04 7 5
7

fl
T he flats (40 x h ere i n est im at in g ,

the surface m oveme n t i t i s assu m ed that the

,

d is ta nce from ce ntre to ce n tre o f the flats

m easu es 1 4 inches and are d r iven by a wheel
r .

co nta i n i n g 1 2 teeth each o f wh i ch e n g a g es a

,

The w orm dri vi n g the w orm whee l

”
at
.
,

h as a dou ble threa d .

220 x 1 2 >< 6 § x 1 x 2
15 x 1 2 x 24 x 4 0
1 43 x l 2 x 1§
7 20 x 1 x l

B r u shes sho wn The driving g ear for

: no t .

the b rushes that clean the flats is not con

t ai ne d i n the fig ure Th e spee d o f that part
.

vari es ; u nder e x ceptional circumstances it i s

work e d as h i gh as 3 00 r evolut i o ns per m i nute .

The norm al rate o f the or di nar y b rush i s ab out

4 0 revolut i ons per m i nute A pate nt com
bi nat ion brush—whi ch gives e ncourag i ng
.

results—i s work e d as l o w as 5 revoluti on s per

m i nute The stri pp i ng brush u se d i n cleani n g
the c y l i nder and dofier i s dri ven d uring that
‘

,
 AND CO STS OF YA R N 59

Sur f
ace s p eed per m inut e .

Det ai l l l
s of ca cu at ion .

I n i nch es .
I n h et .

O perati on fro m a gr oove i n the l oose pulle y

,

o n th e c yl i nd er s ha ft t h e di am eter b e i ng
,

1 5 or 1 6 i n ches whi lst that on the b ru sh

,

vari es from 5 to 1 0 inches thus giving ,

Fro m

220 x 1 2 x 1 5
1 5 x 10

22
0 } 12
15 x 5

The dofier ( 21 6 x 9
'

x 40)
5 x 28 x 40
15 x 7
17 6 X 26 X 22
9 58 7 8 -
7 98 9 8
15 7

The bottom calender ( 3 0 x 3 1)

8 4 48
15 x 7

[ Nata —The do ffer wheel i s here a carr ier]

x 4 x 22
l 06 2 03
7

Th e coi ler del ivery rollers ( 1 6)

220x 1 2 x 1 8 x 5 x 28 x 40x 3 1 x 20x 1 6
1 5 x 7 x 1 0x 1 00x 3 0x 1 5 x 20x 1 6

17 45 7 x 2
”
x 22
1 09 7 423 9 1 4 52
7

T he coi ler ( 1 06)

220x 1 2 >< 1 8 x 5 x 28 x 4 0x 3 1 >< 20x 3 8
1 5 x 7 x 1 0x 1 00x 3 0x 1 5 x 20>< 1 06

radius o f th e ce ntre o f the coi ler tub e

T he
at poin t o f e x it i s 3 i nches
th e
The di sta nces traverse d by thi s po in t 98 1 6

Th e can tab le wheel ( 8 2)

220 x 1 2 >< 1 8 x 5 x 28 x 40x 3 l x 20x 1 6
l 5 x 7 x 1 0x 1 00x 3 0x 1 5 x 20>< 4 8
60 CO TTON S PI N N I NG CALCU LATI ON S

Su r f
ace s p eed p er m inute .

D etai l l
s o f ca cul at io n
.

I n inches .
In f
eet .

T he n um ber of coi ls laid per revolut ion o f

t he can

Oc cas ionall y an alterat ion in the rate f O

the an i s n ecess ar y throu g h co ns i d era b le

c

chan g e i n thi ck ness o f t he sl i er I f t h v . e

spee d o f the can i s in suffi cie nt the a dj acen t ,

co ils adhere i nstead Of fr eel y un co i l i n g I f .

t h rate o f t h e d el i ver y i s gr eater than the

e

ce i l ng rate t h e sli ver st ick s to the s i des Of

i ,
‘

t he can, and r i ce ver z a .

The dofie r
'

com b
220 x 1 2 x 1 8 x 12
15 x 6 x 4
"

I t is usual to furn i sh th is part wi th a

now
steppe pulle y also the driver o f th is i s l ik e
d ,

wi se steppe d so that the spee d O f t h e co m b

,

m ay b e a d apte d to t he rate Of t h e d ofier

'

Th e g ri ndi n g disc or roller o n t h e , ,

c yl i nder ( 5 X "

220 X 1 2 x 1 8

63 3 6 x 7 x 22
7

The gr
g sc or roller the
i ndi n di , ,
on dofie r :
the ur g r g r ve fro
dofier d i n g i n di n i s d i n
'

m t he
-
ch pulle y
1 8 in the cy l er ur g th s
on ind d in i
act o the other g ear b e g sc ecte
i n, in d i o nn d,
the spee be g
d in

rect o
Th e di the cy l er e g rin d
i n Of in d wh n
ppos te to
i ng i s O i or al ork g rect ion
the n m w i n di .

T he dofi er rotates the sa e re t o Th i s

'

in m di c i n .

d irect o oppos te to that

i n is i cate by t he
i ndi d
b e o f the car re both sta es The
nd d wi in in nc .

di rect o o f
i n e ery scs or rollers i s
t he m di , ,

Oppos g the ove e t

in m the parts to b e
m n Of
grou nd .

An increase d
or dimin i she d rate Of any of these part s m ay
be Obtaine d by altering the s iz e Of any Of the wheels or pulleys ,
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 61

not a c arrier in the intercepting tra in the e ffect be ing in direct

, ,

rat i o in c ase of drivers and inverse wh en driven wheels or ,

pulleys .

The grin ding of the flats i s done at a s i milar spee d to that

O f the cyl i n der rollers be ing preferre d to di scs for th i s work
,
.

To alter the Spee ds of the Vari ou s P art s — The spee d of the lap
rollers may be altere d by chang ing the 4 8 driven wheel on the , ,

lap roller shaft and also by the 1 7 dr iver wheel on the fee d
-
, , ,

roller shaft .

The spee ds of the lap and fee d rollers m ay be altere d by

changing the 1 20 driven Wheel on the fee d roller ; the 1 4
, , ,

driver wheel on the s ide sh aft ; the 4 0 dr iven on the s ide shaft
, , ,

an d the 4 0 dr i ver on the dofier shaft

, , .

The spee ds of the calen der co i ler del ivery rollers co i ler an d , ,

can wheels may be ch ange d by altering the dofier 21 6 or th e , ,

3 0 calen der shaft wheel

,
.

The spee ds of the do ffer fee d an d lap rollers calen der an d , ,

co iler delivery rollers and also the co iler an d can wh eels may be
, ,

change d by alter in g th e 5 inch driver pulley on the l ickerin -

shaft the 1 0 inch barrow pulley (dr iven ) the 28 dri ver whe el on
,
-
,

the hub Of the latter the 1 00 an d the 40 driven and dr iver,

respect ively Al l these are connect ions in the train dr ivi ng th e

.

do ffer from th e licker in .

Th e spee ds of all the above parts may b e change d by any

alterat i on wh i ch increases the spee d of th e l icker in .

I n t he event of a ch ange in the spee d of the l i ckerin b e ing

require d w ithout change in the spee ds Of the parts driven from
i t i t woul d be nec essary to alter the connect ing tra i n at some
,

po int b etween the l i cker in and the dofier wheel invers ely t o th e
'

former change .

Al terat i on i n the movement Of the fl ats may be effecte d by

ch ang ing the 6 5inch driver on the cyl in der shaft or the 1 2
-
,

i nch dr i ver pulley on the fiat mot ion shaft or the double for a -
, ,

treble worm , .
62 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

EX E R CI S E S RE ALTE R ATI ON OF SPE E D S OF VA R I O U S PAR TS .

E XE RC I SE 1 — I f t he card cy l inder makes 1 7 8 revolutio ns per m inute whe n

.

it s fast and loose pulleys are 1 6 inches in dia m eter at what rate w oul d each of ,

its p arts work after cha ng ing the fast and loo s e pul leys to 1 8 inch es dia m eter ?
A ns wer s
Cy l inder, Co iler,
Licker in, 4022 . Can wheel ,
D ofier co m b , 1 408
‘ '

Dofier,
Stripp ing brush, 235—
.

F ee d roller ,
47 0 .

Lap roller ,
G rinding dis cs , 563 .

Cale nder ,
D o ffer (whe n grinding), 3 13 .

Co iler del ivery r ollers ,

F lats ( inches per minute),
E X E R C I SE 2 —What lteratio ns woul d be n ecessary to restore the spee ds of
. a

all the parts impl ie d in the last quest io n ex cept ing the cyl inder t o the o r ig inal
, ,

rates

fl
A nswer s
1 8 inch pulley driving l ickerin to 202 5 inches
-
.

7 < inch pulley driv ing barro w pulley to inches .

1 8 inch pul le y on c y l inder driv ing t he do ffer co m b to

- inches , or 6 inch
-

pulley to 53 inches .

65inch pulley on the c y l inder driving the a ts to 7 3 1 in ches

-
'
.

5 inch pulley on the grinding disc to 4 3

-
, in ches .

—A card hav ing a

fl
E XE R CI SE 3 , doffer inches dia me t er , m aking 1 8
revolut io ns per m inute pro duces ,
550 l bs . of s l iver per w eek The driv ing .

pulleys are 16 inches diam eter and the ,

c y l inder m akes 1 80 r evolut io ns per
m inute . What s ize of pulleys w oul d be n ee de d to re duce the spee d to 1 60
revolutio ns per m inute ? What e ffect w oul d this change have upo n the revo
lutions per minute of the do er as well as upo n the le ngth and we igh t pro duce d
'

per we ek
A ns 1 8 inch es ;
. less le ngth ; 488 5
l lbs per week
, . .

The Draft s b etween the Vari ous Part s, howasc ertaine d — The
draft may be ascerta ine d by comparing the we ight per un it of
length of the cotton at the different po ints in the mach ine ;
also by t im ing the spee ds of the respect ive parts and as oer
,

tain ing from th i s the ir rat io ; and again by calculat ing the ,

mechan i cal value of the connecting train of gear an d dimens i ons

of surface .

I t is preferable wherever poss ible to do th i s by the latter

system as it furn i she s th e most rel iable data The t wo o ther
, .

ways serve very well in ascertain ing appro ximate results and ,

also in check ing the calculate d draft .

 46 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Calen ders an d co iler del ivery rollers

1 06 2 03

1 5 x 20 x 1 6 x 4

altere d — I t will be
The Draft s b et wee n t he Var iou s P art s , how
‘

seen fr o m the forego ing that the drafts between any Of these
parts may be altere d by changing the s iz e of any dr iver or ,

driven wheel compr i se d in the ir connect i onal gear

,
I ncreas ing .

the Si ze of a driver increases the rate of th e part neare st the

fee d of the two parts concerne d an d th erefore re duces the draf t
, , ,

t
an d vi ce vers c Alter ing the dr iven wheels h as th e inverse of
.

the aforement ione d e ffects .

To ascerta in the draft between other po ints than those g iven

— wh i ch are thos e conta ine d in the a dj acent parts progress ing
through the mach ine — all th at i s necessary i s to multiply
together th e interven in g drafts between the par ts involve d .

Thus
The total draft bet ween th e lap and co iler del ivery
,

rollers
( a) 1 04 X 1 3 3 2 X X 00 3 4 6 X X 1 033 118 4

By compari son of the surface Spee ds Of these t wo parts

-
1 09 7 4 28
1 20
9 1 41 3

By the connectional gear an d s i zes Of p arts

l7 x 14 30

'

The draf t between the fee d roller and the dofier

( a) 1 298 X X 00 3 4 6 97
9 58 7 8
( b) 9 9 04

”
1 20 X 4 0 X 26
14 x 40 x 24
 AND CO STS OF YA N R 65

c onsi dere d when alteri ng the Drafts — The follow ing

Point s t o b e
shoul d always be borne in m in d when dec iding the drafts between
the vari ous po ints
The draft between the lap an d the fee d rollers shoul d not be
more than su ffic ient to keep the lap stra ight I f th is i s e x cee de d .

i rregular ity in the cotton fed w ill result Smooth lap rollers are
.

l iable t o cause sl ipp ing Of the lap caus ing fluctuat ions an d
, ,

a greater draft than that esti mate d The corrugate d and ribbe d
.

forms of lap roller el im inate th is ten dency .

The draft bet ween the fee d roller and l icker in vari es con
s ider abl y I t i s customa r y to alter the spee d of the former part
.

whenever a ch ange in th e draft i s necess itate d That of the .

latter part i s rarely interfere d w ith be ing generally about one

,

h alf the rate of the cyl in der Altering the draft at th i s po int
.
,

therefore ch anges the rate at wh ich the fibres are presente d to

,

the act ion Of the l icker in and therefore controls the durat ion of
,

i t s combi ng act i on upon any g i ven fibre .

The draft between the flats and the cyl in der i s regar de d
generally as fi xe d for differen t classes Of cotton Alterat i ons .

in th i s are ma de by vary ing the Spee d of the flats The rate of .

movement of the flats in th e main governs the durat ion of the

cyl in der s act i on up on a g i ven b o dy of fibres an d also the
’

amount Of clean car ding surface s intro duce d an d hence it i s ,

proper to vary the ir Spee d accor ding t o th e e xigenc ies of car d

fl
i ng. With n eppy dirty and matte d cottons a h igh er rate of
, ,

th i s part is e xpe di ent . F or l o w Amer i can I n dian and l ike , ,

qual it ies of cotton they are worke d at about double the rate in
,

vogue for the clean qualit ies Of Amer ican an d E gypti an .

The draft between the cyl in der an d do er i s also vari e d ,

probably more than is e xpe di ent I n th i s the spee d of the doffer

.

i s Often regar de d a s subor dinate to th e count Of Sl i ver The .

propri ety Of th i s i s di scus se d elsewhere The draft bet ween th e

.

do ffer and the calen der i s only vari e d sl ightly I t Shoul d always .

”
be s u ch th at the sl iver or web does not sag to an e xtent
, ,

wh ich i s detrimental On the other h an d i f the draft i s too

.
,

much i rregulari ty through overstretch ing w ill result

, The .

draft between the calen der an d the co iler del i very rollers shoul d
b e su ffici ent to ma inta in a slight tens ion at all t imes .
66 CO TTO N SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

t
Condi i ons c t
on r ol li ng t he O pu t u t of a Car d — G ener al 00 n
di t ions — When c ircumstances deman d an alterat ion i n th e
.

quant ity Of the output a knowle dge of the l i mitat i ons Of each
,

act ion are es sent i al in deciding the best manner Of pro cur ing
the same Th i s knowle dge cannot be gaine d w ithout int imate
.

assoc iati on w ith the work Ass i stance Of a general character

.

may be a ffor de d an d th i s i s attempte d in the following state

,

ments .

Greater th e contrast ing Spee ds Of the car ding parts longer ,

the fibres are des ire d t o rema in in the car ding acti on ; greater
the length Of the fibres treate d closer th e car ding surfaces ;
,

m ore numerous th e fibre s treate d the greater the ten dency to

strain the fibres .

The greater the length Of the fibres treate d the longer the
durati on of th e act ion Of car ding by reason Of incre ase d di fficulty
i nvolve d in the ir separat i on .

The more numerous the bo dy Of fibres present in the car ding

influences beyon d a certa in l i mit : th e greater the ten dency Of
,

damage to them by rolli ng an d e x cess ive stra in ing Th i s occurs

.

whenever the quant ity Of fibres are i n e x cess Of th e capacit ies of

the ava ilable c ar ding surfaces and results i n some portion Of
,

the we ight Of the flats b e ing b orne by the bo dy of fibres instea d

of by the ben d Th i s ten dency i ncre ases as the crow ding becomes
.

more intense Th i s becomes appar ent through the i ncrease d

.

power require d to drive the car d Such con di t i ons are more.

l ikely to ari se in treat ing long than w ith sh ort fibr ed cotton ,
.

I ncons istent i ncreases i n the p ower c on sume d by thes e

mach ines after alterat ions Of th i s nature may be regar de d as
, ,

s igns Of overcrow de d car ding surfaces an d stra in ing of th e

fibres .

D is ti nct co ndi t ions i n r esp ect of the acti ons Of t he car di ng p ar ts .

— The funct i ons Of the l i cker in are to stra ighten th e fibres

compos ing th e fr inge O f th e lap el im in at e fore ign m atter
, ,

carry for war d th e treate d fibres t o th e range Of the cyl in der s ’

act ion .

The funct ions Of the cyl in der are to take the fibres from the
l icker in to carry them i nto the range Of act i on Of the car d flats
, ,

whereupon the latter arrest the s e fibres otherwise than stra i ght .
 AN D CO STS OF Y A RN 67

The act ion of the cyl in der about th i s latter porti on of the
,

mach ine is directly upon those fibre s h el d by the fl ats an d

, ,

partially proj ecting in the car ding act ion The gra dual stra ight .

ening an d w ith drawal Of these i ntro duces others more or les s

,

cont iguous to the car ding act ion I n th i s way t h e super

.

abun dance Of fibres wh i ch the flats rece ive dur ing the earl ier
per i o d of the ir acti on are hel d in reserve and gra dually ,

brought into the act ion A s the fibres are gra dually s epar ate d
.

an d stra ightene d they are c arr i e d Off by th e cyl in der

,
.

The funct ions Of th e flat s are to rece ive fore i gn bo di es fibres ,

th at are entangle d as well a s tho se that are not stra ight

not in l ine with th e directi on Of th e car ding movement ; to
present such fibres to the range Of act ion of the cyl in der for a
defini te per i o d The fac il ity Of the fl ats t o arre st and deta in
.

fore ign bo dies and to ret ai n and present the fibres requ ir ing
car ding depen ds upon th e e fficacy of th e po ints compos ing the s e
, ,

surfaces and the quant ity of these available

, .

Numerous Sh arp car ding po ints accompan i e d w ith reasonable

S pac ing are the acti ve agents in arresting an d pre sent ing fibre s

for disentanglement an d the retent i on Of fore ign matter and sh ort

fibres A su ffi c i ent supply of clean w ire p o ints Shoul d be con
.

t inu all y pass ing i nto act i on Shoul d th i s latter be i nsu fficient
.

the imperfectly car de d cotton from the l icker in woul d be carri e d

forwar d by the act ion of the cyl in der and in pass ing th e ,

crowde d surface Of po ints of the flats woul d ten d to embe d thes e ,

fibres alrea dy engaging the w ire Those fibres brought forwar d

.
, ,

wh ich cannot b e accommo date d by r eas on of the crow de d character

Of the surfaces are s ubj ecte d to the pres sure prev i ou sly referre d
,

t o and are thus stra ine d rupture d an d nepp ed accor ding to the
, , ,

degree of overcrow ding .

To guar d aga inst the fibre s becom ing emb e dde d care Shoul d
be observe d to ensure that th e proper i ncl inat ion Of the ben d in
wire i s preserve d Th i s is Often depresse d through the str ipp ing
.

brush be ing use d in an unclean con dit ion als o by its be ing ,

set too deep Th e w ire on all surface s Shoul d h ave a fine

.

keen po int and th i s sho ul d b e maintaine d in as un iform a

,

con di t ion as p o ss ible .

The R ate of Moveme nt of the F lat s —I t woul d seem that if the

68 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

wire surfaces act as heretofore describe d a perio d very much ,

less than forty m inutes woul d more than su ffice for the select i on
Of all th e des irable fibres from those rece ive d by the flat wh i lst

occupying th e first pos it i on on the b en d Such may be the .

case but s ince the fl ats when even in the ir last pos it i on arrest
,

fibr es —prove d by pass ing a l ittle coloure d cotton i n w ith the

lap th i s mak ing i ts appearance on the ne xt flat e xpose d the —
,

best way in deciding th e proper spee d Of flats i s to recogn i z e the

str ips from them as the in de x The spee d shoul d be a dj uste d .

to g ive the l ightest strip that w ill strip s at i sfactor ily TO .

a dj ust the percentage of strip by man ipulat ing t he front stripp ing
plate is wrong i n pr inc iple There is only one correct pos i ti on
.

for tha t part an d that i s as near the flats and cylin der as
,

pract icable I ncreas ing i t s di stance from the flat s cau ses the
.

detachme nt Of p ort i ons Of the entangle d fibre an d i mpurit i es

selecte d in the car ding act ion from the flat s as they move out
Of act i on an d thus , pollut ing the work otherwise a ecom
p l i s h ed .

cons ider ing the rate Of movement Of the dofier i t s

'

In ,

f unct ions as well a s the length or the we ight must b e kept

in m i n d .

The funct ion of the do ffer i s to t ake the fibres fr om the

cyl in der Th e more completely th i s i s accompl i she d the better
. .

Shoul d th e cyl in der be only part ially cleare d Of th e fibres

borne upon i t it s i nfluence in car ding w ill be interfere d w ith
,

t o that e xtent ; bec ause i t re duces th e e xtent Of the surface of

car ding po ints at l iberty t o act upon the s e fibre s presente d by
the l icker in an d flat surfaces The ai m therefore in work ing .
, ,

the do ffer Shoul d be to clear th e cyl in der as completely as

poss ible an d to ensure th is it s surfac e rate shoul d be as h i gh a s
,

p ra cti cable Th i s rate cannot be sp ecifie d only in general terms

.

on account Of the w ide var iat ions in th e working con dit ions .

Light sl ivers poor staple b ad laps poor selve dges u n s ati s

, , , ,

factory do ffing combs ba dly constructe d Sl iver easements

, ,

draughty rooms all ten d t o restri ct th e spee d at wh ich th e do ffer

,

can b e run Un der favourable con diti on s 1 6 revolut ions per

.

m inute can be att aine d .

The rate of the flats i s as h igh as 3 per m inute .

 AN D C STS OF O Y AR N G9

The
rate Of cyl in ders i s per minute for 1 7 0—1 8 0 revolut ions
low Amer ican and l ike cottons .

The rate Of cyl in ders i s 1 6 0 1 7 5 revolut ions per m inute for -

E gypt ian and Americ an better qual i ti es .

The rate O f cyl in ders i s 1 20—1 6 0 revolut i ons per m inute for
the longer staple d cotton than th ose enumerate d above .

Change s in the Total Draft — These are accompl ishe d by altering

any of the follow ing four wheels : B evel wheels on the do ffer
and Si de shaft and fee d roller Since the s i de shaft transm i ts .

the mot i on to the fee d parts a driver wheel w ill influence th e ,

rate of th e fee d in th e direct rat io an d the draft inversely wh ilst ,

a driven wheel will h ave the inverse e ffect I t i s customary to .

~

alter the draft by means Of the s ide shaft wh eel driving that ,

on the fee d roller an d hence it i s calle d th e draft cha n ge whee l

, .

Whenever th is i s impract icable on account Of the l im its in s iz e ,

Of wheel appl i cable i t i s customary to alter that on the fee d

,

roller to an e xtent prov iding a more conven ient range Of draft s

w ith the wheels available Occas ionally the s ide Shaft and do ffer
.

bevels are altere d but usually these are inconven iently fi xe d for
,

th i s purpose .

E XE RC I SE 4 — Wha t . cha nges in each Of the wheels for m ing the draft g ea r
in Fig 1 6 . woul d g ive 1 60 Of a draft assu ming the prese nt dra ft 1 20?
,

Wor king and A ns wer s

B evel wheel haft
'

on dofier S

B evel on Sid e shaft

Side -
haft change wheel
S

Bevel wh eel on the fee d r oller 1 60 1

E X ER CI SE 5 — What drafts woul d the follo wing s ide shaft cha nge wheel give ,
.
-

respect ively , assu m ing the car d conta ins 1 20 of a draft whe n that wheel co nta in s
18 teeth : 1 4 , 1 5, 1 6, 1 7 , 1 9, and 22 ?
A ns . 1 44, 1 3 5, 1 27 , 1 1 3 6 ,
1 08 , 1 02 8 , respectively .

E X E R CI SE 6 —What , Si zes Of s ide shaft cha nge wheels woul d be re qu ire d to

-

U suall cha n
1
y g e d to secure fresh rang e o f dra fts for the ava ila ble Side —sha f t
g
chan e wheel .
70 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

obtain the follo wing drafts assu ming ,

14 gave a draft Of 1 20: 1 1 2, 1 05, 99
93 5 , 8 8 5?
A ns 1 5, 1 6, 1 7 , 1 8 , 1 9
. .

E X E R C I SE 7 — \Vhat ze of fee d roller wheel woul d be necessary assu ming

. Si ,

that card drafts rangi ng from 1 1 2 to 1 60 are re quire d with the side shaft cha nge -

w heels 1 4 to 20 inclus ive an d a 1 4 Side shaft cha nge wheel dr iv ing a 1 20 on the
,
-

fee d rol ler give 1 20 Of a draft ?

A ns 1 60 . .

What drafts w oul d

the var ious Sizes Of Side shaft change wheels giv e after -

m ak ing the alterat io n referre d to in the last quest io n

A n s wer s
VViththe Side Shaft change wheel -
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
The draft woul d b e 1 60 1 49 3 1 40 13 18 1 244 1 18 112

WR APPI NG .

F or measur ing Sl iver and roves a spec ial mach ine i s use d ,

calle d a wrapp ing mach ine Th i s i s arrange d to me asure one .

yar d per revolut ion I n us ing th is instrument care must always .

be taken to s ecure the movement Of the cotton in a stra ight

l ine an d also at a un iform tens i on an d at the same t ime pre ,

c aut ions taken aga inst sl ippage F ive or Six yar ds w ill be .

su fficient length and the sl iver teste d shoul d be Obta ine d from
,

different parts Of the can an d fro m several Of the car ds in the ,

”
preparation in or der t o get prec i sely the con dit ions pre
,

va il ing The cotton after be ing measure d Shoul d be compactly

.
, ,

woun d in the form of a ball t o Obta in accurate we igh ing .

E XE RCI SE 8 .
—What Shoul d be the
grains per yard of the Sl iver w e igh t in
pro duce d in car ds co ntaining the follo wing total drafts respectively : 1 60 1493 , ,

1 40 ,
if the loss in the process in each cas e a m ounte d t o
per cent and the lap fed we ighe d 43 7 5 gra ins per yard ?
.
,

A ns . 3 3 2 3 5 3 6 8 respect ively , , .

E XE R CI SE 9 — What shoul d the Sl iver we igh per 5 y ards resp ectively with
.
, , ,

draft cha nge wheels rang ing fro m 1 5 to 22 i nclus ive if 5 yar ds of the sl iver ,

We igh 1 3 4 gra ins with a 1 4 wheel ?

A ns 5 dwts 23 5 grs 6 dwts 9 grs 6 dwts 1 9 grs 8 dwts 4 grs 8 dwt s
. . .
, . .
, . .
, . .
, .

1 4 grs 8 dwt s 23 grs 9 dwts 9 grs 9 dwts 1 8 grs

.
, . .
,
. .
, . .

E X E R CI SE 1 0—What draft change wheel w oul d g ive sl iv ers w e igh in g

.

9 dwts 6 grs 9 dwt s 20 grs 1 0 dwts 1 1 grs 1 1 dwts 2 grs 1 1 dwts 1 7 g rs

. .
, . .
, . .
, . .
, . .

respectively per 6 yards if with a 1 4 draft change 6 yards Of the sl iver we ighs
, ,

203 gra ins ?

A ns 1 5, 1 6,
.
72 C OTTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

b ank, or d 6 0y ds ) O f NO 1 500 grs

A lea 1 y s . . . .

30

1 12
70 n

The above are the fract ions of a b ank usually me asure d

when test ing the c ount of the cotton in the var ious stages of it s
preparat ion .

I n conne ct i on w ith the we ight t able a difficulty i s e xper i ence d

i n remember ing that l 8 i dwt s make 1 oz To remember that
. .

7 000 grs make l l b an d th at 24 grs make 1 dwt

. .
,
also that . .
,

1 6 oz s make 1 lh re duces th e difficulty e xper i ence d in recall ing

. .
,

the number Of pennywe ights per ounce bec ause the penny ,

we ights m ay then b e re duce d to grain s an d the gra ins to poun ds .

I f a s im ilar difficulty occurs w ith the number Of grains in an

ounce by not ing that 7 000 grs are cont a ine d in 1 lb Of 1 6 oz s
, . . .
,

then 7931 00
4 3 7 6 the gra ins in an ounce
,
I n th is way the .

difficult ies so Often e xperi ence d by beg inners are overcome .

I n or der to as certa i n the count when th e wei ght Of a g iven

length is kno wn the pro ce dure i s to div ide th e we ight into th at
,

Of a s i m ilar length Of count N O 1 each e xpre ss ion be ing re duce d

.
,

t o comm on we ight terms Thus .

E XAM PLE S
F or r easons , s ee p ag e 73 .

( a) R e qu ire d the cou nt whe n 1 lea 50 gra ins

1 lb .

1 ha nk grains
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 73

(f ) R equ ire d t he c ou nt whe n 1 ha nk 24 gra ins

(9)

1 yard 1 lb .

gra ins

N otes on the wor ki ng of the p r ecedi ng E xamp l es .

e ig ht of l f N 1 1 5 l —
0 0Q grs
— thus t he nu m erato r
( )
a T h e w 1 ea O O 4 , o r
7 ; . , .

is 1000 and the de n o m inator 50 .

T h u m erator i f the p ny we ights in 1 l b , be cause i t is the w e ight

( )
b e n s
4 O en .

Of 1 l ea Of N o 1 in p enny w e ights , the we igh t e x press i o n of the de no m inat or

.

use d in th is case .

1 x 7 000
The pe nny we ights in 4 of 1 lb .

7 x 24
These co nverted to gra ins 1 9 94 1
7
1 000
and 1 dwt in gra in s
. 24
4 17

(c) The n u m era t or h ere is 1 Of 1 lb . in u c s

o n e and the de nomina tor 1

(d) The n u merator in this cas e is again 4; Of 1 lb . and e

the d nomin ator l

}
7

( )
e In th is inst a nce the um era t or
n is 1 l b . or 16 ozs and the de no mina tor
—
, .
,

1
1
1 6
lb . or 1 oz . r esp ectiv ely ,
and he nce t he c ou nt 1
or 1 3
6
respectively .

T6

The we igh t of p ounds and ou nces can al ways

(f ) be m ore conve niently
e x presse d in grains tha n in pennyweights , and he nce the nu mera t or is r educ ed

to 7 000 grs .
,
and the de n o minat or to 24 grs .
;
1 9
99
( )
it O ne o ver 8 40 is the nu m erator , because it is the we igh t Of yar d Of

No . 1 e x presse d in p ounds , and 1 the de no m inat or .

—What are the counts

E XE R C I SE 1 1 . Of

( a) 1 lea 4 dwts 4 grs . .

( b) 60 yar ds 2 dwts 2 grs ? . .

74 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

( c) 9 5 yar ds 50 grs ? .

( d) 2% leas 1 25 grs ? .

( e) 4 leas 1 dwt 1 6 grs ? . .

(f ) 1 yar d 1 dwt 1 gr ? . .

(g) 5 yar ds 7 dwts 1 2 grs ? . .

( h) 1 y ar d 12 dwts ? .

What shoul d be the w e ight in gra ins Of

( i ) 1 yar d of N o 1 .

( j ) 1 lea Of
( 1c) 30 yar ds of
( !) 60 yar ds Of
( m ) 6 yar ds of
( n) 1 5 yar ds Of
( o) 1 yar d 00 3 40 in ou nces ?
, ,

E XE R CI SE 12 —Wha t woul d be t he cou nt and we ight in ounces per yar d Of

.

the laps fed in cards containing each 1 20 Of a draft if the a m ou nt lost in waste
is 5 per ce nt .
,
and the u
co nt and we ight of t he l iv er
S ar e

R espective count 02 67 02 4 1
R espe ctive weight in grains per yard 31 2

A ns . Cou nt : 0002225 00 02088 0001 6 0001 3 8

O unces per y ar d 9 10 1 24 15

E X E R CI SE 1 3 —What w ul d b
. o e the count of the Sl iver and its weight in grains
per yard if the draft i n t he card was 1 52 and the lap we ighe d 8 0 ozs per yard .
,

t he loss in was te b eing 5 per ce nt ? .

A ns Cou nt .

We ight grs .

E XE R CI SE 1 4 — What w e ight.of sl iver in grains per yar d resp ectively woul d , ,

b e n ecessary to e nable a car d t o pro duce 8 00 lbs of sl iver per week of 55 .

w orking ho urs with a dofier 1 26i inches dia m eter whe n ru n at 1 6 1 5 1 4 1 3

"
L
, , , ,

and 1 2 revolut i o n s per m inute r espectively ?

A ns . 52, 56, 6 1 7 .

What woul d be the count and we ight of the sl iver in gra ins
E XE R C I S E 1 5 .
-
,

per yar d in cards co ntaining 1 20 of a draft if the lap fed average d 1 0 1 1 1 2

, , , ,
,
1 3 and 1 4 oz s per yar d respe ct ively and the waste in car ding was 5% per ce nt
,
.
, .

O 202
°

086 count .

we ight in grains per yard .

E X E R CI SE 1 6 .
—What sh oul d be the
the sl iver in gra ins per yar d w e igh t of , ,

pro duce d by a card conta ining 1 20 Of a draft if the lap we ighs 1 0 oz s per y ard , .

and the wast e e x t ra ct ed is 5 per ce nt ?

A ns .grs .
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 75

E XE R CI SE 1 7 .
—
What shoul d be the w e ight
lap suitable for a car d i f of the
the loss in waste is 5 per ce nt the draft be ing 1 20 and t he sl iver is requ ire d
.
,

t o w e igh 3 6 grs per yar d

.

A ns 4547 grs or
. ozs
.
,
.

E XE R CI SE 1 8 —At wha t rate , in r ev olut ions per m inut e sh oul d the doffer in
.
,

a card be worke d in or der to pro duce 400 lbs of sl iver of grs per yar d . .

in 54 h ours co nt inu ous w ork ing if the do ffer is in ches in dia m eter and the
’
,

draft bet wee n th is part and the co il er del ivery roller is

A ns .revolutio ns .

The Leng th of Fill itrequire d t o Cl oth t he Cylindri cal Sur face s .

I n calculat ing the length Of the fil l it requ ire d it i s nece ssary ,

to allow one co il e xtra in a ddit ion t o th at su ffic i ent for hol ding .

