THE

P H I L O S O P HY

R H E T 0 R I C
‘

” U

G EORG E M P B E L L, D D . .

P R I NC IP AL 0? T B ! A R I S C HA L C O L L E G E , AB E R t NQ

311 ! a m ual umu .

C am u ian t
6 mi 0 ti
n“ , ar " nven ien i d ”Eda: d wra c
el des t
”c : t
i tm tw
n i a e ere a n» ipn : inv en s} .
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t
mm . A vo n . scn mr l
'
. . v. c . 3 .

S E C O ND E D ITION .

VO L . I .

1 011 00“
fa wn » ro t
. A. S TR A B A N , '
r. n o u n, J U N. m mW . nAvx z s

AND WI L L IA M c n u c n AT z n m nu on
By 1 . M on , E dinbu gho t
 P R E FA C E .

Au hor t th f ll wi g h tt
of e o oo gi t
n h Publi s ee s, ve e c

so m u t
e ac c o n ft hi i gio dp g e r or p v iou ly n an ro ress, re s

tt mi g u d it mi t
,

o hi e r co n i
n er Th y a s ex a na on . e re a

i
se r e s f o ay l ly o
e ss s t d wit
c ose h cth n ne c e one ano e r,

an d w it t r ubj t
en on a s i t h mi t ec io fwhi h n e ex a na no c

ti tv l mpl y d him lff o ide

,

h h e as a n er a s e o e se or a C ns r.

a bl p t e f hi lif
ar o C s id d p e. t ly ons h may e re se ara e , eac

j y t
usl b t m ed w h
er l e d m
a p l t i it
o e , an lf t co e e n se a

k en t g th
o e th y er, tit e tp t f
are c ons W k ue n ar s o one or .

Th A t e h u td t or en ere hi i q i y on ly t h s n ur as ear as e

y e ar 1
75 ; d i
0t w th
an t h tt h twas fi t C h p en a e o rs a

t ft h fi t B kw
”

e rs o e rs mp d Thoo be i
e re c o os e es e ll

tof g dw k tt
.

td den e as a sor h wh l
roun A d or o e oe n

t t
.

h j di i u R d will p
e u c o s i
e a er ht i ii gt h e rc e ve , a n ra s n e

t t
,

su e rs ruc
p t h h ure , ti ly e f m d
as e n t
h p la re con or e o e n

th ere d li ted Th t
n ea e fi tut . li h h wd
a rs o ne e s o e soon

ft t
a er l f hi
o se ve ra qu i t o s m fwh m ac a n anc e , so e o o

are t ill li i g
s I t vn h y .
75 7 n it w e d t e ar 1 as ra o a

t
,

p i t
r va e li y i t
e rar
y f w h i h t
soc eh A ,t h h
o d th c e u or a e

h onour o tb m mb It e a w e diff er . i hi as a e re n c e n s

sitt i
ua on tt h t t im
a d hi
a ti
e , an wit ht h s c on n e c on e

g t
en l m e f th t
en o i ty m f w h
a s oc e m h i , so e o o ave s nc e

1 3
 fi P R E F A C L

t
hon ourably dis in guished th ml e se ve s in t
h e re p ub lic

o t t
fl t h t
e i d e rs , a n uc e d him to um re s e a s ub ec
j t
whi h c

he had long laid aside The t

h followin g ye ars
tt
so ree

t
.

t t t i
t
all her c hap ers of
'
‘

he ?
o h h d i exc e r
p e

h; d t
,

nt l t
,

h ix t h t h whi h h b nb t ly an
‘

e ave u
‘

e s e , c ee , ae

fim t
.

add d (r th ill t
e t
i ad c i n f
a er as us ra on s n on r a o s o

some p t s ft h wk t ha tial tit) w

‘
"

ar o e or ,
n a s ess en o, e re

b mp dc nd t
h judgm tf t
os e h
, a . e en . o e

j s e t
t tl of d g t
E loc u ion , ha h
h m r
'

a so un
'

e r on e
'

e sa
‘

e «
e

(view. N h t
he be y m t
e ial ltort i as re en
'

an a r a e ra on

t t t
.

t t
‘

M d hs
a e y d di i
onn h m p i e e, or a n a o o e , ex c e n a

f wi t
e tf t mpb d b l rr c
n s an c e s o . HD B S , ex a s, an ve r a co e

t
i si t
hey
b ns ,w r m p d nce
“

e e co ose ,

f wu l’ '

1 i ti tb h t
;
s h t i t
also b
p pe r oo , s erve e re, a s nc e ran s

L ib i g t h p e tw kf t héip m n ip t
W ap t
ar r sen or or ress , a a usc r
'
n e
'

i t
aohi h d by D tB ni
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u .
tt
h ney s an s oc Ol h
ea e, a e v r

tim t h t i d t b f h t
ed Wit h D t
'
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“ e a n or er o avo ur oc or s
‘

e e
'

t
;

op ini t h p f m th A ut him t
'

on o h g h ls e r or or ave
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anc e , e e

D tB t t t ti
.

fi st b kf hi p l i
’
r oo or s e rusa . oc or ea e s rac s

c alle d An E fray on; L aug he r t a nd L udibraius Writ

ing .

Whils the A ut
t hor care f ully p eruse d ha E ssay i tt t ,

tdi c , t hat
,

g ave him a
'

very agre eable surp rise o s ove r ,

on : a q ues t
ion s o n ic e an d c urious ,
'

t
h h uld Wit
e re s h o ,
-

h
o u an y t '

p re vious c omm unic a ion ,

'

t be so re markable a
‘

c oinc ide n c e of s e n t
im t
i e n s n e ve ry t
hi g Wh
n e re in t
h ir e
 P n n r a c n. vii

s ub ec s c oi
j t m ide : A man mus
. th ave
a n unc ommon

c on fi de n c e in his lown fac ul ies, t (I migh have t sai d in

t t
.

his o wn infallibili y ) who is no t ibly m ifid sen s ore sa s e

ft h j t ft t t
,

o e h i p
us n ess o d p i ll
e r y i b roc e ure , e s e c a n a s rac

m t t wh h ;di h m gu c wit h
'

a e rs , en e sc ove rs suc a c rre n e

t
h id e d e as an i g ofw it fdi
reason n m tTh r ers o sc e rn en . e

ubj
s tft ec h t p io i i ad d l u h t
ec e
g i s n
g e l w it h
ee a er n e n ra ,

i qui yi m t
an n h r
q l
zbiti i th
os e bj t byuaw hi c h es n e o ec

cit Th i m fig t
,

iti s ex d e . i i ond t
e fr d wit
els ht h a on s c uc e e

g t t
rea e s u y ac c d t h
rac th y an fi m d d il
e
'

eor c on r e an

i t
,

lu t ti by u h
s ra a s y f
c p t
i t
a var e m p l s o e r ne n ex a e s, a

t
,

gi t
ve i us ac c e ss r i i h i d t i
o sc u n z e n ry id e s oc r n e o e ve s ,

d i wit lm t y p
.

an i
ve i na ibl light He d
os
‘
e ve r oss e oe s

b t t wh by Wit
.

t
noé t ét lfltn h p ifi h
f } e s ec an
c c d arac ers e re

h m u u di
o r a ne imi t d whi h s cr t h hi f u i
na e ,
c are e c e co s

d at Hi d ig l d him tc ider r
'

i h

t
er on s = e re . s es n ea s o ons a

t t t t
l

h h
er p i l
ose w h i
ar c u ars h y ll g h a ere n e a a re e , n

t h wh i t
ose h y dif
e re n f H t tf l di
e eru . h e rea s o u c ro s o

j d
e e rs an l d i u w uit i c ro s
g w it h i w t a
r o t
n f ,
av e o cc un or

t h i i
e s u er or c o
p p n d fi m t
ous n ess a f m d i re ne en o o e rn r

di l
r cu e Wh phil p hi l
. en t i h ppily ui
oso ca ac u e n es s s a n

td wit t t
.

e h g isoh re a f f n y rc d m n e ss
y i o a c an as e r n

la g g n th
ua e, b ity i w
e o sc urh i h bj t w fn c a su ec as or

m ly i er l d ih
n vo ve ti l
,
yvan s d d es e n re ,
an a re a e r, un ac

q i t d w
ua n e it h l l th t h ai d yp
o h th
er e or e s an o e se s , c an

d dt h t t
,

h dly b p
ar e e rs ua e h w y d i
affi l ty e re as e ve r an cu

i t nh q tei B t
ue s on th i .
a tt
u hi k t h t th
e re s re son o
0
n ,
a e
 P R E F A C E . ix

perfor manc e may be t endan gere d t by he se c ond, i s

dig it yn m y b a ifi d T h
e s ac r u th d ce n t .d t e a or oe s o a

thi m lf f tim gi t
er se so ar as h t h h o d
a ne, a e as s uc c e e

edp f t ly i hi
er e c d v n t id it h
s e n e a ours tm o avo e er e x re e

hi ki d it
.

I na w k ft or o i imp ibl t
s n h t , y s oss e a eve r

thi g h ld b alik p
n s ou p i
e u t e y d
e rs c ous o e ver re a e r, or

tht a ll t h p th ld b q lly l
a e ar s s ou td V i e e ua e e va e . ar e

ty i th
n i sp t
s re W ll ec i ,th asi p h
e
p as n O e rs , s er a s, on

th wh l m
e o e, p l i ore
g d m i t u
e as n ti th an ore ns r c ve , an

t p l u a u f mit
oo sc ru u o s y nT th ni or
y e t h i t . o e e e n er

ch g an f hill
e o dd l b an tlfi th p ae
p t ; eau d es e ros ec an

tt
o h t h
e e ar i m i i m
e re s no ty Th us c n on o on . e ao

th or c an t uly y t r h t h h e dsa ,
ad mu h
e as n e avoure , as c

as h ld i t
e c ou h m t b t
n u q t
e i os t id a s r se ues on s , o avo

b
o sc ur ity d i an g d t S h n frehi m
ar k o uc o s re ar s as

t mi t d p t
,

m y be t
a h ught o oo i ul if j t
nu e an ar c ar, us ,

th y will
e th h p no ,
e mi t
0 e s, i b on a re e x a na on , e

d m d f
ee e o q
n o c on se Th m y ue nc e til . ose a s e rve o

I t
us ra et g l b t a ene ra i whi h o se rva on , ly c are s c arc e

w t h
or ti no ubj tit
c e as s h f u
ec s e of p is er o c ens re or ra e .

N i tor h s y th
ere i g i an t hi b k w h
n i h i hni s oo c n s

t
, ,

o
p i i
n on , w ill t h
c rea e m ll t d iffi
eve n u lt y t e s a es c o

p erson s d t w
ac c d t s on
q u i i t th o f ultien re n o e ac es

of t h mi d e I d d t
n h m h g n ee t p tf e uc re a er ar o

l t
.
,

it will h i p , e d d b l
s e rs ua e th p , i ty f e e ve o e c a ac o

all t h ose d ( t
re a e rs p h p t
h m
no t m er a s e os nu e rous

,
l ) wh t
c ass hi k o fl t i n f m uS i re ec di g
on o so e c n re a n ,
x P R E F A C E.

and who ‘

do no t ad re merely wi h he in tt tt
i en on of

killing x
t
m
l e.

H E b egs leave tdd t h t though hi bj t

o ,a b a, s su ec e

t
,

El q o ue nc e ,y t t h t f hi w ek i as d id i e l n a ure o s or s ac ca

h u d tdi g
,

d t
.
,

wh r i t e e n ely i dd n e rs an h t y l n on s a resse e s e

i g n l: dmit high qu lit h n p u it

,

n e e ra i t
a s no y d er a es a r an

p ers
p i it cu
y g T h w ths f h i
« hi g h
ese t im ere ere ore s es a

T h b t m t tf p l
e es i orna t ly b
en s ou o ac e are n o. on un e

mi g b tff i N t h i b f t h

pt
co n u y i o en s ve
ng . or c an an e ar er

h m hi t
e h ghtt s ha tp t
=
n d
ou t s m i n n o re e o an e x e o

f m ro h poit
s uc i f lt i grp es io s ve th
au s n e r s n, as, on e ar

t f E l ut io h h t t t
.

i lc e o hg f
oc ly i i i n, d i h
e a so re e cr c se n e

b t esE gli h ut n h H i s ti ly a ibl t ors h t. e s en re se n s e, a an

impmp i t y re t h li
g g p i ,
t y l
or o w ill er n e
p en e n s e, e sc a e

t t ft h writ whi h h dly t t

‘

h i
e no ce o e
p h e r,f c ar e sc a e s a o

an y b d y ol N t t th
e se p p . f i ll t
ex t
a gi o e ur os e o us r n

bmitt
.

th p i ipl
e r nc d whi h h h es an c an on s c e ere s u s o

tj g
h e d m
u t f th P b li t h
en tw f ll w
o i g me ti u c, e o o o n o ve s

t t t
.

t t
l

w igh d
e m e w i h h A h os m m d u i g hi m e u or, c n o

us e so m h f ed
uc m i g d t t h w rei ti g o f t h n re ar o e r n s o ose

f W
or h m m oh t
h h igh t v t
ei as O i e t es e n era on . ne s, o

h w t t t t t t
.

s o h w a g h i w i i g i e h
ou e h i g n . r n ,
as n o r n s,

c aref lly t u b w f im pl i it
o tt h m e t are o d i l c a ac en an se rv e

im t t i
i a on , w h t h y m
e ve n t b l im d
en b y th e se e o e c a e e

t
.

m t os l b
ce e t d m T h t
ra eh i t e na i t
esh
‘

e o er s , o v nc e , a

t
.

w e are i d g n f d i g g t
an i j t i er o w k on
.
re a n us ce o a or ,
 P R E F A C L xi

t itm it
by de c idin g has ily f m ll t i on f s er ro a c o ec on o

such ight If th
ove rs iti b ig
s . i m ki g e cr c e r orous n ar n

wh t i mi i t
a e ve r hi w y Wh t t
s a h m y b id
ss n s a a au or a a e

th t
,

ei l? B t
ra t
h gh h lip
u ttb g d
ou s uc s s are n o o e re ar

ed th as l p i i l t
e s o e or e ve n
p t f d m it i lirnc a es o e er n

ty p d t
erar i th y
ro uc
gh t t t b
on s ,l t g et
h ou no o e a o e er

l k d
over oo e Wh t i f lt
.
y i y d g it w
a e ve r s au n an e re e e re

b ttt id A d t
e er o avoh . q n g d e re are c on s e ue n c e s re ar

t
ing he lan guage in gen e ral, as we ll as t
h e s uc c e ss of

p a t
i l
r c u ar works whic h should p re se rve
,
ti ve rb al c ri

c ism from be in g c on s i e re d as
d be n e a ht
t h at
tti e en on

of an y au t
h or . An t
h
au or, so far from havin g re as on

tb o fe n de d,
e of is dou bt
l e ss oblige d tt h m
o whoe an , ,

free from t
ic ap ons p e ult
anc e , c an didly p i t uthi on s o s

errors , o f Wh t ki a n d s oe ve r t
h yb e e.
 C O N T E NT S

OF T“

F IR S T V O L U ME .

BO O K I.

C HA P I Eloquence in t
h l e
g ar es t tt d fi d
ac c ep a ion e ne

tm hibitd wit
ht
. .
,

i s ore
general forms ex e hi e r

tbj t t
,

difl
'

eren o ec s, en ds, an d h
c arac ers 2
3
O fVVit , 3 6
37
O fhumour 5 0

O fridicule 59
t
The doc rine gof h t
h p
a er def
p e rec e din
e nde d
7 x c t
A itt
l ’
tt
r s o e s ac c oun of he ridic ulous e x plaine d
7 2

t t
Hobbes s ac c oun oflaugh er e x amine d
’
74
t lt
O f he i whi h
re a on c e lo quence bears tl gi
o o c

dt
an
g mm o ra ar

t t
Of he difleren sourc e s of e videnc e, and he
'

t
t tt
difieren s ubjec s o whic h hey are respec t .

tt
Ofin ui ive e viden c e

O fdeduc ive t idenc e

ev
x w c oN r nN r n

Page
P ar tI . Divis ion oft
he .
su tt i t
bje c in ifi dm l o s c en c an ora

ip l di t
,

tt
wi h he p rin c a i t
i b tsw th m
nc on s e ee n e 1 01

The nat
u re an d ori
gin ofe x
pe rien c e 1 08

The s ubdivi sion s ofmoral re asonin

g 1 1 4

An a logy
t
T es imon y .

t
C alc ul a ion s of c ha c e s
n w

The su e riori
p t
y f o sc ien t
ifi c e viden c e te e -
x am i
ne d

C HA P . VI . O f het t na ure an d use of t

h e sc hol as t
i tf c ar o

syllo
g iz in
g .

C HAP . VII . t t t t
O f he c ons ide ra ion whic h he Spe aker ough
t t
o have of he he arers as m e n in
g e ne ral “

A d w d wit
s en h u d tdi g
o e n e rs an n

A d w d wit
s en h im gi t
o e i a na on

A d w d wit
s en hm m y
o e J e or

A d w d wit
s en hp i
o e as s on s

Th i m t
e c rc u t
h t hi fl y i tm tl
s an c e s a are c e n s ru en a

i p ti
n O e ra n
g t
h p i on e as s on s

P b bilit
ro
y a

Impor ancet
t fp l
C onn e c ion o ac e

Rlti
e a tth p
on o e e rsons c onc erne d

I t ti t
he quen c es ‘

n e re s n c on s e

Ot
h p ier ass ons as well as moral se n t
im teen s n e

ful aux il i arie s I

9 K
S E C T VII How an un favourable p as sion mus bet c airned 1 9 6
t t
. .

C HA P VIII O f he t c on side ra i whi h t

h p on c e s e ake r ou
gh
th t
.

ft
.

”
o ave o h h e hm eare rs as suc en in p ar i
l t
cu a

CHAR IX
’

O f he t c on s t
ide ra ion whic h he s pe aker t ou
gh t
t
.

dh ave ofhimself . l .
‘
o
 C O NT E N T S .

P age

CHA P X. The difie ren

'

tki nds of p ublic Spe akin

g in us e

t t
.

amon m ode m s , c omp ared, wi h a v ie w o

g
t t
heir difie ren advan age s in re spe c
'

t tf o e lo

quen e s
In g retth p ardk o e s e a er

In
g d
retth p ar ddo d e e rs on s a re ss e

In
g d
retth b
ar
j t o e su ec

In
g d
retth ar i o e oc c as on

In
g d
retth d
ar i i
o w e en n v e

O fth fth t p l
e c aus e o u whi h w i a e as re c e re c e ve

f m bj t
ro o
p ec st ti t
h t i t
or re re se n a on s a ex c e

it
p y d t
h p i
an f l fo li g er an u ee n s

hith tgive b h
.

Se e r . I . T h dif fe tl t i e ren so u
yp i on s er o n

losopher s, e x amin e d

t t
T he firs hypo he sis
The sec on d hypo hes is t
The hi d hypot
t r h i es s

T he fu t
o r h hyp th i o es s

The t
auh hyp t
h i
or s
’
o es s on t
hi s sub e c
j t

BOOK II .

The Foun da ions t an d e ss e n t

i lP
a t
ro er ies of Eloc u ion .
p t
C HA P . I . The N at
u e r and Charac t ft
h U
e rs o e se whic h give s
tL
L aw o an ua e
g g 285

R p tbl
e u a e use
90

Nt i al on a us e 2
97
t
P re sen use
o o

Th t d e na ure an us e of ve rbal c ri t
i im
c s wi ht
it
,

p i ip l s r nc a c an ons 0
3 9
Sec tI G ood use n o tlw y a a s un iform in he r dec isions 3 1 2

h fi t
t
. .

C an on e rs

C anon t
h d e se c on
 INTR O DU C T IO N .

An ar t
i f s ounde d in s cien c e , an d t
h e s cienc e is of

t
t
li le value t fi md t
whic h does
i t no s erve as a n a on o

m b
so fi i l tO t
e h m t
en e c a ublim f ll t
ar n e os s e o a se

h mu t
.

m h l gy a d t
t s, hi t
i b uilt
e-o in p t m n e cs , s e s a or a

i ll tt
n a h t gfb i
ar s ,
g T h b t tm
e a th m ’
e r e a s rac e e e

tt
.

t
i l
ca sc ie nc e s se rve as a groun d -
work h tf o e ar s o

th l dm
e u
an dt h
-
ueas re r an e ac c o n an tt d i an n c ons

ju
n ctio with tu lnph ilo h
p y i lu di
nan o a
gg g p y hra so nc e r

hit
,

an d t my t t
h
as rono ft
h tt h oig ose o e arc ec e nav a

tt h di li t d m y t
, ,

or, e h a s Of wi : an an o ers . n c onse .

t m t t
,

q u t m i
e nc e ana o
y u g y d th p f sh
p y o s r er a a ar o .

t
it
,

siolo
gy wt
hiu h t
c h h l w f g o c im d fes e a s o rav a r an o

mt i i tt
o on , h tifi s i om m t b iu t
e ar c er, s a oo o v o s o

nee d ill t ti Th g
us ra on l m k might if e ene ra re ar ; ne

t
.

c e ssar
y b m Pli fl d the g h
ex et h wh le i l e rou ou . e o c rc e

d l g t V lu bl k w
,

d tb t
ar s , h m fl o e u an e e an . a a e no .

l dg t
e h f e lw y l d t m p
e re ore a ti l kill a s ea o so e rac ca s

ed mitO t d t
,

an di p f t s e r ec h t h l h p n e a er n n e rac .

t
.

t
.

ti l hill l
eu s m h f it h ut
oses y d n i
nc u i o s ea an ex e s ve

li y whi h d
l tigi ti k wl dg Th
c oes no or na e n no e e. e re

t t t
,

i by
s qu c ons e u l l ti b w
ence a na h i ra re a on e een e sc

A
 l a a

n IN T R O D U C T IO N .

enc es nd t
a he art
s like , h t
t whi h
a c sub sis s tb t
w e een

t
h p e are n td t
h an fs
e of
p rin g .

I A CK t h t t
NO W E DG E in de e d
h
L m t im u a e s e are so e es n

t lly p td d t
n a ura se h t by t
ara e h m i fl an a , e e re n ue nc e

f o ex amp l th h d
e on d imit ti
e on e t h an an a on on e o

t
,

h m p g
er, so m yb m d i
e ro res s twit h ut
a e a e n an ar o

th k w h p i ipl f m whi h it
,

e l dg no ft e e o ep gr nc es ro c . s ran .

By t h h lp f f w le whi h m
e e o a e tghtt ru s, c e n are au o

usem h i lly ec g d
an c ap ti l it,
h m ti
a i m
oo y rac ca ar e c an a

b f m d wh
e or it
e h k w t h o ne whi h
er no s e re as on s on c

t fi tt
,

h l h w k by w
e ro es e bli h d
or s r e re rs es a s e ,
n or eve

thi k itf n s y m m t
o t q
an i i t tho m Ien o en u re n o e . n

lik m e d w an ne r, t f q t ly m to wit h
e no p t re uen ee ex er

t i
ar san s , wh ig tft h i m h i lp w
o are n oran o e s x ec an c a o

e rs , whi h t h gh i t c h i ouft h i p f i n e e x e rc se o e r ro e ss on

t d td t
,

th y d ily mpl y t
e a h yd e o ,
h p i i e o n o un ers an e r nc .

l w h b i i t t h lt f th i ns an c e , e re su o

t
n an e r a
p es y e rey p
t
,

p li ti ca i on t i d T h p
s asc e r a n e p g i f h t? e ro a a on o e ar s

m yt h f
a b mp
e re ore dm j y
'

tl
e co t t h t i tare
y ore us o a var e

whi h t k pl
c i t
a es h g tb l k i
ac e g d mn th te ve e a e n o , an o

th u if mit
e n
y w hi
or h b t i i lly ci t h o i a ns un ve rsa n e an

m l w ld fa or tt h m lor, as f o h
p y t e ano a ous rac e o z oo e s,

I d tmp h d t
o no c o h mi t h re mb en It i t
e n e nu er . s no

lw y th t t h l t i f m t h d
a lip f m a t
a s ne c e ssar p p g a e an s rn ro e see
a y
h pl t will ft w t
,

s ro no er h p
an o en ans er e ur .

ose There is, however a ve ry c on side rable dif

fer
p . ,
 rn r n o n o c r r o m .
i ii

e nc e th ep t
in ti n t e h t m y ju t
x ly b
ec a o s i d a a s e
”

ra se

f mt
ro h dif fe te m t h d f ll w d i tre n h eq i it io s o o e n e ac us on

o ft h t Imp m t l i t di y
e ar .
.
rove en s, un e s s n ex raor n ar

i tc
ns an fg i es o d g t y en us an t t b p sa ac i are n o o e ex ec

it
,

t d f m t Wh ?h v q i d all t h i d t
t u re
e ro e o a e ac y e r ex er

h d h b it O wh h h d a
{
inc
G
f
" ’

ro r an a r ne o as a n e

d ti
uc a on n o b t tt h di
e y m
er h i anm y an or n ar ec an c , a

p v
ro e an e x c ll t m u l pe t en b ut it i l
any i a o e ra or s on n

th w ll i t t
e e dm h i i i t
n s ruc e h t y w ld
ec an c ar , a ou ou ex

t
-

pee t fi d o g dnm h i i
a t T h oo l gy t ac g n s e an a o o ve o

t
.

ti b
a on a ove su
gge t d h ld h l s e T h f
f
,
t o s ere a so . e o se

i
s co m m l y m
on t h m no py f
ore th p t
an a e re c o o e are n

p l ant I.t i f m the sd lyyro p t w i

s ee th on ou c an e x ec ,

th id of p p
e a ult tp d
re er c w i t i
ure , o_ ro uce ne var e es ,

an d V e tm k imp m t t
en o a e h p i rove en s on e s e c es .

E p t x m er
”
y L d
en , B sa s e t or d ac on , c an ex c u e an

j gud f pe oti ul b
ar cy ; b t t h
ars ,
g on e l on e u e e n era

u l
c o n se s , d t h pl t d m
an h ll i g f ff i
e o s an ars a n o a a rs ,

m b t f mt th t l
”
co e h
es ro d ose a are e arne .

INDE ED , in t d by m almos t e ve ry ar ,
e ven as use e re

prac t
iti th t
i l
on e rs , h t
h b l e re are c e r a n ru e s , as a ee n a

dy hi t
re a d whi h m t f lly b f ll w d
n e ,
d c us c are u e o o e , an

whi h c t
h titi td f p i ipl
se rve A e ar s ns ea o r nc es . n ac e

q i t
ua n anc e with t
h i tp d b t t p e se s on e s e an u on e s e

Th i t
,

t
o w d i
ar s sc e n c e h mm b k f . us n e co on oo s o a

r hm t
it i i td d lely f p
e c, t
i t
h
n en e l l id so or rac ce, e ru es a

A 2
vi INT R ODU C T ION .
‘

t
is he worse . The firs tf u d o n s upon fac tb tt
h
s, u e

f t
ac s are fe w, an d c omm onl in
y his re ason in gs , t
h rou gh

his impe rfe c kn owle dge t j t m i pp li d .

of t
h e s ub e c ,
sa e
'

Th e s e c on gd ft o y en q ti l
ar ue sly f m . ve r c on s e ue n a ro

p i
r ncip l w hi h
es , h i g f c d ti
, i av nt m n o oun
y a on n n a ure , a

j y
ustl b d m
e i t d t
h
e noill g itim t
na e i f h i ew e a e ssue o s o n

im gi t
a i
na H i ton hi mbl te h m n f i s re se es e an o s c e n ce ,

m t
.

th t ah ty t
e ac s s i lly f t s e h fl
a ca w ll ,
or e re are a se as e

as t u t r eh it di i fl
eor s s , an d by t i g
s n lue n c e c er a n e n e ra

ro
p p o it i
s l
ons , im gi re a
y B t t h
or di ff a n ar . u e e re n c e

li h
es th t
e re , i t h ath y n l i t h
e on e t h e are rea . n e o er

im gi a n ar
y T h y. t m f t h e s i s ed th o e on e s re are on e

fi m b i f p i
r as s o t
h t
ex h f t h
e r e nc e ,
y t h i e e or o e o e r s no

b t
e tt h
er tl i t
an a c ash i Im t e i nh te ar en on c arac e rs

i t
.

on ly i t hn tm ,b e ex re hi m e th y
e c aus e n s ann e r e are

b t
es di imi t sc r d I l lif h w
na e . t
n re a
y w f e, o e ver, an o o

t
h e se , m t
soim ll th t
e h i
es a i p p e ti , re e , n var ous ro or on s

m y b f u d bl d d i t
a e o n h m p en e n e sa e e rson .

THE t
ar s are t
fre que n ly divided in tt
h o e us eful, an d

t
h p litfi
e o e, ne, or e e an l g tf t
h w d or e se or s are , in
thi p pli t
s a d y m l
c a i on , use
y y T hi di i i i s n on ous . s v s on s

no ti id t wit
c o ncht h t i t t
h m h i l
en dt h a n o e ec an c a an e

lib l P hy i
e ra . ig t io dth tfw t
s c , n av h gh a n , an e ar o ar, ou

p p yl li
ro e rb l t f ll ti ly d th
e ra ar s , d om i a en re un er e en

t
i ft
n a on o h f l ; wh p i et
i d
use u
g lp t e reas an n an sc u ure ,

though requiring a good de al of man ual labour, an d

 INTRODU C T I ON

tt p t
.

in ha m re s ec ore n early re la e d ttt h m h i l o

‘

e ec an c a

b l g tt td l g t Th fi t
,

e on h l d o e c ass e no mina e e e an . e rs

division arises
p ure ly from t
h eid ti f t
h
c on s e ra on o e

e nd tb t ot i d t e a
.

h df m t
a ne h
, id ti
e se c on
.
ro e c on s e ra on

ofth m e tb mpl y d I p tft

e an s o e e h d
o e n re s ec o e en

i it
.
,

an art h s e fl l g t
er use u
; i p t f t h
or e e an n re s ec o e

m iti it
ean s , h m h i l s e lib
er l Th t
ec an c a or e ra . e rue

foun d ti ft h f m
a on o di t ib t ie i torh t t er i s r u on s, a cer a n

t m if t
ar s are ly d lt
anim t ly
es l l tan d f p u a e ca cu a e or ro

fit whil t
or use , th th s ty m tt
o e rs , on e c on rar se e o er

mi t
,

i pl
na e i g Th
n e as n
pp li . l w t t h
e on e s u e s a re a an , e

oth ly g t
e r on ifi m m tra lt tYt
e s so i t
ei t en a as e . e n s rc

i t
n e ss, h n ti fth f l tt
e e x e c u on o h i ft e use u ar s , e re s o en

sc o e
p f l g d th
or e e anc e , an t ll d l g t b y e ar s c a e e e an are

no m d t it
e an stf es Th p i ip l dif
ue o f
use . e r nc a ere n c e

i t
s, h t i t a h di
use td wdp p ft
s e re c h an avo e ur ose o e

f m
or wh
e r, it i mo l tt
e reas ly d i di
s tly f re a en an n re c e z

f t
ec ed by t h l t t U d t e hi l
a er . mm ly n er s c ass are c o on

i l d d
nc u e t ly t ,
h notf t onh p i t e d t har s o e a n e r an e

tt y b ut
s a uar th,
l ft h m i i ose a s o o dt h p t e us c an an e oe .

El q o ue n c e d hit t by whi h l ttm i

an arc e c ure , c as er s

alw y d td m
a s un th
e rs oob ildi g m ly f
ore an u n ere or ac ,

comm d t i tb
o a on , are id d f mi d
o e c on s e re as o a x e n ar

t wh i t
ure ,
‘

ilit
e re n
y d b u tu
y h lm ant q u l ea ave a os e a

infiuen c e
 INTR O D U C TIO N . ix

There may, mde ed, he mt

he se a de gree of p erfec t
ion
keyw d t
wha we have ex p e rien ced bu tw e la ve
m e c on c e pti thon: of
y t mm t t w h i
e ve r h it u o c c an

p roc eed F . i t w h
or ns anc e, m b l i t h b
e re rese ance s e o ~

jce t i as p i t u
n a i
c t tu
e
r or
p f t
n as a f e, a er e c c on on

t
,

mit y t it o h t
s arc
yp i t
ehi “; l
e t
s a i b
s l a e as c onc e va e

t
.

I lik m
n e th ut
an ne r, m t p l u
e o f hi h
os t
h im eas re v c e .

g i ti
n a on i t
ib l
s susc e
p b y p ti l e ti a h
oe i c a n arra ve or e x

bit i i
on , thi g i my judgm t t
s a n n i i bl en no n c on c e va e

W B it f
, , .

e r on s, mp l d
or e x a by imm d g
e, o, ens e e re es.

lt mt k i t tf ig t
.

ex c e h e an u G h re e s ni d
e ar s o nav a on an

ship b ildi g ;
-
u n d h wm d f t
an h o w m y t u :ill ur er e a s

ex c elt h m i t e h n by m a fdi
e s e, i d im
e ns o sc ove r e s an

p m
a ve t y t
en s t b m
e d iot w ld
e b d
a e,is g m t t ou e es

p m
e su
r p t i i on y mmn t an y B t it q i
o sa . u as re u res

no atp ph t i pi it
ro e tdi
c s r it i to pli sc ove r,
p n es no re

su mpt i tfi m t
on oa ht w h ll
r ,
a lt h me s a neve r ex c e e so

f i p t
ar n y oe rd l an
q u if e o i t h
en ce,
p t e ve r n es e l e s ee x

W e com tq e thm
o <3 Th m t e hi g might
.
p m
e sa e n

b bl b
a v ffi m d wit
e a r h g d tp i t
e i g re ar ulpt u o an n , sc re,

and music , if we had he re as m p le a fi md d

'

tt tt t m k wm d
BUT le i b e obs e rve d, ha
h e re ar s no a e

d
re ar
g ly th d m tonf t
h t th m l
e a vanc e
; en o e ar s e s e ves

f t
orh gh th fl ou f l w g wt ht
e h t
h
use u are o s o er ro an e

ot
h d th i t
e r, anm t
p f t
i t lw
eru y b os er ec on c anno a a s e
 ’

rn r n o n u c r ro n .

t
so easily asc er aine d,th qu i iti t
of y fye e ac s on an one o

th m by
e l i th p f t
a i whi h it
e arn e r, h n e e r ec on c as

h d t
re ac h t
t ime i
e m h
a i m t
e tt h th s a uc e as e r a er an e

acq i iti
usf y f th l
on og t t b
an id ot
h t e e e an ar s -
es es , a

th l t
e t qui mu h m f t
a e r re i h ppy m
re c ore o a c er a n a co

bi t i i t
n a onh igi l M n f pi it mm ly l
e or na e o s r co on ca

t
,

l d g iu t
e h i
en s,y i h th an s nec e ssar n e o er

t b d fu t
L x r i be h th tt
o se rve h g t ifi t i r e r, a as e ra c a on

o ft ti tas eh imm di tbj ct

s e ft h fi e tt h i
a e o e o e n e ar s , e r

e ff t
eci i m s n ai tt dt h q lit f
ann er ns an an eous , an
y e ua o

an y w p
ne du ti i t
roh i im
cm di
ontl yj g
d n d ese s e a e u e

by b
eve r
y d y ; f ll ho i th m m
or a di ave n e so e ru

m tften s o tt h gh i as e ,m t h y imp
ou d by n so e e are rove

a g doo in t
h p to d b y b d d t
e rs c orrui d e a a e uc a on , an

tt
,

in o t
h lm tp
ers a d byos l w t f du
su resse a oa an o e ca

gen e rally require s ex amina ion , t t im dti l t h t e, an ra , a

we may be t
sa s e i fi d fth fit o fth wrkf t
e h n e ss o e o or e

I t t tt
'

en d o
p p
r os e d . h wn ese p e are no n ear so a o

c on side r ourse ves as l d

j g l wub ith t
e s, un e ss e e e er ar

i t
t s s, or ac c us o t m d t m pl y
e d o mh t
h
e o an ex a e e

I MEN T IONED some ar s h t

tt h t
h i a ave er fundamen t
 tk Nr on u c rr o N . Xi

al prin c ip le s in
‘

t
h b tt i e a s rac sc e n c e s of ge o me tr
y d an

ari t
hm t
i e c , an d some th d t i fg in e oc r ne o rav it t
i a on

an dm t
i o on . Th th t
h m di l
e re are o e rs , as e e ca an d

ch im rgic al ar s , twhi h q i t ill b d f c re u re a s roa e r oun da s

t
ion of s c ie nc e i tmy th im l
n an a o my ,
e an a (e c on o ,
na

tl
ura his try o dise ases , an d re m e die s —Those t
ar s ,

t
.
,

whic h like p oe ry, to b k d m g are p ure ly e ran e a on

tt
,

th l g
e e e di t
an ti d by
h i as mm
e r en s a a ne an
‘

aCc o o

t m i t l tt t
,

d t
a i on o so h p i g by whi h
e n ern a as e , so e S rn s c

l
a on e th y b g le t d m
c an t b gh tef i re ua e ,
us e sou or n

th t ft
e n a ure oh h m mi d dm p e i lly in u an n an ore es e c a

i t
,

thdp i ip l ft h im gi t
r nc ies o It i l h e a n a on . s a so n e

h m u mi d th t
an w m t n i v t ig t t
h
a f e us n es a e e sourc e o

so m ft h ful
e o t L gi wh e use di t h di ar s o c, ose e n s e s

t t
.

c overy f t t
h i f o d d i ruh d t i e
, o f hs oun e n e oc r n e un

d tdi g
ers an d t hi n ( d w hi han m y b me c s, un e r c a e co

p h d d
re e n e m i p liti d
e c onoj p i u d ) c s, o c s, an ur s r en c e are

f d di t
oun e h t ft h will n a o e .

Tm s was t
h id e ea o fLord Ve rulam p e rhap s t
h e

mos t mp
co re he n sive
ge n ius in p hilosop hy ha has tt ap

p eared in mode rn ime s t . Bu t

th e se are n o t
th e on ly

tI/ t
Docum qu ill lt i
t
t
i l t
r n a c rc a sn ei tm
'

ec , a e a a ers c rc a vo un a s

h mi i i
o tlibu ui tq m g m ll
n s, n na a t E tim dim i s s s an ua e e a: s un . en /x

tmi pu t t bit
na zo
'

m fib
r imul i
n p
'

u t imul
a: e u ar er! “ s nc e e r n , s c orr e

m t N qu d t i u i
n . itt um tm i t
e e im m
y p t
hia ar n n ve rs a e re r a n a s a e

quam illa K eri e tB om.

'

Ven im us j am ad t
doc rinam c irc a » 11 mm
VO L . I.
x ii rn r n o n u c r ron .

twhi h h t
ar s h i f d t
i i t
h c ave e r oun a on n e sc ienc e ofhu

m t G mm t i itg
an n a ure ra ar oo, n s ene ral p rinc i les ,
p
t
,

has a c lose c onn e x ion tt u

wi h he nde rs andin g, and

he t
t h e ory of t
h e assoc a on o i t
i fid eas .

t
B U T he re is twh t t h t h t h l
n o ar a ever a a so c ose a

t
i
c on n e c wit h ll t h f ult
on i d p w ft ha e ac e s an o e rs o e

mi d El q
n ,
as th tfSp ki g i t
o ue n c e or h e ar o ea n ,
n e ex

ti i whi h I mpl y t
e n s ve se nse h t m n F i t h c e o e er or, n e

t t
.

fi t p lrs h t i t g h tt b
ac e , k d m a g th p li
ou o e ran e a on e o e

or fi ti m if tf m t
ne ar s , hi t h t i
s ll it an es ro s, a n a s ox e r

ti wit h lit
on s , tl p t
i ( w ill ft
e or n o ex c e
pp on , as a e ar a er

w d ) itq i t
ar s h id f t h im gi t
re i
u re s Th by e a o e a na on . ere

it t ly p l no b t
on by pl i g mm d t
e ase s , tm u e as n co an s a e

ti th p
on , rouse s i d ft t l tbd e t h
ass on s , an o en a as su ue s e

m t tubb
os l t
s i It i lorn reso u on f l tT hi . s a so a use u ar . s

i ti ly t
s c er a n h ift h p w f p hh
e c as e , e o er o s eec e a use

f l f ltu y it ac u
p f dly t ,
h as h w t m l
p y ro esse e ac es us o o e o [

t h tf lt
ay w i t h t
hac u
g t t p b b ilit y f e re a e s ro a o s uc c e ss.

F t h ur if th l gi l e r, t dt h thi l b e o ca ar ,
an e e ca ,
e us e

ful l q ie o fl it i tt h w t
ue n c e s use u h e as n s ruc s us o es

tm tb ppli d f t
, ,

h i t dt
'

ar s us i
e a h p e or e c on v c on an e er

etbj tf ultm
o ec s ac ara animm humanse . I lla duas habet
p a t
e s e as r

q ue no t
i imss as , e t c on se n s u re c e
p t ; as L og ic am e tE t
bi m ca .

e lle c t
Logic a de int u et
rat
ion e Ethi cs de volun a e , a tt pp t
itu t e , e

afiec
'

t
ib us, disseri t Alt d t lt t
. i ers ec re a, a ers ac ones p ro i
gg ni tD . e

Aug Sc i 1 . . . v c. . t
.
 IN T
’
o
ROD '
U C N:

thi li wh t
s mybes a a e c alled t
h m e ore me c hanic al
t f t
h t w k be ing m t
t b t tf
’
p ar o p s e oe or a os u a s or o

tl g d g
,

garn ishin g, an d by far t

oo un e s sen i t i
a i o ve a
’

es

t tth ki d
n a ion Thi p t
o i l it y i f m
e t n s ar c u ar n or o a

t
.
,

d pto p i n f th
an ex u li t t
itt l
re ss o
y
‘

o e na ra s s , c ons u es on

avi t
y d
ar et d iff t p, i an no a e ren s ec e s .

t
Now hough a c on siderable p rofic ie nc y in he p rac t
t t t t
ic e of heora oric al ar maybe e asily and almos na ural J tt -

ly tat i d by
a ne i wh m l
, on e n s f pp h i i
o c e arn e s o a re e n s on s

h p pily
a it d wit
un h e ibili ty f t t f t ilit
se n s
y f o as e, er o

im gi t
a in a on , d ti an di ai l g g
c er a n re a n ess n an ua e ,

a m t ho
ore g h i ti
rou
g t i f t h l t
n ve s t g i
a on o e a en en e r e s,

if I m y t ha p mus e x
y lf w h b y t
re ssh t m se t , e re e i n s ru en s

e mp l y d by l q
o e p d
e o th i ff
ue n c e t p ro uc e e r e ec u on

t h he will
e are rs , id b ly b t
s erveh tim p c on s e ra o o rove

t h te t dt i h t
as e , an h f yo enr c By t h f m e an c . e or er

e ff t
ec w l e t m d d id f lti mp
e arn o a en an avo au s n co os

i g
n d p ki g g i t
an s ea whi h t
n h b t tl b t
a a ns c e es n a ura , u

d p tgi it t
,

un c ulti t va e ar s , y; d byve h no se c ur an e

l t
a tt he p p
e r, m di m ro e r
gg t d ew h u by s are su es e , e re

t h e n e c e ss ar
y id f t p i a
g m
s o t ill t o ti cs, ar u e n s, us ra on s ,

an dm t i m yb p
o ve s , da B id et hi t dy
roc ure . es es , s s u

t t t t
,

l
ro er
p p y d d
c on l d d i
uc e ly , q u i
ea s rec o an ac a n ance

wit h u l o rse ve sit t ly t th pno ti on f rac es e o e ra on s o

t h i t
e ll t d im gi t
n e ec i
an b t di l a th l k
n a on , u sc oses e ur

i g p i g
n s rnf t i s in th h th t
o ac hi
on w t e ear . s vi e I is
 IN T R O D U C T ION . i v

perhap st
h td t h h t t w ll t
e h
s ures an e s or es , as e as e

pl t t
easan esW y f i i g t t
h i f t
h h m
a o arr v n a e sc e n c e o e u an

mi d It i h mbl tt tl d t
mp t h mi d f u a o ea

hi tk t
n -
s an e e e n o

i t t ht
.

th t
e sdi i quiu ous t
h f ll w
n re r n o s rac , a e o o .

i g h t
n s w bmit
ee s t d tt h mi t i
are no f su e o e ex a na on o

t
h publi
e c .

WHEN we c on sider t h t ht
h m e an ne r in whic h e e

ti l t
or c a h t h i ar db attd i t h
ar se n , an h l e en re a e n e sc oo s ,

w m t
e b us ibl t h t i t hi
e se n s i t h imit
e tia n s, as n e a ve

tt h fi t
ar s, _ h dl h e b rs gi ant it i i m by
e as ee n ve n o cr c s

tl p f m
ac ua i t h
e r or tTh p i ipl f
an c es n e ar . e r nc es o our

nat will wit

ure h t th id f, yp oui df e a o an re v ous an or

m l i tt
a i ns ruc ffi i t ly tf t
on , s u h fi tt c en ac c oun or e rs a

tmpt A
e sp .k i t d s b f
s e a e rs
g m m i ex s e e ore ra ar an s ,

and b f
re as one rsl gi i ; d bt
e ore l t
h o c an s so ou es s e re

w tb f t
ere ora ors h w h t i
e ore dp t
e re e re r e or c ans an oe s

it Th fi t t
,

bf
e ore c r i imp lc s. w d t e h tt
rs i u se o ar s e a an

m tfen y o t i f m
e ve r t Thar sli t i t
ro na ure e e ar e s as s s

t
.

d di
anc e an ti h t b re cbt i d i t
on h a h c an e o a ne n e r e

ti l tby whi h m p at t
or c a ar , h mi d f
c e n o er e on e n s o o

t
h i f m t
ers , ar se s h i ro m h f wh t
e c on sc ousn e s s a an as o a

t
o era e s on
p hi w m i d i d d bys ot h y p t
n m h t ni a e e s a e c

h t
,

f li g
ee n s , an d by t p t i l p i a f m ki d rac ca ex e r en c e o an n

i t d t t tf i t
,

whi h i di id l
c n h
v ua s, eve n n e ru e s s a e o soc e
y
t t t
,

are c a a
p b l f q i i g T
e h o ac
p i
u rn b . e nex s e s o o

serve d di imi tby p p

an sc r
pp ll ti
na e , th ro er a e a on s, e
 N
INTR OD U C T ION . XVI]

The s e c on d of th tp b m t d whi h
e s e s a ove e n ron e c

t t
h fi t
,

ft
,

by he way is h h ti l tf
e rsll o e r e or c a ar or a

t
ht
, ,

p a d i l
p p y pp li d
re c e b y N tes s
pp ro e r su e a ure , a e ar

d t
e t
h
, ut
h of Hudib t
h t
e am tp ith th t
or o ras , e u os c a

hd a thi tim b
e ve n t
t i d o s e e en a a ne

For all ti
h
a r e oric an s rule s
’

Te ac h n o t t
hi g b to
n u na me his t
ool
” s s

t
In his however , th m t th t hb gg e t d a er a een ex a era e

t
,

by th y i
e sa t C id rs bl p g
.
h dbon s mad e ra e ro ress a e en e

by t h i t G
e an c e n k d R m i d ii g t
re e s anh o ans , n ev s n e

p p u
ro er r l f m p iti
es o t col y i th tw os t on , n o on n e o s or s

o fp y pi oe s dd a
,
em t i b utl i t
c an h t hr t
a c, a so n e ree s or s

t whi h w i m t f qu t
t
o f i
ora on s , c uS am e re g n os re en e on

hm t
e h d lib
, t
ei th j di i y
e e ra ve , dt h d m e u c ar , an e e on u

tt i
s ra ve A d I m tk wl dg
. n th t f us acI no e e, a ,
as ar as

have b bl t di
ee n a th
e h b o littl o
s c ove r, ere as ee n e or n

i p
n rove
r m t i t hi en p t m d
n b y th m s d m res ec a e e o e s,

Th b t
e o s e rva i d ul t mit ons ant dt u f mt rh es ran s e o s ro e se

di t
s i gui h d
n m s i t
e h l na d W ld A ri t
es nt l e e arn e or s o e,

t
,

Ci c e ro, d Qui t ili

an h b fo t
n h m t an ,p ave e en r e os ar

o ly t l t
n d by l t it
ran s a e i p t i t m d i
a er c r h c s, or u n o a o s

dress an d w gnem t A d t
arran e the f t h en . n as o our

an dl t ast p it m a
s e
y b e,
id t b i g u i t w sa o rn s n o a ne

u t
co n r y o f w h i,
h t h u g h t
h hc b ,
n m o u ere ave ee so e s c

P . 1 .

VO L I . . B
x viii rN r n o n n c r m N .

c essful in c urs ions

‘

oc c as ionally m ade upon itf t

i
s ron e rs ,

we are n o t
y t
i f ll
e p n u os s ess ion .

T H E p e rforman c e whic h ,
of all t
h ose I hap pe n e d t o

be t wit
ac q uain e d h m t h d ,
d f
see s o ave a van c e ar t
h t es

i t hi w y i t h El m t t t t
t
n s a , f
os C i
e i i m Be h en s b r c s . u e su

jec t f tho l d e d i g i
e arn e h an f t
h t w n k e n ous au or o a or ,

is rath t m lt er if i oo t dmit u w
ar ous t i
o a s o n arro a s c ru

n y was ld b ou y f f t
e n ec es s ar
pe k w l dg f or a r ec no e e o

t h e l p t E
s e ve ra y thi ar s
g t h. t i bjve rt f n a s an o ec c

tt lpt p i t
as e , s c u i g m iure, bitt
a n n dg us c , a rc c c arc , an ar

t
,

d i g
arn w ll
, pas ty d
e l as
q m
oe r w i h i
an e o ue nc e , co e n

hi pls O t
an . h t h h d t n h gh hi
e o bj t
er ban ,
ou s su ec e

m orem lt if m it u i i or
p t f i t s, t i w
n re sit h ec o s c on n e c on

ti t
,

t h mi d l
e n ,
h t
h t
e ss e x h e ns ve
p p d A l l
an a e re ro ose .

t h os e
p ti l t m i
ar c u ar ar s are e x a d l y th t id ne on on a s e,

wh i t h
e re n i f d e re
p t t y s id
oun b l i a i re c on s e ra e c o nc

d wit
enc e h th ; m ly
on e an o bj t f tt er na e as o ec s o as e ,

whi h by c iti g tim t f g

ex c n d se n b at y en s o ran e ur, e u

t
, ,

t t t t t
.

o
n ve l y d h ,
lik an l e l d d li
e, g h h L i
are c a c u a e o e e

m gi t
a i I t
n a on . hi i w l q n m
s v e f ,
e o ue nc e co es n o ar

th d
e r un id ti t
er c on sh fi e ra ont d d pt an as a n e ar ,
an a a

ed lik
, t h teh b e om ti d
e rs a ove t p l th f n en on e ,
o e as e e a

c y , d t
an m t h po i ove B u t t t e t i t l
ass ons . o re a a s o as

f l t d lo ly
an use u ar ,
an td wit c ht h se d c on ne c e e un e r

tdi g d t
s an nh will w uld h
an e l d t di u i , o ave e o a sc ss on

f ig t
ore hi pu p
n o s r ose .
 INT R O D U C T ION . XXI

gene ra l re m arks tg t
h
o e t
h t
ill m e r, o e rs s ore ge n eral are

t
/

de duc e d . A fe w in dividual in s an c es se rve as a foun

t tt
da ionh b o t whi h wh
ose o serva ions , fl
i c ,
en on c e s u f

ly t
i t
c en bli h d es a td t s h i i fl
e , ti t
ex en e r n ue n c e o n s an c e s

i
nnu m bl
e ra It i i t
e . hi w y t h t s p n im t s a a ,
on e x er en s

co mp t
i ly f w ll t
ara ve h p hy i l gi l i
e a h e s o o ca sc e n c es ave

i i t
,

d ; it hi w y t h t t
[

be en re are s h n mp h s a a ose c o re en

tt fi t
,

i
s ve h w
ru s die re r d whi h hrs h d h
sc ove e ,
c ave a suc

an un limit d i flu e t
h m t
n imp ttt d
e nc e on e os or an ar s , an

g i
ve n m t
an so vasd m i i t h a l m t o d n on ove r e e e e n s, an

e ve nt h m tf t
e os y p w f
re rac ort It i i o e rs o n a ure . s ev

d t
en ,
t h f t h t
e re ore , th i td t
t h c itai i
e ar s an e r c are re c

proc al ly b i t d
s u se rv e n
; th p ti l p i an f e ar c u ar rov n c e o

e ach i g at
s ly imp
re d by t h it rovef t h e ass s an c e o e o

ther

ti t
BU T i s y h not t f t
h i
n e ce s sar t e re o en e r ar er n o

thi bj twh t
s su ecI h ll h i a ftw d t s a ave oc c as on a er ar s o

d
a van c e t h qon i iti f p
e iac d th
us on o ex er ence . an e

ma f u i
n ner o
g itw ill b s nffi i t ill ,
t t
i e a su c en us ra on .

T HE
 T HE

P H IL O S O P H Y

R H E T O R I C .

BO O K FIR S T .

T HE NA T U R E A ND r o uu n a r ro u s or

n L o op r N c r.

C HA P . I .

Eloquenc e in he la rg es t t ptt
i a cc e a on more

g eneral f orm: thi e r dif

c rcn tbj t
o ec s ,

ends , and c harac ers t .

IN s p e akin g t
h e re is al ways s om e en d p rop ose d or

whi h t
t td tp d i
,

some ef
fe c h c e sp e ake r in en s o ro uc e n

t
h b
e e are r Th w d l q m tg t
e tl ti
or e o uenc e l S re a e s a

td d t Th tt t l tby whi h t
.

u e e no e s , h dia ar or a en c e s

i d ptdtit d K
“ "
c ours e s a a e o s en

Dic e re se c un durn vir ttm t

u e i i ora on s . t
S c ie n ia be n e di c e n di .

(h Nrn J AN .
n
‘
T eh w o rd e lo
q ue nc e ,
in c om m on c on v e rs a ion ” is s c l t
dom us e d in s uc h a c om re he ns ive se ns e
p have , howe ve r, m ade I
t t tIt t
.

h
c oic e of hi d fi it
s i e n on on a double ac c oun ly rs e x ac c or

tT lly id t t; Opt tt
,

res o
p nds o u
’
s ea o fa p f
er e c im
ora or us e s ora or
u
 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

E loquen ce more g eral

en forms

ALL t
he
ds of s pe akin g are re duc ible o four ;
en t
e very sp e e c h b e in g in e n de d o e nli h e n
g h t
e un de r t tt
t t t t t t
“

s andin g, o p le ase he imagina ion , o move he p as

sion s , or ti flu
o n enc e th will e .

ANY on e disc ourse admi t s on l

y of on e of t
h e se e n ds

as th p i e r n c ip al Ne ve r t
h l e e ss , in disc oursing on a

ubj t t
hi g m y b i t
.

s mec an y d d whi h
n s a e n ro uc e c are

imm di t t td t m f
, ,

m ore ly d pp e ly di
a e an a are n re c e o so e o

th th
e o
n d f p aki g
er e ds o t t h t
t
s w hi h i
e n an no o a c s

th hi f i tt ft B t t t t
,

e c e h wh l n en o h h h
e oe u en e se o er

d im m di t d f t b t dm t
.

an e i f
a e en m s are n e ec u e an s , an us

b d
e re n d d i e rett h t whi h i t
c on h p im y
uc ve o a c s e r ar

i tt
n en i A di gly t
on h p p i t
c c or y thn im p e ro r e or e ro

t t t t
.
,

p i y
re f h i od i ef hn ro d uc
y d willon o s uc se c on ar en s,

alw y b i f
a s df m t
e h i
n e rre b i y row t of e r s u serv e n c or an

b i
s u s e rv e n c
y tth t d w h i h i
o i a
p t f t
enh m c s, n re s ec o e

t lt im t F dt
, ,

h e u mpl
a e di add
or e x a e, a sc ourse re s se o

t d tdi g d l l t dt ill tt
.

h e un e rs an n an in ca cu a e o us ra e or e v ce

m p i t t
,

so e p lon
y p l i m
ure y b sw id f m
ec u a ve , a orro a ro

th i m gi t
e i a d dmit m t
na on , an p h d m p a i e a or an co ar s on ,

b ttu t
noh h ld d m e toiki g fige r an th t ore s r n ure s , as a

ll d i i
ca e o fi t i
v s on p p p
r i c d
on th lik ros o o ce a, an e e

q ui dic en do an imos t t d tt
aud l ttt
di en ium
p e oc e e e ec a e e rm ove t
”
t
.
,

t
,

2 dly, t
I is be s td ptd tt
a a h b
j tf
e h p p So t
h e su ec o e se a e rs . ee e no e

0“ p a e
g 33
t t t h th t l
'

By vision or fic ion is un de rs ood, a r e ori c a figure of

whic h Q p in ilian t sa s,
y (bras G t ec i vac an , n os s an e v
ra i
'

s zofle s appe ll am us , p er qu as im agin e s re ru m ab se nti m it pt

u a rc
-
a
e

s en tt
u
an r an imo, t
u e as c e rn c re oc ulis ac p ra th b id
es en e s a ere v ea

mm
1
1 ’
.
 Chap I . . R H E T O R IC . 2
5
t
h i e r difi eren
'

t c harac ers . t

whic h are t mu h i td d tlu id t ubj t

n o so c n en e oe c
’

a e as ec

t it dmi t St will it dmit d

,

as o ex c i ill l e a ra on e ss a an a

tt it rf il t di t
.

d ress h p i whi h
o e u b
as s ons , c as n e ve a s o s r

t t ft h i t ll tl f lt t
,

h Op e i e ra y m
on ou b e n e ec ua ac u s e re

t t t t
,

e
t
g d d
ar b y y i llig h f i
e ve r
g l n e en e are r as ore n, a e as

It i b i u t h tit ft
,

if i idi u h h f
i t
no ns o s s o v o s, a e er o ese , ar

tt
.

f m b i g ub
ro e nh m i d ig w uld di
s serv e n o e an es n, o s

ttracth te t
t i f m it e a n on ro .

I
THER E is i n dee d on e kin d of addre ss o he un de r tt
t
s andin g an d only on e , whic h i m ay no b e imp rop e r t t
t t t t
, ,

o ob s e r
ve disdains all assis an c e wha ever from he
h m t
i m t
,

fanc y T he address I me an , s i ld m a e a ca e on

tt t t tlik m l dmit
.

s ra ion A s his do h n oi g a e ora re as on n

it t t
.
, ,

d g e f id
ree s o p f i iev p i f l
e nc e ,
q s er e c on n o n o e o ue n c e ,

if so mm wun c o ppli ti f t h t m o m y b l
an a ca on o e er a e a

l wd
o e i ti p p i i t P
c on s s s
y p i it y h t
n ers cu e rs cu e re e

lt t i ly f m p p i t t t
.
,

su s e n y d reim p li i ro
y f di i ro r e an s c o c on ,

an df m ro
y f m t h d Wh th
ac c urac m i d i g o e o e re e n s re u

l ly t t t t
,

ar b
p y p d
s e d f w d i h
s e m c on uc e or ar s n e sa e

ttt ttt w y di t thi g l ft tb

, ,

rac h i e a d en on n o a ve r e no n e o e

t
, ,

supp li d ue y w no d idone i d n n ec e s sar or or ea n ro u

O t ty h g f m d f r f
,

ce d h n e c on rar an aran ue ra e o a

f t i g t t i fl i gt
.
,

ec h h
n h
e l f
ear s or n ue n c n e re so ves o an as

O f hi s kind t Euc lid hat

h give n us th m t p ef t m d l
os e r ec o e s,

whic h have no , tI t
hi k n be e n fic ien
s uf ly imit
t td by l tm t h
a e a er a e

tt g m t
,

t
m a ic ian s In him you find he e x t ac e s i i l bly
arran e en nv o a

t
.

obse rve d, t
he prope re s an d s imple s , t d by q t
h pl i an c onse uence , e an

es tp ex i
re ss ons c on s an tt ly u d t
hi g d fi i t t
hi g p flu
se n o n e c en no n s u er
-
.

t
, ,

01 1 3 ; in b rie f, no hi g whi h i m
n i fw c t
h w dn ore , n e e r, or o er or s, or

Words o t
h wi er se di p sd uld h
ose b ,
b tt p d
co ave e en e er e x resse .
 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

E loquen c e defined . i tm
s ore gene ral form s

se mbly, n e e ds
g re a t
ly t
h e t
assis an c e bo h ofint ll t
t
e ec

t tt t
IN ge n e ral i m ay be asse r e d ha e ac h p re c e ding
t t tt
,

s e c ie s , in he orde r above e x hibi e d is

t
p p p
re a ra ory o

ttt t
,

he sub se que n ; ha e ac h subse q ue n spe c ie s is foun d

t
e d ou he
p tt tt
re c e din
g5 an d ha hu s h e y as c e n d in a

g l
re u ar
p g i K wl dg t
h bje tf t
h i
ro re ss on no e e, e o c o e n

tll tf i h m tial f t h f y; t
.

e ec , h f y
urn s e s a er s or e an c e an c

c ulls , c om oun ds , an d,
p by he r mimic ar tdi p s ose s t
h e se

t tff tt t
,

ma e rial s h p s o as o a ec e as sion s h p e assion s are

th t l p t lit
e na i ura s urs o vo on or ac t
i d on , an so n e ed on

ly t ight t t
.

b di
o d Thie r re c e i
s c onn e c on an d de p en d
t
t pp mt
.

en c y will be er a e ar fro h f ll wi e o o ng ob se rva

t
i on s .

WHEN a spe aker addresset

h himself t
o t
he un de r
t h p p t
s an din g, h i tt ei fhi h
ro oses d e n s ruc on o s eare rs , an

th tit h by
a e
p l i i g erm d t i exk w an n so e oc r n e un no n , or

t di t
i t mp h d d by t
,

no ly s nc h m co by p i g
re en e e or rov n

m p it d bt d y tm
,

so i e di b li osd on b h s — eI e ve or ou e e n 0

th w d h p p
er or s , it
h tdi p l ig o
e ro os es e er o s e n ran c e or

t q ih
o van u s I t h hi im i t
e rror.h i inf n e on e , s a s e r or

mt i a i t hon th th i n i t
i e A o di gly
e r, e r c onv c on . c c or n

th p d mi
e t q
re lity of th f m i
n an p p iuaity o e or er s ers cu

ofth lt t g m tBy t
e a h tw
e r, a r u m d t k w en a e are a e o no

by thi t
.
,

b li s o e e ve .

t t tt
THE imagina ion is addre ss e d by e x hib i in g o i a

t tt t t
lively and b e au iful re p re se n a ion of a s ui ab le obje c
t hibit t
h tk ft tm y i
.

'
As in hi i s ex h on , e as o e ora or a , n
Coup I . . R H E T O RIC N 27

t
h i er difleren
'

tbj t
o ec s . c harac e rs . t
so me tb id lik t
s or h t ft
e sa h p i t t it
e a o e a n e r, o c ons s

i imit t th m it ft ult t
, ,

n i a on , h w k e i ly f m
er o e or re s s en re ro

th e setw u odig it so rc e s
y w ll i th b j t n as e n e su ec or

thi g im it td i t fimit t
,

n h ma e as i n d e an n e r o a on an re

i t h p t it p f m N wt
,

sem bl an c e , n e or ra h or e r or an c e o e

t t
.

p i
r nc ip l p fa hi l
sc e b i e
g i or i d ds c as s e n n n arra on an e

ip t
sc r i p t
on ,
y w hi h ioe r e m d f t y pc s on o e o ora or es e

i ll y p i p t t t
, ,

c a e y m u
c b k
oe r d u d i T h s f e ran e n er e e

f tf t h d m t t tf tg dy b i g up
.
,

ec o i e l ra a c, a e as o ra e e n on

t t t t
,

h p e i h d m f lls u d
a s s on s , e h p ra i a a n e r an o er s e c es, o

be ex p l i d ft w
a ne d B t t
ah t k i
er d f dd ar s f u a n o a re ss o

whi h I am w t t tti t h umm itf p

.

c i g no re a n a a ns e s o er

f t i t t t
,

ec i on h ublim n h e s
g a d b l im e , or
g os e re a n no e a e s,

whi h wh c i uit bl en l ui gp n s td tt ah e co o rn re se n e o e

it di td t h im gi t i wit
,

mi d do n w as e re , h m s en e a n a on so e

t t t t
, ,

vas c p i on c e d q ui i h
on , an h u l e rav s e so .

T HE sublime , i t
my b a e urge d, as i ti t
h dmi
ra se a ra

t
i h ld b
on , s ouid e c on s e re d as on e s e c ie s of addre s s
p t o

t
h p ie t
B thi
as s on s . u s ob e c
j t
i on , whe n e x am ine d will ,

ap p e ar s up e rfic ial There are fe wwords in any lang

t ttt t
.

r ic ularly suc h as re la e
h Op
a
p ge ( p a i d o e e ra ons an

f li g ft
ee h mi
n d) whi h
s o e t i t ly u i
n l Th c are s r c n voc a us

dmi t t t
.

a i wh ra p on , h b j
en i m m l
e rson s are
y e o ec s co on

f tm ; b ut t
,

u d f
se high d g
or a whe h wi
re e o e s ee en o er se

a pp li d it
e d t l ly i t l t t
e n o e s so e I t i th t an n e rn a as e s a

t t t t t
.
,

p l u
e as b l ra i w hi
e h i ly
se n s a on i h h c n s an ar se on e

p erc e
p ti n f m g i t
u
o d o f wh t a n i g t d e , or o a e ver s re a an

st up d u i it
en ki d
o s F t h
n i s g t i n th or e re s a re a n e s s n e
’

f q u lit t t t
.

dg i i i u l b j l u su

whi h ub i t
e re e s y o p a g n s r a e c s, an a o o s o

th t a i tc h d g s f qu t
ss s n ity i m t e e re es o an n a e
28 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

E loq uence define d . i tm

s ore gen eral form s

i
r al t
hi g n s tg p h p wit
A c c ordin gly in al l h on ue s , er a s

t pt t t
.
,

ou i
ex ce h di on ,
y m w h i h
e or id n ar er s, c are c on s er

ed lit lly p
as i
e ra ft h l t
ex t l re ss ve o dp e a e r, are a so use ro

mi ly t
sc uous d tt h f m o e no eN w dmi t i e or er e a ra on ,

wh t t t t t t
.

h
en
pp l i d d
us a h q i e i p d oi no re u re o s ro uc on ,

t t
, ,

as h p e g ll
as sron s
y d y fl i
e n e raw f m i o, an re ex v e o o ve s

td i
or e n e n c es , f y l t i or o it h t p i t an i re a on e er o r va e n

t t tt
e re s h g d f t
or o h e d g h
oot th f o o e rs an ou e re ore

tb mb d m g t ft
,

o e nu h e re igi l f li g
a on h ose or na ee n s o e

m i d whi h
n d mi tc d by m t
are he no fl na e so e e re ex se n

b i g ft wit h t tf b t
,

se s , e nh m o l e sa y
e c ass a as e or e au an

t im t N w t
,

e ar f m i or m l
us c , or our h im ora se n en s o e

m di ti w f wh t i di t dt t
.

e a e ve o h im gi a e ve r s rec e o e a na

ti (
on wh th t h eb j t b er th i g i
e su im t i ec e n s n an a e or an

m l f m wh t
a or h s, h t t e i i id t
er c arac e rs , ac ons , nc e n s , or

m ) t
an n e rs m i t th
er g t ifi t i
na e s i n f m i t e ra ca on o so e n er

na l t t; as e ttf t h w d fl t
as a as e h fi t h
or e on er u e a r, e

t
,

g d
oo f l g f
or e e l y f
an c e , g d or nove ,
or or ran e ur.

t
Bur i is e vide n ti f lt y t h tt
f t
h thiy a s c re a ve ac u e anc

t id i p m t i g t
, , ,

f q re ly l d h
ue n en ill s bl d
er a n ro o n s no er e n s

tt m tf t tp
.

F m hro b er ex h
u e ran d s ores os o os e ro es an

fig tt d whi h wh
ure s are e x rac e p p y l m l
p y d c en ro e r e o e

i gt
, , ,

h h m
ave s uc ll fli y i
a arve h p i ous e c ac n rous n e as s on s ,

an d by m t dd so d i li
e se c re
p b l i su e n, an n ex ca e assoc a

t w k i g ll t h td tm t ft t
,

i on, a a en n i ah h e en e re s e o ons o e e ar

I t t ft ti tlt im t
.

nhi h dd
s c ase , h e a ly re s s o e ora or s n o u a e

i td d t ti h by t
n en e h loft
i f hi im g
o as on s r e n e ss o s a e s, o

td lightby t
o e h b ut mb l whi h hi
e ea e ous res e an c e c s

p i ti
a n g b t n t ; y it wi
e arsll tp m it
o n a uret
h na no er e

m m tl i f m ki g t
,

h e are rs e ve n a h o m en
’
s e sure or a n e co
Chap I . . R HE T O R IC . 29

t
h i e r diferen tbj t
mo ec x nds w a n d charac ers t .

parison, bu t itw as e re , by some magic al s pe ll, hurrie s

t t t t t
,

h m e e re h y w e are a are , in o love , p i y, grie f, e rror,

h t Itt
,

desire , ave rsion , fury, or d h f

a re m e re ore as su es

t mi t b t
t whi h i t ti
.

h d e i fp
e no na on o a i e ch h c s e c arac e r s

t
i fth t
c ohi d sp i e r ec es o f di u th tdd dt
s c o rse , a a re sse o

t
h p ie as s ons .

tt t m tmpl f ll whi h
FINA LLY, ha kind, he os co ex o a c

l l t d t t d t
,

is c a cu a e oi fl h will dp n ue n c e e an e rs ua e o a

t t t t t t
,

i
c r a n c on
e d i i i li y uc ful m i as f s n rea an ar x ure o
th t t ic t h j dgm t d
,

a whi h p p c ro oses o c on v n e e u en an

th t whi h i t t t it di t
,

a ch p i i g i hi g
n e re s s e ass on s , s s n us n ex

ce ll en c
y lt f m t
h
re s ut
W t
h g m s t ti ro d e se o, e ar u en a ve an

th p t
e h t i i
a p et d tg t
ch T h t
n c or ora ei g w it h o e er e se ac n

it
.

un df
e d if I m y
orc e , an p m y lf i a so e x re s s se n c on

t t it ut tht t t t t
, ,

cer c ons p i i i eh h m a ass on a e e v c on , a ve e enc e

tt i ,whi h i dmi bly fit td f p

,

f
o c on e n on i c s a ra e or e rsuas on ,

an d h th lw a y b ag d d th
a s p m q li e e n re ar e as e s u re e ua

fi t cai i on t1 It n i t hi whi h b
an d w
ora or s s c e ars o n

I am se nsible t
h t thi w a s ord is c omm on l
y us e d in a m ore lim it
ed sen s e for h t ly whi h
t t a on t i P bp c e x c i e s c omm ise ra on . cr a s t
h e

t
,

w d imp
or d w ld w b t
as s i one ou an s er e e r.

t t t
.