Thus a cyl in der 50 i nch es diameter 3 8 i nches w ide to be

, , ,

covere d w ith fil l it 2 inch es in w i dth woul d re qu ire 5 c o il s

3 8
1 , ,

an d the length for hol ding say about 6 feet , ,

?g X X feet 6 feet 268 feet

D o ffers 24 inch es di ameter , 3 8 inche s w ide cloth e d w ith 1 5inch e s ,

fil l it , requ ire about 4 feet for h ol ding and ,

2% 2
X 72 X 49
2 feet 4 feet 1 3 0 feet

The follo wing i sthe proce dure inform ing th e Sp irals terme d
'

half lap and t apere d ta il en ds respect ively The latter i s

-
, .

c ommence d the w idth Of on e staple an d increase d gra dually to

th e full w idth in a length equal t o the first coil The former i s .

commence d one th ir d or one h alf the width and the sp iral

- -
,

obta ine d in one and a h alf or two co ils the fin ish ing en ds ,

term inat ing in the invers e manner .

E x ample of pre paring H a1f 1ap —

Assum ing the filli t contains
“ -
.
”

s ix columns in the w idth h alf the w idth w ill be conven i ent for ,

th e commencement ; mainta in th i s w idth for half a co il an d ,

then procee d t o add a column on th e r ight han d s ide at po ints ,

-
,

e quidi stant in the ne xt half co il I n do ing th is it i s necessary .

to have the commencement Of the last row Of each col umn a

di stance from the first row of th e ne xt column Of 4 , Of 7, Of Athe
1

c ircumference Of th e cyl in der Thus three columns woul d be .

a dde d in the latter half Of the first co il Afterwar ds com .

,

m en cem ent i s on the r ight han d the left h alf of the end Of the ,

first co il must be secure d to the j ump end of the beginn ing “

-
76 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Of the first co il an d the s econ d co il i s commence d with th e

,

r ight han d h alf The left han d port ion i s prepare d for the cut
-
.
-

away porti on as follows P rocee d to widen the right half O f th e

secon d co il by the a ddit ion Of rows an d columns on the left han d -

Si de in th e s ame manner an d at the same rate a s w i th th e

tapere d porti on Of the first co il but from the commencement O f

,

the secon d co il thereby Obtain ing the full w idth at a po int

,

Oppos ite the commencement of the taper in th e first co il Th i s .

complete s th e preparat i on for cutting .

When th e columns are odd in numb er for instance seven , , ,

commence w ith the w idth Of thre e colum n s t o e xten d o v er ? Of

the c ircumference and then procee d to make the tapere d p orti on
,

over the rema in ing 8 of th e first co il and put in the rema in ing ,

three columns requ ire d to complete the Sp iral i n the first 7 cf

'

°
,

the secon d co il I n the former i nstance the sp iral ex ten ds over

.

1 1 co i ls at e ach en d an d in th e latter over 1 9

2, , .

The tapere d t a il en d— complete d in one co il— i s defect i ve in

th at the terminals cannot be su ffic i ently tens ione d for s ati s
factory grin ding an d work ing The tapering shoul d always be
.

on the ins ide an d not on th e outs ide th is be ing the most com ,

mon metho d E xten ding the taper in h alf lap over the whole Of
.
-

the first co il necessarily e xten ds th e taper over the secon d co il

, .

Th i s woul d largely re duce the number Of w ire po ints over these

port ions mak ing w ide g aps Of absent points The fin is hin g Off
,
.
-

preparat ion i s e x actly the inverse of the commencement .

R em ember th at un iform i ty in the ch aracter Of the po int

i s depen dent upon un iform r es il en ce of the w ire and th i s ,

support i t Obtains through t he me dium Of the tens ion at the

foun dati on .

TH E SL I VE R LAP MACH I NE .

Fi g .represents some Of the pr inc ipal parts an d the

17
gear ing in the sl iver lap mach ine .

The Obj ect of th i s mach ine i s to prepare a r ibb on Of fibres Of

un iform w idth we i ght and as far a s pract icable w ith the
, , , ,

fibres la id parallel an d di stribute d un i formly Th i s latter i s .

only parti ally Obtaine d and hence the succee ding process
, .
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 77

The mach ine cons ists Of parts hav ing th e follow ing
f unct i ons

1 6 D ie .

FI G . 17 .

fee parts not hown for present i g a fi xe d number

( )
a The d , S ,
n

of the car de d sl ivers in un iform tens ion al ignment an d place d as

, ,
78 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

close as pract i cable Also means for the detect ion Of m i ss ing
.

slivers an d s t epping the mach ine .

( )
5 Th e rollers ( 5X
1 X for attenuat ing the above
name d slivers to the most benefic i al extent th is is generally up ,

to about 2 .

(e) The calen ders ( 5 X 5 ) for smooth ing and press ing th e
attenuate d ribbon of fibres .

( d) Th e lap rollers ( 1 2 X 1 2 for w i n ding the cont inuou s

ribbon Of fibres t ightly upon a woo d roller .

Calcul at i ons relating t o the Sli ver Lap Machi ne ( Fig — Th is .

mach ine i s driven by a strap from a 9 inch drum on a l i ne shaft -

mak ing 220 revolut ions per m inute .

The calculate d revolut ions per m inute Of the vari ous parts

fl
are as follows
Mach ine shaft
— —29)
1 23 7 5, or
( 1 6 1 3 ,
16
F irst draw ing roller 9 X 29 X 21 X 50 X 4 1 X 3 3
—26—1 8 4: 2,
g)
r
( 64
Secon d dr awing 9
99 5’
roller ( 22—1 92 ” 01 ’

22
Th ir d drawing roller 9 X 29 X 2 1 X 5O X 4 1
1 63 3 , or ,

F irst and secon d

220 X 9 X 29
c alen ders 4 98 ,
or ,
— 16 x 72
( 50 (7 2 5
22D X 9 X 29 X 21
1 6 x 7 2 >< 21
L ap rollers 22C X 9 X 1 3
(1 2 —7 3 —
3 0)
22 04 , 01 ”
16 x 73
220 X 9 X 13 X 30
16 X73 X30
Draft s
B etween secon d and 26 X
first rollers 8, or ,

Between th ir d and
s econ d rollers 26 X 33 X
 80 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

E XE R CI SE S IN CH AN GI N G TH E SLI V E R LAP M AC H I N E .

E XE R CI SE 1 .
—With the spee ds as in the figure what e ffect w oul d cha nging
the w eight of the sl iver fro m 3 0 to 3 6 gra ins per yard hav e upo n the laps
, ,

pro duce d (a) The we ight per yard ? (5) The we ight produce d per u nit of t im e
()
c Th e le n gth pr oduce d i n ha nks A n s 25 2 grs 26 20 lbs ; 90 ha nks
. . . .

E XE R CI SE 2 — .What changes w oul d be necessary if the Sl iver use d was altere d

from 3 0 grains to 3 6 gra ins per y ar d in order that the w eight and le ng t h u nits
, ,

del ivered be un a ffecte d ?

,

Ans Alter the draft cha nge wheel t o increase the draf
.
30 36 .

E X E R CI SE 3 —What cha nges w oul d s e cur e the sa m e w e ig ht per u nit of t im e

. ,

and at the sa m e t im e alter the w e ight of the lap £3 ? lter g the raft 1 5
d 1
A s
n A in .
.

E X E R CI SE 4 — What woul d be the w e ight per yar d and Of laps per 10 hours
.
, ,

if each lap m easure d 28 0 yar ds and one m inu te is lost at the co m plet io n of each ?
The lap roll ers be ing of the s iz e g ive n in t he figure and m ake 20 revolut io ns ,

per m inute ; each of the fourtee n sl iv ers fed we igh 28 grains per yard and th e ,

draft in the m a ch ine is

TH E RI B B ON LAP MACH I NE .

Fig . represents some of the princ ip al parts and the

18
gearing i n a r ibbon lap mach ine .

The obj ect of the mach ine i s to prepare from the Sliver laps
one wh i ch h as th e fibre s arrange d in the mo st su itable manner
for comb ing to make the r ibbon of fibres un iform in th i ckne ss ,

w idth an d we i ght throughout an d w ith all the fibres parallel

, ,
.

Th i s mach ine cons i sts Of parts h av ing the following funct i ons
(a) The fee d parts : L ap rollers 3 in s diameter and th e .
,

detector of m i ss ing and l ight lap s th e latter i s not shown .

(5) The rollers ( 1 3 , X 13 2 X 1 5 4

X 1 ) for attenuat-
i ng the
r ibbon of fi bre s to the e xtent necessary to lay the fibres parallel , ,

and to make the r ibbon the de s i re d we ight .

(0) The curve d fol ding plate C gu ides the r ibbon pass ing ,

from the rollers on to the fol ding table D plac ing i t upon the
, ,

latter at r ight angles to the rollers I n the figure only one .

hea d is shown The mach ine i s usually ma de w ith s ix heads

.
,

to treat s ix sl iver laps and h enc e the rollers are constructe d t o

,

deal w ith th at number There are therefore Six curve d fol ding
.
, ,

plates and the fol ding table i s continue d to the lef t accor dingly
, .

The carr i er an d compress ing rollers 3 in s di ameter are , .

,

place d at intervals alo ng th e fol ding plate to move forwar d the

fol de d ribbons .
AND CO STS OF YARN 81
82 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

”
(e) calen der rollers ( 5 X 5
The for smooth ing and
press ing the r ibbons an d completely unit ing them .

”
( f) The lap rollers ( 1 2 X for w in ding the cont inuo u s
ribbon of fibres or lap t ightly upon a woo d roller
, , .

The mach ine i s dr iven by a strap from a 9 inch drum on the -

l ine shaft wh ich makes 220 revolut ions p er m inute and dr ives
the 1 6 inch pulleys on the mach ine Shaft
-
.

The revolut i ons per m inut e of i t s var i ous p arts are as

follows
220 X 9 X 7 2 X 25 X 54 X 3 0
F ee d lap rollers ( 3 1 3 5 or , ,
1 6 x 6 8 x 1 00 x 7 0 x 56
The first draw roller 220 X 9 X 7 2 X 25 x 54
— 25 3 01
(3 7 4 0 7 0)- , "
1 6 x 6 8 x 1 00 x 7 0
The four th draw roller 22C X 9 X 7 2
— — " 1 3 1 or
( 6 8 25 1 5
, ,
1 6 x 68
The carrier an d com 220 X 9 X 31 X 22
pres s ing roller (22 71 or ,
1 6 x 54 x 22
220 X 9 X 2O X 1 5
The calen ders (21 4 4 25, or ,
1 6 X 4 O X 21
220 X 9 X 2O X 1 5 X 21
The lap rollers (1 2 -
12 or ,
1 6 x 4 0 x 21 x 50

Draft s
B etween first roller and
the fee d lap roller 37 X 3
Bet ween secon d roller 37 X 12 “

an d the firs t roller

or
30 X 1;
Between th ir d roller an d '
30 X 40 X
01 ’
the secon d roller 37 X 22 X 1 7}
Between th ir d roller and
the first roller or
x l é
B etween fourth roller an d x 7 0 X 1 00 X 1
r2
2 8 64
.

01
'

the th ir d roller X 54 X 25 x l g
B etween four th roller an d x l OO X l g -

the first roller 5 18, or

X 25 x gl —

Between carri er and the X 3 1 X 22 X 3

fourth roller or
X 54 X 22 X 1 §
Between calen der an d X 54 X 20 X 1 5 X 5
carrier roller 1 03 ,
.
01
’

X 3 1 X 40 X 21 X 3
 AN D CO STS OF YA RN 83

Between lap rollers and X 12 21

the calen ders or ,
50 X 5
Bet ween delivery lap rollers an d the fee d lap rollers

7 6 x 7 0 x 1 00 x 6 8 x 20 x 1 5 X 2l x l 2
’
3 7 x 54 X 25 X 72 X 40 X 21 X 50 X 3

P r oducti on — The we ight per un it of length of th e lap ma de

, ,

i s controlle d by the we ight of the laps fed and by th e total ,

draft . An y alterat i on in the latter i tems affect the former in

the direct and invers e proport i ons respect ively namely ,

The heavi er th e fee d th e h eav i er the lap an d vi ce c ers a

, ,
.

The greater the draft th e l i ghter th e lap an d vi ce ver s a

, , .

The length del i vere d i s only a ffecte d by the alterat i on of

spee d of th e mach ine shaft .

I t i s customary to regulat e the we ight of th e lap by alter ing

the draf t but so m et i mes by altering the we igh t of the lap fe d .

The draft can be altere d to a very cons i derable e xtent w ith

out influenc ing the qual ity of the work .

The customary ch anges are ma de t hrough : The p in ion ( 54 )

or the ba ck roller wheel ( 7 0) for th e draft ; the mach ine pulleys
-

( 1 6 inches ) for spe e d .

The restri ct ions in alter in g the draft an d we i ght of the fee d

arise from the gross we ight of the lap s gthat are requ ire d for the
comb ing mach ines .

E XAMP LE 1 .
—I f thi s m a ch ine
has six h ea ds and the laps fed each we igh at
,

the rate of 202 grains per yard ; wha t we igh t oflaps in pou nds woul d be pro duce d
i n 10 h ours u nint erru pt ed work ing and wha t woul d b e t he we igh t of these
’

i n gra ins per yard

202 X 6
200 gra ins per yar d

fl
12 22 10 x 60 x 200
1 8 55 X - — X ——X 333 lbs .

36 7 7 000

E XAM PLE 2 —What wou l d be the weight

, of laps per yar d if the draft
t he
change p inion 54 was change d t o 3 6 ? H ow woul d th is change in u ence the
w e ight and l ength pro duce d in t en hour s ?
A ns The draft woul d be altere d in the
. inv erse prop ortio n to the chang e
wheels and he nce
,
84 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

and t he weigh t
per yar d of the lap pro duce d w oul d beco me l ighter i n dir ect
prop ortion to the change in this wheel and t h erefore ,

133 gra ins per y ard

And the we ight pro du ced in 1 0 hours w oul d be a ffecte d in the sa m e term s ,

54 : 3 6, the le ngth re m a ining u na ffec t e d .

E XE RCI SE S .

1 . fee d co nsists of si x hea ds and the we igh t per yard of the laps is 240
The ,

gra ins the draft requ ire d being 5 What weight of lap per yard and per 1 0
,
.
,

hours shoul d be pro duc ed allo wing 23 per cent for stoppages ? Also what
, , .
,

draft p inio n wheel woul d be necessary to a dapt t he m ach ine oth er part iculars ,

being as per Fig 1 8 ? .

2 I f the m ach ine was pr oduc in g laps weighing 240 gra ins per yar d geare d
.
,

as in Fig 1 8 what woul d be the av erage we ight per yard of the laps fed ?
.
,

3 Upon test ing the w e ight of the laps pro duce d they are fou nd 224 grains
.
,

per yard inst ea d of 240 gr a ins : what sizes of draft p inio n or back roller wheel -

w oul d r est or e the laps pro duce d to the ir proper we ight ? Als o giv e the pro ,

portional alteratio n that this cha nge woul d m ak e in the we ight of laps pro duce d
per unit of tim e .

4 I f the draft p ini o n 54 was cha ng ed t o 6 0 what effe ct woul d it have u po n

.
,

the drafts bet ween ( a) the first and s eco nd ; ( 5) the sec ond and third ( c) the
third and fourth roll ers resp ectively ?
5 I f the w e ight per yard of the laps pro du ce d be ca me 240 gra ins inste a d
.

of 200 what woul d y ou suspect and what woul d y ou do ?

, ,
0

COMB I NG MACH I NE S .

Fig . 19 represents the gear ing in the Nas m ith comb ing
mach ine .

The bj e ct of th is mach ine is to comb the fibres and rej ect

O

those that are defect ive an d below a Spec ifie d length .

The cotton for treatment in th i s mach ine i s prepare d from

the car d Sl iver by the sliver and ri bbon lap mach ines an
, ,

alternati ve to these processes be ing one hea d of drawing followe d

by the D erby D oubler The former i s the mo dern system and
.
,

h as many a dvantages over the latter the ch i ef of these ,

a dvantages be ing a re duct ion in th e goo d fi bres waste d .

Th e names Of the parts i n the figure are as follows

E the lap rollers
, .

F the pa wl actuat ing the lap roller ge ar

, .
AND CO STS OF Y ARN
 86 COTTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

G, a crank on the osc illat ing shaft H .

H I the os c i llat ing sh aft for Op erat ing the fee d and th e
,

a dvanc ing and rece ding movements of the n ippers .

J a lever couple d to the Shaft H I at I

, .

K a crank ; i ts stu d an d Sl i de Operate th e lever J

,
.

L the mach ine dr iving shaft

,
.

U a cam on the comb cyl in der Sh aft

,
.

T a qua drant rack lever centre d on H I an d actuate d by a

, ,

stu d and bowl the latter proj ect ing into the cam U
,
.

R an d 3 0 is the qua drant rack p in ion an d Sp in dle .

4 7 i s an escapement clutch the left toothe d por ti on be ing

,

s ecure d to the Sp in dle R the r ight portion be ing loose upon

,

R and engage d and disengage d w ith th e left port ion to Obta in

,

movement of the wheel contain ing 47 teeth .

P a cam for controlling the clutch Q

, .

V are the detach ing rollers connecte d by a tra in of whe els ,

4 7 20 1 8 1 7 w i th the clutch
, , , .

M the comb cyl in der

, .

N the brush cyl in der

, .

0 the car d cyl in der

, .

W th e hea d calen der ; there i s one for each hea d

, .

”
3 0 25 1 7 20 are th e
, , , draw b ox
,
The draw rollers are -
.
-

four in number t o attenuate the combe d sl ivers

, .

Y the draw b ox calen der

,
-
.

! the co i ler del ivery rollers an d the co i ler an d can wheels

, ,

are Shown beneath .

The spee d of the comb cyl in der in th i s mach ine ranges from
9 0 t o 1 00 accor di ng to the qual ity of staple treate d
, Th i s .

mach ine i s especi ally a dapte d for comb i ng the shorter staple s
from the equi valent of G M iddl ings Amer i can and upwar ds
. .

Another feature of th e mach i ne i s the wi der range of select ion in

respect of the length of the fibres rej ecte d With goo d staples .

th i s can be re duce d to as low as 1 2 per cent w ithout i nterfering .

wi th the thoroughness of the comb i ng The p i ec ing i s aecom .

p l is h e d on a much better pr i nc ip le and the a dj ustments are,all

much Simpler than in the mach ines constructe d on the He ilm ann
system The pro duct ion i s also cons iderably greater
. .

The following are the spee ds Of the vario u s parts and manner
88 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

forwar d respect ively

,
. Hence these movements result in the first
,

4
ii 2 95i 5
9
5 b ad mar d’ an d forwar d
0

detaChm g I d l er m ovm g ,
30 2
respect ively per revolut i on of the comb cylin der
,
. Th i s amounts
to the following rates per m inute
1 00 X X9 47
B ackwar d, 7 05 revolut i ons
30 x 20
1 00 X 1 7 X 47
1
F orward ,
13 Q
3
6 revolut i ons
3 0 X 20

the forwar d progres s per m inute amount ing to ( 1 3 3 4 7 —

9
5
2
X 7 2

The secon d detach ing roller e xcee ds the movement of th e

firs t as 1 8 1 7 on account Of the gear .

These amounts must be regar de d as fi xe d as a dj ustments of ,

th is gearing are not arra nge d for .

The comb ing hea d calen ders are 25 inches in di ameter an d

2
,

make revolut ions per m inute

1 00 x 48 x 43x 40 x 16 x 17 x 33 x 20
24 x 40 x 50 x 25 x 43 x 72 x 20

The revolutions per minute of the first draw roller 58 6 4 5

1 00 x 4 8 X 4 3 X 4 0 X 1 6 x l 7
24 x 40 x 50 x 25 x 30

The revolut ions per m inute of the secon d draw roller

7 03 7 4
1 00 X 48 X 43 X 40 X 16 X 17
24 X 4O X 50 X 25 X 25

The revolut ions per m inute of the th ir d draw roller : 1 10

1 00 x 48 x 43 x 40 x 16
24 x 4 0 x 50 x 25

The revolut ion s per m inute of the fourth draw roller

1 00 X 4 8 X 4 3 X 4 0
24 X 4 0 X 3 1
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 89

The revolut ions per m inute of the draw box calen der - : 1 26

1 00 x 48 x 43 x 40 x 20
24 x 4 0 x 3 1 x 4 4

The revolut ions per m inute of the co iler del ivery rollers

1 00 x 48 x 43 x 40 x 70 x 20 x 20
24 x 40 x 55 x 61 x 20 x 20

The revolut ions per m inute of the co iler

can
1 00 x 48 x 43 x 40 x 70 x 20 x 13 x 18 x 18
24 x 4 0 X 55 x 6 1 X 20 X 3 6 X 3 6 x 8 4

The drafts between the p arts in progre ss ive or der work out
as follows :
(a) Lap and first detach ing roller by gear direct The .

progress ive movement in respect Of the detach ing roller amounts

to 71 9 8 teeth of the qua drant wheel or 3 5 of the 4 7
8
,

clutch wheel wh i ch dr ives that roller per revolut ion of the ,

co m b cylin der and therefore

,

8 x 47
th e progress i ve movement or the amoun t ga i ne d i n
3 0 X 20
revolut ions of the detach ing roller per revolut ion
of th e comb cyl in der or per nip .

The movement of the lap rollers tra in of wheel s i s deri ve d

from a pawl mov ing the ratchet wheel 7 5 a certain number , ,

of teeth each nip ; the e xtent of th i s movement can be vari e d ,

an d i s one me di u m of tens ion ing the lap Th e fee d roller i s .

not Sh own but it i s als o worke d by a pawl and ratchet the

, ,

p awl b e ing operate d each nip and th e ratchet wheel i s

,

s ecure d upon th e fee d roller The movement of the fee d roller

.

i s a dj uste d in altering the draft I f the pawl i s move d four

.

teeth per nip or revolut i on of the comb cyl in der the m ovement ,

of th e lap rollers per nip w ill be th e denom inator in th e

succee ding calculat ions Hence the draft
.
90 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

( )
a gear
By direct
"
8 x 47 X 9
3 0 x 20 X 1 0 8 X 47 >< 9 x 7 5 X 8 0 x 47 x 4 _
4 X 42X 3 5 3 0X 20 X 1 0 X 4 X 4 2 X 3 5 X 1 1
7 5 X 8 0X 4 7

( 0) By calculate d surface spee ds per m inute

177 2
-

9 836
0

1 8 02

The draft between th e first an d secon d detach ing rollers

18 X
1 0 58
17 X1 6
9

1 8 7 68
1772 7

The draft between the secon d detach ing rollers and th e

comb in g hea d calen ders

8 X 47 X l 8 X 9
3 0 x 20 x 1 7 X 1 0
4 8 x 4 3 x 4 0 X 1 6 X 1 7 x 3 3 x 20X 1 1 X 3 0 X 20 X 1 7 x l 0
24 x 4 0 x 50 x 25 x 4 3 x 7 2 x 20 x 4 X 8 X 47 X 1 8 X 9
09 1 6
172 4
0 91 8

The draft between the comb in g hea d calen ders and the first
draw he a d roller
-

20 x 7 2 x 4 3 X 1 4
( )
a
20 X 3 3 X 3 0 X 22
;
207 8 5
-

( b) 1 7 24
1 2

The draft between th e first an d secon d draw hea d rollers

-

3 0X 9 X8 _
28 X8 X9
24 8 8 2
207 3 5
92 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

( 6)
By proporti on

By proporti on
X 4

The percentage of waste at th i s mach ine i s rarely lower th an

1 4 per cent I f 1 5 per cent be allowe d an d the we ight Of th e
. .
,

l aps per yar d be each taken as 28 dwts a m ach ine w ith 4 hea ds .
,

when the fee d pawl move s 4 teeth per nip grs per yar d
. .

28 4
An d when the fee d is actuate d 5 teeth per nip ,

85
X grs per yar d
. .

1 00

NOTE —The le ngth fed of lap per nip wh en the pa wl m ov es

. 8 t eeth woul d be
36
3
4
0 3 604
10
.

The latter length would prove in most cases an i mpract ic able

amount in th i s mach ine I t woul d make th e comb ing act i on
.

very severe throw ing a gre at deal more work on the top comb
,

than it is capable of accompl i sh ing Another way of a dj ust ing .

the draft in th i s mach ine i s by ch ang ing the wh eel compoun de d

w ith the fee d ratchet wheel ; th i s may be calle d the draft
change wheel Altering th i s wheel will alter th e draft in the
.

i nvers e rat i o because it w ill re duce the length fee d when it i s

,

re duce d in s i z e Changes in the we ight of the Sli ver and the

.

output of th e mach ine may be accompl i she d by

( a) The draft i s altere d by the wheel couple d w ith the rat chet
wheel or by increas ing th e ra dius of the pawl lever
, .

NOTE —Thl S wheel can o nly be altere d to a lim ite d e xte nt o wing to its al t er
.
,

ing the ratio bet wee n the lap an d the fee d r oll ers ; u nless the pawl lever Operat ing ,

the latt er is al t ere d at the sam e tim e The lap is l iabl e to be unduly stretche d
, .

or puck ere d if this is not do ne .

 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 93

the we ight of the lap

(b) Alter ing .

(c) Alter ing the length del ivere d by chang ing the spee d
Of the mach ine .

The pro duct ion in h anks an d poun ds per week of a Nas m ith
mach ine gear e d a s i n the figure an d h aving four hea ds th e ,

comb cyl in der mak ing 1 00 n ips p er m inute us ing laps 28 dwt s ,
.

per yar d the draft 6 25 8 1 5 per cent be ing lost in strip s

, , .
,

t ime lost 1 0 per cent eng ine t i me 55 hours per week would
.
, ,

be compute d as follows

55 X 90 X 60 m inutes worke d per week

1 00 les s allowances
55 X 9 0 X 60 X
”
X2 X 22 i nches del i vere d per week by

1 10 7 the co iler delivery rollers

55 X 9 0 X 6 0 X X 2 X 22 hanks del ivere d per week by
1 00 X 8 4 0 X 3 6 7 the co iler del ivery rollers

Per R evs P M
y ar ds del ivere d by the
cent. Di H rs M ins
e
. . .

;
. .

90 X X 2 X 22 X 55 X 60 co iler del ivery rollers

1 00 X 3 6 7 e r w eek l e s s stoppages
p ,

G rs . D wts . La p s . Per ce nt .

24 X 28 X 4 X 85 we ight Of the sl iver in

D ra tf .
x 1 00 { grains per yar d

We i ght in poun ds of the Sl iver delivere d by th e mach ine per

week of 55 h ours no allowanc e ,

24 x 28 x 4 x 8 5 X 1 7 9 43 x 2 x 22 x 55 X 90 X 60
°

6 2 58 x 1 00 x 3 6 x 7 x

Th epro duction in case the fee d pawl move d 5 teeth p er

, nip

i nstea d of 4 woul d b e
,

We ight of the sliver per yar d when pawl move d 4 teeth

4 X 28 X 24 85
X 36 5 gra i ns
6 25 8 1 00

We ight of the Sl iver per yar d when the pawl moves 5 teeth
36 5 X
'

4
 94 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

P ro duct ion in poun ds per week of 55 hours

4 8 53 X 5
606 5 lbs .

Thelen gth del ivere d after the alterat ion woul d be the same ,

but the length fed woul d be one quart er mor e and therefore the ,

we ight delivere d woul d be proport i onately i ncrease d .

The pro duct ion per week if the fee d p awl move d th e lap
,

rollers 8 teeth woul d b e ,

X 8
lbs . 9 7 06
4

E XE R C I SE 1 .
—Assu ming th spe d of th
e eb cyl inder 1 00 revolutions per
e com

m inu te and t he m a ch in e pull eys 1 4 inch es in dia m et er are cha ng ed t o 1 2; inches

, ,

what woul d be t he sp eeds of each of the parts of the m a ch ine ?

A ns wer
Lap roll ers with t he pa wl m ov ing 4 teeth
5 3 335
F irst de ta ching roll er backward , 7 89 6
for war d
backward
forward l 57 92°

Cam shaft 1 12
C o m b cyl inder 112
M ach ine shaft 43 8 963
B rush cyl inder . 4 045
Car d
C o mb ing hea d cale nders 23 9 3 6
F irst drawi ng roller 65 68 2
Seco nd
Th ir d
F ourth
D raw b ox cal ender
-

Co iler del iv ery roller

Co iler
Can

E XE R CI SE 2.
—What would be the consumption of laps and pro duction of sl iver ,

inhanks and p ounds per 50 h ours uninterrupte d working of a N asmith co mber

,
’
,

and the weight of the lap per yar d als o the p ercentage of t he w as te extracte d
,

under the foll owing conditions

Sl iver produced in 1 m inut e, 1 1 1 7 grains .

Strips 292 grains .

96 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

only submitte d to once comb ing whereas in the He ilmann th ey

,

are submi tte d a number of t i me s the ir intro duct ion to that

,

act ion be ing gra duate d. The e ffect of th i s is that the He ilmann
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 97

wi el ds greater p owers Of di scriminat ion in respect of the length

an d other feature s of the fibres s electe d by i t .

The respect ive parts are name d as g iven in the figure The .

revolut ions of th e comb cylin der range from 6 0 to 90 per m inute .

Th i s i s Often spoken of in terms of n ips instea d of revolut ions ,

there be ing one nip or complete cycle of act ions per revolut i on
of the comb cyl in der i n the s ingle acting type I n the D uple x .

type the cycle of act ions are accompl ishe d in each h al f revolut ion
of the comb cyl in der .

The following i s the mo de of calculat ing the Spee ds of the

var ious parts for th i s purpose the comb cyl in der be ing assume d
,

t o make 8 0 revolutions per minute

R evolut ion s of mach ine 1—6
8 0 X 8 0
3 04 2 1 01
pulley per m in ut e ,
21
,

R evolut ions of lap rollers 8 0X 1 X 1 8 X 21 X 2O X 3 0

per m inute 1 77’ or ,
5 X 8 8 >< 20 X 55 X 4 9

R evolut ions of fee d roller 8 0X 1 X 18

per m inut e or ,
5 x 88

R evolut ions of comb h ea d 8 0 X 8 0 X 2 x 20

calen ders per m inute 1 1 43 , or ,
8 0 X 1 4 X 20
R evolut ion s of first roller 8 0 X 25 X 1 4
in the draw b ox per-
or ,
25 X 4 8
m inute
R evolut i on s of th ird roller 41

2i 2
?z2
2
8 0X
in the draw b ox per-
1 04 5, or ,
3
m inute
R evolut ion s of draw b ox - 8 0 X 25 X 50 X 40 X 22
calen der p er m inute a or ,
25 X 4 5 X 3 4 X 4 0
R evolut i ons of co iler de 8 0 X 6 0 X 22 X 1 8
livery rollers per m inute 81 4
°

or ,
59 x 22 x 1 8
R evolut ions of brush 8 0X 3 4 X 8 0
cyl in der per m inute 41 4 4 , or ,
25 x 21
R evolut ions of car d cyl in
der per m inute
2 5, or ,

Draft s
B etween lap fee d rollers
an d 1 1 66 ,
4 9 X 55 X 20 X 9
3 0 x 20x 21 x 2g-
98 COTTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Bet ween l ap an d c omb h ea d calen ders

4 9 X 55 X 20 X 3 8 X 5 X 8 0 X 2 X 20 X 2§
’
§
3 0 x 20x 21 X 1 8 X 1 x 8 0 X 1 4 x 20 X 2§

Between lap an d first draw roller

49 x 55 x 20 x 3 8 x 5 x 25 x 1 4 x 1 3

B etween lap an d th ird draw roller

Bet ween lap roller an d draw b ox

-
c alen der 3 2 5,

4 9 x 55 x 20 X 3 8 x 5 x 25 X 50X 4 0 X 22 X 2§
3 0x 20 x 21 X 1 8 X 1 X 25 X 4 5 x 3 4 X 4 O X 2§

B etween lap and co iler del ivery rollers 334 ,

4 9 x 55 x 20 x 3 8 x 5 x 6 0 x 2 >< 22
3 0 x 20 x 21 x 1 8 x 1 x 59 x 22 x 22

Between first an d secon d draw rollers

31 x 13
25 X 1 3

Between first an d th ir d dra w rollers

1 4 x 45 x 3 4 x 1 3

Between secon d and th ir d draw rollers

25 X 4 8 X 50X 40 X 1 % _
31 x 1 4 x 45 x 3 4 x 1§
Between th ir d draw roller an d draw box
-
calen der
22 x 29
40 x 1 3

Between draw -b ox calen der an d the co iler del ivery rollers

22 X 40 X 50 X 25 X 59 X 22 X 1 8 X 2§

The movement of the detach ing rollers i s de rive d as follows

The qua drant rack i s a part of a lever actu ate d by a bowl pro
j ecting from it into a cam The r i s ing and falling movement
.
1 00 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

F ee ding a cons iderable length of lap generally resul ts in

greater waste ; hence l ight laps an d low drafts togeth er are
,

not benefic i al .

Mo derately h igh drafts — provide d th e fr inge of the lap i s well

hel d by th e n ippers and the more numerous comb ings are not
injur i ous — are co n duc ive to better select i on of the fibre s .

The we ight a mach ine i s require d t o comb always decides

the count of the combe d sl iver .

The length of the staple dec ides th e su itable Spee d .

R esults must always dec ide the we ight Of the lap as it s state
as well as that of the mach ine differ s o much .

The waste m a de ranges from 1 5 per cent upwar ds , accor ding .

to the state of preparat ion of th e laps the amount of short fibre ,

wh ich it conta ins and the sett ings

, .

With laps each we igh ing 240 gra ins per yar d a mach ine , ,

contain ing Six comb ing hea ds and a total draft of 3 3 4 the loss ,

in waste be ing 1 8 per cent woul d make sl iver we igh ing .

,

24 0 X 6 82
X 36 5 grams per yard
1 00

Th e percentage of the waste i s always b ase d upon the we ight

of th e fee d .

The we ight of the waste an d of the Sl iver del ivere d per ,

un it Of t i me together e qual the we ight of th e cotton fed i n that

, ,

t ime .

These mach ines usually conta in s ix or e ight c omb ing he a ds ,

an d therefore th e amount fe d i s always that nu mber mult ipl i e d

by the average we ight per un it of length of th e lap fed wh ilst ,

th e length del ivere d e xcee ds that fed in one hea d i n the terms , ,

of the total draft .

E XE R CI SE l l—The sl iver and t he was t e pro duce d in a giv en tim e we igh

respectively 520 and 1 30 grains , t he waste dis charge d by the s ix co mb ing
hea ds we igh ing 20 20 21 22 23 and 24 grains Give the individual and total
, , , , , .

p erce ntage of the loss at each hea d .

E XE R CI SE 2 —The sl iver pro du ced by a co m b ing m ach ine ha ving six hea ds
.

is at the rate of 8 lbs per hea d per 1 0 hours

. The total draft is 3 2 an d the wast e
.
,

m a de in that perio d w e ighs 1 02 lbs What is the percentage of the waste m a de

.
,

t he we ight in pou nds and the l ength in yar ds of the laps consu m ed ?
,
AND CO STS OF Y ARN 1 01

cc 1 4 10 O b 90 G) O
1 02 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

E XE R CI SE 12 —I f .the m ach ine pull eys in the last question 1 5 inches in ,

dia m e t er are cha nge d to 1 6 i nches in dia m eter what difference in the we ight of
, ,

co m be d s liv er waste and laps w oul d result ?

, ,

TH E DR AWI N G F R AME .

The bj ect of th i s process i s th e el iminat ion of th e ir r egu

O

l ar it ie s foun d in the we ight of the sl iver at th i s stage

, Th i s i s , .

accompl i she d by repe at ing t he proces s of aggregat i on and

attenuat ion I n th i s proce ss there are usually three repet iti ons
.
,

b ut s omet imes t wo or four are a dopte d th e former in coarse and , ,

the latter in fine work R epet it ion of th e process Shoul d be

,
.

di scont inue d when th e des ire d stan dar d of un iform ity i s atta ine d .

The h ea ds are numbere d correspon di ng w ith the repet it i ons

r espect ively Thus a draw frame of three hea ds mean s th at the
.

c otton i s treate d to aggregat ion an d attenuat ion three t imes ,

na mely : in the first secon d an d th ir d hea ds I t i s necess ary

, , .

to test the Sl iver preferably at the last hea d at frequent and

, ,

fi x e d intervals four t imes per day at least s o th at any dev i at ion

, ,

from th e stan dar d We ight may b e detecte d and dealt with The .

tests shoul d be recor de d along w ith the pre caut ionary or cor r ec
t ive mea sures taken i n instances of var i at ion I n the se tests .
,

5 6 or 1 5 yar ds w ill be foun d conven i ent lengths to wrap

, , The .

sl iver teste d Sh oul d be taken in a manner ensuring correct

representat ion of the preva il ing con dition the best way be ing ,

to take a l it tle from e ach del ivery but not off full c ans The, .

we ight i s li able to frequent variat ion at th i s stage the cause of

th i s i s not always app arent The vari at i ons foresh a dow the
.

work ing qual it ies of the cotton and irregularit ies in the treat
ment pr ior to th i s Stage .

When var i at ion s are di sregar de d more than c orrespon ding,

difference s may be e xpecte d in the subsequent processes an d ,

O ften compl i cat i ons of an involve d character ari s e through

the se fau lts be ing unche cke d .

D ur ing very dr y weather the wrapp ings ten d to the heavy

s ide . A s u dden ch ange in the atmosphere w ill somet i mes
necess i tate an alterat i on of qu ite a few teeth i n the change wheel .

Changes in the m ixing wh i ch result in the cotton differ ing are

s imilarly l iable Cottons wh ich are sof ter than us ual sho ul d
.
1 04 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

NOS 1 . an d 2 draw rollers

X 13
18

N08 2 and 3. draw rollers

m x 47 x g
25 X 1 6 X 1 ig

Nos 1 . an d 3 dra w rollers

47 x l 4
16 x 13

NOS 3 . an d 4 draw rollers

1 6 x 1 00 x 1 00 x 1 §
47 x 60 X 20 X 1 2};

NOS 1 . an d 4 draw rollers

60 X 20 X 1 3

No 4 draw
. roller an d co iler del ivery roller E
22 x 3
48 X 1§

Li ft ing roller and co iler del i very rollers A and

,

draft
3
—
2l x 60 x 20 X 48 X 1 i
"

Th ere i s much difference of op in ion i n regar d to the system

of allocat ing the draft in th e draw rollers of drawing frame s
wh i ch g ive s the b est re su lts The following h as prove d a goo d
.

rule an d i s in a ccor dance w ith the work ing con dit ions
,
°

D raft bet ween first and s econ d draw rollers : not more than 12
secon d an d th ir d
draft between first an d four th

th ir d and fourth draw rollers : ( draft bet ween

2
the secon d and th ir d rollers ) .

E XAMP LE —Thus if the total draft in the dra w rollers

,
c, and
a that be twee n
 AND COSTS or Y ARN 1 05

the first and se co nd 931 tha t bet wee n the se co nd and th ird
,
and that bet wee n
th ird and fourth x (x in the figure
3
8 33)

th en 90
,
ac 1 x 932 x 0
33

s ince x 1
n
a 8 33
“ 2 X 303 “

The draft 902 is , in

most makes of these mach ine s in con ,

veni en t for ch ang ing Changes i n th i s are only necessary wh en

.

the total draft referre d to b e comes abnormal W ith th i s draft .

£132 regar de d as fi xe d th e defects ar i s ing are through the draft mg

,

approach ing in amount that of mg when the total roller draft i s

re duce d to 4 3 8 th en x2 and 563 are al ike
, .

I t must n ot b e inferre d from the latter statement that a

ch ange of th e draft betwe en the first and th ir d rollers i s
a dvocate d whenever the total roller draft i s altere d I t i s only .

des ire d t o p o int out the error ari s ing wh en cons iderable change
i s ma de 1 n th e total draft an d th e e xpe di ency of a ffor ding rel i ef
,

by a slight al terati on i n the draft bet ween the first an d th ir d in ,

or der to re di stribute th e draf ts i n reas onable proport ions .

I t i s necessary also to draw attent i on to the des irab il ity of

us ing change wheels of mo derate s i z e a vo iding small ones ,
.

}
The r evol u t 1 on s
of 22 x 1 8 x 42
3 20 x 838 4
th e co iler per m inute 4 6 x 20 x 6 9

The revolutions of
}
22 x 18 x 1 8 x 1 0 X 20
3 20 x
the can per m m u te 4 6 x 20 x 3 4 x 3 6 x 1 04

Wh enever draw frame s are ch ange d from heavy sl ivers ,

to th e other e xtreme th e c o ils are frequently il l sp ace d in th e

,
-

can an d r i ce t er s é
, Th i s m ay be reme di e d by remember ing
.

that heavy sl iver re qu ires more space an d henc e h igher spee ds ,

of the can than l ig ht fine slivers .

When the sl iver i s co ile d too widesprea d it i s l iabl e t o b e

trouble s ome through too much tens i on cause d by b in ding i n th e
can . Th i s may be overcome by sl ightly i ncreas ing th e rate
l O6 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

of the coi ler On the other han d when the sl iver i s not fully
.
,

di str ibute d— in dicate d by a w ide space between i t and the can

s ide —the cans cannot conta in a s much as des irable Th i s may .

be overcome by sl ightly re duc ing th e rate of the co iler When .

the unoccup i e d space in th e centre of the can is greater than

des ire d i t i s du e to th e can be ing
”
, too eccentr i c with the “

co iler By re duc ing th i s and at the same t ime the rate of the
.
,

co iler th i s obj ect ion may b e remove d

, .

Th e quant ity of the pro duct i on in draw frames var ies accor d
in g to the spee d the system an d the effic iency of the workers
, , .

I n some m ills as h i gh a s 90 per cent of the pro duct i on caleu

, .
,

late d from the actual spee ds are obtaine d w ith sl ivers as h igh ,

as 7 0 gra ins per yar d .

The above may be c ons idere d pract i cable un der the best con
dition s . Th is woul d g ive the following per del ivery in a week , ,

of 55% hours

P ROD UCTI ONS FOB SP E E D S R A N GIN G F ROM 3 20 UP TO 380 R E VOLUTI ON S P E R MI NUTE

OF l gI N OH
-
F RO N T R OLLE R .

R evo l ut i ons o f f
ront Wei gh t of s l iver in r
P oduct i on in p ou nds p er
ro ll er p er m i nu te .
gr ains p er y ar d . w ee k .

I n me di um fine ( 50 — 8 0 ) counts the former of the above

3 5
,

spee ds an d pro duct i ons woul d be cons idere d ample and the sl iver ,

woul d range from 50 gra ins per yar d downwar ds accor ding to ,
1 08 COTTON SPI NN I N G CALCU LATI ON S

N o tes i n f
r esp ect o thi s Sy s t em f
o G ear i ng R oll er s .

(a) That s ince P is the customary change wh eel for varying

,

the total e xtent of the attenuat i on and th e we ight un it of the

sl iver pro duce d any alterat ion of P or of the back roller wheel
,

di sturbs the draft b etween rollers 2 an d 3 only an d if the total ,

draft b e altere d by th i s means gra dually t o 3 9 68 that between ,

2 an d 3 woul d be gra dually di m in i she d no attenuat i on woul d ,

then take place b etween thos e rollers an d i f altere d t o les s ,

t han that amount contract ion instea d of attenuat ion of the

sl iver must result between those po ints .

( )
b T h e d raft b etween th e rollers 3 a n d 4 woul d un d er the ,

c ircumst ances ment ione d in paragraph ( a) always be constant , ,

an d hence shoul d the wheels be altere d to e x erc i se a greater

draft than 6 C the draft between the secon d an d th i r d rollers

°

only woul d b e i ncrease d Thus in case the total draft was

.
,

ra i s e d to th e draft bet ween the secon d and th ir d rollers

woul d then become as much as that between th e th ir d an d
fourth .

B y th is system of gea r ing the vari able draft i s place d at a

p o int wh ich i s n ot the best Th i s also may b e sa id of system X
.

( Fig . w ith th is a ddit ion that there i s room for error i n cal cu
,

—
lat ion by overlook ing that th e two trains e ight wheels are —

involve d in the calculat i on of the total draf t Another feature .

i n these systems of gear ing (Y and X ) i s the backlash du e to

th e increase d number of wheels an d i n dire ctness of the ge ar .

Th i s i s b eSt un derstoo d when the e ffect s upon the sl iver are

Cons idere d w ith the wheels loosely geare d or worn On refer .

ence to the gear ing it w ill be seen that 3 wil l start after 4 an d ,

2 cons i derably after th is because in the former there are only

,

three or four wheels against e ight in th e latter .

The system of dri ving the ( 2) an d ( 3 ) rollers direct from th e

back roller as shown in th e other figure h as many a dvantages
over X and Y I t ensures the var i able dr af t between those
.

rollers having the l ightest work to perform greater facil it ies for ,

change s an d calculat ions ; occup ie s less space s implifies the ,

parts fewer wh eels are re quire d an d perm its the use of larger
, ,

wheels .
 AND COSTS OF Y ARN 1 09

E X E RCI SE S —Calcula te the draftsin Fig 21 be t wee n .

( a) 1 and 2, 2 and and 4, 1 and 3 , 1 and 4, 2 and 4, whe n the com pou nd
wheel bet wee n 1 and 2 is 20 and 3 0 .

( b) 1 an d 2 whe n the wheel m arke d 20 is 21 22 23 and 24 respect ively , , , .

( 0) 1 and 4 whe n the wheel m arke d 20 is 21 22 23 and 24 respe ctively , , , .

( )
d 1 an d 4 w he n P i s the in clus i ve s izes fro m 4 0 to 60 .

( e) 2 an d 3 w he n P is the i nclus ive s izes fro m 4 0 to 60 .

(f ) 1 an d 4 w he n t h e 60 o n the roller 2 is 40 50 7 0, 8 0 , , .

(g) What shoul d be the weight in grains per yar d, and c ou nt of the sliver
,

del ivere d, in each of the three types of gear ing give n if the nu mber of sl ivers ,

fed per del ivery w er e in each cas e six and ea ch o f th es e we ighe d at t he rate of
,

48 g rains per yard ?

sl iver del ivered by a m a chine geare d as in Fig 21 we igh ed 54
(k) I f t he , .
,

grains per y ar d what sh oul d it we igh if the wh eel P was suc cess ively 40 4 5
, , ,

50 and 55 respe ctively

,

( 4) What w oul d be the pr odu ct i o n in p ou nds per del ivery per w eek with P
40 45 50 and 55 r esp ectively if with a 60 P 1 1 52 lbs wer e pr odu ced ?
, , , , , , .

The Arrangeme nt the

the Several H ea ds c onsti
of Draft s i n
tuting the Draw Frame — The con dit i on wh ich shoul d govern th e
e xtent of th e total draf ts allotte d to each h ea d i s th at each

sh oul d be so rate d as to b e cont inuously work ing w i thout pro

da c ing mor e or less than i s requ ire d by the succee ding mach ine .

I t i s the most common pract i c e t o have the sam e number

of deliverie s in each h ea d and also for th e front rollers i n thes e
,

t o revolve at th e s ame rate P ract ice h as prove d th is most

“

e xpe dient To get the best results un der such con dit i ons
“

.
,

arrange the drafts so that the con dit ion c onta ine d in the last
paragraph m ay be real iz e d .

The var i at i ons in the cont ent s of th e c ans from the car ds
occas i on cons iderably more los s of t ime in the first h ea d through ,

stoppage s t ak ing th i s at 1 0 7 an d 7 per cent respect ively i n

, , , .

the three he a ds and the revolut ions of the front roller at 3 20

,

r m i nute and 1 i di
p e 3 i n ches n ameter the car d Sl i ver at 3 6 ,

grain s per yar d an d th at at the last hea d at say 6 0 grains

, , ,

per yar d Then the pro duct i ve capac ity of the th ir d hea d woul d
.

amount to
”
55 hrs so x 3 20 x 1 g 2
3 so 93
per del ivery
.

x X 1 000 lbs .

3 6 x 7 000 7 1 1 00

Hence the front roller in the secon d hea d woul d requ ire to
,

pro duce sl iver at the same rate per y ar d wh ilst th at del ivere d ,
11O CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

by the first hea d woul d r equire to be h eav ier to the e xtent of the
difier ence in the loss of t i me an d therefore
,

6 0 X 93
62 grains per yar d
90

The draft in th e respect ive he a ds on the assumpt ion th at

the doublings are 6 in e ach case must therefore be
,

I n the first he a d

An d in th e secon d hea d
62 X 6
draft

draf t

An d in the th ird hea d

draft

FL Y F R AME S .

The pr imary obj ect in fly —

slubber interme diate
frames , ,

—
rover and j ack is to attenuate the sl iver obta ine d from th e
,

draw ing frame to the e xtent necessary to prep are it for th e

sp inn ing mach ine .

I t wo u l d b e poss ible to di spense w ith fly frame s if drawin g

rollers were perfectly a dapte d for attenuat ing cotton Drawing .

rollers as at present constructe d cannot attenuate perfectly

, ,

bo dies of fibres varying in length Cotton cannot be obta ine d

.

wh ich does not vary in th e length of it s fibres I n consequence .

,

th e relative sequence of the fibres i s altere d during attenuati on

i n a degree proport i onate to those var i at ions an d the e xtent of
the attenuat ion attempte d Th i s means that a sliver or rove
.
,

w ith it s fibres un iformly distribute d woul d h ave its fibre s

112 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

of un iformity of the length of the fibres and touch of the cotton .

Th e amount of the t wi st per inch necess ary to b in d the fibres

t o the proper e xtent var ies from count x 08 to count X 1 5 .

Cottons wh i ch are long an d harsh an d l i e compactly requ ire

least wh ilst those wh i ch are short and do not l ie comp actly
,

require most twi st ,

.

The following i s a t able of the normal t wi st constant s .

T hese when mult ipl i e d by th e counts of the actual rove w ill ,

,

give the t wist per inch su itable un der m ost con dit i ons .

Sl bb I t R u er . n er . ov er .

from 09
Sea I sla nd an d E gyptl an cotto ns
to :

from : 10 12
Braz il ia n, Am er ica n, and similar co tt ons to : 12 13

fro m 12 14
I ndi a n and S1 m1l ar cot t no s to :
The Gear ing in Fl y Frame s ( Fig .
— The gear ing in fly
frames i s i dent i cal in all the principal makes I t cons i sts of .

a pr incip al sh aft c alle d the frame shaft an d from th i s all th e ,

parts rece i ve the ir mot ion .

( )a Th e R oller s — Th e front roller i s connecte d w i th the frame

shaft referre d t o by means of a tra in cons ist ing of four or five
wheels F E D C B name d respect ively : the twi st the twi st
, , , , , , , ,

carr ier or compoun d th e top cone the en d of top cone an d the

, , ,

en d of the front roller wheels ; a compoun d wheel i nstea d of E

be ing necessary when cons iderable range of tw ist ar e necessary .

Th e back an d m iddle rollers are connecte d w i th the front in th e

follow ing manner : a train of four wh eels 28 9 0 4 0 56 and , , , , ,

name d respectively the front roller the crown

the p in i on and the back roller wheels these
compri se the connect ion to the latter roller the crown and ,

p in i on be ing compoun de d The m iddle roller i s connecte d w ith

.

the back through the me dium of three wheels 25 C 1 8 they are , , ,

name d the back roller ( driver) c arri er an d m iddle roller wheels

, , .

The Spindl e s — Th e shafts dr iving these one only i s sh own , ,

are c onnecte d by a train of three wheels 3 3 H 3 3 in case of , , , ,

the back l ine of sp in dles ; an d a fourth w heel on the front shaft

gears w ith that on the shaft driving the back l ine of sp in dles .
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 1 13

These sp in dle sh afts are furn i she d w ith s kew bevels 60 an d , ,

these dri ve the bevels 21 on th e sp in dles The val ue of th is

, ,
.

trai n i s fi xe d .

( )
0 W i ndi ng
— T h e B o bbi ns are dr i ven fro m two po ints upon
the frame shaft T W an d M the mot ion from thes e two po ints
, . .
,

be ing brought together at t he terminal wheel 1 4 in the differ , ,

e nti al
. The bobb in dri ving sh aft (0) i s connecte d w ith the
sleeve wheel of the different i al N by me ans of four or five wheels ,

B R
. . W
.

Ra t ch e t Wh e e l

F I G 22. .

In c ase of the front and three or four 4 5 C 4 0 i n case of th e

, , , , ,

back bobb in shaft These wheels are known as the swing

.

tra in The sleeve N acquire s it s mot ion fro m the t wo po ints

.
,

rece iving a fi xe d contribut ion from one M ; and a variable con ,

t r ib u tion from A the other of th es e two po ints the fi xe d port ion

,

here referre d to be ing contribute d by th at part of the different ial

wh i ch i s fi xe d to the j ack shaft I n some cases that part i s a .

wheel The vari able contribut ion is re cei ve d by the different ial
.

from the twist wheel T W on the frame Sh aft the mot ion, . .
, ,

pass ing through the top and b ottom cones and thence through a ,
1 14 COTTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

train cons i st ing of a varying number of wheels numbere d on the ,

figure 3 6 3 6 4 6 50 4 6 1 06 The fi xe d contributor i s arrange d

, , , , ,
.

to supply the movement necessary to rotate the bobb ins at the

s ame rate as the Sp in dle ; th e vari able contr ibutor commun i
eat in g only th at necessary to obta in w in ding at the des ire d

tens ion . B y th i s arrangement the c ones completely control ,

the wi n ding When they ce ase to contribute win ding ceases

.
, ,

through the bobb ins then as sum ing the rate of the sp in dles The .

wheels in th i s latter connection are known by the fo l lowing

name s : the bottom cone change shaft w in ding shaft differ , , ,

e n tial different i al sleeve s wing bobb in shaft s kew bevels an d

, , , , ,

bobb in wheels .

The Cons equ e nce s of altering the Val ue of the Cone Train —The .

value of the wheel tra in connect ing the fi xe d contributor w ith

,

the bobb ins Shoul d be a constant an d therefore any departure

, ,

from the above name d con diti ons will res u lt in im perfe ct win d
-

in g. The value of the wheel tra in connect ing th e twi st wh eel

w ith the different ial shoul d l ikew i se be constant The value .

flfl fl fl
of the belt connect ion on the two cones i s th e me dium for pro
viding th e accelerat i on or retar dat i on of the bobb in necess ary

to obta in the proper win ding tens ion th i s be ing a plus or m inus
contributor accor ding to the con dit ions of w in ding a dopte d The .

two con dit ions in respect of win ding referre d to are bobb in lea d , ,

an d y er lea d I n the former .of the se the w i n ding i s occas i one d

by the e xcess in the rotat i on of the bobb in over th at of the y er ;

and vi ce vers d in y er lea d In y er lea d the bobb in must.

be accelerate d to the e xtent co inc ident with t he propor tional

change in the Si z e of th e bobb in at th e commencement of each
new layer of co ils but only in re sp ect of that port ion of the i r
,

mot ion supplie d through th e me di um of the cones I n bobb in .

le a d retar dat ion takes the place of accelerat ion The conne ct ion .

of the front roller w ith the bobb ins is therefore such that the , ,

latter creates a w in ding rate co inciding with the rate of del ivery
by former Any ch ange in the rate of rotat i on of the front
.

roller obtains a correspon ding change in the win ding rate .

The c one dr ums are constructe d to comply wi th the requ ire

ments of certain s iz es of bobb ins each port ion be ing a dapte d ,

for a certa i n s ize and that only Alter ing the value of th is
,
.
116 COTTON SPI NN I N G CALCULATI ON S

Su bj ect . Det ail l l

s of ca cu at ion ( Fig .

3 50 x 3 9
35
A ssu m i ng t he stra p on the parts 6 top
con e and b ottom co ne
3 50 x 3 1 x 6
3 5 x as
A ssum ing the strap on the parts 3}
d i a m e ter top cone and 6 di am eter
b ottom cone

56 x 9 0 >< 1
4 0 x 28 >< 1

3 5o x s 9 >< 6 x 3 6 x 1 3 >< 1 0 x 1 4

3 6 x 14
x 50 x 90
N ote — Th e above is w nhe co e strap i s
n
assu e
m d in pos t o s ”
i i n 6 i n di ma eter
r ver o e
d i
”
a eter r ven
c n an d 3 1 i n di m d i
cone .

A nd when co n e stra p i s i n pos it i ons ,

respecti vel y 6 ,
”

10 x 14
35 x 6
3 6 x 14
X
50 x 9 0

fl
B ob bin To wind wi thout stretch g assu in , min g
t he wi ndin g ci rcle ”
1 5 i n d1 ame t e r
and bobb lea d
in

1 000 1 08 4 3 3 0 in xe cess
If lea d of fiy er pres
yer 83
1 000
330 3
330
,
slo wer
91 6
1, x 22
than fl y er
M ax i m u m si ze o f bobb in that t he b
c ne s
pressure
are a dapte d for
6 x 6

fl
1 ,1 x 4 25
3, x 3,
When the b o bb in i s t he m a x imum si ze ,
an d bobbin l ado

330
1 000 1 0247
44 ‘
x 22
7
.

If y er lead
3 30
1 000
x 27, 4,
F r calculat io ns o f the spee d s o f the
o

bobbin s as per gearing s ee p 1 27 , . .

 AND CO STS OF YARN

The Change Wheelsafore menti one d Trains re specti vely

in the -
.

The following are the customary change wheels

( )
a F or alter i ng the rate of the rollers relat ive to the Sp in dles
and thereby the tw i st — twi st compoun d an d top cone shaft
, ,

wheels in the or der name d

, .

F or altering the total draft or the attenuat ing powers of the

rollers — p in ion back roller crown an d front roller wheels
, , , .

F or altering the draft s between the in di vidual rollers the ,

small wheels on the back or m iddle roller

fl
.

( b) None of the wheels in th is tra in are altere d .

( c) F or alter ing the tens ion of w in ding Th i s shoul d be .

done by the ratchet wheel or a dj ust ing the pos it ion of the cone
strap forks The practi ce of chang ing one of the wh eels in th i s
.

tra in connect ing the di er ential wh i ch i s generally recogn ize d

, , ,

i s open to s er i ous obj ect ions wh ich are state d in the sect ion
,

d e al ing w ith w in ding p 1 27 ,

. .

( d) F or controll ing th e spac ing o f the rove upon the bobb i n .

The l ifter change shaft wheel and str ike bevel are the usual
change po ints .

Alterati ons in the Draft — Alterat ions in the draft are n eces
sary when the coun t or the we ight per un it of length are not
, ,

as des ire d Al so when a change i s ma de in the fee d and a

.
, ,

correspon ding change in the del ivery i s not requ ire d .

The formula when chang ing th e draft or th e counts i s ,

P resent draft count des ire d count of present fee d draft

pres ent count c ount of di sten de d fee d i requ ire d

When th e we ight takes the pl ace of the count it i s necessary ,

to bear in m in d that the we ight i s inverse t o the count an d th at ,

th i s necess it ates the i nvers ion of the two terms des ire d and ,

present in the above equat ion

, .

The total roller draf t may b e al tere d by ch ang ing the s iz e of

any of the four wh eels in the tra in connect ing the back w i th the

front roller The p in ion wheel i s the recogn i z e d change wheel

.
,

an d the back roller whe el i s change d when th e l i m its i n respect

of the former have been re ach e d When the l im its of the two .

former are e xh auste d th e crown whee l i s ch an ge d but th i s is ,

not often nece ssary .

118 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Change s in the count del ivere d m ay be ma de by vary ing

the count of the fee d or the draft in the direct proport ion .

Changes in the count fed may be checke d by inverse changes

in the draft .

Changes in the s i z es of the dr ivers i n the draft tra in of ,

wheels obta in inverse changes in the draf t an d count an d

, ,

direct changes in the we ight per un i t of length .

Changes in the s i z es of dr iven wheels in the draft tra in h ave

the inverse e ffect t o the drivers .

Al terat i ons in t he Draft how m ade — Changes in the draft or

, ,

i n the count pro duce d do not a ffect the e xtent of the length
,

delivere d by th e front roller Such ch an ges always a ffect the

.

we ight of the del ivery per un it of length in invers e terms

, , .

The draft a s conta ine d in the present roller gear ing ( Fig
, .

i s as follows

Bet ween th e first and se con d rollers 12 16

secon d an d t h1r d
25 x 40 x 28 x 1

56 x 9 0 >< 1
first an d th i r d
4 0 x 28 >< 1

Any change in those wheels woul d have e ffects correspon d

ing w ith those note d in respect of the rollers in drawing
frames .

The count obta ine d by th e above attenuat i on in the rollers

woul d be 4 5 t imes finer than th e fee d .

The fee d i n th e slubber generally c ons i sts of one end per

rove delivere d wh ilst in th e interme diate rover and j ack it
, , ,

always compr i se s two en ds Thus in th e case where 02 is the

.
,

count of the fee d in a slubber having 4 5 of a draft x 45 ,

09 woul d be the count del ivere d An interme diate w ith .

9 9
4 5 draft , treating slubb ing of 09 c ount woul d pro duce
,
— X
2
count . A roving frame w ith a l ike , draft , us ing that
2 25
count of interme diate rove woul d pro duce ,
2 x 4 5 45 56

count .
1 20 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Working 3 .
—
Count deli vere d x 55 5 5;

D ra tf g earDiam eters o f F R
k
. . .

and Bac R a i ke .

P AV .
iB R. . lV .

Cha n g e to the latter

o f the s e condi
t ions .

F rom these condi

t ions chang e t o
t he latter .

fl
60 F r m these condi
o

t io ns change to
28 90 t he latter
9
“ .

P-
l 25 1 00
h n 25 50
w 25 1 00 56
25 1 00 50
a
x
o

The followin g must always be known to enable the gearing

t o be a dapte d for the pro duct i on of any spec ific count
( 1 ) The count re quire d .

(2) The count of the fee d .

( 3 ) The character ist ics of the cotton .

( )
1 an d ( 2) determ i ne the draft .

( 1 ) an d (3 ) determ ine th e twi st .

The R ate of t he Winding and Spacing of t he Coil s cannot be

acc urately ascertaine d by calculat ion on account of the dis s im i
l ar ity in the Si z e of rovings The win din g m u st be regulate d
.

by a dj ust ing the pos iti on of the strap on the cones The rate .

of the vert ical m ovement of th e bobb in rail must b e a djuste d

t o space the co ils w i thout ten dency to overri de or aperture s
G ener ally about s ix coils of count one can b e la id per inch
Th is i s useful as a bas i s in the ab sence of other data .
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 1 21

The tw ist per inch Obtaine d by the gearin g as per Fig 22 .

inches. Accor din g to data on p 1 1 2 th e twi st ing

.
,

woul d be a dapte d for

I f Sea I slan ds cotton

I f Braz il i an cotton

I f I n di an cotton 47 to 41

Thus five fr am e s employe d as above state d wi th the draft

45 : th e count of the fee d and that in the creel woul d be
respect ively

X 2 4 04

X 2

X 2

12 x 2 24

fl
X 2

09 1 x 2 18 2

A ch ange in the pin ion wheel woul d h ave th e inverse e ect

upon th e counts pro duce d an d woul d influence th e we ight per
,

un it of lengt h in the direct proport ion Therefore a 3 0 draft

.
-

p in i on instea d of 4 0 woul d pro duce th e follo wing counts as sum ,

i n g th e fee d as in the above instances

1 22 CO TTON SPI NNI NG CALCULATI ON S

12 1

6 4 x 40
8 5
30

6 4 x 40
30

X 40

30

4 7 X 40
30

A ch ange in the back roller wheel woul d have the invers e

e ffect to tha t of the p in i on .

Whenever the coun t is ch ange d it wou l d become necessary

,

to r e a dj ust the tw ist per inch to

-
co unt t wi st constant .

The rate of the front roller woul d nee d alter ing in the pro
p ort ion inverse to the tw i sts Thus assum ing the twist wh eel
.
,

in each of the frames referre d to in the last ment i one d e x amples

,
-
,

3 9 the changes in count woul d neces s itate the follow ing altera
,

t ions i n the tw ist wheel

F or ( a)

Nor a —The t wists are in t he direct prop ortio n of the square r oot of the
cou nts and he nce the la tt er m ay subst itute the form er
,
.

39 x x/ 6 4
°

F or (5)

F or ( c)

F or

F or ( e)

As sum ing a: the s i z e of the ratch et wheel an d 3! th at of the

l ifter ch ange wheel the following proce dure woul d obtain as and
,
1 24 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

u s per Sp indle per 1 0 hours u nder the follo wing co nditions in a roving
and o nce ,

fra m e R evolutio ns per m inute : Sp indle 1 1 50 ; F R 1 20: dia meter 1 % inch ;

.
,
. .
,

draft 5 coun t fed : t wo e nds of 3 5 ha nk int erm e diate rove ; loss of t im e

, , ,

8 per ce nt .

3 A rov ing fra m e is re qu ire d t o pro duce 9 ha nk rove co nta ining t wis t equal
.
-

to cou nt x 1 4 and the sp indles m ak ing 1 200 revolutio ns per minute ; the
,

dia m eter of the fro nt r oller is 1 } in ch A t what rate m ust the roller be dri ve n ? .

4 A t what rate m ust the bobb ins rotate to obta in goo d winding du ring the

fl
.

first layer u nder the follo wing co nditio ns : G ear fro m the fro nt roller to the fram e
shaft, gs that fro m the fra
,
m e shaf t to the sp in d les 42 g ; dia m eters of
11
, , g ,

fro nt roller 1 4 inch of the bobb in 1 5

, 5 inch
,
r evolut io n s per m inut e of the fra m e
,

shaft 3 00?
,

5 A y fra m e m ak ing a 6 ha nk rove has the foll o wing chang e wheels

.
-

D raft p inio n 42 ; t wist 3 6 ; ratchet 40; l ifter ( driver ) 26

, , What sizes of , , .

these wheels respect ively w oul d be require d for a 5 ha nk -

A ns 50, 3 9, 3 7 29
. . .

6 The sp indles in a slubb er m ak ing a

. hank r ove are -
Observe d to ro tate

4 5 t im es per 1 of the fro nt roller , wh ich is inch in dia m et er : t he cha nge

wheels are —t wist , 4 0; ratchet , 1 9 ; l ifter, 26 ; draft p inion , 42 : and the Sp indles
are k n o w n to m a k e 550 revolutio ns per m inu t e Ascerta in : ( a) the prese nt .

t wist per inch ; (b) the t wist per inch suitable for ha nk , and also the change -

w heels re qu ire d ; (0) the rate of pro ductio n in both cases in ha nks an d ounces
per sp indle per 1 0 ho u rs assu m ing 1 5 per ce nt represents the l oss of t im e
,
. .

A ns 49 or }g 3 2 63 ; .173 ; 3 58 , , ,
.

7 What l ifter wheels w oul d be m ost su itable in us ing the sa m e cotto n foI °
.

1 0 and for 05 ha nk if it was k n o wn that 6 co ils per inch was the m ost satis
,

fa ctory Spa cing for 1 b ank and a 28 li fter wh eel (driver) gave 7 coil s per
inch ? A ns 24 ; 1 7 . .

8 What s izes Of ratchet wheels w oul d be m ost su itable in us ing the sa m e

.

cotto n for 1 0 and for 05 ha nk if it was k no wn that a 1 4 was m ost su itable for
,

ha nk ? A ns 1 7 ; 1 2 . .

9 The sp indles in a roving fra m e pro duc ing 7 ha nk r ov ing m ake 1 1 20 and
.
-
,

the fr ont roller 1 00 revolut io ns p er m inute ; the latter is 1 §inch in dia m eter
,
.

What t wist per inch shoul d the rove co ntain ? G ive the t wist co nsta nt and the
ha nks pro duce d in 1 0 hours uninterrupte d working ’
A ns . .

1 0 The draft in the rollers of a rov ing fra m e is 6 and t he interm e diate
.

roving is 2 6 b anks and t wo of these are double d : what cou nt of rove will be
,

m a de ? I f the cou nt ascerta ine d has to be cha nge d to,

and the draft wheels,

an d rollers are F R W 20 C W 8 0 P W 40 B R W 60 ; dia m eters F R 1 g

W
,
.
, . .
,
. . .
,
. .

inc h B R 1 % inch wh ich of these wheels w oul d you alter and to what e x te n t ?
,
.
, ,

A ns 7 8 —P W to 52 .
°

. . .

1 1 A roving fra m e is m ak ing 7 8 hank rov ing with the follo wing wheels :
.
-

D raft p ini o n 40 ; t wist wheel 3 8 ; ratchet 4 6 ; l ifter 28

,
What w heels woul d
, , ,
.

b e n ee de d for 6 ? What effect w oul d these changes have upo n the le ngth and
w e ight pro duce d
A ns 52 4 3 40 3 2 increase in le ngth 3 8 to 43 ; increase in w e ight
.
, , , , ,

6 to
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 1 25

Wind p
S g
aci n
Twis t Ro ll 1 ft
Cou nt
wb z i
. er gear fed
.