1 T hi im d
s an i g th G k
a e h i i m
re ason n d 3 m l e re e r e or c an s er e
'
o ng

t
,

whi h f m ig ifyi g t
c ro h p i ip l
s nll y in r e m r nc a ex c e en c n an o a or, ca e

t l gt h td
,

a en t ty itlf A d
o en o e h m ora or d l se n as ve e en c e an e o

t
.

quenc e b m y y
ec am h l tt
e s non it b l t t
hi w y f th i
ous , k e a e r, s u a e o s a o n

i g w
n , m tim d fi d t
as s o h e tf p esi B t
e th t t hi d
ne e ar o ers uas on . u a s e

fi it
n i i d f t
on i s pp e ec f m th i w
ve , a w iti g i i
e ars e ve n ro e ro n r n s, s n c e , n

i t y wit
a cons s en c h itt h i h ti ld t h mp h d d e r r e or c s c ou no ave c o re en e

t t t
,

h ti
ose ora ll d d m tt i
on s c a e h d ig fwhi h w e t
ons ra ve, e es n o c as n o o

p u d b
ers a e t t p l Yu t it i oy t d i e ase .th igi f th i e s e as o sc ove r e or n o s

d f t
,

e ec ,
3 0 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or E ase l .

E loque n ce de fined “ itm s ore gen eral formr ex ln bi

' ‘

td
e

t
eve ry ob s ac le , an d
p u t h p k i i tib l roc re s e s ea e r an rre s s e

p w o O th t
erh ug h t d
ve ru
p p f hi e u di o s an r ose s o s a e nc e

t t
.

Iti t
hi whi
s h h t
h b s j y
u l l b
c d g im
a e e n so s ce e ra e as

i g n m aon e d t o t
han up i n asc e n an ver o e rs , s e r or e ve n

twh t
o d p t i m it
a lf b t esw i oby th s l t se c an es o s nc e e a

tt h m
er ig bl p t ly t
e h b dy
ore d it m m
no e ar on e o an s e

f m t ft
,

b l d wh
e rs , are e n s ave h d mi i h e re as , ro e o n on o e

f m or thi g i
e r no mp t d h judgm t
it n f
s ex e e ne er en n or a

f t n t th i m t th m t l tt
,

i
ec on , o e ve n e n os re c e sses , e os a en

m m tft
ove h ul Wh t
en s O pp iti i h tp e so . a O os on s e no re

defec t dt h t b t
an hf m t h a t ft o h t hi g i n ro d fom t h e n a ure o e n
ii
r e

m whi h bt i d m g bot
, ,

cu t s o s c oh G k
a ne d R m a Fi t
on re e s an o ans . rs ,

f mtro h t ft hi g f t
e n a ure o p u d p p pn si m dor o
g e rs a e, resu ose s n so e e ree ,

an dt h f m yb
e re ore d td timply ll t
a h
e un th t l tf
e rs oo o a e o er a en s o

t t light t i tp i tt ti h ti flm
,

an ora or, o en en , o e v nc e , o an o as on s o n a e

t
, ,

b t t hi d t m y p l i wit
‘

u h s h ld i o lly ;
no o h l
un ve rs a one a ex an c e arn e s s ,

a d
n p w ith
rove
gy w h i i p bl f
en e r th b li
,m th p t
oh s nc a a e o e su e, e a e

ti dt
c , an h hm t ; b
e veid t
hie p w en f p i es C i e s, s o er o e rsuas on , or, as

c ero ll it pca s lu t th mi m imp ll q uo dfi ude

oss e vo n a es o nn e e re v s, n

t it m m t fhi h i th m t
,

li d d
ve s,
” e m kuc e e , as a es a an as e r o s e are rs , s e os

id
c on s bl i e ra
p t f e q
n re s e c S d ly of m i t
c on s e ue nc e s . e c on , ro an c e n

c ut ms o A ll th i p bli
s. t
i W e rk du d t u h l
c ora ons e re ran e n er ree c as se s

t tt i e t dt t I t
,

h d m
e e h j di i y
on s ra v h d lib e i u h t w
c ar an e e e ra ve . n e o

wi t h t
,

l t w imp ibl t i t mi h ut t
,

as it as oss e imp tt
o r se o e ne n c e , o a or an

tl tt
,

a en h p w fp u i
e o Th w i mu h m ft
er o e rs as on . ese e re n c ore c

t th fi t d wit h l th u t
,

qu t u
en h se an e m rs f d
an i g a e s re s e an s o a van c n

h f t dt t; f o t
,

b t ht
o u e h f m ft
or h
n e an e h j di i y
a e o e ora or or, as n e u c ar

th li e d tt fp i t
ve s an epes a e s o d p d d th d lib
r va ers on s e en e on e e e ra

tt h f t fki gd m
,

ti vehu g t h n l f e re so ve s o
y f th
sen a e s, e a e o n o s , na o e

m t w d publi t
os ren o h w ld
ne re k w C qu t
cs ly te or e ve r ne onse en o

t d ti h h u
.

l i t m t t
,

ex ce h n h b
e se , h di us ave een e rec roa orc e s, ono rs ,

an d p f m tN w d
re e r t
en h . t ht p u O i h u l
ond lmo t
e r, en , a e rs as on s o a s

wh lly g o th h ti i
en ross ti . e r e or c an s no
’
ce
Chap I . . R H E T O R IC .

. tt
wi h heir difleren
'

t charac ers . t

p are d to c on q uer, on whos e arms re ason ha h t c onfer

re d s oli di t
y an d weigh tdp an as sion s uc h a shar ne s s,
p
t tt t
,

as en ab le s h m in de fian c e of ob s ruc i
'

e e ver on ,
y o

h h t
tt
,

op en a sp e e dy p ass g
a e o e e ar .

1 1 is '
th w no o e ver, e ve ry kin d of
pat
h os , whic h will
t t t t
,

give h e ‘ora or so gre a an asc e n dan c y ove r h mi e n ds

of his he are rs Al l passion s are no alike c apab le of t

t t t
.

e dc or
'

p roduc ing hi s Some are na urally ine r an d

tpid h ydfi t
t t it
.

or d h mi
e d i di p e c e n an n s ose f or e n

tp i O ft
,

e r r se hi ki d w f h m h m ili
s n are sorro e ar, s a e, u
t t t t t t t
.
,

y O h h l
e rs , on
y h l d i
e c on rar e e va e e s ou an s

m l t tt t t
. .
, ,

ua ie S h h p
o ac
p i
on i m m b i
uc are 0 e, a ro s a s

t m l t t t t
.

t
,

i
on , e i g T h w i
u a on , an er h h g fi e ; es e , e re a es n r

lit t t t t
.

y m d are i di i
a e w i h m
o c on c ur n
g re c on ar u en s

i g t
it l t t i it
,

ex c n i d y; d
o re so u on an c ac v an are , on se s

t t t t t t
-

q ue n ly h fi f p d i g e w h f w
es t f or ro uc n a or an o a

b t ttm i f t
, , ,

e er l g g I h ll h
er n our an hd ua e , s a en c e or en o

mi t th
na e h m t T h i b
e ve e id i t
en m e re s, es e s , an n er
-
es

di t t g i lly d
.

ki d f p i whi h d
ti f m t
a e n o as s ons , c o no s o c on en a an

dire cly it
t h e i g i it t
e r re s ra n us ro ac n or n c e us o

tb tby t tft
,

ac h u h p k , i b liq
e ar o e s e a e r c an , n an o ue

t it
,

m e h m d
an n r,du i e h Su h
a e c on
j y c ve o e er c are o

tm mp i N t ll t
.
,

love , es e e h l
,
co h ki d
ass on . e ve r e e ss , a e se n s

m ay fin d a p lac e in s uas ory dis c ourse s , or s uc h as are

intd d tOp t t
en h will
e Th fi t ois th p e ra e on e e rs e ro

t t
.

t
'

p f
e res di di g h d
or h h b l
s s ua n e s e c on as a een a

dy hi t di g ; t
h t
,

re a d f p hi d i q u lly
n e or e rsua n e r s e a ao

mm d t dt b t
,

co ho a e o o .

Gu by t
h b
rn rn fl ti w m il e a ove re ec on s, e av e as v
 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook ]:

Eloquen c e defin ed more gen eral forms ex hibi td

e .

h t
t trac e a c on n e c t
i i t
h
on n e various forms ofeloq ue n c e ,
whic h was re marke d on t
dis in guishing he m by he ir t t
t t
,

s e ve ral ob e c s . imagin a ion is c harme d by a

j Th e

fi i h d p i t wh i
n s e c ure , d p y d
e re n e ve n m t ra e r an orn a en

are n o n etgl t d; f h
ec e t
h d i pl
or e reW ld e en s eas ure ou

ttf t d git tt l w m t
.

w p h ,
'

e e n e ra e ar h
er an a a e e sou e us
hibit ly m i id tk
,

ex on so e v v m p i f a
s ro e s , so e ex re ss ve e

t tures , no d td fo h w ( ll q tt
e c ora e as t i rsb i g o a s en a on e n

b to h d pi bles ca dh t f l h ) b ut h
e an ur u pp ere s uc as a e ar

t t l p it ft b ight d d p imp
,

h e na ura e x i hos on o ose r an ee re s

i
s on s , m d by t a e h bj tp th p k
e su ec mi d u on e s e a er s
’
n

f hor t
e reh die en t p l b t m
s no ti W l
e as ure ,
u d u e o on o

t ly t h t tbut wi it t i ly t
.

w e no on h h ouc e e ar n en re o co

t t t t t t
,

0 e ra e
p w i h i w h
our v e f
f i g li s, m m
ose a ec n nea en s us
b i t
e s o n er w wit h
ove n g m t t h t f
our ar u m t
h en as a ro e

t t
, ,

p i
ass on e x c i d e i g m d i
our re as on n
y im p a e r ve or an c e ,

b fit td f c mm di g t tt
,

an d so e e or i
o d by
an n a en on an

by t h j t ft i g t
,

e h
us n e ss o h p i e m yb
re as on n e ass on a e

td d f d d t h t thu b t
,

m ore d plyee roo e an e n orc e h an a s, o

m yb m d t
a e a e p i i fi
o c on st t
i g t h t
re
p n e
'

e c ua n a e rana

i
s on whi h i t c h s dp p de enF h if I m y
ro ose or e re , a

d pt t tg t
.

h h lm l g g W d
’
a o e sc oo en s an ua e , e o no ar ue o

g i
an b l
arey t h t f th
e as se n d t di og b u t weh i h
un ers an n c

i i fi it imp tt t tf t
, ,

[
s n n ly m
e ore h or an h will ,
e c ons en o e

tt t
T o p re ven m is ake s , i will no t
b b e e side my

This subo din at

io
r n t
is be au ifull y and c onc is e ly ex pre ss
ed by
He rs an in R ollin J e c onc lus q ue t
la ve ri able e loq uenc e e s c ello t
t
.

q ui p e rs uade ; q u ell’
e no
p e rsuade ordin aire men u
’
on o u c han t
q t
qu elle ne t
’
ouc he que par des
,
c hoses e t
p ar des idées p alp able s .
”
 R H E T O R IC 33
'

t
h i e r differen t c harac e rs. t

pose fur he r t tm o re th tark , a se ve ral of th t m e er s ab ove

ex p lain e d , are so e e s us e b y r e m t
im d h ti i or c an s an d
t
c ri ic s in a m uc h large r an d more vague g si n ifi c a t
i on ,

t
h h an as b e e n give n he m he re t Sub limi y t d an

t t h l t
d d t
.

he me n c e , in p ar ic ular, are of e n c on oun f e : e a

tb i g id d t
,

er e n p i
c on sof h f m
e re I as a s ec e s e or er n

t t bj t tt h t
.

hi m s h hi an n e r b d by t
as s su ec een re a e a

g t
re am t L g i w h
as e r p tti f
on th t m n us , ose ac c e a on o e er

su blim i tm ly i d fi itimp t
e s ex i g
re emi t n e n e, or n an e nen

d g e f lm t
re e o ny e ll a f p os h fwh ta x ce enc e o s eec o a e ver

D ub t if thi g t d td
,

ki d n l h m l
o b
es s , n s e se ve s e un e rs oo

it t m m ti l wh t m
.
,

d oe s n o se e ig d a er a a na es are as s ne

t Y t it i b t t dp
i
h me

n c on s

tdi imi tby diff tig

o sc r
h m
ide b l id th ight d tdi g oft
.

ra
e

na e
e a

h
s

hi g
tly dif
o

o t e r

e re n
ore

s
ac c ura e ,

un

n s suc
e rs an
an

as are
n
rove s

ru
n
no

s,

f
ore n tA d t h t th t w q lit n i b am t i d e o ua es a ove en on e are

ft
.

o hi mb i s d i bl
nu i w er
p ds un en a e, s nc e e c an ro uc e

p as s age sfull of vehemenc e , where in n o image is p re

s en e d,t whic h, wi h any p rop rie y, c an b e e rme d t t t
g re a t
or s ublime I In m a e rs of c ri ic is m as in he
,
‘ '
. t
t t t
F or an in s thi l t th tf C i
t
an c e of o
g i t A t
s,
y e u f a o c er a a ns n on s ~

Tu i ti f u ibu i t i l tib
s s a c i tgl di ti t s, t iu
s s a er us , s a a a or a o s c or s -

p i fi
or sm itt t trm i i i H
a e,ip p i u
an u p ti i h u v n u t t i
nb i es n s ex a se ra s ,

t i p p li R m i
n e c e s se e s s e n
p t
o u m p o t id io 0 an m c on s e c u vo e re s r e. re

n on m d i uf d m d t
o o v s i m udit u
oe a Si h t ibi i t
s e e m
a a oc n e r c oen a

mt idi t tp d t
, ,

ui im m ib illi p uli
s an us qi s oc s ac c ss e ,
u s n on ur e uc e re

mt t t
t
I n cu p puli R m i
ve ro
g i
o p ub li m g o m an
g i n e o urn cu eren s
‘
a s er

t t t t
, ,

q u
e i u m i u u p c
» u i
r c arem f i l ti
r e e s se , i s vo e ns , rus s es c u e n s v

uum t t t
,

umn d l t ibre
g m ium
o en s us , um t ib u l im pl
re it ” e o r na ev

t it t t
.

H e reh i y f h d
e v vacd i u o i g f m th
e a d i ress ,t n rn n ro e au en c e
‘

t
h p e d l in d g i t
e rs on th
ec a r e
gy f tha a ns
p i th ,
e en er o e ex re ss on s , e re

V I
or . . C p ti ti e on ,
 34 T u x P H IL O S O P H Y or B ookI .

tti
ab s rac iti ft h m t
t
sc e nc e s , q u t s o e u os c on se e nc e o

a t i wit
sc e r a n , hp ii th m i g fw d d
rec s on , e e an n s o or s, an

t f t
,

as n e arly h g i h l gu g i whi h
as e een us o e an a e n c on

w it will p mittm k t
r es h m erp d t th o a e e c orre s on o e

t t t h t
,

d i hi g ig ifi d
b ig d by
oun ar e s ass ne n a ure o e n s s n e

tt h l ft t t t
.

Tha y d th he m o h g h ill
an d i e ve e en ou s s

t m t d t wit
,

i g i h bl
n us a im mbi d
e, are h so e es c o ne an ac

it t tb d i d It i t ly t h t
,

un df ei orc e , s n o h o e en e s en on a

t t b id tfight wit
.

h e ora or c an h w po whi h e sa o ea ns , c

t h pm i
are a onc e s ar d fulg t whi h lik ass ve , an re en c e

t l whil t h y t
, , ,

H ill y d
e ave n s ar
’
ik erwhi h az z e e e s r e, c 0

t t t t t t t
,

ve r o
p w h igh der h h i h
e s m i an e e ar n e sa e n s an

H w dmi bly d t h t m d qu lit

.

o a w i ra i whe o e o b re n a e a e s, n

h p pily bl d d d i t h t
i l t th on on a

tl w ld whi h
a p en e c orre s n e ra o e

t d light i gi t t
,

hu d n er an h n n n e na a or c are

t wf lly m j t d p t t
,

no m ore a i li u d u h a es ca n so n an as ec an

i it
,

rr s ibl i p w e n o er

p e t
it
i on , e x c lama tgt i t
i d lim
on , f gg
in ti g i
e rro a on, an c ax o a rava n c r

cu mt mul t
s an c e s , ac c u d with p idit y p ae th d i l
p y i
ra u on one an o e r, s a n

t h tg t lightt h t u pit ft t hu t
,

e s ron es d h
,
i e dt r u e o e ac on , an s a on c e

i
c on v n c e th j dgm t d fi t e u h i dig t en io It i t h f
an re e n na n. s ere ore

t
,

j u t l il d h m t B twh t i t
h im it t u T h
t
s y s e ve e en
g p a s e a e res en s e

t t
.

re ve rse i n e ve r
y p t f h u b lim
res e c w h i d o f g i g e s e a , ns ea o az n on

wit h dmi t a i w h uld

ra on , tu y f m wit e s h bh
o aver o r e es ro a orrenc e

might
.

F or h w
,
o it e ve r p i R m t I q u t i asswh t hn a o an s en a e , es on e er

Ci i l q
c e ron an e o ue n c e it lf uld u t h t ti g f h t
se hi g
co ex c se e u er n o suc n s

i
n an y m d m bl
o ern as se y t t y p li t W i
,th
n o lo sa a o e on e ve rn ac u ar

ex p i w
res s on s , ans i g t t
h m
er n u t fou ti l
e se , vo ere , r c are , r s s e se u e n

t i imim d l t
s v ibu ”
re u mo en d li t w uld b i mm
s, o r ore e c a e e ars o e o

d t
e ra e ly h k d s I oc e ft hi ki d t h m n li ly t h pi
a c as e o s n e ore ve e c4

mu h t
.

t
,

u re i s, s o h m b mi bl it
c ie ore a o na e s.
i“
A no ed tp as sage
’
t
in Cic ero s ora ion for C orne lius B al boa, will
serve
fibap f . fi HE TO R l C .
33
t
h i er differen t ch arac ers. t
Ti me muc h l suffic e fur ex plaining he spiri ,
shal t t
t
h i tt
e t n en , an d he discinguishing quali ies ofe ac h of t
m e as an e x am ple of t
h e union of sublimi t
y W t
h i veheme n c e ;

t
,

Speaki ng of Pompey, who had re warde d he valour an d p ubli c se rIr -

vice s of our ora or s c lien , by m akin him

’
g t t a Roman ci t
i z en , he
t t t tf d f i
,

says, U rum e ni m, in sc ien um vul is c on ra ce e ra e c s se , an

s c ie n e t
m Si t O
i
sc e n e m , no men ti imp t O p p li R
n os r e u, o u oe

m an i e x c e lle n s dig it 0 Cn as , ucii Pornpe ii sic la e lon geque dif t

fusa laus, u tj gel oriae domic ilium C O M
us . unls im e rii fin ibus e r
p t
ni mt
ur : t
0 na ions», " has , populi, reges , e rarc hw, yranni,t t
t
ttC ii P mp ii
e s es uc lmo i t ti i h ll
e n on. so d t i mt lgi i
n vru s n e o, s e e a e

m m p
o s d iq
ac e : vos m t gi s i pl
en ue tl tm u se re on e na oro, e so e er s

rum lt im u m m i p t i
aru vos l lit tq q t
ar a, or us , n su a
e, ora ue , uae es e

im
n ora,
q m d q i l
u sei q es , tu t h uj
oc us , i m f
n uo non e x e n us c r or

tit udi i t m
n s, thum itu t tm imi t ilii imp
ve o an a is u an urn c on s re s

t Hu q i q m m dibili q d m t
, ,

s a ves igi u s ua q i udit ua a ue

t
a nc c re a na a

g it t
rav a e, v r i tu e t ti p d itu
, m f d
c ons an r i t ma
g l
rz ee e s: se c h e ne ex

d bit
,

iol api di H V yt hi g ’h
iu ss e, v as se, r i sse , c e re au c ere e er n c on a

s
pi res to gg d ia th h e ran d ceh l t h im t
e m t
ro, h i g m
an ex a o so e n ore

th m t
an l i t
or ah mi d ft n h dity ; t
e n t h s o m t im e au
y or a e sa e e, e ver

thi g i pi
n ns h m t
t re s p f t e t
i os f h i h
e r ec t a d th
ve ne ra on or sc arac e r, n e

m ttos i
en fid i hi i t
re c on
g y ite nc e d j gd m
n t s Th w
n e h l r an u en . e o e

w ld i
or hibit
s ex d m eth uf
as no fi i t t h tf ore h
an a s c en e a re or s uc a

i
su e r or
p g u i t en t u p s H oow b
ac l i t h idon . ! A ll th no e s e ea e

n ti
a on s an d p t t t f th t
o ea a es o h i m p o
e e ar d d s are, n a anner, r uc e a

win f hi
e ss es o l u d hi tt h Thu t
s ve o r an h tat fill s
s ru . s e ora or onc e

th i t
e
g
n ai ti w i
nath th imon m i t y f t h bj t
e k i d l i t
en sh o e o ec , n es n e

b t d f fi ot i dg t it m y t
’

reas an ar our o uda e d by on an ra e, an so an ac ce n

hml t d
a e id ev vi e t h
en c es , con d tdi g d il n s
nc s e un
y ers an n an s e ce ever

di gly t t
,

d bt A
ou h
c c or i ia whi h t
n h wo d b e c lq u d c e r s a ove oe ,

m ot h t t ot
.
,

d in l t
.

and so e hi g d er i
n s a van c eh m p g re a on e sa e erson a e.

hd pa u on th udi w l a f m (Ei t
e a enc e , as i li w quitx
e e rn ro as e e »

he”
n an ,

t di y Th y ttd f m t
raor n ar . eh m mch d m
ex or e tt i ro o ft e a e ons ra ons
 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

O f wi th m “ u our“ .. an d ridic ule.

th f m t
e i d tf dd ;
ore en on e s or s o a re ss all whic h agre e
i t
n hi mm d t
i tff i
s, an ac c o o a on o a a rs of a s erious an d

i
rn ttat or an n ure
p .

CHA P . 11 .

Of wi th m
, u our and ri dic ule .

THIS t tl g t
ar ic le , c on c e rnin g e loq ue n c e in i s ar e s ac

p
ce t t
i Ia tp p yl di
on , m i With t m ki g
c an n o ro e r s ss ou a n

m
so b et
i th f t
o se rva on s on
g y i an o er e nus o ora or n

m yt hi g imil t t b t t
,

an h f m n whi h i
s s u ar o e or e r, u c s na

lly
ra it d tlight d t
sui i lm t
e t o an rv a a ers .

T1 1 1 3 also m ay b e b ran c he d in t tt
h
o ree s or s , c orre

tt td tt
.

on din h l u o ose a re a dy di d di sc h ss e re c e o e
s
p g
t h Will f t
d t h t
,

f an c
y h p i e ass on s , an whi h il
e or a c

l mi t t d tding
, ,

a h na es e un e rs an s e rve s as a co mm on
d t tb t t
,

foun i h a d h h
on o o an as e re n o hi g p nli e c u ar

t t t
.
,

T hi m y b sy l d h laq u e s e e e o e n c e of c on v e rsa i on , as

th t
h e i m o t i t
ly th l q
er s ore s r c e e o ue n c e of de c lama

t itd tt
b u ill h pl-
su e o e ac e an d t
h e oc c asion . He e x c us e s i th w o e

it t t bt
,

v er, be c ause he c on side rs ,

no as a volun ary, u as a n ec e ss ar
y
c on s e quenc e o t
f he im pre ssion made upon e h mi d f t
t h p n s o e e opl e .

His words t
are re m arkable ,
d q i d t
A que e go illos c re o u a e ran ,

i q id f
n ee s en s s s e t p tj di i qu pl i
u d
ac e ren
‘
nec s on e u c o e aus s se , se ve

t
,

l t m t
u c p tq uen t
ical g os , epi i h u o e sse n n oc o i n aros , e ru s se , n nc

l itt i fl t
vo ur a m ”
l ib iii
s a p 3
'

W
ec u ith td bt i . v . ca . . ou ou ,
a c ous

ft f t ght tb ib d tt
,

d bl h
e ra h f
e s are o h imm
e e d
ec ou o e asc r e o e en s e a

tg whi h t
van a e h ti dp c u i ti ft
he actw uld on an ron nc a on o e ora or o

gi t
ve hi p o i s ex re ss on .
 '

R H E T O R IC .

Sec t1
. . O f wi t
.

t
i on tth t t
With m
N o in de e d b u idi l a u our, r c u e,

t i l f t t m y ft b
.
, ,

whi h c are h f m h e e ss e n a s o e or e r, a o en e

f lly dmit
suc c e s s u td i tp bli h g A nd a e n o u c aran ue s on

th t h d ub limi t t
. ,

e oh y p
er h han m m y s a os , ve e en c e , a

m t tt i t f f m ili
, ,

so im e h p es en e r e re c n c s o a ar c on ve rse

ify t h di ti t t t
.

T j t
o us h u f i pp l
el i i i
se o s uc s nc ve a e a on s , s

e nough th tth y f t th p at
i l w hi h e re e r o ose ar c u ars c are

p d
re o m i ti h tho g h
n an t p li t ith
n e ac ,
u no e c u ar o e er .

S E CT .

t t tm
To c on s ide r he m a ly it i th d ign er ore n e ar s e es

fWit t iti t
,

o h mi d
o ex c g b l e
p i n d e n an a re e a e sur r se , an

t h ti i g
a tf m
ar s n y th i g m nol l i th rob an n arve ous n e su

t t t t
,

jce b l ly f m u h im so e
g y h m l ro h e a er s e e o s , or

t g mbl g f l td id p td tt
, p y e

s ran e asse a e o h re a e e as re se n e o e

mi d n Thi d i ff t d in s en th f th s e ec e on e or o er o e se

t wy fi t i d b i gt
.

h re e a s hi g p mp rs m n e as n n s o ous or s e e

t
,

i gly g
n I y m i
rave l
gyg b sa ilify s ee n rave , ec ause o v

Wh t i tly g
a hs m t
ru hi g h ki g i it rave , whi h as s o e n s oc n n c

lyifail t tt t
,

rare h s d dly i
o c oun e rac
gg e en se c on n a ran

di i g t hi g lit t t t t
,

s n l d fi l n hi dly i
s i g
e an r vo ous r n se n

t t t t
,

or di y bj
n ar b y m o l
ec s
y m b p e an s no on re o e u a

t t t t
,

pare n ly o y i p ic l d
n rar
n mm o p ,
i n a ar c u ar a un c o n on

1 In t t ft
h l te h a er o e se an c ie n s e x c el t ; in hetforme r, he m o: t
dem s D e m os he n e s t an d Ci c e ro, no t
t o s a , H ome r an d Vir il,
y g
tt
.

ohi d y s a re m ain un riv all e d and in all an tiq it

u
y L uc ian him se lf
t ptd w t
,

t
,

Swift d C
,

no ex ce e , e c ann o fi nd a m a c h for an ervan e s t .

 3 8 T ire P HIL O S O P H Y or M L
Q f wi t
tu d tod frm t
.

of view This will be be t er h n e rs o o is

follo wing obse rva ions and ex amples t .

t
Tar ma e rials employe d by wi in he gro e sque t t t
t t t
.

iec e s s he ex hibi s , are par ly derive d f

rom hose com
p
tdtt
.

mon fountain s of whate ver is direc e h im gi o e a na

t
ive powers t he orn ame n s ofe loc t ut
i and t
h on , e ore.

ti l fig imilé t it
t t
,

or c a ure s , s ap os mphé h i an es s , me ap hor

t t tt
, ,

p ly f
ar m h h ro os e s e in a man n er a o
pp p i h
r r a es o er

se l f, irony, hyp e rbole, all usion , p arody, an d,

(if ht
e

I know no l anguage whic h af

fords for his spe c ie s of a nam e t
irnage ry, bu he E n
glish T ht
t e F r e c
n h esp ri or bel l -J
p n } , hou h
g t t
tt t t t
.

on some oc c asion s ri h ly ran s l a e d wi , ha h c ommon ly a sigui

g
t t
fic a ion more e x en sive and gen eric al t t
I mus b e owne d, in dee d,
tht t t t
.

i a fo mit
n c on
y h til r f F h ioi th t
e s
e m w it i
e o re nc cr c s, e r n

E gli h w it i g ht om t im u d wit h qu l l t it
, ,

n s h b r n s, a ee n ud s e es se e a a e

B ut ti ly p m ti ft h w d f om it di y m
.

t
hi i s s c er a n a
’

e s on o e or r s or nar so e,
t
’
h u h
g
ro i d f e t t
an e x c ess ve h m d idiom
e er nce f u i o e ann e r an o o r a

g i i hb
en ous n e
g u I d d w h o rs . th n i t
h m
ee i g en an au or var e s e e an n

i t t ly t
,

hn m w k he sa e or i p p l
e no it y hi on d oc c as on s er ex o s re a er

but t
,

f ll hintlf i t t t
,
a s pp se i i n o an a
y A f h
aren is nc ons s enc n error o

l t ly p i t t
.

ki d i M P p h b
‘

n n r o e d as by e eni
y g i us a e on e eu a ve r n en o

d judi i u
an it
i i I t
c o s cr h y c i
.ti i m it
‘
i nid, e e ssa on c r c s s sa

T wit i ttd t rue g d d s na ure o a van a e ress

’

B ut imm di t ly ft rt hi th p t
e a e dd a e s e oe a s,

For works may have more wi t

th an doe s
'
e m good,

t tttt
Now le no subs i ue he defini ion in he place of he hing, an d t t tt
t tt rk may have more ofnat
i will s and hus A wo ure drerr d t
’
o ad

tt h will d it
van age, g d an o oo This is impossible 5 and i is e vi t
t t
.

d tt
en hth f i i
a e c on us on ar s es
’
t
from he poe s having a mex c d t
t t tt t
,

w difi
o id
'

h m
e re n e as o e sa e word "
W bb s r ma k
e
’
e r s on he
t
.

t
,

Beau ies ofPoe r

y, Dialo ue l l
g
40 T u x: P H IL O S O P H Y
»
or B ook I .

Se c i 1t . O f wi t .

ofwhic h, howe ver, he ha h no give n us t t an in s t

an c e ,

t t t tt
.

do h n o c on s i u e a dilTere n sp e c ie s , as th p g t e re u
n an cy i th t n w ill l
a yw b
a f u
c ase d b tw h a s e o n e e en o

j i
e e rs th n o
p t m b li
e r re s
g5 f it i t th
e c s re se n or s o e c on

ttf di imilitd d lik

ras o ss m t u e an d en e s s , re o e ne s s an re

l t
a i i t
on h m bj ttn h t
e sa itp li
e o ff t i
ec s, a s e c u ar e ec s

i mp t ft dt
[

blu a H w h e h fl h en c e h l
e e ar o e as es an e sa

f wit
.

li es o
p h w hi h im l
p y u dd
rase s p i c s e nn e ss , sur r se ,

ti t t t t t
,

an d c on rar e
y T h ill d i h fi b
e se are
y us ra e n e rs

tmwhi h impli i tt u m g
.

a er c es anf n s an an eo s e e r en c e o

light i d k n ; i t har n e ss d b y w d
n w hi h e s e c on a or c

t b p tt it tt hi g di tt F
,

d eno es an i a ru ran s on o n s s an or

W m y m k i p i g t h t t
.

e a re ar h ugh l gu g h
n ass n a o an a e e

ld t it
i im t t t
, ,

h i d d b
'

o her an c r p c s p y h ose e rr ress on s a o e e

t l id tm t t f ttwill b f d t
,

f m
or er o e uc a e a e rs o
o as e , e oun

h ave ap tty l f
re rm it y t th
c os e c on o
p t di o e ure s sc ove

i
r es oft he l tt a e r.

NAY of s o muc h c onse q ue n ce he re are s urp rise an d

t t t t t t t
,

t
n ove ly h hi g i m a leno d m i
nm s ore as e ss , an so e es

di gu ti g t t t
,
-

s sh n j k h h b m
an a l b y f
o e a as ec o e s a e re

t t t
,

q ue nt p re F h
e i ion ,m n p u or e sa e reas on , e ve a n

or h p p y ll i
a will p p
a us on ll t wh t h w a e ar e x c e en en ro n

ou t tmp iex e ti orewhi h w ld b d m

n c on ve rsa on , c ou e ee

ed b l i
e x e c ra p i t I li
ek m n w itt
rn y n e ann er, a re ,

t t t tt t t
.

p i
ar e ei fi i ly ms np l m gn h w
e i y kore e as an a a ac

F t h gh i b t t h t
.

or ou h hi g m y b
n o q llyc as e s , e n a e e ua

wtt th ff t him i g t
,

ne h od b e re a e r, or e are r, e e ec on ts re a ;

ly i j d wh
n ure th i t pp t
en h t it
e re s ac c e ss o su ose , a
"

m yb t h l wp d t f t d p m dit
,

i e s o dy ro uc on o s u an re e a

t
a e

t T h e
i
on , hi w h ld s m
s, t w i
o h g d t
ve r,the o os re ar o
 R H E T O R IC .

O f wi t .

tib f wit
in fe rior t
i im r es o c s s, of whic h t
h i e r re adin e ss is
t
h b t omm d t
e i
es re c en a on .

T HE t o t
i whi h W t
h d iff f
e r re sp e c m t h il n c l e rs ro e

l tt i
us ra on s ft
h g r ti t h w y wh
o e i it rave ora or, s e a e re n

ff t t S blimit t t
,

a ec s h h r yel b
ea er y h m u e e va e s , e au c ar s,

Wit t Th fi t h t
.

di ve r s h b al dy b e rs as a een re a o s e rv

t t t t t
.
,

e d p e n rad i w dil
ure s, anh l ; h as e re , a es e sou e

t it d lightt h t
, ,

d difi
'

s ec on h use hi d
over a s e ren e e e r

ti kl t
c h f y
es dt h w teh pi it anci t g an ro s e s r s n o an a re e

ib t
,

abl e v i ra on .

t
To he se re t
flec ions I s hall s ubjoin e x amples in e ac h

o ft
h t
h e re e t t
sor s of wi ab ove ex p lain e d .

IT will howe ve r b e th t if t h ro
p p e r tp
o re mise , a e

tt fi t ft h j t f
, ,

d
re a e r sh ld ou b ib l
no a rs e s en s e o e us n e ss o

t h lut
e so i d p li
on s an t
i t b g i ex h g h
ca t on s o e ve n , e ou

no th t ily tf m as u f o bl or l i an n avoura e c on c us on

t i t tt h wit t t
.

Wh h
e re ver e re
y d h
s h m r
as e , e an e u o ous

m k t
a h m l
e
p e i d d
s e ve s
p d t h i
e rc e veff t an ro uc e e re ec

i tt ly ; b t bt t
,

n s an an e ous t h y f l u e are o so su e a n a ure ,

t h ta th y will h dly e d tb t h d m h
ar en ure o e ouc e uc

t d g t i t ly i t
,

le ss o un er o a s r cd i y Th y an a s s an sc ru n e

lik t vl t whi h b i g t d
.

are h e il ose oa e e sse n c e s , c e n oo e

li ttb t t t
,

ca e h
o p e ar i p lm
e o en a r, e va ora e a os as soon

as th y e p d t
are e x it A di
osegyl t h w itt io t c c or n e es

t m t ime b m d t pp
.
,

hi g will
n s so e i ip id s d e a e o a e ar ns an

t h m t t
i i i g t h m t
,

e i g i
os f igid by
n e n ous r s c ru n z n e oo

t t
,

n arro wly B id h y
esf m f i
es ,
p i p p e ve r ra e o s r ro e r

t t t t
.

f b g
or i di
e n d w i h h l u
ve r eg h b l i b j i e a a e n o e c s, s so
4 1 Ta x P HIL O S O P H Y or Bo
ok ] .

O fwi t .

t tt
differen from ha whi h i y f ph il P hi c s n e c e ssar or os o z

th m t h t t ik t h t wh w
dt
i g
n on h e i a e re s a rs a en e are

m t i tt Ie t
, ,

di p
os
'

i q i
s ose h w
o n u re n o e c ause , e are as

t t t t t t
wh t
ca a
p b l f f li
e g oh ff ; ee i i n i h e e ec as s c er a n , a

en h ff t h t h it full i fl
e e ec u a w h s n uen c e on s, e ave

litt
l i li t
e i ncf i t ig t
na on i gt h F t
or n ves h a n e c ause . or e se

Ih l d tb b i f i my illu treso ve s ra

t g
reasons , ave o e re n

i ons ,h i ft b
av n d th to i h i
en o se rve d a n suc n ce an

b tt qui i if p p hi t tugg t t
, ,

a s rac en d
r es , ah ro e r n o no s es e

m t ttt
a h
er d o h will b but
e rea er, m e
p p l d e e ore r ex e

by l g on d l b tdi u i
an e a ora e sc ss on s .

O t h fi tt
F ewhi h rs it i t
s orh d b m t c c on s s s n e e as e en

ft t d mi tB t m g tt
,

o hi g g n s re a l an e h n en u e r, a on s a ou

d t h i t h t u t
,

s an o h gi
er n s anc es, h whi h f l a ven s ose c o

low

And now had Phoebus in he lap t

tt
O f The is, aken ou hi s n ap t
t
A n d, like a lobs e r boil d, he morn
’
t
From blac k t db g
o re e an ttm
o u

t
Here he low allegoric al s yle of he firs t t t c oup e td
l an

t t tt
,

he simile used in he se c ond afford us

ju a s i n o on

fthi l w tp i whi h i di ti g i h d by t
, ,

o o h
s ec es , s s n us e e

w A t
s es c

m of t
na b l di e h p im
e f m
u t
h c ro no er s ec en ro e

m ut i t
.

sa h y e ah h li or ou ave n . ese ne s

tt i t
t
.

G re a h b
on e en c h,
g re a h n e s addle ,

Tha t c oul d as well bin d ’

o e r as s waddle ,

Hudibras, Par l l Can

'

t . t
o z.
 S ec t1
. . O fwi t .

A nd s t
yl d ’
of wa r, as well as p m

So t
some ra s of u nphibious na ure, t
A re eh ftt
it h {er : e and a tw ar i .

I t hi
n s c oars e kin d ofdrollery, t
h ose laughable ran s t
l t
i
a on s or p araphrares of he roic t
an d o he r se rious

poe ms , whe re in he t t
h au ors are said t
o b t t
i de rave s e ,

c hie fly ab oun d .

To he t t
same c las s
h ose ins t an c es mus be t re feired,

in whic h, o ere h ugh t

t h i s no direc comParison made t
t t t
,

q uali ie s of re al digni
y and impor anc e are degrade d

ht
wit
,

by b eing c ouple d mean and frivolous as hi g

t
n s

tt t
,

in some respec s an di ng in he s ame predic ame n

t t
.

An ex ample of his I shall give from he same hand .

For when he t t
l t
res d w e ss G re eks sa o n

3 0 many years , b f T ytw e ore ro o n

H m w it
,

And we re ren ov a d ’
as o er r es ,

ldb t thm fight

,

For we ll -
sc a
’
l oo s no e ss s

I shall on t tt t
hi twh im
ly observe fur her, ha s sor ose a

i td b d light i t h m t
,

s o e ase , h m ly p i
e s n e os o e ex res s ons.

p i i l
rov nc a idi m d t ph o s , an c an rases.

Tm d ki d
: s e c oniti gi t h gg di m t n c ons s n n e a ran se en

tt t t t
,

ofli l h i g wehi h i by f h
n m pl di
s,d d c s ar e os S en , an

1 Ibidt I C t o I
P ar an .

t t
.

In ll i t
.

t
h E w’uAg m
a us on o
p e n v a an c x rc ssim whicll fi quen
t t
,

t
g

ly b
oc c urs h i h Ili d
o d i h Od
n s
y y e a '
an n e se

t
.

1 I
‘
bid P tI C n
a o. II ar . .
 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y Book ]:
“ '

44 or

Sec tI . . O f wi t .

disp lays a s oarin g unagin a ion , t t

h e se lines of Pope
will s erve till tt
o us ra e :

A s B erec yn hia, while her t fl

o sprin g vie
'

In hom age tt
oh m t
h e o t
e r of
h ky e s

t
h bl t
,

S urve ys aroun d he r in b d
e es a o e,

A n hun dre d s on s , an d e very s on a

god
Not t
wi h le ss glory migh y Dulness t w d c ro n
’

i mph tu d ;
,

S h ll tk t G ub t t h t
'

a h a e ro
’
r s re e er r u an ro n

A n d he r P arn as sus gl m g t an c
’
o er a on c e ,

B ehold a hun dre d sons , an d . e ac h a dun c e

This whole similitd i pi it d Th p ntf t h u e ss r e e are o e

l t ttd by t h d ght f ight d

.

c e esi l i as s c on ras e e au er o n an

ch aosh b y G ub ttg d by du
e ave n B r s re e o s nc e s e

t dy it t t
.

i fb
f
sid h p
e s, e if l p
aro g i c on a n s a e au u as sa e n

Vi gil dd
r p t
i l l
a t t it fs a T hi p i ar c u ar us re o s s e c es

w m y tm t h t tb m kmj t
.
,

b m l
’

e a er i e raro ca or e oc a es c.

st
-

It ff t h m t
,

a ec p m p l g g e d r os o ous an ua e, an son o ous

p h l
ras e o o
gy m u h t h th ff t th as c as e o er a e c s e reve rse ,

th il t d m t t
,

e v es g ll i g d i
an l os . rove n a ec .

I SHA LL p roduc e ano he r ex amp le from he same t t

t
wri er whic h is in de e d, inimi ably fine I re pre t t
t t t tt t
.
, ,

se n s a lady e mp loye d a he r oile , a e n de d by he r

maid unde r t
h e alle gor y f t
h l b
o ti e ce e ra on of so me
t
,

sole m n an d religious c e re mony . The p assage is ra h er

4“ Dun c iad B 1 T h e p ass a e is his

g t
t t
. . .

Fe lix p role virum , q ua li s B e re c

yp hi a m a er
"

t t itp
Inve hi ur c urru Phrygias
’
'

urr a er urbe s ,

L mtd lim p t
a tm c mpl
e ar u, c en u o t
e x a n e p o e s,

Omnes c oalicolas , omn es supera a lt

at t enen es . E t
s e rs .
Chap H . . R HE T O R IC .
45

long for a q uo a ion , bu as he omissiontt t t ‘

of an y

would be a re al mu ila ion I s hall give itt tt

i en re .

An d not til ttd di pl y d

w un veil d, he ’
o e s an s s a
’

i my t
,

E h il
ac s i d l id
ver vase n s c or er a .

Fi t h d i whit t
rs re h ym ph i ttd
’
n e, e n n en a ore s

m t
,

d t
,

Withh d h
ea i p w
un c ove r
’
,
e c os e c o ers .

A h ly img i t
e aven h gl pp a e n e ass a e ars ,

T t h t
o h b d t t
a s eh t h y h en s , o a er e e s s e re ars

Th i f i p i t t
’
n e r or h lt id r e s e ss , a er a
’
ar s s e,

T mbli g b gi t
re h n d it f p id ;
e ns e s ac re r es o r e
\
mb d t t
,

U ’
d h
'

nn u p
er re as ure s o e a on c e , an e re

Th i f i g ft
f
e v ar ous o h wo ld pp er n s o e r a e ar

F m ro h h i ly ll wit
e ac h si til
e n ce cu s c ur ous o

ti g p il
,

A dd k t
n h g dd
ec wit ht
s h glit e o e ss e er n s o .

This c aske tI di n a s
’
gl owin
g gems un loc ks ,

A n d all A rabia bre a he s in yon de r box t .

tt
The or oise here an d elephan uni e tt
T ran s form d t h p kl d ’
tdt h whit
o c ombs , e s ec e an e e.

H e fil f pi td t h i hi in w

t
es o e r s ro
re
g ns ex en n s,

M p wd p
s, ath boib l b il l d
e rs ,
c
c es , es, e oux

t
.

N w wf l b
o yp at ull i t m e au u s on a s ar s,

Th f i ehm m t i
a r e aci h h m o en r se s n er c ar s,

R epairs he r s miles , yg a waken s e ve r rac e ,

A nd c alls for t t
h all he won ders of he rfac e
S e e s by de gre e s a pure r blush arise ,
A n d ke en er ligh nin gs quic ken in her e t y es

To hist t t t
c lass als o we mus r efe r he a
pp lic a ion of
g fl
rave re ti t t ec t t t
ons o me re rifles For ha g re a an d
t lly i td by t
.

i
s er our are n a h mi d d lik
ura as soc a e e
‘

n an e

t
wi li t dt fi i t d by t
,

se l ifli g i
e f ly
an i h r n s su c en ev n c e e

t bj t
,

comm m don f p i h
o es o ex d re s s on on e se su ec s , use

R ape of t
h L e oc k, C an o I t .
Chap II . . R HE T O R IC .
47

The wi in tt
h t t mu h i f m
e se 1 1m. do h
‘

no so c ar s e ro

th mp i o t
e co h y t i
ar s n ft h d p y t mit e c on a n o e ro s o a er,

(w hi h f
c ll d th d i
a s un ert
p i th t im m di t ly e esc r on a e a e

d}
suc c e e f mt
s h u i
as f ti tro h yp t e n on o c on rar e s e re sen

tt
o h im gi t
e i p a t
y i t
h
na mid t fon,
p ul n over n e s o o e c e,

an dt hi t i rs wh i l dy d
n one hed in w t o s a rea ren c a er .

A SEC O ND s or ti t
whe re hin gs c ompare d are wha
s t
wit t t t
,

h diale c i i c ans would c ome under he den omina ion

of dirp a ra tb
er, ein g s uc h as c an be ranke d un de r n o

c ommon g e n us . t
O f his I s hall subjoin an e x am le
-

p
from Youn g ,

t
He al h c hie flykeeps an ttt
A he is in he dark
A f
e ve r g ar ue s be t
tth er an a Clarke
t tt
L e bu he logic in his pulse dec ay,
T he G rec ian he ll renoun c e , an d le arn
’
tp o ray

He re b y implica ion he al h is t t co mpare d t o a m

t d k ft h u d tdi g t
, ,

phis e r, or ar ene r o f e n e rs an n a e ver e a

m t t t t
,

e ah
p y i l di p ns ca g ul p sul f l
u a l g i f r a re ar se o a se o c, o
th w d l gi i t h t
,

e or hi d li
o c i n di i lly
e I r ne s use ron c a n

t b t t
,
.

o h W d w h
er or s , h m d e d ave n h e re o e s an su s a c e s , e

ff t
a ec i f b dy
on s o dt h oi f an tg e e x e rc se o reason , s ran e

ly b ut t tly li k d t t t
,

i ig ifi
no ns n
g h c an l
g y n e o e er s ran e

l t tim t t t
, , ,

e se h e sen h w j u en u ld b od e ve r s co no e e

mi t d wit t t
, ,

no na e y ; ig ifi ly b u s u m n c an e c a s e an n ean

ft t wit
,

i g j mb l
n u hi g i e o g u u w u ld
n bs n c on r o s o no e

but
,

n on s e n s e .

A R i t
T HI Dy i thi pvar ei p i g f m n s s ec es s rn s ro c on
4 8 THE P HIL O S O P H Y or Boo/c l .

Of wi t.

founding ar fullyt t
h p e rop e r an d h m t
t phei e a or cal

s ens e of an e x
p thi w y w ill re ssion .
ig In s a on e ass n

as am t i wh t i di
o ve , d tb p f t ly b
a s sc ove re o e e r ec a

d wh
s ur
‘

b ut lit
ent
l ttd d t d y t e ve r so e a en e o, an e

f m t t t
, ,

ro h di y m i
e org f h w d b
n ar h p e an n o e or s , a as e

i
c ous pp a i gl gl
e aran c e O f th i k i d on a s n
'

e an c e s n

t t t
.

y hou i ave an i h b q lin s anc e n e s u se ue n n e s,

While tth l dy t
hus lk d t
h k ight e a a
’
e n

fhi y twhit
. ,

T dth tid
uru
’ ’
ou s e o s e es o e,

fi w d light w t
t
A m s en o n ar are on

T th i pt
o i iurnp tf e r o cs n u cu
’
,

For whit t
h yt t
her c anh i e urn e r eye s more p roperly
h t
t h light
t an o e
?

A FO U RTH varie t
y m u h m b li
cn g h e form er i
re se
s t
t t
,

t
,

whe n he argume n or c omp arison f

( o r all ar um en
g
is a kind ofc omp arison ) is foun de d t
h pp l f on
'

e su osa o

c or ore a or p e rson al a
p l t
tib ti wh t t
r i t
ly t
u es n a 1 8 s rc no

s usc e
p t
ib l e of t
h m e ,
as i thi n s,

t
B u Hudibras gave him a wi c h tt
As quic k as ligh nin g in he bre ec h, t t
J us in he tt
p l ac e whe re hon our s l od d,
’
g
’

A s wise philosophe rs have judg d

’

B ec ause a kic k in ha plac e , more tt

Hur th s on our t
h an de e p wounds before 1 .

tt
Is demon si it lf m t if t yraC y on se ore sa s ac or ? an an

hi g b h t
t n b t wh iti
e H w th m t
ur i u e re s ? o e ver, e en on

ft
o hi th g d d
s as t
i b f p hil p h i i
e sa e e uc on oso e rs , s no n

1 H udibras , P ar tIII C ant

o x

tII C ant
. .

1 I bid . P ar . o
3 .
Chap II . . R H E T O R IC .
49

t
c ons ide rab le addii tt h wit I d d t hi p on o e n ee s ar

t m t b l g p p ly tt h fi t
.
,

i lc u ar i c rc u s an c e e on s ro e r o e rs

s ec
p i m t
esi d i whi h h
enigh d l
one w g t d n c an o rea an

lit
t A t t lik t
, , ,

l up l d
e , are c o h m pl e h no er e x a e , no un e e

t t
.

p di
re c e
g y i h ni h ,w d o ave n e se or s ,

mke s mo alit
Wh t a
y a a r cr ime,
t ti ft
T he m os h tim n o or ous o e e

M lit y
ora whi h b th t
h i t c o e sa n s

A d wi k d t y t t
,

n gci e -
oo c r ou a a ns
”C ause
g nd vi t w ithi
rac e a r ue are n

P hibit
ro dd g fki e e re e s o n 0

A dt h f
n t i tll were ore n o rue s a n a o s

T h yh ll b
e s a e su fie r d
'
’
t
o e s pouse

When h t
t wo e
'
foregoin g in s tan c e s are c o mpare d t o

h fi t h t it
.

g t
h e e r, t t
we s hould h m say of e rs a as ore of

impli it t t
,

s y d c d i h f o
an m pl i n a ure , an s e re re ore e as n
g;
o fth d th tit
h m
e se c on f i g uit y d a as ore o n en an c on .

it d i t
,

ce , an q ly m p i i
s c onse
g ue n ore s ur r s n .

THE fif h t t b
an d on ly o i t
h e r var e i y I s hall o s e rve , s

ht
t awhi h i th f m cl t i t
ar sei t h t hi g ro a re a on no n e n s

ig ifi d b t
s n i t
eh ig f ll l t u i nd bt e s n s, o a re a on s , no ou

t
h lightt Id t it t
, ,

e s y h g ies i p d en ere ves r se

'

o un s an

tq ibbl
.

li h
c R
nc e s . mb l ese k d anc e o u e s, c ran s, an

him
r Of t h
es : I im gi it i q it ese, y a ne , s u e un n e c e ssar

t hibitp it Th with i d p d t
oe x
'

S ec n e ns e e re s so e en en

t d t h tit
.

on h e soun i mm ly i p hl f b i g a s co on nc a a e o e n

tf d i t t
,

rans h l g g
use d
n o ano mo g p e r an ua e , an as , a n er

sonsof t t d di m tit as e ani i l q u t th

’
'

sc ern en , s n e s s re es an

Hudibras , Par III t . C an t

o -
r.

VOL I . . D
Chag l l a .
5 1;

t b t tt
o o s rucha t p m t it i m i t h sn o ro o e s a n e s e c a es a

n at l p tt
i
ura re i t d ff ll w f li g
re s e n a on , t ns e a o e o -
ee n c re a es

t t t
,

am m used i lly w
en k m p
an T h un ve rsa a a e n s c on e e

t t t t t t t
.
,

p i i
or ra h f m w l
nl h p b e i i hor e r c ase e ca e a e c, n e

l tth m It w id t h t th m t l‘
i m t
ti l nt t
u orous us
'
a er as sa a e e o on

it Thi limit t
.
,

b h
e e d
er n o bl v oe i or n o ura e s a on

t t
. .

i n s y b
e c e ss ar
p i x m i, i d e c ause a
g as s on , e re e n s e re e ,

t ght I tb b d tou h t t hi tm i l
o e o se rve dt m a s er s a so us e o a a ss

t t
,

an y li l y r vei u f h
s
p i l
c iti i
re s t m po ds uc d t s ec a es n e e r an c on uc as

it h mom t gh t i t t t
,

h v a e ne er m
en
y p th y enou r i g u i y o n e re s s a n o nc on r

ough t o e it nt mpt I t ot
,

en x c hi e co h m u e b i g a
. n s c ase , u o r n e n n

d e ed tpa i
r ss buto tfan y m t s s on , b o id d o ki ml f c us e c ns e re as x o

f om wi t ly i t fi t
,

m l pd t
ora i g d diEn n , an h tw t hi g
ers r on n e se o n s : rs ,

i t
n h th a t l i t c h bj tf t
arac er a on e h f m whs ll e su ec o e or er, e re as a

thi g wh t
n s f ll wit hi t
a e ver h p oi a ft h l t t; ndly e r v nc e o e a er se c on

hm u p i t imit
,

u o r m im ply by di
an s t ore sti wit m i ly re c a on , ore var ous

by ill tt i d im g y O f t
us ra on an hi ki d f hum u m a er ly g
. s n o o r e re ra

phi c l A addi s h th gi u u m
on b l a l p l m
ve n y f th s n er ess e x arr e s as an o e

t h ht
,

ch arac e rs h fi ly d w e a d lit t l i id t
so ne h h t h o ra n, an e nc en s e a s

pl t
e asanl y l t d in hi T t l
re a e h d S p t t I ms i gh t ma k e rs a ec a ors re ar

of t h tm w t h t
.

h w db m e or I did ft a aur , as t w ly find o e er e

, a e sc arce

i t
n o h l g g er w d an tly
ua es a p di g Torh L ti fl
e x ac c orre s on n e a n :

t m t m t
.

c e za
'
'
se e h s t Th C i
o co e H i ge i
e n e are s . us c e ro, u c ne r o

t i i
ra
p g tu t i
on s as e r en m l s q i i d i d
r e m i m
a
q t m sa e , u n c en o ru uan u

l ntq um db mg t mf t i um ltum di
‘

va e uor en era sun un u ac e ar a er

'

t t
s

tt u ete ut t
, ,

ic ac i q ze d‘
ilse i d or liq i d r u é ro ue , s o n n arran
-
a u ven s

lt i j i d m it
,

td q ridi l ; j p um plm u t ” uez us

O t
a e ro n ac en o en p Cu o co a
" '
s n

t t
.

H
ra or, w ld t hi k t hat h phil p h m
are one h ou n e os o er us ave

t
,

h d i hi y t
l

a h difi
n
p i e
s e f w it e d h m e lli g
'

e re n rov n c s o an u our, ca n

th f m d ttorh l ttfi fli It ’

i pl i h w
zc ac z ar,
’

tht a er re

t
e er e es s an o e ve r, a

8ot L t t
.

d t t
, ,

h by him h i h h w wd an ft
o er a n au ors , e se o or s are o en

confo d d Th un e
pp i d d t b . m ni f m ity i t
h
e re a ea rs, n ee o e ore u or n e

ft o d tm t k;t 9t
,

u h i m d
n h ar a h h ppli t
a e o i h e sec n : er , an e a ca on 0 -
e

fi t rs .
 T H E P HI L O S O P H Y
'

5 2. or B ook l ?

S ec tll . . O fhum our .

as t t t
we ll as las ing c an n o yie ld dive rsion o a well dis
t ttt t t
,

os ed min d b u ge n e

t t
rally ff c s i wi h p i y no se l
p a e

t
, ,

dom wi h a mix ure of horror and in dign a ion The

ft idi l u th gh in i blyt
.

s e n seh o h m e r c uo s , ou var a e sa e,

is i t
hi ttlly m td by p i ipl f
n s c ase o a sur oun e a r nc e o our

n t mu h m
a ure , p w f l c ore o er u .

THE p assion whic h humour addre sse h as i s obje c , t t t

t
is, as ha h be en s1 gn ifie d above , c on e mp Bu i t t tt
t tt tt
.

ough c are fully o be n o e d ha eve ry address , rave n

t tdd
t t t t
,

e yp
ve r i
er n en ma p i h m
re ss o c on e s no u orous

tle p bl f b i g itd by
.
,

Thi p s i s i a s on s no ss c a a e o e n ex c e

th v
e se d t i
e re
g th an b y th m ra
y d c,om i an e e rr an
'

c c

m an ne rTh bje t fh m e su i lw ys h c t o u our s a a c arac e r,

b tot y t t; itf ib l s g l
.

u n hi g i e verh n n c arac e r s o e e n e ra

ly h s uc
p i l ittl t
a s c a r c e s, g i w k i e ex rava anc es , ea an x e

t t t
,

i j
e s, l i hildi h f
e a ous e s , c d p i s
y d on n e s s, e r n es s , van an

itO fi d t h g at tp f
,

hi t
lfi i
‘ '

se d on c e ne n s e re es sc o e or e x e rc s

i gt l t i t t t
.

n s lli g f mili
a en n e oi i i g
n a ar s r es, or n ac n

an y w h im i l p t i s ca a u m e d har te S u n h an ss c arac r c

w y h t h t l tf h m i g t
.

an one , e sa as l e r a en o u our n a a e o

t t t
, ,

an m ue e r w h i h h h h h ib i
i t
y q an n e r c e c oose o ex

Thu W p k f t t t
.

s h p
e s eai o g yd b of eh ass on s n ra e u e

t p p io
.

h m u i m dy
ours n d co e an e ven o ex re ss ass n as

app i g i t h
e ar n m tni i l
e m
e f
ore lif w rv a oc re n c e s o e, e

co m m ly u t hi tm a Wh w t
on se slk f g d h u
er s en e a o oo ;

t
,

t
m u ill ht
o r, un u p e i h o pl o r, hum e v s r e as an

it i t h t p i
s a mp w all
a c a r c rous e er e c

t t
t
p e rson
p d f h
osse s se m u i o d c 1 or a u o rs an 81 1

t aimd ubj t f t
, ,

h humo w d mi»
'

even s as s ec or e rous, e en o

t mi l
na e co ca .
a mp . 11 . R H E T O R IC .
53

Se c tl l
. . O f h um our .

medy is he p rope r p rovin c e ofhumour

IND E E D co t
t
e .
,

Wi is c alle d in solely as an aux d a

i ry, humour p re do -

m i t Th mi p t b t
h m l t
‘

na e s } e co
gy c oe e ars e sa e an a o o

t ut ft h t
t th t t
.

h e h a he m k h r ior o i
g p oc e o c, a e ra c oe

tt h a t ft it d
;
b e ars h o he pi e Th p
u or o e c e e os re c e s , an

ithe t t t t
.
,

d i g w m j i d d h
'

a van c n g g a es c an se a e en a e
p s e

ll t f im gi t
,

a h bl p w e no er i o n fg e rs o a na on , a se se o ran»:

d u e fb r, oty d f d e au5 t g ypd an t n d o or er ra e erson a e s , a

t t t
,

h mpl yi g
us e m ap i
od d
n im d ad i io n ore r
'

an an a e c

i t t t t Th lit t
,

se z e h di ly p h h re c l u onp i e e ar e e e c a

t
i e i td d f mu m t d dd d t
.
,

narra v n en e or a se en an a re s se o

h lightp w
ll t t t
,

a e ff y erd lig h oi h e rs o an c e s n e e x c ur

f witt h p d t t
, p

i
s on s o i f h m i m
e e b
roe i g uc on o e co c us n

a re
p t ti i i
re s e n a on , m ib d b y w b u
s c rc u
n d sc r e n arro er o s,

an di ll lif d
s a ti it y th g h
e an t T h Bacu k v rou ou us c

t
,

t t t t
.

ingh m y aw i h h g e
s a s, j s o f c m d y e r a es us ne s , o e ,

H i 1 as h db o
umour b o ht
s 01 ; s oul e n ly r u
g
t
.

To t
urn agre e ably s ome p ro er
p h ght ou

tt d t
THE p a he ic h f t i u t ly dit he i an e ac e o s no on r n

t
s ub e c
j and e ff
ec t will pp r up t h m t as a ea on e os su

t t t t
,

p fi i l
er c a i w f w h h h b
re v e id b u l io h a a e e n sa a so n e

f im itt I t hi t
,

m ann e r o i h m fh m a don n s e an o u our e

d t mi ut whi h t tdi d i T h
.

s c en s oa h n e n e ss c e ora or s a ns e

will ft u i td w ight
.

f mor er fully o en s mi c ce s s run n o o nr

mi y a d er hib it p uli niti i i ex

g t u d ec ar es n vo c e , es re , an

t t t
,

p mu
ron un c w hi h i h h w
on ,uld b i l c n e o er o e n o era

bl ft h difl me i t hi Th t we
'

‘
Th e e re as on o e s
'

ere r s : a

tby it d ot mp tt
.

m y di i g
"

a ve r ,
h i ex a
c n s c orn an s c n e ,
e n

3“
E ss ay on p oe ry t
D 3
 5 6 TH E P HIL O S O P H Y or 13 m m:
Sec tl l. . O f humour .

Sir P lume (of amb r snufil box e j us t

ly vain ,

t i c d tf l d d )
A n d he n ce on uc o a c ou e c an e
I

‘Vith ty d u d t
e arn e s hi ki g f e e s an ro n un n n ac e ,

H fi t et
h fb
f rs
p d t
h t
h
e sn u ox o en
’
en e c as e ,

t
-

t t
,

A dt h n b k Mus L d w h
ro
y
— w h h d
e ou , or a e ev il
y
Z—d l—d m t G d y m t
, ,

h l k —f
s a b n e oc
’
ore a ou us e c v i il !
i p tj t y p it
,

Pl g t l— t
a ue on
’
h p l ’
s as a es ,
-
na r e e ,- ox

G i he t h hi ”
ve H p k r d pp d hi b
e a r .
-
e s o e an ra
’
s ox .

It g i m m h ” l
r e ve s
p i d th p g i e uc ,
re e e e er a a n ,

Who Spe aks so well, should ever speak in vain ;

Bu t———v r l-
r q

This
p ti l
ar c u ar
tly i
,
t
t
h
h
d
db o h in
g
i
h
p
t
ti
i
y
t n
d
t i
th
s
n
d
f th
m
b
ti
e
p
t
t
e

rau
e sc r e

co
an

an
e

o
ra

e
a c
aron e
ar
’
,

mind p t m as decl q n (if w t

an n e r, an
p e o ue ce, e ex c e

t t i tmj t ly t ft
, , ,

h e s arc as h d c b l er h W d ur e ou e s e n se o e or

t t
,

ppen d ; d
’
h fi i an y h d i e h l
p y) i
ne ron c ouc e n e re s

pure ly f t
i o A iac et f W us d h m n n s an c e o I11 an u our

mbi d Wh r t lly t
.

co h yne ip ff d
e e li e re c roc a se o an en ve n

h t P p h t wit
,

e ac h oh l fu i h d
e r, o e hi m a a so rn s e us n ar

h p t ft qui it
s

t er h m ar o
p fb m ae sa e ex s e er r nc e ,

Whet
he r t
he m
y p h s hall bre ak D ian a s l aw
n
,
’

Or some frail c hin a j ar re ce ive a flaw ;

t
O r s ain her hon our, or he r n ew broc ade
t
,

For geh er
p y ra e rs, or mis s a m as ue rade
q 5
O r lose he r he ar , t o r ne c klac e , a tb ll ; a a

t
O r whe he r he aven has doo m dt Sh k m t
h t ’
f ll f a oc us a .

'

This is humorous , in ha i is ttt /

a li ve ly ske c th f th o e

im tf mi h
t
fe male t mm
’
es a e o sc an c e s , as our p oe s co en

tt ight
ly tm itm
a or r
'

er s , arke d ou tby a fw t
e iki g s r n

R ap e o f t
h L e oc k, C an t4 o R
f pa e of t
h L e oc k, C an tz
o .
q . If . R H E T Q R IC n -

57

O f hu mu o r.

lin e ame n t It
t t f ttm t
i lilt
s wi i
s e se wi y, : or, n o o en on

t w d lik t ht em k d i t
.

h pl y h f m
mpl , t
e a on or s e a r ar e n e or er

t t t
.

ex a p fe mil i h i
as u hro e
y h h a ar o a or, ou ave e re

mp i f wm h t it t l t f ‘
a co ar s on o y p p
f- e a o an s c as oa a e o or
n.

l i —
c e a n,h H t g dy b h p y t
l» e r on our o a au ro e , ra e rs o

ink t
er
t t tt
-

fa t i l di gui — h h r a d ll
t
a n as ca s se er e ar OB e n a

t
‘

t t t
.
.

g m h l d d h f d
”

h e se h r o e p g ae o d o er a - o an oun e n on e

m t t
,

l ky i
uc (
c rc u m li i w ld
s an c e
p h p a a c ous c 1 1 ou er a s

dis c e rn imagine m ore) by whic h he s e hings, how

or t t
un like s oeve r mzo he r respe c s, m ay b e compare d, he t t t
m
i p re ssion : hey mal t '

to t
h mi
'

e n e nd ofa fin e lady .

t t
Humm s so of en above q uo e d, aboun ds ia wi t
t t t t t t
-
-
,

in almos all fi s varie ies ; o whic h he au horiseva

t t tt
'

t tt
.

rious e rudi ion ha h no a li le x c on ribu e dq

'

A nd
t t t t tt t
his i m us b e owned is more s ui able b j he na ure
tt t t
, ,

of his poem: A he same ime i is b y n o means '

.

d t it tfhum u a app a p t i l lyi n t

. .

es u e o h dif o r, s e rs ar c u ar e

t hibit t gi by t h k ight
.

fere n i f h
ex on s o c arac e r ve n e n

d hi q i B t i t fth t i t t
l t
an s s p u re y h i u n no ar o e s or s s a

d i pl y d tg t d tg t i t
.

en s a e h h -

o o rea er a van a e an h e c n
t
s

sult ti ft
a on oh l wy o whi h I h ll ef t e h a er c s a r er e

t t
l

d
re a e r, he p g i o
as l g f my t se ib i g assa e s o on or
'

ran r n .

The re is p e rhap s, no book in any lan guage whe rein

t i d t high pith fp f t
,

h hum
e ui i
oro s s c arr e oa er c o er e c on ,

t
h i th d t
u f t
h l b t
d k ightfL
t
an n e a ve n re s o e ce e ra e n o a

M an c ha As o our E n glish drama is ttwh s, o doe s n o t

tt t
.

ac kn owle dge he ransc enden e x c e lle nc e of Shake

s eare
p in t
hi psi rov nc e , as We ll '

as t tt
in he p a he ic ?

a pa aIn C t
o
’
an
 TH E P HIL O S O P HY J Bafll
‘

or
'

S ec tl l
. .

t t
O f he la e r c omic wa t ers , C on gidve has an :ex ube r

t
'

witb ut my
ff m d fw
ari s e of Farquhar has m ore humour i a

tt mu h tt
. «
, ,

howe ve r, h b wi h oo c ru e a ir e o

l (f t i pt
,

com dy m g e h m i o)
e n e ra ar e re are so e B no o s

h t
t ot
t
a h di ditof u t g W ll e of t
h n
s c re , o r s a e , as e as -
or e s

t t t
,

i l d li
on a y d di m eh e ic ac
y i d an s c e rn en o so n ; zs an :

t ft t pply t f wit d i h ld y bh
,

oo o h pla en o su e ce o ,
an rr r a e

p lace ofhumour .

Wrr an d humour above pl i nd mmonly

t
as ex a e (c o

td t mt
, ,

rovoke. lhugh e o, by s ub i
'

c on c ur in a en e nc y op
in g t tt t
a c urious an d un ex p e c e d af
fin i y he firs ge ne
rally by mp i ith di co t ar son , e er rec se

t om t l t
'

c ond by i g i h
c on n e c i u h as
n n s e o e r re a on, s
"

t t t t t t
,

t
t
j l m di
i nt
u
c a sali y i i i y ob a n
or v c n
pp y h u eo s a re e s e:

d h t
,

simil erg
ar an ou ; whi h i‘
ng u u
e o e ne s c ; n co r o s s

ty w m y m k eb y th w y
a, g iv re th s q aru b n e a
r
"
es er c e ra »

i g ft h w d ddit t t
,

t
n o y and i
e h g pd i or bj ofo ,
s . e n er o ec

laugh e r .