1 11 g. .
e .

fl
Winding i n Fl y Frame s i s taine d by the B obbin — Win ding
ob

in these frames i s du e t o th e bobb in rotat ing at a slower

or qu i cker rate than the Sp in dles I n th e former case the .

d i the latter the bobb in lea ds ”

r lea ds The rates
“
y e a n n .

of rotat ion of the sp in dles an d rollers be ing constant wi n ding i s ,

obta ine d by that of th e bobb in differ ing from the former of

these to an e xtent su ffi c ient to w in d the amount del ivere d by
the rollers G enerally the range in the s iz e o f th e bobb ins is

fl
.
,

from inch upwar d empty to below 6 inche s when full It

fl
.
, ,

i s not Often th at full bobb ins e xcee d more than four t i mes
the ir s i z e wh en empty .

Win ding is arreste d in these mach ines when the bobb ins
, ,

assume the same rate of rotat i on as the sp in dle or y er Thus .

i f the latter e xcee ds the former or vi ce ver s d the di er en ce

, ,

represents the co ils woun d However large the bobb in becom es

.

— when w in ding i s requ ire d— the rate of rotat ion must as it s ,

s iz e develops approach th at of th e sp in dle but never attai n

, ,

the same spee d equal to it Therefore if the bobb in lea ds and

.
,

the sp in dle make s 1 000 revolut i ons per m inute h owever large the ,

bobb in may be come it s rate must be someth ing more than 1 000
, .

I n the case of t he bobb i n be ing 1 5inches i n di ameter empty , ,

an d 6 inches di ameter when full an d the length woun d equal to

,

1 20 t ime s the c ircu m feren ce of the former s iz e then the bobb in ,

1 26 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

x 14
1 20—
must revolve at the rate of 1 000 —3 1 03 0 revol ut i on s
6
when full as aga inst 1 000 1 20 empty
, .

The Use of Cone Drum s —Cone drums are u se d to g ive th e

.

necessary var iat ions in the spee d of the bobb ins The ir work .

cons ists of contribut ing towar d the driving of the bobb in an

amount su ffici ent only to ensure w in ding at the des ire d
tens ion the remain der an amount wh i ch i s always equal to t he
,

rate of the sp in dle be ing Obtaine d from a fi xe d contributor .

T h e Us e of Di ffere t al
n i
. s —Different i a 1s a dm it of the trans
m i s s ion of the mot i on from the two ab ove name d sources w ith
-

the most s at i sfactory results A s imple way of calculat ing th e

.

motion transmitte d through th e different ial gear i s a s follows

Let n denote the mot ion i ssu ing from i t ; m th at porti on,

of n der ive d from the fi xe d contr ibutor ; a that port ion of

,

n der i ve d from the var i able contr ibutor ; M an d A the rate s ,

of thos e parts of the differenti al respons ible for m an d a

FI G 23
. .

respect ively the values of th e respective connect ing tra ins

t,
connect ing Man d A with n

then n cons ists of m i a

Applying th i s to the Hol ds worth different i al gear ( Fi g 23 ) .

When M is at rest and mot ion i s i mparte d to A ,

re volut ions of n A 1 At (in the same direct ion ) .

 1 28 CO TTON SPI NNI NG CALCULATI ON S

an d the revolut ions of the bobb in per m inute when the bottom ,

c one i s stoppe d or when the t wi st wheel i s 0

,

4 o x 6o
M‘X
4 0 x 21

Since the two wheels in the sun wheel are carri ers and the wheel ,

on the frame sh aft driving the m i s 3 6 and that dr iven by th i s

train i s also a 3 6 t therefore equals 32 1 Hence the revol a
,
.

4 0 x 60
t ions of the bobb in p er m inute
'
4 00 x 1 x
4 0 x 21

or the same Spee d and in the same direct ion as the Sp in dle .

The revolut ions of the bobb in per m inute when the bottom ,

cone is work ing an d the t wi st wheel i s 50 are ,

— 40 x 60
(A + At i
-
Mt)
4 0 x 21

23 x 19 23 x 1 9
1 1
4 o x 6o
X
4 0 x 21
Here t 1 and the sun wheel moves in the oppos ite
, direc ti on
to M an d therefore the s ign i s
, , hence
,

1 X 35 X 55 X 1
revolut i ons of bobb in per m inute
76
)
60
4 00 x 1 3 06 8
1 98 21

the revolut ions of t he bobb ins in e xcess

1 1 42 8 1 64

The length of rove woun d upon the bobb in per m inute ,

neglecting the facts that the ro ve i s woun d sp irally and also ,

that the actual w in ding ra di us i s greater than the ra dius of

th e bare bobb in i s ,

61 2 inches per m inu te

 AND CO STS OF YARN 1 29

the revolutions per m inute Of the front roller be ing

and the length del ivere d by it in that t ime
4 00 x 50 >< 3 5
6 05 inches
1

Upon th i s bas is the bobb in is shown to win d 7 inches more

than the actual length del ivere d by the front roller When th e .

amount du e to contract ion in the roving by reason of the t wi st ,

inserte d in it i s a dde d t o the difference du e to the sp iral dis

,

posal of the co ils and also to the difference bet ween the actual
,

ra dius of these co ils and that of the bobb in the tens i on of ,

w in ding must be c ons iderably more than i s repre sente d in the

calculati on.

The part i culars contai ne d in Fig 24 are of a roving frame .

,

F . R 1 dl
.

T . W 39
.

F I G 24
. .

the different ial in th is instance be ing of the Cur ti s and R ho des

type .

P rocee ding to deal as w ith Fi g 23 .

n = m i a

When M i s at rest it wil l

be seen upon e ,
x am inati on of i
th s
different i al that if the bottom cone i s rotate d
, , ,

n a or At ,

an d in the same direct io n .

130 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

When A is at rest and M is rotate d ,

m, or M Mt
and when M and A revolve in the same direct ion ,

m + a , or M —Mt + At
Therefore when M an d A revolve in O ppos ite direct ions ,

n = m — a , or M —Mt —At
Th e value of t in each of the above instances is the same ,

be ing
3 0 x 1 8 >< 1 4
25 x 3 0 >< 90

Accor ding to the part iculars containe d in the figure it w ill ,

be seen that when A i s at rest ,

71. 3 08 3 08 t

z s x so x so

The portion of n denote d by a when the di ameters of th e

,

cones at the po ints Oppos ite the centre of th e strap are — top 52 , ,

fl
bottom 3 4 inches ; equal s
46
3 5 x 3 lz—x 3 6 x 50 x 1 06 x 25 x 30 x 90

M and A are in dicate d in the figure as work ing in the same

direct i on the y er and the bobb in are also revolving in the same
,

direct i on the latter lea ding ; the connecti ng Sign between m an d

,

a must therefore be plus

3 08 x 3 0 x 1 8 x 1 4
25 X 3 0 >< 90 )
46
35 x 34 x 36 x 50 x 1 06 x 25 >< 3 0 x 90

Un der these con dit ions the revolut ions of the bobb in per
m inute will equal
45 x 60
132 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

Un der these con dit ions the inch es Of rove deli vere d by th e
fr ont roller per m inute woul d be stretche d t o 3 3 9 7 1 or to th e ,

e xtent of
3 3 97 1 49 3 1

th i s be ing 1 7 per cent .

A not iceable feature in respect of th e gear ing in th i s figure

i s that the bobb in i s not dr iven at the s ame rate as the sp in dle
when the cone drum cease s to b e a contributor Th i s make s .

the correct a dj ustment of win ding imposs ible Thus when the .
,

cone i s stoppe d the revolut ion of the bobb in per one of the
,

sp in dle i s

49 4 5 >< 6 0 26 250 - 29 40 4 5 X 60
1 250 ] x
4 0 X 21 7 5000
X
40 X 21
23 3 1 0 X 4 5 X 6 0 999
7 5000 X 4 0 X 21 1 000
The bobb in moving slower to the e xtent of 0 001 per revol ution of
the sp in dle and thus wh ilst the cone i s stoppe d if the sp in dle
, , ,

make s 8 8 0 revolut ions the bobb in woul d make

,

880 x 09 99 87 9 12 revolut i ons

T . W 46

FI G 25
. .

part icul ars given in Fig . 25 are taken from an

interme diate

amples
AND CO STS OF

fl
frame The di er enti al in th i s case is of the
Twee dale type
.

D eal ing w ith th i s as w ith the prev ious ex

.
Y ARN 133

n m i a

When M is at rest and the botto m cone is actuate d ,

n a, or At
an d in the s ame direct ion . When A is at re st ,

m, or M Mt
When M and A revolve in the same direct i on ,
m + a, or M —Mt + At
When M and A revol ve in oppos ite direct i ons ,
n = m -
a , or M —Mt —At
The value of t in th is cas e i s
18 x 16
3 0 x 48

Tak ing th e spee d of the frame sh af t at 256 3 revolut ions per

m inute w ith the bottom cone at rest
2563 x 18 x 16
n 256%
30 x 48

Th is be ing th e portion contribute d to n fro m source m when M , ,

an d A are both in act i on together .

Th at port i on of n contr ibute d from so urce a when the di a ,

meters of the top and bottom cones — at the po ints oppos ite the
centre of the strap dur ing the w in ding Of the first layer— are
se i
, nches and a s inche s respect ively w ill b e ,

—
48 x 8 —
g x 68 x 3 4 x 3 0 x 48
therefore when the M an d A are work ing together

the revolut ions of the bobb ins be ing

50 x 55
42 x 3 0
1 34 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

The revolut ions of the bobb in per m inute are therefore

51 5) 27 3
] x

50 x 55 _
( 205 3 27 3 )
-
x
42 x 3 0

The revolut ions per minute wh ich the bobb ins woul d make
i f the bottom cone was stoppe d woul d b e

50 x 55
( 256 6 51 6 ) x 44 8 -
14 6
42 x 3 0

The revolut ions of the sp in dles per m inute woul d be

40 x 55
2563 4 48 14 8
42 x 3 0

The revolut ion of the bobb in per 1 revolut i on of the sp in dle ,

accor ding to the above work ing i s therefore

,

448 14 8
448 14 8
Working directly from th e sp in dle to the bobb in th i s last ,

re sult i s prove d as follows

revolut ions of bobb in per 1 of Sp in dle

1 revolut ion of bobb in per 1 of Sp in dle

The revolut ions per m inute of the front roller are
46 x 48
256 2 X
48 x 1 3 0

The length of rove delivere d by the front roller per minute

48
256 3 x 28 5 m ehes
48 x 1 3 0 x 1 x 7
13 6 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

works in an obl ique pos it ion and th i s is m aI nt ained by the

,

pressure Of the cam aga inst the s ide s of the di sc Un der these .

con dit i on s W1 and W2 act as a compoun d wheel towar d mot ion

fl
p ass ing from M to N Un der thes e c on dit ions the value of th e
.

tra in woul d be
M W2
X
w1 N
The e ect of the movement of A when M i s at re st i s that , ,

the cam woul d compel the gear ing po ints of W1 and W2 to cir cu
late the teeth of the former enter ing and emerg ing from the
,

teeth conta ine d i n M as A revolves ; therefore i f Wl conta ins

the same number of teeth as M no c ircumferent ial mot ion ,

of W1 or W2 coul d accrue Th i s reason ing applies in a s im ilar

.

manner to “ 2 and N
7
Shoul d M an d W1 conta in different
.

numbers of teeth then c ircumferent ial mot i on w ill be i mparte d

,

t o W1 an d W2 in the direct ion oppos ite to that of A when W1 ,

contains less and in the same direct ion when W1 has more
, ,

teeth than W2 Thus the movement of W1 woul d be W1

.
,
M ,

in teeth per revolut ion of A an d it s rotary movement woul d b e

,

W1 M
WI
The movement in teeth ma de by W2 ,
in the same t im e woul d
,

be
W M 1 “ 7
2
x
W. 1

an d, therefore if N containe d the same number of teeth as W2

, ,

the movement of N woul d be the same as W2 .

I f the number of teeth in W2 and N were not al ike the ,

movement woul d b e fur ther a ffecte d by reason of the cam A

caus ing all th e teeth in W2 to enter an d emerge from as many , ,

of those in N as are conta ine d in W2 Thus the act i on in th i s .

,

case must be when M i s at rest an d A makes one revolut ion

,

W1 M W2 N W2
x
w1 N
In th is different i al t has t wo values . In respect of the mot ion
from M it s value is
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 137

L et th is be terme d t1Wh en the mot ion is from A i ts value

. is
W M W2 N W
1 2
x
W 1

L etth i s latter be denote d by ta .

I t w ill now be poss ible to procee d t o deal wi th th i s in th e

same manner as wi th prev ious e x amples
m i
“

un der all c on dit ions .

Therefore when A i s at rest

n Mtl
in the same direct ion .

When M is at rest
7 1. Afg
the resultant direct ion depen ding on th e difier en ces in the
number of teeth containe d in th e wheels M W1 W2 an d N , , , .

Th i s w ill b e i n di cate d by the Sign be ing e ither plus or m inus .

Wh en M an d A revolve in th e s ame direct ion together

72
, Mi l Afg
Tak ing th e part iculars of the gear as conta ine d in Fig 26 an d .
,

the diameters of the cones at the po ints oppos ite the mi ddle of
th e cone strap when the first layer i s be ing woun d as follo ws
, ,

top 7 3, inches bottom 3 3 inch es and that of the bare bobb i n

, ,

inch ; then : the revol ut i ons of the bobb in per m inute when
the twi st wheel i s 0 or wh en th e bottom cone is not engage d
, ,

wo u l d be accor ding to the formula

,

The
revolut i on of the bobb in per m inute w ith a 50 t wist
wheel assuming M to be at rest wh ilst A i s in mot ion
,
.

36 32
36
4 X GS X 5O —
8 5 95
1

Therefore the revolut i ons per m inute of the bobbin

the w in ding of the first layer woul d b e
3 06 3 66 3 9 23 1 6
138 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

63 x 50
x 3 92 3 1 6
58 x 25

Th e revolutions of the sp i n dle p er m inute are

1 6 5 x 56 x 50
3 06 3 6 6
1 X 58 x 25

number Of co ils of rove woun d up on the bobb in per

Th e
minute are therefore
3 06 3 6 6

The follow ing w ill therefore repre sent the length of rove woun d
X 22
X inche s per m inute
7

The front roller ,

in that t ime make s ,

1 65 X 46 X 40
revoluti ons
24 X 1 1 5

or del ivers

l 6 5 x 4 6 >< 4 0
3 8 8 9 28 inch es of rove
24 x 1 1 5 >< 7

Therefore th at length i s stretche d if the rove i s assume d to ,

h ave no th icknes s to , inches or to the e x tent of ,

1 3 26 5 i nch es more than the rollers del i ver ; th i s i s equal t o

nearly per cent .

Th e part i culars containe d in Fig 27 are those of a slubber .

frame the different i al be ing that known as B rooks and Sh aw s

,
’
.

The act i on of th i s different ial i s rea dily un derstoo d Appl y ing .

the formula as i n the previ ous e x amples

n m i n

for all con dit ions of working the revolut i ons wh i ch th e bobb in,

woul d make per m inute i f the bottom cone was s t e ppe d or i f

, ,

th e tw ist wheel was 0 are ,

( 771 i a
) X
 l 40 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

therefore of these the bobb in woul d make

,

Calculat ing directly from the sp in dle to the bobb in the revol a ,

t ions of the latter per one of the former woul d b e

52 x 24

The revolut ions of the bobb in assum ing the bottom cone to
,

rotate wh ilst M i s at rest and the di amet ers of the top an d

bottom cones at po ints oppos ite the centre of the cone st r ap
,

wh ilst in the i nit i al pos it i on be ing 6 } inches an d 3 5 inche s

,

respect ively woul d b e

,

[ 1 6 2 1 6 2 x

74 x 50

The rate at wh i ch the coils are woun d during the first layer
la id upon th e bobb in i s therefore
4 8 07 7 1 00 5 per m inute

The rate at wh i ch th e rove i s woun d

—
1
1 00 5 X 1 2 X 22 4 7 3 7 8 i nches per m inute
7

The rate at wh i ch the front roller revolves

46 x 65
200 X revolut i ons per m m ute 1 43 1 2

32 X 180

The length del ivere d per m inute by the front roller is

1 95 x 22
’
46 x 65
200 4 8 00 i nches
s x rso
><
7
The amount of rove wh i ch the bobb inw in ds in e xcess of
th at del ivere d by the front roller assuming the ra dius of the
,

w in ding c ircle of the rove inch

48 0 47 3 7 8 6 2 2 inches
or p er cent les s than that del ivere d
. .

The Spee d in Fl y F rame s —Th e spee d at wh i ch the most

.

sat isfactory resul ts are obta ine d vary w ith the working
 A ND CO STS OF Y ARN 141

con di t ions : the k in d of work the e ffic i ency of the m ach ines , ,

sk ill an d organ i z at ion of the operat ives .

D at a on th i s subj ect sh oul d not b e regar de d as infle xible ,

but shoul d be subj ecte d to mo dificati on such as e xper ience an d

developments in the appl i cat i on suggest
, , .

The rates of sp in dle spee ds atta inable i n mo dern makes

of these frames fitte d w i th long collars are
, ,

K ind o f co t t on Sl bb
u er . I nterm edi at e . R o v er .

E gy pti an 4 50 500-
050 8 00
-
9 50 1 050
-
1 000 1 1 50
-

Am eri ca n 550—7 00 7 00—8 50 1 050 1 200

-

I ndi an 6 00—7 00 7 50—8 50 1 050 1 200

-

fl
Adopt th e h ighest benefic ial spee d an d fix other con dit i ons s o
t hat the wh ole of the mach inery i s cont inuously o ccup ie d in
pro duc ing the requ ire d amount .

Pr oport ions of Mach inery in t he Car ding Depar tme nt — Th e y

frame processe s us ually cons i st of thre e stages but somet ime s ,

t wo an d four are a dopte d They are name d respect ively slubber

.
,

i nterme di ate rover ; slubber rover

,
slubber interme di ate , , ,

r over j ack
, .

Th e number of these processes e xpe dient depen ds up on th e

e xtent of the attenuat ion des ire d pri or t o sp inn ing an d also t o , ,

some e xtent up on th e ch aracter of the cotton Un i form staple d

,
.

cottons are influenc e d les s detrimentally by h igh drafts B eyon d .

a certa in count th e roving can be more econom i cally prepare d by

an a ddit ional proce ss That l imit canno t be fi xe d I t ranges
. .

upwar ds from between 1 5 an d 20 The dr aft ne cessary t o .

attenuate the draw ing sl iver to th e des ire d e xtent for s p inn ing
i s di str ibute d amongst these two three or fo u r proces ses in , ,

certa in proport ion ( see p .

I n the mach inery from the car d onwar d to Sp inn in g i t i s

customary t o arrange the mach inery i n what are terme d pre
” ”
parati ons .A preparation cons ists of one slubber and all
“

the other mach inery neces sary to prepare as well as to deal

w ith i ts pro duct Such may be l iterally e xpresse d as a slubber
.
1 42 CO TTON SP I NN I N G CALCULATI ON S

an d i ts
complement The following are the proport ions of the
.

mach inery form ing one preparat ion i h

Cards . Com b ers . D raw f ram es . Sl bb
u ers . I nt er m edi at e s . R over s .

Mu l e sp i n 9 t 0 1 5 6 130 1 0 On e fram e o f One fr am e o f T wo m F m fra es our fra es

ni ng 18 24 80 to1 00 1 20 to 1 68 200 to of of to
d v di i elsi ndl
. 1 4 0 s pdl es sp
indl s es . sp e
ded to in each each .

three heads
R i ngfr am cs D i tto D i tto D i tto Di tto

The
follow ing are therefore the proport ions of the above
name d mach ines per slubb ing sp in dle respect ively ,

(d li i ) ( p i d l ) ( p indl ) ( p indl ) e ver es s n e s es s es

00 7 5 00 1 -
10 27 2—3 0

These propor tions are those rul ing in the bulk of sp inn ing
m ills an d i t i s therefore reasonable to as sume that they r epr e
,

s ent what i s foun d most u seful .

Draft s in Fl y Frame s — The following are the factors control

l ing the divi s ion of the comb ine d attenuat ion require d in the
respect ive fly frame processes
( 1 ) Number of sp in dles of each type available
( 2) Spee ds pract icable ;
( 3 ) E xtent of the comb ine d attenuat ion requ ire d ;
( 4 ) E fficaciou s twi st c onstant at each stage
( 5) Time lost at each stage .

These dec ide d for e x ample as g iven below the respect ive
, , ,

draf ts are arr ive d at a s follows

Sp eed of s p i dl
n es ( p er m inu te) . S l bb
u er, 550 . I nt erm edi at e, 8 00 . R over, 1 200 .

P er cent t im e lost ( approx )

.

Twi st co n stant
P roporti ons of spi ndles
C ou nt at each sta g e
D ra ft at each stag e

T otal draft m these fl y h s al wa y s fi x e d by the count o f roving

T i is

fram es ec e upon for spinning and by t he we ight o f

d id d
sl i ver m ost su itab le at the drawing fra m e
, ,
.
1 44 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI O N S

frames : 02 and 6 0 respect ively Un der these con dit ions the .

total draft or the attenuat ion in the slubber i nterme di ate , ,

6
an d roving frames woul d be - — X (2 X the latter allow
02
for the two doubl ings i n each of the latter stages ; 1 20 .

Therefore the we ight pro duce d per roving sp in dle p er

55 h ours

55 6 0 X 1 200 X 93
X 8 3 lbs .

3 6 ins . x 8 4 0 y ds . 6 1 00

( 03 ) ( C3 )
The we ight pro duce d per i nterme diate §
3
X 8 3 lb S
sp in dle per 55 hours 3
’

55 x 60 x 8 00 x 90 s
x
3

55 x 60

02 23 3 , t he count of th e interme diate rove

The we ight pro duce d per slubb ing

sp in dle per 55 hours X

X 8 lbs .

VCI X CI
36 x 8 40 x 8 3
'

x 8 x 1 00
0 615

01 0 7 25, count of the slubb ing sliver

The drafts in the respect ive fly frames may be now as oer

fa ine d from the ab ove counts an d they are as follows
,

D raft in the rover

count of roving X 2
count Of i nterme di ate

Draft in the interme di ate

count of inter rove X . 2 X 2
count Of slubb ing
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 145

Draft in the slubber

count Of slubb ing
count of sl iver 02

seen f r om th i s proce dure that the dr afts in these

I t is , ,

mach ines depen d not only upon the proport ions of Sp in dles but ,

also on the other pro duct ive factors m ent ione d on p 1 4 2 and .
,

numbere d 2 3 4 5 , , ,
.

P ARTI CU LARS OF F LY F R AME S .

Loss O f u m e
l g
d ue t o o i i n ,
l
c e ani ng, and U s ual is z es
h
Mac ine i ncidenta l of f ll
u Us ua l l ift s

t pp g b bb
. .

s o a es o i ns
p tf m
.

a ar ro
dofii ng .

R over 5§ 3§ to 3 2 5 to 54 "
7 and 8 8 to 1 1 ozs . 1 2 m in s .

In term e diate 46
"
to 4 5 '
6 to 9 and 10 18 to 24 ozs .

S lubb er 10 to 1 2 24 to 3 0ozs .

The P r oduct ion i n Fl y Frame s — TO est imate th e pro duct i on of

the above n ame d m ach ines
-
R over , sp in dles making 1 1 50 .

revolut ions per m in u te ; hours worke d 55 Allo w 5— 5 per cent , .

,
.

for loss occas i one d thro u gh breakages and procee d as follows ,

We ight of contents the we ight that woul d be del ivere d

of full bobb in in X in the perio d re qu ire d to make a
ounces doff if no stoppages
, (a)
the we ight in ounces
1 1 50 X 1 6 del i vere d by the roller
twi st per inc h X 36 X 8 40 X coun t i n one m i nute u ni nt er ,

r upt ed w ork ing (y )

m inutes requ ire d to fill a s et Of bobb ins
m inutes t aken to fill an d
+ t1 m e l ° s t m dOffing doff a set Of bobbins (z )
-

y
we i ght contents of Of pro duct i on per sp in dle in
55 x 6 0
z
X { a bobbin in ounces } { ounces per week
146 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Therefore, with the count pro duce d by the roving 6 the twist ,

constant 1 2 and the contents Of a full bobb in 1 0 oz s th e

, .
,

pro duct ion per sp in dle in ounces and b anks per 55 hours ,

respectively woul d b e
,

55 X 60
1 00
54 5 x 10 1 03 5 2 ozs
12 .

1 1 50 x 1 6

Hanks

With the count pro duce d by the interme di ate the tw ist
constant 1 2 and the contents of a full bobb in 22 o z s the
, .
,

pro duct ion per sp in dle in ounces and hanks per 55 hours
respect ively woul d b e
,

55 x 6 0

22 x 9 9
94 5 22 oz s
12 x .

8 00 x 1 6
x 12 x 36 x 8 4 0 x 23 3

Hanks 42 8

Wi th the count pro duce d by the slubber 07 1 5 the twi st ,

constant 1 2 and the contents of a full bobb in 28 oz s the

, .
,

pro duction per week in ounces and hanks per 55 hours

respect ively woul d b e
,

55 x 60
1 00
28 X
T
9
‘
5
12
X 28 1 055 ozs .

550 X 16
x 1 2 x 3 6 x 8 4 0 x 0 7 25
 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

If all 53-
hank rovings were pro duce d the total we ight ,

woul d be
28 1 6 0 X “ 4 ; X 45
lbs . lbs . lbs .

“ 55 X 55

Th e amount of 4 , h ank rov ing r e qu l r ed per week i s

1 !

lbs .

The number of roving s pin dles requ ire d to prepare lbs .

Of 55 hank must b e
7
-

5028 0
total roving sp in dle s X 7 4 7 2, say 42 frame s
7 1 057

L eaving 1 8frames for the 4 % b ank .

Another way of arriving at the number of roving sp in dles to

engage on e ach count is
lbs . Of 55 hank hanks
lbs . Of 45

Therefore , if 6 0 frames Of 1 7 6 sp in dles pro duce the above ,

an d the respect ive pro duct ive rat ios are

F or 4 5-

,
S
,
4; X in h anks or length
55 55 X V 2
5 1
, 4

th en the number of frames requ ire d for 20 hanks of 4 5

9

x/ 5
4
18 frames
V55
1

and for hanks Of 55

5

60 X 4 2 frame s

The pro duct ion of the fly frame s drawing frames and car ds , , ,

in poun ds must be as follo ws allowing

, per cent for waste at , .

each stage
512 hank P ro duct ion in poun ds per roving sp in dle
, ,

5028 0 X 1 00
4 2 x 1 7 6 x 9 a;
 A ND CO STS OF YARN 1 49

4 5 hank P ro duct ion in poun ds per roving sp in dle

, ,

21 8 6 0 x 1 00
1 8 X 1 7 6 x 99 5

P ro duct ion in poun ds per interme di ate sp in dle

, ,
. All these
f rames mak ing the sam e count
7 8 440 x 1 00
3 3 60 x 99

P ro duct ion in poun ds per slubb ing sp in dle

, ,

7 8 440 X 1 00
691 2
1 1 52 X 9 8 5

P ro duct ion in poun ds per draw frame del ivery

, ,

7 8 44 0 X 1 00
8 34 lbs .

96 X 98

We ight per car d ( se e later) .

The Spee ds of the Spindle s in the R oving Frame s — Talu ng the

°

twi st constants at 1 2 in each of the fly frames and the ,

stoppage s and allowances a s in di cate d procee d t o ascertain ,

the rate of rotat ion of the sp in dles .

Q

R oving 55 hank : The do ffs per week

,

6 8 34 X 16
11

The t ime to complete a set of bobb ins and doff

(555 ( m ins per . doffing)

hours

Spee d of sp in dles ; revolut ions p er m inute

1 1 X 55 X 8 4 O X 3 6 X \ /55 X 1 2
'

1 07 3
5 x 60

R ov ing , 4 5 hank The do ffs per week

s sé x 1 6
-

11
1 50 COTTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

The t ime to complete a set Of bo bb ins an d do ff

97 5
(555
1
25) 1 2 99 3 x 1 2 m ins .

1 00
hours
1 2 9 93

The Count of t he I nterm edi at e R oving — The we ight on an

interme diate bobb in 22 oz s .

R evolut ions Of sp in dle per m inu te 8 00 ; allowances : 1 2 ,

m inutes each doff and 25per cent after 25hours for clean ing
,
. .

1
2
x 16
Ti me lost in doffing
2 X 12 206 m ins .

1
Nett t ime work ing 53 hrs . 206 mins . x
$38 28 8 7 m ins .

the count

x \ /C x

The count

count

The Count of t he Sl ubbing R ov e — The we ight of the slubb ing

bobb in 28 oz s .

R evolut i ons Of sp in dle s 600; allowances : 1 4 m inutes per

,

do ff and 25per c ent after 25hours for clean ing

,
. .

The pro duct ion requ ire d per sp in dle per week lb s .

Time lost in doffing X 14 553 m ins .

Nett t ime work ing 53 hrs . 553 m ins X . 254 7 mins .

1 52 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Wei ght Car d the Sli v er — Nu mber

fl
of . car ds 1 20; allow 4 for
Of ,

grin ding . Hours worke d actual , , 55, less 25 per cent .

7 8 44 0 1 00
X 6 97 lbs .
, s ay 7 00
116 97

R evolut ions of do er 15 per m inute 26 i n ches di ameter .

We ight of sl iver p er yar d

7 000 x 7 00
26 22
X X 55 X
36 7

ANALY SI S OF TH E ACTI ON OF D RAWI N G R OLLE R S .

P rovi de d it i s reasonable to assume that top rollers move

at the rate of th e cotton wi th wh i ch th ey are in conta ct then ,

F igs 28 and 29 are recor ds of th e act ion Of the dr aw ing ro l lers

.

in the vari ous frames un der or dinary working con dit ions , .

F ig 29 g ives the part i culars Of the Observe d relat i ve move

.

ment in slubber interme di ate roving an d sp inn ing m ach ines

, , , .

04 5—
94 —
5 7 5

D r af t — —6
9 4 4 L4 »

Re v s

Re v s :

Dr a tf
FI G . 28 A . FI G . 28 B .

Those , subs equently given marke d S W be in g of the self ,

. .

we ighte d type i e only the front top roller be ing we ight e d

, . . .

The rest are Of the or dinary we i ghte d type .

F igs 28 A 28 13 Show th e manner Of obta in ing the dat a

.
, ,
.

The revolut ions g iven are e x clus ively in respect Of each pa ir

of rollers ( bottom an d top ) The relat ive rotat ion Of th e .

di fferent l ines are conta in ed in th e draft .

I n these figures the rollers are arrange d in the or der of the i r

 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 1 53

sequence from left to r ight back to fr ont The ir c ircumference

, ,
.
,

revolutions and dr aft are pl acé d oppos ite the parts to wh ich
,

they refer .

Th e top l ine of numerals in figs are the Observe d rat io in , ,

the movement or draft in the top rollers in each instance in

, , ,

terms of one Of the prece dent roller Thus 1 0 03 i s that of the .

,

secon d in terms Of 1 un it Of movement Of the first top roller .

The m iddle l ine of numeral s relate to the difference in the

movement of th e top and the bottom rollers in terms Of one of
the latter .

The bottom l ine of nume rals g ives the rat i o between the bottom

VER
—
I NT ERM E D IAT E
— ——
S L UBB E R
—
RO
1 15 4 32 P 04 5 ) — —
F T
5 7

7 r F
> 1 01 3 3 98

:
-

7
9

1 01 5 1 07 0 98 2 1 008
T T 1
7
1 205 0

L i — —J 1 21 s - 3 97-
'

J L 1 21 5 9 L
— —J
3 31

VE R (S W F RA M E ( S W )
RO
1 OO3 — —
.

6 4
RI NG
1 08 —g— —
.

F T
7 05

7 r T 1
1 (1 1 28 7 1 005 1 02 1 1 25 1 01

L -
> L J L i e 36 J
—
F I G 29. .

lines of rollers in each instance in terms of one of the pre ce dent

, ,

roller .

The features most not ice able fig 29 are the vari at ions in the , .
,

sl ip of the cotton in dicate d by the movement Of the respect ive

,

top rollers E xcept in th e slubb ing frame th i s slip is cons ider

.
,

able Wi th that e xcept i on the e ffect of the act i on of the first and
.

s econ d pa irs of rollers appears to be only that attr ibutable to the

elast ic ity of the rove be i ng : 4 5 per cent in th e interme di ate

,
°

.
,

1 3 per cent i n one ro ver an d 0 3 per cent in the other rover

. .
,

wh ilst it i s almost 8 per cent in the r ing frame . .

The Functi ons of t he R e specti ve Li ne s of Draw R ol lers —There

are no reasons for suspect ing that the rat ios g iven in th e last
paragraph differ from those generally obta in ing Thos e results .

i mply that th e funct ions Of the m i ddle an d back top rollers

are first that Of obta in ing a un iform tens ion in th a t port ion
, ,
1 54 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

Of the rove bet ween the m ; secon d that of controlling the bo dy

,

of fibres not with in the n ip Of th e front pair Of rollers If .

these inferences are true it c annot be an advantage to pla ce

,

the middle and back rollers w i dely apart als o in h av ing a ,

draft greater than that wh i c h covers the poss ible var iat ions in
tens ion and natural ela st i c ity of the rove F or these reasons .

the draft between the fi rst and secon d l ines Of rollers shoul d
al ways be l o w and in accor dance w ith the last name d -

con diti ons The difference in the c on dit i on in wh ich the

'

cotton i s presente d i n th e slubber accounts for the almost

,

complete real iz at i on of the draft between the first and se con d

l ine s Of rollers in that mach ine .

H ANK I ND I CATOR S .

F igs 3 0 and 3 1 contain the gear common in the Ol d an d new

.

ty pes of hank in di cators use d in drawing fly and ring frames

, ,
.

I n Fig 3 0 the di al i s numbere d from 0 to 1 00 an d th i s part

.
,

i s connecte d wi th th e front roller by the following tra in of

wheels : A s ingle worm
nt
o n on the front roller dr ive s
”o e,

a worm wheel of 51 teeth ,

the subsequent gear be ing

d r i vers
5_ 5 5 j
6 0 6 0 6 0 6 0
-
the . 4 " “

dri ven
? ’ : , ’

latter denominator be ing

the di al wheel .

Th i s form Of in di cator
does not a dmit of rel i a ble
fract i onal rea dings and ,

for th i s reason i s be ing

di scar de d .

The above gear i s

only appl icable to frames contain ing a front roller 1 5 inch in
di ameter .

An allowance of 25 per cent i s always m a de for breakages

. ,

s o that the in dicator regi sters 25 per cent less than the actual .

length del ivere d .

1 56 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

E XE R CI SE 5 .
-
What le ngth in ha nks woul d be del ivere d per 100 recorde d if
the 3 6 worm wheel is cha nge d t o 3 7 A ns
E X E R CI SE 6 —What le ngth i n b anks w oul d be del ivere d
.

. per 1 00 recor de d if
the 3 6 and 3 4 wor m wheels are cha nge d to 3 5 and 25 ? A ns
7 —
.

E XE R CI S E What
. rov ing wil l be pro duce d in a fram e
w e ight Of 4 °

co nta ining 200 Sp indles per 52 hanks recor de d by an indicator as in Fig 3 1 ,

.
,

ass um ing the l ess is actually 25per ce nt A ns 2560 l bs

. . .

LE NGTH OR F U LL B OBB I N STOP MOTI ON S .

Fig 3 2 represents a length stop mot ion appl icable in fine

.

work when a number Of sets of bobb ins are requ ire d c onta in ing
e xactly the same length Th i s mot ion i s very .

D 5O conven ient in the preparat i on of spec ial rove

=

0 for sp inn ing samples an d small quant it ies an d

1 ,

when not more th an the roving ne ce ssary to

F 25 =
make the yarn i s requ ire d .

A i s a worm on the front roller B a worm ,

FIG 3 2 wheel C a worm on the latter dr iv in g D D i s

, , ,

compoun de d w ith the wor m E ; E dr ives F ,

an d th i s i s attache d to a peg di sc G ; a suspen de d catch H

operates the strap control rele ase bar I at each revoluti on of G .

B i s the ch ange wheel .

The length of rov ing delivere d per act ion of th i s mot ion wi th

4 29 5 yar ds .

E XE R CI SE 1 .
—What s ize
change wheel ( 3 5) woul d be r eq uire d to m ake
Of

bobb ins conta ining 21 leas 7 3 yards ,

A ns 27 . .

E X E R C I SE 2 —A rov ing fra m e co nta ining 200 sp indles is re qu ire d to prepare

.

500 l bs Of 20 rov ing for a m ule us ing double rov ing and co nta ining 1 000sp in dles
.
8
.

What change wheel will g ive the nearest approach to the nec essary le ngth on
each bobb in A ns 3 4 . .

E X E R C I SE 3 What lengths of roving will be del ivere d by t he fro nt roller

.
-

per a ctio n of this part with change wheels ra nging fro m 25 t o 4 5 respectively ?

M ULE CAL CULATI ON S .

The Gearing in Mul e s .

—The parts engage d during Sp inn ing
rece ive the ir moti on from the r i m sh aft .

The se p arts that are engage d wh ilst sp inn ing i s in abeyance

 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 1 57

rece ive the ir mot ion through the shaft des ignate d the back ing
OH an d tak ing u p mot i ons sh aft
- .

The r im an d th e back ing off an d tak ing u p mot i ons Shaft

fl
- -

rece ive the ir movement from th e l ine shaft usually through the ,

me dium Of a counter sh aft Th is system Of dr iving obtains .

better control than when driven direct from the l ine sh aft .

The draft gear in these mach ine s i s ident ical w ith that in
the y and r ing frames
,
R eference to thes e w ill make clear all
.

that c an be sa id respect ing drafts and ch anges in the counts in

mules E xamples are given later in th i s secti on
. .

d i r im sh aft by an
( )a T h e sp in dles are connecte w th the
in direct tra in compri s ing two direct tra ins of pulleys an d ban ds
, ,

the rope from the pulley on the r im shaft be in g gu ide d to one

on the t in roller sh aft by su itable carri ers The last name d .
-

Shaft i s couple d to a ser i es of long drums known as t in rollers ,

these drive ban ds conveying the mot i on to groove d pulleys or

wh arves on the sp in dles The r im p ul ley is the usual change
.

part in th i s train I n some makes sl ight changes are also

.

arrange d for i n the s i z e of the tin roller pulley it i s then ma de

,

in two detachable port ions When a ch ange in the Spee d of the

.

Sp in dle i s e xpe dient th i s ch ange i s use d for alter ing the rate of
,

rotati on Of the sp in dle and i t s relati on with other parts .

( b) Th e connect i ng gear from the r i m sh aft to the front roller ,

in most makes Of mules cons i sts of an in direct tra in of s ix wheels

, ,

arrange d in three direct or s imple trains These are conven iently .

mounte d to enable at least one driver and one dr iven wheel to

b e ch ange d A change in the value Of th i s train is n ecessary
.

wh en an alterat i on in th e relat ion Of the rollers with the r im

Shaft i s requ ire d Als o when a change in the spee d of th e
.
,

sp in dle i s des ire d but w ith out any alterat i on in th e relation

,

between th i s part and the rollers .

( )
e Th e fron t r o l l er i s connecte d with the back roller by an

i n direct tra in of four wh eels compri s ing two direct trains These .

wheels are name d th e draft wheels an d respect i vely the front , ,

roller crown p in i on and back roller wheels The two latter

, , , .

are conven i ently mounte d for chang ing be ing the me dium of ,

alterat i ons i n the draft .

The m iddle back rollers are connecte d by a direct tra in ,

1 58 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULA TI ON S

compr is ing three wheels in th e same manner as in fl y ,

frame s .

( d) The carri age of sp in dles i s drawn outwar d by two sets

, ,

of ropes attache d to drums secure d upon the back Shaft The .

latter be ing connecte d w ith the front rollers by an in direct tra in

of five wheels these compri se two direct tra ins
, Tho se wheels .

are conven iently arrange d t O enable a driven and a driver to be

ch ange d They are kno wn as the gain and ga in boss wheels
“

respect ively the last name d driving the wheel on the back
,

sh af t. Thes e wheels are the me dium of alterat ions in the rate

of movement of the carriage relat ive to that of the front roller ,

an d therefore they control the tens ion in the yarn dur ing

sp inn ing I n sp inn ing the poorer classes of yarn ga in i s Often

.

”
a m inus quant ity The j ack ing
. ratch ing or stretch ing
“
,
” “
,

m ot ion i s the means by wh i ch y arns m ay be i mprove d during ,

Sp inn in g by the el i m inat i on Of s oft th i c k port i on s

, The m ot i on .

i s not usually a dopte d for other than fine work because it ,

re duces the pro duct ion cons iderably thereby increas ing the cost ,

Of sp inn ing I t i s the me dium for actuat ing the b acks haft tra i n
.

at 5 to 5 the normal rate an d during th i s act ion the r ol l er s are

,

e ither at rest or mov ing at an almost i mpercept i ble rate Th i s .

act i on has the e ffect of moving the carri age at from 5to 5Of the
normal Spee d and hence the yarn i s stretche d an d ma de more
,

un iform by the th i cker port ions be ing attenuate d I n a ecom .

pl is hin g th i s successfully i t i s necessary that the yarn shoul d

only rece ive a port i on of i ts twi st pr ior to th i s act ion The .

e xact amount cannot be state d because it var i es in e xt ent w ith , ,

the c ircumstances from g to 5 Of that require d be ing lowest in

, ,

the best prepare d an d long staple d cottons

-
When the com
-
.

p l e t e d yarn conta i ns above the stan dar d tw i st much tw i st i ng i s ,

necessary at the hea d “

Th i s i f c omplete d at the or dinary
.
”
,

spee d Of the sp in dle results in a cons iderable l e s s of t ime

, .

The gear ing compri se d i n th i s mot ion var ies i n the di fferent
, ,

makes Three types are conta ine d in F igs 3 4 3 6 3 7 an d 3 8

. .
, , ,
.

( e) The slow roller turn ing or re ce ding mot ion containe d

”
, , ,

in F igs 3 4 an d 3 6 cons i sts Of a tra in of wheels in un interrupte d

.
,

connect ion w ith the r im shaft Th i s prevents the front roller .

from b e ing at rest wh ilst the r im Shaft i s rotat ing in the

 1 60 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

carr iage front ; an a dj ustable number of teeth per draw through ,

the me dium Of a pawl an d p awl lever The pawl lever at .

,

each passage i s p ushe d pr i or to th e term inat i on of each outwar d

,

movement of t he carri age The e xtent of th i s movement i s

.

a djuste d by vary ing the incl ination of the curve d bracket and ,

also by the use of screws of different p itch R atchet wheels are

, .

ma de a stan dar d di ameter by each maker but with varying ,

numbers Of teeth Whenever conven ient the wheel i s move d

.

—
one tooth per draw only .

The R ol l er Deli ver y Mot i on dur ing Windi ng

, Th i s mot ion
usually cons ists of a direct tra in compose d of three wheels for
, ,

dr iv ing the front rollers dur ing the i nwar d run of the carr i age .

Th i s i s effe cte d from the back shaft The wheel on the latter
.
,

or that on the front roller i s furn ishe d with an escapement that

,

allows Of the front roller be ing driven by the maj or movement

active .

The win ding mot i on i s s i m ilar in c onstruct i on in all the

types of mule s i n general use I t cons i sts of an actuat ing
.

chain an d cha in barrel w i th a direct tra in connect i on to a wh eel

,

on the t in roller Sh aft Th i s generally cons i sts of two wheels

.
,

one Of these commu ni cating th e movement to the shaf t through

an escapement that allows th e tin roller t o be alway s un der th e
i nfluence of the m aj or movement Th e rate at wh i ch the cha in
.

i s unwoun d from the barrel controls the Sp in dle The rate of .

the u nwin ding of the cha in i s determine d by the ra dius describe d

by th e other end of the ch ain Th i s is secure d to a nut on a
.

screw w ith in the qua drant arm the s crew b e ing actuate d in one
,

direct i on only an d th i s increase s the ra di us descr ibe d by the nut

, .

Th i s i s the funct i on Of the automat ic w in der govern ing mot i on .

The back ing OS an d tak ing —

-
in mot ion i s sho wn in each of the
F igs 3 3 and 3 4 Th i s i s the same in all typ es of mules e xcep t
. .

that the value of the tra in and rate of movement are var ie d .

D uring recent years cons iderable i mprovement has been

ma de in th i s mot ion The change enables the tens ion to
.
,

wh i ch the yarn i s subjecte d to be a dj uste d in the most des irable

,

degree . Th i s i s Obtaine d by th e intro duct i on of parts wh i ch

control the engagement of the back ing Off fri ct ion and allow th is
-
,

t o be deferre d unt il the momentum of the r im Shaft i s re duce d to

 AND CO STS OF YARN 1 61

th e des ire d degree The e ffects are that back ing Off fr ict ion s
.
-

may be run at slower rate s and are m or e rel i able They can be .

a dj uste d more definitely t o the requi rements .

The H a s t ening Motion — The usefulness Of self act ing mules -

for the finest counts ha s been i mprove d by the intro duct ion
of figure 3 5 type Of th i s mot ion I t s a ims are to secure the
.

des ire d a djustment in the number and spac ing of the co ils
woun d u pon the sp in dle at the term i nat i on of win ding Als o .
,

to rel ieve thereby the stra in u po n the yarn dur ing th e act ion
of backing eff
-
.

Twi st — The follow ing are th e common twi st constants

’

stan dar ds in connect i on w ith th e or dinar y qualities of Single

yarns :

The Condi ti ons governing t he Vari ous Chang es i n t he Wheel

Tr ain Val ue s in Mule s spee d Of the Sp in dle shoul d be
Th e
the h ighest cons i stent w ith the quali ty of yarn requ ire d and with ,

du e regar d to the wear an d tear of the mach ine The r i m pulley .

i s the me dium of alteration .

( 2) The tw i st requ i re d in the yarn must conform w i th the

stan dar ds given above Th i s controls the s i z es of th e rims
.
,

tw ist an d spee d wheels .

(3 ) The most benefic ial rate at wh i ch the carr i age may b e

move d outwar d often restricts the spee d at wh i ch the sp in dles
run an d determines the s i z e Of the spee d wh eel F i ve draws
,
.

i n 60 secon ds i s cons idere d th e m aximum rate at wh i ch the

carri age may be worke d .

(4) The coun t of the roving ava ilable and that Of the yarn
des ire d
.

( 5) The gain or drag must be governe d by c ircum

“ “

stances ; general ly it i s benefic ial in attenuat ing the th ick sof t

an d break ing the weak parts Of th e yarn At the s ame t i me i t
.

M
1 62 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

el iminates snarls and i s usually applie d to the greates t e xtent

,

pract i cable Th i s governs the relat ion between the movement

.

of the carri age and rollers .

(6 ) Jack ing or ratch can only be a dopte d when time

” “

and other c ircumstances perm it G enerally it is only a dopte d

.

to a very l imite d e xtent in other sect ions than the pro duction of
fine yarns I t i s essenti al in the pro duct ion of yarns of a
.

superior quality ; somet imes it i s appl ie d to the e xtent of a s

much as 4 5 inche s in a draw of 60 inches .

( 7 ) The shaper wheel governs the th i ckness of the cep

”
.

I n chang ing the follo wing precauti ons shoul d be note d

,

( 1 ) Avoid changing the twi st by means of e ither the spee d wheel

or r im pulley before ascertain ing whether a change in the
sp in dle or carr iage spee d will be most benefici al and to what ,

e xtent each of these may be altere d to a dvantage .

(2) Before chang ing the twi st wheel cons ider whether the ,

pr epe s ed alterat ion can be accompli she d to greater a dvantage by

means of the r i m or spee d whe el .

( 3 ) Always not ice an d colle ct data Of the difference between

the calculate d and actual results These vary very cons iderably
.

i n the non pos it ive ge ar and can only be sat i sfactor ily deter
-
,

mine d in th i s way .

( 4) Check the accuracy of the e ffect s of the draft Th i s i s .

re a dily done at the sp in dle po int by tak ing a su ffic i ent nu mber Of
en ds Of a stan dar d length to en able th e counts to be as certaine d
, , .

( 5) The differences in the rate of Sp in dles vary very much ,

and in ascerta in ing the actual tw i st several tests shoul d be ma de

, .

CAL CULATI ON S AND OTH E R P AR TI CU LAR S OF THE VARI OU S

TR AI N S OF G E ARI NG .

Fi g 3 3 i s
. a plan of the gearing as foun d in the Hetherington
mule for coarse and me dium counts The part iculars relat ing t o .

the driving of the r im shaft in th i s figure are

Line Shaft 23 5 revolut ions per m i nute ; diameter Of drum
, ,

3 2 inches .

Counter sh aft : fast and loose pulleys 1 6 inches ; dr l vm g ,

drum 28 i nches di ameters

, .
1 64 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Siz eof r im 18
Size of T R P . . . 12
R evs of Sp indle per min
. .

NOTE —The actual wil l differ c onsiderably fro m the calculat e d Spee d The .

loss be t wee n the rim Shaft and the sp indle will be from 5 per cent up wards .
,

whe n t he dia m e t ers of the surfac es in the t ra in are m easure d in t he cust om ary
way .

( )
b Thrate of rotat ion of th e front roller relative to the
e

sp in dles i s varie d in or der to Obtain th e des ire d twist The tra in .

connect ing th e front roller w ith the r im shaft i s provide d with

suitable ch ange ge ar for that purpose The length delivere d by .

the front roller during the outwar d run of the carriage var ie s ,
”
w ith the amount that the latter i s des ire d t o ga in The “
.

movement by the carriage i s from 6 8 i nches to 58 5inches the ,

former in mules for coarse and the latter in those for fine work
, , .

”
Assum ing no ga in the surface rates Of the movement of the
,

rollers and carr i age correspon d Thus w ith the front roller
.
,

1 i nch in di ameter an d the draw 6 4 inches the front roller ,

makes
20 revolut ions per draw

With the gearing from the r im shaft to the rollers arrange d

to g ive the qu i ckest movement practi cable with in the range of
change wheels state d : the largest dri ver and the smallest dr iven
change wheels must be a dopte d ; wh ilst in the train from th e
r i m shaft to th e sp in dle s the smallest dri vers and the largest
,

driven change wheels are necessary Thus neglect ing the .

,

slippage ari s ing in respect of the connect i on to the sp in dles the ,

i d
revoluti ons of the Sp n le per 20 5 i
1 , revolut ons Of the front
r oll er woul d b e

3 8 x 3 5 X 40 X 1 2 X 6
20A
1 1
41 2 5

Th is represents the least twist per draw un der the

con ditions name d .

The twi st per inch Of yarn i s therefore

64
Thus , driver wheels and driven pulleys in th is connection
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 1 65

re duce the tw i st inversely to ch anges in the ir s iz e wh i lst dri ven ,

wheels and dr iver pulleys h ave th e i nverse effect Therefore .

,

the revoluti ons of the sp in dle s per draw an d the twi st inserte d
per inch of yarn spun wi th other chang e wheels than those
,

g iven in the previ ous calculat i ons are a s follows ,

( bl ) Size of wheel
the r im Shaft
on 30 29 28 27 26 25 24
R evs of sp indle per draw
. 4 12 4 26 441 4 57 47 5 4 94 51 5
Twist per i nch

Size of wheel on the rim shaft 23 22 21 20 19 18 17

R evs of Sp indle per draw
. 53 7 562 58 8 61 8 6 50 687 7 28
Twist per inch 8 4 92

revolut ions of the Sp in dles per draw poss ible w ith the
Th e
range in spee d whe els ( 40 -
as speci fie d and the rest of the ,

s pee d gear e x cept ing that a wheel of 1 7 teeth replaces th e 3 0

,

on the r im shaft as g iven in the previ ous calculat ion are as

, ,

foll ows z— The tra in from the rollers to the r im sh aft when
3 8 X 3 5 X 40
Obta ins 7 28 revolut i ons of the Sp in dl e per dra w
20 X 3 5 X 1 7
of 20 4
revolut ions of the front roller The 4 0 in th is tra in
1 , .

i s the spee d wheel and therefore increas ing th e s i ze of th i s

w ill cause a re du ce d rate of movement by the rollers an d ,

carri age i nversely to the change i n these wh eels an d h ence

, ,

proporti onately more twi st in the follow ing amount s

(b Size spe ed wheel

Of 40 41 42 43
R evs of spindl e per dra w
. 7 28 7 4 6 7 64 7 8 2
Twis t per inch 1 1 9 1 22

may b e Obta ine d by increas ing

Fur ther i ncreases i n the t wi st
the value of th i s tra in Th is may be accompl i she d by re du c ing
.

the number of the teeth conta ine d in the wheel on the same
a xi s a s the spee d wheel an d also th e b evel wh eel

dr iving that on the front roller sh aft The latter i s name d th e .

front roller cl utch bevel By replac ing thes e w ith 27 and 1 7

.

respect ively the range of t wi st obtain able when a 6 0 Spee d

,
-

wheel i s also employe d becomes ,

20 4 X 33
5 3 5 3 5 X 60 X 1 2 1 6 7 0 revolut ions of twist per
1 1
draw
1 66 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

Thuswhen the spee d wh eel i s altere d

: to 4 0 th e twist per
draw becomes

Hence the revolutions Of the Sp in dles per draw

, and the
twi st per inch obta inable by us ing the var ious s i z es Of spee d
wheels compri se d in the range w ill be
( b3 ) Sizeof spee d wheel 40 45
R evs of sp indle per dra w 1 1 1 2
. 1 250
Twis t per i nch 1 95

Assum ing that after th e above state d ch anges the range i n

,
-
,

the Si zes of the spee d change wheels e xhauste d further altera ,

t ion in th e twist woul d only be practi cable by ch anges in the

tra in of rop e and band driving gear from the r i m shaf t to ,

the sp in dles Such woul d at the same t ime alter the Spee d
.
, ,

of the sp in dles as per paragraph (a) The ch ange s in twi st .

obta inable with the range in s iz es of r im pulleys ava ilable as ,

s pec ifie d are ,

Size of rim in inches 12

Twist per inch with the 40 17 3
}
°

appe nde d Spee d wheels 60 26 1 °

Siz e of rim in inch es 17

Twist per inch with the 40 24 5
app ende d Spee d wheels } 60 37 0 °

Bas is 64 inch es dra w .

customary also to make the tin roller pulley in halve s

I t is , ,

in or der to a dmit of its be ing change d : the range i s from

1 0 inches to 1 2 inches I n the present i nstan ce the latter i s i n
.

use Alter ing th i s woul d a ffect the twi st and at the same t ime
.

the spee d of the Sp in dles in th e inverse pr Opor ti on .

( )
e G ai n Ch a ng e s — Th e back Shaft in pulling out the car ,

r i age i s assume d t o make a fi xe d movement

, Th is i s not e xactly .

the case be cause th i s movement must be subject to vari ations

,

aris ing through differences in the tens ion of the rope s an d

m atters influenc ing the res i stance to th e movement of the
carr iage F or the purpose Of c alculat ion it i s conven i ent to
.
1 68 COTTON S PI NNI N G C ALC ULATI O N S

most appl icable with low sp in dle spee ds and when the yarns are
not fully t wi ste d dur ing the movement of the carr iage .

Chang e s in t he Bui l der Whee l —The appro ximate s i ze of su it

able bu il der wh eel m ay b e ascerta ine d as follows when the s iz e
, ,

of cop require d i s known

su itable buil der wheel

5 the length in inches of the yarn conta ine d in the cop .

d the length woun d i n inche s per draw .

0 the revolut i on s of the copp ing screw necessary in

c omplet ing the cop .

b i s ascerta ine d fro m the we ight of the cop in gra ins

, ,

di vi de d by the we igh t of one hank i n gra ins and mul t ipl ie d by ,

the inches per hank Thus .

0, as cer taine d by mark ing upon the sp in dle the length

is
wh i ch the 00p measures from th e cop bottom to the bottom of
,

the chase ; and then procee di ng to turn the copp ing s crew
su ffici ent to pass the w in ding faller w ire through th e movement
marke d on the sp in dle oppos ite Th i s must be done wh ilst th e
, .

c arr iage i s at rest with the tra il lever bowl on the r idge of the
,

copp ing rail and the revolut ions of the s crew counte d
, .

Ascertai ni ng t he Su itab le Bui l der Wheel i n changi ng Count s .

Chang ing the counts a ffect th e we ight of th e cops in the inverse

proporti ons an d assum ing the tens ion of the yarn during
, ,

win ding proport i onal to th e area of the yarn the diameter of ,

the cop woul d b e affecte d i n the inverse proport ion to the

\ /counts T hus
. the mo d e
, of calculat i ng th i s wheel i n or der t o ,

obtain a cop of constant s i ze shoul d be as follows ,

P resent wheel “ requ i re

X d count
requ ire d wheel
x/pr e s en t count

N OTE .
—A differe nce in the s ize of the 00p m ust al ways result wh en the y ar n
is wou nd at other te ns io n tha n inversely proportio nal to the di ffere nce in the area
 AND CO STS OF YA R N 169

of the yarn Also when the cha nge al ters the qual ity of the yarn in any way
.
, ,

the difficulty of a djusting the te ns io n i n the correct or der is such that the above
rule ca nnot be rel ie d upo n The foll owing rule will be fou nd m ore rel iable but
.
,

m us t not be regar de d as a ccurat e in all cases

prese nt wheel J re q u ire d cou nt pres ent wheel re qu ire d cou nt

R e qaired wh eel +
24/prese nt coun t 2 X prese nt c ou nt

Asc er taining the suitable buil der wh eel in changing t he s ize of the 00ps

o nly
P rese nt wheel (dia m eter of r equire d cop)2

The follow ing are e xerc ise s in calculat ing the alterat ions
necessary to a dapt th e gearing in Fig 3 3 for the work g iven . .

They are g iven in t abulate d form becaus e i t is more conven i ent

Allow 1 0 per cent for sl ippage in the dr iving of the Sp in dle s
.

from th e r im shaft and use the customary tw ist constants where

,

the twi st is n ot g iven .

E xp l anati on of t he tabul t a ed ex er ci s es — Those columns

.

numbere d 1 to 1 6 are separate e x erci ses The data require d .

i s s ignifie d by Base th e calculat ions for the bu il der wheel

on that g iven in E xerc ise 1 The items referre d t o i n each
.

column are conta ine d oppos ite in the first two columns on the
left han d .
1 72 C O TT O N S P INNIN G CALC ULATI O N S

E X AM PLES IN C ALC ULATI NG TH E E XE R C I SES ON P A GE 170 1 -

.

follo wing changes woul d b e nec essary to a dap t the gear in Fig 3 3 for
The .

the co ndit io n s s tate d

E X ER C I SE 1 —To drive the sp indles at 6000 r ev olut io ns per m inu te a ctual
.
, ,

with a 1 2 inch mm : -

6 000 10°
93
The calculate d ra te of the sp indles will 6666 and the
R evol ut i ons of Rim Sh a ft —With the m ini mu m and m a x im u m s iz es of dr iver
an d dri ve n cha nge pulleys respectively see par
( (a) p 1 63 ) .
,
.

R ev olutions Of the rim shaft per minute 834

Speed and Twi s t Ch ang es .

—The fro nt r oller ,
if 1 inch in dia m eter, and ther e is
64 x 7
no ga in ,
will b e r equired t o m ake 201 4
1
rev olutions per draw . D uring
22
th is m ove m e nt the sp indles are require d t o inser t twist to the ex te nt of
8 1 06 per inch or 3 7 5J 8 X 6 4 ( inches per dra w)
,
°
7 53 actual ; and ,

7 53 1 29
th erefore the calculate d revolutio ns of the sp indle per draw ar e
527
837 -
,

or 33341 1 3 1 calcula t e d twist p er inch .

The tra in of gear c onnect ing the sp indle and the fr ont roller (see pars (a) ( b) .
, ,

pp 1 63 — 8 11
if;
3 7
4) mus t th erefore hav e the following valu e
.

) 2
22
Accor ding t o the range in the cha nge wh e els give n in Fig 3 3 the
. l owest
x 12
v alu e of this t rain is
07 5 12 30 x 35 20
°

x x x

Henc e altering the value of any of t he wheels contained in th is tra in to

, ,

i ncrease the ir rat io 202 t o will ha ve t he effect des ir ed N a m ely changing .

,

t he t wist t o 1 3 1 cal culate d .

( driven)

Therefor e the wh eels

38r 13 mus t be al tered in value to

(dri ve )
54
27
20
Therefor e the require d wheel on rim shaft 20, and the speed wh eel 54 .

F or Gain Wheel s ee pp 1 6 6 7
“
,
.
-
.

The Dra ft require d in the roll ers is that n ecessary to a tte nuat e l g to

;
8 1
8
8
c ount ,
or _
f
55 By assu ming the draft change p inion nece ssary ,
1a
a,
'
the foll owing equat io n is obtai ne d
54 130 1 513
—
(b
x
n l

The ra nge of s iz es Of draft p ini o n w heels that can b e a ccomm odate d i s ,

appro xim ately from 3 0 to 60 and on t he ba ck roller fro m 40 to 60 The wheel

, ,
.
 AN D C OST S OF YARN 1 73

8 2 is , therefore ,
t oo large ,
and h enc e it is ne cessary t o re duc e s ze t o with in
t he i
r ve t
g
82
t he ra nge of a cc om m o dat ion The ratio of thes e t wo whe els is i
ri ve n 54
.

or

Hence , any of the foll owing pa ir s of wh eels w oul d b e su itabl e for t he

47 56 59
pos ition ’ ’
.

31 37 39

E X E R CI SE 6 .
—I this hins tanc e the l engt h of yarn t o b e woun d a h draw
e c

is 6 4 4 inches , and h ence the t wist i nsert e d m ust b e in a ccor da nc e ther ewith .

Twist per inch required in the yar n wou nd 4 /24

x 18 4
Twist per dra w 68 inches x 18 4 1 250

Accor ding t o par p 1 63 ,

the gear sh o
.ul d b e —tra cing the tr a in fro m the rim
.

shaft to the F R : 1 7 driv ing 4 5, 27 driv ing 3 5, 1 7 dr iv ing 3 8 1 250revolution s

. .

of rim per dra w ; and th erefore l % i8 Q 1 8 4 twist per inch , this be ing with a
12 inch rim pulley and at the rat e Of 7 520 rev olut ion s of the sp indl e per m inute
-
.

The Siz e of Ri m —The rate of the sp indle requ ire d is 9500 rev oluti o ns per
m inute , a ctual ; he nce , wi th the r im shaft m aking 940 rev oluti o ns per m inute ,
and the s iz e of t he r im a:, an d 1 0 per ce nt allo wed for sl ippage , t he foll owing .

equati o n is obtained

9 40 X a: x 6 9 500 x 1 00
1 0555
12 x if

rev oluti o ns of the sp indles per draw actual

The ,
1 250
Allo wing for slippage the cal culat ed r evolutio ns Of Sp indl e per dra w
, 1 3 90

P roof that the ab ove is satisfactory

Th e Speed Tr ai n of Wh eel s —The tra in c onnect ing the r oll ers wi th the sp indl es
1 3 90
m us t t her efor e hav e a valu e of 6 8 3
4 201 T
This m eans tha t the sp indle m ust be cal cul ate d t o m ove r ev olutions
per 1 of the F R . .
,
and h enc e the foll owing equat ion whe n the sp eed whe el has
,

t he valu e ac

6 x 17 >< x x 35 x 38

Al t er nativ e s iz es s uitabl e wh eels of

The s m alles t sp ee d wh eel pra cticabl e b eing 40 ( 40 and the ratio requ ir ed
7
1
b etwee n t his and the wh eel on t he sp eed shaft be ing , the foll owing oth er
3 54
w hee l s , with in the range of a cc omm o datio n will g iv e approx im ately , , , the de i s re d
23 24 25 26 wheel on r im sha ft
results
48
’
50 52 54
’
spee d wheel
’ ’

The draft requir ed in the rollers is tha t c ssary

ne e to att enuate 3
°
r oving
 174 C OTT O N S P INNIN G CALCULATI O N S

into 24 “ 24
3 8 . By assu ming a t he draft c hang e p inion , the foll owing
e quation is Obtaine d
54 X I 3O X 1 54 X l 3O
_8 _ 55, Draft p inion
w X 16 X 1 8 X 16

Bul l der wh e el _
1 2 X ¢ 24 12 x 24
1 04 18 say 28
27 8 2 X 8

E XE R CI SE 7 ,
— The draft for 28 “
W fro m
,
3 ’
s ingle r ov ing
Assuming a; the draft change p inion , and 54 the t he follo wing equat io n
is ob t ained
54 3 x 1 30
47 , D raft p inion
wa x
“

m x 16 x 1 16

The s iz e ec essary t o ob tain the rate of r ota tion of the sp indles

of rim n ,

1 0 per c ent for loss m ay b e Obta ine d fro m the follo wing equa tio n whe n
.
, ,

a; the s iz e Of the r im in inch es

a 6 10500 X 1 00
940 X — x 1 1 68 0
12 I 90
940 x 6
1 1 680 X 1 2 X 5
2
1 1 68 0 X 1 2 X 2 say 19 ches
In ,
Ri m
940 x 6

The twis t per inch J 28 X 3 25

Th erefore
the t wis t per draw ( 68 inch es ) X 68 in ch es 1 17 0

Assu ming the fro nt roller m ak es 20fi r e vol utio ns per dra w and the spe ed ,

wheel co ntains ac teeth the foll owing e quation contain s t he value of ac all owing
, ,

1 0 per cent for sl ippage

.

19 X 6 1 1 7 0 X 1 00
90

20fi x 38 x 35 x 19 x 6

This wh eelb eing t oo large a pair of wheels of suitable s iz e may b e ob tained

,

from t he ratio pr ov ide d by th es e cha nge wh eels therefor e ,

driver 20
say
drive n
’
53

The gain wh eels necessary to gi ve 3 inch es “

gain ar e

z§ 64 - 3
rev olutio ns of t he fr ont roll er 1 94
60

h ere a the valu e of the change wh eel s

X x :
176 C O TT O N S P INN I N G CALCUL ATI O N S
The pa ir of wheels within the range sp ecifie d having the ne ar es t t o this
rati o are
gain

12 x 80
The bu il der wh eel x
2J 8 2 X 8 ( i)
l 2

E XE R CI SE 1 6 .
—The draft r equired in the rol l ers

The draft cha nge wh eels ratio ,

a, m ust be
439
1 6
X m = 10

10 x 16 1 60
w
1 30 13 0

Th er efore the suitable draft wh eels are

BE W . . . 48 53 54
P W
’ ’
. . 3 9 43 44

The t wis t per inch require d 4 /100

draw 64 X 203 5

All owing for 1 0 per ce nt . loss ,

the c al culated r evolutions of the sp indl es per
203 5 x 1 0
dra w requ ire d 223 8 .

9
The ac tual revolutions per minu te of the sp indles requ ire d 8 000
8 000 x 1 0
c alculate d
9

With the siz e of r im required 57 0 x

8 888 x 1 0 x
{g x
g
g say
57 0 x 6

60 4 —1 7 8
The r evolutions of the fr ont roll er per draw r equired
7

8 88 8 X 10 X 33,
The r evolu tions of the rim shaft per draw 1 43
1 95 X 6

The sp eed change wh eels ratio , 96, is therefore

60 35 1 43 x 17 x 27 _
17 8 X — X -
x x — 143
17 Q7

Th erefore any of t he following pairs of whe els woul d be suitabl e

spee d wheel 4 2 44 49 51
r im shaft wheel
’
24 28
’
29
 AN D C OS T S OF Y AR N 177

Gai n —
.The rev ol ut io n s of the back shaft and fr ont roller requ ire d per dra w ,

resp ect ively be ing 3 3 8 and

,
the foll owing equation g iv es t he value Of x

the gain change wheels ratio

X
g?
)
X a; a;

And he nce the foll owing pair of th ese wheels are m ost suitabl e
105 gain wheel
15 ga in boss wheel
1 2 X 1 00
The bu il der wheel 2 X 8
X

P art i cu lar s of Gear ing in Dob son s

’
or d. Mu l e — Fig 3 4 shows .

FI G 3 4
. .

the arrangement of the gearing in mules for me dium and

me dium fine count s as ma de by D obson and Barlow .

The follow ing are part i culars of the var i ous tra ins and the
ran ge in the s i z e of th e wheels shown
178 C OTT O N S P INNIN G CALC ULATI O N S

sh — R evolut ion s of the

aft ( H G ) r im
( ) a Tr ain to Sp i ndl es
per m inute from 4 00 t o 8 50 per m inute Rim pulley D 1 2 .
, ,

22 inches ; t in roller pulley D3 1 —

0 1 2 inches ; t in roller U , ,
, ,

6 inche s ; sp in dle wharves u l 3 4 inches — .

, ,

( b) T r ain to the R Oll e7 s J 1 9 ; K 58 ; L 3 0 56 C 6 0

°
- -
.
, , , ,

1 00 ; R 3 2 ; S 25 , , .

— —
( 0) R oller draft gear : k 20 ; l 1 8 0 ; A 3 0 60 o n 0
3 70 , , , , .