T ax dif t
fe re n c e bam t h ndthat d ki d
t
g n s en e se a ra er n

o f lo
'

q e t t d i th
i i e nc e fi t p f t
h i
re a e h pt i I n e rs ar o s c a e z,

sh ll if p s ibl
a t ill f t h illust
os t; by f w imi
”
e, s ar er ra e a e B

iit w o d pt Th l t t
.
,
i

d
n esb d f m i i
orro i l ie c e r e e o ea sc n e. e a r

m yba i d l i
e c on c e ve
p mi w hi h f ith fas ll y a an rror, c a u
fl t
re e c st h bj t i l e o figu i ec d p t m
n c o our, » re , s z e , an os n e

W it t onty f t u lik t f m it
.

h on e c rar lfin re e s e , rans or s se

t it t
, ,

w
'

f h i i n x p h
'

o a var e y p o s a es s no a co ve s aou nn ,

t t t t
.

whi gi ch p e i i f
ves a d l
‘

o u jus re r s en a on n on s an co r,

ttbj tL 1 11 3 4 3 3 1
'

b ut th l du
an th g a re e es e se a es o ec s Q 1 1 1 8 5

t
d p i b l lit
.

es l s M W a Qe
ca n peulum w h i h ene s r
’
c ave s ec ,
c
62 THE P H IL O S O P H Y or 1 3k

orridic ule .

tm t
re n h d p e o s by he wo famous La in s a i
urs ue d tt t t
i tj
r s s, l uve n a and Hom e The on e de c laim s, he o t
t t
.

h d id
er A er es P ry de n j y
us l o b
c c or
s e rv e s dingly
l" as
’

t t t tt
.
,

vic e is he m e r, f ll f h l
q uarry of he for o y o e a e r
1
t t
.

tt
Thus , of he hre e grave r forms , he aim , whe he r a
vowd l ttlway i
e or a e n ught tb t h i a s s, or o o e, e n!“

t t t t t
,

p rovem f m l en f h h o ligh h fi
ora s o e re e er, e re ne

m tf m
en o B ut t h gh t h l t
ann e rs th f ou e a er ave or

t
h i p uli
e r bj t
ec m i t
ar o h limit d d diec anne rs , n e e an s

ti t
nci h t
f t w d t
ve s en se o h y m y wit h p p i a or e a ro r e s

t
-

t t t t t
, ,

y dm i m
aa y hi g w hi h di ly o
n d h n s c rec c n uc e o e

m tf m t t t
,

d
a van c e l d
en
g h o dm i ora s , an ou n e ver oa a s

1 O rigin f
an dS at
i re pro res s o
g .

fe re n c e s an d re lation s t t
.

I The dif o be f un d in he se ve ral forms

o
of p oe r t
y m t
i en on ed, m ay be more c on c ise ly m arked by he fol t
lowin g sc he me, whic h brin gs he m t un de r t he view a onc e
'

t .

Se ri ous . Fac e ious t .

Fanc y - G rc a t l i let
t - l_ Insinu
f ep ic g e p ic 1 H r
l P assion — T rage
g g
a
a
adon
C onfor g R msen t
er
2 dy 3 M
>8
iL
cs on a:
—
.

W ill “
Hi gh 3 L w o 8 t
l e ana R easoner
l
Q

gL 8
g

R idic ulum ac ri

t tFor i us
m li m g e
pl u m q e t us H a n as er ue s c ea res. e r.

G t d ig l itm t
re a an s b w d
na h fi tf idi l
t us e o ne are e e
'

ec s o r cu e

b t t bj t t
,

m tl w y p p t
,

u h e su ec t o t
h idi l
us d ah a s a e ar e r c u er, an o os e

fi t t t t tt
'

a ec ed by hi pl y u d sh i f li l
e as an r d f n er e no on o e ne ss an u

tilit t ti l q ui iti t t mpt d i i

,

y w o , essen h bj tf a re s es n e o ec o c on e an .r
s -a

bilit
y .
 64 . T H E P H IL O S O PHY or B ook I .

O f ridicule .

A NorHE R '
‘

re markable diffe ren c e , he on ly whic h t '

re mains tb o t t
e t
ob se rve d, b e we e n he vhemen or c on

tt en i nd t h de i i
ons a i ti t
e h m r s ve ,f c on s s s n e ann e r o

d t
c on i gt uch m n A m eht he e mi t u f
s e ac r rs a x re o

t t t t t
.

ar u
g m h i i
en h f m r gh
s n i pp a e or e ou n a e ar nc e a

tth t d tb t t i t h l t t
, ,

l h
'

e as o ave e asc en an u no n e a e r.
'

Th t tk ft td p
, ,

h d l im ig di
‘
ar u~
’
e a ac o e ec ag er re c an o en

m t t w d m on t ty
-

enh f r i hi e re o e s h s avo e ar e c on rar

'

t it t t
.
,

h p e i whi h h
ass on s
gh c pp e ex c es , ou n e ve r o a e ar

tt o h udit t e a h fi tf hi i tt
ors as i d de e
‘
'

ec s o s n en on an a

d b t
re s s , b t h i him
u dt
o h m t
hn ti th an e as e na ve , e un

ft bj t tt
,

id bl
avo a q e c onse h d
ue n c e s o d f e su ec re a e an o

th t i t t
, ,

a i
c on v c whi h hi on i g p d c h s re ason n ro uc es 1 1 1 e

u d n tdi g A lt
e rs an h gh i f t
n he i td t m ou n ac n en s o ove

hi udit t
.
, ,

h l d l hi i
'

s a y or
y e onp p e c ares s ur ose o c onv n c e

t t
,

hi m if
’ '

h m e T o re ve rseh d dp f i iif s e o an f
ro e ss an r en

t tw k p t f t
.
,

i on o h i p i
or u on w ld b f e r ass on s , ou e ln e ec

tt o ll t h m t
e h t h m e t ti po p t
a eh i n e an o xn se u on e r u

d tdi g d tbi t
ers an n s, h m by hi at d
an o as e s r an c ouse

t t t t t
,

q ue n ly w ld b w ou h m be h i
o g u d arn e o e on e r ar

t t tt t t
,

i
a a ns
g h im N h i g i b f uo d d h h
n s e er o n e an e

t t t t t
.

fm a p h
ous a i m f h i
or s i h o h p f i f
r e or c an s , a e er e c on o

ar t i ti c on s s s li g t O t n c on c e a n h t h h d ar n e O er an

t t
,

h u l
e as sa f h im w h i
odi l i f m y o r c u e s, s ro 1 1 3 ve r na

t ure c ove r tnd bliqu Wh t a w p f tn

o e. a e ro e ss o on

tm w ni t f t Iti t t
.

e n, e sc o r hi m
o c on u e . s on s a oun

th t t t t
.

i i id i l if ll d li i » i
a
h o e reas n n
g u n r a c e, a a e c a e, s

w ays c on ve ye d un der a spe c ie s of disgui se Nay

t t t tt
.
,

s m
o e im e s whic h 1 8 m ore as on ishing, h e c on emp
t tb t
,

an d h rallie rassume s
“

i se lf se ems o e disse mb le d, e

A r is t tl es c e are ar et
m ,
 R H E T O R IC .

Se c tIl l . 0! humour .

an air of arguin g l i defe nc e of h t

t which h
’

grave y n a e

t
ac ually ex th idi l u
Pose H as r cuo s en c e , d bt d
un ou e

ly it t t
.

p d hroc e e i ms, ma m l dd
a s e r ous
y s ann er c o on a

t t t t t
,

en e r gy j k T h f
o a o e h w i h ie h i
ac o eve r, s, a n s

t t
.
,

c ase h y di i l l
e ve r i i d i m b l d
ss rr u a on H w u ld s ss e e e o

t t t
.

t t
.

no h y u aveh i k hi m i o nh g h h ff n e arn e s ou e a ec s

t f it k wi g t h t t
,

h pp
e a earan ce o h wi hi no d n a o er se s en

w ld b f u tt
ou d H w t
e r s ra e th t y h l d p e an s a ou s ou er s

h t
-

t
.

i
c e ve h i di mbling whi h
a e s l di mb l
s se c n o re a sse er

w t It i i d d t m t
,

ever d an e hi i s, n l ee s c rc u s an c e a on e ,

whi h di t
.
,

c i g ih i i l xp
s n u s e s an i f m li ron c a e res s on ro a e,

A di gly t
c c or h g h
n t h t hi f
rou th v il m l
p ye nn ess o e e e o

d h t th t t
.
,

e k e a es h c areh ll b di a d e s n ee r s a e sc ove re

t
.
,

Y ou are q u i kl y m d c
p i hi im b
a e y m o e rc e ve s a e an s

ft t g g m th p du t
,

o h e s ran e ar u h ben s d e ro c es , e a s ur

c onse qu h d w t en cesh dd mb e m t
ra s,whi h e o e arras en s, c

in hi p s t d h ersona e t h i in l d i d c arac er e s vo ve n, an

th e s till odd mt h d h t erk tdi tgl him

e o s e a es o se n an e

se lf I thi m n d t is d p ti
ann e r oc r n es an rac c es are

ttd wh po d by t
.

re a e en ex i u d u sefi y; a c on n e r n o ron a

wy f f t t t g l gy t
,

io whi h b
re u a

t
a o n c ears a s ron an a o o

t h ta p i s f d mec es o t t i m ed b y m th
on s ra onm ti er e a e a

i
e aus , p g g i l a a o d i g t hca d as re
y t w h t
uc n e a versar o a

tdi ty imp t Thi m t m t

,

is c on ra ibl
c or or h d rac e s e o se e s o

i td d firt i t m l bj t d m
.

have b ee n n ro uce s n o ora su e c s , an e a

p l o e
y d w i t
h b y t h f th o f
s uc c e ss , i t w i d m e a er anc en s o

t A t h t tk f idi l wh t
,

Soc ra e s. s e a v ac f m o r cu e, a e er or

it d p ti lw y i di t
a a s, s a th t fi
a s y m n y b re c id a o ron a e sa

tb td It mbl t f fight
,

o e re ve r e h m re se i g es e ann er o n

ib d tt i t P t
.

asc r h e o hi Wh w
e an c e n m ar ans , o ere e ver'
ore

f mid bl i fl
or ight
a th e i
n twh l k d t an n on se o oo e :
o

VOL I . . r
66 T H E P H IL O S O P HY or

Sec tIll
. .

wards on e q uare r t fough ;

and I t tw d th Oppo it
o ar s
; e s e
dire t dt
,

who
,

se bodie s moved in one i hi a w

c on, an e r rro s
t ty
r

in he c on r
ar

tm i h w t firm d illu ttt

I re a ns n hi b h
'

o c on an s ra e s ranc

o ft h t h e y b y uit b le or m pl A d n'
t t s a e ex a es n o o

mb t wit mult ipli it

.
, ,

enc u h r d er h dl e ea e r y f a ne e ess c o

ex c e r
p ti 1 h ll fi t
ons , t th e l s d yp m d
a u rs re c ur o os a re a

The fi t d fifthp s g f mB t
,

ce d d rs l
se c on an a sa e s ro u e r,

t h fi t t h fi t t
.
, ,

e f m P p
rs ro f m Y g o e,
a nd h e rs ro oun e

t
;

q t t f mt tt
, .

i h Di p h h w i h
’

uo a on ro
y u g ve o s e nsar o n

Th i wh l im i tdiv t
y a e

idi l i t
, , .

hm
‘

r cu e n e by e r oe a s o er

t f.t Thi m it
.

h dd
e o h im g y
n e ss o rf ule a er s er s a ca e

d p t ttt t
. .

an i ul ar c i h ar a cu y f u en on , as , on e ac rac o
f
o r

c onc ep ti h d ons
p d i g t m
e re , u u e en s, n a rea eas re , o r

t t t t
.

f mi g
or ju
n i a f h l i n swh i h idi
n o on o u l e re a o c r c e

b earstwit d f t o h di t i t io t h t
an ub i tb t o e s nc n a s s s s e

t L t t hi t
,

w e enhm e h f b fully m m
e s, e re ore, e c are re e

d t h t t
.

b e re wh hi g p h
a ibl ere no
up p d n re re ens e, or s ose
tb p h ibl it nd t i ntim t
,

o e re h i
re en s e, e er n c o uc or n se en

t k tt i p p ly o t t
,

i
s s ruc h a i ( ierei s ro e r n s a re , or, as s

m t ium th d mph t ugh p i t d wit

.
,

so e s i lly err e
)
e a ca e no on e

qu t
,

an d ly
c on se idi ul en no r c e.

T1 1 11: ex ample t fi tl i
h t a rs c a rns a par ic ult
ar n o ic e t
here, is one f mYrog S t
i oun
’
s a re s

Heal h c hiefl
y k p
ce st an Ax hies in he dark tt .

M iles ar is es s s e le re m t t
ft
u
gfim
t
P at hi p e rhorrc s ci t Ho n

Fd t t t
t
.

mq i en e ue fuga P ar hum ve rsis ue s a

q gi is . Vi rg .
 g as eou s .

Se c tlll
. . O f humour .

Tué W t
t
i $1 55 8 of his passage was already illus ra e d t tt
t
’

t t t
,

I han nowe ndeavour o she w he argume n c ouched

tt tt tttt
tt
un der i ha h which oge he r c ons i u e he ridic ule
‘

t
.
,

A heis m is unreas ona

”
Why ? The A heis
“

b le
t t
.

ou
v
ne i he r f nds his un belief on reason; no vill ar
t tt
en d oi Was everan In fidel in heal h c onvinc ed
‘

t
t
.

by reasohihg dr did he e ver in sickne ss ne ed o be

re asone dflvi h on his s ubje c ? t t
The ru h he n is, t ttt
ttt t t
t
ha he daring p rinc ipl es Of he liber ine are sole ly
t t
0

s upp or e d b y he vig our and heal hiness of his c on

’

t
tt
s i u ion which in c line him o ple as ure
'

hough t t t
t
, ;

m i acc ordin

wh t
l e ssness , and r l fi d
“
u
tt
p e s p on
gy y ou n

h t
t t
,

a his f u da i i en o n on s s ub ve r e d he Whole
f I fid lit t
,

l ”
fb i f l i The re is rarely,
’

a rc o y p n e a s o ec e s

ti
.

howe ve r, so m uc h of argume n n ridic ule , as may

t
be dis c ove re d in his p assage G lly w b en e ra as as o

t t td i
.
,

serve d alre ady i is bu hin i gl W d e n a s n e or or

t
.

t t
,

p h rase , or a
pp b g l d e ars i llo
y W
e i h an c e a oc c as on a

ut y di t i tt i t h t hi d q t
,

o an i Th
re c n en on us , n e r uo a

t f m B t t t tt
.

'

i on lro h i b liq
u e r, h e re H s an o ue rus a o

m er,f h i m or f us i g ft
an n e r oi p m f
re c rr n so o en n oe s o

so g t di
re a
g y i t t h m n d t ifl i o s uc
g p ith t e an an r n e e s

Th f u t dt h i t h t t h p t
.
,

e h o r iian i l
e s x f sa r z e e ar c u ar an aa

ti l
cap ti racd f ti l
ce, p i i an t w hi h
an a th ey ca o n on , o c

f
re e r T ig p p t
o as s m ti n a t t
rei os e rous o ve o an ac on ,

tp t
.

d b d m f i i i
‘

or o u ro u g c e an a s p r ar u en or an O n on , s

th t g d m t t
,

an i u d
nn e n o, i a g m no oo o ve or ar u en c an

b giv
e Th it
en .
t i f m t h R p e fte h L k
c a on s ro e a o e oc

We have an e x c elle n tp S ec im en of t
hi s sor tf o idi c ule , in
r

Mon tq
es uie u s
’
S piri tf L o ws , B
a . x v. C 5 where
. . t
h p t
i e rac ce

E of
68 TH E P H IL O S O P H Y or Boak I .

S ec tIll f
. O fhum our .

t i t t
t
h w ob e c on side re d as ridic ule , h
’

are n o o er se an as

a live ly e x hibi ion t of s ome follie s , ei t

h e r in disp osi ion
or b h i e i h av our, g t di i f tt
m i
sm it t e s ron es s suas ve ro a

i gt
n h m I t ehi w y h m nly f il th s a u our rare a s o ave

ill y m it th p t h t
.

so m e ra i lik m er i n e an n e r, as e a e c

ft p with tg m t
,

o en d e rs ua es whi h wh h ou ar u en c en o

t t t
, ,

i
v on s ,i pp li d b
s su
y h j g
d m f h h e e u en o e e arer

Th d mpl
e se c on m i td d tdi g
ex a t
h e s ee s n en e o s rac e e

p y t
et q i t f f m
ua n n e ss o a
p d t
h m p ti o
’
s an n e r, an e e ne ss

o f hi ti
s c on ve rs a b i g h ddl f th don , as e n a u e o oa s an

s
n on e n s e Th t hi d fi ly t ii t h l ewhi h r ne sa r z es e va ue c

th l di t ft p t t t t
.

h m ifl T o
’

e a es up oo o en u on e e re s r es

t i t m
.

h I h ll dd
e se s a f m H dib a on e n s an c e ore ro u ras ,

whe it i s id f p i t d
re s ita o r es s an e x orc s s ,

S up plie d wi h sp iri ual provision , t t

A n d m agaz in e s of amm un i ion , t
Wit
h c ros se s ,
i
re l c s , c ru mfix es,

B e ads , p ic ure s, ros arie s ,t an d pix es,

t
The ools of workin g ou tl ti s a va on ,

B y m e re m e c han ic ope ra t
i f on .

t td by t
Q

'

T he re ason in
g he re is s uf ly i
fic ie n n s in ua e h e

hap p y ap p lic a ion of a t f w wd e or s , s uc h as me c han i c

tl tt
h w
oo s o e ork of s a va on l ti ; c ros s e s , re lic s , be ads ,

of E um
p g th
e an s
g in
i i i l lyj u t
e n s lavin
ifi d i
'

e ne roe s , s ron c a s e , n a

tt ut hum it
'

m an whi h d
ne r h u h
c h oe s
y d l e
on o r f o e a or s
’
an an ov o

j ustic tt h e, m t
iam th ti t
di le sa
p y h pp y t l ti
e i d i u le a s a s a a a en n r c e.

R idi ul ult
i gf mc impl but
e re shum u nti i ro a s e, oro s n arra on , s

fi ly ill tt
ne d th fi t
us ra et t wl p i i l l t1n t e rs e n or e ve rov nc a e e rs .

f P
.
t I II C art . an o I
Gbap 21 : R H E T O R IC
"

. .

t1 1 1 O f hum our

t
Se c . .

ic u t t
h s h tm p y,
an d o t s i i alp o
' ’ :

t
p re s p u er uc ru er o r r

Th j t ft t t t
,

i
‘

ii i h
'

h p b é i
‘

v s on us n ess on
'

e o e re res e n a

t t t t t t t
.

t
p i
rac
g h w i h
ce, h m if
o e i g
er i y b f e an es nc on ru

th t hi g
e l
pp y nt w ith
s , su h W i t d th us a onc e e an e

ar u
g m t T h i th
en i p m g t d al f
ere 1 3 n i s oe a re a e o r

b t t t t t
.

di l f i
'

h h i h
’

eu e u e au or s uarr s e ran c e x c e sse s

q y
f t
o en h i m d t h bus as t ifi f hyp an iy e as e ar c es o oc r s

t t t t
,

h l i h b a e i h e
‘

e ve r e a ov e on s o
y y p
rare
g p as n as s

idi t t t
, ,

g w
o g w f p ei i -
I h ll
a n
s oly a dd es u e rs on s a o on

i t f mP p m t
.

ns an c e whi h h ro hi g p e li in e, c as s o e n ec u ar

It ,

T hain sighin g hus , A n d am I n ow t '

t hreesc ore ?

Ah, why, ye gods should wo and wo make four t t

t ti t t b t l t h a
}
'

This hhough a i no n e n arr ve , u n e dram

t i t t t t
,

l i m w i h h m T h b
'

y
c s
ye, s ore an u orous e a s ur

dit t t t t
.

tb t l ta y but m dm ad t
y f h ol m i i h d
e ex c a li i g a on n e s e c on ne s oo ros s

o e n a ura o h f e n a
'

a an , n ere or

h t h t h m N v t h l s it embl c t
u o
t
a no our e er e es s re s an e

t mpl i tf ld ag in d i t
.
,
~

h mm
e co on c o a han o o e c on e n e

fi t f whi h it
rs m yb
o ll d t h c lyi end a e ca e e an a r ers

t
s s,

it t bt
,

a h i g i u
on c e hib iti
o f uh in
an n e n o s ex on o s c co :

p l i t i
an t l m p t d n
n l s re a i gu m t f i s fo lly or an a ar en o
’

But t wit h tdi g t m pl it

.
,

no hi s anho l d hi gen? n s ex a e, s

l th t wh t i e t ’

ra y h a g i l i
en an p i ip l i b n non se n s c a n r nc s

il d by idi l t h " t l lly f ea on i

,

b e as sa e r c u e, e na ura a o r s s

witwh t a im r r i t i
' '

y g en an
p p y ex rav an c e or o e n c on

du t h m r ld m f il t be f t
b e d t
f r y
‘

h d
ht
u ou
“

c se
n o a s o o e co e e ac

It m yb f t t d b t
.
,

h wor
"

a h e ur er o s rve ,
a e
“

s .
an er
79 T11 15 PHILG S O P H Y or B oab I,
'

t
om s orusages of sec s and t p ar ies t . The only dif
f

f m m i f I h m k d b e
t
s re e
e a n n g a s ar a a ve r e ar e , s

t t t
ween he wo erms is t he firs t t
,

ha t
,

,gen e ra lly d o
'

t t
,

9 I a a
0 ¢ S c o
~
rse r h e se c on d a fi ne s r
r o o f r ii
d c u le ;
t t t
,

he m r p
fo va il m m o h lo w gc las s of
t
r e r e s o s a n g e er sc
t t
t
.

he 8 6091 3 he la er only amo

,
n
gp e rson s o f b re e d ,

ing .

I SHAL L c onc lude t

hi s c hap er twit
h b o se rvhrg , h t
t a

t
h gh t
h gy
ou e a er an d more familiar e loquen c e no w
exp l ain ed, may ofen o
prp y
e r l as w as rem t
ark e d b e
t t
t t t
,

fore , be a d m f

t
i e d in o pub lic ora ion s on s ub je c s o
c ons e q ue nc e suc h, fo
r ins e d li v re d in
anc as a
re e e

t t t t t
, ,

h e h
sen a e; or a e ba
g an d e ve n s q m e
pm es ho ug h
t t
, ,

m i
ore s ar n
p l
gy h ben h ; i i onldom e f c s se or n eve r o

i t t t t t
,

i
se rv c e h s wn hi hso m f
oe m h pulp i
ci u e ro e 18 r e,

t a ai
t
.

h a f
n id irol i
nd p ri g d ud g y
i
cu e i i b s rov n or ss a n

t t t t
, ,

e
rn d i gp
er n i i o
p i n on s or
c m p i b l h h rac c es on e e, a cc

i
e s o
a na y ell b tt m p td with
en a pp be
at
io byp h
e a ro n, re ac

ers o f g t n mre a
e I aly y th t w h t
hi
c an on sa a en s

t t
.
,

m i
is h m g
employe d,d i
ht
airy q re re u s o e an a e

h t
an n er

wit h g tta nd d li y t
e re a es itcm y t
re a e c ac a a no

d g n ti t t t t t
,

e e a
era e i b ill
n o d p d i
s ra n u a a e o s o se r ous

an oc cup ti F t ha on ft h pl or th e revere nc e o e ac e . e

it t t t t t
.

grav y f h f i
o h l em i y f w
unc
orhip hon, e so e n o s e

t t t t t t
,

s i
e ver y f h p po d h i
em p f
re c e h s, an e or anc e o e

m ti f ligi
o ve s o re b ll t h wf l p on f
a ove a , e a u rese n c e o
Se c tl lI
. . O f humour .

G od; Wit th mi d wh
h a sen se upi of wh1 ch
'

en oc c
"
e n

t t t
,

ed in ligiou r i es ou
re gh i i i
sy b im
ex e c s en ne n o e

t t t t t t t
,

p esr d y all h
se ee m u
'

ly i
'

p ib l w i h
es e s h ' '
er nc o n a e e

d j t ing imp t m é re n er es er en c

t
,

Th f
‘

y hi g in ere ore , an n

pre hiacg w hi h mig hnt p k t

hi m tic W u ld rovo e s e o on o

t
j y
us l b d m d u e
p d bl
ee o
fi agei tb than n ar on a e
'

en c e a ns o

i
p ye andtde c orum .

In he tt
w o pr c eding c ha t I h
e rs ave c onsidere d

t
e
p
t
h u e na in ge ne ra
re of ora ory
s various forms , t l it
t t t
,

whe he r arising from diffe ren c e in he obje c , un de r

ta g t
s n din g , ima ina ion p a ss ion w ill ; or in he s ub t
t t t t
, ,

j
e c mi de ligh d
ne n f i l w
ani h s eve re , an r vo ous ,

t t t t
,

h ie r re S
p d d h ec
v U d h
rve e n s an c arac e rs n er e se are
‘

i l d d ll t ti t i l q lit
.

nc u e h p im y d h a e i r ar an c arac e r s oa ua es

f Wh t t
i tl fi d l ith in
‘

o p a eve r c an
y p e r ne n n a ace e er

w iti g r i di
r nu o tly b tm d fi
n sc o rse , or c an ru e er e ne

i t
n h l qu t i t
e one ,h t h '

01
'
e o en n e o er .

C HA P . 1 11 .

Tbc doc t
i
r ne o
f t
h p e rec eding c ba
p td f
er e ended .

t tt t
Be rox n I proc eed o ano he r e pic , i will pe rhaps
t t t tt
be hough p rep e r o inq uire how far he he ory n ow
'

tt t
laid down an d e x plain e d, c oin c ide s wi h he doc rin es
on t
hi ti l t b f di t h w it
s ar c e i g f p hil o e oun n e r n s o os o

p h t d
o s an iti N t
th tI t
hi k u h
cri q i i dcs . o a n s c n u r e s an
 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or .
. B ook I .

Se c t1 . . A ris tt
l
o
’
e s ac c oun tft
h idi
o e r c ulous ex plain ed .

t t
disc ussions always n e c essary on he c on rary, I ima '

gi t tt t
ne, h e y ofte n e n dtb u o e mb arass he re ader b y
di t t tt
i g hi t ipli it
t m lt t
,

s rac i y f n s a en on o a u c o j
O b C C S.

t
and so o darken d p pl p l i q ti n an er ex a an ue s o This
t i l ly t t t
.

i p r s h
a c u ar t h p i w h i h h
e c as e on ose o n s on c ere

h t hb a i ty f j i
e en a var e
g t im t T h oim arr n s en en s e s

t t t
.

p l w yes d h m a
p p i
an u o ai d g ee l ly
os ers c us , l n era

th t whi h b t
a
p m t th
c d i es
y f t th
ro i t o
o es e sc ove r o ru s

t t t t
,

g i di i
ve as d m h d i s l d
nc li i
an p i
e o ca a e nea on as os s

bl f e w id
o tg t
on e s o h wit
’
ht h gn d e as , o e er e roun s on

whi h t dt it tt h d bt
.

h y cf d d e l are oun e an o e ave o e ou

t t
,

t t t t
,

fl d ( w
u re a e rh h i k i w h h o b l ) no m s or e rou e o c

t
.

p h
are th y w it h th
e
y t m e or f t h w it d e s s e s o o er r ers , an
th tj dg f him lf I m th w
en o u e or tse a no , o eve r, so e

f t hi m t t tll w t h t it
.

i
n ac ous h d o s e m y o as no o a o a a

t t t t
, ,

gm s i m w i he d g e s,b d p d f m T
a van a e , h i e e ar e ro s

t t t t
.

hpld p i lly w h
s es h im
ec a f h en e e sen en s o an au or ar

pp o d b y t
ose t p j u d i th
i n ve e ra e
ad i i g re ces in e re e r, ar s n

f m ro ty pi i c on rarly imbib d O f m n ons e ar e or ro an e x

i tu
,

t
,

i d f
c e s s ve bl m
e eren c e d o ve n e ra anc e n a w

t
e na es an

h it i or es .

SE CT .
L—A rirtotle r
’

a c c oun tof t
b e ridic ulous

ex
p la ined

S OM E , on a sup e rfic ial vie w may imagin e t

h t
th a e

t b
, ,

doc rin e p d d i pp d b
a ove
y l ex oun e s o ose no e s s au

th it th th t f A i t tl If itw I h ld ot
t
y or an a o rs o e e re, s ou n

t t t t t t t t
.

hi k h q ni l d m a i f i f l
e u va e n i y o a e ons ra on o ? s as

B t l t h t t h t d t h tt
.

u ; A i el ush b e ar h rs o e a o se rve

t
a e

tidi ulous mpli m t

,

i r c hi
g d f m d a di on sis es so e n e or e , n c s,
as ap . m . R H E T O R IC .
73
Se c t1
. . A ris tt
l o
’
e s ac coun tf t
ho e ri dic ulous e x plai ned .

t
in hos e sm aller faul twhi h
s, c are nei t
h p i fl er a n u nor

p ern ic ious , bu tb un es ee min g : t

h us a fac e e x c i est
t Wh
laugh er i t
e re n he re t
is de formi y an d dis or ion tt
wit
h tp i ou an
” i

For tt
my p ar , n o hing c an ap p ear
t
t t tt it
.

more c oin c ide n h hi an s, as far as

g oe s , wi h he
p i
r nc ip l w hi h I
es h d u d
c t t b li h ave en e avo re o es a s

Th S t t t t
.

e
gy i h a p k f
r eid i l f l g h
ere s e a s o r c u e , no o au er

i g
n l d
e n e ra tf y tf idi l butl ly
an no o e ve r s or o r cu e, so e

ft f whi h h h t
,
,

o h idi l e r i m c u ous hi fw
n an n ers , o c e a n e

w d gi n
or s
y pp ve it d t
a ve r
p T t k a os e e s c ri i on . o a e no

t i ce o f y th l
an ug h bl o b j t w er ld h b a a e o ec ou ave e en

f ig thi p u p L ght i t hi t
,

ore n o s h m r ose au er s no s e e,

b t m dy d l ught ly
.

u co e f an m dy i a e r on so ar as co e s

d wit h it N w t
,

c on c e rn e h f m dy o e c on c e rn o co e

f t h t t h t
.
,

re ac h es no h ki d f idi l
ar er whi h an a n o r cu e, c

l t tm t
,

as I id sa re a e s Th y w d wo i h an n e rs e ver or s

whi h t qu t i t t
.

t
,

h b
c i
e a ove d d i ho a on is n ro uc e e v nc e e

tt h ft
,

”
ru hi o C m dy s.y h i w m o k e sa s e,
“
s , as e re ar

imit t ft hi g t h t mi ; y t it
,

d e i
an a on o d n s a are a ss e oe s

t l t y i
,

no l e ve a H h d m k d i
ever vce e a re ar e n

t di g h p t t h t it t
,

h p e re c e nm f
c a i e r, a s e an s o c orre c on are

tp h b utidi ul
no re roac N d t h l r c e or oes e c ause

i t d ft t u t
,

n h h
e en o i g e se n e n c e , c onc e rn n a c o n e n an c e

whi h i c l ught i t
ra se s h l t i a lid t wh t I
e r, n e e as n va a e a

h ave n ow ffi m d ; f it i pl i t
a h tr thi i e
gg t or s a n, a s s su es

T he Whole p as sa e runs hus

g H 33 “ t '
'

M 44 m y 43m g a m p, ",

PM “ ; $ 9 01 .7
d m
p , 8 p 7
0 “ M 74 m urm m a y, Q AM '
1 s m rx ga an

1 s
'

7 5 m :
mgm '

m W m ! m E
ffi fl
e
w n x 4 3 u y d ” o -
d
.

e
x x a c c l en ar an 8

¢h fl
m it
” 70 W “ ! a M
”
f r orm v mv )
g e
xgov 7 u a yy
c en 4 n m u

t5
-

an y. P oe . .

1 '
00 l y”“ AM
s a tW
o e! dw i n dle ”:
 g4 . THE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook

Sec tl l. . Hobbes s
’
ac coun tf l ught
o a er ex amin ed.

ed in he tw y a of sin iilit
ude till ttwh t
h h d
o us ra e a e a

t i ul i t
t ft
,

advan c e d, an d n o as a ar c h p ar n s an c e o e o
p
si ti h h d l id d w
ou e a F w a o pp
n, or e c an n e ve r su os e

t h t a h w ld h e ou ll d di t td f t
ave c a e s or e e a ure s a c er

ti f lt lip
an au or sd t ill l t h t li w ld h
an s es s a e ou ave

s p ec ifi d th i e w h t m
s, ig h t
asb t ad b y t h a t e c orrec e e
'

o ft h m di
e co Ae i t an th f
s an it w ld n s an c e , e re ore , ou

ft d hi d fi it d h w t h t
.

h ave c on ue i s e hi n on , an s e n a s ao

c oun tf t h Obj tf l ght m te o ec b o au er us e e rron e ous ,

i
s nc e t hi m t i s m y b
e o on it d ppa f m e ex c e as a e ars ro

t t
,

h e ex a mpl p d d by him lf wh
e ro uc e h i se e re e re s no

t hi g fa lt
,

n
y iu i i y k i
or v c ous d d g A n an n or e re e s an

i ll t t it tm ly p t t Ith w d
.

i
us ra on , w as i ex re e e r n en s e e

t h t t t t
.

a h idi l e r i m c u ous
( w h i h w
n ll h hi
ann e rs c as a a s

d fi it
e i n g d
on red) w f
ar e th d iff t
as , as t ar as e e re n na ure

o f t h t hi g w ld p m it l g
e n s ou tt h l gh
er an a o ous o e au

t bj t t t t
,

a bl i e h n o er su
, d h i ec s
pp d i
an a su ose an n c oa

t w t t t
t
g ruous c o m b i i h h
n a on , i h i g i h e re e re s no n e er c a

l mit
a d tt
ous or i B t
e s ruc h t i t h
ve bj t u a n o er o ec s un

td wit h it t d t wit
.

c on n e c e h h e er c h i
arac e r or c on uc c

t h t t l t might t
,

er h b dy e h o h or e sou b im g e re no e a es

hibit t t t
,

or e x i p d
on s h m i
re se n e d w h i h w l d o e n c ou na

k l ght t t
,

rura lly p rovo e h p hil au p h h h e r, e oso er a no

wh f
e re , as Ik w ar as m h i i
no td ,
so uc as n s n ua e .

SE C T II . Hobber r
’
t
acc oun tf l o augh er ex amine d.

FROM he foun der t o h P i t

ft
p t
i h e er a e c sc ool, t
le us
desc e n dtt
h phil
o e osophe r of Malmesb ury who ha h , t
Apegl am - fl.
 g R HE TO RIC 75
S ec tll
. .

t
defined daugh cr d ca g ory, arising froma sud
d l ‘‘ '

t
f
as e -
o

d m en m en ion of some o ne ac y in O urse lves. by

omp i
c wit
ht h i fim it f th
ar son e n r y o o e rs, or wi h our t
fiQf m l F
”
T
n flhi ti I e ry l s ac c oun s, ac kno wledge
mp t
ibl witht h t t
.

i i i h di
‘

nc o g a eg a ven n e
p n rece
g P 8 ,
3 6 9

anch; in; m yj g
ud me n t r e sul s te t n irely from a vie w of
t t t twhi h i
,

h e s ubjec p ar i l n d i c s in some resp ec a a n

t t t t
, ,

om f l i m m
'

I i l
‘

s p c s re s ec
e o r p p as s s e e s ec ar a

Wh i laughti p odu d by idi ul it d ub t

. .

e n i en s r ce r c e, s, o

km m m p m k daw ith m d g f nt m pt R i so e e ree o c o e a

h t
.

d itl h b ob d l dy has d ubl een s erve a re a o

'

a e, as a a e

tt t i gt
t it h
.
.
,

ion h f y by p firs on a nc
‘
o suc

t
sp e ra e rese n n

t tt
, ,

a g up ro i l ug h b l obj as c ons dly u es a a a e ec s ec on

t m t hibit t
.
,

on h p i i ed by i g b
ass on; dyi i en on e ex n a s ur n

h a t i p i ipl o d t d
,

hum an i
c ar c er, n r nc es or n c n uc an

t
con emp t lw y impli e f up i it a y N a s e s a s e ns o s e r or o

w d t tht ot tb idi l d
,
.

l
on e r lik x n a one es n o e r cue or

l ughed tN w it i t hi i whi h i t
:a h g t o s s un on c s re a
‘

a e

fthi ut d f hi t t ib t i gt
.
,

h
’
u
so rc e o sa or s error, an o s a r u n o

ft
-

one h i t
o d p i ipl f m imp f t
e as s oc a e r nc es , ro an er e c

i w ft
ve h bj t wh t
O i p ly t h ff tf t
e su h ec a s ure e e ec o e

t
,

o h er .

FO R h t
t ll d l ght d t
t th a h t t e e mo ion ca e au o no

t
e r, e

t t t t t
,

sul fom h e o m p b u l ly f m h p c a e so e ro e e rc e

t d y
f
r
p
t
/

t
:

t
,

i f
on o d i w i h w hich h o
p i i i lly e as s on s oc c as ona

t t t
,

so c ssa n ky
ne ec om bi d i m n if f m h f l ne s a es ro e o

t t t t
. ,

b wi on
‘
sid i F i m p m b i d
e ra ons r
s c on e a

t
g n c y e ra se

t
.
,

in 8; i mp g
hi h»d egree bo h sudde nly , an d un e x
pe c .

Human Nam e , C hap IX . . 1 3 .

Gbap II . . R H E T O R IC .
77

Sec s Il. . Hobbes s

’
ac c oun tf l ught
o a er e x a mined .

c la s of
s m t t
e n whom he poe he re m e antt o ridic ule ,

t
t tt t t
he ough o c onside r ha if any on e ha h b ee n ic k
tt t t t t
,

le d wi h he p ass age o whom he s ame hough n e ver

b et
su v r
t
oc c rre d
u
h d t
t
t ha

i
t
ith l d h w t
,

h t t
e
t
sin gle in s an c e woul d b e s uf

h
fitc ie n o

oc r n e , as s ou s o a e re

m y h la ght
a e w h t
h e t ium p h u l
g y r, e re e re 1 3 no r or or

i g
n
v b d
o er a
ny o y d q tly i t f an c on se uen no c on c e o

t t t t t
i ,

w u
one s o
’

p i i y S h h m n s
y b d f er or o a e re a e , an o en

i b t t t t t t t t
.

s, h empo w i h u l u gh c od
n l u g h w i h o a e r, an a er

tontmpt
.

ou c e ,

B s s m E s, t lly p i t where wi is
d whi h rea on e c c on

t it tgidi ul t h t it t f m wh t t
,

s u es i c
gi e, h a s no ro a ves e c on

cc it fo r w mi
o byu o mm i b t
n e p ly ne n c e co r son , u ure
f m t
ro h odd mbl g e f id th t th l ght
as se a e o e as , a e au er

t
.

s rn
p g i m id f m th i th t if m k b t ou u a

e t
s, ev y en ro s, a a e

t ifl
r i g lt n a i o th ap r i r t d
on t y n e ex e s s on , so as o e s ro

t h wit
e
( whi h ft t y clitt l i m
o en urn s on a ve r e c rc u ~

t ) wit
s ance h utlti g t h l imp t oft h a er n e re a or o e sen
t (a t t ly p ibl b t y) y will
,

en ce , hi g n no on oss e u e as ou

p rod th m uc ep i i d th e sam t me O t
p ; n on , an e sa e c on e

an d n q et ly will gi
co seth m u n bj tf t i ve e sa e su ec o r

u mp h y t wit h ut t h l t td y tl gh d
e o e e as en enc o au : an

ll w it t
,

ly i
c on ve rs e di
g w n i m
re a n a e r en s a re , a an

td by t h Wt
-
,

m yb m hd
a e wh
uc j g d m t
1 ve r e e 1 os e u e en

t i d by t td g
,

is no h idi l
c on v n c e i i e r cu e or n s n ua e ar u

m t nd w hgse f m t m f t
h b j t i t
h least
en o a ee r er es o e o ec s no

i t t
,

n im p i r
ee d In d d m lli g t h ai ee en s
’
e n e r

t tt
i , , ,

o w blund rs
n n b l der e ely m m i d
e ve un s r c en co e

d l ughi g t t h m t hi g n t mm
.
, ,
,

an a n a i y e a n o un c o on n ve r

i ibl di po it tt
.
. ,

rs i e i u ly is
p li bsl H bb
on s, s er nex ca e on o es s
’
 P HIL O SO PIIY
7
7 8 T11 11: OF 3 0021 ?

Sec tII . .

t
m For tc onsidler t hi g s fily Wit
he t h rega d
t
s y s e o n r

tt t t
.

h l ugh
o e a er 1 1 m m he 1 1 1 1
re6 a bjec r19 o 1 1 11 o

l ryin h i o oun b al n d btt t t

y ul
”

tt
g o
g a s n c e r a c e an e q a

t
, ,

subje c of am algam, (he heihg bo h he person

laughing t
he p r o an d e s n laughed a t
) d t
h e
anai s es l
tmu td t t Wit
h negat
d t
ilriot
sub e c s h
'

j oy s es r one ano er o
t lely u d t h h t
.

ib hf m :
'

h o h pp e rs , e a e ars So n er e o vn -

it th p n t
i m h d In d eed i id i
t
e rso u ove r:

t
y as p e r e as n r

t t t
, ,

l b l h d i h o un d d , h e
‘

c u e , a re e a
g y p p e
o e oc ne ere r o e r

i lw y
s a m d g aft b t y g
s so li h t d
e
g e re e , o en u a ve r s e ree

f tmpt
o c on e ; iti t y h t I k w l d
g
s no e ve r c arac e r, ac no e e,

th t i f d fp ti g tOt hr u h u bj ct
'

a s on o s f re sen n o e s s c s e o

mi t h Wh h w n t it it i
'

o
t
r p e re ve r one s e s a rone ess s

tbl t h tt h t t
.
,
i

ti flu e t
dem i li l d h s l
han nit
ons ra p o a y a e a on
d a erson , s c n ve

f l ghth
.

o au m h g er ave
y uc re a e r n enc , va

lf
or se it i f t h k
c on c e f h i g wit h
: s nc e , or e sa e O s ar n

t i t tt i m t t
-

o h h j y
e rs n he en ub mito ous e n e r a n en ca s o

h m t
t mt f b i g t bj t
,

e ifyi g i or h n c rc u s anc e o e n e su ec

t t
.

This howe ve r, is i n fec

ef h more
j y g
o i
ht
‘

no an en n

t weetwhic h t t
wit
,

h e s
‘

p redomina e s di g a no s an n

lane of h bit
t t wit
e h whi h Theer c 11 is mingl e d
t
laugh in his case is so far from b eing ex pressive of t
.

he
p ass ion hat i is p rod uc ed intt
Sp i e of p as sio n whi ch t
ope rat tt t
, ,

e s agains i an d if s rong enou h, w

g o uld em ac

t ti it
,

u lly a re s ra n .

B ur i is impossible t t
h tt
ha e re could be any en
'

j oyme n t
thim o on t
h t
h e O er hy
p
t
o hesis , whic h makes

t
i ve e x c e llenc e , a t iumph whi h t
h pr in c e erson de r
id
e d c ould n o t
p t
k I t
hi
ar a e th . n s c ase , on e c on rary, t
86 T1 1 P HIL OS O P HY B od
'

1 5: or .

Se c tl l
. . Hobbedohccomi oflaugb w ex n fihed
'
t t .

humour ; t ho
ugh i ! is Is aly t witt
he l ath
er i tttt ha he
sub e c j tf o e loq uen c e is c onc erned .

IN tH bb y tm I h ll ly m k
regard o o
’
es s s s e s a on re ar

f t th t di g tit
,

m m
"
urh e r, a ac cor n
y i ib l d o a ve r rs e a an a

t t
-

, ,

ve r y lf se i d u-
p ili
c on c e m e h ld
s im pyl erch ous an , s ou »
e

sa m h e c ty t i f t
arac e r,
p h p s e tw h n c
'

t ac er a no oc ara ers

ly m t i t
, ,

m m p
'

ore rare h ee P id
n d e sa e e rson r e , an c on

tmptit l t td t id d i t
.

e s usua a enh m l an c on s e re n e s e ve s ,

t t t t
, ,

are un p l p i e as an d d m k
as s ons , m f i an en o a e en as

di lw y fi di g g
on s , a a s d tb n di t n i fi d wit h
roun o e s sa s e

t h i itt
e r io s d er th
ua i m
ns , aD
pa y A :di gyl co n c c or n

t mo tddi t t
.
,

h wh
ose o are d h i 1 as s on s , are

t
s a c e
p ese

t ll th h a i t f m l I t l w h
h got
no g e ne ra
y pp e
y es o or a s i s on en

t h l t ft h t tf a ll y 1 id
.

e h
as o e se a en or n a o 2 c on s e ra

ibilit t
,

bl h e s f are o y i eg d
s e ns W it d h m n r ar o, an u our,

b t t d tw tt
.

h tm d
.

whi h c se rve s o o h p o e ra e an os e e en e as

i
s on , th t it b t a m d i c an y d ge er i b l e n an e re e s oc a e or

b l It h th b ft m k d f d
t
a e
a een o e n re o ve r rou
a re e a
g e.
yp r

p th
e rson s , t th y d i d ia t l gh e h i k gis than t it o au as n n a

t t t t t
,

d f
e ro a e s
g m h i d ig roi y de l l e rh m m nh an ve s e oo uc

ht i t t
.

wit
,

h mm h d
e co Th m on p p er l h e e rr es eo e , on e

ty t tp t d f b i g h ght
.

c on rar h l are e e as y s us d ec e o e n au an

tmpt p pl Th mp y f t
,

c on e uous eo h f m
e. i e co an o e or er s

g ll
e n e ra
y m ch tas d th
u t f th l t t
c our e h u as a o e a er 1 8 s n

ne d T f l th i l b t
o re e r ourse ve s i o s uc un ve rsa o se rva on s ,

i t pp l t t
.

s o a h m
ea m o n o f me co k i d H w on s e se an n o

h h ight th
.

a dmi b ly t ra 18 f p id e d rg e o r e an ar o anc e ouc

e d th h
in twhi h C m gi f Q m l
e c arac e r c sar
u
ve s o .
ass s

He loves n o pla s
y
t
A s hou dos tA ty 5 h
, n on e hears no music ,
Cbap IV . . R H E T O R IC . s t
Hobbes
’
s ac c oun tfl o t
augh er ex amined:

S e ldom he smil es , an d smile s in s uc h a sor

, t
A s ifhe moc k d him s elf, ’
an d sc orn d his Sp iri
’
t
t tmil t t
,

1 ha
'
c oul d be mov d ’
os e a an
y h in
g

I should no th ave b e en so p t
ar ic ular in t
h t t
i
e re fu a on

oft
h E gli h p hil
e
p h n
g s oso
’
er s s y tm i s e n re ar dtl gho au

t h d I t id d
e r, a ful di ne c ons e re a c are sc uss on i f t
hi o s

q t i
ue s ft h b t m
on , as on e o fd l pi g e es e an s o e ve o n so me
oft
h di l p i ipl
e ra ft
hi i q ui y ca r nc es o s n r .

C HA P . IV .

Of be t re la t
i wb on
'

zc b E loquenc e bears tL g i
o o c and t o

Grammar .

1s t t hm
c on e mp la in g t u th m t a u an c re a re , e os na

t l di i i ft
ura h bj t
v s on o i th mm di i i i
e su ec s e co on v s on n

t l d b dy i tt
o sou an h li i g p i ipl
o fp
or n o e vn r nc e o er

t t t t t t
,

ce
p i d
on an f i d h y o acm f m i l
on , an a s s e o a er a or

gan s , b y w h i h t
h th i i
c f m t
i f m
e o e r re c e ve s n or a on ro

wit h t d i
ou bl d t
a titp w b t s ena hf e o ex e r s o e rs , o or

itw b fit d f t h tf t
n
,

s o n e ne h p i an A l or a o e S ec es . na o

gous t thi oth tw this,g i y d i

e re are o n s n e ve r sc ours e

whi h p i ip lly l im
c r nc ttt i a th c a d our a en on , e se n se an

th e exp i 5 i
re ss on th w d th th h
or,
g t d n o er or s , e ou an

th ymb l by whi h it mm i t
,

e s i
o d Th m y
c s co un c a e e se a

id t tittt dt
.

be sa h
o c on sl h b dy f u e e sou an e o o an ora

ti
on , or ni d d f Wh t i ig ifi d t t ee o h by a e ve r s s n e o an o er

h ft it t
t
,

l g g
an ua e F i m . h
or, as n an , e ac o e s e c on s ue n

Shake sp e are J ulius C e s ar

’

s .

VO L I . . F
 T m : P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

0! he t rela t
i
onw hic h eloquen ce s -
t
bear o logi c an d o tg ra m mar .

p ath t
r s h it di ti t
a i tt ib t d s th p fs nc ve a r u e s, an as e er e c

t ft h l tt i tt h i itfit f
'

i on o e a e r c on s s e i g n s n e ss or s erv n
t
h p p e ft h f m
ur oses o it i p ht
i ly wit h e or e r, s o s re c s e os e

t
w i l p tf
t
o e sse n
y p ah th d th
ar s o e ve r s ee c e se nse an e

t t t t t
,

exp io N
res sw i i byn h h h oi h ld s e sen se a r e or c o s

t t
.

f l gi
o od by tc, h p ani h h h Id f e ex ress on a s e O s o

T1 1 1 1: sole tim t d f l gi i t
an d ul h i ti
a e en o o c, s e ev c on

o ftt h ru imp tt d f l q on e t
or an
; h g h en o e o ue n c e ou as

t t
1

t t t
, ,

app f m
e ars h fi ro h p i h
e h rs l c a e r, n e er e so e , n or

alw y t h a slt im ti t h
e u i t i ft
a e, h h s e c on v c on o e e are rs

t t
.

P l gi
ure g o d ly
c re h bj w
ar s on h i h i m i e su ec c s ex a n

d l ly f t k fi f m t T t
,

e so e h or i e sa he o ch n or a on ru as s u

i t im f t t
.
, ,

s h p p e ro er a h mi El q o e ex a n er o ue n c e no

t bj t b tl t
.

on ly id h
c on s e rs h e su
p k ec d u a so e s ea e r an

th h t db t ht bj t d t
, .

e e a e rs , h an h p k
o f e su ec an e s ea er or

th k fth h
e sa e o th {f t
e h k
eare rs, or raf t h er
-
or e sa e o e

eff t i td d tb p d
ec n en di t
e h m N wt
o e ro uc e n e o o c on

t i lw y it d byt t
.

Vi nc eh h e h p p
e are rs , s a h a se er ro ose e ora or

as hi dis endd i gt h m
n a
pp d t
re ss n m p y e ors u ose o ac co an

t mpli hm t d O ft tfdi
,

h e ac c o fhi s h fi en o s en e ve sor s o s

m t d t ly t
.

b
c ourse s a ove i h en w wh i
on e e re are on o e re n

t t i t h td
,

h
c on v1 c 1 on 1 3 wd p p e O avo e ur ose ne s a a

d tt h u d tdi g i whi h t
.

d re ss e o e h p k
n e rs an n n c e s ea er

t t t t
,

p p ro oseh p m p i
o i d i b l
rove s oi d d eb os on s e e ve or ou

ed by t h h ; t h
e th t
e arersh t w hi h l
e o la er 1 8 a c 1 8 c a cu r
edt i fl o n t h willue nc e d p d t e ti an e rs ua e o a c er a n

d t t t t t t
,

c on ; f
uc i i b y i ori g h j g
s d m h
c onv n c n e u en a

tht i tt t dfi t
,

h p p
e ro os e h p i o n e re s h e ass on s, an x e re so

sol ti u on A t . th t h th ki d
s o f di
e u ree o er n s o sc o rse s
Chap IV . . R H E T O R IC .
3

O f he t l t whi h
re a ion
s c eloquence bears tl gi
o o c and tg o rammar .

enume ra e d, t whic h addres s t

h e t
un de rs an dingth e

t
t i t t t
.

imagina ion h p i an d e ass on s , c on v c i h gh on , ou no

t t t t
,

h e en d g h ou m p e ve r o ac c o an y h m p li h e ac c o s

m tf t It
,

en h o d i e en f m lly p p d ; ne ve r or a ro ose as an

t tup p d tb p i
.

en d wh h e re e re are n o s ose o e re v ous

d bt t q B t wh du t tt
,

ou s or e rrors o c on ue r i u en e a en on

t t t t
.

i s no p i d i ba
y p p o m g m f t h a b ro e r an a e en o e su

t t t
,

j es d u b d i
o b li f s, d m i k Ws 1 1 b e i e d b y an s a e, 1 e ra se

t itlf wh t
, ,

h di
e sc ours e h w se b f d e re e re e re n on e e ore , an

t will t f il t b t t t d wh t
,

h e se no h p k a o o s ruc e s ea e r s en
’
a

it t
,

e ve r b I e
p l y d i n w
ex h i h f
an a or s c ourse s, c are o
ll ki d t h im pl t t ti p i i f
.

a n s he s i es e re s a cer a n re c s on o

whi h ght tp d t
,

m ann e r c h wh l
ou d whi h o e rva e e o e , an c

t t i t h f m f gum t tt
,

h gh
ou no n i e or h l o ar en s no e e ss

ti f ty i it i i t l
,

sa s ac or s nc e id l gc arr es n e rn a ev e n ce a on

wit h it I h t t
,

g p
n h i aran
p gy i l i
ue s a e c or an e rca n or

d t h t t t
.
,

er h h a m yb m
e d
eare rs p l d i i a e ove or e ase s

t q tim p t h m wit h t
,

o fg re a c on se ue n c e h b li f o re ss e e e e

o ft h lit
e re a
y f th bj t No y n i t h
e su p ec a e ve n ose er

tt t t
.
,

f m or wh
an c e s h i g de re h i drui id l n re ar o e n v ua

f t l t it t t
,

ac s d i
re a e h gh s p ne d ie r s ou n or e x ec e as n

tfp t t t t
, ,

so m e sor s o y d i m oe r h ill i an n ro an c e , ru s s an

bj t tt h mi d t l tt
,

o ec o h g e h n
g d i g h e e ne ra ru s re ar n c a

tm d i id t Wh t
,

re e e r, ann e rs , an h p nc en s en e se are re

t t t
.

s rve
e d h p i m y eb j y tl d
ec e m i d a e us eno na e rue , c on

t t
,

sid d
e re p i f
as a lif ; h gch f l
ure o i d d e ou a s e , c ons e re as a

narra ti fp t
ve o i l t A dar c u ar eve n s th n e ve n e se un

t tm t tf itftt it
.

rue e ve n s b us h db
e c oun e r e s o ru an e ar s

t
,

image ; for in c ase s whe re in he p ropose d e n d c an b e

re nde re d c on sis e n wi h un b e lie f, i c an n tt t
o b e re n t t
F 2
 84 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook ]:

t lt
O f he i whi h l q
re a on c e o uen c e bears tl gi
o o c and o tg ra mmar .

de re d t t
co t Th i d
mp a ible wi h in c redibili y
'

us , n or e r

tt i fy t h mi d i m t tt
.

o sa s e h n di n y os c as e s , ru an n e ver

wh t t f tt h m t
, ,

c as e , b h a m bl e ars b p e se anc e o ru us e re

td tit Thi h ld q lly wh t b t

,

se n e o s h o s e ua a e ve r e e

d im f t
.
,

d l e c are h pa k I od ly ed d s ea e r n ee s c arc e a

th t tp t t t
.

t
,

a o p i l
rove a p i i i f i
ar c u ar ll y on s o e n oc c as on a

t t
,

i
n e c e s s ar
y y f di
n e ve r ub d isor o sc ours e , as a s or na e

tt m tf t
,

end d i
c on h d
uc ve o h p i ip l e a van c e en o e rn c a

If t it i t f l gi t i th tt
.

h en h b i s e us n e ss o h o c o ev n c e e ru

t i dit t
,

o c on v nc e an au y w h i h i h p i f orl c s e rov n c e o e o

t t t t
,

q i b
uen c e , p i
s l pp li
u a i f h l i i
ar c u ar a
g ca on o e o c an s
’

art A l gi t h f s f g
o ct
h m whi h l
e re ore or e s e ar s c e o

t t t t t
.

q ue n c e h h s w
e ac i ld w e m fiu h t
o e e us rs ave e

tt th tb i g m d q i t
,

h f m d
‘

c ours e o e or e r, a e n a e ac ua n e

withth m t
,

i l f whi h h w p
e a er a s o d m c er e a ons an ar our

are lly m d w m y k w t
se ve ra h i a e,
p ti e a no e r re s ec ve

t gt
s ren h dt mp an d wh e d h w er,h i t an en an o e ac s o
be use d .

Now ifi be by t
he s e n se t th di or soul of e sc ourse

th t h t t tft
,

a i h ld f l gi
r e or c h o hi ki g
s o d o c, or e ar o n n an

i g it
re ason n i by t h p i s b dy f t h di e ex re ss on or o o e s

th t t tf o
,

c ourse , h h ld f g mm a s e h o s o ra ar, or e ar o c n

ve i
y g u n th g ht
o r i th w d
ou f p t
i s,l l n e or s o a ar c u ar an

g g u
a e T h b t i f e l
o s e rva on
gy t lly o
'

on e ana o n a ura

t t t
.

su gg h
e s s ano A he l i erf h ly t s sou s o e ave n

t
ex rac .

dt t t
.

i on , anh b dy f hly e ho ft oh di e ar so e s en s e o e s

t t t i t
,

gh
c ours e ou h i o h i i bl
ave s s ourc e n e n var a e na

t f tt
ure o h d ightru ; w h an th p r i e reas e ex re ss on c an

d i it
e r ve gy l f
s e ner
y m th b it y on t
i ro e ar rar c on ve n on s
ofm en , sourc e s lik t h wid ly diff
as un e, or ra e r as e e
Gbap I V . . R H E T O R IC . as

t
O f he t whi h
re la ion c eloquen c e b ears tl gi
o o c an d tg
o ra mmar .

re nt t h b as t
h ft h A lmight
e re a
y d t ho d t f e an e us o

t t
,

h e he ar I ey gi f t
n h gl b
ev r w m y re on o e o e, e a

th t t
.

soon di s c ove r,
p p l f l d g au m u h
eo m h e ee an ar e c e

sam m e b ut
an n e r,th p h f t i i e q ui
s t ee c o on e n a on s e

u i t
n n elligib l t th e Th tf t
o an o h l gi i er i e ar o e o c an s

l t tf t
.

ac c or di gly i n m i n so h e se n s e ,h un ve rsa e ar o e

t
, ,

g mm
ra i iar anlw y p i ls a d l l
a s T h l
ar c u ar an oc a e ru e s

f g m t t l id d w b y A i t t
.

o ar u i en a on l i hi A
a o n rs o e, n s n a.

lyti c s, f are om h f t as h di uc y f t t
us e h or e sc ove r o ru

i B it
n i
r a n or n i C hi th yw i G n a, ; b
as t e e re n ree c e u

Pi i ul f i fl t i d t u t i
’
r s c an s r es o n ec on an c on s r c on , c an as

it i l
s s us n i g l g g b ut
e arn n L t i
no I p an ua e a n n ro

t t t t
.

p i re
y h b
e re c ann oh hi g i
e s ucl a n as an un ve rs a

g m
ra m l
ar, th wun e ss h t h i g ere ie re suc a n as an un

vers a ll g g an T h tm h t
ua e h m t im ei d d er a so e es , n ee

t t t t
.
, ,

b een
pp lia d ll e i f bo a c o ec i h on o o se rva on s on e

simil l gi
ar an a o th t h b di
es d i
a ll
ave ee n sc ove re n a

tg
on i td m d
ue s , an c en k w tt an h t ho e rn , no n o e au ors

f u h
o s c ll t i
c o ec I d t m t i
on s thi lib t y nio no en on s er

t ft h tm wit i wt it I t
.

h e us e o h e er u h a v e o c e ns re n e

t t t
.

app li i ca f h
on o i l l d w
ec d
n ca n u h orr e arn e or s, a a o

h t hg
a t p t h
re a e r s c o e , i t h pp li ti f th
an n e a ca on o os e

whi h c i mo
are f qu t n u d ire ly t
re h en se , an s on en

th ught u bl
o wh h
c ens
p
ra e th h i
e, m lf t enb e ex os se o e

td B titi tmy p p tb
'

mi d
s un e rs oo u s o ur ose o o se rve ,

th t ll t t
,

a h
as s uc i h
c o ec
y e k w l d f
on s c on ve
g no e e o no

tgu wh t t
on e h m g mm
a e ver, wh e pp li
na e d e ra ar, en a

tt q uitdiff t f m t h t
.

o h m i u di
e s se n a sen se e e re n ro a

whi h it i t t t
,

c h h mmas n p i e co
p h p a on ac c e a on er a s s

diff tt
e re n h gh t h bj t b l gu g
ou wh it
e su ec e an a e , as en

t t
,

IS a pp li d e y m f o a s
g g p y h s e o e o ra .
 tP H IL O S O P HY B eck i
"

86 Tu : or .

t
O f he t whi h
re la ion c eloq uence b ean tl gi
o o c and t
o g un m an

N wt
he g mm t
o i l tt t t
npl t
i i ra a ca ar
C

ha h i s co e on n

syn ax ; t t
h o ti e ra or c al, as t far as he body or e x p res

sion is conc e rn ed , in t
sl Sy t n ax re gards only the
t
y e

t t t
.

c om posi ion of man w ords in o on e se n e nce s yl e,

y
at th m t im t h titt td t th i g d fu re ar s r

t
e sa e e a a en s o s,

h t
h
er, omp it i of m
e c
y t
os i ton d i an s en en c es n o one s

u
c o rse N i t hi th ly
or s diff n ; th
s g m e on e re ce e ra

wit t t t t t
.

m i ar an , h ep t wh h w
r s ec o h i n o a e ar s ave

C mmo t h t
on ,u t f e t s qui o ly
s r c ure o se n e nc e re re s n

t t t t tt t
,

p u i y;r ha i h h w d
s, m l
p y d ab l g o e or s e o e e on

th l g g
e dth t
an ua e , an th yb o t u d i t h ma e e c ns r e n e an

n e r, d and i th i i
us e
g fi ti nwhi h to
e sm h t h n c a on, c c us a

re n de re d n e c essary for c on veying het Th se nse e 0

t t t t t
.

ra or re uire s als oq be au d g h Th
an high s re n e es

t;
y
t h l w t
t mm f th l t
.

aim of h f e ormer, is e o es o e a er

where gram mar en ds ,

elo uenc e
q b egins .

t tt
THU S he grammarian s de par men hears much he t ’

sam l t i tt
e re a onh t whi h t o h tf t e h ora or s ,
’
c e ar o e

m b tt h t fth hit t Th i h w o
’

ason ears o a o e arc ec e re s,

t
h t ot
.

difi e w ll d i
'

e ve r, one v
e r n Ce , u a e ese r e s o r n ce.

A i s hitt u
n arc it i t ec y th
re t h wh o d s no n ec essar a e e

sig h ld
n s , s ou thi w pl he may b
ex ec u e s o n an s , e an

ll tt
ex c e it i t
en hi W y w
ar s h w ld h dl V y
n s a o ou an e er

a kw dly t d t h t But it
,

u h hamm
ar e ow l i er an e r e s a

lik i umb t o t t td ig d t
.

e nc h en n o e ora or, o es n an ex e

c ut He m u t th ef b m st f t
h l ere ore
g g e as er o e an ua e

w it d m t t
.

h p k
e s ea s or b p bl
r es , anf d d i g us e ca a e o a n o

t t t t t
,

g am
r m i p i y h
a c highur q li i f l i ose er ua es o e oc u on ,

t
,

Whic h will render his disc ourse grac e ful an d energe ic .

88 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

S ec tI
. . O fin ui ive tt evide nc e.

t
hi ki s nd is he t e vide nc e of t
h e se o
p p
r osi t
i on s , O ne
an d four m ake five Thin gs e q ual tth o e sa me
t t t
.

hi g n are e q ual o on e ano h er The Whole is

t t t
.
,

g h
re a e r
p ; an a ar an d, in b rief, all ax iom s in
ar ithm ti d g m t e
y c an eo t b t e r The se are in fe c
ef u so

t p it t
.

m y diff
an i e re n f u w g ex
r l
os i on s o o r o n ene a no on s ,

tk i diff ti w S m f t
a en n e re n h m ve th s o e o e are n o o er

t t t t t
.

h d
an fi i i e q ni l d fi i i
on s , or e u va e n T y o e n on s o sa

i ly t t
.
,

”
O nd f m k fi
ne a i p
our h a e m ve , s re c se e sa e as o

sa y W g th m e fi i vet dd d t
e na f
”
e ve o on e a e o our

I f t t t t t
.
,

n h y
ac ll i m
e are a
p d ibl hi
n so e re s ec re uc e o s

Wh t i i ty t
, , ,
”
ax oi m Id a e ve r s , h y d s o no sa e are e

d f m it f t h t
t
.
, ,

d uc e h yhro i lik m or e ave n e an n er a

di t whi h m k t
,

na l an i i id n r ns c ev h m e nc e , c a es e as soon

th t d td t i di t it
,

as m e er s areb p un e rs oo i o e e rc e ve n u ve

A d if t t t
,

ly hy n h p ie d d d
are n o us e rc e ve no e uc

t t t
.
,

i on o f will re ason f h m y d di i l
e ve r c on e r on e an a ona

ev id N y i p i t
ence ft im t
a h di n
y f thon o e, e s c ove r o e

t t t t t t
.
,

l e ss g l u h h
e n e ra h p i
r i y f sm h i
as e r or no ro e r su

t t t t t
,

p i i
e r or e vd b l ly f m
en c e ,hi idu i so e h ro s c on s e ra on , a
t h l e g l
e ss
r en e
b j t
a aref p p t
i t u
s oon e r o ec s o e rc e on o s,

t h tl p g
e na ft
ura h mi d i t h
ro re ss q i it i o f e n n e ac us on o

it id
s b i gf m p t
e as , i l t
e n hi g t i ro l ar c u ar n s o un ve rs a n o

ti d
on s , an t i ly B t
no I f fi m t h t
n ve rse th gh . u a r , a , ou

or tg t h wit
im agine d, ht h ll d g o e l t er b tt ose c a e en era n o 1 on s, or a s rac

It ly th l t
.

id i
e as . fthe ki d whi h
s on id d
e
p as o se n s c are c on s e re as e

culi ly t
h obj tft
ar h u d tdi g
e d whi h t
ec h fo e n ers an n an c e re ore , re

t di t
, ,

q iu re b i g i h d by p
o e li ms O b u it
n us e
y i i g
a ec u ar n a e. sc r ar s n

f m ro u mm w d i
an ily u m u t
nc o d wh
on mbig it or
y ,
s e as s r o n e , e re as a u

ot
,

by mi l di g u w
s ea
e w n f u ds,u i er ft h e are a are , c on o n s o r n on o

tlt
e

sub j ec
g t
h a o e er
Gb ap V . . R H E T O R IC . 89

Ma h m t
t i l
e a c a ax io ms .

no t
d d e tt i m t
uc e dh ym yb from ha
id ax o e a e c on s er

t t t t
,

ed p asi l mp lifi i f i
ar c u ar ex e d i id ca on s o an co n c en

with it t ll im pli d i t hi t h t
,

i m h h y n as uc as e are a e n s, a

t
h p p t d d q t
,

e i f
ro er l id
es o b our c e ar an a e ua e e as c an e

no o th t h wh tth mi d l
er ly p ani t h m a e n c e ar erc e ve s e

tb o e .

B U T , in tp t mi t
orde r o k it will b m re ven s a es , e e c es

sary fu th t ill
r t ter thi bj o t It m igh
us ra et b s su ec e

th ghtt h t t t
.

ou if i m w a
p p i i ax o
p f ly s e re ro os on s e r ec

id t i l it w ld b imp ibl t d tp by
,

en ca ou e oss e o a van c e a s e

t b y d t fi t
, ,

h i m e r e an s ,h im pl id e on
p i d e s e e as rs e rc e ve

by t h mi d e A d it m t
n b w d if t n h p di us e o ne e re

tft hi g b t p t it
.

h p p it t
, ,

ca e o i w
e ro os i
on e re n o n u a re e on

ft h bj t d t
e su h m t d
un e ri th m
t
o ec
p e sa e as ec an n e sa e

t
, ,

or sy i m n on m ous i b l der
g l d
s , n o c on c e va e a van a e c ou

b m d
e f it f t
a e o h f t h f k wl dg
or e Ofur e ran c e o no e e.

s uch p p oit i ro th f i t
s on s as S e se or n s an c e , e ve n are

ight ight d t dd d t l
”
s e ve n , e are e an en a e o e e

q l tt dd d t l it
,

”
ve n , are e ua o i m i en a e o e e ve n , s an

f tt
es h t w ld
a il e l
c ou f t h im n e ve r ava ours e ve s or e

t t t
,

p m
rove f i en N do h h g
s c en c e f h or oe s e c an e o e

tm m k y lt t i p i tf t ilit
.

er a e an i a y T
era on h n on o u e

t t t
.

”
p p i i
ro os T w l on s , d w e vey are a oz e n , en are a
”
s c ore ,l id d li
un e ss c on s
p t i f th w de re as e x ca on s o e or s

d d
oz en an q lly i ig ifi t
s c ore, are e wit ht h f ua ns n c an e or

m erB t wh t h t hi g t
u h gh i en ff ti id e n ou n e ec c o nc

t p t wh
.
,

i g i
n id s d d
c on s dif f e re un e r a e re n as ec en

wh t i i gl i t bj t i di id d i t
,

a h
s s n e n h p di
e su ec s v e n e re

t d wh wh t wh l i t
,

c a e , an ly c on ve rse i h or en a s a oe n e

oe i
n g ,
d ds re p t f
ar e m thi g las a th ar o so e n e se 1 1 1 e o
 90 T ue P H IL O S O P H Y or B oa r .

Se c tI
. .

t
h er ; suc h o
p p
r os i ion s t tt
h di
lead y f in u o e sc ove r o n

me rable and a
p p are n t
ly m t l ti
re O d o e re a on s ne a

tf m y b t h t
t
.
,

de d o our a e ac c oun e d h d fi i no o er an a e n

t
i ft
h w dfi
on o e or ve , as was re marke d above . Bu t
whe n I tt h
s ay,
q l t Two
fi adde d o ree are e ua o ve ,
”

I d tt h whi h t
a van c e a h gh q lly l ru i q uit c ou e ua c e ar, s e

di ti t f m t
, ,

s h p
nc di g Th ro if h ld fle re c e n us , on e s ou a

Twi fift m k t hi t
.

”
fim r y d ce
g i T hi ee n a e r an a a n, r

t dd d t t m k t hi t
, ,

”
e en a
ye b d
o se ve n e en
y a e r no o

w uld p td t h th h d p t d t
,

o re e n h m p p a e a re ea e e sa e ro o

it
is i th w d
on Th
n o ti ly imil
er or s e c as e s are en re s ar.