D i ameters of rollers : front 1 inch ; m iddle inch ; back , , ,

1 inch .

k h f — T
( )
d Tr a i n t o the B a c S ha f ft r om t he F r o n t R o l l er S a t ,

—
51 5 ; 05 5 5; E 0—
7 7 ;
,
8 P 1 6 — 20 ; Q 6 8 ; M 1 5 : N 55
, , , , ,
.

R evolut i ons of the back shaft per draw : 3 5 for 6 4 inch -

draw for 6 0 inch draw for 56 inch draw

- -
.

()
e T r a in f or S l o w R o ll er T u r ni ng s o meti mes call ed t he ,

R ecedi ng M oti on —U 20 ; V 4 0; W 1 ; X 3 0 ; Y 24 ; ! 24 , , , , , , .

l
Tr ai n f or R o l er D eli ver y du r g t he I n i n w a r d R u n — i ,

—
1 4 1 7 ; j 40 .
,

Taking in and B acking Of M ot ion Gear

-
a 1 4 inches -
e 17 .
, ,

4 1 4 h 4 0 c 1 0 ; cl 7 3
f 2 ; g ; ; , , .

Taking in mot i on shaft a : 1 7 0—

, , ,

-
3 50 per m inute , .

R evolut ions of taking in mot ion sh aft ( l per 64 inch draw 3 - -

, .

B uildi ng or Sh ap er M o ti o n — Wheel 1 2 — 7 0 a n d var ious .

, ,

p i tch of screws .

T wi s t W
'

heel . —40—1 20 .

E XE R CI SE S —
As cer tain the foll owing , fr om the pa rt iculars contained in
.

Fig 3 4 z
.

fl
1 The range in t he ra t es per minu te at wh ich t he sp indles m ay b e dr iv en
. .

2 The
. ra nge in the t wist that m ay b e inserte d in the yarn .

3 The ra nge in t he draft

. .

4 The range in the counts t wis t and weft wh ich the ma ch ine is a dap te d for
.
, ,

in the respect of t wist ing with the n ormal twist co nsta nts .

5 The rat io in the m ove m e nt of the carriage before and u nder the in u e n c e
.

of the jack ing m ot io n assu ming that during the form er m ove me nt the drawing
,

out band is on the full s ize d portio n of the scroll ; and at the ter minatio n of the
-

latter m ov em e nt on the half s ize d port ion of that part

,
-
.

6 The rat io of the roller and carriage m ove m e nts during t wist ing at th e
.

hea d and whe n in ordinary act io n .

7 The r atio in the rates of the Spindles during sp inning and whe n back ing off
.
-
.

8 The t im e in s ec onds tak en to m ov e the carriage in at t he slo west and

.
, ,
-
,

quickest rates .

9 The le ngth in inch es del i v er ed by t he ro l lers during the inward run

.
, , .
180 C O T TO N S PINNIN G CALC ULATI O N S

E xamp l e i n r espect of E xer cis e 9 — Assu ming the back shaft m akes .

revolut io ns dur ing the dra wing in of the carriage and the 1 7 wheel is in use on

the ba ck shaft, t he le ngth del i vere d, equals

17 1 x 22
3 39 X x 4 52 i nches
E 7

E X E R CI SE S — As certain the pr oductio n in hanks p er 55 hour s w ithout

.
,

allo wa nces for stoppa g es ; and the vari o us chang e wheels n ecessary to a dapt the
g earing as containe d in Fig 3 4 for the u nderm e nt io ne d cou nts and co nditions
,
.
,

of pro ducti on .

A l l owances : F or sl ippage in drivi ng the sp indles fro m the r im sha ft 1 0 per

, ,

ce nt dra w 60 45inches the latter del ivere d dur ing the inwar d run ; back ing
.
, ,

off and r un i a to occupy 5 seco nds ; loss of spee d du e to cha nges 1 0 per ce nt
-
,
.

1 60 W fr o m 1 0 hank double ro vin g E g ypt ia n : actual spee ds of r im and

. .
,

spindles 8 59 and 10000 revolut io ns per m inute ; gain 1 i nch ; jack ing 1 inch
, , , , ,

5 per ce n t of twist b e ing inserte d aft er jack ing

. .

2 60 T fro m 1 2 hank double ro ving E gypt ia n : r im an d sp indle spee ds 8 40

. .
-
, ,

and revolutio ns per m inute act ual ; gain inch ; jacking 1 inch ; 1 2 per , ,

ce nt of twis ting after jack ing

. .

3 80 W fro m 1 4 ha nk double roving E gypt ia n : r im and s p indle spee ds

. .
-
, ,

8 40 and 9 000 revoluti o ns per m in u t e a ct ual ; gain 2 inches ; j ack ing 1 % inch ; , ,

8 per ce nt of twisting after j ack ing

. .

4 8 0 T from 1 6 hank double rov ing E gypti an : ri m and sp indl e spee ds

. .
-
, ,

8 40 and 9500 revolutio ns per m i nute actual ; ga in 2 inches ; jack ing 2 inc hes ; , ,

1 2% per ce n t of t wisting after j acking

. .

5 94 W fro m 1 6—
. hank double roving E gypt ian : r im and sp indle sp e e ds
.
, ,

8 40 and 8 7 00 r evolutio n s per mi nut e actual ; ga in 2 inches ; j a ck ing 2 inches ; , ,

1 0 per ce nt Of t wis ting aft er jacking

. .

6 9 0 T fro m 1 6 hank double roving E gypt ia n : ri m and sp indl e s pe eds

. .
-
, ,

8 40 and 87 00 revolutio ns per m inute ac tual ; ga in 1 inch ; ja ck ing 2% inches ; , ,

1 2} per ce nt of t wist ing after jack ing

. .

E xamp l e f o wor ki ng E xer ci s e 1 — The

sp indle spee d . will b e a ttaine d by
using a r im and tin roller pulle y s of the foll owing diam eter
L et x the Sp indle spee d change ratio

1 0000 X 1 0
then 850 X x X 9 .

6 1 2
2
$
9

1 8 inches R P . and 1 1 inch es T R P . . . or others giving th is ratio

,
.

The revol ut ions of t he r im shaft per dra w m us t b e

60 4§ x = 135
18 b 90
x x
11 2 1 00
 AN D C OS T S OF YA R N 181

The sp eed change gear m us t be arrange d to Ob tain the del iv ery Of 60 2 inches
X 59
wh ils t the back shaft is m oving the carriage ou t 59 inch es and th er efore the
,
60
revolut ions of the back shaft are require d in the sa m e p erio d D uring this m ove .

m e n t the sp indles ar e re qu ire d t o inser t t wist in a ccor da nc e with the state

spec ifie d w 1 00 per ce nt. 5 per ce nt .x per c ent t wisting during jack ing . . .

D uring jack ing the carr iage is assu m e d to m ove at 3 the n or m al rate and there ,

fore requ ires a perio d e qual to that re qu ire d to m ove the carriage 3 5inches at the
latter rate Hence 95 per ce nt Of the twisting e quals the per io d re qu ire d for
.
, .

59 3 ; inches of m ove m e nt at the nor m al rate and t h erefor e the r evolut io n s of ,

t he r im dur ing the abov e 59 in ch es m us t b e

, ,

8 95per c ent . of 13 5 1 20 re volut ions of rim

During the
out of the carr iage
ru n , the front roll er is require d t o del iver
58 inches and ther efore it m ust m ake
,

58
rev olutions
1 x
The p
S ee d change gear ratio (x ) is th erefor e
9
1 8 43 X 58 X 25
‘

1 20 x 15 8
.

x x x 30 2
5
1 8 43 . o w
1 20 x 19 x 3 2

The spe ed change wh eels ,

with in the ra nge hav ing th is value are ,

driver 3 4 35 36 37 38 39 40
dr ive n 1 01 ’
1 04
’
107 1 1 0 1 1 3 1 1 6 1 1 9
’ ’ ’ ’

x 59
The gai n chan e
gear m us t be arrange d t o impar t r ev olutio ns
“
g
60
to the back shaft per revolut io ns of the fro nt roller b efore jacking ,

co mm ences Therefor e the ga in change wheel ratio (x ) m ust b e

.

55 _ 3 28
-
x 59 8
l 8 43 x ‘
x x _
8
i5 60

The c hange wheels near es t t o this valu e ar e

T he dr af t and dr af t change wheels —A 1 0 ha nk double r ov e woul d necessitate

.
-

2
6 0
a draft of 1 2, if the draft due t o ga in and jacking is n egle cte d
1 1
.

Tak ing the latter int o acc ou nt ,

it woul d b e
 1 82 C O TTO N S PINNIN G C ALC ULATI O N S
The dra ft change wh e el rat io (x) to give the latter draft m us t be
X 20
X x 11 6
1 80

The draft change wh eels , with in the ra nge sp ec ifie d containing th is value,

drive n 53
58 49
41
’
dr i ver
’ ’
48 45 ES
Twis t wheels e ssary whe n the r im shaft is r equ ir ed t o ro tate a
ar e n ce
definite am ou nt after the carriage has reache d the hea d Usually it is “
.
”

m ost co nve ni e nt t o a rra nge the m to m ake o ne or t wo revolut ions per dra w ,

and therefore in th is ins ta nce s in ce 1 3 5 is not available

, ,
say 68 , .

13 5
Ti m e per draw X
QT
)

Hanks per sp i ndl e per week 27 8

X 3 6 x 8 40

E x a mp le f
o wor king E x er ci s e 6 .
—The re quire d spee d of sp indl e will be
Obtaine d whe n the change pulle y s in the gear fro m the r im t o the Sp indl e s have
the ra tio x in the foll o wing equation
87 00 " 1 0
8 40 x x x 9 96 66
9
x

r im

TR
P 44 n eares t
Ther efore the revol ut io ns of the r im per dra w ,
if the latter are a dop ted

x X 90
fi ;
NOTE —The 34041 is the sl ippage
. .

The spee d cha nge gear m ust be arrange d t o ob ta in the del iv ery Of 60 3 4 inches
wh ilst the carriage m oves 57 4 inches Out war d and therefor e t he back shaft m akes ,
"
3 28 x 57 4
3 14 rev olutions dur ing this roller m ov eme nt . The Sp indles
60
are require d t o inser t t wist am ounting to the follo wing ,
in the s am e p eriod,

21 0 x 8 7 4 x 57 4
revolutions of rim per draw 1 59 .

gé
—f is the fra ct ion of 8 7 4 per ce nt of 21 0 r ev olutions
.
,
during wh ich t im e the
cari iage and r oll ers are m ov ing at the nor m al ra te . Th is is ascerta ined from the
1
rat e of jacking pr oce eding at slo wer tha n the n orm al rate ,
the jack ing rate
31
1
b eing fro m to 4 the norm al depe nding upon the e t of the s crolle d p ortio n
ex t n
73
of the dra win g
-
out barrels , on the back sha ft , 1n ac tion ,
184 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

The revolutions of back Shaft for 624 inch dra w

-
34
60 3 65
-

584 35 6
5

Alterat io nsfor cou ts 1 00 fro m double

n
8
18 hank Sea I s l ands R o ve, assu m ing
the prese nt spee d of sp indle suitable .

The prese n t spee d of Sp indl e

8 00 X 628 7 7 revolutio ns per m inut e

T wist constant 3 6
per inch 36
Twist per draw of 62 ”
put u
p, t . e. 58 4
"
34
”
62 X J 1 00 X 3 6 223 2

The rev olut ions of the rim m us t be su ch as will give 223 2 r ev olutions of sp indle
per draw .

A ssu m ing a loss of 5 per ce nt in t rans m itting the m otio n to the sp indle
.

fro m the rim shaft then the revolutio ns of the rim shaft per draw sh oul d
,

be
223 2 X 1 00 X 1 1 X
say ?”
95 6

The du ty of the twis t wh eel is to c ontrol the revolu tio ns per dra w of the r im
shaft I n this cas e the t wist whe el divide d by 2 e quals the rev olutio ns of the rim
.

2 Q2
§ twist wh eel 1 01

I f t h ere were gain between the m ove m e nt of the carriage as compare d

no
with the l ength del ivere d by the fro nt roller the n the r ollers m ust del iver dur ing
, ,

the ou twar d run of the carriage 58 4 inches and ther efore the front roll er m ust
, ,

m ake

r evolut io ns say ,

The prese nt gear woul d del iv er

21 x 60 x 1 5
revolutions of front r oller instea d of
6 0 X 3 03
Therefore If the change be m a de at the spe ed wh eel a ,
1 04 wheel

woul d be n ecessary .

Such a large whe el woul d probably be im prac ticable Usually t he driver of .

t he spee d whe el is co nst itut ed a change wheel in wh ich case the e x te nt of the ,

difference in the cha nge practicable in the spee d wheel and that requ ire d woul d
, , ,

b e possible at the driver wheel .

Assu ming that up to 90 are the available Sizes of spee d wheels the n the ,

Spe ed wheel dr iver woul d n ee d to co nta in

52 teeth
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 185

NB . .
—
I n such a cas e it woul d be u nnec essary to use the t wis t wh e el , as the
fact of the carriage gett ing out t o the hea d woul d contr ol the r evolutions of t he
r im but less a ccurat ely .
,

N o Gain —The gain wh eel and its train controls the ratio in the m ov em e n t
of the carriag e relative to the Sp indle The r ollers . m us t nec essar ily del iv er 58 4
inches and the carriage m ust m ove that a m ou nt
,
.

Cl he m ove m e nt of the ba ck Shaft in dra wing t he carr iag e out 624 inch dra w -

is give n at 3 4 revolut io ns Therefor e for 58 4 inch proport ional m ove m e n t

.
,
-
,

3—
? > 58 3
wil l be r equ ire d or
, 3 56, ins tea d of 3 8
°

6 2
1
Sh oul d th is be the case th en ,
the front r oll er mus t m ak e
‘ “ “
r ev ol a
1 7
t io ns wh ils t the back shaft
, m akes rev olutions ; therefor e the r evolu tions of
t he fr on t r oller

NOTE —V ariations in t he t ensio n and s iz e of dra wing -

Ou t bands will c aus e
variat ions in the rev olut io ns of the back shaft per draw .

With the prese nt gear the r evolutions of the front r oll er per r evolutions
of the ba ck shaft are ( s ee p 1 92)
,
.

of F R X 20
. . io ns of FR X . .

X 60

4x 6 4x x
3 56
0

X 5 x

x re volut ions Of FR . .

The ga in wh eel mus t th erefor e b e al tered to g ive r evolu tions ,

and

th erefore

X 45
o
186 CO TTON SPI NNI NG CALCULATI ON S

36 45
3 56 x X
6 60 G . w
.

6 X 60 1
3 6 X 45 G . W
.

3 6 X 45
”
G . W
. X 9
6 X 60 1 X 2

88 5, say 89 or 88

Gai n C hanges —The 3 6 gain b oss wh eel com b ine d with an 8 8 5 , gives ,
”

a ccor ding t o pre vi ous calculatio ns, a del ivery by fron t r oller of 58 5 inches .

Tak ing th is as a bas is , the a m ou nt , in in ches , del ivere d by the fr ont r oller per
r evolut io ns of the back Shaft, with various oth er siz es Of gain wh eels , is as
foll ows

Variat ions in co u nt
Gain w h l
ee .
res u l ti ng .

— 58 83
188 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

( 2) obtain the r igh t spee d Of the carriage and roll ers r ela tive t o the
To
sp indles it will be necessary to change the spee d wheel
, .

Sp eed Wheel —l f 90 X 52 co nstitute the drive n and driver cha nge wheels
.
, ,

the spee ding of the sp indles m eans that t wisting takes pla ce quicker and there ,

fore the rollers m ust b e m ade to del iver quicker in l ike proportion .

90 16
3
7 0
2
1
8 0 spee d wheel

The T
ate of the pro ductio n woul d
the t ime take n to twist 62 in ches of
be
yarn after allo wing 5 per cent for loss in trans mission with the sp indl e m aking
, .
,

6 28 7 revolut ions per m inut e .

22 x 32 x 1 00 x 60
22 4 1 8
95 X 6 X 28 7
The t ime in se conds tak en to backing -
off and ru n in 45

Tim e
per dra w 26 9 1 8
The pro duction after changing , i . e. r evolutio ns Of Sp indl es t o 7 07 4 ins t ea d
of 628 7
16
Time t wisting 1 9 9 27 s ecs .

Tim e t wisting backing -

Off and run in 45

To t al time 24 427
P rodu ction in ha nks per week of 55 hours ,
in case of 1 8 -
in ch r im
"
60 X 60 X 55 X 62
ha nks per Sp indl e
24 427 X 3 6 X 8 40

Produ ctio n in cas e of 1 6 inch -

rim : wh en the ra te of sp indl e in revolutions
per minu te with 1 8 inch r im is -

1 1 X 28 X 24 >< 18 X 6 _
7 07 4

and

60 X 60 X 55 X 6 2
”
pr odu ction in b anks with 1 6 inch rim on
i
-

26 9 1 8 X 3 6 X 8 40 and sp indl e revolving 628 7

E XE R CI SE 2 —Am ul e m aking 50 T has the follo wing cha ng e wheels

“
. .

Draft p ini o n , 40; rim , 1 8 inches ; spee d, 80; b uil der, 50 What changes in .

these w oul d alter the cou nt s t o 3 6 with

“

(a) The spee d of Sp indles u naltere d ?

(5) increase d 4 ?
A ns a er s '

R ule given on p . 1 6 8 is here used .

 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 1 89

E X E R CI SE 3 A m ule co nta ining 1 000 sp indl e s and sp inning

.
-
the dra w
be ing inches , and 1 1 00 dra ws are m a de in for ming a se t Of cops F ind .

t he w e ight of the set Of cops , allo wing 24 per ce nt for breakages A n s 48 8 lbs . . . .

E XE R CI SE 4 —The carriage in a m ule , pr oduc ing 46 W , is kno wn to m ove

8
. .

6 per ce nt slo wer than the fro nt r oll er, s ingle 6 ha nk r ov e be ing use d
. F ind -
.

the draft r equire d in the rollers . A ns .

E XE RCI SE 5 —A m ule co m pletes 5 dra ws Of 64

. 4 inch es each in 68 sec onds
whe n sp inning 40 T The t ime occup ie d in back ing Off and winding is 44 seco nds
“
.
-
.

What will be the calculate d and m a xim u m ac tual rate Of revolutio ns of the
spindles assu m ing the sl ip page and loss Of t im e due to r evers ing is kno wn
, , ,

to be 25 per ce nt Take t he t wis t sta ndar d for Am er ica n cot to n

. .

A ns wer .

68 (5 X 4 4) 4 65
4
Tim e per dra w
5 5
seco nds
Twist actual revolutio ns Of sp indle per draw
and 3 7 54 /40X 6 8 1 6 12

Calculate d revolut io ns Of the Sp indle per dra w J 40 X 6 8 X 3 09

7 5 21 50

A ctual m a ximu m rate of revol u tions of sp indle 4/4 0 X 6 8 X 60

per m inut e 1 0620

Calculate d ra t e r
Of evo lu tio ns of sp indle per 1 0620 X 1 00
minute 1 3 7 20
75

—Wha t woul d be the pr oduction in banks and p ounds per week

E XE R C I SE 6 .
,

Of 554 hours per sp indle and per m ule of 1 200 Sp indles whe n the follo wi ng
, , ,

allo wa nces are m a de : 8 m inutes per do ff ; 94 hours for clea ning ; 24 per
c ent for other stoppages the cops we ighing at the rate of 1 0 per p ou nd
.
,

R equ i r ed : the t wist per inch m inus t im e per dra w and t he pro ductio n in ,

hanks and ou nces per Sp indle per 554 h ours in a m ule m ak ing cops that we igh
, ,

1 0 per pound and wor king u nder the follo wing c ondit io ns : N ett t im e worke d
, ,

53 hours ; allo w 24 per ce nt for breakages ; for doffing 8 m inutes per doff
.
,

cou nts 1 20 W fro m co m b ed special E g y pt ia n cotton ( t wist co ns ta nt

,
”
.
, ,

Sp in dles work ing at t wo rat e s Of sp eed—firs t 58 8 0 and s ec ond 9000 revolut io ns

, , ,

per minute F ive eighths of the twis t only is put in at first Spee d The back ing Off
.
-
.
-

and r un in occup ies 54 s econds and the l ength of t he dra w is 58 h s

, 4 3 4 inc e .

A ns wer
Twis t per inch 3 1 8 J 1 20
°

Twis t per dra w X 62 21 60

21 60 x 5 x 60 21 60 x 3 x 60
Time per dra w in sec onds
13 8 54 4
5 24 7

D ra ws per do ll 1 X 2 2 x 8
_
40 X 36
10
1 90 CO TTON SPI N NI NG CALCULATI ON S

Tim e per dofi, inclu ding do tting 1

X
1 20 X 8 40 X 3 6
8 hrs
in m inutes 10 62 60 X 60 60
402 0 13 3
l

2
£3
53 X 6 0 X
71 0
D ofi per week

We ight per week in u es

o nc : 1 22 X l fi
1 0
= 1 95
1 95 1 20
Hanks per we ek x
16 1

Dob son Double Spee d and H a s teni ng Moti on —Fig 3 5 shows . the
arrangement in D obs on and Barlow s fine mules for dr iving
’
the
sp in dles at two spee ds .

A and B are drums of different s i z e on t he l ine sh aft ; the s e

are connecte d to the counter s h aft by belts un der control of

M o t i o n S h aft

FI G 3 5
. .

forks attach e d to the s ame bar The stop r od operat ing th e

.
,

straps i s notche d to o ccupy the three pos it i ons as follows

,

( ) Mach ine stoppe d ; ( 2) first spee d B strap driving ;

1 ,

( 3 ) secon d spee d A strap driving

, .

Th i s r od i s operate d i n i ts s econ d and th ir d movements by

the movement outwar d and inwar d of the carri age The sp ee d .

may be change d from the secon d t o the th ir d at any point in the

outwar d run of the carri age by a dj ust m ents
, .
1 92 CO TTON SP I NNI NG CALCULATI ON S

that moti on m ( 60 . 40) an d a ( 0

4 3 4)
are comp oun d wh eels
loos e on the Sp in dle NX, an d th ey are dr iven from M an d A on
the front roller M i s loos e .

on the front roller sp in dle ,

Ba c k S h ft
a wh ilst A i s fastene d to it .

G a in Wh e e l
Movement of NX i s therefore
n Bo s s w h e e l
obtaine d from A an d M one ,

half be ing e xpen de d in turning

the wheels w i th 27 teeth upon ,

the ir a xes an d caus ing them

,

to roll upon the t wo 3 4 Thus .

one half of any mot ion con

-

tribute d t o a or m passe s to
th e T arms of NX I n cal cu .

fl lat ing the formula is

,
F R C ut c h
. .

FI G 3 7
. .

Thus , w ith the front roller clutch close d an d mak ing 1 00

revolut ions per m inute the rate of the back shaft woul d b e
,

1 00t1 1 00t2 4 1 3
( 90
45 X 8 6 1 00 X 1 1 00 X
2 2 x so ) = X

(66 % )T6
3
20revs . per m inute

If the front roller clutch was Op ene d then th e rate woul d

,

5 revolut ions per minute

The rate of the carri age dur ing the j ack ing i s thus one fourth -

th e normal an d in a ddi tion that due to the s iz e of th e por tion

,

of the b ack shaft scroll in act i on .

 A N D CO STS OF Y ARN 1 93

To fin d the re volut ions of the front roller when the r evol u

t i on s of the back shaft are 3 4 per dra w of 6 24 inch draw -

L et a: revolut i ons of front roller Then .

4 93 19 x 10 1 90 x 6
’
6 5 x 3
7—6 19 revol ut ions of front roller
4

In mules n ot arrange d w ith th is mot ion the ga in wheel is ,

dr i ven by a wheel on th e front roller .

I n Tr elfal l s J acking Moti on ( Fi g

’
the r ight and left clutch
.

wheels 1 3 0 teeth are loose upon the sh aft ; the central portion
, ,

B ac k S h a tf

70

53
e
S p e d c h a nge
whee l
‘f
l
Ro l e r' m o t io n
C I ut c h

Fr o n t ro ll e r
FI G 3 8 . .

isconnecte d to the Sh aft upon a fe athere d key or the equ ivalent .

The clutch i s now shown w ith the carr i age driven at the normal
rate The movement of the clutch towar ds th e back shaft to
.

engage the other 1 3 0 part of th is clutch woul d set the ba ck sh aft ,

moving at th e slowe st rate namely ,

70
normal rate
50 X 1 8 0
2
T3 the normal 6 5
 CO TTO N SPI N NI NG CALCULATI ON S

The Losses in Dri ving i n Mule s — The

follow ing is an instance
of the difference between the calculate d an d actual spee ds of the
parts in a mule when the former were ma de w i thout allowances
for losses ar i s ing from slippage in the non pos it ive gear ing - .

Th e revolut i ons per m inute of the l ine shaft was 23 5 an d th e ,

connect ion to the r im sh aft and Sp in dles re spectively 44 X 43

5
, , ,

1 3

8
3: f I
The t i me taken to draw the carr i age out to a hea d
was l ag secs .

Rim shaft
Tin rolle r
Sp indle
P erce ntage of slippage I n dri vi ng from z
o

The rim t o sp indles

The r im to t in rolle 1 . .

The t in I ol l er to the sp indles

Theloss shown in the th ir d column i s inclus ive and r epr e ,

sents the e xtent wh i ch the actual differs from the calculate d .

De du ctions — The allowance in calculat ing the t i me taken an d ,

the spee d during tw isting shoul d be abou t 25 per cent when

, , .

the con dit i ons are normal .

I n arrang ing the dr iv ing gear from 3 to 5 per cent shoul d

, .

be allowe d for each ban d drive The losses not i ce d i n belt

.

dr ives when the con dit i ons ar e goo d—ti e rat i onal s i z es of drums
.

an d w idths of pulleys an d when not revers ing — are only very

,

sl ight and nee d scarcely be taken into account

, .

I n cases of very h igh spee ds the losses w ill be greater Con .

s ider abl e var i at i on e xi ste d in the loss recor de d at different

sp in dles most probably du e to differences in the ir res i stance
,

an d in the tens ion of the ir b an ds .

The sli ppage in th e gear bet ween the r im an d line shaf t i s

only slight when the best systems are a dopte d The ch i ef loss .

i s that du e to revers ing .

F urther e xamples of loss in dri ving mules foll ow .

P arti c u lar s relating t o t he Dri v ing of t he P art s i n Fi g 3 5 .

,

Dob s on and Barl ow s Mule for Fi ne N umb er s

’
.
1 96 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

The rates of rotat ion per m inute of Sp in dles

3
4 06 0 first spee d
20 >< 1 6 x l 0 X 2;

7 21 9 secon d spee d
20 x 1 6 x 1 0 X 2 ~

9 >< 16 X 6
h igh spee d during
the act io n of the hasten
ing mot i on
23 5 x 1 8 >< 1 2 x 9 X 1 6 >< 6
97 4 6 low Spee d di tto .

1 x 20 x 20 x 15 x 10 X 4

— Un der the above con di ti ons in respect

The Los s e s i n Dr iv ing
of the gear the actual rates of the sp in dles were Observe d to b e
less to the e xtent of : ( 1 ) 22 5 per cent ( 2) 23 5 per cen t ;
(3 ) per cent (4 ) .p er cent .

F urther the twi st wheel conta ine d 7 2 teeth an d move d 2

, ,

revolut ions per draw ; dur ing tw i st ing the movement was
1 4 0 teeth an d the revolut i ons of the sp in dle in the correspon d
, ,

ing per i o d 1 4 54 Th i s shows a loss of 1 8 8 per cent

, . th e .
,

calculate d spee d be ing as follows

1 40 x 1 6 x 6
_
10 x 2

or 338revolut ions of the Sp in dles more than the actual .

The t ime occup i e d in mak ing th is movement was 1 24 secon ds

at first spe e d and 8 4 secon ds at secon d spee d in these perio ds
, ,

th e actual revolut i ons of the sp in dles be ing respect ively 6 7 2 , ,

an d 7 82 .

These pee ds represent respect ively the following average

S , ,

rate s per m inute

3 1 50, an d 5520

loss of t ime by the r im sh aft as in dicate d by the above

The ,

spee ds i s therefore as follows

,
 A N D CO STS OF YARN 1 97

Calculate d revs of . r im S haft in secs at secon d spee d

84 . 8 00
1 24 first 67 5

Thus , 1 4 0 revolut i ons requ ire th e t ime of 1 47 5 or t ime lost ,

by the r im shaft p er cent .

F rom th i s it i s seen that per cent of th e 1 8 8 per cent . .

i s between the r im an d the dri v ing Shafts the maj or p ort i on , ,

1 3 per cent be ing between the sp in dl es an d r i m shaft

.
, .

Twi s t per I nch — The length woun d per draw was as

follows

Di stance
move d by th e carr i age e ach draw
Length del by F R dur ing th e run in of th e ca rr i age
. . .
-

The appro ximate length woun d 64 0

Actualtwi st per inch : 1; 4

}
s
a 2
4
22 7
Calculate d twi st per inch : 1: i

h
C 2 -
28

The actual count spun was 60 ,

8
so that the actual tw ist
co- efficient as against calculate d .

The front roller ma de th e follow ing movements each dra w

( 1 ) D ur ing th e engagement of th e FR . . clutch ,

1 6 4 revolut i ons

( ) D uring the j ack ing and

2 twisting at the hea d
act i ons , 4 revolution
(3) D ur ing the inwar d run of the carri age ,

1 revolut i on

Total length del ivere d per complete draw 60 0

L e ngth woun d per draw 64

Th e total stretch i ng of the yarn per draw is therefore , ,

64 60 4 inches Of th i s the amounts obta ine d dur ing the

.
,

above name d per i o ds are

-
1 98 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

( 1) the movement of th e carr iage be ing 56 = 56 54 6

” ”

( 2) 34 34 1, 25

3 9
Length not accounte d for

The actual revolut ions of the r im sh aft after the disengage

ment of the F R clutch i e dur ing j ack ing and tw i st ing at the
. .
,
. .

hea d were 7 3 Therefore th e length wh ich shoul d be delivere d

, .

by the F R dur ing th i s peri o d by reason of the a cti on of th e

. .
,

slow roller turn ing mot i on i s ,

1
I nche s
58 X 4 0 X 3 0 X 24 X 7

The a ctual lengt h obs er ve d was 1 inch The difference was .

un doubte dly due to the backlash in the mot ion .

NOTE —The differe nce note d in the actual and calculate d rates of the sp indle
.

e m phasize the importance of n ot rel y ing on the calculate d revolutions of the

Sp indle u nless du e allo wa nces have bee n m a de for sl ippage in the belt and ba nd

driv ing gears The use of a tacho m eter is ver y helpful whe n arra nging the
.

gear ing The part iculars giv en were as certa ine d a ccurately and exp editiously
.
, ,

by the aid of that instru m e nt .

SPE E D I N DI CATOR S .

Los s e s in the Transmi ssi on of Moti on and how Ascertaine d , .

The most conven i ent mo de of ascert a in ing the e xtent of losses

ari s ing in the transm iss ion of mot ion i s by the aid of a s el f
t ime re gi stering tachometer The or di nary tachometer i s defect ive
-
.

i n that the attachments for conne ct ions are i mperfect an d in ,

a ddi t ion the t im ing h as to be done e i ther by a s econ d person

or the attent ions of the operator divide d between the t imep iece
and the tachometer I n e i ther case the work i s not altogether
.

sat isfactory .

( Fig
The i llustrat ion . 3 9) i s
of a tachometer an d su itable ,

attachments for sp inn ing m ach inery I t co n s i sts of a recor din g

.
 200 CO TTON SPI NN I N G CALCUL ATI ON S

commences upon pressure be ing appli e d to the recor ding

Sp in dle 2 the centre finger recor ding fro m 4 to 6 0 secon ds
, ,

an d the lower finger the m inutes The lower proj ect ing m ille d .

hea d i s for sett ing back the m inutes finger and the Sl ight ,

proj ecti on on the left han d i s the fiy back release for the -

secon ds The large r ight h an d deal finger i n dicates th e

.
-

re volut i ons u p to 1 00 an d the small one on the inner left

,

the hun dre ds wh ilst that on the inner r ight recor ds the
,

thousan ds The proj ect ion on the un ders ide Of the r ight dial
.

i s the fly back release for the un it tens finger the h un dre ds
- -
,

an d thousan ds fingers be ing reset by means of m i lle d h ea ds at

the back .

F H are rubber cuppe d detachable en ds for the sp in dle of

, ,

the tach ometer .

E and that on the left of centre are rubber p ivote d detach

,

abl e en ds for the sp in dle of the tachometer .

That on the r ight of centre i s a pyram i dal recesse d end for

the Sp in dle of the t achometer .

J K are pyram idal en ds for fitt in g to mule and r ing sp in dles

,

for use in connect ion w ith those foun d on the left and right of
centre .

Th i s instrument i s hel d by the detachable h an dle D In .

use it s great feature i s that it can be hel d in one han d an d ,

wi th th i s e xcept ion the whole of the attent ions of the operator

are ava ilable for other work throughout the observat i ons The .

dials recor d the results the range of spee d be ing up to ,

revolut ions per m inute .

LE N GTH AND H ANK I ND I CATOR S .

Fig 4 0 sh ows. th e gear ing i n an i n di cator for reg ister ing the
number of draws in mules The segmental wheel i s driven by .

a worm place d upon the back Shaft of the mule (dra win g out -

shaft ) The sector lever b— bl s ecure d to a operates the star

.
, , ,

wheel 0 to the latter a 3 trea de d worm i s secure d an d th is -

,

drives the worm wheel d on the sp in dle dl — dg F i ve di al di scs are .

mounte d on th i s Sp in dle and thes e recor d un its tens hun dre ds

, , , ,

thousan ds and ten s of th ousan ds respect ively E ach of these

, .
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 201

are connecte d in sequence by a tra in 1 dri ving a 4 th e latter

, , ,

be ing compoun de d w i th an 8 wh ich drives the 20 secure d to the

,

ne xt dial The first di al i s secur ed t o 611— 612 and the rest are
.
,

free upon it Thus th i s instrument recor ds from 0 to 9 9999

.

F I G 40
. .

draws , the obj ect be ing to recor d th e work done in a g iven t ime
for e st imat ing the e arn ings an d for other p urpo ses .

The recor d i s e x act as shown by c al culat ion

, Thus .

20 X 4 X 20 X 4 X 20 X 4 X 20 X 4 X 1 0 X 3 — I OO OOO hankS
’

recor de d on the dials by it s moving from 00000 to 9 9999 , an d

then 00000 or one complete revolut ion of the left h an d di al

,
-
.