I b t h t m t hi g i p di t
.

n h o d f id e sa whi h e n s re ca e o e as c

t tF m t
, ,

difl w
'

k a en lly seve ra h g i are ere n ro e se a a n e

uItt q t dd d t
.
,

s h io O er e fouua on s , as , ne a e o r are e

q l t tw uadd d t th
”
o d t w i o afif t e o ree , an ce e en are

q l tt
e hi t dd d t
ua o t'
”
r ee n a e o se ve n ee n .

t t
Now i is b y he aid of suc h sim m d l m t e an c e en a

t tt t t t t
,

r yp i ip l r nch h i h m es,i i d h
a l g b i
e ar e c an an e a e ra s

t t t t
t
p d
roc e e h m iohi g d i e i . os N as on s n sc ove r e s or are

t h p t e O i fth g m t
e ra i i
on s o t difl t e eo e r c an e sse n
‘

e ren

t t t
.

By y f w
a ver p y m de p s e i h s ou are a e o erc e ve e 0

q lit
ua y th th i id
or ra f t h
er m f th
e c o nc e nc e o e su o e

t t t
,

w l
o an
g f m d b y e s, ig h li
or f ll
e i g on e s ra ne a n on a.

no t
h wit h t
e r,w ight gl By p o r q ll y an e s. a oc es s e ua
r

p l i y
a n, b ug h tt d
ou arei fi t t
roh t if o sc ove r, rs a on e

f t d t t l gl will
,

sid e o i gl b p d a r anh e e ro uce e ex ern a an e

q l tb t hth i t l d pp it gl
,

b e e ua o o e d n e rna an o os e an es , an

th t h t
en , ll th gl a f t
a i g l e an q l t tw es o a r an e are e ua o o

rightgl S m h fi t
an h
es . tu o d ft
uc h or e na re an use o e
 C b ai R HE T O R IC .
'

.
9 1

P ar II t .

fi rs t uit
k i d of i t i n n ve evidence , re sul in g from t p ure in .

re e c fl tio n .

P A R T II a a Comr
s rnerr.

T m : nex t
ki nd is ha
‘

tt
whi h c arise t
hf m ro c onsc iou

nes r. He n c e e very man de rives h p f t

t e e r ec ass uran c e

h t
t h b t
ah fhi e a t N i h ly i
o s o wn e x is e n c e . or s e on n

thi w y s d t
a h t h i tb t
as s ure th t h t hi k a e ex s s , u a e n s,

th t a h f l t h te h t h t
ee s, h b a dt h lik
e s e es , a e e ars, an e e.

H e n cehi b lut t i tsy i

a so g d t t he lit
cer a n
y n re ar o e re a

t t
,

o fhi i
s s e n sa dp i d f
on s an y h i g W h as s on s , an o e ve r n ose

e ss e nc e i ti b i g p c on s s s i d N d n t hi
e n e rc e ve or oe s

t
s

ki d f i t it t t t
.

n io g d n ly h u u h
on re f h ig i
ar l on e r o e or na

f li g
ee n im p i
s or b t l m y ft h j dgm t
re s s on s , u a so an o e u en s

t h t f m d by t
a are h mi dor mp i g t
e h e n on c o ar n e s e on e

wit t Th t h j dgm t
,

w d ily d h
ly t
h h an o er us e u en s e a an our

di p it
.

bm i g mbl i i i anc es or
‘

r c onc ern n re se s ar es n v

ibl bj t i i t hi g t t
,

s eo e c s , or s ze ngi bl wh h ndd n s a e, ere e o s

is c ons id bl d k e ra light t e,i ti l

ar e r or er n s n c o ours ,

t g w k tt m il
s ron e r or e a erll lf id t as e s or s e s , are a se ev en

t It i f m t
-

an d di bl s covera h e a m p i onc e s ro e sa e rn

t h t t
.

c ipi c, i g d a u l n we j g
u dre ar i f lli b ly o o rse ves e n a

i g t
c on c e rn n h f li g wh t h pl e t p i fl
ee n s, e er e asan or an u

f m wh t ll d t h i t l
,

whi h w d i c e e r ve ro a are ca e e n e rn a

sen se s , d p an i gb t d f m
ron ounc e c on c e rn n
y i e au or e or

t
a

y h m yaro d i d th
on l g tr t h id i
s c or l e e e an or e r c u ous

b t thi ki d f i t uit dt
, , .

T h d iffe w e re n ce ei h
e en s n o n on an e

f m
or will pp
e r, th li ght tfl t
a ie ar on Th e s es re ec on e

ly b t t t t
.

f m
or e r c on c e rn s on i id p ia s rac no on s or e as , ar

c ul lyari g d t um b
n re d t ar i thon b j t e r an ex en s on , e o ec s
9 2 THE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook l .

S ec tI .
O fin ui i ve tt eviden ce .

p ure t
l
hy of t th l t t
e un de rs andin
g e a e r c on c e rns on

ly t
h it ft h m i d it
e ex s en c e o lf d it t u l f l e n se an s ac a ee

f t t
,

i g im p
n s, i f i l
re s s on s or a e c
p p i h on s , e as ure s or a ns, e

imm di t bj tfe a e su t ki g t h tw di t
ec s o h se ns e , a n a or n e

l g t
ar e s p t ti T h f
ac c e m g i i
a on t th e or er ve s r se o ose

l tt h fi t
.

u i n ve rs a
p i ip l
ru i m w
s,hi h rsr r nc es or ax o s, c se ve

as th f d t i e f b t ti
oun a wh on o th l t a s rac sc e n c e e re as e a

tt
e r,h gh b l t ouly ti lt th i di id l y t
a so u e e sse n a o e n v ua e

it ly g d p t t
, ,

as on i l p re
p i w
ar s hi h p ar c u ar e rc e on s , c re re

s ent di t i t no
g p s i f ncb j t th j gd
e n us or s
u ec es o o ec s , e

m t lt i gt
e n s re s u h t f m n
yg l i
en c e c an n o
p or an e n era os

ti twhi h h i f
on s o i g m yb f td
c a c an o re ason n a e as en e

t tf t t
,

an d q ly
c on s e hue n u f i m are no o e na re o ax o s,

tho gh b t
u h imil d qu l i
o
p s t f i d ar an e a n re s ec o ev en c e .

P AR T Som e .

THE thi d t h t
i t whi h
r sor s a c arise t
hf rom wha ha h tt
tm d p p ly gh
.

been er e ro e r e n ou , co mmon s om e as be

tm g t
The firs h m d m wh tk a on ti e ft hi p i i
o e s o oo no ce o s r nc ~

p l f
e as on e oth g i p i g ef k w l
e nu n e s dg w B rnfi
f s o our no e e, as u e r, a

F h phil
ren c
p h f th os o
p t t
er oy i b ke i
’

t
itl d T
re sen it ! c en ur , n a oo n e ra
’
oe rp m ie re re s w h t m m on ed g f t
o, o an un c o on e re e o ac u e

n e ssi m t t f b tt
n a i
e rs dd d t
o h t lidit
a s rac
y f j gd m
on , t a e a so o u en

whi h h tc hp td i him wh t
a re ven e h dp dt nh w k fm y ,
a a rove e re c o an

g t
re a m i p
nahil h
es
p y h i n d t di
oso
g b m i g t h d p f
s un e rs an n ec o n e u e o

t
,

hi i g
s n it
y T h
en u i d t i . h th l ly is w
oc r ne
g ty b a a e ,
n our u c oun r e en

t t t t
,

se i t hn l li h d
e c e are s
g pp d b y i i i
,bal
n f f su
gu or e nv n c e orc e o ar

m t en b t w, yy b l w it
o ve r i th i
a e f m Dr R id
e rs i n e sc en c e o an, r e ,
n

hi I q i y m t b b
s n u r
r m mm o I o d D B t t
a iui i hi E y a,
’
an r ea e, n s ssa on

th mm t
e z
’

ol g o fu a z z i
l
'

l b g l'
t V m al k i .th i p l v
th et e ave o re ar n s ac e , a ,

t h gh ou
Cha p V . . R H ET O R IC .

t
P ar 1 1 1 . C ommon sense.

ing an original s ourc e of knowledge c om tll

mon oa

mankin d . I own , in dee d, h t

t af
i dif n e re n t
p it e rs ons

th gh f di t
ou i t i k I h tm m
t
or s i
nc m ’
on s s a e , use e er ro an re us e n a ore

limit d ig ifi t
e i t h ith
s ft
h t hn l tm t
ca i d t
onh an e er o e au ors as en on e ere

t
,

a pp t b
e ars l d ifi m m i o im t f th
e no re a t hi g i t e e n our sen en s o e n

se lf I m tig tth thi d t

t a i h b no l t ly t tk noran a s oc r ne as e en a e a ac

m t t di
.

e d by D P i t ly i r
y m r es m whi h
n a os ex raor n ar ann e r, a an n e r c

no m wh h an y g d t t
h m i
ot h f E gl i
as anh m re ar o e na e e er o n s e n, or

ofphil os ophe r, ttd i t

will e ve r hi de sire
y t h ,
t o see imi a e ,
n s or an o er

u t
co n r y I h d th p f m b
ave re a u t h t b e b l t
e r or an c e , ave no ee n a e o

t t tt h p i ip l p i t
.

di h
s c ove r ut h im ntie a l t i or s
’
s en e s n re a on o e r nc a on

i di p ut H
n s
y p e. ly [ E m i
e sa st i f Dex R id
re ssI q u i ,
x a na on o r e
’
s n

y
r , & p c H. d t
h . w it ” M i u a R id B t
e se ti r e rs , e ss e rs e ea e,

l m tf t
,

an d O w ld s m d a th ass u hi e mm as e e e en s o e r co on s e ns e

ti tt ld d btf
, , ,

c er a n h whi h p l
rui t
h s t mc are s o a n, a no an c ou ou o

th m (wit e h ut ti g i tt h g u d f o en e r n t tt h m)
n o e ro n o our as se n o e

li bl t y lit
,

th i d t
e r w ul d h c on b uc o t l bj t i
ave
” e en a e o ve r e o ec on .

A d i
n tt hi t
s h no
y th i g w hi h t
s h e w it ve r h d Q n c e se r e rs ave one

Wh t h m a t ig ify by t
e h p
e an s t h i o s (wn it h u t t i g e aren e s s, o en er n

i tt h g u d f u
n o e ttt ro n h m ) it ” o i t y tg
o r as sen o e s no e as o ue ss.

By g u d f
a ro nt t y p p it o i i
as s en mm ly o an d td ro os on , s co on un e rs oo ,

a re ason or ar u
g m t i pp t f it N wen b y h i w
n su hyp t h
or o . o s o n o e

i ~t
,

s s h tt h
e re are
p l i t h t m ru d
s so b t f th
a n,m I f a no an c an ou o e

wh t
.

s o,
g u d af t b y d
ro n t h i w o p l i
as s e n
g h tw e t on e r o n a nn e s s ou e o

s eek wh t b id s t hi a w h p tfi d
es e s wh t
c anb t t e e v er o e o n or a e er

ut
,

d b gi
re ason n e e f d mi t
s i g e ht
ven h t h di t
or tf
en o na n s uc r s, e c a es o

co mm on If m t hi g pl i
s en se uld b f u d tso e n a ne r c o e o n o s e rve as

ev id f y
en c e f t h m 3 th
o t h i an
p l i o t th we ld b d m i t
en s a ne r ru ou e a

td t
e h fi t
as p i ip l e d t h rs th w r nc l d b e, id dan d e o er ou e c on s e re as e

du d b y
ce i g B t t wit h tdi g t
re ason n h mi t
. k i tu h i no s an n e s a e n e n

t n t
s a ce, h g ld t i efp im y t e n e ra ut h would m i u h t
oc r ne o r ar r re an n ur

It m t h t th ugh t du t
.

se eh w s, o h i e ve r, w uld ha o b e r c on c o ave e en

li bl t
a o V y lit
e tl it w uld h er b li bl t m bj t
e, o i ave e en a e o so e o ec on
 94 TH E P H I L O S O P HY or B abb 1 .

S ec t1 . . O f in ui tt
t vo evid e nc e.

p re vails 1 1 ) td g
fe ren
dif e ree s of s r tt
e ng h ; b t hu u no

man c re a t ht
h b
ure a ee n foun d igi lly
or dttlly na an oa

tt ld h b
A ll ha id w uld h
c ou b
ave t h twit ee n s ah ut o ave e en , a o

t
, .

y an i t y th h d
ne c e s s
y m d i t ie i h a i d
a e u an nn ova on n e re c e ve se

t pi i f t
.

t t t
,

f tm o
” a Ih er b t h ave a g l m e h er o n on o e se en e en an o

td f b dmit
.

im gi a th t if t
ne , h t hi g whi h t
a h y e n t d c e c on e n or, e a e

t
,

ti t di p twit b t t
,

h y will e en e r h yp n o a sh u e m ; an e rson a ou e na e

t h gh i my j dgm t
ou n tt hi it
u i t t h yb t
en h wh
e ve n as o s, s no e u e o

i t t
,

t
,

s h i t H p d F
e nnova or. p e d
roc e e
n i d h s, or no e rs on e ver e e a

m t
,

th lf id t
ere are se tt h dt h tevth en b ru m d s, an a ese us e ass u e as

th fu d t m t wit
,

e io f llo n a i g I n o a h yp
our re ason n ne ve r e an e rson

wh did tk wl dg t t
.

o hi
no ac h d f no
y e
g m e ti s, or e ar o an ar u en a ve

tt i t
rea seht did tg up t a h pp iti no f it ” oN w ifon e su os on o o

t hi b t I w uld gl dly k w wh t i t h g t t
.
,

h
s e e c ase , o p i
a h no a s e rea o n e

t t? I itwh t h lf id t tt
,

c on rover s h s , h h ll b d
e er suc se -
ev en ru s s a e e

no mi t d p i ipl
na e f mm r nc b di t
es o i g i h d by m
co on se n se , or e s n us e so e

o t h pp
er all t i ? W it
e w a th on y m w hi l t
as w i t or an an s
’
e o r e an c c

t f 4 pg f t
avo o ne ar h di u i 00 fa es h qu t or i t hi ?
e sc s s on o s uc a es on as s

A d if n h u, u ast h yh e ass id m re s t h s, e
y i ave s a ore an rs n ec e ss ar ,
n

p roof f t t h
o w h i h ah him
ru lf thi k i d i pc t b l e w it se n s n s u a e, as no

m t
h
ore y i
an D P i t l
n ec e ssar
y t m p n l gr r es e o co ose so ar e a vo

t i t h t tm h hdb
,

lum i ed n h w ld t
or e r o c onv n c e e or a oo uc a e en

t t ti tt
,

sa id l dya rea h bj t ? Id on e su hec mi t io o no en er n o e ex a na n

o fhi bj t i
s o t m ft ec h p tons i l o so
p i i p l e o
p o d d e ar c u ar r nc es r uc e as

p i
rm y t t
ar h A tt m
ru p t f ths.i k i d w n ald b f e ig t mo
y s n ou e ore n o

p p
u r os e b id th t t h th
es h es h tt a k d b
e au tt q ors e as a ac e are e er ua

l ifi d f d f di g t hi w d t d bt
,

e or e en i n d e r o will d it
n oc r ne , an no ou o

ift hi k t
, ,

ly bj i t
,

. h yt e h i in I h ll ere s oc c as on . w m k s a on su on o re ar s

on thi b k Th fi t
s oo i t h t
. t h the t h ugh t
rs h wh l
s, a e au or, ro e o e,

fu d t
c on o n w t hi g t s tlly di t i t t
o ni s i t
o ai f id s nc , c e r a n as soc a on s o e as ,

an d t i judgm t
c er a n i plyi g b li f whi h t en s h gh i nr m n e e , c ou n so e , are

t t td wit
,

no i ll n a ; d h, f c ase st an ily ere ore n o h n ec e ss ar c onne c e as

o i t
s c a i A d if on m ly t n t f t so, h i t
e re i i i o ac c oun or e assoc a on , s n

t u t f t
.

n o , o
es se h b li fwit
ac c o n h whi h it or i t td d N y
e e e c s a en e . a ,
C hap . V . R H E T O R IC .

C ommon se nse.

de s i tt f itwh
t u e o o is n o t ac c oun e d a t mons ti er n his
bt t
,

kin d ; for s uc h, dou l e ss , are all idio s an d c han ge

a dm it
ti g hi p l n s tt t e a, { g 8
pa6] ha b
e
y he p rit
nc ip l e of as s oc ia ion ,

t ly t tt tt t
,

no h id
on e e as , bu he c onc omi an bel ie f may be ac c oun e d
fo r, t hi d
e ven t i lid tt
s h d t
oes no in h impug n va Fo ae e oc r e e ns r,

l et h t
.

it be b d t it i
o se rv e thi g t o ig a whi h f ms one n as s n a c ause c ro

t i t p t tt
, ,

h m h im f u
e ec an s tu h gio o r na i ul re , as ven r se o a ar c ar ene
or b li f e de th t hi g tp d
an an o erby whi h t n h u o ro uc e a re as on c e n

d tdi g h b
e rs an n i d
as N w l thi b d
e en c on v n c e t o un e s s s e on e as o

t
.

t h ym t
,

h p in ipl i qu t
e r c i es n b id es d on ,
p im y t t
eh us e c on s e re as r ar ru s

in re s
p t f th
ec d to d i g wehi unh d d
e rs an d th m f nm c n e ve r e uc e e ro

th t it
,

o erut h r d whi h i u ds, an y i llc h m s l n e r a nec ess n a er ora re a

t h m I f ttgi
,

i g of f di g up
son n s, oun n on
y th e n ac o ve an o e r ac

u t i t hm i t fi m i t
.
,

co n of u io ft
o r c on v c ad of o fini g
n o e s o con r ns e c n n

th d t th t t
, ,

e i oc r ne , i ll g m a ti t
h y nm ta b g d
ar u d e n a on e us e re ar e as

p im
r
y tar th t u t
ruh whi h s, or i fr dt h gh ny
s c re ason n e ve r n e rre rou a

m di im f om t
e l h tt
,
r h p io ly p eri d M
ru
y d
s re v ous e rc e ve s e c on re.

m ki t h t th ugh t
.

f m D R id gi
'

ar s, hi a mi o h s ex a n er as , ro r e ven us a

tl g f fi t
,

ca ao ue op i ip l wh
rsi h h d m r nc w thy f te s, h h c e ee s un or o e on

u bl pl
o ra e ig d t hm b h
ac e as wh t
nc hough p p t e
g i e as no e re ro e r o ve

li t ft lf id t tt
,

u s a sh o ose se h whi h by hi w -
ev en u t d ru s c s o n ac c o n an

t
,

th fo d t
,

i hi w
n s o p w d
n ex m re s sb um d or s , i f us e ass e as e un a on o
ll o
a i g H w m h light
”
ur re as on n m ight h b o th w p uc ave ro u on
t
e en n

bj t
.

by t ttP h p w h ld h b
.

h e su h ec e c on ras bl d er a s e s ou ave een e n a e

t tdi m di t i t
,

on h mp i
e co ar son , i o h ts i hi
s c ov e r so e s nc ve c arac er n s

g i
e n u n e axi m wh i h wo l d h
s,
p d c f m t h oud g ave re se rve us ro e an er

o f t b u di g t
co h m wit n htn h i pu i u e Nt hi g i m e r s ro s

id t
on e s . o n s ore
e v then tht i wh tan a
g d m tt n of f t th m t
a e ver re h ar s a er ac a
m t
e e

i l a i m will t w
, ,

a ca x o s Th p u noly fi tt d
ans f l
e r. e se are re e or evo
vni gt h b tt l t
e i
a s rac fq tit T h
re a i b i; fl
on s rt w o uan
y s e f c c o ns
It
.

him l f [p ge
se w uld h
a b bligi g t h d w uld
o ave e en o n en a

t
n o

t t t h t t y if h h d gi
,

h ave
g l y re a ib d c on r u e o s or en c on rove rs e a ven

t t p im f t
,

u s, a l e as , h
a s ec lf id t p i i
en o
p l whi h i ose se ev en r nc es ,

t im t
c n

t
.

t
,

hi s es i ah p l
on , rare
u ul fm l e non i g s ra o ora re ason n .
9 6 THE P HI L O S O P HY or B aok l

Se c t1
. . tt
O fin ui ive evide nc e .

lin gs By m adne ss, a dise ase whic h make s tibl

e rr e

t lt t
h mi d it
.

havoc h f i on e ac u es of m yb
e n a e in a

t b t i ly l t
t
,

gre a m u i e as re , u s n e ve r e n re os .

IT is p ure ly he n c e t h t W d i u u a f e e r ve o r as s ran c e o

tt t
s uc h ru hs as he se Wh t h b gi i g h a e ve r as a e nn n as

u
a c a se . Wh t h i i t h ff tm if t
en e re ds n e e ec a an es a

t
d

j t
usm t f th en l p t
o t t
e seve rai d h ar s o a c e r a n en e re

i i t i t t
,

s llig
n e h en c e Th n f
e c aus e e c ours e o n a ure

will b t m t w t h t it i t
.

h e m e sa e d y;
o orro a s o a or,

h p t Th
-

t h f t will mb l t
-

e u ure re s e i u h e e as ere s s c a

t t m tia b t
. .

hi g n b dy 5 h
as o lor, i
e re are a er s u s an c e s n -o

d p d tf t h mi d ti T h
’
e en en o p e n s c on c e on s e re are

t i t llig t b i g i t
.

oh er n e h en i b id m
e n s n e un ve rse es e e

t t
.

Th l e c e ar re
p i f m y m m
re se n a y i g d
on s o e or n re ar

tp t t i d bitbly t Th
o as e ve n s ,
”
are n u d a rue e s e g an

t t t
.

a g m
re a y m f han m k i d
ore o i i i p ib l
e sa e n s rn oss e

t
,

for an y m b y i an
g t i m i
re as on n
g h il y o ev nce , as e as

b h w W
e s e thi n,p p p l
e re f t hs a di iro e r ac e or e sc us s on

A d it i q lly imp ib l wit h tf ll i t

.

n s e ua oss i e, ou a u c on v c on

o ft h m td e i gl t i t
o a van c e a s n
p h q i iti f e s e n e ac us on o

t t
,

k wl dg i ll i ll h d m ki d ar s a
n
a re
no
p e y e, es ec ag n a n

d t
,

lif d
e , an c on uc .

I th tm ft
A M s en sible ,
h tm dt a so e o e se , o en n ac

tm d ti q i i ft
c us o hi ki d will pp
e tfi t
o n u r es o s n a e ar a rs

t tb p im y p i ipl b t l i f m
,

no o e r ar r nc es, u c on c us on s ro o

t
h p i ipl
er d m ft
rn ch m will b th ght
es t an so e o e e ou o

c o nc ht
i id wit h th ki d f i t
e iti b m e o er n s o n u on a ove en

t
i d Th t
on e h fi t Wh t h t h b gi i g
us e rs a e ve r a a e nn n

h t m yb t h ght ttd t
.
,

h au a c a se , h m a e ou o s an on e sa e
C hap s} . R H E T O R I Cfi ‘
9?
t
P ar 1 1 1 .

t t t t i m I k wl dge
foo ing wi h ma hem a ic al ax o s. ac no e

h ti
t t t t
,

a p i f n id h y on q u l d i i
o ev en c e e are e a an s a

it t t
, .
,

lik im pe ibl i h f
oss i l e n e er ease , or a ra ona c rea ure

twit tN t t
,

o hh ld hi o h l h i diff
s as se n e ve r e e ss , e re s a er

A ll t i m i m t h mt e b ut
.

e nc e i ki d n h n i e ax o s n a e a c s ar

t i t ti p p t b tt
.

h e e n un c a i f i i on s o c er a n ro e r e s n our a s rac

t
i
n o on s , di ti t ly p i d by t h mi d b ut
s nc h e rc e ve e n ave n o

l t t yt hi g wit h t t
,

re a i on h m l
o an d n ou e s e ve s, an c an ne

ve r b m d t eh fdu d t io fa
y e l u i e n a n o an c onc s on c on

c ern ni g etl it wh a i t
a h i m l t
ua e x s e n c e : e re s , n e ax o as
‘

s ec
p i fi d f m the i t f o t hi
ro g w i t iti e ex s en c e o ne n e n u ve

l d t it t
,
f
ly c on c h f
u e h Thi p p i e ex s e nc e o an o er s ro os

t
.

i on , h w f dif
o f m my p p h
e ve r, so i f m ar e rs , a re e n s on , ro

o t h ft h
ers o m d th tI t id id
e sa e or e r, a c an no avo c on s er:

i gt
n h pp it e O ti t ly f l
os b t e asse r on as n o on a se , u c ons

tdi ty ; b t
ra Id
c or tp t d t p l i th u g u d o no re e n o ex an e ro n

o ft hi diff s e re n c e .

t
TH E fai h we g1 ve o me mory may b e hough on t t t
t t
,

a sup e rfic ial Vie w o b e re solve able in o c on sc iousne s s ,

tt tt t
,

as we ll as ha we give o he imm edia e i mp re ssion s

of se nse B t u on a t
lit
l tt
t i en m ay e asily p e r
tf
e a on on e e

t t
.

c eiveh dif f e e re n c e To b elieve h e re por o our

d t t
.

se n sesh i d d o n ee co mm on ly imply, o be lieve he t

it t t t
, ,

f
e x s e nc e i o cer a n e x e rnal an d c or ore al ob e c s ,
p j
whi h gi i t c ve r se o our p t
i l
ar c u ar sen sa ion s t This I
th tp i g
.
,

ac kno wle dge is a p rinc ip le whic h do h o s rn

ot td
,

from c on s c iousn ess , (for c ons c iousne ss c an n ex en

beyon d se nsa ion t ) b ut

f om omm on se n se , as we ll
t
r c as

t
h e as s uranc e w h i t
eh p tf m
ave n e re or o e mory Bu
t i td d t
t t
.

hi w s as n o b n en e o e inc lude d under he sec ond

VO L I . . G
9 8 T HE PH IL O S O PH Y or M I:

branc h tt By t
of in ui ive e vide nce . h t fi m b li f a r e e 11 1

s e ns e ,whi h I t h cl d i t i s I
ere res o ve n o c onsc ous n es

t mmt t y I am t i t h t
,

m ean h
no o anI o sa c er a n a see ,

d t hi k what I tlly
,

df l dE l d
'

an ee an n ac ua s ee , an e an

t A i t
, , ,

hi k n his I p o u s n ly i g my r no nc e on c oncern n

o w p n t f li g Wh
rese n ee nsi t i b i g
s, ose es se n c e c on s s n e n

f lt d fwhi h I m t
e an o p t c i m y a a re se n c on s c ous, c on

i t du ibl tt i id t wit
,

v c i i on s hi re iom c e ho s ax or c o nc en

it It thi g t t tb t
,

i imp ib l f s oss b d e or a n o e an no o e a

t tt N w wh I y I tt t
,

”
h im
e sa ne e i ly o en sa rus en re

tt t
.
, ,

oh l p f m
e c ear re or o
y m m y I m g d d l e or e an a oo ea

t ti t h t
,

m h
ore I m an , my m mo y gi
a h
ce r a n a e r ves suc

p t or t th i
or re i h m ”
for n s uc anner,

m ; but
a re p g e se n s
r n s a

t i t i t
,

hi i Ih
s c on v c i d df m on ave n ee ro c onsc ou 's
es

ti t h t t d h et
th t
Im I m
e an , hi g h pp
a ce r a n a n s a e ne er

f ore a im i t
s uc h p ai m i whi h
e, n e rec se ann er n c

I w m mb tno h t
re th yt eh h pp er d
” Th a e en a e ne us ,
t i t fm m yt
.

h i
ere f h id
s a re e re n c e f m n e e as o e or o or er

se nsib l i p i
e twhi h t
ni h
re ss on s ,i thi g l o c e re s no n an a op

g ous i ti A t
n sen sa ont
h m t
i t it i id t e sa e n e, s ev en

th t m mb tlw y mp i d wit
,

a re i e ranc e s h no a a s ac c o an e

thi f ll s i t
ui T d
c on v c ib i w d t on h diff o es c r e; n or s , e e r:

b t t li ly ig t fm m y whi h
.

e nc e w h e een os e ve s n a ure s o e or c

u limit t dt f i tt s
,

co mm d an d an n h e as se n an ose a n er race

t
,

whi h i c p i ira se ly o d ub
n on i p h p on or e ve n o s er a s

t b t m td
, ,

im p i bl rac ca e u d f hno an s an s i n ne e o s uc as

i t t bl him i f t tdi t i g iht

,

s s anc e o e na e h m f n ac o s n us e or

th di t fhi w judgm td d tS m
,
.

e i re c on o s o n en an c on uc o e

th t it t
. .

m y im gi
a a ne , i f m p i a w m s ro ex er ence e co e o

k ow wh t
n f ithi a y ai d t m m
n e ve r y B ut c as e s ue o e or

twill app m fully ftw d t h tl

.

i ,
e ar ore .w a er ar s , a un ess e
{ $1 3i
, R H E T OR IC .
i n
C om mon s ens e.

t
had irap lic i ly relied on th di t i td wid i f b e s nc an v n '
r

t tt t w ld t
ma ions of ha fac ul y, m vda
t
h
'

e c ou no ave o e

t
s e
p t w d t
oh q i
ar siti f p i n
e ac It m us on
"

o ex er e
'
ce us

dmit td t h tp i
.
,

h w
o r b
eve e a i f s i e a ex er enc e s o u e n as

it tj dg i gt
, ,

i g
s s n us o h mu l g id d
e c on c e rn n e ore an u an

f d
c on use gg ti f
su m m y; es t k
on s o
p m e or or, o S ea ore

p p y l
ro e r i g th l it f
c on c ern n
y th thi g f e re a o os e n s, o

d ubt ful wh t
,

whi h w c l e ourse ve s are h w m m o e er e re e

b t t
,

er h m e or n o .

IN rett h p im y t
ga d o uth ft hi d itm y ar r s o s or er,

h t
r e r a

h ug d t
e r e it t b affi m d f t
a h m ll t
c an no e r e o e a a

l t it m y ft i m i m t h m t t
,

h i h
“

eas as a o e ax o s n a e a c s, or e

t t t
,

ass uran c e sw e h f m i ave h a h rod c on sc ousn e ss , e e

i l ft
n a oh m impli e ma if t tdi t es i a It i n es c on ra c on s,

t t t t
.

p h p p y
er a s, h i l lyp ibl h
s ca h f oss e, a e c ourse o n a ure

will b i e td t h
n ve r e y t m m t; t h t
e ve r m y m n ex o en a e

m yi th t d li i m d mylif ad
I mt
or s no o h er an a m; '

e ru an e re a

th tll i m ill i n t h t
,

a a s e re h ly b i g i
us o a a e on e n n

th u i
e dt
n verse , anh t t
h i ht hi g a b dy 1 e re s n o s uc n as o ;

N t b j tt h t
,

o hi g n c an h e l
p yg i b
us e r
y B f an e re ven u

he r, Itm t b w d ”
us y h e ot h t t nem i sa s e a o an

ti p p it t ft h p im y tt
,

i h v h
tdi t
a n re os on s , e re e rs e o e r ar ru s

of mm co n d t h t imply
on se se , oi it no a c on ra c on ,

on ly imp li i ity es B t if yp
n san u an erson , on ac

tf t hi t t ft t
.

hi difi w l
'

coun h h
e re n c e na ure o e se o c as

h t
o s n

ses f o i m ax oh ld t thi k t
s, s mi t
ou itiv no n e er n u e so

ro e r
p p y ppl li d t t
ah id e f th lo t m ti
e ev e nc e o e as en on

ed l t
,
him de mm t
e it if h pl
no i t i t
a e i I , e ease , ns nc ve

Prem1 e res Véri

‘

t cz , t
P ar I Chap . . 1 1 .

G a
 P H IL O S O P H Y B ook f
‘

1 00 T HE or .

Sec t1. . tt
O fin ui ive eviden c e.

I have j t
i t t
h t m d I t
h
n o ob e ci k it d on o e er n or o n e

g t i t
h
ro a e s l t f m th di i
g yt
n t
h t i
e ty e as ro e n e c er a n or

h imp t
t f th t uth t
, ,

e h m l
or an c e oSu h i e r s e se ve s c n

ti t th t t f t l wi
.
,

s h
nc s are n o o h l er an e orac e s o e e rn a s

dom .

Fox le t t
t
itb h ti m f t
e ob se rve d hi far he r, a ax o s o s

l t ti lt i g t ll d
,

aski d n m l
are as e sse n a o ora re ason n o a e

d t it t ft
,

i
uc i g lif d
on s c on c e rn n h h e an e x s e n c e , as ose o e

fi t ki d
rs tt h ni f it
are hm t o i d g e sc e nc e s o ar e c an eo

m t ye r P h p it w ill pp ft
er aw d th
s t W ith a e ar a er ar s , a

tt ft h m t t
.
,

ou h id f m e a h i
o so h m l e o e e se sc e n c e s e se ve s

ttly i ibl t t
,

w ld b
ou e u o erB id h m
n ac c e s s e us . es e s, e a

th m te i l i m a ca td t
ax o h i i fl s c an n e ve r e x en e r n ue n c e

b y dt
e h pon i tf b t t ek wl dg i
re c n c s o g d a s rac no e e, n re ar

t umb d t i
o n i t i t
er an h di
ex e n s on , or ass s
y us n e sc over

of y m tt
an f f t w h a wi t
h
er ok w l dg fac : ere as , no e e o

th l t tki d t
e h wh l
a er du td b i
n fh
e o e c on c an us n e ss o u

di tim t td All
,

m lif i p i ip lly
an e s lyr nc a an n a e c on n e c e

t t t t
.

i g
re ason n ily h h i su ose s

t
n e c es s ar
pp a e re are c e r a n

p rin c iples in whic h we m us ac quie sc e an d beyon d

t
,

whic h we g p i ip l l
c an n o ly d i ib lo,b y r nc e s c e ar s c e rn e

th i w hght
e r o whi h n d i ddit i l i c c an er ve n o a on a e v

t t t
,

d f m
en c e y hi g b roid Oan h y n
p es es . n e c on rar su

p iti
os th i ti
on ,
g ti f t t
eh w l
n ve sd b d a on o ru ou e an e n

l d f it
e s s an l tk w h ld b t lly p
a ru e ss as e s
'
ou e e e rn a rov

i g whil t t
n hi g ld s b p
no d; b
n c ou e ve r e rove e c aus e ,

by t h hyp t d tp
,

h i w e uld o e s s, e co n e ve r as c e n o re

mi whi h q ui
se s p f
c If
re t
h b re nofi t roo e re e no rs

tt t t t t t
.

h ru
y h h
s l ly q
sa su d he au or a e oe , e re c an
 Chap ; V . R H E T O R IC . 1

t
Par III . C ommon s en s e .

be n o se c on d t
ut
hr s , n or t
hi d r n or in dee d an y ru tt
h
tll
,

a a

tit
So m uc h for in i id in t h ti u ve ev en c e , e ex e n s ve

m i g whi h h t hh b i t th t t m
’

ean n g c a e re ee n ve n o a er as

t t t
,

i luding
nc y h i g w h id
e ve r l fn m h os e e v e n c e re su s ro e

tmpl t ft t
.

impl
s i
e c on e h id p p i
a on o w h i h e e as or e rc e on s c

f m tor h p p it i d
e id
ro osti d q i
on un e r c on s e ra on , an re u res
‘

tt
noh i t t
i e f yt hi d id
n e rve n m di m f
on o an r e a as a e u o

p f rooT hi f d k I h
s, di t ib t d i t
or or e r s s a e ,
’
ave s r u e n o

t th tt i t ll t
.

h l
re e c asse s, h fp ei ru f s o ure n e ec on , o c on

i d f mm
sc ousn e s s, an Th fi to co m yb on s e n se e rs a e

mi t dm t t t
.

d e no h
p y i l
na e h d e ah
p y i a l h s ca e s e c on s c e

t l ; ll ft t l igi l d
, ,

hi d m r h m ora a o e na ura or na an unac

u t
, ,

bl
co n a e,

PAR T I . Divi
'

nan
f
o t
h e ti tifi d m in o s c en c an oral, wil l»
t t t t
.

{be p rinci p l
a di i i b w b
s m nc ons e een e .

A LL ti d d t i id
ra onal or is d i d f m e uc ve e v en c e e r ve ro

on e or o t h fth t w er o f m th iese i bl o s ourc e s ro e n var a e

p p ti
ro e r e s l t
i f g l id
or re a ons
; f m th o en e ra e as or ro e
’

tl t
ac ua h gh p h p i bl
ou e i ub i t
e r a s , var a e c onn x ons , s s s

i g m gt t
,

n a hi g on Th f m w n ll d m
s. e or er e ca e on s ra

ti th l t
ve , tm ll D m tt
e a er i i b ilt p
ora e on s ra on s u on ure
t t i t pt
.

i
n etll ct ie d i h i
on , an d i
c on s s e n an un n e rru e s e r es

1 h D essein de l
.
’
ouvra e .
g
are T H E PH I L O S O P H Y or Bo
ok I .

S ec tII . .
Ofdeduc ive evidenc e t .

are tk i t th a en i d th t
i t
n oh l t i e li se r e s , o no n e eas nva

dt t
a ehi t; i m h th
s ac c oun
p p iti n as uc as es e ro os on s are

all l bl i t i m
re so va d dmit
et d li k
n o ax o s , an are a e as n s

t tb u e t t
.

1 11h hai ; e c y
n bu m no ly e ca s n e c es sa r e re o

id t t t t
,

avo h l p li i y w
ehi h f q u
us e e ss d d iou ro x c re en an e s

rpe etm f p fl f o m l
ons
yg i w ould o i
roo s r er ven o c c as on

t
{
.

M l id ora e v i fu d d h p i ip l
enc e w h s o n e on e r nc es e ave

fo
r m c on sc ousn es si an d c om mon se nse , irnproved by
ex perie n c e ; an d as i tp roc eeds on t his gene ral pre
sump t
i tht t
on or moral ax io
h f tu m a e course o na re

i t im t m will b imil twh t it h t

,

n e o co e, hb e s ar o a a een

hithe tit d id i
r o, g d t p t i
ec l ;es , n re ar o ar c u ar c onc e rn

t t t
r

i g
n h fu t f m eh p d
ure ro i g t hi g e as an c onc ern n n s

k w f m t t Th fi ti
.
,

un nohi g f mili
n, ro n s a ar o us e rs s

tb t mb ti
.

l ly
so e c on versan d a ou d nu e r an ex e ns on , an

b t
a ou th h q lit
t i whi h
ose o m er b l by
ua es c are e asura e

th S
e se h du r t i uc l ity d
are w i g h t W ith
a on , ve oc an e

t t t
. , .

reg d h
arq li i o sucp l d ua
p i i es as e as ure an a n , v r ue

an d i wi d m v c e, d f lly b t
s o
y d d f m
ani ty o eau an e or

th gh t dmit t t t
, ,

h ya d g h i a d
‘

ou e y e ree s , e as ere s no s n

by whi h t
,

ard mm m
or c o u onh i diff eas re , c e r e re n c e s

a d p p rt
n i n bro o c ti d
ons c ad ep di e as er a n e an x resse n

n mb u th y n e b
e rs , m t h e bj tf d
ca n ev r eco e e su ec o e

tt h t t t
m
ko wl d
i
ons ra

g d h th
i
lit
g
tl
H
t d S im
i
ve re ason n

li
i
it
m
f d
b
i ti
.

o
e re r e or c ,

o.
us e ac

t
n e e e p a
y c o c on ,

tp
,

an d pre c ision in arran ge m e n whe n c e re sul s e rs

p e

t
,

C y
u ir a r e as was o b s e rve d alr ad
e y all h e re ui
, ,
q ,

f
l“
Chap I Par I . . t
Chaps re
: una w a re :
P ar 1t . Scien ifict and moral , Wi h he ttw it“ t
i t b t
w h } ( s nc ions e een t
h m e .

a moral tt
idenc e ; for o he se c ond belong all dec is
ev

sion s c onc e rnin

g fac , and hing s w i hou ust t tt .

B ur ha tt
th e h av e of moral evidenc e may he be “
t
t t it
er unders ood, will tb no e a misst o re m ark a few

f flu mo tmi tdifi b t
w t t
’

o s e nen e re nc es ehi een s and he

Tax firs thfi

c
' '

e ren c e h t
t a oc c urs is t
in heir subje c t s.

The subjec tft h o i h t hbe one b d b

s, as a e en o s erve a »

ttt i d p d t tt t
,

a rac n e en h h u h g bl
en ru d or nc an e a an

t
e e

t t t t t
,

n e c e ss ar
y l i f id
re a ons o h f h h he as a o e o er, e
l b t ft h g b l ti g t
,

rea u o en c d an e a i e an c on n en c on n e x on s

t
h tb i t m gt tlly i t i g Ab t t
,

a su s s hi g
a on n s ac ua ex s n s rac

tt t h p p t tit t
.

ru h s , as ie fq h
ro e r e s o
y p uan ave no re s e c

tt tpl t lit
,

o im e or o d p d ac e , no h i f
e e n e n ce on e vo on o

an y b i g e n
y u w
or on an h t b t t
c a se l a e ver, u are e e rna

d imm t bly t
,

ly an h ua m Th y e sa f l l e e ve r reve rse o a

t lly bt i wit h g dt o f tI
.

hi gs e n era o a ns re ar ac n c on se
t
.

que nc e o f w h h b aw d as d a t
i
een n on a vanc e sser o s

t t t t t t
.

o pp ios e u h oof rh f m ski d e ly or er n are n o on

b t t ly n tt u b t
,

fhl se , b d; Th y
u a sur e are no on o r e, u

it i imp
s ibl t h y h uld b t
os s e u e whil t
s t
h m n
o e r e, s e ea

i g ft
n s o h w d ( d e or s , q tly t h id
an
m
conse uen e eas co

pare d) m i t
reh m
an T hi de th sa t h ld
e. on s o no o c r

t
monly in any o her kind of evidence Take. for ia
t t t t t
»

s an c e , of he firs kind, he following emana ion :

t t
The c ube of wo is he half of six een
”
The t
t t ttt t
.

sq uare of he hypo enuse is e qual o he um of he

t t t
r .

” If equal hings b e aken

square s of he sides .

G 4
1 04 T a x P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .
“

S ec tII
. . O fdeduc ive evidence t .

from thi g t h e qual

m i d will b q ln s, e re an e rs e e ua
’

C ty p p it ft
.

on rar i Th ub ro os w i m on s , as , e c e o o s ore

th th ha lf f i t .
an e Th q fth hy
o s x e en " e s uare o
'

po t i l t h t
en useh m f ths q e ss f th an e su o e s uare s o e

sid ”
if q l t
es hi g b t k f m q lt
e hing
ua n s e a en ro e ua s,

t
.

h m i d e will b
re an h g bl ;
e rs e are c ar e a e

t ly wit
no h f l it
on y b tw ith b dity; b i
as g i u a s ur e n h

t adi t t t
,

i bl
c on c e va d y e W h e
an h c on r c or er as, o es e

t ut
.

h whi h W
r sq i by m l id c C
e ac u re ora ev e nc e , e sar
a

m P mp y
ove rc a
” Th will i t
e o m w e
”
e s un r se o orro

t t t
-

t
. .

Al l m will di ” h i i h h os as se r on s , ou
enpp ge, e o e

u t n rue , are ily i b l wit h th gi g i

e as c on c e va e ou c an n n

t tt h imp tf t dt
,

h l e e as h w d e h rf d or o e or s , an e e ore o

t t adi t
,

imply
no i a c on r c on ,

Tm : sec on d differe n c e I shall t h t m l re mark is , a ora

idev dmitd g
enc e d m att i d t h s t e re es , e on s ra on o no

t
.

T hi i p ls i q
s a f h p di
a n c onse
g diff uen c e o e re c e n e r-r

en c e ,E t
i l t t
sse n
y h t
h la b j t '

or n e c e ssar ru e so e o ec

ft h l tti i mp t ibl wit A dt

,

o e a hd g
e r, s n c o h gh a e e re e n ou

tl tt m t t ff t b t im t im
lt
.

ac ua h e ru h or a r o ac e e u a e a

t t
, ,

or h f m elikelih d lor whi h i

er, p i b l oo a one , c s s usc e e

ofd i u lly t h tm tt t i m t Wh t
s sua u os a an
g hibit
e re e , e en a

tt it
. :

eve r i s ex d d m io i h e m il
as e on s ra n, s e er e re

fu i d
s on , an noe id tll b lutso ly p f t v en c e a a or a so e er ec

me dium
.
,

There In moral we
”

IS no re asoning asc e n d

t t t
.

from possibili y, by an insen sible grada ion , o proba

t t
b ili y at tt
n d hen c e , in he same man ner o he sum

t tt t t
,

ttt tt
mi o fmoral c er ain y O n his summi or any of
tt t t
.
,

he s eps leading o i he c on c lusion of he argumen

ht
ltf t
,

my H c h
a i b way f
re s en e e res u o a s, o
y
.
Chap V . . R H E T O R IC . 1 03

P ar 1 t . t
S cie n ific an d tt
moral, wi h he prin cip al d i s in c ion s b e we en he m tt t t .

e t i ; dt
m in e nc e de n omin a ed h id it s c e nc e an e ev e nc e

lf i tm d i t ifi ; t t t t
,

se s h e
er l f hi
e i f q sc e n c e r su o s s re ue n

ly ( tl w y ) tit
,

no l d t high
a d mi t
a s i en e o no er e no n a on

th Op i i
an N w i t h m t he m t
n on i l ci o n e a a ca s e nc es,

t
.
,

n mo i i e m d
en f inion s ev r a e o o on s
p .

t
T H E hird diffe re nce is, t h t i t h t h a n e on e e re n e ve r

c an b y e an t i ty f f
c on rar e
p ; i th t h t
oh roo s n e o e r, e re

t ly m y b b tlm tlw y i If d u

t
no on a e, a os a a s s on e eq

m tt t
.

on s ra i W on p b l e ref b
'

i f
e ver c a a
g u d i e o e n re e

l ly by a t trt t
,

c ould b e so e h d m i no hi b i g er e on s on ,

t y
a s e n

h e l
on t f id
s or d pto d t ev th ubj t d
e nc e a a e o e s ec an

t t by whi h t ld b m t
,

h e only s or h f m c h d e or e r c ou e a c e

But t pp t h t tit tbl i

.

o su i
ose d m
a c on rar e s are e on s ra e, s

tup p t h t t m p p it i b t h t
,

o s h
ose a i e sa e d ro os on s o rue an

fl
a se whi h i m if t tdi t
c s a i an C s q es t c on ra c on on e ue n

ly if t b t
.
,

h h ld e re s h ou
pp e ve r f d m e e a an c e o
e ar e on

tt t t t t
,

s ra i on on o
pp i id h os e id
s m e s, b a on on e s e us e
f ll io
a ac d p hi t
us an i l It i so t wit s hm l
ca s no so ora of

fw i g l i t t
.

v id f u l
onc e , i or n e ss n h
a e s n u ar n s anc e s , e re

i lw y
s a l
a s rea tpp t id no a b t h id
are n ev en c e on o s e s.

ty p i ty p mp t
,

Th e re are c on rar ex i
e r e n c e s , c on rar re s u on s,

ty tt
c on rar im ie t es b l on g i t
s, o th a an c e a a ns on e an o e r,

I t
n hi t h p b bilit
s c ase , y p n
e t h W
ro a h l i i t h e u o e o e, s n

t t t t t
,

ro or on
p p i w h i h h id c h id
e ev h p enc e on e s e a re

p d t
on e ra e s b t it pp i
earst W o lls o
y y i os e. e us ua sa n

d d t h t t id ft
,

ee h ida li e ev h en c e h q e s on s uc as e o e ues

t dnt t b t by t
,

i on , an h o on hi
e re ve rse
p i u s ex re ss on

is on ly m t th e anp lu f id e ove r m p i gs o ev en c e , on c o ar n

b t h id I lik m wh W ffi m f o

i p b b l w ay t
o s es . n e ann e r, en e a r an

«
eve n tt hat ,it s h ro a
n t y i e,ly e s e co rar s on,
 T n n P H IL O S O P H Y or B oo h t
O fde h cfi ve t e vidence.

p os t
h gh wh t
sib le , al h y ou en e are se verally c ons ider

t upl t y Thi i
,

d; w d more p robab le
‘

‘
e e o no sc r e o sa s s

t
h t h t T h p b b ilit t
,

; an i o a or, e ro a es on ne side , ou weigh

t
h th th
ose on e o e r.

T HE four h an d las dif t

fe re nc e I shall ob se rve is , ha t tt
sc ie n t
ifi c e vi e n Ce d
’

i s simple , c onsis ing ofonly one c c t

he re n te i s r es , t
e ve ry p ar of whic h de pe nds on he p re t
c e din g, and, as it
w e re , s uspe nds t
h f ll wi e o o ng : moral
e vide nc e is ge n e rally c ons p iic a e t
d b i g i e n n reali t
y a
tp td m
,

bundle of inde pen den roofs The lon ge s '

e on

st
rat t t
.

ion is b u on e uniform c hain, h h k e n s whereof

tk n t tb g d d o m y
,

a e s e ve rally, are n o o e re ar e as s an

ar u
g m t d q t
l
e n s , any wh th t t k
c on se th y ue n en a a en , e

thi g ; b t t tg t d i t
,

l d
c on c u e no k h
n h i u a en o e er, an n e r

t t
,

p p re d h y f
e r or e r, m gu m w
e h i h i p or on e ar en c s er

fé t It i t t m t
.
,

iy
c l i c onc us ve h h m m yb s rue , e sa e eore a e

tbl i difl t t
.

wy d by difl
‘

d m m
'

e on S ra e n ie re n a s , an eren e

di m e b t s i gl d m u tt i l ly u d
as a S n e e on s ra on c ear n e r.

td mm d t h f ll t i t v y t
t
s oo co an i s h i e u es c onv c on , e e r o er s

t t
.

s u er
p fl A f uous d m iv p f m
er one e ons ra e. roo a an

may t t
.
,

y d pr ly a se c on i of i g u i yure as an e x c erc se n en

h b t
t tt him lf t h t h hat tm
, ,

or e e e r o as sure h se a e no c o

mit t d ight t h fi tThu it

an ove rs my t a se rve o

t
e 1n e rs s

t t t t
.

wa h
rran g u l p d f
e rehi f ul i b u
ar o roc e ure o s ac es , n

tm k
o ddit i
a e an a tt h f m p f u l
on
py y o e or er roo or s an

d fi ien y p c i d i it S f i it
,

e c c e r e vef mW i g n o ar s ro ar n

t d t h t ibl f d f t
.

hi s en h i a e i
s no s oon e r sen s e o a e ec n an

tt mptf t t t t t
,

hi h h wh l i j d
’

a e o s na ure , an e oe s re e c e as

g odo f t
h i g d
b r no i
y g w it h n it d g an f c arr n no
‘

e ree o

Wh t i g O t
,

ev id v
e nc e I m l a e er. h n ora re ason n , n e c on
 ‘

1 08 T HE P HIL O S O P H Y or «
B oo I t
S ec tll
. . O fde duc ive t eviden c e.

min d, wi h t ll t h i m difi t a i pee r ti o d ca on s , o ra ons , an

e fi t By t
ec s h fi t w m t k wl dg wh
e rs e us ac no e e, en

t t t t
.
,

a pp li d h ie
g o d m b in d w i h
s , an h d i coo i ne e sc ve r es

o ft h d e sec on h i t t ue i
our re se arc t i es n ona r n a c er a n

f ilit t d t d td g i l ight d
,

li ne are h
ac a e e un e rs an in s en e ne

dm y ft tb t h l g t d
, ,

an h an o e ar s , ful o e e an an use are

t t t t t
,

it n
p drove d p f d
an W i h e r ec eh id f h ou e a o e

i t t t t
.

s e c ond y m s oc e l y f f b
us p i
no h onH s u e r, u er s u
t itlf ld t b i t Thi g f
.
,

m an n a ure se c ou no su s s s or an o

td iti fl t yp
.

k wl dg whi h
no e e, c ex en s s n ue n c e o e ve r re

i t
c nc f p hil p hy{
o dg oso i m t an l ove rn s n os se rves a so

t egul t ll t t
,

o r h a e di a y b i d i
e
p or b l n ar u n s e n sa e c on .

m tf lif T t it i dmi bly d p t

,

c e rn en s o h e o d
e se s a ra a a e

twit h tdi g it i f i it t
.

t
,

no s an n
y i p s f d i
n e r or
g y i n re s ec o n

t t t
,

ac c u y racd p p i i
an y F o i
e rs is p incu ip y ll r r c a o

t qui it t t
..
,

h i d b
on s i roc ure h w w e o

f lm t
e ac p s y p ex er en c e, a e

th f l g g
e use o d t
an h k wl dgua e , an e no e e o a os

e ve r y thi g th t m k
n t h la f m a esd i f
f f m
e sou o a an er ro

tht f
a w b ni f t O t
o a ne orh t h h d t
n an h e n e o er an er

d p t b l t t b li bl t
-
.
,

is no es o so a so u e , as n o o h k e a e ac ec on

so m id e s th d
e or o t h t th e r, an
pr g t
i f d a e ro a v s o e

t y ide bl
e e

m tt i n
ons ra o are n o s o ve r c on s ra e , as on a c ur7

t t t
-

sor y i w ve i p im
on e g i s a th t h i o w lla ne a s, as e as

ever y th O po t
i er of th i t ll
e ra on t m t p t k e n e ec us ar a e

i t i id t tall m t l f lt
,

n h w kn e ea e ss nc en io our en a ac u e s,

d i abl f m t I h
ro ll ft w d
our n a ure , r ar

t pp y p ay o
ar e e s a a
a n p ns e s
ka e an o t it t i l
or un t i ar c u r
-

ev nc e .

P AR T t
na ure and ori
g in o E
f p x erienc e .

I snoop ) now consider he princ ipal t t

ib r es co m pre,
 R HE T O R IC . 1 69

P ar II t . The t
na ure an d origi n ofex p erien ce .

be nde d un de r t
h g e e n e ral n ame of moral e vide n c e

butt h t y dif fi lt
a
y m
e ve r
y b m d wh i h
cu a e re ove c

might td t
, ,

p gre ar i h our
p p d d i i
ro re ss n e ro ose s c uss on ,

itwill b y i th fi t
e n ec e ssar
p l t p l m n e rs ac e , o cX ore ore

t ly t t whi h gi
,

ac c ura e h i ose sourc es n our n a ure , c ve

b i gt p i
e n o ex d q ly t ll t
t
e r e nc e , an ho c on s e ue n o a se

tti m tm l d i t ll tl t h t d i d
, ,

a an en s , ora an n e ec ua a are e r ve

f m itTh t
,

ro u -
w
e se so rc es are d m m y o, s en se an e or

b t tl ditl t
. .

Th h
e s e n se s , o ex h igi
ern a an n e rn a are e or

l i l tf p t t
,

na n e s o
p i T h y i f
e rc e m h m i d f
on . e n or e n o

th f t
e whi h i t
ac s h p c ti tt ittd n e re se n n s an are s ua e

wit t t t t
, ,

hi h nph f h i
e s i i y e re d o n e r ac v an n o s oo e r

di h g t t t t
,

sc h i ffi
ar e i ype r o i l i ce h n an ar c u ar n s an c e , an

th ti l fi f m t
e ar c e s o i hib it
n ord by t h m da on ex e e are e

t i tt
,

l d
vo ve h m m y on R m mbe e ly
or e e ran c e n s an s uc

t h t
t t
.

c e e ds se n sa ion , insomuc h h m m a e e ory b e c omes

t
h e sole th k wl dg
re os i ory of
p t i d f m e no e e re c e ve ro

;
se n se k w l d g w hi h
no w ith e tt
h i p eit y w ldc ou s re os or ou

i tt u ly l t it i g t t d ld b
, ,

b e as n s an ane o s os as s o e n , an c ou e

f i
o n o s e rv c ett h mi d O o t i w ld b
e n ur se n sa ons ou e

b t tt th fl t i g pi t f m i g bj t
.

no h
e er an e ee n c ure s o a ov n o ec
‘

on a c a m b u whi h l
e ra o sc tt h l t
ra, c e ave n o e e as ve s

tig b hi d t
e h m
e M m y t
n h ef i t h igi l e or e re ore , s e or na

ttf t t t
. ,

vouc h e r ex h p an li i f o wh i h w ose as re a es or c e

t it
,

h d a h
on c eid f e ev H id enc e o s e n se er e as are , as

th p i t t h t l ft
.

w h b by ibl im
“

e re , e rn s a ave e en e s e ns e

t t t t
.

p i
ress on s B f m h w fu ul i i
rod d ese o ac e s , c on s e re

i t t lt t t
.
,

n h m l e h se ve s , h k wl dg ly
e re re s u s o us e no e e on

o fi di id l f t d
n v ly f
ua h f t
ac s , an ith on o suc ac s as e er

h t f h
e re o ore m t pave c ot d m d e , or, a rese n o co e, un e r

t t
,

h e noi f u ce o o r se nse s .

VO L I . .
31 0 T HE P HIL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

Sec tII . . O f deduc ive t evidence.

Now in t d t hi k wl dg u ful t
order o re n er s no e e se o

i gt t ft
,

u s,i di n h sc ove r n hi g d i g u
e n a ure o n s, an n re

l t
a ni g u d t fu t
o r c on h p f th
uc m i d a i r er roc e s s o e n s

t tt t
,

n e c e ssar
y w h i h d b f ll
c
y d d
e se rves o e c are u a en e o,

d m yb t ill t td I h b d t
,

an h a e us us ra e ave o se rve a s on e

f ll t t hi g i t
t dt
.

a h g o d wh e roun i p den n o n n e rve n e o rn e e

it sm t i T hi i gl f t
o on p d lit tl
s s n ff e t ac ro uc e s e or no e ec

t At t
.

on h mi d b y d be n m mb e on a h are re e ran c e . an o er

t im I b e, th f ll f t
o s e rve il tt h ef a
pp lo a e, a an o e r, o an a e

an d f lm t y ki d f b dy i t
so o a os h lik it
e ver u n o o n e e s a

t i on Thu my fi t d t s, h my m m y
se n se s rs an en e or

wit whi h t
.
, ,

fu i h m
rn s h m e mpl nu h ugh erous ex a es , c o

ti t t t
,

diff e re n y h p i
n ul e ve r im ilo i heri ar c ar, are s ar n s,

t h t th yp
a t b dy m i g d w w d t
e re se n a ill b o ov n o n ar s o

t td it h by t by m i t i t
.

s ruc e h g e d er e roun or so e n e rve n e n

bj t H my fi t t it t
,

o ec i f g
en c e i F rs n o on o rav a on or,

wit h g d t t m t t
. .

imil f difl
'

reh ar i o e s ar c rc u s anc e s o e re n

f t by t
ac s , as h p titi h i u m t
e re e m on s uc c rc s anc e s are ore

d ly imp i t d t h mi d q i
rn e h b it f t i n ac u re s a o re a n
p
ee e a

i g t mit ti g t i um t t
,

n h m e h o n
p li os e c rc s an c e s e c u ar o

i t i tH
,

e ac h wh h i dif f e re n e r if h e re n c es c on s s e nc e , o

t t t
.
,

j f
ec s o an y ki d i p i l m n i n am d
ar c u ar an n e r c rc u s an c e

d th d t
,

are re m mb e b u lly
e re oill m ave e en s ua an s ore ,

ti p t
,

if u if mly u
n d d by
or s i l
c c ee e c er a n ar c u ar c on se

q th
ue n c e s , id f th f m i
e th ea o
pp d i e or e r, n e su ose c r

c um t i t d
s an c e di t t h m i d imm di t
n ro uc e ly n o e n e a e as

i tt ft h l t t; d ift bj t it
,

soc a e s h id e hea o e lf a er an e o ec se

s i um t d b p td tt t
,

o c rc s an c e h h mi d
e re s e n e o e s e n se s , e n

i tt ti ip tt t t
,

n s an ly h pp an cf h a es m e a
y e aran c e o e c us o ar

c on se quen c e T his holds also in versely The t

re e n

t t
. .

i on an d assoc ia ion ab ove ex p laine d are c alle d Ex

t
i ip t t t
h t
,

p e rien c e . The an i i
c a on s in ef
fe c h no o er an
crap. V . an ar om c . m
The na t
u re and origin of erpE
rlen ce .

a par ic ult
ar c onc lusion th tp i H ! From a ex er e nc e e re

W m y m k by t h wy t h t t
.

e a re ar h gh m m y e a a ou e or

t t t t
, ,

g i b
ve s i h pr i w hi
o ex h l f m h m
e r ence , c res u s ro e co

p is
ar on of f t m m b d th
ac s re
p i
c h b i
e ere e ex er e n e or a

t i t wh t h i di id l f t
,

u l i
a a ssoc a on r
e m i a ns , en e n v ua ac s on

whi h itc i fu d d s ll fb g t
o n e t I k wf m are a
‘
r o en no ro

t t
.

an ex p i w hi h
er e n c e , l d ll d b h p cw e x c u es a ou e o er

f fi i m lt d y t m y t ble t
,

o re i g ilv
n e n b s e r, an e a no e a a

p t
re sen t ll t t
o rec o e c
p i u l i t i w hi h aI ar c ar n s an c e n c

h ave see n thi f t

f p d d
s e ec i w hi h I ro uc e or e ven n c

h dt h f t t ttd by dibl wit

,

h ave a e ac a es e a c re e n ess .

SO ME will perhaps obje c , ha he ac c oun n ow tttt t

give n m ake s our e x pe rim e n al re ason ing look li ke a t
t
sor of m ec hanis m c m t h y
n e e ssar ily lt
i gf
res u n ro e ve r

c onstituti fth mi d on o I k wl dg t eh j t n ac no e e e us ness

ft m k b ut tt hi k t h t it ght tb
.

o h e red ar o no n a ou o e

t t t t
,

d
re ar e
g d bj i I
as an o i p l i h ec on s an a our reason

i gi t t t
.

n hi w y ify
n s
p l a ll i i y ouly e ase o ca so, s ve r e ar

fl t f lt dt
, ,

an dp d ll
rec e i es a ire h
ec on on our ac u e s, an e

m f p p lyi g t
an n er o h m a Th wh t td tt
n h e ose o a en o e

t t t t t
.

r
p g f
o ress o h m h u
g h i diff
an na ure g rou s e re n s a e s,

an d th ugh hildh d m p t l
ro c will b oo th t ar i c u ar, o se rve , a

child ma k g t qui it
ren i e i k wl dg f m
re a ac s on s n no e e ro

exp i l gb f
er e nc e , t h y t t
oni t h f p
e ore h e a an e use o s eec

tl i t
.

Th b e h i ph
eas s a s o, n im p by p i e rs e re , rove ex e r enc e,

Whi h h tc hi t h mj t
a th n m f d t
e i f us e sa e oun a on o se n s e

an dm m y i u
e or db t h b id
as n imil is , an a es es , as ar n

o t t It i ly i t
,

flu enc e hi i n i p e r ac h m
on s s re c se n e sa e

d wit ht th t t
.

ma nne r, an h m y u m ig he sa e s uc c e ss, a o

trai dog c
n a ut om , hild t p t
sr ac c s
‘

f d a c , o ex ec oo on
1 1 2 Ta r: P H I L O S O P H Y or B ook 1 5 .

Sec t1 1
. . O f de duc ive t e viden c e .

yourcallin g o him in on e t t
on e of vioc e an d td o re ad

se n t nt t Th b t
,

yourre m e when
y ou u s e an o he r e ru e s

id t ly t dim tf t f t
.
,

h ave e v h en hi p i
e ru i en s o s s ec es o ra o1

t
-

t t t
.

na lity w hi h d c f i
ex h m en h im m
s as d i ar n e as e e a e

t
,

ur ose s o
p p f lf p i
se q i d w hi
re s e rva on reh w h u re , an c e

i t i tt h yb t
-

t ll it
,

h y
er ou c a re ason h q uori ns nc e o ac re

i t Th t it h
,

an d us e n h m m e sa W d e an n e r as e o a re ac

f t t m t i f m
.

es no h ar h m er i n e igi l
se e s o ar se ro an or na

t t
,

i
nc a ac
p i y f l i g d ( i
o c as s nf I m y h p an i ) a use e ex re ss on

t t t
,

g li
e n e ra s n i g h i p p i a
e r i
re c ew h i h on s n e x e rc se c o us

ve r y q i k luc
y b m f m ili ec o d i w h est h i fl y afi t ar, an s a c e s

us f t h
or fl g g
e use I d d i t
o an h ttua e n ee n e ex en

ft t t
.
,

o hi s c a ac
p i y m h p h p as i y h i
uc g li er a s as n an n es

l t t l p i it
, ,

a so h p i ip l e r nc y f
a n a ura su e r or m o on e an ove r

ano th e r.

B t
UTh t w myb a tifid t
e h ta tt hi ki d fe sa s e a o s n o

i g i it li t d im pl t f m lit t
,

reason n n s e ar e s l an s es or e or n o

rfl t t t th t it
, ,

e eci i on y l i b
s n e c e ss ar b d ei e o se rve a s

lly dm it td by Opt th t it t
, ,

h w o i
un ve rsa ii
a e c an s , a 1 8 no

p urely f m ig h t
ro b t f m
s ig h t id d b yu
p i ro s a e ex e r e nc e ,

t h t t ft h di t
,

a W d i e i
e r ve our n o on s f i ibl o e s an c e o vs e

o bj t ec s f mt h y ro Th e e t i e
y th y i i e s e n sa on, sa e s n

tt ly f ll w d by
.

t
,

s an an e ous o o l i j g
e d m a c on c us on or u en

f d d
oun e p i
on ex T h p i t i
e r en c ed t m i d e on s e er ne

f m t t t t
.

ro h dif f e p h f
e re n h b j f d i
ase s o f e o ec oun n or~
m t i l tb td wit tdi t
, ,

er r a s, o h dif f
e c on n e c e

h ff t
e ren s an c e s ,

or rof m t th t mp i t
e e or h dif fa t ac c o an es e eren c on

f m t i w blig d t i t h t
‘

or a on s e are o
g g f ig eh o ve e or an s o s

d tbt di ti t ft h bj ctN w
,

i
n or e r o o i ii an a s nc v s on o e o e o

ift hi b t I t hi k h t fi t
.
,

s h e e c as e , as h b uf ly n a e en s i c en
Cb p i R PiET O R II1
’

a f 1 1 3
~
.

P ar II t . T he na t
u re and origin of ex perien c e .

e vin c e d tit i m if tOf la th t t hi judgm t

e, s i o an es a s en s s

tly i tt d o pe f t ly t ltf
,

ru neo u n s an a h s, an s r ec e re s u o
f li g
ee d
n i t i an th t t h f mi g f it
as soc a on , ttlly a e or n o o a

p n
e s c a e s our ti e P h p in p
o c io d f lif Willer a s no er o e

t t t t t t
.

y fi
ou d p n h h
a fi m
e rson , i f i a on e rs en on O c an

ily p e ad d t ht he d iv t
, ,

b e e as rsu hi k wl dg
e a er es s no e e

f m i m w l d t t ll
wit t
ro
p ex E il
e r e nc e b y verv an e rea o e

t t t
.

y ou,h a h n d h e ha hi y
Ee s n o o er n e sse s n s e es ,

tt i fy him t
o sa s h t bj ct a t i a tt wit
o h hi e s re n o n c on ac s

b dy b t t
o diff tdi t s f m him
u are a w ll
eren s anc e ro as e

t i t h mihd i t
,

as f m ro h S p i
on e ano er. hi o as s ve s e n s

m tt d id t
h t iti n w h i h b t
hi
tt om k t
e
a an p r so ra ae

ide l t
r, y e ran s o s c s

h i imp ll d t h t
,

a i
a rac on , s e s h i e e a e, a s e s,

in manne r, un c on sc ious O f he r Ow
a n ope ra ion s t
tt t t
.

The re is some groun d o hink from he ex ac an a

l gy whi h t t t t t
,

o h i g c b h
e r or an s h d i e ar o ours , a e sc o

ver y f d iot f m t
h i
s an c e
y t
t i d
ro b y b t e e e, s a a ne ru e s

i t h m m by A t thi h w fl
B t
n e sa e an ne r as us s o s, o e ve r

tbe p it t h gh i t hi w y t
.

will
t
no i os ve h u ou n s a e

t t
. , ,

mi d q in ac l p i f
u re s an e ar y
p h m b i erc e on o e os o v ous

ad n t
n e c essar
y t
h with t w hi h t
ruh b d ily g
s, ou c e o or an s
‘

w ld b f lit t i m t t l imp tth

t
ou l e o e use n a e rs e ss or an er

t
,

p d
roc e i m ch
ure l w ds m u h l
s o f e r, an ore e resu O vo

l t
un ar y pp li ti ; ad th ti
c a on i m d li
an as e e x e r on s ore e

b th i w at i it
ly t
e ra e , m s e 13 fh ore c on sc ousy o er o n c v or

t tm mb it It t ht
,

a l e as re l g e h e rs i
on e r 18 e n on a n

t t wit ht
.

comm il w h
on s h Op e i e h
on our m er era on e na e

Of i g 5 t
reas on n h gh t h i n t
oui l dif f ere s o e s se n a erenc e

bt w
e th t
ee n w Iti t i d d t
e o c ase s . h t th s rue , n ee a e

t t
,

c on cl i i h
us on s n fi w y b y w hi h el i rsi f ny a ,
c a so n n a c
I

VOL I . . H
 R H E T O R IC
'

. 1 1 5
T he subdi vision s of more! re ason in gm a l E x p erien ce
. .

a full an d un iform e x
p t t t e rie nc e Tha , in he las week
tit t t
.

ofD mb ec e will w
e r n ex
yp f B i i s no i n an ar o r an

t t
,

s
p ifi dec i p h
e
p p b b
s l h i if
er a s i q i y ro a e a s, on n ur

ll t t ifi d t h t thi h t
, ,

or re c o e ci w on , ehm are sa s e a s a ore

f q re t ly h p p
ue n d t h th o ty t
a h tm
en e an e c n rar a so e

tim i t eh t m tn h it will a w i m onp b a

b l b t sn o s ore ro e, u
t ti b th gh t
,

n o c er a n hi l i b f
e c ause , d ou s c on c us on e oun

ed on
p i ext
h t p i i
er e n c e , t if m a ex e r en c e s no un or

l t
asly th t it will w m t
a im d i g wi t will
sn o so e e ur n n e r,

t
, ,

I b elie ve , on h e sam e p rin c i

p le s , b e p ron oun c ed c er

ti a n.

t I was th tp i a f
firme d th td y a ex e r en c e , or e en e nc

ft d t i tid t t
,

o h mi e n d h i f
o assoc a e e as un e r e no on o

ff t
c ause s , e dj ti e c s , or a ttd by un c s , s n e ve r c on rac e on e

ex am pl ly Thi
e on ti itm yb t h ght i s as se r on , a e ou s

td td by t whi h phy i l gi t
.
,

c on ra i c e h p i ipl e r nc e on c s oo s s

co mm ly p d wh
on id roc e etP i o c on s e r on e ac c ura e e x er

m t t t t t
,

eni pp f
n su
p i l d i
or f
f i
o i n a ar c u ar oc r ne as s u c e

evid Th b t
en c e t t pl i t hi ph e m e er o ex an s ze n o e n on ,

dth f t h t ill t tt t f p i
.

an e h
ar er o us ra e e n a ure o ex er enc e ,

I h ll m k t
s a h f ll wi g Ob
a e ti Fi t
e who o n se rva on s rs e re

t ly b ti di
.
,

d m m y
as se n se an e or are c on ve rs an on a ou n

vid l li t p i
ua s , our e ar e s imply p h p g ex e r en c e s or er a s e

tt t i ludi g ll t
,

n era e ,h i f p i e no h on o i a s e c e s, nc n a ose n

di id l whi h h
v ua s , th m t b iO d
c avel e os o v us an un i versa

re se m blanc e From C harle s , Thomas , William we

tt f m B it
.
,

asc e n d h id fm o i e ea o an ro r a n, Fran c e ,
Sp i tt h id
a n, fki gd m
o A u q
e ea o n o s o r ac t
uain an c e

t
.

wit
.

h l g w di mb l an c e s of a

nt t b t
u na re en ar e s , e s c ove r re s e

t d imp t w
"
iki g
s r n an or a na ure , e ee n on e s p e c ie s

H 2
 TH E P H IL O S O P H Y or Boo/b f .

Se c tl l
. . O fdeduc ive t evide nc e.

an d an o t
h t lly b g tt
e r, whic h n ah t
i f ura e e s e n o on o a

ge n us F m mp i g m
ro wit
co hb tbi d fi h ar n en e as s , r s, s

t t tt
.

es , an d p il w
re p i h
e s, h y ll lik
e e rc e ve a e are a a e

p oss e sse d f lif o p i ip l f

e , Or ati d ti r nc e o se n sa on an ac on ,

an d o f g i d b d
an or an s e
y d h qui th id o ,
an e nc e ac re e ea

of an imal; in like m an n e r from c om p arin g kin gdom s

t tt t
,

wi h re public s and aris oc rac ie s , we Ob ain he ide a of

tidth
n a on , an g i i i t
h m t k tid e n c e a a n r se n e sa e rac o e as

t
ill mmp h i F t h
ore c ol t
itb m m e n s ve ur e r, e

w tly d id
s re e re e

h t
d t
.

b e reby p i a ex er e n c e e no on ec e c on c e rn

i gt
h f t fmm t h p tb t i g t
,

n e u ure hi g e as u c onc e rn n n s

f mt mbl t
,

mm
un c o hi g f m ili whi hon h m
ro n s a ar, c re se e e .

Now tpply t hi b o a ti b ti t m t s o s e rv a on a o an s ra

i g t h fi ld light t t
, ,

ve rs n e p ei l s,
p l w hi h s on a ar c u ar an c

t t t t
,

app b f
e ars p i o h i e o q i d
a s w i hec es e s no ac ua n e

t t
. .

Th fl w h e b o i m er
p l
e o se rve s s d h m on o e a ous , an e nu

b ffl
er o ow it i i e rs H t w fat
c arr e s s s e ve n . e re are o c s

th t a thi b t
oc c ur o i l t id i wh t
s o se rva on, e us c on s er n a

wy h will b di p d t g f m t F t
h it
h m n o ar ue

tt l d tly
a e e s ose ro e ro

th fi t t
.

e h d rs e oe s n o es a e o c on c u e , no On

t
as

p b b
ro al b ut t ie, th t hi i di id l
as c e r a n , d ll a s n v ua an a

Of t t
,

h m p i
e sa in i b ly p d
e s m
ec e s ,
p l var a ro uc e on o e a ous

flw o F mt h
e rs . d h byro m l d
e sec on e no e an s c onc u es ,

it t t t t
,

as e h i e r c er a n ,
p b b l h h e fl w
O r e ve n ro a e, a o e rs

whi h it h t hi p l t t ft
-

c e h
er h s m p i an or o e rs o e sa e s ec es,

t
,

c arr
y w ill
a lw y b
on c e , T h i d iffa a s e se ve n . s e re n c e ,

t p fi i l i q i might m p i i i
o a s u er c a n u re r, s ee c a r c ous , s nce

th e re a
pp t b m
earspl dob t e i it h
e on e e x a e , an u on n e er

c ase , whi h t
onh l i c b f d d Th
e c onc us on c an e oun e e

tt hi t h tit t f mt ly t h t
.

ru i s, hia mpl s no h ro s ex a e on a e
Cbap V . . R HE T O R IC . 1 1 7
t
Par III . T he s ub division s of m oral E x perien ce .

t
deduc e s
h e se inferen c es Had he n e ve r here tf
o ore

t t tt t t
.

k h m
a en i
e s f y p l alle s
h ld
no c e o an an e c ou no

d t ll f m t
,

have reason e h m k a Th mi d
a ro e se re ar s e n

i tt ly f m t tll t t
.

re c urs h
n s an k w h roh e un n o n , o a e o er

k w
no
p in f t hs m ec e s
g d tho t ll e sa e e n us , an en c e o a

th k w g
e no f th nm d t
enera oib ; d e sa e or er or r e an

h i g
av n p i dex i t
h i t
e r en c e g l ity n e on e n s an c e , a re u ar

i
n e ver
y p i g s d ti b
e c es, w h i h d m it
e n us , an r e, c a s no

t t t t
.

p
ex c ei ; i h on h i y n b d l
e o i e r, a var e as oun e ss as s

t h tf
a o il d lt ; it
s e ason , l soh to an cu ure e arn s e n ce

m kt
,

ar h diff e e ren c e .

A G AIN, t h t
we may observe l qu i t a on a c ose r ac an

wit ht bj t wh wit
, .

anc e h ose ohw ec s d d e re e are surroun e

m t th t t m t
,

w e co di e o h y sc ove r ly f a m e are os o a co

poun d t u d
na th t t l
re , an
y nt i i g a m
no on as c o an n a co

p li ti
c a on o f t
h q u lit i ll d a
ose id t a g ies c a e cc e n s, as rav

ty m b ility o l t i fi gu
c o our, ex lidi ty w hi h
en s on , re , so c

lm t tall m t t t ly it
, , ,

are c o mm on a os o a er, no on as c on s s

tm mb but mp eh di g
.

i g f dif
n o f e re n e e rs , as c o r en n a

mi t f b di Oft y difl t i t t '

xu re O o e s, h i u
e n ve r e re n n e r na re

an d pr p t i i fi wt
o e r e s , as a r, t h ltil p i it re ,; a e r, e ar sa O s r

dt
, , ,

an h lik The p he
p d p e se , h e r a s, on ee e r re s e arc es ,

will b f u d t i tf m t t
.

e o n i l ill impl
o c on s s o a er a s s s er.

M ore ove r, as w d i t h t dy fN t
e a van c e u w n e s u O a re , e

d ily fi d m
a n tb ore i d fh
re ason o e c on v n c e o er c on

t y i ll h p t
s ene n a i t
h t lik u
e r o e ra ons ,i lik a e c a se s n e

i
c rc um t lw y p du lik ff t d i
s an c e s a a s ro ce e e e c s , an n ve rse

ly lik ff tlw y fl w f m lik

e e ec s a u a s Th l o ro e c a ses e n

t y whi h pp t fi t fN t
.

i m
'
c on s an c c a u
e ars a rs n so e o a re s

w ks m
or , im a
p e d ore
p i n t h
rovt h u t ac ex er e c e eac e s o

H
3
1 1 3 ,
T HE P H IL O S O P HY or B ook I. .

O fded uc i ve t evidenc e.

c oun t
f or in jt t
hi m w s an ne r A s mos tf t
h o e ob e c s e

t t
.

k w no f mpl are o w a co i ex n a ure , 5

01 1 a n arro er s c ru

t t t t t t t
,

n y w fi d h e h ff n ib d h m gh
a e e e c s asc r e o e ou

ft l ly t t t
.
, ,

o e n so e b s ib d m f h
o m e a cr e o on e or ore o e co

p t
on e n
p t ; th t th th p t
ar s w y tib t a e o er ar s n o a c on r u e

tt h pr d t th t t ty t
,

o i h
o uc h y m on a on e c on rar e so e

hi d itIf t
e

tim td t h p t i t
.

, ,

es en ho mp i n er e ar s n e co os

t bj t q l qu t it
. .
.

i f imil w lw y i
if t
on o s ar o y ec s ere a a s n e ua an

t
,

h i b i g
e r mpou d d w ld m k
e n co dd n he ou a e no o s e

t th u h t q u ol b l w no th m p p ore a e sa ro or.

but
‘

p ar s , g y e a a s e

t tt h wh l t
,

i on o hi w ld m k
e o e,diff s ou a e a e re nc e

su h c in m y as m ight b an mput d I b t
c ase s h e co e n o

r p th w t i t
.

es e c s , he i o imme ver, y P re s an ens e var e er

t
.

h p v y i di idu l difl f m
'

a s e er n y v h i dai i e rs ro eve r o er n v a

hi t
-

du l f t
a o h m p i b t e sa h qu t e s iti di
ec e s, o n e an es an n
th p p t
e i f it
ro or ons tit t m mb o d s m c on s uen e e rs an co

p t
one n p t T hi
'

di ar s it y i a l fo u d i s th ve rs s so n n o er

thi g whi h t h ugh h dly du ibl t

.

n s, c o p i
o ar re c e s e c es , are

ly kn wn by t t
,

g l
e ne ra h m m
o T h m p h e sa
; e na e. e a os ere

i t
n h m pl e sa tdiffe tt e im ac e, t t
h a m ren e s, or. a e sa e
tim i dif e f tn
p l d iff m
e ren d i t
y h t h u m
ac es , i e rs en s ea , s

dit t
-

t t t
,

y a d h um bn
q li y en d p p i f
e r, h ua an ro or on o e

t t t
,
.
,

va ours
p p a i l w i h
or w h i h i i
r c es l d T h c s oa en e

t qu i t d wit h l m t
. .

m oreh w bc m en e e o e
y ac a n e e e e n ar

na t t h m
ures , w e t in d by g
ore l
e are as c e r a e a enera e x

t t t t
,

p i f
e r e nc e o he u if m i y f h i p in or A d o e r o e ra on s n

th gh p h p it ibl f u tt t i t
-

ou b imp er a s e h oss e or s o a an e

k wl dg f t h im pl t l m tf y b dy y t
'

no e e o e s es e e en s o an o e

t t t
, ,

wh h
e n an
y i g pp im m n »a h e ars s o s e , or ra e r so e x ac

lv if m
un or th t w h b as d it i a i b ly t o
e ave o se rve nvar a

t; n di t
,

p roduce si milar e fiec .

s o s c overin
g an
y ne weffec ’
,
Chap K .
~
R HE T O R l C .

t
P ar III . T he s ub di vi s ion s of m oral reas onin
g . ll . A n alogy.

on whic h he argumen is foun de dt t an d h t

t a c on c ern

t
,

in g whic h we form he c on c lusion .

The s ame t
hi g n may b e c on s ide red in a dif
fe re n t
tt
way I have le arn e d from e x pe rie n c e ha like e ffe c s t
t t t
. ,

rom obje c s whic h f

”
s ome im e s roc eed f ain l m
p y re se

tt t t
b le b u n o n e ar so fre que n ly as from obje c s whic h
t t
,

h m
ave a p f lik ;ore By hi i
e r ec
p I e n es s s ex e r e nc e

am b l d td t
e na mi t
h d g
e f p b bilit
o e er
y ne e e re e s o ro a

f m t
ro h d g f imil it
e y i et
h di f
f
re e s ot s ar n e e re n c as es

It m bl t h t t ft
, .

i p s h f m
re su eah wy h
e a e or er o e se a s as

th li t i fl
e e ar e s wh t h mi d n tm d
ue n c e , en e n un ac c us o e

tflt f m b tw k i t
,

o re i ec on , i or d s u a ea as soc a on , an c on

seq tly b tw k
uen p t ti fu i
am il tea ex ec a on , o a s ar e ve n

Th l t t m m
,

f m
ro w k mb l
a ea re s e an c e e a e r s ee s ore

t ltf t h u ht d i b t t t t t
.

h e re s u o d p d oh an s e er a a o
g , e e

ordin ary form s ofreason in ,

g

t t ll w d t
I mus b e h t l gi l a o id e i t a an a o ca ev en c e s a

b t b tf b l t
,

es u pp a d i
ee h dle su
y h or an s ar e ve r on our

d wit h t t
,

e h m f p f
e Nna h l e w oh a roo e ve r e ess , en

t d t bj tdmit
.

h l gi
e an a o m es h
are n u e rous , an e su ec a s

no t id c f t ev h ki d it
en e od t h t w t
ano it f er n o no an s e

t t t t t
,

fi c ac
y I m b w d h w us h i i
e o
g ne o e ve r, a s en e

i g bj t t
.
,

rally m fl i il
ore s uc c e ss u i h in n s e nc n o ec on s , an

i i g tt
ev n c n h d t hi ru t m ym
an
p p on s ac c oun a ore ro er

t t t t t t
,

ly b y l d
e s h d f i e m f h e h h
e e ns ve ar s o e ora or, an e
ff i
o e n s ve T h gh it ly f t it ouf q tly rare re u e s , re ue n re

t t t t
.

p l f i
e s re u a on , lik h w p w hi h h eu gh th y ose e a on s c o e

tkill t
,

c an n o h my will w d hi b l w
e e ne ,
ar s o s

3 "D B t i hi
r l t t
u ler, ti ll
n dT l ffl
s e x c el en
g re a se c a e bs ana o y a
r e.
 ’

1 22 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook l f .

Se c tII
. . O f deduc ive t wid en “ .

THE hird t id e ftt

t t
ib r im y whi h
e is he ev en c o es on c

i it w it t Thi alsoh t h ght

t
,

s e h l e r ora or hb r en s a ee n ou

b tj t ly t
.

by m d igi l d
so e, b l lyu un us
ly o e so e an or na e

i df m t t
,

r ve h mro p i e sa T h e s ourc e , ex e r e nc e e u

m t i
os
g d t thi
a re th t b arffi m d
o w ith t th s, a c an e a r e ru

i t h t t ft tim y i t
, ,

s, h id
a e ev ben c e o id d es on s o e c on s ere

ti t
as s r c ly l gi l f t h t h o h m n
ca it
noy i ar er an u a ve rac n

t t t
,

g l
e n e ra h i yor f w i f u
e ve rac h h o n e sses o s c a c arac

t d i h i um t i p t i upp t
,

e r, an n s uc i l c rc s an c e s n ar c u ar, s s or

e d p h
or, p m p p y l h
er a s t
h t b f
oret d ro er a no ee n re u e

t t t t t t t t
,

by p i
ex B h
er enc e im y d uly a es on an e c e en o

t t
.
,

ex p i b h
er e n c e , l i fl a b li f i u
a n a ura n ue n c e on e e s n

I t hi it mbl m m y ; f t
,

d i bl
en a e n s h gh re se es e or or ou

t h d f t d mi p tt fm m y
.

'

e e e c s an i s re re s e n a on s o e or are c or

td by p i
re c e y t t h texth i f lt h
e r en c e ,
y t h e a s ac u a
‘

an.

i t id
nna e ev fitw w k w f m t enc e o hi ; t h t s o n, e no ro s a

if w h d e t p i a lyg i no i m fl i itf ith

re v ous t ven an c a o

m y w h d
or b e bl t q i a n e ve r
p i e en a e o ac u re e x er en c e .

i l fit t
,

T hi will p p
s f m a e ar ro tp l i a re v sa o s n a ure , as e i an

e d b a ove N y it m t b w d t ah t i wh t us e o ne a n a re

t t t t
.
, ,

g d i
ar s s n
g l f im y i em d
ac s , q id es on s ore a e ua e e v en c e

t h an an
y l i f m c on c
p i T h
us on s imm ro ex er enc e . e e.

Iniaa na tt
tlbura tit t
i d an
fd t revea e l d, o e c ons u on a n c ours e o na ure,

h t
a h h w sh w efl t
hi m d
n f i g m yb
us , od d use u s o e o re ason n a e ren e re

ft
,

by th ppli t i
e a h h t
h f lly m d
ca f itf on i g e a s o suc c e s s u a e o or re u n

t
,

h il f i fid lit
e c av y s o n e

hi ubj t
.

Ih d i tm k m fl t
a i t
o c c as on f m o a e so e re ec ons on s s ec or er

ly S Di tt i Mi l P t I S t I Th
t
ee sse r a on on rac e s , ar ec ere are s e
‘

t
. . .

t
,

inge nious me s ubj e c in R eid s Inquiry,

’
ve ral obs e rva i on s on h e sa

Ch v1 . . Se c tx x ur
. .
 R H E T O R IC .

P ar IIIt . T he s ub divis ions of moral reas oning T es imon yt .

t
dia e c on c lusions from e x pe rien c eare ge ne ral, and run
t
h us : t T his t
is he ordin ary c ours e bf n a ure
”

tm y n bly b p td whe
.

Su h c an e ven a re aso a e ex ec e n

ll th t td ti m t a imil Wh
,

a e a en an c rc u s an c e s re s ar en

d tp t t
.

w d i l h o l i
ar c u ars , e ily c on c us on n c e ssar

tF t
e e sc en e

b ec om w k es b i g m
e a e r, i di e n h gh ore n re c or ou

ll t m t all t tl
.

a h k w ie no b imil
n c rc u h s anc e s e s ar, e ac ua

i
c rc u m t my t
s an c e s b imi l a i it
no p ib l e s ar n or s os s e

in a ny tb u d t
c ase hat
o ll t
e h as stu l i re m a e ac a c rc u

t k w t
,

s an c es are A no di glyn o us.

p i i c c or n ex e r en c e s

t h fu d t t
,

i f phil h w h i h i i l
i lly dig t
e o n a on o p y; oso c c ons s s n a co :

l t
ec i fg
on o l tt h yt
en e ra m t ru d O
s, s s e a ca es e n:

t ty t to l i f m tt
.

h e c on rar h di e rec im y i c nc us on ro es on s

t t t t t
,

p i l
ar c u ar, an d u hu T hi i
r ns h f i h s: s s e ac n e

i t p ifi d T tim th f i th
”
n s an c e s ec y e es on e re ore , s e

d t f hi ty whi h i o c upi d b t t
.
,

f i i di t
'

n wit
oun a on o s or c s c e a or n

q it hp t
-
,

v idu l as H w d i e nce e er ve our ac ua n a c e as

t t
.

f
a e s , as ro
g m p i w d i
ca ll h
er enc e w d i e er ve a a e c an s

c ft
ove r o h ft u B ut
e t h fi m i dig ifi d wit
u re h e r er s n e

t t h l t t
.

h e na m f k wl dg wh
e o no e i g e, d ereas e a er s re ar

e d mt
as t f j t a u
er o ly Wh
”
c on ec p i re on en e x e r e nc e

i pp li d t t t t t t
.

s a h di
e o y f h e h i s c ove r
p i l o e ru n a ar c u ar

i id t
nc w
en ll t h id
e cap um p ti e; m ev
p le e n ce re s ve a

tt u t t t t
,

es im y i on ds p i i
ac c o n e
p f f h f a os ve roo o e ac

N y t h tg t i t buil t t
.

a e s ron i esm ly c on v c h fo on e re on e r

m t t d by t light tt
.

tk:
,

m i im h
“

e r s so u
e es over rne e s es a ac

o ft h l te t T t aim y i
er p b l esf g i i g u
on b s ca a e o vn s a

l t t i t
. ;

so u e c e r a n y( M H um hi m lf b i g j g
r u d e se e n e

E ss ay of Mirac les, p z .
1 24 T HE P H I L O S O P HY or B oo/E L

Se c t1 1
. . O f deduc iv e t evi de n ce .

t
e ve n ofh m t mi l f t e f wh t i os rac u ous ac or o a s c on

ty t if m p i
,

rar o un F p h p or i ex er e n c e or, e r a s, n no

th i t t
.

o i b
e r n s an c e c an e x
p pp li d i d i id l e r nc e e a e o n v ua

twit
e ve n s , h m h ti t
y i w h t l
so t t uc c er a n as n a re a e s o

t l t ft Y t
,

h e i re vo h h ly b di
u ons o e eave n o es. e e ven

t dmitm y t ly b ou t
,

hi id
s ev h e nc e , be a s, a no on e c n e r ao

d but t
-

lan c e d t y d ,
b y t im y es ro e , es on .

B urtt T t im y i
o re urn i u i t im t i
es on s a ser o s n a on
t t t
.

f m
ro h f
an o y f b
e r, o i anb i g ac or o se rva on , as e n

wh t ha m mb th
e re e h d e rs po i ave se e n , or e ar or e x er

T t t
,

enc e d hi wh w h o p i
s, i en f e ave n o os ve re asons o

mi t t d ubt
.

s rus w or by igi l p i ipl

o f
e are , an or na r nc e o

t ( l g tt h t f it
,

our n a ure , whi h mp l

an a o ous h o a c co e s our a

i m m y) l d t
n e gi or lim it d e t Ao m
ve an un e as se n s on e

d dt
.

m y lor i f a one s h m ly p oun el p i e ere erson a ex e r e n ce

oft h i di id l
e n tt im y i
v ua u so on wit h es on n c on c rren c e

d dt ti p
, ,

m m y i f
e or h m h m s oun e e uc ore ex e ns ve e x e

t igi lly w b t
,

i
r en c e ,whi h i c s no d i d or na our o n, u e r ve

f m t
ro h o By t h fi t
e rs I q ti tm e rs ues on no a an

mightq i ll t
, ,

ach k wl dg u re a y f me no e e n e c e ssar or e re

an im l pp t a su i t h td t ttf h m
or n t
a ru es s a e o u an n a ure ,
t t t t t
.
,

(if h
e ve r s uc i d) w h i h w w i h
a s a e ex s e p h , c as ou s ee c

an d Wit h t i t y ; t thou l t i soc e j ti w it h

o e as n c on un c on

t t i d bt t
,

h e ohe w r,df r y h
e arei g w h i
n h edi e or e ve n c s

ti g ih t
n h m
us f m t
es h b tf l g g e an ro t e ru e , or an ua e , ar s ,

an d i ili t i
c v It h t h bza b on d t h t f m a e en o se rve a ro

t
.
,

i w l fi b l i f i h m o c on our

t y
ex p e er nc e e e arn ne e e n u an

e ti
sm o w ith i th n p p ,
b d H c
n w e ro er oun s . en e e are

Disser a ion tt on Mirac le s, P art

I Sec . tII
.
Gi m
p V . . R H E T O R IC . 1 25

T he s ub division s of moral t
T es imon y

tghtt
au o t td ti m t
c on side r m any a e n an c rc u s an c e s,

whi h c ith tse rve e b t ti lid tit

er o c orro ora e or o n va a e s

ev id Th
en c e
p t ti f t h t
e re t t h i mu a on o e a es e r, s an n e r

t t ft h f t tttd t
.

o f dd a h re ss , e na h
ure o e ac a es e e oc c a

f gi i g t h t tim y t
,

i
s on o v n h p e ibl esp b b l on e oss e or ro a e

d ig i gi i g it th di p it ft t
,

es n n vn i h h e s os on o e e are rs o

wh m it l t m t
,

o w gi d as h
ve n , an i se ve ra o e r c rc u s an c e s ,

h ave all id b l i fl c on s i fi i gt
era h d g e n f ue n c e n x n e e re e o

c redibilit y B t f th I h llu h o i t t
e sek s a ave oc c as on o a e

t ftw d It tb t td
.

no i ce a d
er ar s lik wi e se rve s e se o e a en

dt t bj t th t t
.

e o on hi i s su mb ecf a n a nu er o c on c urre n

tt t
,

im i
es
(
on e s , w h i h
i n c as e s ld h b e re n e re c ou ave een

no p i re v ous t) th i c onc e r
p fb b ili t
y di ti t e re s a o a s nc

f m t
ro h t whi h m y b tm d t
a c h m ft a h p e er e e su o e ro

b b ilit
a i lt i g f m t
e s re su h t t m
n ft h wit
ro e es i on i e s o e

n e sse s , a
p b bi lit y w hi h
ro a w l d m i th g h c ou re a n e ve n ou

th wit
e w f
n e sse s h h t tm it
ere o s uc a c arac e r as o er no

f it
a h t ll a Thi p b b ilit
a y i th p s ly f m
ro a th ar se ure ro e

it lf Th t h
.

c on c urrenc e se h ld a s uc a c on c urren c e s ou

t t t t
.

sp irng f m h ro i c i fi
anc e ,i ; h i s i as on e o n n e a s, n

ot h w d m
er lly imp ibl
or s , ora If th f t os s e e re ore c on ce r

lud d t t b t t
.

b e ex c h m i
e h
e re u re h a ns no o e r c a se u e

lit t t
,

rea y f he f o ac .

tt
Nowhi p i f id o s s ec e s o ev e nc e , tt im y es on we are
fi t i m di tly i d b t ll t
,

rs rn df e a e n e e or a h b h e ran c es ofp hi

l l gy
oo h '

hi t y i il
suc as s or c v e c c lesias t
i c , andt y; li e rar

i i m; t
d it
, , ,

gram m ar lan guage s j uriSp rude n c e , an cr o c s

it
i t
, ,

whic h I m ay add reve ale d re ligion , as f ar as s o

be c on si e re d d as a sub e c j t f hi ti l o s or c a and c ri ic al t
inquiry, and so disc overa bl by tl m
e n a ura e ans an d

o
 TH E P HILO SO P HY or
"
Bobi fi
’
'

Se c tII
. .
t
O f deduc ive evi dence .

s e c ontt h m
dly w w o W hi t
e sa d e sourc e e o e, as as n e

t t t t t
,

b
a ove ,
g p f ha lig h whi h
re a i m m ar oly a c s co on

k w no d t h n m f
un e rp i b t w hi h
e nai e o ex e re n c e , u c s,

i f tt
n f acd d w p
no l b
oun ti e on our o n e rsona o se rva on s ,

t t b t
,

or h i igi lly gi e by u w
e n o c e s or na v n o ro n sen s es , u
t
h t tt t t
.

on d e ap i d b es ei fex h e r e n c e s an o serva ons o o e rs

S th t h t
.

w d i i ly k wl dg f
'

o a as e nc e e e r ve e n re our no e e o

t t d p du t t
, l

h i
e ac i fm
on s an
p i lly i ro h c on s o en , es ec a n o er

region s , an d in forme r ages ; he n c e also we derive

tm t
,

in a muc h gre a er e asure han is commonly imagin a

q i t wit h N t
.

c d, our ac ua n an c e dh W k a ure an er or s

h t t d p lit
.

Logic i hi
r e or c , mi e i c s, oec ono c s , an o c s, are

m t l gy t
,

p ro e r
p ly b h fp ran c h ugh
es o y l ne u aoo o ve r c ose

t d wit hth p hil l gi l t

,

ly c on n e c e udi b e oo ca s es a ove e nu s

t
-

me ra e d .

t
Ca lc ula ions o
f Channel “
.

tki d f id I pmp d t id
T HE las n o ev en c e ose o c on s e r,

w t h t lt i gf m l l t i f h Ch
‘

as a re su n ro ca cu a on s o c an c es anc e

t mm ly d td it
.

i s no co h m p hil p hi on un e rs oo e er oso c or

i lg l gu geti p ly t
n vu h
ar an l i f u
a o in e ex c us on o a c a se ,

b t ig u our fth It ft mpl y d

noran c e o e c ause IS o en e o e

td t b p ibilit t t
.

o en o e a
y f wh areh i g os s o an e ve n en n o n

it tp d thi d itBut
,

i k w
s hno n e er i o ro uc e or o v
n er n

t i g it b m dé t h ubj t
.

hi m s e an n f lc an n e ve r e a e s ec o ca

ul t It t t t t
.
o

c i a onh ly ff d pe h l l en on a or s sc o o e ca c u a or,

i k w f t h p d t ff t
.

wh e n a c ause i f no ro uc on o an e

t
s n or e eC ,

an d wh th tff t m t en ily b t
a d d
e ec us n e c e ss ar e a en e

wit ht hi th trt h th i
s or mt b t
a o e o e r c rc u s anc e u no

c ause i k w t d t mis ut g d no pn ti o e er ne s o re ar one ar e n

l i m tg i p f
ar c rc u tt h t t
s an e , h t n re e re nc e o e res ,
as a
 Chap V . . R H E T O R IC . my
t
P ar III . The su bdivi sions ofmoral M og u l“ C alc ula ion t ofchanc es .

whic h shall ac c om pan y t Th f t

h e su
pp os e d e f
fe c e o

fe t i t t t
.

e h s id d en c on s
c y b h ere i m as n e e ss ar u e c rc u

t c t i g t Wh
,

s anc e ly l
as on c asua di ior on n en en a e s

t utf t h h d w k w t h t itg t
.

h w o ro n o e any e no a s ravi

will mk it f ll w l k w t h t t hi t t t
,

a e a
g h
e a so w i h no a s, o e er

it bi l figu will m k it wh i t p t
,

s cu ca li re , d a e e so, en n e rc e e

by t h t bl a th
e a e, id f i g pw d
s o ave on e s e ac n u ar s .

Th f w p us ar d th e t i p i iplroc e e f u i
on e c er a n r nc es o a n

f m or p i ex ; b t th i
er e n c e p i i pl w hi uh ere s no r nc e c c an

l d m t
ea l d t
e h t id
o c on c u e , th th a on e s e ra er an an

th will b t d p I k wt h t t
t i t
o er e urn e hi u m no a s c uc u

wit h t b t t ty
.

s anc e s no i h ou a c ause u s , on e c on rar

lly ff t d by t i u ti g whi h i
,

h p
'

as rea e ec e e re v o s os s n c r re

i i t
c e ves h h d n i t h b e it anf ll d t
or hn e ox as s a an e

f itlyi g by itg it
,

m an n e r o s y dn fi g are s rav an ure

B t t t mt t t
.

h u i e var ous i g i i i h i
urn s or m o on s ve n n s an

it t
,

d i
n e r, bly
o nev
p m y i a ; d h
e sc a e l d no ce an so are e

f thi g
or n o I y t nh f t h t th h sa i q l e re ore , a e c anc e s e ua
t t
.
,

f or e ve r
y f h i id
on e o N w if fi f
e s x h s es o ve o e se

m k d wit ht
.
,

w ere h
ar e m figu pp d gg
e sa e re , su ose a a er

[f] d l yan w it h on t i k on e I h l d i an as e r s s ou n

t h t t t t t
, ,

a h
c ase , w fisa h h e re h die re ve c an c e s a e e

t
y
w ld t p t h t it w ld t
,

ou h d gg
urn u f e a e r, or on e a ou urn

up t h ti k F t
e as e r s h ti g p h ft or h ie urn n u e ac o e s x

id b i g q lly p ibl t
.

s es e n he ua fi i whi h
oss e, ere are ve c as e s n c

t ly i whi h t h ti k w ld
'

h d gg e a d e r, an on on e n c e as e r s ou

t
,

be up pe rmos ;

Ta tdiff
s e rs from ex pe rien c e , in asmuc h as I re c kon

t
h p e t t
li y here , n o from n umb erin g an d c om
rob abi

p arin g he e ve n s t t t tt
,
af e r re
p e a e d rials b u wi hou tt t
 1 2 3 T H E P H IL O S O PH Y of B oos t
O f deduc ive t e vi denc e.

any t
i l
ra , from b alan c in g t
h e
p oss ib ili t
i es on t
bo h
side s tt
Bu h gh diff tf m p i
ou e ren ro ex e r e nc e , it
i
g s so

h t
t t w ml th tit
.
,

si milar w a h ld p du
e c an n o o er a s ou ro ce

tp t
fi t t
,

a sim ilar e
’

h mi d
e Th dif
f
u on
p i e n es e e re n os

t
.

i on s b ein g d
c on si e re d as e qual if any offive shall p ro
t t
th i t t t
,

d uc e fec
on e e f an d bu h h h mi d
e s x an o e r, e n

t t t tt t
,

we ighin g he diffe ren e ve n s re s e h in an e x pe c a

t tt t t
,

ion of ha in whic h he gre a e r n umbe r of c hanc es

tt t
c on c ur ; b u S il l ac c om anie d wi h a de ree of he si
p g
t t tt
'

an c y whic h app e ars p rop or ion e d o he n umb er of

t t t t t
,

c h h
an c es on pp i id I i em h o f h
os e s e s uc a er e

th t t mp i g it w
.

sa m m e h mi d
an n er a e n on co ar n s o n

t t
,

ex
p i w h fi
e r e n c e s, i f en id ve n s an c e s avour on e s e, o

on e th t f at
h ty d tmi t
avours h g t
e c on rar e er ne s e re a e r

dib ilit t t
,

c re y f h f m H o i ll e m p l i or d er en c e , n a co ca e

t t t
.

c ase s ,h y d g f
e ve r
p b b ili y m y b
e i h m
re e o ro a a e ar e

ti lly
ca ti d Th t tw di m k d i t
asc er a ne h m a o ce ar e n e co

w ywill t p i t t t
.

m on a hi urn u
p b b l h se ve n , s r c e as ro a e as a

th y will t p l
e d i t
urn u im p b b l
e e ven , an s x e s as ro a e as

th t th y will t p t wl Th d g urn u fp *
o
a e e ve e e ree o r

h bilit t t t t
.

a y i h d m i sd d m e re i ly I
e er ne e on s ra ve is

i d d t t h t hm t h m t l l t
.

n ee rue , i l a i suc m y a e e ca ca cu a ons a

b e foun de d on e x p e rie nc e, as We ll as up on c han c e s

t t t
t tt
.

E x ample s of his we have in he comp u a ion s ha “

have b ee n made of he value of an n ui ie s , in s uran c e s , t t

C all on e die A , he tt
h o er B . The c hanc e s for 7 are
'

A 1 . B 6 . A 4 . B 3 .

A 2 . B 5 . A 5 . B 2 .

A 3 . B 4 . A 6 . B r .

The c hanc es for n are

A 6 B y
A 5 B 6
t
i tt
. .

The on ly c hanc
e for 1 2 is A 6 B 6 The . ls h s o e 2 ,d
t
.

t 5 tt
0 2 h 3d o e ,
as 6 o I.
31 1 m VI R HE T O R IC . 1 3;

t
P ar IV . t
T he sup eriori yofscien ifi c evidence t re e x amin ed .

pla it
n g and
pe rc eivin
g a onc e he rt ttt t
u h of all he pro

t t t t t
,

osi ion s in he se ries , han he ongue is capab le of

p
ut ti g t
er n h m t e B f a w mk g t
onc e
p e ore e a e re a ro

t t t t
.

g ras s i g mn y weo a m e r d m i
e c w h e o e on s ra ons , ere .

i t t t at
,

n h i
e re lax s ar
e o p di g d m
enc e
-
i ; re c e n e ons r on s

an di t h
n p h pe set th er a s t h t p e d d
o Oth m er
s a re c e e

fl t h t
t t t
,

Th b e e
ars r i ec
a h
on, w o a w s o e se e nce e re

tifi d i ou t d by l d t h
t
sa s e s acc y n e e ve r earner, an e ac er

suffi i t A d if it t d
,

o o as c en w n e re no so, no a van ce
m t tall ld b m d i t Y t
.
,

en a c ou hi i e a e h n s sc e n c e . e e re ,

t t t t t
,

a a n,
g i h w h l e vid i
o e e d u c d he nc e im y s re e o e es on
o fm m y It e or m yb id t h tl g wit a h t h t
e sa a a on e e

w m nt d t ft i t
, ,

m mb e ran e s i no h i e on eh ere s o en n e
ll ct t l t
,

mi d n an i u p w
c o s co s f i o h v
e ro re c o e p n e se era s e s ,
g
wh v it t t t t
,

en e p l er b u h p w
eases o f r ll i g h em o er eco ec n e

seve ra lly d u anim ly nd t

s h m ud n tt u
cc e ss a e I s an ane o s

lle t ft wid ly diff tN w

,

re c o i c h wholon o e e , a re e e re n o

what i t ft hi i du t It
.
,

he s qu c on se i enc e i o s n c on ? s

p l i
an ly thi s t h t i p it f ath p id o f
n s m t h i
e o n u e r e a es s ,

t t t
, ,

d e m i
on s rao w h n p d a eve r c an b ly ro uc e, or reas on a

o ught to p du high d g
ro c e, f a t i t y t
er h n e ree o c er a n a

th t whi h r ultf m t t t
,

a c h Vi id
es s
p ro
i fe v re res e n a on s o

m m y n whi h t
e or o h th i b lig d tle n Su h
c e o er s o e o a c

t t t t
.
,

is h m e h u le u b nad i i ra h o w s i
or l na on , eve r ra on a

a n d p u ly ire t ll tu l t h f
n e ec m m y b a ted or er a e ac c oun e

my ti u t tt
,

h w
o e ve r d i li
s er o s an
p b l h l Fne x ca e e a er or

it i m if t t h t wit h utp f t q u
.

s an es a i o i a er e c ac e sc e nc e n

t t t t t t
, ,

s uc h p i
re res e n a o s,
n h m h m i i ul d e a e a c an co no

adv ance a s ni gl t p b y d hi
es ed fi it i e d i
on m s e n ons an ax o s

N t hi g t t
.

o nh f ef i m er i h w
ore s i i
ore c er a n, o e ve r n conc e v

alb i
et pp ea d t D ear P i tl y t h o w h t rw fl r es , an a as a

1 2 I
 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or . B ook I:

firm e d by Dr:O swald , ha ; Ibo p ar ibili y

‘

tt t tf o error
;
t t t
t
a end: he mos c om le e demons ra i on s
p t tt .

t
IF from he ory we re c ur o fee We shall quic kly t t
ttt t t t
,

fin d ha hose mos deep ly ve rsed in; his sor of

h j t
t t
,

re ason ing, are c onsc ious of e us ness of h e remark

no w made A ge ome rician I shall suppose dis c o t '

t
.
, ,

ve rs a n ew he orem whic h aving made a diag ram

h
t t tt
t tt
, ,

for he p urpose he a e m p s: o demon s ra e an d :

t t t m p t Th figur h h t
, .

h ds in h
“

s uc c e e e a e e e e a c on

t td i y mpl g d t tt
.

s ruc e h
ve r d m co i ons ra on
‘

s e an e e

l gf All w m
on w t k Will h b
o pe no f t ly o as e e so er e c

t th fi t t t tt hi k it f imp t
, .

sa ifi d s e i l on e rs ra as n o o n o or

tm k t d f t
,

an c e o d p h p hi d
a e a s e c on h? er a s a r an a our

t P u ly f m t
, ,

Wh i hi diffid h ?

h f llibilit
e n c e ar se s s en c e re ro e c on

i u
s c o sn e ss oft r f hi w '

f u lt
e i a B u t o s o n ac es

twh t t t t t
.

o p p ai m y b id
ur ose , h i io f a e sa e re era ns o

t ttmpti iti imp ibl f him by y

,

h e a e s n ce s oss e or an

ff tth k fi hi d p d t
, , .

e or s , o s a h
e o y s e en e nc e on e ac c urac

ttt nd fid lit
,

o f hi is a yen f hi m m
on , y a O e o s e or ?
g r,

wh t h h a c an m t h it t
e d t ave t im i f ore an re era e es on e s o

t t t t t
.

hi m m y
s e pp f
or h th i f i
111 f m
su or o e ru s or er es

t I k wl dg t h tft h d d t
,

im y on ? ac no e e, a a er a un re a

tm pth
e h s m e c an B t t hi i ave n o
g r t ore u even s s a ea

t t t t
.

d l ea W l f m i h
e arn h m i k ro

td by t
p e ex er e n c e, a e s a es

ight mmit t
.

or ove rs h mi d i
s co p i e e n n on e o e ra on ,

are s om t im ei w td i
e s , on a re v e d c orre c e n a s e c on or

t t tt
, ,

p h
er a s
p i hird B id
n a h p i i w h es es , e re e on , en no

t
.

e rror i di d s li h m mb
sc overe d en ve n s e re e ranc e , an

t gt t i t B ut f t m ict
,
.

s o s ren h h i en s hi i
e c onv c on . or sco on
Gimp . II . R HET O R IC .
1
33

Se c tIV
. . t
T he superiori y ofs cien ific t e vide n c e t
e -
mined
ex a .

itp l int
ISh t
w a a e are in a g re a t
m e as ure indeb td te o

memory, an d in so me me as ure e ve n, t o ex p e rie n c e .

A RITHM E T ICA L t W ll m t i
ope ra ion s , as
g l e as eo e r c a,

a e
r i t h in tu i t
e r naifi ; y t th m t u t
re sc e n c e e os ac c ra e

tt y ibl f t
ac c oun an s are ve r h p ibilit y f
se n s m e o e oss o co

m itt i g bl d
n a d t h f un er, anly f il f e re ore rare a or s e

ri g t h m t t wh iti fimp t tp
,
.

cu n e a er, en s o or an c e , o rove

wh t t
h yh d by t i t f f t th m
‘

a e ave on e , n o e ec e sa e
y g r

thi g n t h wy ano Y h er m pl y d y
a lf I
ou ave e o e ours e
'

t
.
,

su
pp i
ose , l i g m diffi l
n re so v n p b l m b so
y g l e cu ro e a e

b ra, d an i d t h t
are y l t i
c on v n c e i j t a our so u on s us

wh m y k w t t t
.

O ne o b ou
p lg b
no i o e an e x er a e ra s c are

t t t
,

f lly p
u h wh l
e rus e s i d q i
o e o e ra on , an
y ac ua n s ou

t
p e

h ta h h t
h d ie d a i sc ove re
y p d an e rror n our roc e ure

th t i tt ib l t h t t
.

Y ou are a y n s an i i w
se n s e a our c on v c on as

no tf u h imp g bl t b t
o s c an t ht re hi i
na e na ure , u a s s n

gl t
ce tim y i
s q on f t h fi
n c on se d y u
ue n c e o e c on enc e o

t
,

rep i
ose h i p i n d i y
s ex d k ill
e r en c em k verac an s a es a

bl b t m t i it
,

id
c on s e ra e a a e en n .

MA NY c as e s migh be t sup pose d, of b e lief foun ded

on ly on moral evide nc e , t
whic h i would b e imp ossible
hu th k
t s o s a e A m an of kn own p rob i y and good t
t t ddit
.

,
s e n se an d m k i
( yf ou hink if y a e s an a i on o an

m m t
o i thi en
) t m n d p h il
s c asep h an as rono e r an oso e r,

b id y sl k t thou oo it g d w a d t ll e s un as oe s o n, an e s

y w
ou,ith i t a t
h t t
h u w h i h
s e r ous c oun e n an c e , a e s n c

ttd y will
se s o g i ai p th t h W h t
neve r a a n r s e u on e e ar a

w ld b t ff tf t t W ld it
.

ou h hi d l
e i e e ec o s e c ara on ? ou

r t
c ea e i y d ub t I
n vou anb li it m ig ;ht t o s ? e e ve as o

I s
 m P H IL O SO PHY or Boo h t
Sec tIi
. . O fdeduc t
i ve evidence.

t
h s e oun dness of t
h m e
’
t tb tttt
an s in e lle c s , he u n o as o

tt
ru h f wh i h s id
o Th s if w
a e g ad n ly th u e re ar o e

f t d m nt t it lf d t tlway p d
.
,

e f ec i e h
o s ra on se o no a s ro uc e
h imit b l et i t t
,

s uc ovea
a
y s i oem i m c ra n a s s e es c ons c i

t t
,

q ue n m ly m on l id ere A d if hora ev e nce . n e re are ,

t th h d m w ll k w d m tt i
t
on h e o er an so e no n ons ra ons,

t
e e

tut h it
-

t
,

f g
o so h i w ld q ll l k lik ou e ua oo e

t
yrea a or y a

t t tt t t
,

lun ac y im p g n i m oy d u h i f h
a e se rve e a en on o e

i u t q i h wf wit t t t
,

c ur o s, h
o en u re p h ob u lk ar, re s ec o e

o f m ki d tan h i um t
n a th i h i g t
ese c rc od s nc es, e r av n s o

t h t tf g t h i h vi g bt i d t
,

e es o a es , h u i e r a l n o a ne e n ve rsa

ff g
s u ra e o ft h wh a q u lifi d t mi t
ose o h m re a e o ex a ne e

t t t
d tt
( hi g p n ly f h s ure f mo l vid ) h
e na ure o e ora e en c e av

c t
on r ib t ht u h k
ue of ith wit h whi h t
a hyns a en a c e

are rec eive d.

Tm pri nc ipal dif

fe re nce, hen, in respe c of he re t tt
t t tt t
-u

sui of bo h kinds , is re duc ed o his narrow oin

p
I m t h m t
, .

i l re asonin g, rovide d u
t
n a e a ca p yo are asc er

i d ft t
-s

a ne h g ul o e re ar proc edure of he min d tffi m oa r

th tt tdi t
,

ah o lu i e c nc s on is false , imp lies a c on ra i ; c on

in moral re asoning t though he proc e dure o

e n ft
h mi d
t t t t
,

u
q e i u n e Xce
p io na ble h e r e s i ll re ma in s a h
p y
t t t t t
,

s ic al p oss ibili y of he f alsi y of he c on c lus ion Bu

t t
.

how small his M orena : is in reali y, any judic ious

p tt
t t
t
e rson who b u a ends a li le may easily disc over

t t t
.
,

The geome ric ian for ins anc e c an no more doub ,

tt t
, ,

W h e he r he b o ok c alle d E u c lid
’
s E le me n s is a hu 4

t t t tt
,

man c omp i ion, W

t tt
he he r i s c on en s we re disc ove r
t t
e d and dige s ed in o he orde r in whic h he y are here

tt t
dispos ed, by human genius and ar , han he c an doub
 Chap . V: R H E TO R IC .

Sec tIV
. . T he s uperiori t
y f o sc ien t ific vi
e de n c e re-
en mined .

t h f t
h tte h p ru o e roposi ions t t
h e re in de mon s ttd
ra e

t t t
.

Is he in he s malles de gre e surer of any of he p ro

p et t
r ie s of he c irt tt t
c le ha n ha i f he ake away his

h df m t
,

an h mp ro with whi h h i d
e co ib i g as ses , c e s e sc r n

it th w ll t ly f ll tt
-

on h y will imm di t
e a h g
e d e a e a o e roun

t
hi g fi t
.
,

Th d i fl hi p
'

e se hi m i d
n s a eC
u s n an n e nc e s rae

t t
,

i ce,
p i ly i h m
re c sem n e sa e an n e r.

So muc h for he t vari ous kinds of e vide nc e whe he r t

tt d d t i ; i t it
,

in ui ive or i e id uc di id d
ve n u ve e v e nc e , as v e

i tt h t
n o fp u i t all toi f re i u n ed f ec on , o c onsc o s ne s s , an o

co mm u d t
h l t
on se n se , fwhi h t ht fm m
n er e as o c a o e o

ry i lud
s d ; d d
i nc ti i
e d di id d
e i t uc ve ev enc e , as v e n o
“

i t
sc enifi dm l wit
c an hth b di i i s f t
ora h l t e su v s on o e a

ti t p i d t tim y t
,

n l gy whi h
'

er n o ex e r e nc e , a a o an es on o c

h t dd d t t
, ,

f mi ed p i
'
hb
a h
ee n a id i e e c on s e ra on o a x s ec e s

t
,

c onc ern in
g c hanc e s. So muc h fo
r he various s ub

j t
ec s of disc ourse , t
i f whi h
an d t
h tf
e sor s o e vic on o c

t h ye
paret
i ely u
re s p t
iblec T hi thv u h
g p s sc e e. s, o e

culi ly t h l gi i
ar e
p i oi t
h f d
c an s t
i n f
’
rov n c e , s e oun a o o

all i ti d
c on v c qu t ly f p
on , an i t c on s e en o e rs uas on oo

tt it ft d t t
.

T o ai h an e h h
er op e k m u l e se e n s, e s a er s a

wy a um t
s ass h h t ft
e h le d
c did
arac e r o e c os e an c an

re ason e r
; f th gh h m
or,y b ut oul g i i e a e an ac e o
’

c an

wh i t h will v b a s mmat
o s n o ora or, e ne er e c on u e oras

twho i l gi i
or s no o c an .
 PH IL O S O P fi Y Bo
ok I:
'
T HE OF

C H AP . vi .

Of he t t na ure and me f
o t
b m l t t S
f y ll c o ar zc ar
'

o a

g i ving .

HAV ING in he pre c e ding c hap t t e r, en de avoure d t

o

t t t f t l l gi p h p wit
,

h
rac e li e ou nes o hm n a ura o c, er a s ore

mi t t h
nu e n e s s i h q iy t hi w
an t i t
n s uc an e n u r as s as s r c

ly it m i ht t t i o

h di l t
as s ove r n
n e c e ssar
y g pp g p a e ar s ran e

t f t t
,

l i h h l w hi h
s
i enc e e a ec c o e sc oo s an ar c

t i tdi p tm i t
,

h ghou w f ll no i d f n o u e, a n a ne or a

r tf g s t
a en sre

t h high tp t t m g t
,

ac o a e i h l
e es re u a on a on e e arn

Wh t t t
,

d wa l g g d d as hi
s so
g h o on re ar e eac n e n

im t
e a

ly l git t t
.
,

e e a d pp
a li i f b use i l p w
n a ca on o ur ra on a o

e rs i t h v
n t e f k wl d
g ht t
U ISl IO l l o
g ly
‘

no e e, ou no s ure

ig t
t i g t t
,

wh w en m pl y d i i
e are e h o e n n ve s a n e n a ure

an dt h diff e to t f id e re n tb lt g
'

ths r s o ev enc e , o e a o e er

ove rlooke d .

IT is lon g
i I was fi rs c on vit
nM
c ed b
s nc e
y wha t r

t t tt t
ttt
,

L oc ke ha h said on he s ubje c , ha he syllogis ic ar

w it
h it tdi pl y t
,

figur nd mod s m h es a o s , se rve s ore o s a e

ing t
iy f t
h
e nui t d t i t
h
o dd e n ve n or, an o e x e rc s e e a re s s

dfl t t tt t
t t
'

an y f h l
ue nch i h dilig o e e arn e r, a o as s s e en

mqm i hi h
re r fttt h n Th m t h d s re se arc es a er ru . e e o

of p rovin g b y syllogism ap p e ars , e ve n on a s up e rfic ial

t t d
,

re vie w b o h un n a ural an
p rolix The rule s laid
di t
i g i hi g t t
, .

down for s h n us n e c on c lusive from he inc on ~

 m n R H E T OT
R IC
’

I
c .
v f 1 37 .

06 he t t
u na re an d t t t
use of he sc holas ic ar of s yllogiz ing .

e lu sive forms of argum en

‘

he t
tt u ll
y g i m f m th r e s o s ro e

t umb m t
,

various kib de of phi m

so s are a on c e c ers o e o

t t
,

h m m d u
“

e e ory, an
y i i N
n n e c essar
p p n rac ce o er

t tp
. ,

n on e m ay ve n will e ve r b e made
’

t
so ure o ron oun c e ,

td m
,

re ason e r who s In a word

‘

a an s n ee d of he m

t t
h m if t i di t t
.
, ,

h wh l b
e oe e ars i f e ifi i l
an es n ca on s o an ar c a

and tt t
i p d
os e n a ous f l i g l l t d f
ara e o g i e arn n c a cu a e or v

i g t tp fu dit t t
,

n h pp e f g
a e aran c e y w h o m re a ro n o a

f t
,

ac y h ll w
1 8 ve r S u h I sk i
a o l dg h b c ac n o zv e e, ave e en ,

f l g t tim t t bj t
.
,

o a im my
on h
e, ; O
se n e n s on e su ec n a

i p t
n e arer n s i I ty I h f d
ec on , t
c ann o sa ave oun re ason o

altt h m t
er h gh I t e hi k I h ou t
lit l fut h n ave s e en a e r er

i t t t ft hi di p t t
,

n oh e na iure o i d s s u a ve sc e nc e , an c on se

qu tly i t t d f it ft ilit t
‘

en h g n o y e I h
rounll h s o s u s a e re

t
.
,

f b i fl
ore , as y p ib
rel l y b f as h d oss f w e, a e ore e re a e r a e

b vt id
o se r a t
h bj t d
ns on di m t hi
e su til ec ,
an so s i ss s ar c e .

P ER M IT me on ly t
o p mi i g l t
re h t Ip se , n e n e ra a ro

h ppoit
t t t
t h t
,

c e e d all alon g on i
e su h h d h s on , a e re a e r a

s om e
p re vious ac q i t wit h h l l gi
ua n an c e It sc oo - o c

tm ly p fl i w k lik t
.

would be ex hire e s u e r uous , n a or e s,

tgi o th h t
ve tb idgm t
e ve n th t ld b e s or e s a r en a c ou e

m d fa e o t w ll k w d whi h i t
an ar ill t b so e no n , an c s s o e

f ud i m yt
o n ho d l m
n O t h t h h d
an usan vo u es n e o er an

it t t t t
.

t
,

i s y h
no h b d p i i m
n e c e ssar a e e an a e n a e re

mt ti g will ffi i t t t
,

s a ly
er n h p p p su c en se rve e re sen ur ose .

tb t
MY firs i i th t thi m t h d f g i g
o se rva on s, a s e o o ar un
h t th l
as n o tffi ity t m l e i g t
he as
p a n o ora re ason n e ro

i t b i g t t t
,

ce d h ure h n
y f h m
e on e e n e ve r re ve rs e o a e

l
p y d i t
h
o e t
h I m n l i g w e o
p d er. n ora re ason n e roc e e
 r3 8 T h e P HIL O S O P HY or B ook 1 2

t t
O f he u na re an d use of t
h e scholas t
i tf”M i i g
c ar o x n .

by an alysrs an d asce nd from par ic ulars t t ive l o un rsa s ;

t
,

in syllogiz ihg we proc ee d by syn hes is , d d d

l t
an escen

f m
ro i un versa s
p ti l T h a o ly ti i t h
ar c u ars e na c s e

o ly met qui it
.

n h d whi h w c f ll w in t
o c h i
e an o o e ac s on

t l kn wl dg f what t
,

h t
bf na ura o ev e
g d e, u lor o e r re ar s ac a

it
ex s e n th y t c es i i m e s
p p y ln t h m eth d c s ore ro e r e e o

th t ght
a tb p d m t
ou o he ppli t
e i fk w
urs ue a ca on o no

l dg l dy q i d It a rea i f tac hi u re it h s or s re ason as

i met
e e

ll d t he did t b i gt h h t t
.

b e en c a e h d ac c o as e n e s or es

w y f mmu i t i g t
,

h p i ipl f i
o
a o c n ca n e r nc es o a sc e n c e .

B t u i t hi g
e ven n ft w t eac t mp t t
n ba as o en as ea e no re

ly t i f m b t t i t it
, , ,

h f
h tt
o n or u o c on v nc e ,
y ere i s a n e c es s o
i g tt i whi h t
,

re c urr n o e h k wl dg w
rac n c e no

t
e e e

wold u y w fi
c onve tt i d N w
as th m t
rsh d a a ne o e e o

mbl m t
.
,

o f ni g by yll gi m m
re aso n s o h m s ore re se es e e e

ti ld m t t
,

ca : e i wh r i f m i
on s ra on , l p i ipl e e n, ro un ve rsa r nc e s,

ll d a io
ca e m w d du m y t
x s, ut
e h whi h t e h gh ce an r s, c ou

t t t
,

ge ne ra l i h i a n m y wh
e r n m w d w i
ure , h a en co e

t fi t t t t
,

h ose p i ip
rs l s b j y l
r nc il d p i
e l , W he us s e
’

ar c u ar. ere

as, in all kinds of knowle dge whe rein ex p e rie n c e is

tg tt
.
,

r only guide we c an p roc eed o ene ral ru hs , sole

t t
,

ly by an induc ion of par ic ulars .

A G R EEM H tt
mark ifa syllogis mbe result
ohi s: s re

t t t
,

in m ood an d fg u r e an d if he p r
‘
emises be rue h e

t t
.
, ,

c on c lusion is infi llible The whole founda ion of he

t tt t
.

s yllogis ic ar lie s in he se wo ax ioms Things

tt t t
whic h c oin cide wi h he same hing c oinc ide wi h
t t
,

one ano he r an d Two hings where ofone does

t tt t
-
, , ,

an d on e does no c oinc ide wi h he same hing do

ti id wit t O t t
,

no co nn h h h f m e one ano er . n e or er re s
 FHTEO S O P B Y
'
'

T HE or B ook I .
‘

or he t t
u na re an d use of t
he s chola
’s t
i rtf lyll gi
c a o s o z ing.

t
ar h d t
ifi i l m t
c a ha u d th l g tim p li it
yeo
f o n n er e e e an s c

h t
t whi h h hith t
,

a b u d c as er o een se .

t m k whi h by t
MY hird h w y i dire t
ar ly c e a s re c

t t h t th t i t
, , ,

t
c on seq w fofi
ue n h ll b on h e o
-
r l e r, s a e, a n e

ordi n ar
y pp li t
ai f thi a t t m t cw it h w hi
on oh s ar o a e rs c

t t
,

w b m d
e c an
q i d
e l b
y y p i
a e ac i ua n e on ex e r e nc e , c an

be f lit
o t l t
ility S f
e f m l
or n o u d i g th o ar ro ea n e

bly t t f ll g m t d i
.

mi d g
n h d ig
a re ea o e es n o a ar u en an n

tig t f m t hi g k w tt
,

ve s i a on , hi g ro k w n s no n o n s un no n,

d by t id t tt t
,

an hi g hi g b
n s ev
; i l en o n s o sc ure s us ua

ro re ss
p g i t
h t y f m t
s , onhi g l k w t
e c on rar ro n s es s no n o

thi g b t tk w d by t tt
,

hi g b hi g
'

n s e er no n , an n s o s c ure o n s

ev id t B ten th t it m y tb t h ght
u t h t Id
a a no e ou a o

i ju t tt he t by t t t
.

n i s ce hi p o ti I m i
ar s re re se n a on , us n

t tt
re a h t th f w f ll wi g a id ti e may he o o n c on s e ra ons e

td d t
t
,

a en e o .

t
WH EN, in h w y fi du t i th mi d p e d a o n c on , e n roc e e s

f m i di i du l i t
ro n tt vh di ya f h
n s an c e s o e sc ove r o s uc

trut
hs g d p i
as re
'

d f m t
h arg i t a s ec e s , an ro e se a a n , o

h
s uc mp h d g as c o w m y y wit h
re en a e n us , e a sa re ason ,

th tw d
a as th m yb e y u
e a van c e , di g e re a e 1 n ev r s c ce e n

tp d mm ly l
s e an ti t
co y t
h m t h p on i s, e ss c e r a n an e re

di g ; b t i t wh t t
,

ce n in u h b no n s an c e a e ve r c an ere e

m oreB id th j dgm t es f m d es, i gas e u en or e c on c e rn n

t t t t t
.

h l e g e ssl w i h
e n e ra f m ed i as an e r or o
g a or c onc ern n

t t t
,

h m e g l oreh i i i m
en e ra i id i so e c onv c on s ore v v ar s

i gf m b t m t ; t h t
,

n h iro o b i gl s g
c rc u l s an c e s a e n e s e ne ra

it di tinct it
, ,

i m ly i d d b i g li i
’

s ore s c on c e ve an e n e ar er, s

d ply imp i t N w t tm y p
, ,

m ore eed h rn e o e c us o ar roc e

t t t
.
,

d i
ure nh l
y gl i i i i e sw em k d o h s c sc e nc e s , as as r ar e ,
e
 THE P H IL O S O P H Y on B ook } ;

known Iti p s ossible h t

t o a ne may believe he t o
c n e

t t
t t
.

e lusion who de nies he major : bu he re ve rse is n o

p os sible for o Imp res s myt
s elf in he lan u
g ga e of h e t t
ttt t
ha may b e predic a e d of t
,

ar , he spe c ie s whic h is
t t t t t
,

no p di b
re l f
ca h ge o ; b u h e ene s b a c an n e ve r e

p d
rei t d f
ca e t
h g o wh i eh i n oe nus
p di b l oc f th s r re ca e e

s
p i I
e c e s.f th fone , w u d u h
ere ore , n e re n er s c a e rror

in
g d
re to arth b t t e l g i wh i h
ru e s , i alw
rue y o c, c s a s

i id t
co nc witenhg d w ld l d
oo se n se , flt i ns
ou ea our re e c o

tt oh i di te in fp p
c a ons oti d li
f g g
e rc e i on anb y ee n ve n

t t
,

fl im
i ese an l d h m
a s , an k b l o nf m
e re i y w h
ar ai h e c or c

i t t t t
,

n hi p s re s deci p an f h i b d
n re sil y g
ec o e r o or an s,
t t
,

h ybe ou w p i
e ar o ro n s ec e s

Ir m ay be
'

sai d h t
t if t
a h s e j t
ub e cf t
h q t
i o e ue s on

t ig bl t t
,

we re a c re a ure muc h m ore h

no h h an orse ,

i t
e e

t
h e re would b e no sc ope for thi bj t
s o t
h ec on o e ar

gumen t t ttt t w d y t fo h
S ubs i u e , he n, he or o s ers r orses

tmi nd it
will Std t
.

in he nor, a hu an s,

All animals feel ;

A ll oys e rs are t anim als
;
Therefore all o y
t f
s e rs ee l .

t t t t tt t
In order o give he grea er advan age o he advoc a e
t t tt t t t
for his sc holas u: ar , le us s uppose he an agon is
t tt t
does n o m ai n ain he O p posi e s ide from any favour
t tt
o De sc ar e s t t
heory c onc erning bru e s b u from some
’

t tti d fth t t
,

i
no on e n er a ne p i l d f b i go a ar c u ar or er o e n s,

whi h i t
hc bj tf di p t It
s e i
su id t ecth t o s u e. s ev en a

h gh h h ld dmit
t t
h tt h ft
,

h m j h
w uld gad t
ou e s ou a e ru o e a or, e

o h im re m rly ot h ee m an e f nor as e re an r n ro
 R H E T O R IC , ’

O f hct t na ure an d use of t

h e sc holas t
i tf
c ar o oyllogiz ing .

e Xp re ss in g t
h l i
e conc f us on or he would c on c eive an

animal no th wi
o t hn
er se , a as a bo y e d ed wit
d n ow h
t
s e n sa ion or feelin g

SOM E TIM ES, inde ed, here is t no t

i t
h p n e re mise s an
y
p os i it mo
on re ge neric under t
whic h he c onc lusion c an
t ways find t
,

be com p ris e d In hi s c ase you al hat

the
t hibit t
,

same i io d i diff w d i
t
o
pr p os n i s ex e n e re n or s n so

muc h th th t a f t
h g m t
li in a m
e s re s s o e ar u en es

hi g eq i al tTh f llow
ere

synon im m t
a, or so e i g is n uv en . e o n

an x a
e mp le

Therefore G od oughto be worshipped t .

I tw uld he
o l t
s up erfu
ill ttt
ous h tthi g o us ra e a s ar u,

m t ld h
en c ou g t i
ave n o fl th E pi
rea er n uen c e on e cu

re an , th th fi t
an m t i
e d rs w ld hen th
on e on e ou ave on e

C t i
ar e s an T up p th
o s ty i t pp t
ose he c on rar s o su ose e

m t fi t d by t
.

t
,

h h m of a
'

co ra i on e ec e d de c ar s oun an no

by t f Wh t l ; t
,

h e se ns e i o d d a Th s h
a van c e us a so

middl t dt bj t
e

t t
.

e m er h an f q ly
e su
p d
ec re ue n c orre s on o
e ach t oh ; t
h d fi it
er as i d c ipt
e ei n i m on, es r on , or c rc u

l ti
oc u on , an dt h am Of t hi I h ll gi
e n e.
n m s s a ve a ne x a

t t t
.

p l e i nDi mi i
sa h s, h asi l di
n l th t ehi d ec n ca a ec e

t
r

m d ft t
,

oo ho h i d fige u i d
r m in d re s e no a e

S ome men are rapac ious 5

t
A ll men are ra ion al animals 5
t
The re ib rc some ra i on al animals are ra agi ns ,
p p
 TH E P H IL G S O B HY M
‘
M

44 I J
'
1 .
or

t t
O f he u na re and use of t
h e sc holas ic t tt
i yll y
ar o s a fz in g .

Who do es n t
o pe rc eive ha ttt
i l ra ona an imas l is b u t
. a

p or me n
e rip hrasis f 9

IT m ay b e p rop e r t bj i
o su o n on e e x am ple a t
l t e as

i n ne
gt
a ive syllogisms The s ubseq uen t
i s on e in Ce a

tt t
h fi t
. .

[m en ,
he se c ond 1 1 1 o of fig u
e rs re

Not tl t
hin g viole n is
i g as n

B t
t yi i l t “

y u ; ran n s v o en

Th f t t t
i

y i
ere ore
y l i g ran n s no as n .

Here a t
hi g n violen t for he ge n us qf w
s e rve s
q
hic h t
t
y rann
y i p i t
s a s ec e s t an d n o hin g c an b e c le are r han

h t
t itq i
a mu h l
re
p i
u re s t di wch e s s ex e r en c e o sc ove r, e

t
h h t
er s fd t
i b j
or n e ss t ly tt
r ibo td t ty ura on e us a u e o

rann y t
h p i th wh
e sth it b j yp
ec e s, tl di t an e er e us re ca

ed f y
o i l tthi
e ve rg T h l
v o en
pp i t i f w h t n e a ca on o a

th fi t mp l t h t w gi
t
.

tmpt
w id i
‘

s so
‘

as sa on e rs ex a e o a no ven ,

b i h t
t it w uld b l i g t im t at f
'

o v ous , a o e os n e o e ur

h tillu t
t er tito s ra e .

LO G ICIANS tp i tdi imi tt

have b e en h a a ns o sc r na e e

reg l du ar an q t i l mb i t
i
c on se f th t h
ue n a co n a on s o e re e

tem r t h ys, asll d f m t e h i g l are c a ed im ro e rre uar an

’

t t t tt t
,

c on se
q A m b i
uen i f h l k icod if h na on o e a er n e

d f t b i t l gi m ifi t
.
,

e ec h f m i e nll d p e or h s ca e a ara o s n e

t t t t
,

hi
se n s e , a so
p m h g h m ims h w pp oul so e es e se o a e

l t
i a of d d Of t
on s are c n oun h la tt ki d i d e e e r, on e n s e

mi t d p t it
.

i p i ip whi h is m m ly
' '

no na e e o r nc zz , c co on re n ~

d i E gli h b gg i g f t h q t di d ’

d e re n n s a e n o e uer zon, an s e

fi d t h p i g f e thi g by it
rov n lf wh t h o a n se e e r ex

t
ne

t
, ,

p re sse d in h e s ame or in fe re n
dif w ords or, which
Chira /
l I . R H E T O R IC . 1 45

O f he t t
u na re an d us e of t
h e s c ho las t
i t
of
c ar s yll o gi z ing .

am oun s tt
ot
h e sam e t t
hi g in
n he p roof he as sumin g t
t t
,

ve r y p i i O n on or p rin c i le
p p p ro os e d o b e
p rove d I
t tt t
.

i m
s s ur ri s
p g h a his s hould e ve r have b e en b y hose
ti tt
ar s s il d s
p hi m i e iti i f t
a so ti l s s nc e s n ac so e s s e n a

tt t t t t t
,

oh r e a h he i lw y m d
a i l d f i re s a a s so e ra ca e ec n

t t t
,

a s ll
y g i m w
o hi h i
s h g b l wi h h i T
c h s no c ar e a e s e

t t t t
.
,

rh
u fi w h o 1 w f
fi rm w illa pp yno a a e ar o an on e , on

t h li ght t i w f wh th b di t
,

e s es i
re v e h o a as e e n ev nc e n e

t t t
.
,

p di
re c e gp f
n h i h p ar o s c a er .

t d l tb t
THE four h i I h ll m k
an as o se rva on s a a e on

t hi t psi i th
o t t h c,
p p p s,i f th a l
y g l i e ro e r rov n c e o e s o s

t i l i
ca i th t
sc e nc e , h d j tm t f s ra l g g er e a us en o our an ua e ,

i n ex
p i g l
re ss n b j t p i l k
ourse ve s on s u
y w ec s re v ous no n,

t h than q i iti f
e ack w l d g i t
ush i g th m
on o l no e e n n s e se ve s .

A di g tM d M
c c or n i R o i g t a ars a s ,
“
‘

e ason n c on si s s i n

d wi g j dgm t
.

d d i g i f i g
e uc n n e rr n f m or ra n a u en ro o

th j dgm tl t
, ,

er u dy k w 5 h
en s a re a i h w no n or, ra e r, n s e ?

i g t h t
n t h j dgm t a i q t
i h b
e u l dy en n ue s on as e e n a re a

f m d imp li it
or ly i
e m ht h t th cly p i t i t n so uc a e on on s o

l p it d h w it id t it t t
,

d e ve o e y w i h anm s o s en so e an e

i j dgm t h t t
,

r or u N w I ffi m t en h f m o a r a e or er

t t t t t
,

p ar f h i do fi i i i ll d d
s i e n i gon su s a e uc ve re ason n

t t t
,

w h h e i i fi l
e r sc e n m l i W hi h h p i
ca ip l or ora n c e r nc e

d du d i di t i t l t d t
,

e ce f m h w s l s ly nc ro o e ve r c ose re a e o,

t f m whi h t h d d t
,

h p i ipl
e r nc es i i m d
ro c e e uc on s a e .

Le i
ra sonne me n t c onsi s e ta dédui re , a infere r, a i -
t
t e r un
j uge

men td t j g m ’
au re s u e en s dej a c on n us ou p lu 6 a f tt
aire voir q ue lc
j u e m en
g td t il g it déj
on é t
é p t
é d ’
s a a a or
’
un e m an iere implic i t5
e

t
,

de s or etq il t p l uuq
’
t
i q d l d
n ese
’
s ue s on ue e e l
ve ope r, e d ’
en fai re
voir l id t
’
it
é qu lqu jug m t t
en ri u
avec e e e en an e e r. L ogique , Ar 7 t .

VO L I . . K
 T m : P HIL O S O P H Y or a/ r
Ba t .