F ig 4 1
. sh ows the gearing in a hank in dicator as use d i n
mules The se i nstruments are arrange d to re cor d the pro duction
.

of the whole of the sp in dle s in the mach ine and h ence the gear
,

i s var i e d to a dapt them for the different numbers of sp in dles

wh ich the mules conta in an d the length of the dra w I n the .

figure the part iculars are of one des igne d for a mule conta in ing
202 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

184 Sp in dle s only an d making a draw of 58 4 inches I t recor ds

, .

from 0 up to h anks the customary allowance for los s

,

through breakage s be ing 24 per cent The act ion in th i s case .

i s as follows
a al
, ,
(1 2 a3 ( 1 4 are attache d th i s p art i s actuate d by a worm
, , , ,

x, place d upon the back Sh aft By that me ans a al a2 .

, , ,

oscillate each draw an d the sector lever a3 a4 moves th e star

, ,

wh eel I) one tooth b i s compoun de d w ith c 3 0 th i s latter

.
,

FI G 4 1
. .

dr ives cl , the 15 . is
compoun de d w i th th e worm e
(l wh i ch
dr ives j f i s compoun de d w ith the s ingle worm g an d the ,

latter dri ve s h Th e lever i 75 i s fastene d upon the axle of h

.
, , ,

an d th i s i s loose on the central sp in dle At the e x trem ity of .

th i s lever i s the wheel 21 mounte d free on a stu d and it s teeth

, ,

engage two wheels 793 9 an d MO resp ectively It be ing secure d

, ,

an d c annot rotate I be ing free i s move d one tooth per r evol u

.
, ,

t ion of the lever i 5 upon it s centre The in de x finger k1 i s

, , .
204 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

PR OD U CTI ON S IN M ULE S .

P roduct ion i n Prod u ct i o n i n P rodu ct io n in Produ ct i on in

k p l
han s p er s i nd e k p l
h an s pe r S i nd e k
han s p er s ind p l h k e p l
an s p er s i nd e
Cou nt per 554 hou r s p er 55 hours Cou nt p er 554 hou r s p er 55 h ours
l l l
.

i nc us i v e
. i nc us i ve . i nc us iv e . i ncl us n e
.

61 —8 0
’

—20

1 6 —1 9 7

1 55 —1 9 3

1 8 —21 9

The R ing Frame — F igs . 42 an d 43 represent the gearing

common in r ing frames .

A The back roller an d its wheel for dr iving that on th e

m iddle roller .

B The c arr ier wheel connect ing the back and th e middle
rollers .

C The
wheel u pon the m iddle roller .

D The draft ch ange wheel on the back roller .

E The draft ch ange p in ion drivi ng the back roller wheel .

F The crown wheel compoun de d w i th the draft change

p in ion an d gearing w ith the front roller wheel .

G The wheel on th e front roller for dr i ving th e above gear .

H Th e wheel on the front roller gear ing w ith the tra in

I J an d K
, ,
.
 AN D CO STS OF YARN 205

K tw ist change wheel

The .

L Th e twi st stu d wheel and M N the connect ing tra in

,

from the t in roller shaft .

N :The tin roller Sh aft wheel th i s i s change d when an ,

e xtens ion in the range of the twist is des ire d beyon d th at

procurable by alter ing the twist wheel .

P PI
, The t in rollers dr iving the sp in dle ban ds .

Q The sp in dle wh arve The Sp in dles are arrange d in

.

rows on e ither Si de The ban d in dicate d by the dotte d l ine s

.

Shows the dr iv ing when double t in rollers are use d for one

s ide only .

Fig 4 3 shows the driving of the cam W for rec iprocat ing
.

FI G 42
. .
FI G 43
. .

the r ing ra il the rate at wh i ch th i s i s dr iven controls the p itch

,

of the c o ils conta ine d by the bobb in .

S , T ,U V
,
are ,
the tra i n of wheels connect ing W w ith I W .

pro duces th e rec iprocat i on of the r ing rail through the me dium
of a ser ies of levers ro ds and cha in connect ions The relat ive
,
.

os t ons of the r movement i s a dvance d through the agency

p i i i
of a ratchet wheel and a p awl th e ratchet wh eel be ing terme d
,

the bu il der wheel .

Th e number of teeth in th e bu il der wheel and the value of

it s d r i v i ng tra in S T,
U ,
V ,
control,
the length
,
an d therefore ,
206 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

the we ight of yarn place d upon the bobb ins When the rate .

of reciprocat i on i s insu ffic i ent and other means h ave been

,

e xhauste d the spee d of th i s part i s change d by intro duc ing a

,

s ingle double or a treble worm at T The movement of the

, , .

pawl opera ting the ratchet i s a dj ustable to the e xtent of th e

varying s i z e s of the teeth in the bu il der wheels appl icable .

D E F G are the gear for driv ing the ro l lers on the r ight
, , , ,

h an d Side an d these are a dupli cate of those on the left s ide

,
.

R i s the driving pulley connecte d by belt or rope w ith the

,

l ine shaft .

The spee ds of the Sp in dles in thes e mach ines usually range

'

from 6 000 to per minute actual The usual s iz es of ,

.

rollers are from 4 to 1 4 inch for the front and back pos it i ons ,

an d 4 less for the m iddle roller ; 4 inch is use d for short and

1 4 inch for long staple d cottons -

.

The recogn i z e d tw ist for ring yarns i s 4 ( /co u nt per inch .

Th i s i s not r igidly a dhere d to e xcept ions be ing ma de when

,

i t secures better sp inn ing and the amount of the twi st h as not
been st ipulate d .

The Spee ds of Spi ndle s — The c ircumstances that govern the

best spee ds of the Sp in dles are qual ity an d count of the rovi ng
and yarn con dition of the mach ine e xpertnes s of the workers .

Un der the most favourable con dit i ons a spee d of revo,

i d i
lutions actual may be atta ne w th counts 3 0 3 6 — F or other 3 3
.

counts un der the best con dit ions the following revolut i ons per
, ,

m inute of sp in dle are g iven as a gu ide

F or counts below 3 0 8

inten de d count
30
F or counts above 36
5

1 0000V/3 6
count x/in t ende d
When the con dit i ons are ident ical but not sat isfactory for
above
F or counts below 3 6 8

known sat isfactory spee d X “ I nten de d c ount

x/cou n t
208 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

roller wheel i s 25 and the fr ont roller is inch in

diameter
Size of t wis t whe el 25 26 27 28 29 30 35
Twist per inch . 6 3 7 6 1 2 59 0 568

Sizeof t wist wheel 46 47 48 49 50

Twist per inch . 339 332 3 25 3 18

The above are ascerta ine d i n the following m anner

R evolut ions of sp in dle per inch del ivere d by the front roller
H
80 1 20 10 1
X X X
TW
. . TR . . W .
8
" "
8 x

an d hence with a 25 t in roller wheel an d a 50 t wi st wheel the , ,

revolut ions of the sp in dle per i nch del ivere d by the front roller

_ s o m o
l o
><
x x
25 59 8
Theseresults may also be ascertaine d as follows z— Assuming
that the tin roller wheel was 25 an d the twi st wheel conta ine d ,

only one tooth the tw ist per inch woul d be 6 3 7 X 25 ( Th i s

,
.

i s calle d the twi st change wheel cons tant number for a 25 t in

roller wheel and the front roller 4 inch in diameter )
,
.

63 7 X 25
the twi st per inch when a 26 Wheel is use d
26
TW . const ant
.

the tw ist per inch

inten de d wheel
T W constant
. .

re qu ire d wheel
twi st per inch

When the l im it the range of s iz es of twi st wheels is reache d

in ,

they may be ren dere d aga i n avai lable by alter ing the s i z e Of
th e t in roller wheel in the proport ion wh i ch the range of
,

wheels represent Th e l im it in the present instance i s reache d

.
,

w i th a 25 t in roller wheel when th e twi st wheel i s 50 the t wi st

, ,

in the yarn i s 3 1 8 per i nch By a dopt ing the Si z e of t in .

roller wheel that together with a 25 tw ist wheel w ill pro duce
, ,

3 1 8 twi sts per i nch the range of twi st wheels are aga in ava il
,

able Thus
.
 AND CO STS OF YA RN 209

63 7 X 25 the tin roller change wheel constant number for

a twi st change wheel of 25 teeth
63 7 X 25
the require d tin roller wheel 50
318

and, therefore w ith a 50 tin roller wheel an d w ith the

, ,

state d range of twi st wheels the following twi sts w ill b e ,

Obta ine d

Size of t wist wheel 25 26 27 30 34 35

Twist per inch . 3 18 3 06 29 4 . . 26 5 . 229 .

Size of t wist wheel 46 47 48 49 50

Twis t per inch . 17 3 169 1 65 16 2 1 59

Twist change wheels are usually dr ivers in the trai n to th e

front rollers an d therefore i ncreas ing th e ir s iz e increases th e
,

length of yarn subm itte d for twi st in direct proportion and ,

hence the twist i s re duce d inversely .

To change the Count s — Th i s i s done in the same way as in

.

th e previous mach ines

( a) B y altering that of the fee d .

6
( ) yB alter ing the e x tent of the attenuat i on or draft .

The results are directly proport ional to alterat ions in e ither

c as e Thus
.

the wei ght u n i of the fee d

d1 a i t ’

t
the we ight unit of the del ivery
t
an d vi ce ver sc
,

the count of the fee d X the draft that of the del ivery , and vice
ver s d

The draft i s
als o determine d in the same manner Assuming .
,

the smallest driver and the largest driven of the draft change
, ,

wheels are use d and the back and front rollers al ike in s iz e
, ,

then
th e draft 48 X 4 41 05
10

Hence with th e back roller wheel 60 the range of p in ions

, , ,

appl i cable woul d pro duce the following drafts

,

D raft p inio n 30 31 32 33 34 35
D raft 9 1

D raft p inio n 56 57 58 59 60
Draft
21 0 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

I t is thus seen that the fracti onal change in th e draft

correspon ds with th e frac tional change in the wheel an d henc e ,

large wheels comman d a finer a dj ustment of the count ,

an d for th i s reason the u s e of small change wheels shoul d be

avo ide d as far a s pract i cable .

Whenever the s iz e of p ini on require d i s not ava ilable alter ,

the back roller wheel in the invers e proport ion or change ,

the back roller wh eel alter in g it s Si z e to the e xtent that w i ll

,

enable the use of the ava ilable wheels as p in i ons The following
, .

i s then the proce dure

back R W
R at io of p i n i on an d back roller wheels an d any
. .

p in ion ,

two wh eels wh ich give a near enough rat i o w ill be s at isfactory .

Always rememb er th at the back roller wheel has the inverse

e ffect to the p in ion the for m er a ffect ing the draft i n the direct
,

rat i o an d th e latter inversely .

W —
Th e B u i l der hee l ( R atchet ) I n chang ing the count the
.
,

we ight of the yarn i s a ffecte d in the inverse proport ion s o that i f ,

the bobb ins are re quire d to conta in the same we ight then the ,

ratchet whe el must be change d in direct proport ion to the count .

Th i s i s not always a dm i ss ible in pract i ce on account of the

bobb ins be ing fille d too full for the rings through the yarn not ,

be ing woun d su ffic iently compact The rule in calculat ing the
.

buil der wheel i s

B u i l der wheel X count requ ire d
wheel sui table
count Sp un
When the s iz e of the empty bobb ins are change d or a
different s i ze of f u ll b obb in i s require d the wheel Sh oul d b e
,

altere d in direct proportion to the are a of the cross section -

of the yarn conta ine d on the full bobb in .

The relat ive area of a cros s sect i on of the yarn

-
( di ameter
?
of full bobb in di ameter of empty b obb in )
th e wh eel X area of secti on of yarn on bobb i n re qu ire d
area of sect ion of yarn on present bobb in
When the bobb ins are insufficiently har d the traveller , an d

i s the he avi est practi cable Spee ding up the traverse of the r ing
,

ra il by the most conven i ent of the wheels S T U V will h ave , , , ,

a beneficial e ffect .
21 2 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

E XAM P LE S IN TH E WOR KI N G OF TH E E XE R CI SE S ON PA GE 21 1 .

3
222
2
E XE R CI SE 1 .
—
The draft 44 X 4 915 ;
1
the count of t he rove ;
211

7 95
the
'

t w1 st pm m eh 4J cou nt t WI St whccl
'
°

’
the hanks pro
4 ¢ cou nt
,

revolutions of F R per 1 0 hours X c ircle of F R

. . . .

du ced
I nches per ha nk

E XE R CI SE 2 — The draft
.
g 8 the p inio n wheel (93 ) is containe d in th is

2
32
1 05
equatio n Q X 8; the twist wheel or as a
s in the following
7 1
, ,

equation 29 X 1 £ 20 19 36 40
,
0
5
X —
4
7
25 3 ; the buil der wheel
3 25
the Spi ndle s in R ing Frame s — The following
Losse s in driving
are instances of the observe d and calculate d spee ds of the
Sp in dles together w ith the losses ar i s ing from sl ippage
,

Ring frame with two tin rollers one of these be ing fi xe d to ,

the mach ine shaft and the other dr iven by the Sp in dle ban ds
, .

Dri ver T E
. . s ide. Dri ven T R . . s ide .

A ctual revolut io ns of T E . . 565 555

A ctual revolut io ns of sp indle 6250 58 24
C alculate d revolut io ns of sp indle 64 60 63 42
P erce ntage of loss 8 1

The following were recor de d after r eb anding the sp in dles on

the driven tin roller s ide these ban ds be ing driven by the driver
,

t i n roller

Actual revolut io ns of T R . .

A ctual revolutio ns of sp indle

Calculate d revolut ions of sp indle
P erce ntage of l oss

Thefollowing were recor de d in a frame having the '

rollers connecte d by an en dless rop e drive

Dri ver side .

A ctual revoluti o ns of T E . . 6 58
A ctual revolut io ns o f sp indle 7 184
Calculate d revolut io ns of sp indle 7 500
P erce ntage of loss 42

The pro duct ions in r ing frames vary cons iderably depen ding ,
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 21 3

1
up on the Spee d of sp in dle s t wi st per i nch s treng th of the yarn
, , ,

sk ill of the operat ives and the ir management .

The sp in dles are run at rates as h igh as revolut ions

p er m inute th i s be ing e xcept ionally h igh and only prac ti cable
, ,

un der the most favourable con dit ions The pro duct ion ranges .

as h igh as 96 per cent of the calculate d wh en base d upon the

.

actual Sp in dle spee d .

The h ighest spee ds are on l y practi cable w ith about 8 6 3

t o 4 0 counts un der normal con dit ions

8
.

PR OD U CTI ON S IN R I NG SPI NN I N G .

Cou nt . Cou nt .

p er 555hours .

Pr odu ct i ons i n Ring Spinni ng — I n sp inn ing yarn s from s ingle

roving , with a h igh draf t, or from an inferi or or irregular staple d
or soft cotton or in e xpose d bu il dings lo wer Spee ds are
, ,

neces sary .

The r ing sp inn ing mach ine cannot be as profitably em

ploye d in the pro duct i on of yarns other than the best des cr ip
t ions when i n compet it ion w ith those pro duce d in the mule
,

sp inn ing mach ine .

R ing frames requ ire better c otton and finer rov ing for the
or dinary classes of yarn They are pr inc ipally employe d in
.
,

th i s country in the pro duct ion of the follow ing yarns

,

( 1 ) Y arns conta in ing above th e average twi st .

( 2) Y arns ma de from above the average qual ity of cotton for

th e count .

( 3 ) Y arns of above the average qual i ty .

( 4 ) Y arns wh i ch are requ i re d in bun dle or warp form for the

s ubsequent requ irements .

I n all these th i s mach ine can pro duce to greater a dvantage

,

when the counts are w ith in a certain range .

Se e effects o f t wi ts i n s ingle y ar ns p 21 5
1
s , . .
2] 4 CO TTON SPI NN I NG C ALCULATI ON S

TWI ST STAND AR D S F OR SI NGLE YAR NS .

The obj ect in applyin g tw i st i n sp inn ing yarn i s to secure a

common bon d amongst the fibre s and thereby create a c erta in
,

tens ile res i stance t o ten s i on The purpos es for wh ich the yarn
.

i s re qu ire d wi ll therefore control the e xtent of the twi st appl i e d .

The or dinary stan dar ds in use are as follows

Mule Y arns .

T r
u ns p i h ier nc n

E gypt ian weft

Amer i can weft
E gypt i an me dium
Ameri can me diu m
E gypt i an tw i st
Amer i can twi st
Ri ng Y arns.

Soft weft count X 3 2 5

Me dium weft \ /count X
Soft tw i st count X
count X 4 0 Or din ary tw i st
\ / count X 4 2 5 W ater tw i st
x /co u n t X 4 5 H ar d tw i st
/ cou n t X 4 7 5 E x tra har d tw i st
\

l \ /count X Cr epe

The above twi sts are not r ig idly a dhere d to Slight mo di .

ficat ions are ma de in them by the sp inner such as circumstances

,

c onnecte d w ith the operat i on of sp inn ing ren der e xpe di ent .

A knowle dge of the efiect s of twi st apart from the or dinary

,

stan dar ds i s mo st e ssent ial in sp inn ing

, .

The influence w i el de d by twi st vari es w ith the character of

the cotton I t i s greater in th ose fibres wh i ch are long un i form
.
,

I n the i r length and s i lky in te xt u re

, an d well prepare d
,
The .

Sha de of the yarn i s always darkene d w ith i ncrease d appl i cat i on ,

and the touch i s also har dene d . A dec ide d curl or shrink i s , ,

also thereby develope d Th i s latter ten dency i s greatest in yarn

.

wh i ch i s irregu lar in diameter or m a de from harsh cotton .

 21 6 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

in us ing the or dinary strength testers with thos e har dest

,

twiste d and the results Obta ine d were unreli able

, .

Ult imately the t ests were accompl ishe d s at isfactori ly by

, , ,

us ing the Mos cr op patent s ingle threa d t ester ma de by Messrs .

Cook of Manch ester Th e whole of the test s ma de use of in

.
,

plott ing th i s di agram were e x ecute d on the same mach ine

, .

Th e di agram g ives th e strength develope d i n terms of

an increas ing twi st constant an d also in s trength per turn of
,

twi st The u pper curve shows the former an d in di cates the

.
,

po int at wh i ch tw i st ceases t o add to the strength an d th e ,

lower curve shows that obta ini ng the greatest value in strengt h
per turn o f twi st inserte d .

The i nferences drawn from thes e te sts an d from inspect ion

,

/ e yarn are
O f t h ,

( a) That in the be st yarns the strength contri bute d per turn

of t wi st bec omes gra dually less at \ /count X 8 .

( b) Th at in the be st yarns the strength ceases to i ncrease

w ith the a dde d tw ist at count X 5 .

(c) That the sha de an d touch an d ten dency to shr ink becomes
apprec iably a ffecte d after count X 3 5
(d) That th e Sha de i s only very sl ightly a ffect e d up to
an d after 5\ /count i t becomes very apprec i ably
darkene d .

( e) A co inc idence was that the t wist constant real i z ing the
greatest strength per turn of twi st was count That .

a dopte d by the tra de generally in sp inn ing weft from E gypt ian
cotton i s count .

Twi s t Standar ds for Fol ded Y arn — The follow ing are th e t wi st
.

c onstants use d in doubl ing

Twofol ds
XXXX Sof t
XXX
XX
X
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 21 7

Li sle
D ouble spu n
Har d

SE WI NGS C ON ST AN T OR CO

Si n gl y e ar n . T wofol d . SI X- cord .

As l ow as poss i b le

C R OCH E T .

Singl e y ar n . Two f ldo . Si x-cord .

We ft to twis t turns

Y A RN S F OR FI SH N E T TI N G .

Singl y e ar n . T wo f ld
o . Si x -
co rd .

Co m m on

x 65

KNI TTI N G Y AR N S AND E MB ROI D E R Y A ND FOR M E R CE RI ! I N G .

Si n gl es .

A s l ow as pract ica ble

x 3 0 to 3 2 5
21 8 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

TH E I NFLUE N CE OF DI RE CTI ON OF TWI ST IN F OL D E D YARN .

Th e diagram ( Fig 4 5) Shows the influence of th e direct i on

.

of twist upon the strength in the twofol d yarn Th i s figure .

was plotte d from the break ing Stra ins of two ser i es of twofol d
yarns one set being twi ste d r eversely and the other tw iste d
,

in the same direct i on as that conta ine d in th e s ingles The .

T WO FO LD T WIST C O N S T ANT S
-

FI G 45 . .

s ingle yarns use d were of very goo d quality and all alike con ,

t ain ing tw i st to the e xtent of count per i nch Th e twofol d

, .

twi sts p er inch range d from 2 5\ /coun t to

, ,
°

( TE ?
twi ste d in the same direct i on as t he s ingle were har der to the
touch and darker in sh a de and w ith th e increase d tw ist the ir
, ,

elast ic ity t o tens ile res istance increase d to an abnormal e xtent

fl
.
, ,

Y arns for el ast ic fabr i cs and i n preparing for sew ing threa ds
h ave the i r tw i st in th i s direct i on Those twiste d in the reverse
.

direct i on e x h ib ite d no abnormal features ; a slightly darken ing

sh a de was n ot i ceable especi al ly in those fullest twi ste d .

The I n u ence of Varying De gree s of Sing le and Fol di ng Twi s t .

Fig 4 6 was p r epare d from the breaking stra ins of yarns con
.

ta in ing a gra duate d e xtent of twofol d t wi st an d ma de from ,

220 CO TTON SPI N N I NG CALCULATI ON S

that conta ine d in the Singles that in the s ingles i s supplemente d

,

to the e xtent of the doubl ing tw i st Thus the former proce dure
.
,

remove s the twi st in the s ingles the fibres b e ing s imply r e

,

arrange d convolutely or i n what may b e t erme d a sp iro corrugate

,
-

or der When tens ion i s appl i e d to bo dies of fibres so arrange d

.

they are presse d towar ds a com m on centre an d th i s force bon ds ,

them preventing the fibres fro m sl iding

, .

I t is th i s ch ange in the arrange ment of the fibres w ithout ,

necessarily ch ang ing the ir compact ness that i s respons ible for
,

the greatly increase d strength of double d yarn as compare d

w i th that of s ingle yarn of a s i milar we i ght .

The con dit i ons that woul d h ave to obtai n in or der to ut ili z e
to the fullest e xtent th e ava ilable strength of the bo dy of fibres
contai ne d in a double d yarn are ,

That all fibres b e equally outstretche d an d i n al ignment so ,

that they mutually share the tens i on appl ie d That they are .

bon de d su fficiently to prevent the i r slippage upon each o ther

an d devo id of i n div i dual twi st .

Th i s latter state in so far as twi st i s concerne d can rea dily

, ,

b e obta ine d I t i s in the lay i ng of the fibres equally outstretche d

.

that difficulty ari ses that state b e ing only parti ally poss ible
,
.

The format ion of the fibres about a c ommon centre twi ste d , ,

ren ders the ir al ignment impos s ible .

The aim s of doub l ing m ay be state d as follows

(1 ) To permanently ut ili z e the ava ilable strength of the

fibres by prevent ing the ir a xi al movement after the thre a d i s
complete d .

( 2) To obtai n the des ire d c ompactness lustre an d free dom , ,

from ooz e w ith the fibres bon de d in the most su itable manner
,

for th e requ ire d Si z e of threa d .

(3 ) To insure defin ite elast i c propert ies in the yarn when

un der t ens i on .

( )
4 To obta i n the d es i re d ch aracter of surfac e s uch as ,

cyl in dri cal sp iral corkscre w pearly cr epe or other e ffects

, , , , ,
.

I n or der to secure the utmost strength an d at the s ame t ime ,

prevent axi al movement the twi sts in the succes s ive stages
,

shoul d be arr ange d so that they balance in the complete d

y arn.
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 221

Comp actnes s is the re sult of tens i on and compress i on appl ie d

dur ing doubl ing . I n or der to Obta in th e smallest threa d from
a number of others as for e x ample in s ewings and k in dre d
, , ,

yarns th e following proce dure i s most e ffective

,

I n doubl ing the s ingles th e fibres Shoul d be compresse d to

the ir l imit by tw i sting in the same direct ion as the s ingles and
, ,

to the e xtent necessary to obtain a balance d stat e when the final

tw i st ing i s complete d Thus when the final t wi st i s great that
.
, ,

in the fol de d s ingles must also corresp on d I n the subst i tut i on

.

of the preparing by th e final tw i st th e conseq uent e xten ding

an d e xpan ding t en denc ies are fully absorbe d or counteracte d
,

by th e ir gre ater ra dius about a common centre .

Lu s tr e i s a ffecte d by the angle wh i ch the fibres make

with the complete d threa d I t i s greatest when they are in
.

l ine w ith the axi s of the in divi dual s ingle s and vi ce ver s é , .

Thus lustre in di cates th e e xtent of the t wist in the s ingles

,

an d i n th e fibres .

Fr eedo fm r om G az a — Th i s i s in the m a in the result of the

roll ing act i on of the yarns against each oth er in th e course of
twi st ing .

The Tendency to Str etch un der tens ion i s regulate d by the

, ,

angle of the s ingles or stran ds compri se d in the final threa d .

The more numerous these are the less the ir stretch ing ten dency .

Thus h ighly elast i c double d yarns are compose d of the fewest

,

Singles an d stran ds The number of stran ds that can be sat i s

.

fact or il y boun d in th i s way are l i m i te d an d hence they sel dom

,

e xcee d four Above th i s number the s ingles or stran ds have

.

insu ffic i ent a dherence an d hence pla it ing i s re sorte d to

, .

Cy li ndr i ci ty i s develope d most e ffect ively when th e Singles

are only sl ightly twi ste d an d of th e be st qual ity .

P ear l y Ef ects are develope d by e m ploying h ighly tw i ste d

s ingles

fl
.

Cr epe by twi st ing in the same direct i on as the s ingles ,

also by inserting cons iderable t wi st in th e reverse direct ion to

th at in the s ingles but the e ffect i s not the s ame in both case s .

Sp ir al E f ects are obta in e d by sl ight fol ding t wi s t .

Where a small yarn with h ar d e ect s are require d h ighly ,

twi ste d s ingles are necessary F or soft e ffects s im ilar to those

.
222 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

require d in yarns for merceriz ing the s ingle s sh oul d b e softly

,

twi ste d
.

C or ks cr ew E j ects are obtai ne d by doubl ing

( a) Y arns in unequal tens ion .

Y arns unequal in s i z e .

c) Y arns conta in ing unequal twi st

( .

( )
d Y arns tw i ste d i n oppos i te di rect i on .

The R elat i ve R e si s tance of Y arns t o Twi st — Assum ing the

co e ffici ent of res i stance t o the first tw i st i n a g iven length of
-

yarn to be 1 an d th e res i stance as the tw ist progresses di rectly

, , ,

proport ional to the tw i st conta ine d the relative res i stance when
, ,

the di ameters of the yarn s are not al ike be ing proport i onate to ,

the ir diameters cube d—then upon these assumpt i ons the

, ,

relat ive res i stance of a bo dy of untw i ste d fibres eq u al t o 6 O ,

S

an d 4 O yarns are re spect ively

S
,

1
(fi )
3

(7 60
3
-
an d

When th e fibres are tw iste d the i r res istance wh en

, , t denotes
th e twist conta ine d in them w ill be respect ively
,

1! an d t
<
\

The above are base d on other con di ti ons be ing equal .

Th e relat ive res i stance of 6 O an d 4 0 yarns conta in ing twi st

S 8

t o th e e xtent of i s therefore e xpres se d as follows

1 3

60 , 3
5

x/6 0 >
40 , 3
)
s
08 37
7 40

When fol de d threa ds are re quire d balance d namely w ithout , ,

ten dency to tw ist or untw i st it i s necess ary to insert twi st to the

,

e xtent that w il l balance th e forces they conta in Thus a yarn .

,

compose d of several s ingle threa ds shoul d be twi ste d so that th e

force develope d by th e doubling twi st i s suffici ent to counteract
those st ill containe d in the s ingles When a number of s ingles .
224 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

The above formula wh en appl i e d to twofol d

, 50 3
w ith
t1 85 /c1 g ives the following results
\ ,

[ (a s x/cl (wgf
a 1 09

metho d of ascerta in ing the twist is appl icable to al l

Th is
k in ds of yarns I t enables that neces sary in the Singles t o
.
, ,

b alance a certain fol ding tw ist t o be asc ertaine d or vi ce ver sé ,

.

Adherence to th i s metho d woul d necess itate cons iderably more

twi st in the s ingle yarn than i t i s customary t o apply an d
, , ,

h ence it woul d increase th e cost an d th i s without commens urate

return I n certain classes of yarns it i s appl ie d to some e xtent
. .

The appl i cat i on of th e above formula i s further i llustrate d by

th e follow ing e xample
Let the co unt of
s ingl e be 50 and twofol d is m a de containing the usual
t he ,

tur ns 4 ez X 4 20 What t w ist w oul d be necessary in the s ingles in order that

.

t he co m plete d t wofol d be in perfect bala n ce ?

v
dl
3
1
“ 9
011 x 70
-

x 6 5 8 , t he s ingle oeffic ie nt
c

or con stant

TH E R I NG D OUBLI N G F RAME .

represents the gearing common i n r ing doubl ing

F ig 4 7 .

frames A A b e in g the rollers an d L th e driving pulleys J the

, , I , ,

t in roller an d I the t in roller sh aft wheel the tra in I H G

, , , , ,

E E 1 D D1 Cl B an d B 1 b e in g the trains of wheels con

, , , , , , ,

n e ctin g the front rollers to the t in roller K and K are the .

Sp in dle s .

The follow ing tw i st i s obta ine d when the s mallest s iz e s

of the change wheels are employe d
The revolut ions of th e sp i n dle per one of the roller w ith the ,

smallest s i zes of ch ange wheels are ,

 AN D CO STS OF YARN 225

75 X 60 X 1 20 X 8
20 x 20 x 20 x 1 g
,
-

an d therefore the t wi st per inch inserte d in the yarn on the left ,

s ide of th i s mach ine woul d be

,

48 0

wh ils t that on the right Si d e woul d be

The —
range of twist with 20 60 the ava ilable s izes of top

FI G . 47 .

change wheels when the tin roller and the lower tw ist wheels
,

are both 20 i s ,

On the left s ide from 8 7 27 to

, X %3
‘
29 0 9,

On th e r i ght s ide from 6 1 to 6 1 X 8— 20 3

, ,

With the ava ilable s i zes of wheels for G when the tin roller ,

wh eel i s 20 and C is 6 0 the twist per inch procurable ranges

, ,

from
On the left s ide from
,
2909 , to 96 9

On the r ight s ide from, 20 3 , to

226 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCU LATI ON S

With the tin roller 4 0 an d the other change wheels 6 0 an d 60,

the twi st woul d be

On the left s ide , twist per inch

On the r ight s ide , twist per inch

revolut ions of sp in dle ( actual )
The pro duct ion per un it of t ime
twi st requ ire d
inches per un it of t i me

Thereforewith the sp in dles mak ing 8 000 revolut ions per

m inute ( actual ) and the counts 2 7 2 and tw i st coeffi c ient
,
-
S

the rate of pro duction in hanks and ounces per sp in dle per
1 0 hours no allowances woul d b e
, ,

8 000 X 6 0 X 10 revolut ions of sp in dl e per 1 0 hrs .

8 000 X 60 X 10
inches per sp in dle in 1 0 hrs .

V9 52

8 000 X 10 X 60
yards per Sp in dle in 1 0 hrs .

4 5 V1 22 X 3 6
8 000 X 6 0 X 1 0
hanks per sp in dle in 1 0 hrs .

4 5 V7 22 X 3 6 X 8 40
8 000 X 6 0 X 1 0 X 1 6
ounces per sp in dle in 1 0 hrs .

Ir a / 9 X 3 6 X 8 0 X 2
A 1 2
4 1 2

Th i s i s assum ing the yarn does not contract .

000

x/ 511 "

2 X
3
2
2 X 22
7
revolut i ons Of the roller per
m inute on the left s ide
000
—
7
9
52 1
? X
22
"

7
revolut i ons o f the roller per
m inute on the ri ght Side

W i th th e parti culars of th e frame as g iven in the figure the ,

different top change wheels that woul d be appl icable i n or der ,

that the s ame turns may be put in the yarn ma de on b oth s i de s

of the mach ine are as follows The rat i o of these change
,

wheels left to r ight shoul d be as 25 1 a or 1 0 : 7 or 1 0 7

, , , , .

Th e following e xerc i ses are base d on th e con diti ons obta in ing
i n Fig 4 7.
228 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

range from 3 000 to 8 500 accor ding to the class of work When
, .

chang ing always cons ider whether the new c ircumstances w ill
,

a dmit of or requ ire a change in the spe e d of the sp in dles Such .

i s ma de by alter ing the frame Shaft pulleys or the ir drivers ,

wh ichever be most conven i ent .

Sli ppag e in Doub ling Frame s — I n doubl ing frames there i s

u sually cons iderable sl ipp age in dr iving th e Sp in dles from the

t in roller and th i s often results in un des irable var i at ions in the

,

twi st wh i ch the yarn contains An idea of th e e xtent of th i s is

.

conta ine d in the following observe d spee ds in a r ing doubling

frame in go o d work ing con dit ion Th i s frame conta ine d one
.

t in roller mak ing 8 8 8 revolut ions per m inute and 8 inches in

di ameter the sp in dle wharve s be ing 1 4 inch in diameter
, The .

following were typ i cal recor ds of the ir spee ds per m inute 51 8 6 ,

51 00 54 1 6 526 5 the ir calculate d rate be ing 59 50 an d hence

, , , ,

the los s was 1 28 1 4 3 9 0 1 1 5 per cent respect ively Th i s

, , , . .

i s when neglect ing the s i z e of the sp in dle ban d I t w ill b e .

not ice d that when the s i z e of the sp in dle b an d i s allowe d for

in th i s instance the loss will be almost 7217
, .

The Twin er Mu le — Fig 4 8 conta ins part i culars of the gear for
.

dri vin g the sp in dles and draw ing out s croll shaft in a twiner
-
.

FI G . 48 .

N, N are the strap dr iving the r i m pulley M ; L i s the r im pulley ,

an d LX the r i m ban d dr iv ing the t in roller pulley J K be ing th e ,

r im ban d c arr i er pulley The t in roller B drives the sp in dle

.

wharve A ; C an d 01 are the tin roller wheels shown in two ,

s i ze s for driving the tra in D E F G H H i s the drawing out

, , , , ,
-

sh aft clutch wheel The other part iculars of the above gear are
.
 AND CO STS OF YARN 29

as follows — R evolut ions per m inute of r un shaft 7 7 0 Rim , .

,

—
L 1 2 24 i nches B 6 i nches J 1 1 inches A g inch d iameters
, , , ,

respect ively C and Cl 1 5 an d 25

. D 0
8 ; E 20 —40 ; F 90 ;
, , , ,

G 1 5 ; H 6 8 teet h respectively H makes agg revolu tio n s

, , ,
.

per dra w in moving the creel out 7 2 inches Th e twi st ch ange .

wheels are : th e tin roller 1 5 an d 25 and the wheel E 20 to 40 ,

.

The r im pulley i s seen on i nspect ion of th i s gear to be the , ,

me diu m for a dj usting th e spee d of all the pro duct ive p art s an d ,

the t wist ch ange wheels for altering the rate at wh ich the yarn
i s intro duc e d to the twi st ing influence .

I f the e x ample s relat ing to th e sp inn ing mule h ave been

un derstoo d th e following calculat i ons will be un derstoo d
,
.

Hence only one e xample is given in e ach s e t of these

calculat ions .

E XE R CI SE 1 —Cal cula te the r evolutio ns of the Sp indl es per m inut e with

. con

se cu tive s izes of r im s rang ing fr om 1 2 to 24 i nch e s in dia m eter .

E xamp l e .
-
R evolutions per m inute of spee d whe n the r im is 1 2 inches in
dia meter ,

Size of r im 1 2 13 14 15 16 1 7 18 19 20 21 22 23 24
R evs ofsp indle
. 57 60 67 20 7 68 0 8 640 9600
per minut e 6240 7200 8 1 60 9 1 20

E XE R CI SE 2 —Cal cula te the t wis t per inch wh en

. the larges t driver t wist
cha nge wheels are in use .

E x a mp l e —R ev olutio ns of sp indle per one dra w and per 3 55 r evol utio ns

1

of H
3 g§ X 68 X 90 X 8 0X 6
t wis t per draw of 7 2 inch es
1 5 X 4O X 25 X §
258 x 68 X 90 X 8 0 X 6 X 8
_
6 8 X 1 5 X 4O X 25 X 7 2 X 7

Whe n the tin roller wheel is 35 34 33 3o

40 39 38 37 36 ~

25 and t he t wis t change is

The t wist per inch is

31 30 29 28 27 26 25 24 23 22 21 20
157 1 68 18 1 1 96 214 23 5
16 2

E XE R CI SE 3 .
—Calculat e the t wist chang e wheel that will give the n eares t to
turns per inch whe n the t in roller wheel is 1 5 .
23 0 CO TTON SPI NN I N G CALCULATI ON S

E X E R C I SE 4 — Calculate
the t wist per inch with co nse cutive siz es
, of t wist
cha nge wheels ra nging fro m 20 up war ds wi th the t in roller wh eel 1 5 , .

A ns . Twist change wheel 20 21 22 23 30

375 3 42
Twist per inch

258 68 X 9O X 80 X 6 X 1 _
x
E xamp l e
6 8 X 1 5 X 2O X 1 5 X 7 2 X %
.

E XE R CI SE 5 —I f the t wist cha ng e wheel 3 5 and

. the cou nts double d what
Sizes of wheels w oul d be requ ire d for l —Q he n the sa m e t wis t
g w
'

co nsta nt is use d ?
E xamp l e wh eel suitable for fi g
“
.

E X E R CI SE 6 E stim ate the pr odu ction in b anks per sp indle and in p ou nds
.
-

per t winer of 1 000 spindles per 1 0 hours ; the spindles t o develop a spee d of
revol utio ns per m inute , and back ing off and winding to oc cupy 5 seco nds
the counts double d are L 11 and the t wist co nsta nt 4 5 is
3 ,
“

use d Allo w 1 5 per ce nt for loss of spee d during t wist ing

.
.
,
and 1 5 m inutes per
do ff the cops we ig h ing 2 ozs each
, . .

E xamp l e .

4 5A/f l' x 72 1 00
g
’

Seco nds take n twist ing per dra w 85

s eco nds
1 1 000
Se co nds per com ple t e dra w 1 004 5 1 5 04

Tim e T2 x 25 x 8 40 x 56
to m ake a cop in seconds se co nds
72 x 85
above nu m erators
The co nte nts of a cop in in ches
Tim e take n to m ake a cop and 1 X 25 X 8 40 X 3 6 X 1 5 04 15
dotf in h ours } 8 x 72 x 60 x 60 60

33
2
5 hrs 29 m ins
. . hrs . 5 733 hrs .

10 X 2 X 25
pro duc ti on I n ha nks per sp i ndle
x 16 x 1
1 000 x
pro duct io n in pou nds per t winer 21 8 lbs .

Chang ing
the s i z e of the r im a ffects th e Spee d of all the
parts concerne d in twist ing and intro duc ing the yarn and there ,

fore alters the t ime occup ie d in mak ing th i s move m ent in direct
, ,

proport ion ; the t ime taken to b ack off and w in d rema in ing
una ffecte d .

Chang ing the twi st change wheel alters the tw ist through
affect ing the rate of movement of the carr iage in the direct ,

proport i on to th e change ma de in the wheel Th is alters the .

23 2 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCUL ATI O N S

In or der to ascertain the cost of pro ducing yarn when the

pro duct ion and the i nclus i ve e xpenses per Sp in dle are known ,

the following i s the course usually followe d

To the cost of the cotton at the car d del ivery add the cost
of pro duct ion per poun d an d de duct the s u m rece ive d per
, , ,

poun d of yarn spun for the waste , .

Th e rate of the pro duct i on per sp in dle in the South E ast -

L ancash i re di stri ct does not vary cons iderably The range i s .

g iven on p 204. .

I n cost ing i t i s usual to di sregar d the loss ari s ing from

waste after the car d because th i s i tem is about balance d by the
,

regain in con diti on ing The value of th e waste i s assesse d at

.

2% per cent of th e cotton pri ce th i s i s c ons i dere d a fa ir value

. .

E XAMP LE of the cost of 28 T m a de fro m M iddl ing Am er ica n cotto n at 6d

“
. .

per pou nd .

C t i p os n ence

p p nd er ou

Working costs per Sp indl e per annu m

.

P ro ductio n per sp indle p er a nnu m base d on 503 2 x ,

50
work ing we eks per year and 3 2 ha nks per w eek

Cost of t he c otto n del ivered at t he car d del ive ry ,

6 x 1 00
all owing 1 0 per c ent for l oss .
,
90

L ess val ue of the waste

cos t of r aw cotto n

N ett cost of Sp inning 19 33

Add : cos t of sell ing and dis cou nts 3 % per ce nt on sell ing p rice .

E XAMPLE 3 6 T fr om F M iddl ing American co tto n at 6 1 6d

’
P ro du ctio n '

.
. .
,

3 0 b anks per sp indle per w eek .

Working costs per sp indl e per a nnu m 8 06 4 ,

P ro ductio n per Sp indl e per a nnum 50 X 3 0 b anks ,

Cost of the cotto n at the car d del ivery allo wing ,

1 0 per ce nt loss
.

Less value of the waste

cost of the co t to n

N ett cost of spinning

 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 23 3

E XAMP LE 60 T
3
. F air B r E gypt ia n
. at 9d . per p ou nd
.

\V01 king osts peI sp indle per a nnu m

c

P r oduction per sp indle per a nnu m

Cos t of the cotto n del ivere d at the car d 1 0 per
9 X 100
cen t waste d,
90
.

1 4 03 2
Less valu e of the waste
cost of cotto n

N ett co st p inning
of S

TH E A PP ROX I MA TE COST S OF Y A R N WH E N SP N F ROM SI N GLE U R OVI N G TH B ASI S

,
E

B E I N G 8 0 64 P
E NCE COST P E R SP I N D L E P E R ANN M 16 1 U P E NCE P E R SP I ND L E
PE R WE E K .

Sm t abl e cot ton an d

g rade.

16 W .
: 34 12 6 31 01 3 7 07 6 6 93 3 13 83

10 7 28 0 1 6 4: 4 03 1 1 1 46 4 5 96

p inn ing m ills preparing th e yarn from double rov ing

I n those S ,

at th e sp inn ing mach ine the cost of the work ing e xpenses are
,
 23 4 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

greater th an those prev iously g iven Th i s ha s been ascerta ine d .

to appro ximate 1 7 2d per mule Sp in dle per week

°

. .

Thus 50 T from double ro ve and pro duce d at th e rate of 25 5

,
8
.
,

hanks per mule Sp in dle per week will cost in work ing e xpense s ,

X 50
3 3 7 d per poun d .

and 60 T at 23 5 hanks per sp in dle per wee k

5
.

X 60
4 4 d per poun d .

23 5

TE E AP P OXI M ATE COST OF Y A RN SP U N FROM D OUB LE R oe G AS P E R D ATA

P RE V I OU SLY GI V E N .

Suit a bl e grade of
co t t on .

16 W. 63 1 013 7 08 0 69 7 8 1 4 28

r , B d a ers ,

ds , or s u per
or Tex as
Ditto ou b le(d
rove)
M F A m eri can
. .

E gy G F. . .

U E gy F
. . .

E gy . G .

U E gy G F
. . . .

E gy . G .
23 6 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

F ROM TH E
“
MAN CH E STE R G U ARD I AN , J U N E 3 0, 1 906 .

Good Bhow
5
20 w at er l
M idd i ng
S
3 2 co p F ll y g d
u oo
8
6 0 t wi s t
nu gg ar . t w ist A m erican t wi s t f E gy pt
ai r E gy t p
p p p p p d p
. . . .

Per ou nd . Per ou nd . Pe r ou nd . Per ou nd . Per ou n . Per o und.

 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 23 7

F R OM TH E
“
COT TON FACTORY TI ME S J UN E , 29, 1 906 .

P RI CE OF M E D I U M Y A R N S I N P E N CE P R E LB .

Two f ld
o .

Co u nt . Weft .
T wi s t i n cop .
Beam . B und l e.

Bund l e.

Sig

91 6—1 05
3
1 03—1 13 1 0153—1 1 156

1 03- 1 1 3 1 01- I I I

E GY PTI AN Y ARN S .

1 7 ; - 21 1 7 3 2 03
1 9§—24 1 9; —
23 }
21 1 26 I
.

23 3 3 0 23 2 29;
253 3 3 1 -
255
-
3 23

COTT ON, OFFI CI AL Q U OTATI ONS .

J un e 29 , 1 906 .

Amer i can .

LM
. .

Arneri can

E gyp tia n .

P GP
. . .

y t an brown
Eg p i ,

Ditto upper
,

E gy pti an b ro wn
,
fine , 1 1 3
, .

Di , tto upper , fine , * 1 0 .

E gy ptian q uotat o i ns do not re fer to a a or pper E gy pt cotton

B mi U .

N om inal .
23 8 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

I n di an .

FGF . . .

B en gal , uper fin e
S , 4g .

N omi n al .

The Cost s of vai lab le at t he Machine s in a Spinning Mi ll

P ower a , .

Bas i s : E ng ine an d all plant connecte d therew ith t o develop

1 000 I H P. . .

E ngines bo ilers and econom iz ers — P umps and all the

, ,

necessary connect i ons — Sh afting an d rope gearing— R e servo irs -

,

lan d buil dings and approaches at £ 1 5 per I H P

, , . . .

R at io of above costs
( a ) E n g i ne s 3 5 per cent , .

( )
6 Bo i lers a n d econom i z ers 20 per cent , .

( c) Shaft ing an d rope gear ing 1 5 per cent -

, .

( d) R eservo irs lan d bu il dings and approaches 3 0 per c ent

, , , , .

Wor ki ng E xpenses s. d .

D epre ciatio n and upkeep inclus iv e on (a) (b) (c) at , , ,

10
per ce nt per annu m
. .

D eprec iation and upkeep on (d) at 25per ce nt , .

I nterest at 4 per ce nt per a nnu m on (a) (b) (c) (d)

.
, , ,

Stores at £ 02 5 per I H P per a nnu m . . . .

Goal s : 2 lbs peI I H P per hour at 7 3 6d per t on

.
°
. . .
,
. .

I nsura nce (fire acc ident) at 1 03 per ce nt on

, , . .

Lab our

3 948 1 0 0

Cost per I . H P . . per hour in pence ( 50 X 55 work ing hours )

3 94 8 5 x 240
0 3 44
50 x 55 x 1 000

The inclus ive power require d in sp inn ing m ills , is about

24 0 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

allowe d for in the car d then ,

we ight of cotton
requ ir e d in car d laps 527 lbs , .

An d if 5 per cent loss be allowe d for

. in open ing an d scutch
527 X 1 00
i ng, then , 555 lbs . of raw cotton require d per 4 00 lbs .

95
of combe d cotton .

When comb ing is not in vogue th i s amount woul d be less

to the e xtent of
4 00 x 1 00 x 1 00
( 95 X 95
555 4 44 111 lbs .

Assum in g th e pro duct i on Of the car d 3 50 lbs per week the .

,

e xtra car ding m ach inery per 400lbs of combe d sl iver woul d b e .

1 00
( 500 4 00 1 00 lbs .
) 3 50

Taking the pro duct ive capac ity of a s cutch er at 8 000 lb s an d .

,

that of t he opener at lbs per week respect ively the loss .

, ,

be ing 2 and 3 per cent respect ively th en the e xtra s cutch ing
.
,

an d open ing mach inery woul d be

1 06 1 09
s cutch i ng open i ng ,
,
8 000 1 6 000

Thee xtra labour involve d upon the follow ing bas is woul d , ,

cost as follows
C os t of tr eati ng l bs of s cu tched co tton .
.

M ixing open ing an d scutc h ing wages inclus ive £ 3 1 5s

, , ,
.

The cost therefore of treat ing th e e xtra cotton re qu ire d ( 1 06

, ,

lbs s cutcher lap ) woul d b e

.

3 75 X 24 0 X 1 06
5 9d
°

1 6 000

Therefore the e xtra cost on account of labour un der th i s hea d

woul d b e

O 01 4 7 5d
°
. per poun ds of combe d cotton
 AND CO STS OF YARN 24 1

Tak ing the labour in car ding at 28 3 per 1 4 car ds incl u s ive . ,

the cost per poun d of combe d Sl iver woul d be

X 1 2 X 1 00
28
0 01 7 01 d
°

. per poun d of combe d Sliver

3 50 X 1 4 X 4 00

The costs of labour involve d in prepar ing the cotton for and
in comb ing :
One person at 1 8 3 per week to atten d the sl iver an d r ibbon
,
.
,

l ap mach ines P ro duct ion 24 50 lbs per we ek

.
, . .

18 X 12 X 490
0 1 08 cl
’

. per poun d of combe d cotton

24 50 X 4 00

One person at ,
per s ix comb ing mach ine s inclus ive of
cost of overlook ing
20 x 1 2
ol d
°

. per poun d of combe d sl iver

6 X 4 OO

Other e xpense s
Costs on account of th e mach inery

£ 243 8 5

R epair and upkeep at 7 5 per cent per annum on

}
.

£ 1 8 28 9
£ 24 3 8 5
D epreci at i on
at 7 2 per cent per annu m on £ 243 . 85
I nterest at 5 per cent per annum on £ 24 3 8 5
.

£ 48 7 7 0

Cost ,
un der th i s hea d per poun d of,
0 58 5d
°

combe d sliver .
24 2 CO TTON SP I NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

E xtra stock of cotton in process through c omb ing s ay , 4 00

lbs per comb ing mach ine of 8 hea ds
. .

Value of th i s at 8 d per lb £ 13 3 . .

I nterest on £ 1 3 3 at 5 per cent per annum

. £ 06 6 5

Therefore cost per poun d of c ombe d Sliver 00 08

E xtra cost on account of spa c e at , 23 . per square yar d per

ann u II I
P rp
o ort iona l ar ea
s qua e r y ar ds .

Space per comb ing mach ine (400 l bs ) , 15 square yar ds 15 0

r ibbon lap ( 50 lbs )
24 , 15
sl iver 12

195 X 2 X 12
Cost per poun d of combe d s hver 0 023 4 ol
50 x 4 00
.

E xtra cost on account of power at 0 3 44 d per I H P per

°

. . . .
,

hour
Prp o or t i ona l
p owe r .

Comber ( 400 lbs) .

g I H P . . .

R ibbon lap mach ine ( 2450 lbs ) . 1

Sl iver

0 04 7 3 d
°
.

The e xtra cost on account of the waste e xtracte d

Waste at the comb ing stage 8 8 lbs ,
.

E xtra waste at the prev i ous stage not returnable to m ixing , ,

555 4 44 1 1 1 lbs .

Therefore 1 1 1 4 00 51 1 lbs the amount of raw cotton

.

re qu ire d per 4 00 lbs combe d and therefore the cost of the

.
,

cotton per poun d at the comb ing hea d on th i s account is

 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI O NS

7 25d
‘
.

The other e xpenses of comb ing

0 9o26d per poun d

'

Hence assum ing the waste ma de at the comber i s sol d at a

,

pr ice per poun d e qual to half the cost pr ice of the raw cotton ,

then the e xtra cost of comb ing in th i s cas e woul d b e

18 per cent .
, 1 1h . X Set . 0 7 2d
°

The cost of comb ing : 07 2 2 5026d

°

per poun d

The e xpense s e xclus ive of the loss in waste 0 9026d

'

The cost on account of the waste e xtracte d assum ing ,

it h as no value

Costsof 8 0 combe d as per tabulate d data on p 23 5 Th e

8
. .

cost of comb ing and sp inn i ng when the raw cotton costs l l gd .

per poun d .

The cost of sp inn ing ( uncombe d) as per tabulate d data on

p 23 5
.

d .

725 per lb . Of yarn

The cost of the cotton at the comb ing

hea d through waste loss neglect
, ,

ing value deri ve d from sale

The e xpenses of comb ing e xclu ding )
,
O 9026
waste I
 AN D CO STS OF Y ARN 24 5

Less the value of 1 8 per cent waste .

ma de in comb ing ( at h alf pri ce of -

1 O7
'

per lb of yarn . .

r aw cotton per poun d)

L es s the value of waste ma de pr ior t o

comb ing ( at 25 per cent on the »
.

raw cotton pri ce )

Co st per poun d of yarn 23 1 8 7 6d
°

E X AMP LE of the m eth od a dopt ed in e stim ating the co s t g iv en bel ow

Card ing : 8 50 lbs per . card
Cos t p er pound
of y arn s p un .

Lab our : per car d inclusiv e of over

2s 1 1 d. .
,

l ooking and card hea d t enter

P ow er : 1 H P per card at 0 3 4d per hO
. . ur
°
.

M ach inery : per car d 1 0 per ce nt for , .

l oss depr ec iat ion and upk eep

, , .

Spa ce : 1 0 58 squar e yar ds per car d at 2

'

s
per .

yar d 0 00061

8 0 1 289

The cost at the drawing and subsequent stages i s given per

pro duct ive un it on a ccount of th e w ide r ange of variati on i n
,

the ir pro duct ion I n or der there fore to est imate the cost per
.
, ,

poun d th e pro duct i on per del ivery or per Sp in dle is requ ire d
, .

The pro duct i on can be ascertai ne d i n the manner e xpla ine d in

other parts of th i s book .

The Dep artme ntal Cost s i n Spinning Car de d Qual i t i e s of Y arn .

I n est imat ing these costs u p to date con dit i ons have been taken - -

as th e bas i s The cost of space has been asse sse d at 23 per

. .

square yar d per annum inclus ive B u t no allowance h as b een , .

ma de for waste .

Il l i cr cng
'
-
Co tton a nd II as l c I Stor age —Op en /I I —
g Scu tcln ng
Cos t '

In p
ence per p ound
o fy ar n s p un .

0 027
0 0255
00 1 44
0 003 1 7

0 07 007
24 6 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALC ULATI ON S

Car di ng

D r aw ing
p
Cost in ence per
l y k
de i ver pe r wee .

125

Fl y F ra me s
Sl u bber

I n ter medi ate

Labour
P o wer
M ach inery
Spa ce

27 3 5

R oving

Il fu l es
24 8 CO TTON SPI NN I NG CALCULATI ON S

On th i s assumption the pro duct ion per w in der w ill be

55 hr s . X 6 0 m ins X o u nces conta ine d on each bobb in

. X 12
2 X 16
poun ds per win der
Number of sp in dles per w in der
poun ds per w in der
25 per cent
7 5 per cent calculate d pro duct i on per sp i n dle
.

A Method of As certaini ng the Pr odu cti on of R eel s — The pro

duct i on of 40 hank reels in 55 hours when worke d at 250
-

revolut ions of the swift per mi nute allowing t wo stop s per ,

bobb in unwoun d an d 5 secon ds for each stop the bobb ins

, ,

conta in ing oz of counts 20 the t ime lost i n ty ing and

.
3
,

do ffing be ing 3 m inutes .

The t ime taken to fill th e reel ( 4 0 h anks ) if no stoppage s

80 X 7 X 60
S econ ds
250

The number of stop s in fill ing the reel

8 40
07 5
X 8 40 X 20
16

The t ime lost in filling the reel through stopp ing

8 40
X 2 X 5 X 4 0 secon ds
X 8 4 0 X 20
16

The t ime taken to fill and do ff, allow ing two stoppage s
bobb in unwoun d
8 0 X 7 X 60 8 40 X I 6 X 2 X 5 X
+ 180
250 X B4 O X 2O
4 27 1 8 0 s econ ds m inute s
pro duct ion per Week in poun ds
55 x 6 0
 AND CO STS OF Y ARN 24 9

The weekly earn ings of w in ders an d reelers vary from 1 4 3 .

to 24s per week and the c ost per p oun d of yarn treate d
.
, ,

var ies i n th i s work comparing districts more than in any

, , ,

other s ect ion of the sp inn ing m ill .

The numerous departmental wage l i sts an d th e difference

in these in the var ious distr i cts do not a dm it of the c osts in
, ,

wages be ing treate d in a work of th is k in d in any other manner

, ,

than that a dopte d .

Although these l i sts di ffer on paper comp e t it i on has resulte d

,

i n th i s difference in the cost s —be ing that approach ing th e

van ish i ng po int when re duce d to a b as i s e mbo dy ing quant ity
,

and qual ity of pro duct ion .

252 I N DE X

D raft in drawi ng fram es 1 03 1 07 1 09 , , ,

G ain or drag 1 6 1 1 64
, , ,

fl y fr a m es 1 4 2 1 51 , , changes 1 6 6 1 8 6 , ,

i n m ules 1 57 , G earin g i n bale break ers 1 5 21 , ,

i n openers 3 4 4 0 , i n car din g m ach i n es 56 ,

i n ri bbo n lap m ach i nes 8 2 ,

i n D o b son s d ou b le s pee d
’
-
and
i n ri ng fram es 209 hasteni ng m oti o n 1 90
i n scutchers 4 3 —
, ,

47 , in draw fram es 1 03 ,

i n s liver l ap m a h i nes 7 8 c , i n fl y fra m es 1 1 2 ,

D ra wi ng fram e 1 02 , in m ules 1 56 ,

calculati on s relat ing to 1 03 , D o b son and B arlo w s

’
,
17 7 ,
co i l i n g o f sl i ver spacing 1 05 , , 1 95
co u nt o f sl iver at 1 51 , P latt s 1 8 3 1 9 1 1 9 2 ’
, , ,

d ra fts 1 03 1 07 1 09 , , , vari ous train s 1 62 1 7 7 —1 90 , ,

e ff ect o f at mospheri c chan ges , i n N as m i th com b i ng m ach i ne 8 4 ,

1 02 in ope n ers 25 ,

s y stem o f geari ng rollers 1 08 , in P latt s knoc ki ng off m ot io n 51

’
-
,

rollers anal y s i s o f acti on o f 1 52

, , in r ibbo n l ap m achi nes 8 0 ,

funct ions of 1 53 , i n ri n g fram es 204 ,

D ri ver and dr i ve n w heels e ffect o f , d ou b l i n g fra mes 224 ,

cha ngi ng 9 1 0 , ,
rollers 1 08 ,

D ri vi ng rope and be lt 1 2
, ,
i n scutchers 4 1 ,

spee ds an d sizes o f driv ing i n sl iver lap m ach i n es 7 6 ,

surfaces 1 2—1 5 ,
i n t wi ner m ule 228 ,

vari ous trai n s o f calculat ion s and ,

u l b ri u m state o f
Eq i i , ,
in y arn ,
223
ot her particulars o f 1 6 1—1 7 7 ,

Hal f l ap 7 5
-
,

F allo ws t ype o f di fferent ial ( slubbi ng preparing 7 5 ,

fram e) 1 3 5 , Hank in dicato rs 1 54 200—203 , ,

F i llet le n g th and preparat i on o f r e

, , Haste ning m oti on 1 6 1 ,

q u i re d to cloth c y l i ndri cal sur face 7 5 D ob son s 1 90

’
, ,

F lats i n cards fu n ct i ons o f 67

, , , Het her ington m ule 1 62 ,

rate o f m ovem e nt of 67 , Hopper t ype o f cotton puller 21 —25 ,

Fl y fra mes 1 1 0—1 52, g earing in 21 ,

conse quences o f altering value us eful ness o f 24 ,

o f co ne train 1 1 4 , Hun ti n g cog m easurin g or len g th

con e d um s u s e o f 1 26 r , ,
m ot i on use d i n openers an d scutchers
,

count 1 50 1 51 , , 48
chan g es i n 1 1 8 , a dva nta g e o f , 50
dra ft 1 42 1 51 , ,

alterat i on s i n 1 17 1 1 8 , , ,
I ndi cators h ank for frames
, ,
and m u les ,
1 19 -
203
di ffere nt i als , pr in ci pal t y pes len gth ,
200
o , 1 27 —1 40f spee d thei r use

fl
, ,
1 98
use of 1 26 ,

dr a win g rollers act io n o f , , J ack ing or ratch i ng mot ion ,

1 58 , 1 6 2
anal y s i s 1 52 , P latt s 1 9 1 ’
,

g eari ng i n 1 1 2—1 1 5 , Trel fal l

’
s, 19
hank in dicators 1 54 ,

preparati ons 1 4 1 ,
”
Kn oc i ng k -
o
'

m ot ion i n s cu tch er s , P l at t s ,
’

pro cesses thr ee sta g es 1 4 1 , , 51

pro ducti on i n 1 45 ,

rate o f winding and spac in g L aps ,

71
o f coil s 1 20 ,
changes in we i ght and count o f ,

speed o f spindles 1 49 ,
m a d e by ope n ers and scutcher s,

sp eeds 1 1 5 1 4 0 , , 52
t wi st constants 1 1 1 , length o f 49 —51 ,

t wi stin g i n o bj ect o f 1 1 1 , , rol l ers 8 7 ,

wi ndi n g i n o bta i ne d by bob , L e n gth and hank in di cators , 200 203

-

bi n, 1 25 stop mot ion 1 56 ,

 I N DE X 253

fl
M ot ion rate of calculating whe n tooth
, , , P ro ductions and their controll ing fac
,

gear e mplo y e d 1 ,
tors 53 54
, ,

trans mi ssi on o f 1 —1 5 ,

M ot i on s
b acki ng o and tak ing i n 1 57 1 60
-
'
- R ece ding m otion 1 58 1 7 8 , ,

178
, ,
R evolution of wheels l aw 1 , ,

b ui l din g 1 59 1 7 8 R i bb on l ap m achines 8 0 ,

d ra fts i n 8 2
, ,

doub le speed 1 59 1 9 0
- ,

hasteni ng 1 6 1 1 9 0
, ,
product io n i n 8 3
R i ng doub l ing fra mes 224—228
,
, ,

j ackin g or ratchi ng 1 58 1 6 2 1 9 1 1 93 ,

knock in g ff 51 -
o
, , , ,
g eari ng i n 224 ,

le ng th stop or full b ob b in 1 56
,
producti on in 226 ,

rece ding 1 58 1 7 8
,
sl i ppa g e i n 228 ,

t wist o btaine d 224

, ,

roller del i very 1 6 0 ,

win din g 247

,
t wi st ing 1 59 ,

R i n g fra m es 204—224
,

M ove m en t o f t ooth wheels di rect i on o f ,

2
,
bu il der wheel (ratchet) 21 0 ,

Mules 1 56 —204 com pared wit h m ule 21 3 ,

,

calculat o s 1 56 1 8 3
i n costs o f y arn 23 5 ,

co mpared with rin g fra m e 213

, ,
counts cha ngi ng 209 , ,

costs o f y arn 23 1
,
gearing i n 204 ,

l ooses i n dr iv i n g sp i ndles
,

cou n ts chan g es i n 1 57 , ,
,

dra fts i n 1 57 21 2
’
,

D ob son s an d B arlo w s 1 7 7 1 9 0 1 94
’
pro uct o s
d i n i n , 21 3
geari ng i n 1 50
, , ,
proport o o f ach ery for
i n m in m
a preparat o
,

vari ous train s o f 1 6 2—1 67 i ng i n i n, 1 4 2

Hetherington 1 6 2 ,
,
spee s o f sp les
d ind , 20 6, 21 2
losses in dri vi ng in 1 94 1 96 t t per ch
wi s i n , 207
m ot i on s 1 57 —161 ,
, ,
R g sp
in g
i nni n R g fra es
See in . m
P l att s 1 8 3 1 9 1 1 9 2
’
R ol er el very ot o
l d i m i n, 1 60
b elt r v g
,

product ions in 204

,

,
,
R ope and d i in , 1 2
proporti on o f m ach inery forming a calculat g spee s
in s zes
d and i
preparati o n 14 2
”
o f r v g surface
d i in s , 1 2 15 -

Tr el fal l s , 1 9 3
’
,
R otat o
i n , direct o o f
i n , 6

wi n , 228 —
t er 230 of wheels ect ra rela
i n any dir t i n,
t st per ch
wi i n , 1 97 t ve rates o f
i ,
l aw, 3
whee tra values i n condi tio ns
l in ,

gover g c a ges i n 1 6 1
ni n h n ,

var ous and rang e i n

i ,
Scutchers , 4 1 —56
s ze o f heels 1 7 7 —1 90
i w ,
chang es i n we ight and cou nt o f
laps m ade by 52
dra ft i n 43 —
,

O peners 1 5—40 48 —56

, , , 47
chang es i n wei ght and count o f gearing i n 41 —43 ,

laps m ade by 52 , hu nt in g co g m eas uring or leng th

dra fts i n 3 4—40 ,
m ot io n use d i n 4 8 ,

gearin g in 25 , part i culars o f driv ing 4 1 ,

hu nting cog m easur i ng or leng th product ion s spee ds and con troll i ng
, ,

m ot ion used i n 4 8 ,
factors 54 ,

producti ons spee ds and controll i n g , ,

Sl i ver or web 6 5 7 1
, , ,

factors 54 ,
coi l i ng o f 1 05 ,

Ove r s cu t ching , 55 wei ght o f the card 1 52 ,

Sl i ver l ap m ach i nes 7 6 ,

P latt B ros j acki ng m oti on 1 9 1

, .
, ,
d ra fts i n 7 8 ,

P latt s knocking ff m oti on 51

’
-
o ,
producti o n i n 7 9 ,

g earing i n 51 , to alter 7 9 ,

P l uck ing from feed rollers 54 ,

Speed i nd icators 1 9 8 ,

P repar ati on 7 0 1 4 1 ”
, , Spee ds i n scutchers an d the i r co ntrol
proportion o f m ach inery for mi ng a ,
l i ng factors 53 54 , ,
i n m ule sp i nni n g and ri ng fra m e altering 6 1 ,

sp i nning 1 42 , Stop m ot i o ns le ng th 1 56
, ,
254 I N DE X
Tachom ete r the 1 98 1 9 9 Wheel trains 4 —1 1

fl
, , , ,
T ooth g ear calculat in g r ate o f m ot ion
-
, calculating value o f 8 ,

whe n e m plo y e d 1
, , d i rect an d i ndi rect 4 6 ,
-

wheels dir ect ion o f m ovem e nt o f 2

, ,
e ffects o f changin g wheels 9 ,

Tra ns m i ssi on o f mot i on 1 — 15 ,

values o f i n m ules condit io n s , ,

T e l fal l s j ack in g m ot i on 1 9 3 governi ng changes in 1 6 1

’
r
, ,

T wee dale t y pe o f dI er e nt ial ( i nter vari ous parti c ulars o f 1 7 7

‘

, ,

m ed i ate fra m e) 1 3 3 , S e G eari n g e

T winer m u le 228 — 23 0 Wheels classi fi cati on o f driver drive n

fl
, , , ,

geari ng i n 228 ,
carri er 6 ,

Twi st co nst ants

, for rovi ng normal
, , , di rect ion o f rotat io n 6 ,

effects of chan gi ng 9 ,

s tandards for s ing le y arns ,

l aw o f revolut i o n 1 ,

1 6 1 , 21 4 relati ve ra t es o f rotat i o n 3 ,

d ou b l g a s
in , i m and effects o f 220 Wi nding i n y fra m es how obtaine d

fl
, , ,

constants used in 21 6 , 1 25
i n ro vi ng d ir ect i on and use ful ness , Wrapp ing , 70
1 11
e ffects of 214 ,

i n s i ng le y ar ns 21 5 ,

in u e nce o f direct io n o f i n fol de d ,

Y arn, 7 1
y arn s 21 8 ,
costs of ( gt ) 23 1 247 ,
-

Obj ect o f 1 1 1 204 , ,

d ou bl in g a i m s and e ff ects o f 220
, ,

ob tai ne d i n r in g d oubl ing fra mes ,

fol de d twi st standards for 21 6
, ,

224 i nfluence o f di recti o n o f t wis t

per ch and per dr a w 1 97
in on stre ng th o f 21 8

fl
, ,

in r i n g fra m es 207 ,
rel t ive re i stan ce o f to t wist
a s , ,

relat ive res i stance o f y arns to 222 ,

222
standards for fol de d y arn s 21 6
, ,
s ing le t wi t standar ds for 214
, s ,

for si ng le y arns 21 4 effects o f t wi st i n 21 4 21 5 , ,

,

s tate o f e q u i l i br i u m 223 ,
state o f e qui l ibriu m 223 ,

i n u e nce on breaki ng stre ng th 21 5 , ,

t t al le ng th o f per dra w 1 9 7
o
, , ,

21 6 21 3
t st g t wo or
wi i n m ore threa ds test ing for b re aking stre ng th ,
21 5,
to g ether 21 9 ,
21 6

TH E E ND

‘n l A -l .

P R I NTE D B Y W I LLI AM CLO W

‘ES A N D SONS , LI M I TED , LO N DO N A N D B E CCLE S .