T he lattp tf t h d fi it
er i whi h b gms w
ar o ith e e n on , c e

th w d
e t
h d
or s or ra tw e pli t er,i oe s no an s e r as an
'

x c a on

oft h f m t h ut h m th i ntd d
but t
e or e r, as e a or se e s o ave en e

ly hit
e x ac t h h t f yllogi t si i ge c arac e r o
'

s s c re ason n

t f t y m ly b l
,

d i d d f ll
hi g ig ifi d t
an n ee o a sor s o c on rovers e re ve r a

ly t h t h a gume t
.

If y u g d
“

o re ar on e n s n e e r n

t t t t
,

conve s n o i i d i f rw d
n s ruc u in h on , n or

t
y oe s o ar s e

k wl dg
no ft
ehi g i gl t
e o p B if y un g d s a s n e s e u o re ar

t t t t
.

p i i
r nc l
p yl h iga i m y r e s m is pp
n s, h a s e ve o c orre c a

cati ft h m t
ons o h gh i dv te
y t
h
,
w i rou na e r en c or o er se .

t tt
IN evinc in g he h ft hi d t i I h ll b ? ru o s oc r n e , - ~ s a e

i with im l ill t t i f m wh t m y pph n us ra on

t y i tdyi g f ig tg I l n H t
g n p a s e ro a a a e

o an on e n s u n a ore n on ue e ar uu

a It h di t t t t t
.

n ali dF an an i y h h I l ian w
re nc d c onar a e a or

t t
,

fi m
ee o p d h
c orre s on F e h w d h h i s nd o e r nc or re r, a

fr m F
o h a d E gli h di t
re n c i a ry th t
anth F h n s c on a e re nc

tt
,

brehzr c on e sp on ds h En l i h heep Henc e I

'

o e
'

g s s

t t
.

form his arg ume n ,

P eeora is he t same wi h br ehzir, t

B rchir is t
h e t
same wi h s heep 5

The re fore Acc ord is t

h m t
wi h s heep

t
e sa e .

This h ugh n t
t o i o n mood and figure , is e vi e n d ly
tw dp m
,

c on c lusive Nay m ore if he or s ec a hrehir,

t t
.
, ,

a d h p u d
n s hee i f ig b n g a d
erd as e ne on o s ns , e re r e

th tm it h t ttm d ti
,

difl
'

e er h s, as ree e rc n an c on a n s
‘

er s,

a di td i t
re c ifi l d du t
an i f m t hi i m
sc e n ca e c on ro s ax o

i id t with t m t
,

Thi g h hi g i
'

n s c o nc en e sa e n are c o n

id t wit t on t th h d l t
,

”
e h en h h on e an o er e o er an e

h t
t d t
.
,

e hing ig ifi d b l ly g d d
s s h
n i e e so e re ar e , an ere s
Chap . VI . R HE T O R IC . 1 47

O f he t t na ure and use of t

h e s cholas t
i tf yll gt
c ar oi g a o an .

bu t tm i t he Wh l
on e m ly t
er h p i nf o e, na e e s ec e s o

q d
ua ru
p d d td by th t
eh m b meno et
i e re e na e s a ove en on

N i t i t hi i w f t h m tt t
,

e d h or s h
e re, n s ve o e a e r, ano er

t t t t tt
.

j gdu m i ll h h
en p p i i n b u
n ah i id e re e ro os o s, s e n.

t
i l ca on e ,
”
A s he ep is a she e
p .

Non le i b e imagin e d tt th tth ly ight pp li a e on r a

t
v

i t
-

t t
,

c a ion c an
‘
be n h q i i i f e ac
g l g g us on o s ran e an ua e s .

E ve ry tgon ue wh t gi t
a e ve r
p it i m h ve s sc o e o n as uc as

tg t t
,

in e very h p k l b d
on g ue i e s ea e r a ours un er re a n.

i
c onve n en c e s
p i lly b t t q ti b th
e s ec a on a s rac ues ons , o

f m th p
ro it
y b ity d
e m b ig yit f
aucth o sc ur an a u o e

t
, ,

w d h
or s, on h d d f m hi w m ie one
pp an 5 an ro s o n sa re

e t q i t wit ht
.

h i d imp f
e n s ons , an h m n er c ac ua n anc e e o

t t t t
. ,

h h e o A m
er m y f s a a r fu l an a h e re ore, t
by an
t t tt t
.
,

an d sop his ic al use of he m, be bro u g h o a dm i in

tt t t t
,

c e r ain e rm s , wha he would de ny in o he rs his

t t t
,

dispu a iou s di sc ip line may unde r

p op
r er man a
ge m e n

by t t t g light t iti
, , ,

”
i g i
se n h i n a s ron er e n c on s s e nc e s oc c
a
i
s on ed by h imp p i t i bs uc d ro r e e s, e re n e re d i tm n s ru en

tl i o t
a i g t
n h mc It wa
rrec m k d b
n e s re ar e a ove

th t h p p it t
.

a i
s uc h Tw l
re os d ons as e se , e ve are a oz e n

Tw t l id d li "
y en are a s c ore , p un e s s c on s e re as e x c a.

ti ft
on s oh w d d dm e or s
q it i ig ifi
oz en an ore , are u e ns n .

c ant Thi limitt i h w it

s w a on ,
y t o e ve r, as ne c e s s ar o

t t t
.

add f h p i i
or w hi h id
ose i l osw h on s c are en ca en

id
c on s d p ly e rel t
i g tt h t hi g ig ifi d
ure as re a n o e n s s n e

wi e id t
,

are no i l wh d d p u ly l e n re ar e re as Ie x ana
'

g en ca p
ty
s

or f t
h m o S upp th
e na t th u g h
es th. im p ose a ,
ro e e r.

C hap . V S ec . tI . . P ar t
I .
 THE P HIL OSOPHY or B ook I .

O f het t
ur a d u
na e n s e of t
h e s c holas t
i tf yll gi i
c ar o s o z ng .

fe c iont of a man ’
s kn owle dge in he lan guage , t aide d

by an o t
h p hi
erss
’
ry an d so
p e rt
hap s his own in a e n t
t
t tt tt t t
,

i on , he is b rough o adm i of h e on e e rm , wha he

would re fus e o ft
h t
h h e o e r, s uc an ar u g m t thi en as s

m igh b e t em lo
p y ,
e d

Tw lv e e , y
ou allow,
are e qu al bt
t h p tf i t
h fift e y ar o s x

Now a doz e n are e o t

qu l taw lv e e 3
The re fore a doz en are e
q ual tt oh p tf i t
h fift e y ar o s x .

I mark he th t
t gly f t h
c ase rak f ill e r s ron or e sa e o us

tt ibl t h t i wh tg d t
,

ra i f I m on or a hi g
se n s e, a n a re ar s n s

so d fi it ell m n f mb
e as a it i imp ibl
na es o nu er are , s os s e

for an y wh i t q i t ig o t f t
sh t
nog t u e n oran o e on ue , o

B t th i t llig t d will
.

b mi l d
e s e u ily e n e en re a e r e as c on

th t b ts d m t t
.

i
c o vo, i a h
p y
n i l bj
a s ru e an e a s ca su ec s,

wh i t h t
e re n m o ft b eth ter i d i d
s are en o ex e n s ve an n e

fi itn i th i ig ifi t
e i n d
e rsm tim n q ica on , an so e e s e ve n e u

voc a l th m t t d w y m y b e i tgl d i
e os ac u e an ar a n an e n

t
,

h m e .

IN fur he r t c on firma ion t of my four h t m re ark, I

shall
p roduc e an e x amp le in Camer rer t t
h
‘

e s e c on d

t
,

mood of he s e c on d figure

tl
t
A ll an imals are m or a

Bu an
g e ls are no t
m t l; or a

T here fore an
g e ls are n ot im l an a s.

When th nt g i t ll th g le a im l it
a on s ca s e an e an an a

m t t t t
,

us
p d f m h f
roc e e h w ro on e or o er o e se o c ause s ,

it t t t
-

e h rf m e i g d
ro h tu f h
an e rror n re ar o e na re o e an

g lie d f m mi
c or e r, ort k t th imp t f t
hro a s a e as o e or o e
Chap VI . . R H E T O R IC . 1 49

t t
O f he na ure an d use of t
h t t
e s c holas i c ar o f s yllogi z in g.

E n glish word t tt animal : If he firs b e he

m c ase na e

ly m so i i
e e rrone ous o
p b t g l t h t
n on a ou t h y an e s, as a e

mb di d p i itg t t
,

are e o e d s d r s, p i b l l i
e n e ra ek an c orru e e

l
ours e ve s iti id t th t .

th f
s ev m t
eni d y l
al e ore en on e s o

g i m
s l b d t
a ours unh m m d f er t f e ll coy ll on e ec o a s o

g i m
s sIt u m t h ass
yp i t
es i q t i
e ve rB t on n ue s on u

if t b t h di p tt it
.

t
.

h diff e we re n c e e bee n f e s u an s e, as re

q ue n tl y h pp m aly b l
en s, d t h
e re pp t
ve r a an e o on e n

t t
,

use s h w d im l
e or h an m f li i g
a as an o er na e or v n c re a

t d t t t t
,

ure , an ly as e x ac
p di g h G
c orre s k m on n o e re e er

ar u
g m t f th
en si t m o y b f s is or f ttia g e o s e rv c e or s e n

th imp p i t
e
y f
ro r eh m i pp lio t i s uc f t h a E g sa ca on o e n

li hs m i
na l e light F
n a c e are r l t it b b d or e e o s e rve

t h t th gh N t h t h t gly m k d t
. ,

a ou a ure a h p i i s ron ar e e r nc

p l
a diff t b f
e re n c e sd in d iff o t e d oun f b i g e re n or e rs o e n s,

a p d
roc e w hi h h
uret h gg t d c t m a t h m
su es e o en e an

ner o f l i g t hi g i tg
c as s n n d p i s n o thi e n e ra an s ec e s , s

d oe s n ot h ld q ll y o e ua H it i t h t e nc e s, a

t h diffe ttm i e re n er s gn d t l a es o no a

wy a s e x ac tly p d S m t i
c orre s on f m p ti o e na on s , ro ar

m t ff t
.

l i
c u ar c rc u m s an c e s , are d by p p ore a e c e on e ro e r

t y i b j
n o t t h b
ec s,
y th o T h i
e rs l d t an o d f er s ea s o a i

t di t ib t ft d t
.

fe re n i s r hi g u on o h i l n m s un er e r s e vera n a es

N w t h gh it tf im p t t h t t
.

i h w d or s
'

o ou s no o or an c e a e

t t t t
,

in on e tg ly
on ue e x ac
p d h i c orre s h on o os e n an o e r,

it i f im p t t
s o h t i t h
or an c e m tg a if mit
n e sa e on ue un or y

i t
n hi p st b res m ec h p e, ib las b ucd as os s e, o se rve

ii g d t t td t ly t td
.

E rrors r reh igar o e s n s, en no on o re ar

t h p g e fk wl dg b t
ro re s s o t td no e e, i u o i n ro uc e e rrors n
t
s e ,
T m: P H I L O S O P H Y or B ook I.

O f he t t na t
ure and use of he scholas ic ar of s yllogising tt .

re ard
g tt h t
hi g ig ifi d o Now by sugge s t
i g n

t
e n n

t
s s e

tt ib t mml t it
. .

h diff se d in he defin i f on o

t
e e re n a r u es co

th tme m y m di m
er as so an e u s in he proof, an ap
t t t t
,

peal i m d h sd y a e o e a ve rsar
’
s p rac ic e in he lan
ua
g g e t w y h m dium m y b p td
In his a s uc e s a e re se n e

t t tt t
.
,

a will
s i fy did d y h
sa h pp lisi a c an a ve rs ar a e a ca on

ft h t t i n t f m bl
,

h m k
e m i q
a i es o e er n ue s on , s o c on or a e

tt
o h g f t
h te
gu usa e o e on e.

O N he tt h h d it
i ti t
h t t
i m t
o er an s c er a n , a n a ers o f
b t td t wh th t
,

an a s rac mpl m an co ex na ure , e re e er s are

co t ti f q u nt
m p re he n sive , inde fin i d e, no n re e us e , an

é q tt
c on e ly n t w llre n ti d m m y g t
o e as c e r a n e en a ar ue o

t t t t t t
,

ge h ll w i
e r e e rn a
y h m ki g h m ll im p ou a n e s a es re s

h t t ibl ll t t h t
,

i
s on on h e ac h whil
o e r, no se n s e a e e, a

th r i ttb t tm y diff b t w th m o

t
e e s no a o an ere n c e e een e

t t t
,

ex ce
p h im p as f w od d e
p h I d or o or s an rase s
'
o

ty h w t h t t
.

hi i li
i g t
no s a u e c u ar

ft
o e ve r, a s a c on se enc e
q p s

tt f d b t
,

o hi m s h gh p h p
an n e r o e a n ou er a s o e n er

ult i g f om itn tf itm y i di t

,

re s n r o i ac c oun o s an n ce s no

t i g ub t l t d m y wi di g t
,

ions , un m i e an n sh e e s , an az n n s, an

f m
ro y th anm F o it m u t
erb w d th
ann e r t or e o

t
s ne a

h yll gi t t t t ft b
.
,

e s i h o l s c ar mp l y das a e as as o e n e en e o e

f im p i g f ll i th d tdi g f d
tt
or os n a ac es on e un e rs an n as or e

i g t A d t t
,

ec h n imp d os eh ugh b l ose n o ve r a c on ro~

ty m tb it t l p i it ith t
.

ve s see s o i e h s na ura rov n c e , s ne er e

on ly m t h d d pt d t h di u i
e o a a t
h m t e o suc sc ss on s , n or e os

E p dit
x i t
e ous

To c on c lude t
h en , wha th ll w d n mi tt
s a he e e o na e

t tm f tt it
,

ar ific ial sys e ,

or organ o h h b
ru l , as as e en c a
Chap V7 . . R H E T O R IC . 1
5 1

O f he t t
u na re and us e of t
h e sc holas t
i t
of yll gi
c ar s o z ing .

le d, o fwhic h we have b een tt

i g rea n ? Shall we s t
yl e

itt h tf e ari g? S h o blre ason n

pp ll o onoura e an a e a

t it m iti h t
,

i on by m no h be eans h w e r s , s nc e , as a en s e n,

it i ill d p t
s dt i t a ifi m ta t df t e h to sc en c a e rs , an or a re a

mpl y d by t h m t h m t i i o e d it is
'

s on n e ver e e a e a c an an

ut tly i p bl f i t i g
nc a a i u h i t
e o as s s n us n o r researc n o

t
er es

t Sh ll w t
na ure h p u i
a th i e f en ron o n c e e sc en c e o

t t t
.

q m b
o ac
y i p l i E g li h h
or, f fi ng h i g an n s e ar o n

wit d b ut A d i t
, ,

hw d w d
or s , an hi w dy a o or s ? n n s or

w f ar are , h ll w y t h t t
hs la f l
y gl i i
e sa
g a e ru es o s o s n are

th tt
e i T hi w ld
ac cs ti ly hitt
?
h m t tm s ou ce r a n e a er ore

ly b ut
n e ar Ik w t h w it h pp tht t ll
no no o a e ns, a o ca

t t t
.

an y hi l
g g m by n l i w
o o ac u ld b i or a erc a on, o e Cs
'

de re d as givin g bad flame s an d when a good use

may be made of an inve n ion t it m u o bl see s nreas na e

tfi it whi h ught ly t
.
,

o x an o di u m up
o s na e on c o on o

tt I h ll t ly t
,

d isc rimin a e h bu e a h f it
l it se s a e re ore on e

t t tf di p utt Iti t
.
,

h s h l e c o as i c ar i h oh l s a on s e sc oo

men ’
s s c ie nc e o f defen c e .

WHEN all e rudi ion c onsis e d t tm ore in an ac uain

q t
an ce t
wi h words ,
an d an ad dre s s in usin g t
h m t
he , an

4“
In an s we r tt
ht
o
a b ran c h o f logic whic h L ord Ve rulam s t
yl es

D oc ti r na
'
ae e /m c bzr
'

b e men a ,
r ’
i c onc ern n i g whic h he afii rm s De
t
,

d im us e i no
j m en
p lexé d us u, q ui a ve rus e us usus e s an re ar u

t t
g
ti o, e i i u um b
c au m (g imme p t
o c rc a m ill md s ve r oru ar e

t
a e

t u t
.

p di
rsem i i cae i tit en i d uti
s, s d rec ns a ur, c r a c a ones e n on c on

f d di
un e n t tmp di d fi it i
s aum t di i i um tm i i
ra one n s e n onu e v s on er n s,

p i
ra
pecm m ti i i
uu t
im m t hu t
usu iam f t i m l
sor r ex s a us , e e e re er a n

m us . ” D e A ug Sc i . . L . v . c .
4 .

K 4
 1 5 2 THE P HI L O S O P H Y or B ook I .

O f he t t
u na re an d use a t
th e s c hola~ t
i t
of yll g
c ar s o rz m g .

t
in he knowle dge tity i t hi i of t
hi g n s, dex er n s e x e rc

t m hl t t
.

i f
ra on c on erre d h h l gi as uc us re on e sc o ar, as a

lity i th t
ilt d t
n m t edd d l
g y t t
hs an ourn a en s a e or o e

k ight I p p t
n i th tt
t i n f m ki d
ro or on as e a en on o an n

f tt h t udy fN t t
.

h b as d w f ee n ra h h n o o e s o a ure , e on ours

o ft hi tt i th f d d d it
s c on e n i w lous ar ave a e an s no a

m t f g t t Th i twi h it i
,

os or o en e re s n o re ason o s s re v

m t tt
.

va l l q h
as e o ue n c e seeb y li l b s o ave e e n ve r e e ne

fit d by it d p hil t
,

e h
p y ill l ,
an oso s ess .

t
NAY he re is b u tg d t tfii m t h tth oo oo re ason o a r a e re

t il t twhi h it
, ,

are w l o ev s a h g d d Th e as c as en e re e se are ,

fi t it h f di p t t
.

rs an i g cy bj o h w s u n on e ve r su ec o e ve r

t t t t tf phil p hi
, ,

u ib l
n c on rove r h h e e o e r, a s or o oso c

p id rwhi h w
e, ill t p m it t thi
c k t h tw b no er us o n a e e

li thi
e ve an
y g lf id t p i
n ip l w ith eve n a se ev en r nc e,

tp i t
-

t
,

ou a g m I
re v ous re ason or ar d g u en n or er o ra

tify t tw d d
.

hi p i W i s i bly ass on, e n var a re c ur o or s , an

a tim m
re a p i t l l i
e n sel d f u a ns o os e ourse ve s n c ou s o o r

wn We imagin e we
.

o raising. are advan c in an d

g
m akin g won de rful p rogre ss while he mis t tf W d o or s

i t ll thi d
,

in whic h we have involve d our n e u ec s , n e rs s

from disc e rn in g ha we tt are mov n i g i i l ll t

h n a c rc e a

t
e

m i e

How ridic ulous twhi h m y l d dare t

h e c fior s c so e ve r e arn e an

j udi i u m
c o s h m d i d t
en i th t wh
avet b gi a e, n or e r o e v nc e , a a e ve r e ns

t it m t h O I h m t h b
'

t
o ex s u us
g ave a c a se . n e ar ue s , e re us ave e en

a
d
a c ause
o
e
tm i t
h tim d pl t
h er
g h it w ne e e an ac e , as ou ere

id t tht t id t ld tb d tmi d wit h t

,

m ore e v h en a e ac c en s c ou no e e er ne ou

a c ause ,th tht th it h t

ft
an hi g u ld at b d t e e x s enc e o e n co no e so e er

mi d ne A t h . i i t yC i noly th t if thi g h d
er ns s s ve r ur ous , a a n a no
 R H E T O R IC
‘

C HA P V II
‘

. .

Of bc t p am idera zon t wb ’ ’

zc b t
b Sp e e aker oug h th
t o ave

f
o t
b H c eare rr, as M en in g eneral .

R ue r ourc as was ob se rve d alre ady no t ly on c on

t tb utl t d t
, ,

siders h e sub e c j ,
h h a so e e are rs an h p e s e ak

t t
c ause , h f itlf;
i m us have be en e c aus e o se a t
hi d r , t
wi h e qual
i ty th tt hi g m t
h t
h ll i by al
i '

c on s s e n c b ,
a no n us ave e en e c aus e . ns ,

wy mi g b b l t
a s ass u t
y f g e a ro u e n ec e rrz o a t
h yd m
c aus e ,tt on s ra e

b b l t t it
n e e

t f ll ill tt ft
‘

e a
y f s o u e fra e rn o (1 c am e. For a u i h f us ra on o e u

ty
i lit f h p t d d o s uc re e n e re as on n
i
g s, se e I ti fH mc
'

re a se o u an

Na t B I P t ure , 3 S . t 3 . ar ec I do nothi k t
t h yh n d e av e s uc c e e

t
. .

edb t t wh h t
e er mpt l t
o av e a e e o ass 1
g f
n a reas on t
h f ith w or e a e

h avei t hi p i ipl
n th t
s tb f t wil
r nc e, m bl t b p t A a e u ure l re s e e e ar

l t t t
.

a e au h im gi or th t h l a th d i ffi lt
n es ,
y a b y y e so ve s e cu a on c e , sa .

i g t h t wh t ow t im p tw ft ; d t h t
'

n a i a s n e as as on c e u ure an a

t
, ,

th gh oum h h d no p i an f w h as f t a
y m ex e r en c e o a zr u ure , e ve r an

h h d as p i a f
exw h t w f t
e r enc e
” W ldo i tt h b a ar u ure ou en e

m p pi tsttt
.

ore e rs h q c uous ti t h o H w m w t
a e e ue s on us , o co e e o

b li eth t wh t
e ve i f t a twh t w fl
a s will m bl
u ur e , n o a e : dure , re se e

th p t i ”
e O ft
as h fi t h y p ly the t m h
rs h d e sa s ex re s s ,
a no an as a

ex p i th
er en c e , u g h l m ti th o m b t h
a h t ll os t yn e sa e re a e e s us , no ve r

i tt
c on s s e n ly Th w i ff i th w
e an s tf d it er t s su i c en , ave e no oun o

tm tm ill gi l t
,

h ”e o
s 9 w whi h pp an an s er c h a e ars o e no ore o ca an

u g mm t
n ra i l B tdmit
a t
ca i g wit
. h him t uh t t id t a im n , a o c on s er e as

p tas ft u or (t h u
g h d i
re ,ti ti a b
ou m p i )
no ly s nc on c n e ore re c s e 1 8 on

p li
uz z g th q n t i ; l tae q u
ue si w h t h
on e b en re e e r a re as on c an e as

i
sg d ne f d
j g g i or th t th u uk w n t im w ill m
a b l th e n no n e re s e e

im di id d i t q l p t
e

wh l t
,

k w S pp u os e our i oe e v e n o e ua or

t
no n on s .

c nt t B E t t
‘

a h p i es eA c orD on sF G O f h h , h , , , ,
. e se e re e

t
,

fi t t
,

rs h b ave p i d h
ee n m i
ex i g f a
e r en c e T h e re an n our re no

t
e

t t t
,

t
.

h re efi t I f drs mb l oun h bu h
o re se w m I gu e on e an o e r, o us ar e
 Tm: P H IL O SO P H Y or B ook I .

O f he t c on side ra t
i whi h t
h
on c e s p eaker ough t
toh ave

er The he are rs mus tb e c onside re d in a t

w f ld
o o

vie w ,
as me n in ge n e ral ,
an d as s uc h m e n in p ar t
i l c u ar .

wi h gt re ar d tt
h to e re s S hall I s ay, B was like A , t
h e re ore f D
t tt t t
will be like C 3 or, ifyou hin k i s ren g hens he argum en , shall t
t
I s ay, C re sembled A and B , he refore D will re se m ble A , B , an d
C I w ld gl dly k w wh t tf
ou a i g no i t ifi l a sor o reas on n s c en ca or

ld b d omi t t
,

l t
.

m ora hi , s c ou d _yh i eth m d i

en m b y na e or v a s e e u

whi h t hc l i i m d
e c onc t S pp f t
us on h s I gt a e ou 9 u os e , ur er
,
e ac

t t t t t t
.

q i
ua n e d w i h D f m ly k w d fi d h
or i er l l y un no n
,
an n a ac ua re

hi f r i h m wit
,

se mbl s A B e dC h w t an h y k wl dg o c an s u n s e an no e e

hi g t tlly di t i t T
,

d G t
,

fE F mbl Ih
'

o an n s o a s nc he re s e an c e ave

d i D tA B td d t y
, , ,

di s c ove re dC
n o b an c an n e ve r e ex en e o an

hi g t
, , ,

t nh t i t
a D s no
yp t f D
r
ly t E
n or an F d G ar o na ne o an

t
,

t
, , ,

t
,

un l y
e ss m hi
ou as su h m d i m e th t h u ks as w w i l l t e e u a e n no n e

q i l tt
,

m bl t h k w ; h t t h f te will
'

whi h i or, u va u ur

h p tSb f i t
se e e no n c s e en , a e

m bl t
re s e e e hi p i ipl
as th fo f bm b i g ar
'

s s r nc e, e re re r e n

t
.

df m p t t t
,

dd
e uc e i l
ro p i ar h it is f d
c u ar e x m t l l le r e nc e s , a
'

un a en a o a

p arti l d d
c u ar ti f m e p uci i w hi
on s h w ro l d t d
ex er enc e , n c e c ou no a

v an c e a s ni gl t p w ith tit W
e s e f t m i l d i ou f e are o en s e n c as e s o

tt
.

t hi t by g d pop l
s na ure , a va fw d ue an tdi g t u ar use o or s , n o a en n o

t h i
e n c er diff i t h i i mp t
e renc e si diff titt ni If
e r or n e ren s ua on s on e

t km H y t tb li t
.

h t t ’
w h h
'

e re o as e, ave ou e n n o re ason o e e ve a e

f t will
u ure mbl t h p t I h ld c t
re se i ly
e w e I as s ou er an an s e r,

h th g
ave tt e tb li eit A d if t
re a e s
” re asonh q t i o e ev .
'

n e ue s on

i g g m t td
.

i l i m I hould h
'

h db
a e e n c on c e rn n a eo e r ca ax o s ave re urn e

t rg m t
,

th m
e sa w e an sBy w ft m
e r. reas on e o en e an , no an a u en , or

m di m f p
e u i g b tg
o rov n di h m t u u whi h pa rou n n u an n a re on c a ar~

t i f u d d N y fu t
,

i l j dgm t
c u ar u en h s n p go n i e . a r e r as
,
o ro re ss n re ason .

i g
n b m d wh
c an e th a e fi t
e re
p i ip l
e re i s n o rs r nc es

are h th
e re l f d t i ) I h m dily dmitt
e so e oun ah t th m
on s ou a a , a e an

wh d o t b li
oe s no h p p it e i if it w
e ve s uc p ib l t fi d
ro os on s , e re os s e o n

s uch am i p f t
an , ly i t i s l d
er e c q t ly t trrab t on a ,
an c on se uen no o e a .

fi d
ll e W ith q

‘F
Chap IV .
.
1 5 6 T m : P H IL O S O P H Y or B aak I .

O f he t c onsidera t
i whi h t
on h p c e s eaker ough th
t o ave of t
h h e e arers ,8cc .

ing i tf u d d o n e in our n a ure t O ur e ye s an d han ds

df t t t
.

an will gi ee ve us h e same assis an c e in doin g mis

w uld t t
-

chie f as in doin g good tt h f be bu i o no e re ore

b tte f t
e h w ld t rh t ll m ki d w
or bli d e d or a a an n ere n an

t tb l id id by h t
,

l m a A m e r m s are n o o e a as e on e s en,

t t
.

b ec ause i d by i d uffi h y
c arr e as s ass n s an r an s e are o

b dt
e us eh t
h f t hi y e N th
e ra er or s ve r r ason or are ose

m t lp w
.

en a fwhi h l q m ho il he rs , o c e o ue n c e so uc ava s er

self lik t h tf w th hum

e tp f t e ar o ar or o er an ar s , er ec

ttg d d il d ly b fi i l
,

ly i diff n e re n o oo an ev an on en e c a as

t ight O t ty t
,

h y e ly m p l y d
are h r h y e o e n e c on rar e

t will p h p pp ftw d m
.
,

are by na ure , as er a s a e ar a er ar s , ore

f i dly t tt ht h tf l ho d d m ily
’

r en o ru an o a se o an ore e as re

ti d i t f it t i t h t
,

a ne h hn f i e c ause o v r ue , an n a o v ce

p
l“

f
er i
td m t im ff ip d b m pp
t q
No
h
e rr
p t
an

liqa id
u

ueh b
es

m
en

ac e x ti m
,

m
m a

ar e a
e c us
t
-

u
s os a

a e re c u
on u

ra
a

on e c o
are n s se

m ill d i t t
,

ne z ve ru
; q d W t
ut i t m t p
n e re s mp t f b uo ( e er a u ur ree / a

rm i p w t
n n tp pi i m i l g m t
r ren za i mf t m t
ra zo ror e e n on u e a u uru , a

t impl t
,

i m m Id q
n J ar/ um q i p ti b
e o ue c ua
e n raese n a o ve rs e n ur, e an

t
.

p h t i m f
an as a t i mb it p l m
or us ,
q t i t bj g
s uc c u e ru ue ra o e su u a ur .

S dp t e
q m l os
q tia t ua i m i
e o uenll t m i t t f t e s uas onu v e
'

ec u s ,
u u ura

e tm t t re it t t pi i t tq m p
o e c on s uen ur e ti t m c on s c an ur an ua raes e n a, u

d m m b
e ti p t t
u i i ph tia
a e un e n ti fit p i
ar e s ra on s an as ,
ra o s u e r or.

C l d m
onc u a igit d h i m gi i t
us i t i R b ti
ur, n on q d e er a s v c ve r e or e ee , uo

d t i m p t
e e r ore m h t it ar e
; q m D i / ew q d
c o one s are s e a ua e re n uo so

t
,

p hi m t s i d
a a t ( h i
c onc nn areim it i
oc e a m s en n e sc ,
c on rar oru

t
.

c an d m i m
e li t
ra on e
pp t e sse , D A g S i
ce us u o on an ur e u . c .

S
’

L vi c 3 T 4 fai rways" x ga wmla 8 75 ipu s m

. . . . w e: a n ? a rm 1 «E
.M »
'

s c i u Cd s m n ¢ mm M yu olt
‘

g a z a i m S acm fl a , div
-

g ; £ t
71 9 1 0 ; arm " -
'
’
.

0 3 in m m 3 d
’

fil m im v m m '
/ m c v
xgp svog 2
0 m m 1 c am e r a u m '

p s: 7 A o

W , 7 8 7 0 7 0m us tif i
: a m ne wa rr en 7 3! ”Adv a gsrug , x z i p ea rl s a -

x z m rm
x w
g p
n a ru
'
lm , ow
' '
r
0
t
t
up s a e, 7 19 3 7 8 , fl a res/ 5&9 T “ 8 01 ; 7 7 1
;
 R H E T O R IC .

M en c on s idere d as end o wed wi h unders t tdi

an ng.

S E CT c ons idered as end o wed wi h t

tdi g Unders an n .

B td d tp a tul t
UT o h fi t
e sc e n thi g t o ob r ic ars e rs n e

tdi d by t
s u e h p k i t h t hi g
e s m t m
ea e r y b s, a s ar u en s a e

d td
un e rs oo If t h yb i t lligibl t h a e m t e un n e e, e c use us

ith i t i t t
.

b e e h er n h p i I
e s e n se or n li i e ex re s s on
‘

es n

t if t t
. .

h e se n s e , h m di m f p of b e h e h u s o ro s uc as

t
e e

h eare rs are q i t d w i h t h
un ac t i if th
ua n e id a s, e e as

i td
n ro d b it
uc e h wit h t the p he e ft h i k w
er ou s e re o e r no

l dg
e e, t b tt or f t h i pp h
oo a s rac i d h or e ra re e n s on an a.

b it f t It li i t lik wi if t
i

s hi ki g
o hn n h es n e se nse e se , e

ti f i g (t
.

ra n o h gh
re ason n l id h ld b ou no un usua e as s ou e

i tdu d) b l g
n ro ce m mp l
e on m i
e r, or ore c o ex or ore n

t i tt t tm d t B t t h fit
,

r c a e, h h y an e are ac c us o e o u as e

f t t t t
.

n ess h o g m i h e ar u
p d p d
en s n es e res e c s , e en s on

th e ca
p ity d ac ti a d t t i m
e t f th
uc a on , h n a an en s o e e ar

td f m tt
,

e rs ,whi h i d iff c n diff e re n hi or e rs o e n are

-
e re n s

t t t t
, ,

ro e r
p p y l b l g h id
e on i w his h ho p k
e c on s era on c e s e a er

ou gh t t h f h
oi di ave o t m i g s au l en c e , no as en n en era

b t i p t it
,

u hm
as s uc i l Th en b n
y w h i h
ar c u ar e o s c ur c

i t h f m t t
.

ar se h pro i wil l m i
e ex u b
re ss on co e n c o rse o e

c on sid di t h
ere q l n e se ue .

THE se c ond thi g n re quis iti th t

t h y
e b ttd s, a e e a en

ed t; fo or t
hi p ps ur ose h im gi t
t i
e m t b a na on us e en

é vfl ; H Q il t
fld l ‘T ¢ ( “yrs a ,
‘ -

u n
yi de t
erm i n er } fihm ld m a dmi n. A ris t .

RhetL . . i . c.
 8 T HE P Hi LO SO PH Y B ook ]:
‘

1 5 or

S ec tl l
. . M ei! m idm d a s endowc d wi h huagln a iou a t t .

g aged. tt t
io i p A q i it t
en y f
f
n t f s re re us e o e ve r e ec o

sp ki g
ea d W i
nth t m g antifi ti i h i g ou so e ra c a on n e ar n

t t t t t t t
, ,

h will
ere b i l f
e no a y i en on , a e as o an c on n uan c e

t t t
.

Th q u l
os ei i i id whia h p i ies ll
p y g r
n if
y h e as c r nc a a e

f nya c i ity b t
are V vac
y u b lim ity lt y N e au s n ove o

thi g ot ib tm t i a it t t
, , , , .

n c n r y h
u es ik i g ore o Vv c an s r n re

sembl n i t h im g y whi h
a c es n n y b id e a er c c o ve es e s,

ddit ft
, ,

an a i l pl u h i wn
on a e as re o e r o .

Bu t
th till f t here d tb is s d by a
“

ur er an o

t t
e se rve

p l fifl
fia g h im gi i t
h t
het f w k i
a na on,
g d an a o a a en n an

p v i
re ser g th t t t
ni h w im e a
p t t th i en on.
p o e ver or an s ur

p ose l h t
a one
g t b td ou I Wiil t y o e acc oun e no sa

wit h l tubt il m t t t
.
,

a a es h
p y i i h B li e f e a s c an a e e c on ,

si t t hi t
s e h li li n f id Th t
e t hi d
ve nes s o our e as a s oc

t it w ld b q itf ig t
.

i i
r ne
r
s e rron eous , my ou e u e ore n o

m
p p tos ettm pt h t
o a e i 1 T h m h v
e re o ev nce us uc
h w i i d b it
t
o evea s n bl t h t b li f mm ly u li a e, a e e co on en ve ns

our ideas }; t
h t l i ly id hand tg i ? a ve e as ave a s ron e r n

fl ue nce th fi t id o i d b li f B t f
an an e as n n uc e e e/ u s o ar

r t w f om b i g i id t
t th t t
.

a e h es e o hi
r en c o nc en a e ve n s

b t hm t
t t
,

c o i
n nex on w h gh mm n i
e een e ou co o s no ne

t t
.

, ,

c e s s ar
y V i i y f i d i lw vac
y m p i d o e as s no a a ac co an e

wit h f it i f ith lw y b l t t
.

h a n or s
p d i i y a a a s a e o ro uc e v vac

i d inm y m i d by t
.
,

Th id h O dip T y us ran n us
‘

e eas ra se n e e

o f S p h
o l t
h L
oc e s ,f S h k p or i m e oa
n o a es e are , are nc o

bly m
ara li ly t h t
h ore it d by ld b t
ve an ose e x c e a co u
p

The au t
h or of A Tre a ise t of Human Na ure , in 3 t vol s .

t t t t
,

If on e is de sirous o s ee a ref
u a t
i on of his princ iple , le him
t
'

consul R id ’
y
Inquir , C h:ii , Se t
e s
5
”
c .
,

N
 R HE ToR IC
’ '

Chap VII . . .

t
fai hfifl hisroriographer t t Ye I may give fi ll] c re di
ot
t t t tt t
.

h l g
eu id n r
anr iv f h e l a h ag h I b
e oli a e r, ou e e ve

no t i gl t i t
asn h
e s en e n c etg di If p f n ose ra e es a roo

k d ft t v mt t t
.

w ere as e h g o ye i h rea e r vr a h n e on e c as e an

i t
n he t h (W hi h by t
o er h way mut c b fi lly d e s e na e

tmi d by n ci u n ) l tt fi t
, ,

h
'

er ne co s o s f
e ss e ese e e c s s e rve or

a rg u m t T h i d o f t h e
et t
eas l l ve

io op r t
en s p g g p e o re a e r e a,

d l } at t nt t
.

s ur c mme, o an c os e m o g e n, e a e ore s r n

ly o t h p i s a nd r l g m mb d If
‘
n e as s on a e on e r re e e re

t tffi i tvide c if g t i it
.
,

h h
e se e no su c en e y n es ( rea er V vac

t w
,

I w Ih pp h i f h m i h i h
‘

o n ave n o a re e ns on o e e an n c
g
that ut h a ffi tt hé t
or a m Th x es o i ; er e c onn e x on

t h t t t t t
.

v
e e r, g r llay u b is
en e a h b w e i s i y d
s e e e n V vac an

b eli f will p p le s m llou if W

e ar s fl ct t‘

hat arve

t
e a s, e re e

th e rei t g tdfl
s no so b t w
re a a g um ere n c e e e e n ar en

and illu tt lly im gi d

t
i i u
s ra on , as Th
s m sua a ne e sa e

i g i u w it a t
,

n en o s y r er s i g m l r o i g h
s , c onc e al n ora ea s n n a

it i butki d f mp i Th t ut h ft
,

s a n o co hi s
ars on e r o s a

t
.

i
s er on an y wi ll ily b
one o i d f w
e ash o e c nv n ce o c on

idéis t t tht ubj t

,

s h p “
ding b
e rec ei o serva on s on a s ec .

Wh en .t
h irli s t
he difi
'

r b e we en t
t
a ddre ssin
'

e e e rer c e
g
h judgm t
t ad t
he F yaddres sing Wha
tt
? an d

t
e en n anc

h di t
i t b t
,

h a h give n rise o i w e s nc on e e e n ran oc r

n a~

The following o bserva ions will t

t
rion an d image ry

tt
?

s e rve for an an s wer o his q ue ry tt

I is e vide n ha t
tho gh t
.
,

F
h mi d
u i e n rec e ve s a c on s iderab le p l a u f m
e s re r
o
t
h di e y f s m b l
sc over
'

o re e an c e , no pleas ure is re c eive d

wh t h en m bl c i of e re se an e s s uc h a n a ture as is fam i
t y b dy S h t
?

h h ose re se mb lan c e s
‘
ir
a o ever o uc are

whi h ult f m t t
.

c h p ific
res ro e s c an d gen e ric ual ies of
q i
e .
1 60 T1 1 13
"
P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I -
.

Sec tII . . M en c on s ide re d as e n do we d W i t

h m gi tt
1i ? a on .

ordin ary ob e c sj t Whatgive s t

h p i e r n c ip al li
d g h
e t
tt t hib it t
t g lik
.

h im gi
o e a i na f i on , is he ex on o a s ron e

n ess , whi h p th ti c f th e sc a es
e g lity f e no c e o en e ra o

p p eol 1 h im i
elitu d fm t
'

m e s
g l t g l e o an o an , e a e o ea e,

t i di idu l f t
.

se a i
o s e a, b i f f or, hn m re o on e n v a o e sa e

t t t t t t t
,

sp i f
f
ec es , a h f y m h l
ec s W h
no p e an c e e as a oe

t mbat b t t
.

w ul d
o hi k f mp i g e ve r wn w o co ar n aco e een o

of hi h t mbat
s b t w
e roe s oth tw o a co Y t e een er o ? e

will h fi d o t g
‘

no wh -
l e re e se mb l e n s s ron a re se an c e

I d d t th f ult t t
. .

n ee y f im g o i h ie m b
ac l o a in a on s re se an c e

t t t t t t
,

a
pp h u
e ars ra d h i f id er i y l h n u g h er e n o on o en a o

it b t h fu d t
e i f th e tg t i g f m
o n a on o e s ron es re ason n ro

ex p i
'

A
e r en c e
g i th im il it y f p ia n,t e s ar o on e s ec es o

t ft of t tt h t
.

ano h h m g u
er o h li e sa ge e en s, as e on o e l r,

oft h ld tt h
e a k t h ugh t hi tb
er o id e oa o s oo e a c on s er

bl fu d f g m t t h dly t ike t
,

a e n i o ar u h f y en a on , ar s r s e an c

m t h
ore th p di g i anmu h eth g i l
re c e n n as c as e e ne r c a

t t t
,

p p i w
ro e r e s , h f y p i p i ip e re o l e ve r s e c es ar c a e s , are a so

b i u
o v o s B ut if f m t h p im t l i g w ro e ex er en a reason n e

d tt id t m
.

d esc e n h l gi l w m y b o e an a o ca , e a e sa o co e

U pon a c ommon twhi h

o c re ason an d fanc y have an

e q ual c lai
Q til im A co mparison , ”
s ays uin an

h lm t
h t t ff tf
.

B t wh t
,

a h mpl
a os e e ec o an ex a e. u a

h t i l
are r e or c a mp i wh b g ht t ill t t co ar son s , en rou o us ra e

anyp i ti l td th h
on (w h t t h
nc u c a e
y on e e arers , a are e

I y) b tg m t f ft
,

sa f m l gy I p u hi
ar u en s ro ana o ? n roo o s

l t b
e w i t
us n f m t h f m t i
orro d an ns a c e ro e ore en on e

h t i i
r e or c an ,W ld y b i d ft h ou ou e c onv nc e o e ac c e s

Ins i t
tlib . . v. c a .
p 1 1 . P rox imas e x e mp li vires habe timili
s
 R H E T O R IC .

S ec tII]
. .

M en c onsi dered as e nd o wed wnt

h m e m ory .

sit
y t f t
h m
of e duc a ion
i d id f W h tim or e n c on s er o a

t t t t t
,

p l i
or an c e h g d h fi ld
cu w hi h ure s o e roun e e c

lt
;

cu i td p du th pl t
va eif l p fu f l f it ro ce a en u c ro o se u ru s

t wit
,

ifne gle c ed will b e hb i db m ove r run -

r ars an ra

d t It
,

hlm h u l an xi w d o er s e es s or n o ous ee s

b t tt ha t ifli g tp int t t
, .

w uld be
o no h e er n r n o o ou e are

g u m t hend i th i p c ouc
g N w if me
p i t n s as s a e o co ar

whi h i th hi f h t t
.
,

s e a, hc g s i fl e c
p e a so re a an n ue n c e u

i t
i n it w d t h t all t t
,

on c on v c i o h h ts no on e r a os e o

ti l tp d figu dd d tt
‘
e r ora

t
,

or c a ro e s an h j g i i n re s a res se o e rn a na o

ly l t d t mp i
,

whi h c m le are ore or ss n e ar re a e o co ar son,

b t h lig ht fi
s h uld d i
o h e r ve nd
f y f E e nc e o a e c ac ve n

tit
.

an h i imp li mp i
es s Simil i mp i es co ar son e s a co ar son

t t t
.

in e p i m I M poh i e ll g y . i m i i e a or s an a e or n n a ure .

Al le gory an d p ros op op e ia are c o mp arison s c on ve yed

un de r a p ar t ic ular form .

SE CT . c dnridered a t dow d wit

en / e J

FU RTH ER vivid ideas are no t ly m on ore p o we rful

t t
,

h an lan guid ide as in c om man din g an d p re servin g a

Ih1 d U t tis
ti im m di
s an u c as e x c ole n dum , s imili udi n e u ar

tm q u
er s, d m
a ltf t
ne t
gl t t
ec t
q u a s en e s a e u os, e x c u a ruc us c re s .

Pr tt io q m d ti m
a a e a, dit
f iliu q udi t
i n es c uo o o e a c re ac s, ua
e a en

j d tt l pt
uc un a sun t d {i d md itu (fi eL i vo u a e a e uc r. ne r. v c 2.

t
.
, . .

1 S imilé an d c om
p aris on are in c o
mm on lan guage fre uen ly q
c on foun de d. The d1 fie re n c e is t
hi Similé i
s s no m ore t
h an a

comp arison su
gg e s ed ti n a word or tw H f
o as , e
g h l
ouike t a lion ;
H is fac e shon e as t
h u e s n. Comp arison is a simile c irc um s tt
ia an

c d, an d in c lude d in on e or more t t
se p ara e sen en c e s .

V OL I . . L
i s: T m : P H I L O S O PH Y or
'

B oo z t
Se c tIl l
. . M en c on sidered as endo wed wi t
hm m e ory.

tnt
i e on , they aret ly m no on ore e f
fic ac ious in p ro
duc ing c on v c i t
i b tt
h y on , u e are also m ore e asily t
e

ti d a ne Those sev e ral p o we rs t M gi

un de rs an ding, a

t m t t
i t
.
,

i me mory an d s s ion , are ally ub

’

n a on , a u u s se rv e i
p
t t Th tit t t
,

o n o e an b h i er a s ne c e s sar y f h m or e o r o

t
.

e n gage h h lp f m m y
e e o e or will app e ar from m any
t what
,

re as on s , p ar ic ula rly from was re marke d above

th f ut b t
,

on h diff
e o r w m l i g
e re nc e d e e en ora re ason n an

d m e tt i
on s ra ve It w t h b d t h t i t h as e re o se rve a n e

f m t dibilit t t t t
,

or h er y f h
e c re fa i h u m f h e o e C s e s o

id
ev f ll t
enc e o h gu m t fat i d p d t
e ar f en s , o en n e en en o

on e th br ght
ano t pp te r, it A d t h gh it
ou o su or n ou

hw t h t tt it lf wit h ut t
. .

w as sdm e i
n a h e on s ra on se o e as

it ft hi f ult
,

t
s s anc e o y l d p s d ac i c ou n e ve r ro uc e c onv eu

t t t t t t t
,

i on
; y h i m ue b Ow d
e re , h h u l s e ne a e n a ra

f t l li k i t
,

i
c on n e x on h o h hi e d se ve ra n s n e c a n re n e rs

t h m mb
e re i e N w t hi g
ranc e e as e r p o as no n c an o e

t t t t
.
,

ra e h mi d whi h i
Ou e i m pn p c s no n so e re s ec re

t tit m t b t by t tt h t
,

sen o k c are h us i e a en e ora or, a n

i td i g w t t t t t
, ,

n ro uc n p i h i
neg l f b y h f o c s, e ve s es e e or

m th m i d ft
e r on
-

h h e my t n b s off d e e are rs , a no e e ac e

It i t ft it t
.

h s hi e s e n se y w h i h h
o h g i e i s n e c e ss c a v n r se

tt oh l f i
e ru e s o
p ti c ozn os on .

SO ME will p e rha s
p c on side r ti
i as rre
gular, h t
t I a

sp e ak he re of addre ssin g
‘
t
h m m e e ory, of
'

Whic h
‘

no

t tll w m d i t
me n ion h fi th p t Wh
a a as a e n e rs c a er, e re in

I o id
c dth diff
ns tf m Of l q u
ere l e e re n or s e o e n c e , c as sin g

th m by t
e h d if
fi tf ult
i fth mi d dd e cren ac es o e n a re s se d .

’l‘
Chap . V Sec . t . 11 . P . I.
1 64 THE P H IL O S O P HY or B ook In

Sec tIl l
. . M cn c on s idered as en do t
we d wi h memory .

ob se rve , t
h t
his own sys e m , orde r bo h in
a e ve n on
'

t t
t t
t t
’

S
p ac e an d ime ou h o h v b n in c lude d I a
g a e e e
p
t tt t t t t
.

p e ars a le as o have an e q ual i le w i h c ausa ion ,

whi h c di g t him i b tp t
ac c or n i ul o m difi u ar c ar o ca

t
s a

mb i t f t t t t
, ,

w
’
i on and i co h h na C
on oi e o er o ausa on ,

i t i g p i ip l i i hi t
.

c on sid d a e re as n as oc a h y n s e or
s n r nc e, s,

t t t f t
,

n m o h ore h ig an i e c on w id uous s uc c e s s on o o e as ,

whi h i mc de ply im p i t
s ore d th m i d by it
e rn e on e n s

ex
p i e r en c ef i m il ot
i i
g y t a d s iar c onf u an suc c e s s on o

th im p
e i f m whi h t
re ss on s h y rop i d T hi c e are c o e s

t i t ltf d i i it
.

h f
e re ore h s mbl e re s u y o re se an c e an v c n

u itn d e O d i pl i lik wi a m d
r er n f i i i
ac e s e se o e o v c n ~

t t t t t t
.

y W h hi l e re ti i g h
s d ybas h eg l s s re n en e e re ua

it t t
,

r y d im an
p li i y fs fi g ; w h i h
c q u li i o i ure c a es a r se

l ly f m t ft t
,

so e h ro mbl h
e re se p d i gp an c e o e c orre s on n ar s

oft h fig e th p tim il ly itt

ure , or d e R g ar s s ar s ua e e u

b id t tg whi h t
.

l figu
ar re s ,h d es es h yd i e a van a es c e er ve

f m imp li it t t t t
.
.

ro s y d u if mci y h h
an i l h n or ave s a s o, a

t f m ili tt i dt
,

h y e m are h m
ore h a i g l fi ar o e n an rre u ar

g ure s , d th
an f m are ily i
e re ored ore e as c on c e ve

t
.

H e nc e h i fl e whi h n d i
ue n c e
p l h t h c or er n ac e a

u on
p th m m y e I f y p
e orq sti th i i an e rson ue on s s n

l t him b tfl t it i t
.

flu h wm u h
'

e nc e , e u re ec ,
o c e as1 e r s o

re me mb er a c on side rable nu mb e r of p e rson s whom

t
,

on e ~~
ha h s e en ran ge d on b en c he s or c hairs , roun d a

hall, t
h t
h t p mi
an e same n umb er s e e n s an din g ro sc u

ly i
uns wd d h w t l it
n i f it
i g
a c ro an o na ura s or as s s n

t
h mm y i
e ll t
ei g t h p t ut
or
'

n re c o e c n e e rson s , o re c r o

t
h rd wh i t
e o h yw p l d
er e re n e ere ac e .
Chap VII . . R H E T O R IC . 1 65

M en c on s ide re d as e n do wed wi h pass ions t .

Astd i t im
o or e r n whi h i mp it i i p e, c n co os on s
'

ro

t t t tt
.

p erly y l d Ms h d ie i h p ie ip y ll
o i c on s s e r nc
‘
a n c on

t i g t h p t t t
,

n ec n i u h e m ar s g n s i i y c a an n e r as o i ve vi c n

tt
o hi g i th di
n s whi h h
n e ffi it
s c ours e ,
y; c ave an a n

th t a i m bl
s, re s e lit y t h l
an c e , t i i c as ua or o er re a on n

t dt m ki g t tm y i t
,

n a ure h an h i us a i n e r c us o ar as s oc a on

an d mbl
re se i th f m an c e , asp t n e or e r c ase , c o o e ra e

wit ht h i tig it i
e r c on
y d t i imm u d i t n ura on , or e a e s uc

i
c e s s on i t h d li ny T h tili
ety f m e th d
ver f e u o e o or

idi g t h m m y ll t B t
.

a n e h w ld k we or b id a e or no s u es es

thi t t t
.
,

s,h m p
e re are s o f h di w
e l l aar s o e s c ours e , as e s

fig f p
ure s o h p li ly d p t
s e ecdt thi d S h
ec u ar a a e o s en uc

ft bj t h ti l
.

t t t
,

are h di i i e h v s on o h p e sui ec e r e or c a re e

t t t t t
,

ion s o f y k i d
e ve rh diff m d n f i i e e re n o es o ran s on

t t
,

a nd p i l
re c a i u a on ,

SE C T . c ons ide re d as en do wed wi b t

P arriom .
,

t
J

To c on c lude whe n p ersuasion is h e e n d, p as s ion

also m us b e t ti f y whi h b t
e n gage d w ; If i s an c c es o s

t
,

b illi
r y an c id if i i
on our m m y w hi h g i e as , s e or c ve s

th m t
e bilit
y p s ai d th m it im t th m
as s on o ore , an a es e

H n t t t t
.
,

e h yd i
ce
p i i e d gy T
e r ve y h S r an e ner o sa a

it ibl tp d wit h t t t
.
,

i ps os s e
p oki g h
e rs ua e
p ou s ea n o e as r
-

i i b tt
s on s , b t ki d f p i
s u a es a n o s e c ous n on s e n s e .

Th l t
e c oo e s l w ys i p di g dd
re as on e r a th a n e rs ua n a res se

him lf t t t
,

seh p i o m wy e h T hi h
as s on s s o e a or o er s e

t id d i g if h p k tt
.

c ann o avo h p p on T e s ea o e ur ose o

it t t t t
, .

m k m b li
a e i
e g h e h w m h
e ve , hi g s e n ou o s e e a n s

are so tm k m tit o i a e
y t h w t h t
e ac ,
s n e c e s sar
i
o s e a

L 3
1 86 Tim P HIi O S O P HY or Book ];

Se c tIV
. . M en c on s idere d as en do t
wed Wi h p as sions .

t
h t
i will
e ac W on ans e r so me en d T ha t c an n e ver b e

d tm whi h t t
.
s

an en o e c
g ra ifi es no p as sion or afe c f i n o

i my t
u Y u tf my h me I
’

li it
n na re o as s ure 18 or onour

my p idéx wit h t
. .
,

N wy o whi h I h d
ou so c er r ou c a nev

b bl t d td t
e en a h w de Y y
o un I tii e rS an e or ou sa

f my i t t N w y
.
,

”
b p k my lf l
'

or n e re s o ou es ea se ove

It f t
-
. .

”
h p bli g d OrNwy my p u oo o ou rouSe a~

It
18 e c

t i t t
.

”
im
ro will li
s h mi bl N wy u re e ve e se ra e o o

tu h my pit t t
. .

o c y S f h f i i f m b i g o ar e re ore s ro e n an

u fi m t m t t t h t
.

h d fp m h p io e rSuas ove ns , a

t
n ar e o o n o e as s

th i ere
p i w i h
s no tm i g th m e rs uas on ou ov n e ;

B U T ifso muc h de pe n d on p assion whe re is he t

t t t
,

Sc op e for argum e n ? B e fore I an swe r his q ue s ion ,

le t
itbe ob s e rve d t
h ti a n orde r tp
o e rsuade , t
h e re

t w t hi g whi h mu t fully t
, ,

are o n b s di d by
c s e c are s u e

t t Th fi t is t it m d i
t
h e ora or e rs p o ex c e so e e s re or as

i t d i t t i fy t
.
,

i
s on h h n h
e e are rs h i e s e c on s, o sa s e r

j g d
u m t t
h tenth i a i b t
w ere th s a c on n e x on e e en e ac e

t twhi h h w uld p u d t dt h g t
,

i on o c h m
e o i e rs a e e an e ra

it
.

fi t
,

i
c a on ft h d i o o p i e whi h h e s re r ass on c e ex c e s.

Th i hi st l
sy i fpe an a u i T h f
s s o m i f e rs as on . e or er s e

f rd y
ee e b m m i t i co
g li ly d g l wi
un c a n
g id f ve an o n e as o

t h bj
e o t the lectt u l id t af it lf
e r, t n e ss so e v en o se as o

s u e rse d t h it y b y p
e ti g t
h
n e c e ss b t d re se n n e es an

t
e
p
m t t t t
,

osf ibl a gu orc m w hi

e h h r u f h en s b c e na re o e su

j o
o ra dm it I th s;li th p tnh ti i th th
e on e es e a e c, n e o er

t h e ar u m t t i T hen a i p tved t g th ( e se nc or ora e o e er as

t
g
t t t t t t t
.

w b
as o se rve d in h e F i C h p ) i h rs a er c ons u e a

ve e h m f e nc e t ti ot w hi h t h
c on e n g t t on o c e re a e s ex .

p l itc f s l q o h t d
e o ue n c e
g tl t b iboud ou
b
e ss o e asc r e .
 R HE T O R IC .

S ec tIV
. . M en c on s idered as end o t
we d wi h p as sion s .

t t
He re he n is h p i ip l p f e g m
r nc t b a t sc o e b r ar u en u

tt t
,

no h ly e p on w il l pp i
sc o e ; h as q u l a ear n e se e

th fi t d l t
t i d t h p t h t
.

“ h 7 en e i rs en a on e i s a a ne e a e c

wit h t t t l t
,

h ou i h p i e ra ona i de d u d
e ass on s are n e ro s e

by t h h lp f t
,

f m ro di g a bl l g s a re e a e han uo r e e o

g i t
nai d th m
on , an i d i t h w i t
e t t n w h i
s h ro n n o a s a e, c

t mp i d wit t
,

h ugh
o ac c oh m p i
an e f l m i so e an u e o on s ,

rare ly f il up t h wh l tff t
a s, on it wite h pl o e, o a ec eas ure

B t if t t t
.

u h h ju d
e i i e are rs are
n p i l ff i c ous , o rac ca e ec s

t t
,

p d
ro d T
uc e h y b y u h de l m
c ann oi b i s c ec a a on e 11

d t pa t t t i d
.

fi ue n c e i l oa i b r c u ar ac on , e c aus e n o c on v n c e

t h ta th tt i will
a dac tt
on h g t ifyi g f t
c on h uc e o e ra n o e

p i i
ass on ra se d Y l q h th fi d m
our e o uen c e
y m b i a re a

t t
.

i on , and m k m b w pi h
a es b li e l T hurn u c z ea e c on

t t t t
.

se
q i
ue n c e h i h is,g w hi h
e re p s no I w ld
n c a re se n ou

no tt tmpta f t
e h k ff m or d t h i t tf
e sa e o a e , an e n e re s o

my t
c oun r
y Y d i m t h ou a v s ed t b t e o suc a c on uc u
t t t t t t
.

y ouh h w
ave n o m h w h s o n ibe o a c an c on r ue o

g t
i
rafy ith p i e S t i
er fy m i
as s onth i d I m
a s e n s, an a

i tt ly t t
.

n s an y m m a d I d
our c o d w h h anh n ee en e e ar

tt
.
,

d
e rs are ru e an d ig hi g m i
noran y no n ore s n e c e ss ar

i t h p k t ti fl m t
,

n e s h ea er h i p an i o T y
n a h e e r ass on s e

will tq ui t h t t b t t
.

no hre rei wa h e c onn ex on e e en e c on

d t uc h g e d th
ur e s an d p p d be e i den t ro os e e v nc e o

t A d t
,

th m e Hi w d will si fy or h f b ld
sa s n ere ore o

fi m t m d t upply t
. .

a f r i a ons are h pl a e f o s e ac e o re ason s

it i t h t t t
.

H enc e h bbl s a h p y f
e ra e are e ve r e re o

q k
uac d ims an
p d t p t d f u en y d n m na
re e n ers o e ve r e o i ~
:68 T HE PHIL O S O PHY or

Se c tIV
.
'
. M en c on side red as e n dowed t
wi h p assions .

t ty wh t
O N he
h th nd l c on rar en e o er e a one is a t
t
i d t t h t
l wit th p th t
i t
,

h
a ne i ,
h e ra on a ou e a e c, e s pe ake r

is far from his p urp ose

as as b e fore Y ou have p rov
t t t h tt t t
. .

e d b eyon d c on radic ion , a ac ing hus is he s ure

w y tp
a o h bj t I p
roc ure suc i h t
t y an o ec e rc e ve a our

b t I m n tf f t d b y it
.

i gi
re ason n lu i s c on c s ve u a o a ec e

t
.

Why I h ?
p i f th bj
ave n o I m i d if as s on or e o ec a n

f nt wh t it tY h d
.

e re h I p e er roc ure or n o ou ave e

ttd t h t tp Will m t
.

m on s ra e u h ify my a emy s c a s e or en

itb t tm t t
.
,

I b li e Ih
e ve o , d uwill ave n re sen en an no

t bl my lftgi p i th t
rou e se h Y go ve an o no e r. our ar u

m t i th t
en s e v nc e it w ld g t ify my ity B uatI ou ra van

m t t t
.

p fre er y a T h p i ci h m
se . i us as s on s e ove r o ac on ,

reason i t h guid G d i t
s h bj tf t
e h will e oo s e o ec o e

tt hi t bj t ft de tdi g
.
,

ru h s h e o ec o e un rs an n

S eve ral c ause s have t t ti

c on ribu e d o nvolve t
hi s sub j i
ec in c on

fusion . t
O n e is he ambigui y an d impe rfe c ion of l an guage Mo t t .

t
i ve s are t
of e n c all ar um en s , an d bo h mo ive s an d argum en s
ed g t t t t
are p ro mis c uously s t
yl d e m am m a l
/
A n o he r is , t th idl di p
e e s u es t
t
h t a have i
ar s e n amon
g philosophe rs , c on c e rn in
g th t e n a ure of

good, b t
o h physic al an d moral T t
ru h an d
good are on e , y s
” sa
t t t t t
.

t
he au hor of he P le asure s of Im agina ion , an au hor whos e p oe i
ca l m it will
er t b q ti d by p
no ef tt T h
'

ue s p on e e rson s o as e . e ex re s

i
s on might h b p d
ave i t
h ee n
p t w h ig h t t th
as se f n e oe ose r o e use o

ft
,

tb } t
.

c a ac reu , h m
one oyp i il g m p h e d d d h
an r v e es co re en e un e r e

m p t t t t t
t
na e i lkoe c p i
i en“
p i h h f lly b li h d
re sc r B by on a u es a s e u

t
.
,

p
hil phi
oso h g hi
a i
p a g i
on h i t h ws t
ss a e n n s no es
,
e arran s us o ca ~

h p i il g h t t
i g till t
hi i g f h b d
tphil ph I d d i t
vas s s re ason n ,
or n o s uc
y d r v e e a as e e e n c onc e e

o oso ers . tmpt n ee th h I n a e n o us ra e , e as ,

t d it t p k m p p ly h w itth
,

hi kn ,ft c on ue , or, o s ea ore ro er s o n o ave

i gt
,

no m i g H m t
e an n .i tw pi i
e en h on s i o o n on s c on c e rn n e c on n e x on

o ft ut hr d b ut an
y w h i h i
ea o p i,
f g d Scm p hi s ne s e c e s o oo . o e
 R H E T O R IC .

M en c on side red as e n do we d wit

h p as si on s .

t ttt
IT m ay b e hought ha whe n he m o ive is he t t
tt t t t tt
,

e q ui y, he ge ne ros i y, or he in rin s ic m e ri of he

los0phe rs , s ays he , ass e r tan indepe n den td an an in variable

law in Na t ure , in c on s e
q uen c e of whic h a ll t
i ra onal be i ng s mar t
a/iéc

in t
be c pnt
ra r
”
p
Now
e rc e ve

ho u h I
i
do o
bcdmy in ‘
J a

t
me c er a n ti p p r o or

to t
t
i on s ,

i
and deform i y
wha is m e an
t
t
y , g n . c n c e ve

e t
i he r by a n indep e nden la w, or by c on t ty p p t t
ra r hi ifit r o or i on s s,

h t
t
,

p t
rov e s an y hin g, p rove s as c le arly, d f m it
a
y d t t e or an ru h are

h t
t b t tt h an df t h ty p / ‘
e au ru are on e or os e
on e , as ya c on ra r ro i on .

ti ons are s ure ly m u h pr p t as i c if y u will o or t pon s , o r, o , as rue ro.

t t t t
t
p or i on s , m as s o i p p e c er a n A d i l i f
ro or i on s are .
g y i h c c or n n e

t t
, ,

c l i
on c us on d d u d y
e pce h w , d d e f ou
r m y i u t d e f b or
u t
y
o i ns e a o ea

t t t
,

dt h w db or y i d
ea u f d f m b h
ns e a wo i ll be or q u ll
y z r e sen se

t
an e , e e a

co m pl t e e. Ot h ” h dd e rs ,h wh b li
e a s, b ut y
ere are , o e e ve ea

tb m ly l t
o e e re i ad bit y t
re a hi g a d t
ve an h t arit i t
rar n : n a s no

im p ibl os s i p y
e, h i l
n a t h t t w b
s cai g f q
s e n se ,
u l p i a o e n s o e a c a ac

0 t i f t
es ut h h uld p
or r i
s o ft h m b ut e rc e ve , one o
y d t h o t h e ea an e er

t t
,

d f mit
,

i h m l i A d t h i it
h b ut
e or y n e sa u p e re a
pp ons . i n on s su os on,

h t tt
,

by t a h whi h i
ru lw y c td wit s a a
y s th i
c on n e c e ea no n
g
t t t f m it
,

m ore c an h m h e h e an
y f an
y bj t t
e c on or t h o an o ec o ose

p ti
ro or o n s ,
p p w h i hu on ft f ul m ci t
, i a th b
e r c are t ex a na on , e e au y

ft h t u d td p
”
i i f d 1 hi if I m bl
7

o p a s ec es s o n
p i io e en . s o n on , a a e

t mp h d itdifi
o co re en ly i p
'

i t
e rs f m t
on h p n di g
on e o n ro e re c e

t
, n

Itpp th td d t
.

su os e s e s an l w fb ar y or i i bl
a o d i e au no n v ar a e an un

i li bl tt
,

v e rs a l It s h a m e bj t io
o dt e h tt
sa h m w
e o ec n, an a ra er o

t l t t
.

g l i
ar n gyl f if hor, m i m e b sa a l w e re a
y q u ll y
on s us e a s e a 1 , ac

re al t i ons , d f mit i
e or
y lly w ith t th
s as re a b ty i
on e i ru ,
as e au s s nc e

t t t t
,

th e ve r y m l
sa i e re a h i b i b on sh p c an
p ex I h o a e aran c e s . n s or

hyp t h i hit h ti td h t h h w t h t
,

no o es s er o nv e n e by m aft h s o n, a e an s o e

t t t
,

di u i
sc rs ve f ult y w
ac i h h ,
id f y th ou m t l
e a
p w o w an o er en a o e r, e

c ou ld bt
e ve r o i ti f it
a n a no h t h b ut if l
on o th g d
e er d e ea u or e oo : an

ti ll th i b s h w e s otoh i gn,i h wn t t h p n p s s T h
o n th o e ur ose e au or

t t t t
.

a f ore s a i d f f
, m ar mro
p i g h i pa ed t hn
pp i ti
s
n ,
roc e e s on e su os o
,
 1 70 T HE P HIL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

t
P ar IV . M en cb ns t
d ered as en do wed wi t
h passi on s .

ac t
i on re c omm e nde d, argumen t m yb a e e m ploye d t o

e vin c e t
he re ason ab le n e ss o ft
h d e en ,
as well as t
h e

t
h t
w a t
firs pe rc e i ve be au y, he s ays no how, and he n havin g, by
e t t t
a c are f t
ul e x amin a ion , disc ove re d he propor ions whic h gave rise t t
ot
t t tt
h m t th tll t
i

h p e
p io d m
e rc e i n, en o
; na e e rue so h al b a ose e a o

ra etdi q i it i s wit h whi h w a mu d

us on s u c e re a se ,
a m t ly t f w
o n on o a e

i ig ifi
ns t
n id t i l p p it
c an i en ca
y im p p ly p
ro o s d F
on s ve r ro e r ex re ss e . or

o ut f o t p f u
a v asi f l rod p h t
s on oh i i l l th i
e arn ef m t i ras e , s s a e n or a on

w i
e c an
p k t h t B c t y
, i a
d] b u t
e au
y
” d th t s G d an ea an a oo

l b t d w it
,

t(y g d rn M l g d dy oo .
” )
ora oo a s a c e e ra e r e r,

it
,

t
h i fit
c ons s e
” F m t
n hi nes s . u typ w uld t
ro s ac c o n an e rson o a

fi r t dily
s re a lud tht m
c on c l ; di g thim
e, a n t
ora s ac c or n o are o c on

t
,

e arn ed h d whi h w p u u
in e en s b t l ly m t c h h i e f rs e, u so e e c o ce o

m f
e ans t t i i g or a d an nt h t ift hi h i
our e n b j di i u t s h a s c o ce e u c o s, e

c on
‘
d t i m uc l if i j di i
s ora th ty B t n u thi tly pi
c ous , e c on rar . u s ru ous

“
au th i f f m dm it
or s t
arig ro h a i tp t ti n f hi wo d
s uc an n e r re a on o s r s .

i '
i hi
n eu , n h t h s rl t i
s e ns e , tft ha d .
It
no i e a on o a ur er e n . s an

a b l tfitso u e fit i itlf W ne ss , a blig d t k Wh t

n e ss n se e are o e o as a

h t
.
,

t h i t
en fits whi h y
a ll b l t f t
ne s s , c he ppli t
ou c a i f a so u e ? or a ca on o

t h d
e u or
y t h 1 11 i
e ve r i b l
o
y i l i t
e r c as e
p y g h p p d i
n var a xn n e ro e r rc e

t i m
on or t d f f m ff di g light
e ans o an e n , tt arh m roi g it a or n o e e an n

h h as tde re , tiy tmi l d

en s ( le Th
C ly o w f
s ea us e on ans e r, as ar as

t t t
.

I lc an h t h t
e arn , h b a
gi a t h i q u
e ve r i i e eni th ve n o s es on , s ne er

m l t
h t hi Th tal i b lut ly fit whi h i
‘

ore n or e ss an s, a on e s a so e c s

m l ly g d
ora th t ooi i
y g m so l g o d a i t th
n i i fi
sa t n ora o c on s s e i ~

n es s , m no i m t th
ore th t it i t
s e an t hi m an l g d A
a c on s s e n ora oo .

th m li tpp wh h t hm d m t w d ful di ’

no er ora s a e ars , o a a e a os on er s c ove

r
y It i t h t th i
s, t a i i th
e re w ld
s no b u t l i
y g d
a v ce t h t n e or n an a

t t
,

t
.

ac i g i t
t n u ly
v r y i ous t i i b ut
i n an w y s hua f ll i
on , g s on e a or o er o e n

tt h
ru Wh t hi i u ten h y sm tb c ur o s
p l i d w fi
e or d co es o e ex a ne e n

t t y twh t t
,

lt l ly f m
.

t
‘
h p e t i l lirac ca e i g
re s u s so e h ro ac n c on rar o a ose

m l ora im tdi t
t s en t whi h i td f d d i g h
en s c a e, c y ,
ns ea o e uc n , e e ve r

wh p e re pp th t b
re s u k w ose d k w
o l d g e d b y u
no T hn u an ac no e e s . s

h e e r as on s
p p tu l l y i i
er e l da w it h t d
n a c rc e, i g i g l an ou a van c n a s n e

t
,

e? S
Gaspa r7 1 /
. R HE IT
O R IC . ryr

S ec tIV
. . M en considered as en do wed wi t
h pass ions .

fit ft h m B t t
hi w y f p ki g uit
di l t
ne s s o e e an s u s a o s ea n s s

b ttt t t
.
,

e h p p l er h h p hil e
p hi l o u ar a ec an e oso ca

Th t wh u d i t
, .

m e bl er hi m re as ona enes s , en se n s an ne r,

m t
hi g b t
e an s n o t
h g d th mi bl r
n u e oo n e ss , e a a en e ss , o

m l ll y If t
ora e x c e h f th h h t h
t
en c e re ore e e are r a no

loe f j t t
.

v i b e lo g dus igh ce, no en vo e nc e , n o re ar o r

lt d w d with t t
,

a h gh h w ou h p p i i y e f ere e n o e e e rs c ac o a
c he rub , your harangue c ould n e ver have any in flu
en c e on his min d The re ason whe n you speak of
is,
t
h fit t t
.

e n e ss of h m e e ans , you addres s yourse lf only o

t
h h d when you spe ak oft he goodne ss of t
hee nd
t
e ea

re ss yours e lf t e he art
,

u dd h of whic h we s u

t
o a o
y p
t t t t tt
,

p ose d him de s i u i e A re We hen o c lass he v r ue s

m ng t Butwit h ut
.

a he p i n
o By m ass o s ? no ean s . o

e t i g i t di ft
,

h difi whi h
'

n er n i n o a s c uss on o e e renc e , c

would h f ig t pu p l tit ffie tb ore n o our r ose, e su ce o O

h t
t t t
a

s e rve , hy h hi i mm with p
a i e ave s n Co on ass on .

Th y ily imp ly
e h b itl p p it
n ec es saryt an a ua ro e n s o a

t i p i
c er a n s f d t h bitl i tt h
e c es o c on uc an a ua ave rs on o e

ty ; t t b
,

c on rar i f u h h a ve n era on or s c a c arac er, an a

s eptb y e on d tm k t
i h t
hi g b t
h
a es e sei ne n s o c aus es an d e ll e c t
'

s re c i r

t
,

p roc all
y C nd tpp
o tb f l f
uc h a e ars o e a se , or n o o e r re as on t
bu hes
t t
.

c ause i is imm oral , an d immoral for no o h i e

'
re as on bu tb e c ause

ti
i s fal s e . t b y
S uc h philosoph would no have e e n un wor ose hy t
t h

p f d
ro oun t t b
on tt t t
olo i s s, who have
g les h y
e world wi h he disc ove r

tht Oa b i gi b t b i g t ne
” htA b i gi t
e n sdy b u one e n a e n s rz a e

dt h t
,

i gn h tE
,
y b i g h ll t
an h p p t a i t it h ”
ve r e n as a e ro er es a as ,

and wh tt h p o,k bl i o f f l k w l d
e uns e a a
g h d e n c re ase o us e u no e e, ave e

nomi t dth t
na eh g l t t ib t f b i g
e se d di ti g ih d
e e n era a r u es o e n ,
an s n us e

th m by t
e h t it
l it
y t w b de
g d Thi
es, ifit
un b y r r an oo nes s . s, e an

t
, ,

thi g i t
n h , y ub li
s m f i e ve r s a e o sc e n c e .
 :
in T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ooze r .

S ec tIV
. . M en c on s i dere d as en do t
wed wi h pas s ions .

horre nc e ofs uc h an o he r T hey t t

h ugh are , t
h e re fore , o

t t t t t t t
.

no
p i ass on s ,l ly l d h m
s o c os e h h y re a e o e a e are

t t t
,

p p ro e rl y id d m
c on s i i b
e re i g q asu l o ve s o ac on , e n e a -v

ly p b
ca a l f g i i e o
g im P ul t th w il
vn l T h d
an if se o e e

ki t th t tt
.

f e re n c e i s a if hn m whi h h
o a no e sa e, c r e

ti i b b t t t
,

or c an s o s e rve w p b d b e
p i een a or an e os , ass on

a d di p it
n i s os A di gly wh t
on i dd e d c c or n a s a r s se

l ly tt ft tp
,

so e h mo l p w
o e h mi d i ra o ers o e n s no so ro

t t t t t t t
,

p l
ery d m i d
e no h p h i na e h i m l e a e c as e s en en a

Th t t but t
, . .

e m I w i er h m d o n, is s ra h er o e rn , ne ve r e

ie t it t m d dot
,

le s s c on ve n fill n as h s a vac an roo an

tlik m tf wf gl d w d j t ut
, ,

no e os o l
our n e an e or s , us e o

d w t t t t t
,

o ld e r an hi p or h m ll d
e r oc c u an s ,
a t i o e no s e

m t en ft h ol u
g g Iet an
p i t a e
p k th oc c u es , so o s ea e

bet th p t h t d t h t
,

m iddl pl e w ac e i whi h is
ee n e a e c an a c

a dd d tt
re s se h im g t o d p t e k fb t h
a i n a i on , an ar a es o o

ddi g tt h w mt h ft t
,

a n o h f m
e h g ar d '
o e or e r, e rac e an

a ttt i
rac ft h l t
on o t e a er,

t t t t
Now he p rin c ipal q ues ion s on his s ubje c are
t t t tt
,

he se wo H ow is a p as s ion or disp os i ion ha is fa

ft
.

voura b l tt h d ig e h t tb itd i
o e es n o e ora or, o e ex c e n
th h e H wi
e arers Pu f bl p i di o s an n avoura e ass on or s

p iti
os t b lm
on d A ot t
h fi t itw
e ca i d l e ? s o e rs as s a a

l t h t
.

t
,

dy i g
re a n
p i m b
e n e ra w ke d by a as s on us e a a ne

mm i t f t
,

bj t T h
"

co i g li ly id
un c a n h ve e as o e o ec e re a

f m t
.

son will b b i h f ll wi g
e o v ous m k A ro e o o n re ar s :

This s ee m s th o ave b ee n t
h e s en se whic h Q i
i n t
ili an had of he t
diffe re n c e t
w b d ed wh h e en nu e; an en
g e ave a mor for an ex

am
pl e o h fi t d b it f t
ft e h rs
,
an o or ar o e s ec on d . The word
also so m t
im u d f m
e l t
im t
es se or ora se n en .
 s/
map II . R H E T Q R IC . 1 7,

S ec tIV
. . M an c on s idered as en do wed wi t
hp assion s.

p assion is m os tt gly t Th
s ron ex c t
i e d by s e n s a ion e

ight imm di t i tt t
.

s fd g o an e r, ly e h a e or n e ar, n s an rous c

f e ar
; t h f li g f e i j eey n d th o
p an f n ur an e re se n c e o

m m t t t t
,
w ‘

i j i
n ure r, ki dl n a
g N o enh n e an er ex o e
i t h tf m m y t ff t
.

i fl n f
ue n c e o s e ns e , h s f a o e or e e ec o

t t t
,

whi h p c
p i
u on if h f b ass on , fi d m m e ac e rec e n an re e

d di t i t m tt i lly i lm t
b
N
t i
ere

on
extt
b w
t
h i flu
"

hi
ly

h
o

i
d i
'

h
s nc

fm m y i t
e

l ly
n

m t
an

h tf im gi
th
e nc e o

f l
q

ty
l
c rc u

f so e
s an

e or
a

, s
,
s a

a o
os

ac u
e

a
ua

na

o
.

; y c s e re e an e

t t t
,

a
pp h re di g w h
en i i h n
p i d b y
a h s ne er e rc e ve e se n se s ,

nor re m mb d N w
e it i t
e re hi p w f whi h o as s s o er o c

t tm thi fly il him lf iti p p t

.
,

h e ora or us c e ava se s ro e r o

tt t
,

en q i w h
u re h i m a w h i h w il
os e c rc u l m k s anc es are , c a e

th id e h mm
e as
p i
e su t h im g i t i on s f hi 5u n e a na on o s

h e are rs , m bl i l t res e d tdi e, s th n f us re an s ea ne s ose o

t t
,

s en s a i d m mbon an F re h m e i m ranc e or e sa e c rc u

t will i f llibly m k t mb l l i t
.

s an c e s h m n a h i a e e re se e a so n e r

e f f ttec s h t i i t h i fl a th y wil l h
s, n p e n ue n c e e ave u on

t h p ioe assd ff t i ft
n s an h h a ec on s o e e ars .

SE CT c irc ums an c es t t b t c bi
qfl i
t ti
a a re n
y
t
.

s rumen al n o e ra
p i g th P
n on e as s ions .

THE S E
p t thare f l e rhap s all re duc ible o e s e ve n o

l wi g p b bilit
o n y pl ibilit y imp t ro a
p i aus or an c e ,
'

rox

mit t t t
, , ,

f im i f l l i f h
”

y p e, c on n e x on o ac e , re a on o e ar
p z

t ff tt h h
ors or s u e re rs
p k i t t f o e e are rs or s ea er, n er
e s o

th h e
p k i t
h
e are rs or s
q ea e r n e c on s e ue nc e s

I am n o t
q itp it
u i tt
h e os ve as o e ac c urac
y on , of t
hi s e n um e ra t
i
an d shall t
h r fo e e re fre e ly p e rm i m
ytl e arn e d an d in e n ious f
g rien d
,
 1 74 T H E P HI L O S O P H Y or B as i l

Sec tV . . Circum s tc an es opera ing on t t

h ”M e a u i :P robabili y t .

P AR T I

THE firs ti p s robabi li t

y; whi h i c s no w c on si ere d d
onl y as an ex
p edien t
f or en live ning p as s ion He re a

t t
.

gai n h i m m ly p f m
e re
g i P s co on sc o e or ar u en ro

li b ilit lt db g t
.

a y f m e id b li f B
re s u s o
r v en c e , an e e s e e e

t u id B li f i d tt
.

li f imiig
e h high
ora es o r e as e e ra se o e

tb m t i ty C t i ty fl w it
.

es ec o h f mes c er a n er a n o s e er ro

t ft t t t
.

h f e h id l
orc e opp h i p e ev e n c e , re a ora aron ,
a s ro

by
duce
d
t t Ifth f t t t t‘\

w
0

h e b foi i
ac ill ly b e ac e no r ous , n o on e

t t tt t t t t t
.

fl
su er
p i h p k m p p i b i
uous n e s e a er o a e o rove u

t
,

will b e pern ic ious o his des ign The re ason is plain

tt t
. .

By p rovin
g h e s upp ose h i q ues ionab le an d b y s up
t t t
,

p ios n
g l ly d i hi d
ac uai h b i g re n e rs so o s au en c e e rn s

h m f m i wi g it
-

h t g light t i t
f

t e i t ro f ve
‘
y n n e s ron e r o c ee a n

t i w it i t lightf p b bilit
,

o ve h w ak y i li n '
e e er o ro a n eu

th m t wilightO f t e t
.

of hi h gi
sun- s h d ifl
ne e ve s e e nen

t
.

m d ki d
e an s an f p b i I h
p k l d y n s o ro a on ave s o e n a re a ,

THE se cond c irc u ms t an c e is p la wi bili y, tt

hi g a n

atR eid th t u mh p t
o anne x e a sc e ropose s in such c ases, in or

tupply ll d f t S Sk t t
h Hi ty
,

de r o s h a e ec s. ce
’

e c es of e s or sf Man
t2
.
‘
,

B . iii Sk Ap p ndix
. ii . 1 . e , c . . sec . .

t
i i t
h j di i ti ft h ci tt h w t h p i ip l
'

gp t
: hu e c aryo ra ous o e an en s , s as r nc

t
i e a

t t t t
.

sc ape for ar
g m Thu en d m h g ii d m i
e a c on e n e s
y an o

ify t
- f

t t
c

tw d g t
.

t
,

h i e nn oc e n , h i i dig t
oul i g i h
ra i i i er n na on a an s e n ur ous,
t
an dh i l f ightw tm e r ove o r as oo t t g it p f Th
an ifes o re u e a roo e

f t th tt w guilti t
.

th t
t
-

”
'
h h p i w i
,
ac

did q i it It
,

w t h wi i
a
'
ere as n e e
d lib t h
r s on r or

eo t
,

t
a
i
e re as nn ocen c e ,

re u re as o er se n i
e h e ra ra on s , as e con

m t
.

t t
d witht
he mot
‘

duc re c o mmen de d was more re ly n

oe ions
c o nec e e

i
yase d o
 R H E T O R IC .

Se c tV
. . Circum s t a nces opera in g on t t
h e Pl u ibilit
a s y .

tlly di t
a i t f mt s h f m nc h i g
ro ff tp e or e r, as av n an e ec U

on th mi d q iti d p d t
e n f f it
u eh p b b ili
n ty e en en o a or ro a

It i t i t y ft t
.

h hi fly f m t
ar s e hc e h ro i e c on s s e n c o e n arra on,

f m it
ro b i g wh t
s it i e nmm ly ll d atl d s co on ca e na ura an

f ibl
e as Thi t
e h F h it i s h t
p yl e g h re n c cr cs ave a e nou

mi t di t t
.

den o h i l g g
na e i mbl
n h E g
e r an ua e ora rc a nc e , e n

li h it
s i m
cr imp p ly i t
cs oreh i p b bilit y I ro er n e rs ro a n

d t id t i in t
.

or e r h m if tmbig it
o avo yth e hi an es a u e re s s

a pp li ti of t
c a onh w d it h d b b tt et t i or a ee n e er o re a n

t i i milit w lm tb l t T h t
,

h w d
e or d oe r r u e, no a os o so e e a

t l t b t t tw q lit m t
.

h i i w h i
’

e re s a re a on e een os e o ua es, us

twit h tdi g b dm it td Thi h w i

,

no s an n e a e s, o e ve r, s an

ddit ig i g t tm
.
,

a i l f
on a re ason h m diff or ass n n e e re n na es

tm wh diff i g ig ifi t
.

A n h m ym o on ous i er os e er n s n ca on s

ffi ityt t
,

have no a h n i li bl
o on e ano er s sc arc e e ve r a e

tb mi u d td
,

o e s n e rs oo .

BU T tt h t d ttf hi l t
as o e n a ure an i l t ex en o s re a on , e

itb be o se rved t h t h w t
t of pl ibilit
a y im pli e an aus e s an

i t t t t t
,

n er n l i m p b
a b il i y w hi h i
ro aw ill q u i h g c re re e s ron

t l id t m tN t t
,

er ex e rna ev en c e h l h o s ur oun e ve r e e ss , e

ib ilit td by h id
.

im pl y m yb
aus m a e s ur oun e s uc ev ence ,

and w m y b f lly e a ti d f w e h t
u i i it lf
asc e r a n e o a s n se ex

c eedi gly im pl n ibl Imp l ibilit

aus yi i e t i aus s, n a c er a n

t t
.

d g e
p i
re e ,i idos
g i ve e v t
i W h
en c e , a a ns a n arra ve e re

as
p l ib ility
aus im p l i p it i id f itW
es no os ve e v enc e or e

k wt h t fi t t t
.

no i m yb
a c
p l on
u i bl a h A e as a s e as ru

t d ft hi q lit yi t
.

n arra i m yb p on a e h high
osse sse o s ua n e

est d g whi h w
e ree , t ly g d imp b bl but
c e no on re ar as ro a e,

k wtno b fl oP b bilit
e
y i
a se .l ig h td t d th
ro a b sa on

t
ar e eo

ject f o m ,
h r
p f w hi h f t
e h is roo s,
a o t
p i e y tl c or ro s n are er n n
 1 7 6 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I:

Se c tV
. . C i rc ums t
anc es op era i ng on t t
h p e ass ion s . .. II P laus i bih y
. t .

e n ough s t
il d t
yi e t i l t
e videnc e Plaus ibili s a na ve us re

i i g di t ly frm t h bj t T h f m i t
.

ss u n re c h o e o ec e or er s e

im f t h hi t th l tt ft h p t Th t
.

a o i e s or an , e a er o e oe a e ve .»

t t
.

r
y m
on e
y b s t
i fi d h tah d ge l l ya s e a e s e c on is e n e ra

t i f i t th fi ti iti fl t
,

no n e r or oh mi d e rs n s n ue n c e on e n

db t t t t
,

t
,

w e n ee
pp l h f
f f
u a g d y f p i ea o e e ec s o ra e o e c,

whi h i it
,

an d f m
e ve n o
p i ip l
ro h m an c e , c n s r nc a c ara

t p t i ip t f t te f p y t h gh w it
,

e rs , ar h c a es o e na ur o oe s ou r

ti p
,

en n rose .

IT de serves , howe ve r, tb m k d t ht t h gh
o e re ar e a ou

t t t
,

p l i
ausb il i y l h th f
a on e
g ffi
a y o i eni g re a e r e c ac n rous n

t h p e i th
as s on s,
p b b il it y an ro t i aty y t or e ve n c e r a n e

t t t t t
, ,

C i n any p s f m i
ac 1 e s o
p i w h i
co h os l on e re n ru or a e as

t t t t
,

p b
ro a b ili y i d hs m i
ex d i k ly n uc n aus e a e s

h m t
ec e
p q e

t t t
,

e
p l os ib l l w
aus h i h i e u pp a e, d b y p c s un s or e ro

p e r ar u
g m e t F t h i
n s it i ort h b i s f re ason s e us n e ss o

t mu h hi bj t will p mit t il
.

t h e ora or, as c as s su ec er o ava

him lf f b t h q lit d b ut
,

se o i o Th i ua es e re s on e c ase , an

ibilit t t
.

i whi h pl
on e , n yc i lf m aus
y b d i p d w i h
se; a e s en se

t h t ai wh s, t h f t i
en i tt
e ibl t
ac h t it
s so i im n c on e s e, a s

p i
ossb l t e t t i d b
o e n er a n a t f it f w h imou p i o or, en an

ibilit t t
‘
s y i i p bsl f im
nca a
p i i g b li f
e o i h h m a rn e e a so e

t t
,

im es, e s
p i ll y f
ec a i in d ff
oren s c c ause s , e ve n a
g oo e ec

t wit h m t t i itki d
.

By p ing
re s e n hi g m
us so e n on s rous n s n

iti ti hm t d t h by h ight v y
,

ra se s as on s en an ere e ens e er

t t t t t t
,

p i
ass on w h i h h c iv i fi de n arra c i e s e o ex e .

t t tt
B UT h p li t
i n f t
hi
o re urn
q lity o e ex ca o o s ua

Wh I pl i d t t f p i
. .

h t
hen I h wd
ex a ne e na ure o e x er en c e , s o e

t it i t
a th f ll t
h g l tth ll t
c on s s e d o a e e ne ra ru s co ec e
 Gbap VII . . R H E T O R IC . (1 77

Sec tV . . C i rc ums tan ce s op era in g on t t

h p
e ass iuns . . - ll . Pl u ibilit
a s y

t t
from p ar ic ular fac s re me mb e re d t
he min d formin g
tt t t
o i se lf of e n in se n sibly , an d as i we re me c han ic ally ,

ti m im f m mp i g
c er a n ax t h
s, ro i t i g co ar n or ra e r as soc a n

t m t ti id t
,

h e imil s i f dif
ar f c rc u s an c es o e re n nc en s

H it
e nc e i t h t wh mb
s, f id a l t i g t e n a nu er o e as re a n o

an y f t ac t i ly i
or e ve n t d d i t m
are s uc c e s s ve
y n ro uc e n o

t t
,

mi d by
n
p k if h i
a s h d d
ea e r th i id e ra n e e uc e c o nc e

Wit ht h g l e tf my p i
e n e ra if i
c urre n o ex e r e nc e n no

thi g it
n thw t th l i ard ti ip t i ose c on c us on s an an c a on s

whi h m h b itl tm m
‘

c b are m y mi d
ec o e a ua o e, n ae co

p i hi
an c s m w ith f ilit y g lid l g f m i
acd t es a on ro one ea o

a t d dmit t h wh l wit
,

noh ; er an h pl
a If s e oe e as ure on

t ty t h t i h i td t tt
.
,

h e c on rar h e ra n e n ro uc e run c oun e r o

t tf my p ri ; if i m y t hi g it
,

h e c urre n o eX e en c e n an n s

s h k t
oc h l i nd ose ti ip t i whi h
c on c us on s a an c a on s c are

b m h bitl tm
ec o e m y mi d t
a td him wit
ua o h e, n a en s

diffi lt y ff
cu tf i l i p i g f m
s u e rs a s or o v o enc e n as s n ro one

id t t d j t h wh l wit
t
,

ea h
o an o e r, an h di d i re ec s e oe s an :

For while upon suc h m on s rous sc e n e s we gaz e , t

y k
The shoc our fai h, our in dign a ion raise f t t .

In t
h f e t
orme r c ase
h t
i tl I p ron ounc e e n arra ve n a ura

an d c re dibl i t h l t t I y it i e, tl d n e a e r, sa s un n a ura an

dibl if t d whi h p t
,

inc re imp ibl

e, no i l os s e an c 18 ar c u ar

t t t
,

ly ex
p i f h d
ress veiff pp i o
p e e re n a e aran c es n re s ec

of c onn e x on i m d by t h id i my mi d t h a e e e as n n ,
e on e

Chap V Se c . . t. 11 . Pa t
2 r .

1 li
(~
odc un que t
os e n dis mihi sic , inc re dul us odi

tP t
.

Hon De A r e . oe .

Von I . .
1 7 8 a : P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I,

Se c tV
. . C irc um s tances opera in g on t t
h p e assions . Il Ph asib ili y
. t .

t l I
a e ll h tt h ca t
h i h t Whc o e ren e o er n c o e re n en

t t t bti di tid f m t
.
,

h f h
e re ore h
e ora or c an o a n no re c a ro e

m m y f hi h
e orwhi h i o ly t b bt
i d s e are rs , c s rare o e o a ne

h m t f t f b ighti g d t gt
,

e h k us or h e sa e o r en n an s re n en

d if I m y b p mit t dt h ld m t
, ,

i g n an a e er e o use so o a e a

t t t
, ,

h m i hi id b k h i f
‘

ea e ass s an c e o
p or, g ce p en n s e as , es

ex p e rie n c e T his , if p rope rly e mploye d, will p rove a

ttlly t tt
.

b y addin g he grac e of werirzmzlz ude

' ’ ’

p o e n a o

t Iti t tf ll q i itth t
,

h Wh l e h f fi
oe s e re ore rs o a re u s e, a

t m t f t t dt
.

h i e c rc u h s anc e s o e n arra i h
on , d i an e or e r n

whi h th y c hibitd b wh e are ex e e ae is c om monl y c al

t
'

t
u l th t
-
, 1

l d i u u g a s , c on r o s o e ne ral ex p e rie nc
e na g ra ,
e ,

WHER E t t ffi i t
p as s1 on is he t e n d, i is no a su c en re an

son f i t d i g i
or n ro uc n
y m t th tit i t l an c rc u s an c e a s na ura

it m t l b p t tItp t twh it
,

usi a so i e h e r nen rs er n e n en e er

y f gi i g di t i td i tt
.
,

n e c e ss ar or pp h v n a s nc an c on s s en a re en

fth bj tt t b i t bj t
-
e

i
s on o l f e o i g m ec i a e as or o v a n so e o ec on

th t m yb t td d bt t h t tti d
,

a a m yb
e s ar e or ou a a e e n er a ne

i g it t t t
,

c on c e rn n; w h h i i p i l or e n s uc as n s ar c u ar en

d enc
y p m t th g ro l im A ll i
o es m t e e n e ra a . c rc u s anc e s ,

howe ve r plausible , whic h s e rve me re ly for de c ora ion, t

tdi t
ne ve r fail o t
h t tti ve r e a en on , a nd so b ec ome pre
j udi i l tth p p
c a d i fl o e ro ose n ue nc e on p ass ion .

B UT I th t f m t
am aware
h p li tio n I h a ro e ex ca ave

t t t t t
, ,

g i ve n f hi q lioy i w ill b id h
s I h ua e sa a ave run

i t t if it whi h I i td d t
, ,

n o h b
e e rror, e an e rror, c n en e o

avo id d h an f u d d it with p b b ilit

ave y 5; c on o n e ro a

d i i g it l ly f m t
, ,

er v n h m igi so e
p i n ro e sa e or n, ex er e ce .
Chap VII . . R H E T O R IG .
1 79

tV C irc ums t t
i g t
h ll Pl u ibilit
it
S ec . . anc es opera n on e . a s y .

In an s tt hi l t
we r bo b d t h t
s, i ey e o serve a n e ve r

t t t
,

p l
aus ibl l w h
ei h i a e, pp d by c l i s un su or e ex e rn a ev

den c e , th will b f d t
e re h g h tth w
e h l w
ounh ro u ou e o e, en

d ly
u d
c anvasse mi t f p ibilit ai dp b x ure o oss e s an ro a

bilit dt h tt tm k
,

i e s , an i h m a no n s uc a an n e r as o a e on e

par t i id
or nc t p b b l t
enh b ly ro a
p ib l b ut e , ano er are oss e,

so bl d d
en q el ly t f
f t
as eth wh
ua l d y o a ec e o e, an e ve r

m mbe T k t
e r. h Ili d f a e mpl Th t
e a or an ex a e a a
haugh t
y hl c i d vindic
o e ric , ar t
i h ve e ro, s uc h as Ac hil
tth b t
,

les is re
p re se n e d
h uld p h po ave ee n , s o u on e n

bli ff t d i j y h
,

e a ron i d f m Ag m m
an n ur e re c e ve ro a e non,

ttt
re a h tg l w ith i
a di g ity d f
e ne ra m l n n an or a reso u

t hd wi g hi t p
fwit m i i gt f t
,

ion o ra h n h s roo s , re an n e n c e or

d p t
an unc on ce rne t ft h l mit i sf hi e c a or o e ca a es o s c oun

tr
ym p
e n,i f th
our ex b l f l i fl f
er e nc e o e ae u n ue n c e s o

p ri
d e an d m
anger,
e de g re e p rob ab f
re n ders
e in so

Again , tt
one of suc h a c harac e r as A ame m non,
ha g t
rapac ious , jealous of his p re e mine nc e as c ommande r -

in c hie f wh d e n vied he s up e rior m eri t

o f A c hilles t
t t t t t
, ,

a nd h b d ar ourem g i h im
re se n
; h h en a a ns a s uc a

o I y
ne , h
sa on s uc i l t d b y th
an oc c urren c e as s re a e e

t t t
,

p oe h ld ha
s
giou h p vei w ill b
ve n e rovoc a on , e ac

k wl dg d l t m p b b ilit t t t
,

no e h e a so y o B h
ave so e ro a u a

t t
.

h w
e re h p e re g o
sucf c h h a i
e rson a e s,
n su c rac e rs,

u h i
s c m t c rc u i m ly p ibl
s an c e s , H ths e re oss e. e re e re

is ttl w tf id n E p i
a o a an o i il t
ev e ce, x e r e nc e s s en

t n t wit hi t
.

P p ly
ro er i d d h n m ee h
e c ase c o
g es o n e ve r e
f it t t
but
o j i ds i i I
ur s g cl l on i s m y sv e ne ra c on c us on a ser e

ft t f fp t
.

i i
n c on u a on , i p i
c an n e ver serve n roo o ar

t t ttt
,

l
cn r a h i i l
or fa S u ffi i
s orc a im y nd
c s . c en es on , a

Ms
 1 80 TH E P H IL O S O P H Y or ,
B ook I .

S ec tV
. . Ci rcum s tan c e s opera i ng ont t
h p
e as si on s . .. II P lausibxli y
. t .

th t ly will a w h on Th tt im y f tan s h er e re . e es on o e

p t ioe t
hi g nf thi g s H i
c as ebj t w oe s or n o n s o ec e

t tt hb t
.
,

k w i no lik lih d
s no E p i ru h w u e oo x e r en c e , o

thi g g i t t ll g t ft
, .

d
e ve r, a van c e s n o h i h n a a ns os e a e a on s o e

p t th
oe f w ll th m p
e re oreibl it y e ca e oss e c an s a no

t hi g f t h m t tll t
,

n h f or w d e h m p b e re ore e o no ca e ro a

tm tmo ttt
,

bl Th wh l
e e hi If
oe a h os a un s o s, s uc

it t
.

c ause s d h f f t ex
p b b
s ely f ll w d
s uc B e ec s ro a o o e u

f t it ft
, .

w h e id h
ave n o e v h en c e o e ex s e nc e o e c ause s

t h f w h
e re ore id ft he it ft
ave n o e v h en c e o e ex s enc e o e

eff t C ec s
q tly ll t
h p b b ili
on se ue nty i m p li d i a e ro a e n

t hi q lit y i hy p t i l p b b ilit
.

h t
,

s ua y whi h i i
s a o e ca ro a c s n

fl t tll It i m m g di l t
, ,
'

e ec i
n on e a a i i s an ax o a on a ec c an s,

l t tt t t t t t
.

i n i re ah l
y gl i i
on h o h le i s o s c ar a e c on c us on

lw y f ll w t ft
,

a h w k
a s o o h p mi s T epp ly ea er o e re se s oa

t hi tt t t t t
.

h p s
p po e
pp li i
re se n illi i ur ose , an a ca on n o c

t ft t
,

h gh ou l ; if h p mi
un us ua pp h on e o e re se s , su ose e

m j t
a or, i f m t
f i h t
t
c on a n i b ly p ibl
an a ir a on a s are oss e,

th mi e t h t i p b bl p
n or on e ibilit y ly a bs ro a e, oss on c an e

d d edi t h uc e l i n e c on c us on .

t
THE SE wo q uali ie s here fore , p robabili y an d pla n tt t
t t
t t
,

ri bili i m l i l
y, ( f I ay b e in du ge d a li le n he al e goric

styl ) I h ll ll i tg
e d s a m ca s s er rac e s , au ght f t
h e rs o e sa e

ft wh i t h p g y f ll em y t
-

a h E p i e r, x h
er enc e , o s e ro e n o I or e

fi t d ght E p
,

b rs dh i f S Th
orn an e r o ens e . e se au e rs r e

t Th ld i t
-

i
r cuc e h d by d iff m th a h ff e re n o e rs e e er s e o

t t
.

i
S rn
p g f K h y g o i h hild f F
ed ron ,
y e oun er s e c o anc

t t t
.

Th ld e e
g l i h f d
e r, m j i
re b h u ar n er ea ure s, an a es c o

in shap e an d mie n , is admira bly fi t

tdf e or c omman d
Gbap VII . . R H E T O R IC . 1 81

S ec tV . C irc um s t an c e s op e ra t
mg on t
h e i laun b ih y
‘
t .

in g e s tm ee
g io u s an d e ve n a re li
v e n e ra io n ; h e y o u n
g t t
t t
,

e r c are le s s , b loomin
g, p g
s ri h ly is e n i re ly form e d fo r

tt t t
,

ca
p iva in g h e he ar an d e n a
g g gi n lo v e T he c o n

t tt t
.

tt
.
,
.

ve rsa ion of e ac h is e n e r ain in a n d i n s ruc ive , b u

g
i diff
n tw y S g e re n m tt hi k t
a sh t th i a es see o n a e re s

tt tb g t tf m t h j tb
.

m ore 1 n s ruci on o a e o en ro e us o se rv

t i
on s o ft h ld lm tll e e
g d
er t h t th a i os a are a re e a e re s

m tt i m t
ore e n e r a n i t h li ly lli ft h y
en g n e ve sa es o e oun er

it f t h fi t
.

Th p i ip l
e mp i
r nc df a co i
an on an avour e o e rs s

T t ruh b t wh t h Tm tu b Fi t i e h m t
er i t h or c on s are os n e

ft d it ft diffi lt ty
,

favour o h w e se c on e re o en cu o sa

B t t f i dly t
.
,

oh u lly w ll di p
are n a d d
ra e s ose an e ve n r en o

Wt b t t
-

i by m h t tdy f
,

r ue , h ld u h m e e er s uc e ore s e a o

t h te w t h y o
g th h
g p e h p oun t l e r,
p ou er a s no es s c a a

b l f do
e o i g g d i m n ily oo
p t d d h s th ore e as c orru e an a

m t ly t d p tVi Th gh
, ,

so im be es as e urn e roc ure s s o ce ou

i l t it ly ff t t h t
.

r va s , h y h e i ave a s s e r h d a ec on o e ac o e r, an

love tb tget h o Th ld
e o ibl t h t t
erh e e e r, se n s e a e re

b t t t
.

are f w wh u f ye im li h h o c an i y or an e re s e r s oc e

l
a on e , i g lly i
s t h t h
e n e ra itb f t h
an x ous a er s s er e o e

p t
y
ar th y g i e f h
oun w e r,
p i c on s c ous o er o n s u e r or

tl ti t
a en s hi p t n m s re sily di p ecw ith c an ore e as s e n se

t t t
,

h h mp y N h l wh h i dis
’
e o er s c o an e ve r e e ss , en s e s

t t t
.

i g
c ours n
g d on b j re a i d an d d s e rl ous s u ec s, n or e r o a

w ight
e th w d h ft q th i t to er or s , s e o en uo e s er s s er s
’
es

t im y whi h h k w i b t
on t ditd t
c s h e h no s s e e r c re e an er

mp lim t th t i b t t
,

o w n, a co
p i g l y en d b y a s u s ar n re urn e

t h e ld e E h i th t er h h dm i
ac Th s s er f a er a re rs os e o

t t t
. .

h ye g m
oun m e r are h f h oreld nu e rous , ose o e e er

m tt I t
ore c on s an h ti ft h f m y
. n will e re n ue o e or er ou

M 3
i s} . TH E ,
P H IL O S O P H Y or , Boos t
Sec tV
. . C ircum s t ances op era ing on t t
h p e as sion s . . . Il l In por an ce
. t .

t
fin d he ybung th g y t h di ip t d; b t th e e a e ss a e u es are

n t ly t tend t Th middl g d h w
, ,

o h e r on a an s e e a e o e ve r,

h ght m m ly t th t
-

dth t
.
,

ful m r h m l
tt
an e ou o e co on a ac e se ve s

h l t t T m t
,

o e alud ; aer hi g m y be o c on c e s so e n a

d f ha a t f m t t
.

le arn e o h ic i f
r c e rsmi ro e nve n ve s o e ne es ,

a w ll
s f m t
e h e as m ium ro f fi d t h wh e nc o s o r en s, os e o

h ave n ot j g
u d m t t di th g d q u litie
en f t
h o sc e rn e oo a s o e

fi t t t
tt
rs b u
orn , h fd l ac cp d y se d iff er o u n e ss , e an r an s

t t li h t
-

t
,

wh h h h m f
‘

ne s s h ose o ave n o as e o re s

t
e c ar s o

h p d
e se c Ch g h rw nith f lly le it yar e d f l e o v an a s e n e ss

M t itpp tb t
, , , .

im
e an e, h u i l pi i
a f e ars o e e n versa o n on o

t h imp t b tqu i t
he t
e i l d h ar ah b an d s uc as ave een es ac an e

wit hb t h t hat t tt ft
,

h gh t
o i h yu g ou a rac ve s o e o n er

it tightt h vi t ft
,

b m
e i ibl
ore rre s s u h ld e a s , e r es o e e er

will b e longe r remembere d .

t t
So m uc h for he wo quali ie s, probabili y and lau
p tt
t tt t
srbili y, on whic h I have e x
p a ia e d
‘

hetmor as h y
t
e e

t
,

areh p i ip l d i e m p i di
r nc b l a an n so e res e c n s e n sa e.

tmp t
p
t ibl wit y S bj t
, , ,

Th h s e o erh are no co a e e ver u ec

b tt h y f l m m t iti s r y tt
’

u as e are o re a o en s n e c e sa o a

td tt h m t ht t t
,

en h ym y
o b e l k di a so e a no e ove r oo e n

wh i t bj tq i s t h t t
,

e ase s h h yb
e re n
g d e su ec re u re a e e ur e .

T HE hird c irc um st t I tk t
an c e i f wimp oo no c e o

te t
as or

he
anc pp
a e arance o f whi h lw y td by fi c a a s en s, x

t
tt
a

l ly t dd b ight
,

in g i m a en on ore c os e d o a r n es s an

h tt
t gt Th imp t i m
,

S re n h id o e e as . el b or anc e n ora su s
 flap VII . . R HE TO R IC . 1 83

Sec tV . . C ircums ances t t t

opera ing onh e Impor anc e t .

j ec s tis t t han alo ous

q ug t
ity f m tt r i h
p y i
o e an o a e n s

ca l bj t su n qu t ity t
ec s ,h e m m t
as o f m i g an o en o ov n

b dio i ges t m n d p a d A ti
re a n m y e asure e en s n ac o a

im p rt f m it w t f mt
.

d i u h
feri g o f m it
e r ve o an c e ro s o n na re , ro ose

c on c e rn ed i it ti g uf n as ac an n or s n r ro s c

t t t
,

I d i im n f m i b
lt
se
q ue n c e s p e r ves or a c e ro s ov n n a

t if itb tp d in ithi d if t
.

ure , e hs u u f
en ous s n e re s o

wh t mm ly gr t whet
,

i unc o h rg d b d pas ea e
i re p t
a s on oo or a

it f i wh t
.

i v t
, ,

i
s on or i n en on , v r ue o of v c e, as a n s ec

g i
en erost y i dlike W h t i e p t of t ity i a n r s ec o a roc s

d i b li l it
g s

d iv imp t n f mt
,

h rn
t
ose c on c e
’

a o ca er es or a ce ro

e d i itwhn h t t h ilen C ide

e ac ors or e sa ere rs are
‘

on s

t t t t t
,

ra bl n e, oi h r f h i d
ac c ounig i y f h i o e r n or o e r

t
e e

n umbe r, or of bo h : it td e rives imp or an c e from Rs ‘

t when hes e t markable in re gar

d o
tt tt
c on se uen c es ,
q are re

t
h i g t t h i m ltit
ud t he ir eX ei r and ha
'

h m y and di tt
e r re a n e s s , e r u e,

it tt t
,

h la f
f d b y
‘
c
‘
e er p as o e an s an c es a e e

t
hm tth ft r and r mot i d to whi h
‘
e
p or as o e u u e e e cr o s c

t tb t
,

h y m yr h r h
“

e a e ac ,
o as o o .

t
AL L he four rem aining c ircums anc es derive heir t t
efl
‘

ic ac y p ure ly from one an d he same c ause he c an

‘

t t
t ttt
,

n ex ion of he s ub e c wi h hose oc c u ie d as s eaker

j p
t
p
t t
,

o r he are rs in he disc ourse Self is he c e n re Here

'

r
'

t t t
.

t
, ,

whic h ba h a similar p owe r in he ideal World; oflizi

t t t
o f he s un in he ma e r ial world in c ommun ic aiflg t
t t t t t tt
,

b o h li gh an d he a o Wha eve r 1 8 wi hin he sphe re

o f it t i it
y d i
s gr t
e l
ace d gm v an n a ea r or a e s e ee ac

di g tt rm t
,

c or h n ne o e n earn e ss or e oe ss .
 1 81 THE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

S ec tV
. . ( 1 rc ur t
n s an c es O p era t
i g n on t
h p
e assions .

P AR T qf t
m
'

z e.

FIR ST ty ft
as tp
im
o rox y imi k w e ve r on e no s,

t
o e,

h t y m l h ly i id t i t fi t
,

i g
'

a an e an c h m o nc en s e ore a e c n

th t ita i tH s it i b
re c en m mm en c e wit h s ec o e co on

ty tll t h t t
.

s or e h y m y m k
e rs, a d p e imp ai a e a ee er re ss on

t t
-

on th i h e r ti td e are rs , m k lik t h
o n ro uc e re 5 h ar s e e se a

th t l whi h t
e a e h y l ti c tld t e h t it
_re a eh pp s no o a a en

d b t l t i t h i w t t h t t
.
,

e uly a e imor n h y
e r o n e, or a e are

t t t t
,

y eli i g w h
v n h d p i i o w a w i
a ar f n or e re n e sse s o

it P imit y ft t t t t
,

rox im g d o ly h p
e re b ar s n o on e as u

t h fut tt
.

h t
,

e A ure will p r b b ly
n e ve n h
p a o a soon a

t t t t
.

p h
en , h g a i fl re a e r
p u h n w h w ill
ue n c e u on s an a

p b b
ro aly h pp l g tim
a h en a I h on h ith e en c e ave er

tp d d t h hy p t h i t h t t t
.

'

o roc e e e on he o es s, a e ora or rouse s

t h p e i f hi h
ass on s o by hibits i g m p t
e are rs , ex n so e as

t t
ran sac i ; b t w on m t k u w l d g eth t p us i ac no e e a ass on

m yb a t gly itd by hi
e as s ron ex cg e s re as on i n s c onc ern

i g
n an ty t tom I t
e ve n h j di i y
e o c tie n e u c ar ora on s

t t p h t t
.

h f f m i h d li
or b or

t
e re 1 8
g re a e r sc o e e e r, n e e e ra

i t
ve th lo tt th e g h a her k i d t h oum y l n e ac n e re a oc

i
c as on ally b p f b the A ll t
sc o eh or i om e s e ve n c rc u

t m t
.

s an c e s d
enu pp li b
e ra el d h are qa l ca e, an ave e ua

w ightwh t
e h th y l ttt
e er h ft e tt
re a eh o e u ure or o e

t t t t t t
,

p as T h ly p i
e on h I k w
ex c e f h on
p a no o 1 8, a ro

h b ilit ibilit di t
.

a y d pl an y aus i g i h bl are s c arc e s n us a e,

wh en d i f
use t ti f tit
n re e re nc e y A o e ve n s n u ur s 1n

t t f t tim y Wh t t it t
.

h h
e se e re i s n o ac c e ss or e s on a c on s u es

t t t t
,

h p e p l d
r1 nc 1i i i q
a i s l d
nc d I
on l s m u e ex c u e n co

t t t t
.

p i ar n
g h i fl u e f h p
n enc e o
p u m i d w i
e h as u on o r n s,
 Chap VII . . R H E T O R IC . 1 85

P rox t t
imi y of ime .

t h t h f t it
ft
a o
pp i e
g l th tif th
u ure , a e ars , n e n e ra a e

th i p t dt h di t ft
,

evid e nc e , he h rn or an c e , an e s an c e o e o

j t b
ec s
q l th l t
t will
e e b g tuath t
h f,
e a er e re a e r an e or~

me r The re ason , we are c on sc ious, I imagin e is ,

h t
t tt t
.
,

a as e ve ry mom e n he fu ure whic h see ms plac ed

t t
, ,

be fore us is ap p roac hin g ; an d he p as whic h lie s

t t t
, , ,

as i we re , b e hin d is re ii g rn our n e arn ess or re la ion

tt t t t tt
, ,

h
o h
e on e c on s an h h d ly i n c re ase as e o er ec re as

t
eh Th i m t hi g lik
e re t
tt i i t h fi t
s so e n e a rac on n e rs

t t t
.

c as e ,d p l i in
an h d
re T hi d
u s on e s ec on s en s o

t tm i t h ft t i th p t d
.

e re s us h ore n e u ure an n e as an c on

t t t t t
,

ly h i w di h
‘

qse uen p gg o e re se n v e a ran z es e on e

d dimi i h t h t
, ,

an h n s es e o er .

WHA T th l i
n e ve r
g t h p t y
e ess , i ve s e as a ve r c ous ~

t t t
,

d bl d
e ra ge a i i b i
van a e ,
g g l ly p ibsl s e n e n e ra sus c e e

o f m h tg uc id s ron th th ft
er ev Th enc e an e u ure e

lightf t
.

h mi d
s o if I m y
e n
p m y lf
are , i a so e x re s s se n

t t t t t t t
,

an o pp i i i
os e s h lig h f
ua on h b dy T h o e s o e o e se

ly t t t t
.

di l
sc ove r c e ar h p p ly i g b f e b ros ec n e ore us , u no

th g e dw h roun l dy p e d aveBy t h m m a re a as s e e e o

t t t t t t
.

ry h on y h
e c on rarg l m i y f h m i d a re a u nar o e n

thi g p t hibit tp t
, , ,

n s as d i are ex ; w h e n re ros ec e ave no

c orre s
p d t fon lt y ten i di t thac u f t d o rra a e e u ure an

e ve ni m t t whi h f ll twit
n a e rs hi t h h f c a no n e re ac o

our m m y ep t or t ft as l ly di
e ve n s are o en c e ar s c ove r

bl by t t d by ff t t t t
,

a e im y es on p i an e ec s a re s e n ex s

t t t
,

i g
n w h w h ere as , h i g q i l
e f d
ave n o n e u va en o oun

our a g me t r u
s p i n i g b
u on t thi g to n re ason n a ou n s
 '

86 TH E PH IL O S O P H Y
' '

1 or B ook I .

Se c tV . . C ircums t ances opera ing on t t

h p e as sion s.

co me t t
I is for his re as on , t t
h th ft i
a i e u ure s c ous

t t t t
.

de re d as h p i e rov nc e of c on ec ure an j d u i n c er a n
y .

Loc a l c onnex ion, t

h fift h i t
h b m
’

e a ove e n u e ra

t
e n

t t t t
a

b t
.

a more w f l ff m
t
i h on , a p o er uh p i i y f e ec an ros o

im e t dp tw t
Dura ion hi g ( ll t h m an s ac e are o n s, ca e

tit ttib t wh t
.

i e s , or a y pl ) i r m u es , or a ou ease so e
t t
en n

t
re s e c s
p t h m tlik d m s om e pe thosm e, an e re s c s e os

lik t o th Th y t t
ibl
on e ano t
i i rese e i n c on n u

t
Un e, er. e

d i i ib ili t
y i fi ity i t
h i b i d e m d n
h t
vs g n n n e r e e e es sen a
y
i lt
t th eit f t di t h d bt
, , ,

a o hi g
e x s e nc e o o er n s , an n e ou s

h t
t h b i d tt h i h i g l i
ra se as o e r av n
"

t
a ave een a re a or n

de p e nde n t itex s ence hi W

of Th y dif
f ie r o n er n
tWh t
e

tt tt
.

t i
ha he la er s p m
e r a nen h y ere as e ver e ss en c e

ft ith i t it
t t
h p t
,

oh f m e or e r c ons s e i n rans or ness ; e ar s

t
of he he t
t h all t e it
one are all suc c e ssive , of o er i ex s :

t Th g tp t ll di t
-

en i ffi m e i gui h
rea er or on s o r are a s n s

d by t h m m r bl t tm
.

e hi g w hich have b
e e o a e n s e en ra

ac etd i t h m t h m ll p
n o ti n bey th l e s a er r o s
’
e revo a

t f t ly b di s ; t h p rt
,

i h h a io f ple ven o ns o

t
on s o e o e e ac e ,

t d m ll (f w d h r id t h e o no e e c ons

t
re a an s a or er e re
g
i f t h fi X d st d p l s) a re di t
i g i
e h d ars an ane s n us e

tt f l d nd Walt
g on s o e

by t h i e var ous r i t whi h

rac s o an a e n o c

t d ubdifi d d ; t h one di t
,

th h i di id d
e e ar s v ine an s e e s c

t i t t t ible ; t
,

‘
i lligib l
on h h
n e he e, hi fly e o er se ns one c e

k w tt no h inqui it in th th
o i a ge t
e m s ve , e o er n r a ea»

tll
.

b i
s ure o v ous o a .
0}:s VII . R H E T O R IC . 1 97

t
C on nex ion ofp lac e .

HENCE p erhaps i arises ha he la e r is conside r t ttt t

t t t
,

ed as a firme r ground of re la ion han he form e r s

t t t t t
,

W ho is n o more c urious o kn ow he no able ran s

t
ac ion s whic h have hap p e n e d in his own c oun ry from t
t tnt iquity ti tb q i td wit
t
h e e arl e s h a h an o e ac ua n e

d i t m t tgi
, .

h whi h h
ose h pp c h
ave a e ne n e re o es re on s

oft h gl b d i g t
e h o e, ty wh i h li
ur n e c en ur e re n e ve s ?

It m t b w d hw
us e o t h t t h f m
ne i m
o e ve r, a e or e r c rc u

t i m fq t ly id d by t h tf p
,

l
'

S an c e s ore re ue n a e a o erson a

l ti th t h t
on ft h l t t C a io f pl c a er on n ex on o

t ly i l d i i g b t y t
re a an e . a e
'

h l l l
t
no on nc u e s v c n a e , u e ve r o e r oca re a

io ha b i gi
n, s uc p i s ue nd t h m
n a
g rov nc e n er e sa e o

ve rnm t wit
h i
en ttt ht i i
us , lli n wit
n h
a s a e a s n a a ce

us ,i t y W ll k
n a c oun r w t d th elik O f no n o us , an e e

t ft t
.

h i fl e n hi n
ue nc e o i i p i g s c o n e x on n o era n on our

p i w h
as s on s , d ily p e f W
ave ith h w m
a u h roo s . o c
“

i diff
n tl twit
ere n c e , ah h w light d t i t
e as o s an ran s e n

m t i d w d i wp p t h tf n ne
‘

t bl a cid t
e o on , o e re a s a e rs e ac c oun s o

h m t e d pl os e i ora t i di tt d
e c en s n c oun r es s an an

ukn w H w m h ? t h ty we
t
n o n o uc on e c on rar , are

d git b i g i f m d t h t y
,

l m d
a ar e d an a a e on e n n or e a an

id t h t
,

h h h pp di ighb h d, e ne our n e
'

s uc ac c en a a n our oo

dt
an h t th gh w b t
a t
e ve nlly u v ou i t d with e e o a n ua n e

t
h p e e rsons c on c e rne d ?

HAR T VI; . R ela t tt’

b p
i on o s ers on: c on s rue td .

t t
STILL gre a e r is he powe r ofrela ion o he pe rson s t tt
c on c e rn ed, whic h was he s ix h c irc ums an c e men t t t .
 1 88 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook ].

S ec tV
. C irc um s t
an c es op era t
i g on t
h p e ass ion s .

t i on ed thi t i i m as di tt hs t h t
e whi h t
s ore re c an a c a

th t tt t It i t
,

ac h e h us f o i h p
e sc e n e o ac on s e e rson s

t t t h t th imm di t bj tf t
.
,
no h pl e ac e , a are h e e a e o ec s o e

t t
,

i l h d i y y
t
as s ons , ove or a re or an e r, env or c on
p p g
mp t R l t tt t mm ly p d
,

e i h e a on o e ac ors co on ro uc e s
a eff t ty t th t t t t
.

n ec
p d
c on rar d b y l i o h a ro uc e re a on o e

ff
s u e re rs , t h fi t i t t e i th rs d in ex
gg e n ua on , e se c on n a ra

ti
va on o ft h im ll g d Th fi t
e cr m k e a e f t h e e rs a es or e

t t t
.

a oo
p l gi h sd f h e T
se c on h i I y or e ac c user s, sa

mm ly t tlw y A m t l
.
, ,
i

is co h on no o e re a

t
e c ase , a a s re

iO tt t wh t
.

h h ff i h i e o e n ous ,

ci lly if t
n o e ac ors , en
p enc e s es e

a h ff b m e ly
s u e re rs l t d will e ore n e ar re a e

m t t t t t t t t
,

so im e h gg e s ra h er a h g il
rava e an ex e n ua e e u

in our e s tim t i B t it i imp

a on . ibl wit h y pu s oss e an re

ii
c s on td t h o re ff tt l ;
uc e mu h d
ese e ec s o ru es so c e

p di
en
g th n d iff ont t m p e d tim t
e re n f e e rs an se n en s o

diff t di
e re n P au l l t i
e n c es . f i e rson a re a on s are o var ous

ki d n S m h
s g o lly g
e t i fl
ave t
h e n e ra re a e r n ue n c e an

t t
.

o h ;
ers m g i h so g e i
'

fl a a n w ith ave e re a e r n ue n c e on

p th
e rson , o w ith th e rsT h y g i
an oity er e are c on san un

fi it t t
.
,

a f y f i d hip
n q i
r en b si g f l l w i
ac i ua n an c e , e n e o c

t f t
-
, ,

z en s , ym c oun r h m m
en , l g g o e sa e surn a e, an ua e ,

re ligi ti d i
on , oc c u a on , an
p m b le th nn u era o e rs .

P AR T VII in bst c ons e

q uenc es .

B UT of all t
h e t t h m t
c on n ex ive c irc um s an c e s , e os

w t twhi h i t h l t O f ll
t
p o e rful is in eres l c s e as a re a

l l t he bj t y
by b i gi g t
.
,

ion s , p ersona i re a on , rn n o ec ver

 '

chap R HET O R IO
rf rr
. . . 1 39

P t
V! I
ar .

n e ar, mos th t t li
ym pa thy whi h t
en
‘

th t h
ve n s a s c a ac e

us tt h o f th ; i t t
e c on c e rn si t
h f
f t o o e rs n e re s n e e ec s

b i g t
rn h bj t
s if 1 m y y
e o i t ectt with a sa s o, n o c on ac

dm k t h mi d li g tit
,

us , an a es n f e n p n o as a c on c e r o

itw Sy m p t hy i b t fl t
,

s o n d f li g a d s u a re ec e ee n an

t m t b w k t t
.
, ,

h f i
e re ore ,di y n or h he n ar c as e s , us e ea er an

igi l Th gh t h mi b e t l
b lig d tit
or na ou e rror e e v r so rue , a ove r

will t i g him wit

t ht
.

b no f p e o e h o or re s e n n e

figure of his m is t re s s , whe n he ha h an opp or un i y of t tt

gaz in
g on he r p e rs on t
Nor will he ora or p lac e his t
t it ft
.

c hie f c on fide n c e in he h i l d as s s anc e o e s oc a an

s y mp at
he t
ic affe c t
i on s ,h it
wh h h t i hi p w en e a n s o er

tmt
h o ar e se lfish .

M EN unive rsall y ,
from a j us t c on c e p t
i ft
h dif
on o e

fe re nc e , have , whe n s e lf is g iven a iff

c onc e rn e d,
d e

ren t m twh t
na e o a se e m s origin ally he s ame p as sion t
in a highe r de gre e Injury , o whomsoe ve r of t
fe re d;
t ttb it
.

is o e ve ry man ha o s e rve s an d whose s e n se o f

ight t t t t
,

r i d b h d by
s no e auc e vic ious p rac i hc e, e na u
ral bj tf i dig t
o i
ec o t lw y impli
n na on In dign a ion a a s es

tm tf d i f tli t t
.

res en en i g
o h i ju i
a e s re o re a a n on e n r ous

tl t tm k h tt
,

p e rson f so ar a p h e as as o a e e r re en e

t tt t t
,

wron g h h h m m i
e d T hi
a i dig i i h
co e . s n n a on n e

p e rs on inj ure d, is from our kn owle dge of m ankin d,

tb t lly b t
,

s up
p os e d i d d
o i e,
g no n ee un ve rs a u e nerall y
h tg h t
t it ght tb di t
, ,

so m uc s ron i g
e r, a ou o e s n uishe d
by an o t
h pp ll t
i d
er ai di glye d a on , an s ac c or n e n om i

na edt reveng e In like m an n e r b e n e fic en c e , on

t tl tf
.
,

whomsoeve r e x e rc ise d, is h e na ura j

ob e c o our
 T H E P HILO S O P H Y or B ook I .

t t
C irc ums ances op era ing on he pensions t .

lo w love al ways t
i nplie s hemvolencs , or a de sire of

t t ft tp
,

p ro mo in g
h h ppi h b e fi a nes s
; o e e ne c en e rson

b ut thi p i n i t h p
s b
as s o fit d in i de e rson e ne e s c onc e ve

tb m h g t d ti f o t g
,

o e so uc rea er, an o n er s s ron an

t t t t t
,

i u f d ffi h i b f e n e ac or,

t
g a on o a re
g rn o oo o ces o s

h tait m it t b d i ti
er s
g u
i h d b o
y th tit le g t i s n s e e e ra

t N w by t m t
s

d
u e hi i o fi t t i t h
s c rc u s an c e o n eres n e

fi tt t
.

f m
'

e h p k i
g g gp y i i
e a er, h i f v uro n s a o r,
‘

e c s, e s en a n

can p d t p t
roc e e m w f ul
o o e ra e on a
p p i ip l
‘

ore o er r nc e,

m(fp ti Th b n
f rese rva on l f hi h he e evo enc e o s eare rs e

wo k p mt t t t t t
-
.

i h i i i
c an g a r d u
j d o
g i r u e, e r n na on n o rs .

t
T HE w l t m nt i d i m t
o as ep l on e c ru s an c e s , e rs on a re.‘

l t
a io d in t
n an t t w ith
erest i fl w
are no ou n ue nc e , as as

hi t d i t m t t h ugh t h y g dt
,

n e h n i e e nu h era on, o e re ar e

k
S ea ers a l
p ly d n tth h an T h i o e earers e re ason s, a

t t
.
,

p o
e rs n
p w i h w h
re se n m w d h d
us, o e see an ear, an

wh by w do d l k or s, dg t u an gi th oo s , an es re s , ve s e

li li tig
ve es f hi f li g h t
s ns o h td m t
s ee n s , as e s ures an os

imm di t l im p
e ae ymp t
c a hy W b m
u on our s a e e co e

inf t d wit
.

ec e h hi p i W s hu i d l g by
ass on s e are rr e a on

t t tdi t i g ih b t
.

hm e d all w d l i
an no o w e e sure o s n us e ee n

l t l t i n hi int t
,

hi io
s re a d ou n an e d u a
r i
r re a o s er s an o

t t
,

ere s
 R H E TO R IC .

Sec tVI. . t
O her pas sion s , as well as mora l se n iment
s,use ful aux iliarie s t .

w aw well a; moral i
’

SE C T p a a: J err,

t efl a
. ,

mm e , us u ux iliaries .

So much for hose t c ircum s anc e s t in he t bj t

p o ec pe

s en e d tby t
h e spe a e r
k ?whic h s erve t wko ad a en an

i flam
ne t
h p e assion s of t
h h e e are rs t
B u whe n a

a tt m fth p
To ill us ra
pg ; o e e re c e ding c irc ums anc es , an d show t
th m eof ppl y i g th
anne rm I a n e shall t
k a e an e x ar
gpl e from C ic e

t t
,

go la to
'
sti g a is V n ra on a ns er a, where , a fer re la in t t
g he c ruc i~

fi x ion of G avi us , a Roman ci izen,t he “ c la ims, 1 0 n ames;

t
.

tt tt
,

dulc e liber i ! 6 j
a s us e x imium n os r é c ivi a
i ! 6 l P s ex orc ia,

le gesque Se mpronise ! 6 gravi e r desidera a c a t ttliqu d an o re d di

5‘ ta
ple b i R oma w ribuni ia po e s as 2 H u c c t t t tt
i ne tdem
an om

tuti i R m i p
. . .

i‘ niarec iderun c vs o an us n rov nc iai o

p puli K orunni
t
,
3

f
‘
in o
ppid fmd um b o q ui h era or a eo eae fic io populi R oma n i
i tcu i h be etd lig tin f
,

i ‘
fas c e s c se re s a r t2 e a us ore virgi s c aede re ur "

t
,

3 S d quid
g p lu ed G in q
e o i G s i
ra t e5 av ? uas u a o urn 1

i i f t a
.

i j i ivi r h t
,

er s m i i g
n es as, c non i n e ne r , ur c un os s non,

t
,

omm i lib t
,
‘5
illi i qu m homiui n ad u se i i im i c a s es c un er a s n c us

t t
,

fui tj s 4 Qu d im a t i i um M en ti i m t
nnq i c al ne r n ore a ue a

t ut
. .

t t
,

s it e s q c u e fi i u p r cu h m
rn i i P
x sss n m p i ; t os r e n va o e a o

t
,

t t
,

j ub e i er p fi gn ca q u d far e tu p t
e re,
; t h esd a re n s ec a c oe a

d q
ere , u d g t ull a m o d ne
p t a e n
q u d m nib u di t ib
e o es , a o n s au en us

di ist ip l m t
x o id i illum lo um d lig t t
aa c rc o ill q i i m c e a e, u e u se s vo

t
,

R m o di
ani a n e s se It lic e re , r ex d m c ruc e a an c e rn e e , ac o a in
‘
f s ua m p pi p o t ?
ros 5 l t
c ere
q e i ll s se l j di .
p t a u a c rux so s , u c e s, os

dit st 6 I t t
,

c on am M am m i l fi
ess an li
o n
p oc o x a e a an c on s ec us

t t
a

t
. .

d m b i d l u t il l i d l i tus
‘

a e rn a a e
re s o e c u es e n o ore c ruc a u
q e

t t
,

m i m p or e g f di i
e ran it u t i
us o li
reb to t i j v sa se rv
g s ac er a s ura c o

tItli tm lum m m m t
,

n os c ere a a au e it i e t
a m m
nu u se rv u s x re e su

t t
,

gn q m o su p pli i fl um id c o a ec
7 P
'

i e t ,
i v it iv m
e re ,
g . ac nos s v nc e e
 1 92 T HE P H IL O S O ?H Y or B ook I .

Sec tV I. . t
O her pas sion s , as We ll as m oral sen t
im t en s , us eful aux iliaries .

p as sion 1 8 on c e rais e d th e re are also o t

h er m e an s by
t k p tli t
,

whic h i may be e a ve , an d eve n augme n e d .

Roma nu m, s oc lus b
ve r e rare , p rope p arric idium n e c are , quid
dic am , in t c ruc e m b t i digoll e retm f i
? v er o s a
p s no a n e ar a res a

p l l t i
o a u l l m n d p to t 8 N o o fu it h io esm ib i t t on s o n us s e c on e n

t Sp t ti q itp ti i t t
. .

us : ec c ,
n u p l g u m l
a r axn ,ib t i q n c on s ec u e er a s ue

m i t 9 N th
,

or a ur. l G i m
on u oc m h mi m oc o av u n on un u o ne

m li b t m t
.
, ,

i q m
n e sc o i m R m
ue m c ve d mm o an u i se co une e r are e c

it m t u m gi t
,

t
,

v i a u m i
s c a sa ill m i t n u i
c ruc a u J e c r ce e s 1 0

it t
. .

ve ro v id th mi e o d i m No ne s im g
au ac a li i onne e n rav er u ss ar

bitmi i qu d ill m i ibu R m i

ra n , o a u m c v p s t i f
o an s c r c e n on osse n o

ro, n on i mit i n co i t i d fig o, n on (b d
n ros r s im hi e e re . I I. o en s

l i i poc s i i
n l b it
rov n c a s ua c e etimillimum gi p im m r a e s , re one rox u

p t i
o ut l g i t e e M m t m 1 2. l i — don u i q en um u sc e e r s au ac se ue s

t t
.

l it i t t t
,

vo u e ssep I li
n c on s
p ec ui m i m
a q ai
e, u l rae e rvec one o n u u ro

itq
c ro ig
ue t
n av
”
3 P
arenu l t j u d i l I y m a o an e , c e s, ac r as

t t b mu
. .

i m tmi q i dig i im h um
'

n or e se ra a ue n n ss a n avarc or n on ene a s

t t
e ére c m it i ac m i er tium mi ia m m
o soc oru b
n n oc e n se r co ove a

m ur 4 Qr id
I u i t n
g u i nc t d n m f
n os ro d s an ne an e ac e re e

t
. .

bm e us m i i m R m
na m
c v u
g i j u o t an oru x i i s an us c on n c us e s

m d an t
us
” es
5 O m h l i
r R m i nes t oe oc o c ve s o an , e

t t
. .

q i d
u a sun q i b i e q t u u t m c une it t m
ue s un d id ve s ra se v r a e ec e

t tm fid m impl t t x ilium q ui t
,

ve s ra um oran ve s s au run
-
ran e re

ttm d iq lib t
.
, ,

6 Om i u j
x . n a s mm d a ili
ura, c o o e , aux a, o a en ue er a

tm i t
e i tt t
n ve s r s sen e n i bit t u
”
us ve rs a I h ll p i t ar ran r. s a o n

ou tt h p t e h t i a i um t e c mplifi d i t
c rc hi p
s an c e s
g ex eh e n s assa e , o

i gt
se rv n h d e wh i t
or e r h y w umere n t d I h e um e re en e ra e ave n

tp t p t
.

b dte re h t i t
e se n en c e s h q t ti n e it
uo ai i t on , o reven re e on n e

f i g tt
e rr n h m o It emu t b m k d fi tf ll t s e ht rei judi ar e rs o a a n

f pl u ibilit t
.

t hi t
, ,

c ia y r ti ora u h
on s , s c h p p pl as s, e y i h
ro e r ac e or a s s e

n arra ti ; f
on p b b
orilit y th ro a fi m t
i
f p f t h
e c on t h r a on or roo : e o er

t lly dmi ibl i t it ft

,

fi h gh g h h l h i
‘

ou er o ose ac es , s ne
ve , enera a p
ss e n o e

p in
r i p l
c ly ai t h p n ti Ie h ll h
e rora w h w t h
on. t h th
s a s o o e ora or a

availed himselfof t
h i t
h p
ese n e assa e no
g wc i ed t . Firs tM ,
ar mara ;
Gbap VII . . R H E T O R IC . 1
93
P t
IV ar . t
O her pas s ions , as well as m oral sen imen t tu s, s e ful aux iliari e s .

t
O he r p ass ion s or disposi ion s t may be c alle d in as aux i
liarie s . No hing is more t ef
fic ac ious in t
hi s resp e c t
an tt t p tf t
d ha fi rs in h mit y ft h
re s t
ec i No f e en or o e ac on ,
°
o

th di p it ft tN 3 9 d t d p b bl
.

e i s os h on o e ac or,
°
IO . an o ren er ro a e

wh t m ightt
. .
,

a h wi pp m lo
y j ert l se N a
4 5 8 e ar e re c on e c ura ,
°
I I,

t
.
, . .

i p f
n res q t h
ec i g o t N
c on se ue nc e s , w h e r re a n e ss
°
1 , e re

t im i m tt t
.

h gh im pl i it
,

h e cr f lly t
e s os ly ar
p u d b ou c re re se n e as s u ve r

f ll t ht
, ,

i
s ve o w d a tt h m lib ta y t h ightf it
as e ar i o th i e er e r o c z en s , e r

m t l bl l w
, ,

os va ua d t h t id l f t
e a h p pl s, t
an h t ib it i a o o e eo e, e r un an

p w
o ; th i
er t t N 5e r ex6 S d ly
en p m m
°
igy o f t im 1
; 1 e c on ro
’

t ft
. .

i b t i i
, , ,

h e re s ti u hi i um t i t
an ns n ua h w d td m
on o s c rc s an c e n e or an e

N °
Th 2 t w whi h p b b ly i d
e re are d t h
o re ason s t c ro a n uc e e ora or

hi p t
. .

i t
n i l tb
s ar
p i
c u ar
g O i ot h e soy f th s ar n ne s, e re c enc o e
ft im i l p thip w
.

ti u ; t
.

cr im h
e, as o e cr na h t ’
h
s d
re ors as n o or o s e o e r an

t h w ight
e i i te h tf ll l t eri thi i t
s, h w k t d
a o a re a on s s s e ea es an e v en

wh t i fl
a it ht
n h fl t
uen c e i t h t a t th r
e t ec on se rve s ra er o c orrec an o

t t t
,

fi m
c on r I pp i g t l y n a o l i g h
e ar n i mo a s ress n so s a c rc u s an c e , a

t
.

s
p k
ea e r di p l y t h p s y f m
a s t t h
ra b er d I t
en ur i o a er an a un an c e . s

b t ett h f
e r, i m t e re ore , t gg t it it n w os by ic as e s, o su es as e re , ac c

d tt tgi i t it f d ig It
,

h d l tb
t
en an o ns s on as o es n. e s e rve s a so o e re .
j

h t
,

m kd t y mph t it
‘

ar e h w dh ampl y d i e or i l e re e o e s ve r e a c a , as c on

t titmp i ft t
,

v y e t h
s a m t im e sa e h i e a d g
ac co ar s on o e r s o rec en e oue

rac y wit h t h f d m it y e d gl y whi h t

ree o h y h dl g sec ur an or c e a on

t t
, ,

j
en o ey d T h m w d i g i ie sa d d N
e 4or t h m
s a an n ro uce
°
1 o e sa e

t
. .
, .

ex tt Thi dly l l
en . i ri p f i
oc a i h
c on n ex
g w f on n res ec o v c na e , o a

h ugh i di t ly i t
,

£ t i gly t o h d N
°
ec r1 o 4
n 6 8rec i s uc e I I, h

di t imil tt m t
. . .
, ,

m t
.
,

ly f
re c h
or re asons s i d t h i ar o os e en on e on e c rc u s an c e

of t tt
,

im ; e h l l as io o N er i p oc a i i p pulic onn ex on s ,
°
2. n rov n c a o

t
.

R m i i o pp idan f d t m ”
n O F u h ly p
o l
se era orul ti ; . o r , ers ona re a on

fi tf t h p p tt N
,

rs o e b
e r e ra or,
q i b fi i ” St h i°
s 2. a eo u en e c o, e.

t t t
.

cr im t h e f m ti
e re ore d g f l
ore h m
a roc ous d an un ra e u e os s ac re

t t t t
,

right i l t d by
s v o a e wh gh t h p one t d h m o ou f o ave ro e c e e n ex o

th fl
e s u ere r, N
'

i i R m ”
°
.T h2 i .i m t p
c vs t
h ti l ly o an us . s s os a e ca

VOL I ! 0 N ur d
g ! e
 P H I L O S O P HY B ook l
’

1
94 THE or .

Sec tVI
. . t
O her p as s ion s as well as m oral s en i m tu
t en s , se ful aux i liari es.

t
h an a s e n se of j us t
i ce, a s e n se of p ub lic u t
ilit
y a

du t tp
,

s e n s e of glor thi g h m y; an d n o n c on ce ore o o e

tu t
ra e o h t h th tim tf g wh
e se , wi an e se n en s o sa es ose s

d nw or tt h m pl f h
e ve n e ra e , wh e ex a e o e roe s ose e x

p l it w odm i s I h ll e a l ud W h t l t tre s a c on c e a re a e s o

t it m k d t h t
.

h ing f p
e ex c i wh I h o as s on , en ave re ar e a

t t t t t
,

p l di g t
h
ea im p n d h h e
p h i i or an c e an e o er a e c c r

um t
c p l di th
s an c e s ,
g ut h ity f p i ior ea n e a or o o n on s or

by om p i o i t tly h ighte d N 1 3
°
urge d an d, odu d g a c ar s n n r ce re a e en . .
,

t
.

I4 Fift
hl y. t
h i t u ; w hi h ot th h,
o ly e bu l l
n e re c ,
n e e are rs n ,
a

who b th R om m h v i t
e ar h o s qu
e s N I5 1 6
an n a e, a e
,
n e c n e en c e ,
“
.
,
.

W i t h bov
e see , m pl with wh t
n u omm o add
e a s a d e ex a e, a nc n re s n

d li yt
ho
e i um t
c ac ou ht
g t
o h om tim
s e c rc b l d d om e s an c e s e s e es en e ,
s

tim buti i u tesd om t im o th

ns no ty wa m ly u g d
a e
,
s e es, n e c n rar r r e ,

t lit t h t t
,

im
s om e h d d tl
es s tha m yb
e a l d; d i
e, a e ar a e c on c e a e an ,
n

bif t
re ,h wh l d t e d o t h tto e hi g m ti l m y b
c on uc e s as a no n a er a a e 0

m ittd t h t y
e tim t am y ily f ll wt
e ve r h t
se n whi h p end a e as o o a c re c e es,

h t
,

d h t whi h f ll w it d t h t y t
t
an us e r a c hi g id m y p o o s an a e ve r sa a a
n
t
,

p t
e arb h l o
g g ef p t e Th
an lm
ua e o f h h t i ure n a ure
3 ‘
e ar o e r e or

h tf t
.

i
c an ,lik t h phil e p h ai l
oy ti l T h e t f th oso e r, s an a ca . e ar o e

ti y t
ora or h t i l Th f m
s s n tt
e h p tf t
ca . h kilf l e or e r ac s e ar o e s u an ap

tm i twh by m i g t h t t
.

o s o,
g m re d i l y ov n
p t i g t h e e u e n s an n ce se ara n e

t t
,

t
,

p t
ar s ,
p w i h i w
re s e n s k d
us d i ti t d h id
v e s a on c e n a e s nc an e ous ,

h t t ft
, ,

w ft h b e s ruc w ft h m
ure o l d td on es , n o o us c e s an

wf t
no o e e en on s ,

ti w ft w ft
'

no h o d i
e ar e r e sh b wl an h ve n s , no o e o e s
,
no o e

b i d
ra n an yt m Th l t
n e rvous s timitt N t i t s e h n
. e a er a es a ure n e co ~

tt
s ruc i g fh w k wh n o wit h w d f l ym m t
er or y , i tt h o, on er u s e r , un es e

v i ar ous or
g d p t t h m t t h
ans , i p e t
i
a a e s d e l l o e r re s c v us e s , an c ove rs a

wi th d t il t
a h ki e c en Th th gh h hid
ve ti ly t
e s h n. us , ou s e e en re e

h i ti
,

m mi t d t
ore nu e an
p t d h w t
e t q l d
n e r or ar s , an s o
‘
no o e ua a van

tg th
a e e ve n ti ul t i ft h limb
e ar dtc h a dj ta m tf t h
on s o e s, an e us en o e

l g m mb
ar e r dd i e
p ib l b u ty
e rs , a d t s
g t
h d
ne x res s e ea an s ren an ene r~

t t
, ,

gy h w h
o l e o e.
S en t . VI . Os ha w , a!
a Well es monal seg m tu
en s , s e ful aux ili aries .

p rec e de n s , t 1s us uall y c on s i dere d ,

and a tl
p y e nough,

as b e ing llke u 1 se ’
a s
p ec es o i f re ason ing .

T HIS t t imply t h t
howe ve r, do h
by
‘

c on c e ss1 on , no a

t t t t t
,

an y i w
re ason n
g g h h h
e are e ve r b j au a s uc an o ec

ou g h t t w k h
o a p i a Th i
e n suc w m t l a as s on
'
s e us e arn

t f m g m tN p k
.

o i i lly f m f li g
na ro no ro ar u os
rg ee n en ea

t tmpttp tt m t i t
.
,

er a e sh gh h o rove 1 im ou e so e es n ro

d uc eth m l id tiora i d
c on s tj t ify t h
e ra on s , n or e r o us e

p i
ass on w h i d d t e n ra se
p t th h f
an m o re ve n e e are rs ro

t tmp t m g t pp it E
,

a e o su wh h i re s s f ve n en e s e n or

t t t t t
.

c in t h i g d h
e r re
p h i ari m o b e a e c c rc u s an c e s a ove
g
m t en i d it i on e t m h hi i m th w t s no h t so uc s a o s o a

t m t t t t t
,

h i
ese c rc u g h g m h
s an c e s ou
p i o au en e ass on , as

ih t t m t i t bj t Th i f
‘

h
a i e se c rc u h s an c e s are n e o ec e re

f tp t tt
.

ec h i mi d h
u on m m ly le r n s e co on e ave s o n a ure

an di tf id f t
s no h a ra l i if h o m k e c on c us on , e c an a e

t m t b it b t
t
e e y gg
v r i g i a rava n w
c rc u h s an c e e , as e re , o

p e rc eiv d d f lt b yet h m an I h e th y m m ( th e n e en e e, e
t t
.

y g
s ll i m of s
Q c i ili t m
ora ors , as i n an er s

ed i h n s uc th tim t th t h q lit
c as e s , y
e se n en a s uc a ua or

i
c rc u m t g h t t
s an c e h
ou
p i t h gh o rouse s uc a ass on , ou

t h f e d t i oun f ll i g a onlly o m d wit a h ut s e n e ra as s u e o

t t t t
,

p roo f n w i h
or e vem i Th i f m h
ou m en on s or s e a

t
.
,

j p or rop os i ion whic h is s up

p re s se d as ob vious . His
t t t
,

wh l i d io e ar s ex er e n evin c n
g i he mi r whi h i no c s

t td t t d whi h m i ti
, ,

h i hi e an e c e en n s ar u
g men , an c a n a ns

Ins i t
t1 . .
,
r, c .
9 .

N 2
1
96 T m : P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook ] .

S ec tVII
. .

t
h e re ali t
y ft
h o ttd ti m t i t
ose a hen an c rc u s an c e s n e

c ase in han d A fl t tt i tt hc arempl f

u a en on o e ex a es o

i th Fi t C h pt d t h q t t
.

ve he me n c e n e rs i a e r, an e uo a on

t
in he fore g i on
g t will uffi i tly il
no e,lu tt thi s c en s ra e s

rem ark .

SE C T V . an un a vourable
f p or ion r
iz t tb e

c almed .

I COM E n o w tt
h
o e se c on d q ues t
i on on t
h e sub e c j t
of p ass ion How 18 an un favourable p as sion , or dis
t tb lm d T h w i it fi t
.

p osii on , o h e ca e ? e an s er s, e er, rs

ihil t h bj t
tl tdimi i hi g t
,

by i g
an n a n or a
'

e as n s n e o ec

whi h i d it it t
, ,

c dly by
ra se i g m h or, s e c on
-
ex c n so e o er

t t
,

p i w h i
as s on h m y w k i c a c oun e r or .

t t t t t t t
B Y p rovin g he fals i y of he n arra ion , or he u er
t t t t t
tt
in c re dibili y of he fu ure e ven , on he supp ose d
t
ru h of whic h he
p assion was fo ut
n de d t he obje c is
ihil t It m t
,

an n d i dim i i h d by ll
a e h i s n s e a s uc c rc u s an

ty tt b y whi h it
.

c e s as are c on rar h i i d o os e c s n c re ase

im p b bilit y impl ibilit

.

Th e se are , y i ig ifi ro a aus ns n

di t f t m t t
, ,

c an c e , im fpl
s an c e o h p e, re o e n e ss o ac e , e e n»

s on s c on c e rn e d suc h as we have n o c on n e x ion wi h t

t t ti
,

suc h we
"

h e c on se q ue n c e s as have no in e re s n

t
.

T he me hod m m d d b y G gi d pp
re c o en e or as , an a rov

d by A i t
e t
l t h ugh p li i it
rs o m i ie, o ec u ar n s ann er, s, n

t
ho sewh i it m y p p e ly b
c as e s tmptd
t e re n a ro r e a e e

i id t ff t ht
wit ht w m t It
,

c o nc i en i
n ed ec a no en one .
 R HE T O R IC . 1 97

Se c tVII. . How an unfavourab le p as s ion mus be t calmed.

was a j us tpi i
o n on of Gorgias , h t
t th a e serious argu

me n tf o an adve rsar y ,
s hould be c onfoun de d by ri
die ule , an d his ridic ule by se rious n1 g ame ur

For his is t on l y e n deavourin g , by he t aid of laugh t er

t ttdimi i h
an d c on e m
p q uit u d o n s or e ven e n o, t
h e

f i dly m t th t i di t
, ,

un r e n i h b e h mi d o on s a ave e e n ra se n e n s

of th h eth ty by te arers i fy i g or, on e c on rar sa s n

th m ft ft bj t d f t
,

h
e i o h h im
e se r ousn e ss o e su ec an o e

t t t t t
,

p of i
or an c e q u i g u i h h s c on se e nc es , o ex n s e c on

tmpt d m k t
e h la ght whi h t
an h tg i t a e e u er c e an a on s

w t d t it pp b t t
,

an e wh mi d
o ex c e, a e ar, en e x a ne no e er

t
,

h an madne ss .

THE s e c ond way of sile nc in g an un favourable p as

s ion t or t
disp osi ion , is, by c onjurin g up som e
h o er

p i
ass on t t W
or disp osi ion whic h m a i
yth
ov e rc ome i
t t t t it
.

re g d ar d u wh h
o c on m i d d lib c e n e ve r e n e e ra e s,

ty m t im p lli g it
,

i i
s c on sc ous of i i pp c on rar o ve s e n n o o

s it di e ti ; i th
re c w d itfi d t
on s h t t i g n o er or s , n s a ac n

t h w ld g t
us ify poui t ti ra
g ti g one ass on no ac n or ac n

t w ld g t t T t
,

o h wi er ifyse , h k
ou h ra an o er o a e s uc a

tp I p i w ld p m tmy i t tb t
.

s e erc e ve , d ou ro o e n ere s u e

t t t
, ,

ro a e
g f m m y h roS h h w ill ify onour uc an o er ra

t
g
m t b th t my i t t Wh
.

my ‘

re s en en thi i u ur n e re s en s s

t t t l tdi
, .

h h p k
e c as e , b as e s ea e r c an e a no oss o s c over

t h e fli ti g p i
c on h m t c b n ibl th t ass ons , e us e sen s e, a

wh t f h dd t
a e ve r th di p it
orc e i th t f e a s o e s os on a avours

tt
pn r gym
Am c '
rav p si e ars )” 3t
z p9 u m fl
g
-
u ratt
flw v y ok 7
1 4 fi
e- t
t
,
,

35 y t
Aw t 3 1 « 90
‘

sa ; 01 8 1
,
Al ysi a. Rhe l 3 C 1 8.
. . . .

N3
1
9 8 |
THE P H IL O S O P H Y or Eook f .

Sec tVII
. How a tunf av o urab le pas s '
on mus t
be cal me d .

his de s ign , is in fac ti so n uc h s ub racred t from he dis t

tsi
i h t
t t h it d
‘

an c on ve rs e l y; t
h in e

d tt
p o on a o os e as
pp
t it
,

w l f b l
o sc a es i o a a an c e , s e ual
q in reg ar h o e

ff t
e wh t
ech yo dd m e er u a so uc h we igh t
t o one sc ale,

t it
f m t
h t
,

or ake h ro e o er .

T HUS we have in wha m an n e r p assion o an

s ee n t t
ab se n ob e c
j t t
m ay b e e x c i e d b y e loq ue n ce whic h t
tt
, ,

by e n liven in g an d invigora in g he ide as of i maginary

t t t
,

ion , m ake s he m re se m b le he im p re ssion s of s en s e

an d t
h t e rac es of m e m ory ; an d in his re spe c ha h t tt
an e f
fe c t t
on he m in d sim ilar o ha p roduc ed by a ttt
t t tt t t
.

,
,

l e e sc o e
p on he sigh ; hi n gs re m o e are b rough
n ear, t
hi g n s ob s c ure re n de re d c on sp ic uous We have
tm t
.

se e n also in wha i l dy e x c i ed
'

o
‘

an n e r a p as s n a re a

m ay b e c alm e d t t
how b y he ora oric al magic , as by
in ve r in g he t tt e le sc op e , t t
he objec may be again re
m ove d an d dimmlshe d .

II were t m t ll t e n dle ssh h t i lfi

o e nu e ra e a e r e or c a

g s t
h
ure t d p td t t
h
a are a a
p th ti L tit ffi
e o e a e c e su ce

tyt h t m tf t
.

o sa h a l dy m d m y b
os o ose a re a na e a e

Of t t
,

fully m pl y d h
s uc c e s s e h h p i i
o e e re o e rs, e r nc

t t t
.

l h i lim i i l m i
'

p a are ese , c orre c on , c ax v s on , e x c a a on ,

t t t t t
,

p p h
a os ro d i g i e, T h
an h fi n erro a on e ree rs c or

t td g t ly t li
.
,

i
re c lim on, d ii
c ax an v s on , en rea o en ve n

t by th impli it b t im t
,

h id e e as , d e mp i c u an a e co ar son ,

d p p it y di t Im pli it d i
,

an i o os h m on, c on ve e n e c an n

t mp i i m it b l tt h di tb d
t
.

di re c co ar son s ore su a e o e s ur e
tt f mi d q i d by t
s a e o h p tn h i t h t
re u reh t e a e c, an a
 Gbap VII . . R H E T O R IC .
.
1 99

See VII t t
h

. . H ow an un favourabl e pas sion m us be c alm e d.

whic h is t d di t Th l t ex p lic i t im plie l i

an re c e a er s e

d t q illit y t t
.

s u re an h f m ran u
p idi y d fi e or e r ra an re .

E l m t d p tp h t
,

x c a i a on an
p hi fl ba os ro
y y m e o e ra e c e v s

p th ya t h y t h asm t d t e
p arei f p e os ar e n ex re s s on s o er

tb t i t t t t t
,
I
i
ur a on h p k I n fi ig eh pps ea er a rs s a e ars
1

diffi lt t tf t ff tf i t g
.

m ore cu h o ac c oun or e e ec o n e rro a

t i whi h b i g
on , ppc l t t h h e n th gh an a ea o e e are rs , ou

it m ightw k ttt v t ld t
,

l i
'

a a en a c os e r a en on , e c ou no

iti t
,

one w ld im gi ou h m d a y
n e, w ex c e n ei r in s an ne

e m t i th t
o on w tt h b f
a T hi as n o th e re e ore s, n e ve r e

it d t it t t
.

le ss , h h o gh b liq
ex c p e,i f rou an o ue O e ra on o

t h e m p i ip l
sa S he
pp r ncl im p li ie t h uc an a ea es n e

tt h t g t fid i t t it
.

ora or e s ron h des f hi c on enc e n e re c u e o s

se n tim t d i t h
en s , an f y n e c on c urre n c e o e ve r re as on

a bl b i g e Th e ndit b y y m p t hi i g wite au ht hi ors , s a z n s

f pi it fi d it ti bl twit
.

f m ra e o im p s r hh ld
n rac ca e o o an

twhi h i B t
,

asse n fid t ly d p d d
c s so c on en e en e on u

t ft
.

h will b
e re i w d f die oc c as on i gm a er ar s or s c us s n ore

p t i l ly
ar c u ar t
h h t i l tr p d fig w h
e r e or c a w o e s an ure s , en e

co m tttf l e t
oi re a o e oc u on .

THU S I have fin ishe d he t c on side ra t

i on whic h he t
tth f hi h
s p e ake r ough o ave o s e are rs m e n in ge n e
as

ra h t
l; t i thi ki g b g a s, as n n ei n s e n dowe d wi h un de r t ~

s antdi g im gi t i nm m y a na on , e or an d p as s ion s , s uc h

t
, ,

we are c on s c ious of in ourse lve s , an d le arn from

f t
as h e

ex p e t
h i f
rie n c e tb i t h Ih of e r e ec s o e n o e rs ave

t tt t t
.

p i d on eh b m p l y d b
ou y him i g g e ar s o e e o e n en a

i g ll t
n h f lti i hi
a i th t wh t
os e h d ac u es n s s erv c e , a a e a

v th m
anc e
y t ly b d t d ta l m no on e un e rs oo
,
no on v c o

N4
m T m : P HIL O S O P HY or B ook I .

t
O f he c on s idera ion t whi h t
h p c e s eaker ough t
th o ave

man d a tt
t ly b m mb d butwhi h
t i en on , n o on e re e e re c

h hi f p i t
t t
f ll m y i t th h t
, ,

is e c e on o a ,
a n e re s e ear .

C HA P . V III .

Of be t c ons idera i n wb b t
t o h Sp
’

zc e e aker oug b t
th o ave

o f t
b H e e a rerr, a: web M en in p ar ic ular t .

IT was re marke d, t
in he beginn in g of he p re c e ding t
c hap e r, tt t
h t a he he are rs ough o b e c on side re d in a t
t
tw f ld
o o vie w me n in ge n e ral and as suc h m en in
as

t t t t
, ,

p i l
ar c u ar The firs c on side ra ion I hav
e dis a c he d,
p
t t
.

I n ow e n h
e r on e se c on d.

WH ENt ffi m d t ht
i is t
h h a r tbe a e e are rs are o e c on

sid d e re hm i p t
as s uc i l m
en i m n t ar c u ar, no ore s e an

t th tg d tt t t
,

h an ag h b
re h d
arb y h
ou
p k o e a e s e a e r, o

th p i l h
e s ec at ft h c di arac e r o mp d f e au enc e , as co os e o

s uch i di id l n h t
t v h m y ua its him lf tt a hem e a su se o

b t h i hi t t t
,

o yln d i hi s s g m e an N wn h s ar u en s o e

diff b tw
e re n c e di
e d
ee n t
h i
on e y au e n c e an an o e r s ve r

g t
re a t ly i i
no tll t
on l b t in m l
n e t
t i ec ua u n ora a an

m t It ly i t t
, ,

en s m y:
. b l l
l g
i
a ib l H u
e c e ar f n e e o a o se o

C omm on s , whi h would a

pp e ar as if s poke n in
p
an

“
a
He mus be t O rpheus in syl vis , in td lphi
er e n as A rion .
c rap VIII . . na r r o ws . as :

of t
h h e earers , as s uc h m en in p ar ic ular t .

unkn own tgu t

on th i t It
e, o a c onve n t
i l c e of e n us as s

m y ki dl fu y i t h l t t whi h w ld t
.

a n e r n e a er, c ou c re a e n o

em t i i t
o onh f m b ut
n l ght e d tmp t
or e r, au e r an c on e

Th m t h t t
.

e b i u diff
os t
o vo s pp i diff e re n c e a a e ars n e re n

audit i ult f m t h diff

or e s, re s t lt i t i n ft
s h ro e e ren cu va o o e

d tdi g
un e rs an d t h i fl n whi h t hi and e n ue n c e c s, an

th i m
e r flif h
an ner o b th p th im gi t i e, ave o u on e a n a on

and p t h m m y
u on e e or .

B UT e ve n in t c ase s wherein he differen c e

d in e uc a

ti on and m l lt h t ora h tb
cu ureid bl a no ee n c on s e ra e,

diff th bit ftw d ttd d diff t

e re n a s a er ar s c on rac e an e re n

t t t
,

i
oc c u a on s
p i lif gi dniff p p e, i i d
ve e re n ro e n s es, an

m k a e on e i li m nc t p i ne oreth t o on e as s on , ano er o an

t t t t t
‘

o h They
er q ly f
f d
c onse h i lli
ue n
g p k a or e n e en s ea

t t t t
.

i p
er ah e as e r g h h
assa e th gh ho h l e ear rou e c an n e

ft itp lib t
,

o he f avour e i Th y
ass on d i d p us er an n e en

l t m t wit
.

d will
enc e b p e ve r i e h p bli
re va e n o ve s re u c an s,

p m
o p d an
p l d u sw ith then tt ho rd t m hy ose a ac e o on arc

til t t h C t m gt
.

I m n e rc an e s a es , h g h
s uc as ar a e a on e an

l t H ll d m g t
e e u s, or o an h m d m i t t a will
on e o e s, n e re s

alw y p a s t h m t g t g m ti
rove e os t t c o en ar u en n s a es

l ly
so e hi fl
or cy m p d f ldie co h Sp t
ose o so e rs , s uc as ar a

an d i t R m
an c e n i d m t
o will b f d
e, no n uc e en e oun a

tp i tgl y Simil diff

c oun e r o se o or l t ar ere n c es are a s o o

tl
.

b m d
e dd
a e in a i g dif f re ss n fm Wit h e re n c as se s o en

m en ofg i th m t
e n us , flt pei w ill
osb f m s uc c e ss u o c e a e

wit h m n f i du t
e oy ih n wit hm s r ff t ,
rc es en o or un e ,

le asur
e
p .
 THE P H ILO S O P H Y or B ook I .

t
O f he c on sidera i on t whic h t
h p e s eake r o ugh t
tha o ve o fhi m s elf .

BUT as t t
h e c harac e r of audie n c e s m ay b e in fin i ely t
di ifi d
ve rs d e t
h i flu an as e n e nc e t
h y e ough tth o ave

t t t t
,

p
re s i ecly pu veh p k on e s e a e r, mus b e ob vious o a

p f
e rs on od i m titi s c e rn en fic ie n
s s uf h e th
t er o ave oh

vd t hu m u h i t i g t
,

se r e h g s c n e e ne ral c on c e rn n h m e .

C HA P . IX .

Of he t c ons idera t
i wbi b t
on b p e e s e ake r oug h t
th o a ve

TH E las ti I m t d is t
t c on side ra h t whi h on e n i on e a c

t ught th f him lf By t
,

h p k
e s e a er o hi w o ave o se s e are

tu d td tt h tt im tf him lf whi h i
.

o n e rs an no a es a e o se c s

t lf q u i t
,
,

d i d di
e r ve ly f m re c i u ro c onsc o sn e ss or se ac an

whi h i b t
-

b ut
an c e , t
h t i d fl i ly f m t
a ch s o a ne re ex ve ro e

opi i tt i d f hi
n on e n e r a n e m b y th h t
h h o e eare rs , or e c a

twhi h h b wit
rac er h t
c h m Sy m p t
e hy i e ars e a s one

t t t t
.

m i i
a n en
g b y whi h neh p h p c e ora or o e ra e s on e as

SI
O IIS J

Wit hthe m who laugh our soc ial j oy appe ars ,

Witht hem who m ourn we s ymp at hiz e in te ars

,

Ifyou would have me we ep be gin t he st

,

rain , ,

Then I shall fe e l y our sorrows fe e l your p ai ,

n Faaucrs .

tid t
U ib
r enid titfl tib dfl t
us arr en , a en us a en

H m i lt Si i m fl
u an vu d l d m t
us v s e e re , o en u es

ibi 5 t tu m i f ti l d t
.

P im m ip i t
r u s unc a e n or un a ae en

H tD A tP t
.
.

or . e r e oe .
0Mp 7 X . n a rr o ws .

t
O f he ca v t
i i es n ion
-
Whmfl t
he s p eaker ough t
th v o a e of lums elf.

What
ever t
herefore weakens t
hat
p i r n c iple of sympa

t
hy tt
mus d o he speaker un u t
t ble ra
‘ ’ '

e pre udice
j in t e

t t
,

spe c of hi p w h p s i f hi
o e r over di e as s on s o s au e n ce ,

b ut t i t
no hi p t n ly O h t l
s re s e c t f on e s ourc e a e as o

t f tt im y i f it h i d bt
.

h p im y i fl
e r ar n ue n c e o es on n a s ou

tb t t ib ut d t t mmui t
,

l
e ss o e a h m r i ep i o e sa e co n ca ve rn

c ip l e At th m t im it i ti w m k
e sa e e s c er a n as as re ar

d b ve t h t y tt im y d t tq lly
.

,
h ar
‘

c a o a e ve r es on o no e ua

th t t
h t i t hi p t t
,

ac hi p i ipl i l t h n ar c u ar u a
a p
s r g e a s e re

t i ft
on o h th t h
j
id
e arre s e r bl p w N w a a c on s e ra e o er o

t t t t t t
,

t
.

h p
e s k e a er s a
pp i i
’
f h h f w h
are n c on v c on o e ru o a

h d t
e a vanc eh dd t ll hi t h g um t a i s oa s o e r ar e n s an e v

t t t t
,

d enc e ,h gh p i l
ou y h m y no k i re c se e sa e, e n e ar a n

tt h tf hi
-

o a w tt oim y Thi h t
s h o m n es on s a so e

w ight
e wit h t h wi t
e ve n h b ut i y e se s e are rs , s e ve r

t hi g wit
n h th lg Wh t t h e f lvu ar a e ve r e re ore e sse ns

t t
.

s m
y p hy m ua l im p ,i b li f s a so ar e e .

SYMPA T HY in t
h h e e are rs tt
h o e s
p e ake r may be
le sse n e d s eve ral by a low way s c hie fly by he se wo t t
t t t
,

O p in ion of his in elle c ual abili ie s , an d b a b d o i

y a
p
n ion of his morals The la e r is he more p rejudic ial t t
t
h t
t t t
.

of w e Me n ge n erally will hink he m se lve s in

o .

le s s dan ge r of b e ing se duc e d by a man of we ak un de r

t butfdi t
s an din g i g i h d p b it
y t h by m o s n us e ro an a an

h b t d tdi g wh i
f t t
,

o e f es
p flig lif
un ers an n o s o a ro a e e.

S m hm
o p w f ll
ucy d th q liti f th
oreh t o er u o e ua es o e ear

atth t h act
h ft h h d
us , Thi p f an os e o e ea . s re e re n c e
,

Ne illud quide m prae tib er o,

q uan am af
f t
c ra t
fid m e ex p osi t
i i
on

i u tit
t
,

n arran s a c or as .
0 3 1 m . lib iv . . ca
p . 2 .
 Tn s P H IL OS O P H Y or B ook I.

O f he t con sidera t
i whi h t
on h p c e s eaker ough th
t o ave of hi mself .

th gh itou m yb j t ly ll d u t ught
a
a d i t
ei us ca e n a ns nc
t
n

i ve ,ii g p ly f m t
ar s n h igi l f m ure ft h ro e or na ra e o e

mi d n t h k wl dg
re ason , f m ki d or q i d
e no e e o an n ac u re
t m ftw d
,

by t p i
ei i d fw k i g
er enc e , n s ea o ea e n n see s a er ar s

t b t H it h t mm t
,

o c orro ora e hb m en c e a ec o e a co on o

t t d t
.

p i wic h h i i t h t i
r e or c an s b u fl a n or e r o e a s cc e ss u

t m t t t
, ,

ora or, on e b g d m f b
us g d i he a oo an or o e oo s e

on ly w y f b i g l g tm d g d
s ure a o dt be n on e s ee e oo an o e

tm d g d i p i u ly yt
,

b i g
’
e s ee e oo s re v o s n e c e s sar o on e s e n

h d wit
ear h d t tt i d g d C
ue a q u tlyen on an re ar on s e en

th t t t t
.

p
e i ho h f c d i i ha m r a T h
oun a on n u an n a u e e re

i d d t h t hi g i t t ft
.

are n ee h h o er h p k n s n e c arac e r o e s ea

e r, whi h i lc d g will h t
n hi i fl
a ess
; e ree , ur s n ue n c e

y ut t
,

o h i p i f
ne xff i f rm w f
e r en c e ou a a rs , o er an o s c c e ss ,

dt
,

an h lik e e.

B ur t of all
h p p i i t h mi d f t
e hre ossess ons n e n s o e

whi h td tim p d tt t
,

h e are rs , c en h d o e e or c oun e rac e e

sig ft
n o h p k p ty
e s p i it w h
e a e r, ith pp tar s r e re a e ns o

t t t
-

t t
,

p i
re val i h m u p s i i e b i g s h m e rn c ous , e n a on c e e os

dt h m tj t Thi p j di I m
,

i fl ibl
n ex e an e os un us s re u ce en

t by it t it
.

i on lf h seb dm yh
as p l
os e a ove re c e a ave ac e

ty t t t
,

a an im di y i
e , an l i u m n an T hi na on a c rc s an c es . s

h t ah pl e ly wh
ac p p on l i u f t t en at eo e s so n or un a e as o

b t by f t
e orn i I t h t ac if th p k
on dn a c ase , e s e a er an

t f o t
.

th h e h b lk f t
e are rs , h h
or b e u o e e arers , e o c n ra

ry p ti th
ar e s ,i m i d w ill b m e r p p d
n s e ore re osse sse a

g i t
a ns h im th gh h i lif w ou b l m l s e e re e ver so a e e ss ,

ft h m t fl git
,

th an if h w m e e re a i m an o e os a ous an n e rs ,

b utf t m p t y Thi h ld b t tm h
‘

oh e sa e ar . s o s u oo uc a
Chap IX . . R H E T QR IC .

t
O f he c on sidera ion t whi h t
h p c e s eaker ough t
th o ave ofhim self .

like l t
of al t p aV
r i
iels,t religious an d p oli ic al o en

t t t t
.

t
.

pary m ly l ll y
enmp hy wi
noh h f on ose a s a ose o

t t t t t t t
-

the o
pp itid b u os ip h y
e s h m
e, c on rac an an a o e

h di i t
t
.

This , on some oc c asion s, eve n e l q v ne s e o ue nc e

will no surmoun t t .

tp
As o e rson al p re j udic e s in gen eral, I shall c onc lude
h t
wit w o re m arks tt t The firs is , he m ore gross he
m ht t t
.

heare rs are , h m
so p ib
uc l h y f e ore s usc e e e are o

s uc h p re ju di N t
c eshi g p t
h m i d m t
o ll n ex oses e n ore oa

t t
.

h i be r an e fl i fl
u h ig
n d d
ue n c e s s; an n oran c e an ru e n e s

t
h r b bl
e a fly c onside r who spe aks me n of se n se
e c hie

t t
t t t
,

an d educa ion wha is sp oke n Nor are he mul i ude

td t h mj t i t t
.
,

o o ie l i
us c e , h i l h i
e ss e x c e ss ve n e r ove an n

th i h t
e r di ta reh i a tthm ttn h i t
e r h i i
ac en s an n e r ave rs on s .

it w ld em f t
,

F m
ro i
a c on s c ousnes s , h i w i ou se o e r o n n

t t t t
,

c a ac
p i y g u i d h m
o l h y e e ep s e ve s , e are ev r ron e

bli dl y tsub m it
n tt
o h g id f m p p l
o e u an c e o so e o u ar

t wh h t h h dt h dd fi t it h tg i
’
ora or, o a a e a re ss rs e er o an

t t t t
,

h i e r a
pp b i b h i
ro a on
y l p d d vi u s re a or re e n e r es , or,

whi h i tc h s i wy t e e as e rmm d him lf t a t h i o re c o en se o e r

tm by fl mi g l f t it di t
,

es ee a h i f
a n i
z ea or e r avour e s no

tions , d ftw d by hi l q u
an a er tw k p
ar s s e o e nc e o or u on

th i
e r
p i A
ass on st th m tim it m tb k
e sa w e e us e ac no

th t h h d t h t fth m t
.

l dg d
e e on e o m er an a e ve n en o e os

di t ll t d m t t t
, ,

i p fi d im
'

n
r rove n e r ec s , an os e ne sen e n s, are

no tltg ta h b y dt
o e h er h fp e on i d pi e re ac o re c on c e ve O

ni it
on , eh t h p k
er i n f u tohi p j di e
e s ea er s
’
avo r or s re u c ,
 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y O F B ook ] .

O f he t c onsi de ra ron t which t

h e s p e ake r ough t
th o ave ofhim s elf .
1

T HE s e c on d re h t
t w h th Op in
mark is i ft h a en e on o e

bl t h t ed t
,

udi i f h sp k h b
t
a e nc e s un avo ura e, e ea er a ne o e

m h m r
uc ti i
o e c au ous y t p h t k h w
n e ve r s e e a es , o s o

m orem d t y dg
o es td f an tt h judgm t re a e r -
e e re n c e
‘

o e en

t t
,

o f hi h s h
e are rs
p p i d w i h
er a m fh m y
s, n or e r o n e e a

fi d it y tm k l t
du t d t t
n n e c e ss ar m i
o i a i e so e c on c e s s ons n re a on

thi f m p i ipl t
t
o or or c on o e n re a

t
s er r nc es c an

th i t tt t t t
,

e r a i f m p
en on g d roh bj h
ure re ar o e su ec a

f j dgm t d d u t
,

lik m e en O u h y w uld im
en an c an o r, e o

p ti
ar ally id w h
c ons t i id erd gi w la m e s sa an ve a e co re

t t t t t t t
,

ce
p i on h fo m w
ru h q ro i p d a uar e r soe ve r roc e e

h m u tt tmp tif p ibl tm llify t

.
,

Th us e s a e h m oss e, o o e

t t t t
, ,

gra d l lyua i i h
o im lf i
n s n ua eh i f d se n o e r avour, an

th b y im p
e re p t ib ly t t
e rc e f hi ntim t d o ran s use s se en s an

p t
as s 1 on s i n o t h i m i d e r n s .

s t e advan t t
'

T HE m an who j y h a e Of
g en oo
p p ularl
y
n e e ds n ot this c autio n T he m in ds O f his audit ors are

e rfe c t att ned t

.

ly u o his T he y are p re p are d for a

p
dO p t in g im plic it
.

ly his O p in ion s an d ac c om p anyin g him

t t W t
,

in his m os p ass ion a e e x c ursion s

all hen he p eo
t t t
.

le are willin g o run wi h you y o u m a y run as fas

p
t
,

as you c an e s e c ially whe n h c as e re uire s im e

p e q p
t
u it t B utif y fi d i t
,

y os an d h m
dis p a c h ou n n e no

if it t wit h tlu t t h t
.

h
s uc d i
ar our, s no e ve n ou re c an c e a

th y e i d d tw lk wit
are hyn y m t
uc e l k o a ou, ou us s ac en

your p d k p t
h m
ac e m p y l
an tt
h y it h ee e co an es e e er

td t t b k Diff tl
,

s an ill s or urn gi b y ac e re n ru e s are ve n

h t d pt d tdiff ti um t
.

i i
r e or c an s as a a e o e re n c rc s anc es .

Diff i t hi p
e re n c e s t um b ln I t i s res ec are n e r ess . s e
 R H E T O R IC
'

20
.
7

T he difcreu kin ds t of p ub hc s peaking in use am ong t

h m d m e o e s c ompare d, 8m .

n ough he re th o ave ob s erve d t

h p ose rin c i
p le s in he t
min d ,
on whi h t
h c e rule s are foun de d .

C HA P . X .

Tbe dzf é ren tki nd: o f p ubli c r e akin

p g in we a mong

th md m emp o e s, co a red, t i w tt
wi h hi a v e o e r dif

f t d
ore nt
g i a v an a e; n rer ec
p t
o l
f q e o ue nc e .

T HE p rmc rpal sor s t f di

o s c ours es whic h he re de
m an d our n o ic e , an d t t t onwhic h I in e n d o m ake
so m eb ti
o s e rva on s , tt are t he hre e followin g ; he ora
ti d li
on s d t
e t h b
ve re th a p e d iar, th ose ron oun c e n e se

t dt
na e , h
an
p k f m
os e th s p pl it
o en I d ro t e u o no

t t f t
.

m k a p
a e se i l ara e h h
ar c e
p d li od b y e s e ec es e ve re

j g
u d t
es th i o ll g e r thco b h ; b
e a ue s on e enc e c aus e ,

th ugh t
o h b m t
ere hi g p e so li h e ii gf mn e c u ar e re , ar s n ro

th diff
e i h
e re n c e tt h tb i t
n c b t w
arac e r t h a su s s s e e en e

j g
u d e d th an p l d i e ll t h th m
e a e r, t i l i
n a e o er a er a c r

c um t th p
s an c e s , dd e d t h
e rs on sbj tt ah re s s e e su ec e

dt i p ki g t i i t
, ,

i
oc c as on , an h p p e h
ur ose n s e a h n e re s n e se

t t p f t i id
,

w o s or s a er e c I lik m c o nc I en c e n e an n e r,

tm t t
h t h t b t
.

f b
or e ar i o en on u e i ly e a re , e c a se so e n re

di imil
ss b t h i f m
ar, o d i ki d n or h dly t an b n n as ar o e

t t
,

ca a
p b l f e
p l o i ah m p i
ac e B n id i
e co i ar son es es, s

y i w ft t
.

on ly a c urs or h hi f diff
ve o d e c e e re n c e s , an no

a cr iti l mi t
c a ex a i fth m ll t
n a on oh t i h p p e a , a s e re ro os
 2 08 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook ] .

T he differen kinds t ofp ub hc s p eaking in use am on g t

h m e odem s c ompared, 8m .

ed ; m y d e s ign b e in g s o le ly o ass is h e m in d b o h t t
t t .

1n a
pp re he n din
g r ig h ly a nd in a pp ly in r
g p po t
e rly
t t tt
,

h p i ip l
e r nc e s ab ove laid down In his re s p e c h e

t t d ill tt
.
,

t
°

p d
rese ni s c us s ion will se rve o ex e mplify an us ra e

hose p rin c iple s : U n de r e se t

h fi ve p ar it
c ulars , t
h e re

t
fore , he sp e ake r, he he arers , t or p e rson s addre s se d,

t
h e s ub e c
j tt
h i e oc c as on , an d t
h e end in vie w or t
h e

ti td d tb t
, ,

ef
fe c n en e o e
p roduc ed by he disc ourse , I
s hall ran
g ,
e for o rde r s
’
s ake , t
h tm e re ar sk I in td ten o

lay before he t rea er, d

SE CT reg ard tt
h po e s e aker.

Ta r: firs t ttf tt h
c on s h tt
ide ra ion is ha
o o e c arac e r

b t i d by t
e s us a n e h p k Itw m k d i g e s ea er as re ar e n e

l i t di g h p t t h t f p m t
.
,

ne ra h p n e re c e i g n c a e r, a or ro o n

t ft t wh t b t
,

h e s uc c e s s oh h ki d f p
e ora or, a e ve r e e n o u
b li p ki g i whi h h i
c s ea n d) it
n i m t
c t e s c on c e rn e s a a er

o f m so q e t h t i
c on se t
h p i i o f
ue n c e , th a n e o n on ose

h h i b t
t
,

wh m h o dd e a h wi
resse d g d e s o a s e an a oo

B t th gh t
,
l

m an hi i
u m m ou h ld i s n so e easure o s un ve r
t t i t t h t t
.

sa lly hi g i m no n h s h d g f
ore c e r a n an a e e re e o

t
,

c on se ue n c e
q w h i h li i h i p i i ic di g es n e r o n on , s ex c e e n

ly diff t i t h difi
e re n t ki d n I eh it
'

d p d
'

e re n n s n e ac e en s

w i mt
t t t
.

c hi fly e on h u
o c rc u f hi p f s an c e s , e na re o s ro e s

i
s on as a p b li p k d t
uh h rc s t f th t
ea e r, an e c a ac er o os e o

wh m hi di
o s dd d A tt
s c ourse s h fi t are a ress e s o e rs

ii gf m t t ft it will t
.
,

ar s n h ro h p f i e na ure o e ro e ss on , no

dmit q t i t
h t t h p h h t
ue s on , h i t hi a s re

fi ult
a a a e re ac er n

t th m t t h hat
.
,

di f k ; i a mu h
os c h a as n s c as e
s
p ec ,
e .
 R HE T O R I C . 8 99

Sec t1. . In regard tt

h o e sp eaker.

c harac e r tt o s upp or , t whic h is muc h more e asil y in

t
.

jure d th w th t i h
a f t h t a ef t
h p k
er o e se n a or, or o e s ea er

a t th b e N d ub t ar th p t ti f
o p ioty e re u a on o c a ac ex

t t t t
.
,

p i
er ence i f
f i d m u h
n a a rs , ani g i y i h u g h as c n e r as s o

a t t i bl b y t
a na h e ll d m ft h w ld will dd
ose c a e en o e or a

w ight tt h w d ft t t h t
,

e o h e f kill i hi
or s o e s e n a or a o s n s

p f i
ro e ss on , an d fi d lity i h i p t ti we i ll n s re re se n a on s , s e rve

t mm d Wh ti p k by t
o re c o en h l wy tat h s s o en e a er a e

b ar 5 b t if th u h t i g l m
e se c i u im arac e rs n e n e ra re an n

p e ach d th e
p b li w ill b ffi ei tly ui d lg ct t e su c en n u en o

b t y t t t t t
,

ohi h
n e ver
p O h o c y
e r re s h ec n e on rar e re

i lit t t
.
,

s l i dulg
e or n o n b i g d h i w f ilienc
g n re ar o s o n a n s,

tb p td by t t
,

h m wh i p f s dly
’

o e eX ec e e an o s ro e se a s or

o f t
auh i d wh h t
or s e h it i h g t
c e n s or, m k o a n c ar e o ar

an d p h dt re h f ltf t
re en h A d e i tau h s o o e rs n e ven n e

t f t ti kli h p t t
.

e x ec u i hi on o f hi ffi s so h c s a ar o
“

s o ce, e

le as t it
e x c ess h h d p th
onh im t e er an eX ose o c e n sure

an d di lik
5 s m h l it e y g h
9 0 t tig m uc en i s e nou o s a

t him l k w m m t f i t dt
.

i ze as h u u e u ar e c a se o v r e, an oo

m u h c ity s e ver t g tt h pi it ft h g p l
as a s ran er o e s r o e os e .

t
B U T le id m di tly wh t i im p li d
t
us c on s er ore re c a s e

i t
n h h tt h t
e c w m yb t tj dg f t
arac e r, h l a e a e er u e o e e

f t
ec itwill h t h p t t
i d d m d f
ave on e ex ec a on s an e an s o

th p pl
e d eoq tly e,hi p b li tanh i g c on se ue n on s u c e ac n

Fi t t it tf m t h it it
.

h
rs i h en , y i
s a c arac e r o so e au or as s

td f p p im p tt t h tf
, ,

f d
t h f ligi : Thi t
o on e e uc a e or a ur ose so or an as a o

a e ac er o h it y hw re f m on s au or o e ve r, ro

t t ft t m t b t d wit
,

h e h f
n a ure i mp o h e unc on , us e e e re

t
mode ra ion , c an dour, and be n e vole nc e
i
. The p re ac her
VO L I . .
Q
a re Tu tP H IL OS O P H Y
: or B os h I.

The differen ki nds t of p ub lic s pe akin g in us e among t

h m e ode m s , c omp ared , 8 m .

of t
h g e os pe l, as tm imp ti t t
h e ve r h mi i t y er s or s e n s er

t m y tig ti
,

ofg h h
rac e , ld f di i
e e ra o v ne e rc o n oran s n

T h m gi t t t
.
,

f l
u d
an i g m e rr n en h e a s ra e , on e c on

ty (u d whi h tm m y b i l d d l
, .

rar n er c er a e nc u e se c u ar

t t
,

j g
u d d
e s an ll f e
c oun se y d m i i )
ors o i h ve r en o na on s e

mi i t f di i j t
n s er o i d f w t
v ne h H b
us l
c e an o ra e ea rer/:

t t th p t
.

b w di i H i fh s on ar o e ave n

t
no e s or n va n e e

t h e ave n g f th i
er o ty w ith w h p
e s oc e ti h i ose ro e c on e s

i tt
n rus e d g i t ll w h
a a ns i d it igah t T h fi t
o n va e s r s e rs

t t
.
,

O p era e s hi fl y c le h on d f
our ove , e s ec on on our e ar.

M i i to n s er f g li i lik re g l f G d
on , i m t h
e an t e o o s a na e a

t t t t
,

ou gh h
o c on ve
y i d f m hi g d e i g ea od so e n en e ar n an

a ttt i
rac whve t h t it l mi i t f j t
e re as i e i e n r er o us c e, n va

ii b ly gg t
'

a su th ti
es s f m t hi g wf l
e no d mon o so e n a u an u

l t
re e n i g I t
n h f m n hi i dig t
e i
or g i t
e r, eve n s n na on a a ns

t t t t t
.

i
s n ou g h b m o d b y hi
e s ur p i y f h oun e di s o e c on n

t f t y ft
[

i on, an d h
c on c e rn h or i e re c ove r o e s n n e r.

T h gh fi m i d l i g t h will f G d t
,

ou r n e c ar n h gh e o o ou

tdy i m i ti i g t f tt h y t
,

s ea n h a n an n m ild i e c ause o ru e n

tt di g t t
,

hi dds a h p pl
re s se s o d e h w k
eo e , c on e sc e n n o e ea

i g t h E tt yt mm d b e hi g t
,

us n ra er h n rea h m
an c o an es ec n e

by t a d g t f Ch i t
, ,

h l wli e o l
n e ss n k wi g en en e ss o rs no n

t h tt tft h L d m tt t b t
,

a h e se rvan o i e b or us no s r ve , u e

g tl
en t l
el m o a
p tt t h p ti
en, a t i m k o e ac a en n ee n e ss
'

i tt i g t th tpp t
, ,

n s ruc h h m l
os e
f a H o ose

h t
n e s e ves e

m t wit h t h f l wit
.

us b g e rave m ou oros e n e s s , c e er u ou

I it
ev y A d i n t ti g b f
e ven h i p p l
n t
seh n e ore s eo e e

t ft h L d ff t t t t
.
,

e rrors o ei gh
or m , if l y
a ec
p on ou an es o re

R om . x iii.
4 . 2 Tim . 11 . 24, a5 .
heap , X . un tnfc ro . an

S ec t1
ti t t t
t
domin a he w w h h f
i i ompe lle d o

tt
e
g ni c s c arn in

i F m th f w hi l i ly ars ; tha
g ve ro ese e n s i p a n a
pp e

the re is a c er ain delic ac yin t t t

.

he c harac e r ofapredc hef

t tt t
'

whic h he is never a liber y t

,

o ally o ov e rlook and

to whic h if t he re app ear an y t hingincon gruous hit

,

her
‘

in his c on duc t t
, ,

or in his b li p e r f r m ance s i W i ll
t
p u c o

ail to injure t fe c t O n t he c on t
,

he ir ef rary i
t
n e ver f

is Well known t hat m he ot he r profession s t

.
,

he
t t t
as

e is b u very li t le minded so t
, , ,

’
s pe aker s p riv a e lif he re
t t t
,

are m any hihgs whic h hough hey Would be ac

t t t b r in t
, ,

wise unsu om he
i ab le fr
hé uhb éfit
c oun e d n o h
tW ing t
a or e se

duld be deemed a lt
dg t t he
’

na e, e r

IT was fl
irrne d ha tt the qu fthe p ak c on s e e nc e o

tw
a s e

e
’
s o n c harac ti furt
er n i g i hi d i g hi
h r c e n o
'
'
n er n s su

m m au e n t h tr f
t
de p en ds i h
t
c es s , n so e e s r o e c arac e o

hose whom he addresse t He re l i W ill be

t
h a So,

th t
.

foun d h rl b r
on inq u iry,
he p d a a re ac e a ou s un e r

m if t di d nt t t
,

M
i l imm di t
g es g g i re of
sa va a e os re

will pp f mt
an c on a on s a

th t he t
.

ki d ly
t
a n as a e ar ro ar c e e a e

bly t n b
,

u di g whi h g
s c c ee n i m de c a re e a o a o s erva on a

i t h pt
, ,

h f m y m h n id wh p k ; a uc

tlm t
n e or er c er, ve r co s e rs os

t
ea s

h dd
ose a df m t h b in th
re s s e ro e ar, or e s e na e , a os

solely c ons ider wha is tSp ke o n.

SE CT . [In fi ln
x
reg ard tt
oh p e ers ons addrerre d.

THE s e c on d
p t
ar ic ular t
m e n ion ed as a groun d of
co mp arison ,
is t
h e c on side ra t
i ft
h
on o e c harac e r o tf
O a
21 2 T HE P HI L O S O P H Y or B ook I .

The differen kin ds t ofp ub li c sp eakin g i n use am ong t

h m e od e m s , c om p are d, Sic .

t
h h e e are rs , or m ore p rop e rly he pe rs on s addre sse d t
t t
.

T he n e c e ss i y Whic h a s p e ake r is un de r of s ui in g him

thi ttt t
.

se lf o s audie n c e , b o h ha he may b e un de rs ood

by t
h m e an d tt
ha his words may have in flue n c e up
t tt t
,

on h m e is a m ax im so e viden as o n e e d ne i her
tt
,

proof nor illus i ra on ,

t tm k t
N ow he firs h t l im ttt
re iar h a c a s our a en on e re

i t h t t mi d t dit yi t ti
,

s, h m
a e h ore h g x e e au or s, e re a e r s

t h diffi lt
e y f p ki g tt
cu h m wit
o h ff t Th
s ea n o e e ec e

Wh t will td tf
.

re ason i b i s o v ous , y a en o avour our s uc

c e ss wit h m y td t b t
on e, u t it witha t
h en o o s r c an o er

t t
.

Th m e iore h f h i di id l
var ous , i
e re ore , e n v ua s are , n

re s
p t f
ec g o k f t a e, d t i
ran
p j di or un e , e uc a on , re u c e s,

t d li t m t b t tf p
,

h m e ore h
e ca e i g p
us e e ar o re se rv n ro

p i
rety i dnd t t h
an a W h l T h p l
re ss d h o e oe e ea e r as ,

i t t t t t t t
.

n hi s re s
p h im p l ec d h i e s k f l l ;es an e e as e s as o a

t twh m hi t
,

h j dg
e u e s, i o i dd od b i g s ora on s a re s se e n

ft du t
,

co m m ly m h m k f imil
en o e sai e ran o s ar e ca on ,

t t t tt
,

an dd
r
m t T h diff
en s
i gg er nly p
i t h
e
f di
re a

p t i
in

m
e re n c e
i
h
re s

n
ec o

e se
s u

re s
es

ec s
or a

s
an

uc

t
.

m ore id bl wh
c on s h dd
e ra h j y
e A
en e a re s s e s e ur

t t t t
.

s
p k i
e a er n h h f p he h m
ous e o i e e rs a no so x an au

dit y or w h
as on eh g i th h o f m
aran m ue s n e ouse o co on s

ll t
.

A d n h
e ve n h m mb
e re , m yb
as a pp d e e e rs a e su ose

th b d td g t
o ave een e lem th
uc a e di
e i
as en en , e au en c s

no t ly p min e ar so W th p p l
ro m
s c uous as e re e o u ar ass e

b li f At
es o h d fR m twhi h t
e n s an h i d m p o e, o c e r e a

g g o ue sd l im ed w i
ec ath m h h m d so uc ve e enc e, an so
 RHE T O R IC .

S ec tII
. . In regard tt
h p
o e e rs ons addres s ed .

won de rful suc c e s s Ye t e ve n of th e se , wome n mi

tm d t
.
, ,

n ors , an d s e rvan s , a e no a
p r .

WE may j t
h erefore ust t
ly re c kon a C hris ian c on

re anon , i n
g g p p l a d fl u i hi
o u ous an
g ity w h o rs n c e re

t tit t tb f
,

s
h e re i g s yi
re a k
var e d d i
n ran an e uc a on , o e o

a ll di
au t h m t
en c e s
p m ie osA d th ro g h i t sc uous n ou

t h t m lt it
.

i imp
s ibl
oss i
e, mi d a n d
so y x e a u u e , e ve r

t hi g t h t d by t h ld b t
,

n i d a s a h p k
van c e hi e s ea er s ou o n

t im t d i t t t
,

se n en an
p i b
n ex d p d h
re ss on ,
pp e a a e o e a re

h i
e n s on o f e y i di id l h ve r n d f ll i wit
v ua h hi e are r, an a n s

p t i
ar c u arl p p i re y t i t m b
os s e ss on s ,
y p t d et h t a e ex ec e a

wh t i d d h li b Wit hi t
,

a e ve r s a van c e h s a h f e n e re ac o e

ve r y l fh
c as s o d h ll t
e are rs , a n ily h k
s a no un n e c e s sar s oc

t h i e t p j
n n oc e n u di f re
y T hi i t
ces o ill h w an s s s o e ve r,

tb d td wit ht t
.
,

o e un e rs oo h p i f m hi l
e ex c ed on o e re c re n ,

fo
o l d fw t
s , an h a wh t
e h
o g h th
ers , t t l g
o,l t rou e o a ne ec

o fp t gu di i t
are n s or h i d
ar ti
an s n
g ly e r e uc a on , are ross

ig n oran tS h t h gh i t
uc h di ou nt t e au e nc e , are n o o

tit t t t t
.
,

b e c on s id d ere i g
as c on s
p f i B
u n h w a ar o u o

t t t t t t t
.

g re a i h s i e a q ui i en i h on re
p k i s h e n e s e a e r n s uc

an asse mb ly t hat whil t t h h dh s vid

on e on e an e a o s,

it t t t
,

t
,

e h i
er n s yl i im
e or n se n i g b h en s oar n a ove e ca

t t t t t
,

p ac 1 y f h o l w l e h o m y e r c as s , h h e a no on e o er,

i k b l wt t t t
,

s n he o g d f he re hi gh f
ar T o i im
e er o a a n S

p li cit y w ith t fl t ou d li y w ith

a n e ss , t fi me tc ac ou re ne en

t t t t
,

p e rs
p w
1 c u1
y i h i g ou l w id i m
re c urr n d im i o o o s an s

lit d
u c s, will q i e hi t re m t ur s u os c are .
“ 4 THE P H I L O S O P H Y or B ook ] .

T he di f
feren f
u n ds t of p u bli c s p e aki n g i n us e among he mode m s , t c omp ared , 8 t
c.

ANO TH E R re m ark on t
hi i l t
t h t
s ar d c e a e se rves our

t
n o ic e , h t
t t is
h l im p a d i k wl dg e d
e ss rove n no e e an

m t t t it i f t
,

di sc ern h h en h e i e are rs h are , e e as e r s or e

sp k t
ea e r w k p o th i or
p i d b
u ony w k i g e r as s on s , an or n

t t b ti hi d Thi it mu t
,

on h i p i
e r as s on s , o o b an s en s, s e
th h d t
.

ow d pp ne a t
h e ars , on g i ide o er an o ve a c on s e

t t t t
, ,

rabl de a van a e
g h p h i o
g g i
e re ac er as n n o c on re a on

t h b lk f t t
.

c an e h p e pl b
u o g d d e f i o
g e e re ar e as on a oo n

i p i tf im p m twit h it
,

n on o h hrove f p li en e er ous e o ar a

m t wit ht tfj di t It
,

h j dg i i
t
en or e u es n a c our o u c a ure s

ti t h t t t
.
,

c er a n, h m g a h h e h
ore m ros s e e are rs are , e ore

avow dly m y y
e dd y
a lf tt h i p
ou a i re ss ours e o e r as s on s ,

an dt h l e i th i f
e ss oc c as on g m t w h ;e re s or ar u en e re as

th m e i t llig t
ore th y n e t
h m en t ly m t e are , e ore c over us

y ou O
p t th i
e ra e on
p i d th m e r tt‘

t i ass on s , an e ore a en ve

m t us
y b i oueg d t eth j t
n r t l
ar t t h o e us n e s s , or a e as e

sp e c ious n e s s of your re as on in g Hom e s om e have

t t t
.

s ran gel y c on c lude d h t h ly p f l

a q e on sc o e or e o ue nc e

t t t t t
,

is in haran guin g h m l i d
e h i g iui g u e a n an n over

ty t
,

o our ur os e
p p m en of kn o wle dge an d b re e ding, h e

t
e x e r ion of ora oric al t tl th t
h a en s a no in flue n c e . This
is p re c ise ly as if on e s hould argue b ec aus e a mob is
t tp t
,

muc h e as ie r s ub due d han re gular h roo s , e re is no

oc c asion for he t tfw ‘

ar o ar, n or is t
h p p e re a ro e r fie ld
for he t e x e r on o t
i f mility ar kill,
s unle ss when you are
P

q ue llin
g an un dis c iplin e d rabb le E ve ry b ody see s,

t t ly h w b
.

in his c ase , n o on o a s urd s uc h a way of argu

b t th tt tb
t
.

in g would be h
u a e ve r y re ve rs e ough o e

t t
,

h e c on c lus ion T he re as on why p e op le do n o so

t t t t
.

q uic kl y p e rc e ive h e ab s urdi

y i h h n e o e r c ase , is ,
Chap X . . R HE T O R IC .
5

t
Sc o Ii . . In regard. tt
h p
o e e rs ons addre s s ed .

t
htt
h ya e t t af tfix th w d
no l dis inc me an ing o e or e o

q u f
en c e , ot n d tig m e b y t h t t m t
enoh n no ore a er an

imply t h p w f m i gt h p i B t u e ve n

t
S e o er o ov n e as s on s

t t
.

in h i im p p s p tt i h i i
ro e r ac c e i f f m a on , e r no on s ar ro

b i g ju t
e n ; f W h st
h m or l d e re ve r e re are en , e arn e or

ig n oran t i ili d b b c v th ze p i or ar arous , e re are as s on s

dt tt fi lt y i i ff t i gt t
,

an h g h dif
e re a e r h eh cu s n a ec n ese , e

m ore ti r q i it Th t
ar uthi
s l qu
e us lik e, e r s, e o e nc e , e

y t tp p t h t m p li hm tf
,

e ve r h o h
e r ar ro ose e ac c o s en o a

ti d P w i f t h m t t t t
,

cer an en p b u
as s h s or: e os ar e

t t t
.

m m fi d h f
'

l o d f i h d ere ore ,
'

an
ean s e p y g e or e ec n e en

ll t f t
, ,

lik e h a m n ; wil l o h ber g d d

ea s in no- ur er e re ar e

an y t h it
c ase , b d d an du ib l t th c an e re n e re c on c e o e.

t t
N ow he pre ac he rs advan age h i p i t e v en e re, n on

y t
f f ilit ti l itt will tp
,

o ac l i a e as n se ve ra s ua ons , no a

t t t
,

p ear, fl i on reb g ec p fi i
on ,l o e so re a as on a s u e r c a

i w itm yb t h ght L ) it d t h t
,

v e a b b e i ou e: e o s e rve a n

t t
.
,

h
s uc g g i c on w pp d
re h ai m i
on s as as s u ose e re s a x

t f p i di f i It i t t
,

ure o s u er or an k h f h n e r or ran s s e re ore e

f t t t
.

b i h
us n e s s o p k f ly m
e m d s ea e r, so ar on o ac c o o a e

him lf t se l t
w tly t
o one di g t c as s , as no an on o s us an o~

th er B id it will es ly b d i d t e s, h t t
h s c arc e e en e a ose

i t
'

.
,

n h p i w lk f
e su er or lif h w m h b y r d a s o e, o e ve r uc ea

in g an d c on ve rs a ion t irn p rove d in all ge n e e l ae t

c om

plis hme n t ft h
s, o en ave as m uc h n ee d of re li ious
g in
tti
s ruc on an d t t wh i
m oral imp rove m e n
h as ose o, n

y t t t t
,

h
e ve r o er
p i l k wl d
ar c u ar,
g d b h i are ac no e e o e e r

infe riors . A d d ub t
n l t
h f m t
, i f h
o e ss , e e
r or a on o s uc

04
21
2 6 TH E P H IL O S O P HY or B oa/EL

The differen kinds t ofp ub li c sp eaking in use am ong t

h m
e odem s , c om p ared, 8t e.

Will be all
pwed tb i o e, n p
n o e re s e c tf gr tim o e a er

t dt tb h t
l k d) t
,

p or anc e ,
( an h f ere ore n ever o e over oo e a

in c on seque n c e of s uc h an e ven tm g d m y ore oo a re

tt f m t ti i fl
,

doundh h m o o ers , ro e ore ex f

e n s ve n ue n c e o

t
hi h it
t y d m
e r aup l or an ex a e.

SE CT tt h S bj t. reg ard o e u ec .

T t
hi d p t
HE i l m t i r dw t h bj t
ar c u ar f en one as e su ec o

di sc ourse T hi m y b id di t w f ld i w9
s a e c on s e re n a oo ve

fi t imp lyi g t h t t t
.

rs as p i f g m nm i d
e o cs o ar u en o ve s , an

t t t
,

t
,

p i ip
r nc l w h i h i
e s,d h f hc d iff
are s u e o eac o e e re n

ki d n dm t b
s , an mp l y d i d t us p d t
e eh o e n or e r o ro uc e e

i td d ff t t h h dly implyi g
‘

n en e e ec on e e are rs se c on as n

t t tWh pr
,

hi g i wh s f v
’

h p e e rson s or n s n o e a our, or o ose e

ju di t
hce,p k p p et i
st th
ea er
p s i f ur oses o ex c e e a s on s o

t h di
e au dt h by t i fl
e nc e , th i d t
an mi e re o n ue n c e e r e er

na t
i on s .

h fi t
t
ON of th e t
i l I k wl dg t
rs h ese ar c e s , ac no e e e

t t t
,

p a h
re c h h i mer
p b ly h a d g f
nc o y ara e a van a e o e ve r

oth p b lier t uA t th b iti

c ora or. l p li t
i e ar, cr ca ex ca on s

ofd k d mb ig u t
ar an tt q tt a i fp uo s s a u es , uo a on s o re c e

d t s
en sm tim t
o di t y
e d m m t
e s c on ra
j c or an co e n s on ar

d p t ft
,

i g d ii
l n e c s on s an ily m
re or s , o en n e c e ssar c on su e

th g e t p tf t h
re a e r p k tim ar H o th e s ea er s
’
e enc e e

mi t f tf m tphy i d b l it
.

x ure o a s or oi i m e a s c s an ve r a c r c s

h i p l di g h t
,

em pl y d b y l wy
o e i t a h m te rs n e r ea n s, a co e o

b di t
e i g i h d by t
s nh mu hi
s e p i f e na e c c an e , a .
s ec es o
 R H E T O R IC .

S ec t" 1. . In regard tt
h
o e s ub ec
j t .

re ason in g tbt t
oo a s ruse o c om mand a t
tti en on of an y

c on t
i t tdi
nuan c e e ve n d q u t
from he s u ous , an c on se en

ly no
yt f u b l t
ve rth p w f
avo ra h t i e o e o e rs o r e or c

Wh t t t t t t
.

hen g m d h e r ar u h m enm o no u n on e co on

l w
a i d hyp
or on n c e an iti l p li ti f th e rc r ca ex c a ons o e

t ttb t t t t t
,

s a u e, h g p i iu
p l fon l e ig h re a r nc es o n a ura r

an d ju t i m t si h pp
c e , as s o
p t i ul ly i e i
In e s a en s, ar c ar n cr

mi l t h p k i m hm
n a c ase s , d e s t g l
ea er sy uc ore a van a e ous

sitt d f
ua e hibit i g hi h t i lt
or e x l tt h n i s r e or c a a e n s, an n

th f m e orWh i
e r c as e q f th im en, n c on se lxe n c e o e

t t t t t
.

p f i
er ec f h id h
on o q u i h e ev
pp be nc e , e es on a en s o e

m ore a
q ti f f t t
h ith
ue s on o f m i ip a l l w
ac an e er o un c a

t l q it y t h t
, ,

or o f na h pl d ura h m e u d e ea er a ore a v an

tg t i t h fi t d fw t i t
,

a esh an n h e h rs c ase , an e er an n e se

c on d

t t tt
AG A IN in he de libe ra ion s in he t h ut ili s en a e , e

t t t t t
,

y h ordi d g h w
e ill p b b ly f
sa van a e s ll w a ro a o o on a

m e asure
p p d if it h u ld i
ro oseth t i f s o re c e ve e s an c on o

th l gi l t tit tt h p i ip l t
,

e u e s a re ,
p i f
c on s d u e e r nc a o cs o e

b tea Thi t h gh it m t im l d t ki d f
s, ou so e es ea s o a n o

t t mp l
.

ni g
re as o h n d i
ra l df er di
oo c o ex an n vo ve or or

y pp h i i i t
n ar a h m i m re f
e n s on ,u bl t s, n e a n, ore avo ra e o

th di p l y f p t
e
h s h m a do b lima ity t h
os , ve e e n c e , an su an

t t p tf f i
,

h m h ge uc rea e r b idar o ore n s c c ause s c an e sa

tb Th tt h u liti h b m t im
t
o e q a e se a es ave e en so e es

y high d g i t
.

fu di
o n h
n a ve r i p u d e re e n e ora on s ron o n c e

i t
n h B it ih ti f t
e r u t t
s ibl
se n a e , s a ac n c on rove r e.
21 8 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or

The differen t
kin ds of p ublic s tm odem s, c o mpared, 8t
’

eakin g in use a nong he

p c .

B ur beyon d all q ues ion he preac he r s subjec of tt ’

t
t t t t
,

argume n c on side re d in i se lf is in i
f n i e ly more lofy
i g Th d t
t
,,

an d more af i
ecf f ligio
n h e oc r nes o re n are s uc

l t tG d t t
.

as re a e h d bl C
o o d R eul f
a ora e re a or an er o

t tt t t
,

h e w ld hi or ib g ms a d r l wu e s, ove rn en an a

Wh ti tb mp d wit h it ublimit
.
, ,

a sc en c e oi e co y are n S

It th l t e ac h ig i
es a so f m h i p im iti
e or e d i g i n o an, s r v n

ty th f hi d
e sourc e og y t h m sf hi e e ne rac e e ans o s re

t t t t t t
, ,

c ove r y h l h pp i e h e e rnaw i h g od
a ne s s a a a s e o

h ft mis y f t h i p ittI t
,

dt
,

an u e u re er h r o e n
r en en s, e e

t
.

an y k i d f k nw l d g i wo h i h h u m
no e u e, n c an c re a re s

are d ply i t t
so d5 I
ee w d wh t
n e re s e h w n a or e er e

id t h d t it t t
,

c on s eri f ligi e d
oc r ne s o m he re on or s oc u e n s,

ex a mpl it h ld f t
es h t u imit o ti s it
or mo o o r a on , or s

ti ve s ,p m i d roth t i g
se s ,w an y re a en n s, e se e on e ve r

h dan bj t th t
a su g i p f
ec t h a t i f ll
ve s s c o e or e e x e r on o a

t h high t
e p w o fes h t i W o h t ers th n
r e or c a are e sa e

t t t t
.
.

i f y hum
on s o an l w mp d w i h han ai n s, c o are e sanc o s

ft h divi l w wit h which w b ug htq im

fi d m t
o e ne a e are ro ac ua g

d by t
.
,

e h g p l O e wh h
os ell w ? u r, e re s a e n s r c

h t
-

t t
r

i imilit
ons , s ud d x m pl es ,p k an e a e s, a s ea so

13 t» o th h tt h p abl
e e ar and t , h di vi l
as e ar es o er ne es,

sons of our ble ssed Lord ?

thi g whi h I t
a ktt t i
'

IN reg rd oh e secon d n c oo no ce

of i l
asud d d t
nch g al t m jbe t m
un e r e e ne r er su ec na e

t twh
,

ly th p hi g i wh
e f vo
e rson s or n s n ose a ur, or o ose

t t t t t
,

p j di
re u
c h p k i ed i h
e s p i e a er n en s o ex c e e as s ons

ofth di dt
e au h by t i fl th i d t
enc e , an e re o n ue n c e e r e er

mi t i h t
t
n a on s, h t w h v mm ly t h d
e o er o a e co on e a van
CMA X R HE T O R I C . 21 9

tage o f th p h e T h
re ac o i thert h i b j t e re as n s, a s su ec

t t t t
.

i g
s r ly l
en e h i
a g ; h i nh s y i p
e rs , on e c on rar s er

I wh tg d t
,

son s n h p i ful p i
a re ar s i dig e an ass on s , n n a.

t hatd tmpt bho t

.

i on , re c on e hi diff a rre nc e , s e re nc e

i v i bly bt
, ,

i T h h b i l l ’
n ar a a o
p ns e y
e re ac er s us n ss 18 so e

t ity u d ttt ft t
.
,

im l d
’
o ex c e io
o r h e es a h p n o e cr e, e ea e r s

bu i s i p i ip lly tm k y u d t
s ne s s r nc a t th oim a e o e es e cr i

na l Th f m e p ni t or i t er y u i l
al it dsi v ce o o n a s o ous

t h l t tp i tt
.

c l o ours, e ha i i er Th an s i d e v c ous e re s a e

t t t t
.

g re e of b a i
a s r c d q l y
on , an a m h g c on s e ue n uc re a e r

d g e f t tt
re e o i a q i i
ent t b
on re l u t o f m j t
u s e, o en a e s or us

c on c e
p ti f th
on s oid n d tim e t f th f
e as a m ; se n en s o e or er

t f t h lat t f i g t tl
.

Wh ereas,h ose o e e r, re e rr n o an ac ua

t t
,

p reh p li i
a s a
n g p v d we ll k wre sen b j an no n su ec

l t mm
-

t t
, , ,

a rem hm uc l ore e ve
p i y d h
o co on c a ac an e re

t ly m ily pp h d d b y t
,

fore n o on are ore e as h a re en e e un

d tdi g b t
e rs an n tk t g h ld f t u h im gi
a e a s ron er o o e a n as

t It
,

i on w uld h b
o im p ibl ave f Ci ee n os s e e ve n or c e ro,

ti fl m t h p p l t high pit
.

o n h m i d ft
a e e n s o h e eo e o so a c

i
a a ns
g t pp m i
o i
red d i t h b
on c on s t t h e re n e a s rac as e no

tlly did i fl m t h m g i t t
,

ua n a V e b pp e a ans
'

e rre s e o rerror,

N or c ou ld h h i e d t h mave m h g i t
n c en s e e so uc a a ns

trea s on an d p i y h
c ons d id i ra c th m g i
as t e n c e n se e a a ns

C t t h tit mpi t T h lik m y

,

aili ne e d ra or an co ra or. e e a

b b
e o se rve d ft h f tf hi
f o ti e e
g i t A
ec s o t s ora on s a a n s u o,
n y ,
d i ant h n a d th i tous an o e r n s an c e s .

t
in his way are more fre q uen
ns t
t t t t t he delibe ra ions in he s e n a e of
t
ar, ye as

t tt t t
,

en p roc eed on h p u i d p d f
e re i a on an as c on uc o n
 TH E P HIL O S O P HY B oo
~

2 26) or k ]:

T he difleren kinds
'

t ofp ub li c s de akin g in use am ong t

h m e ode m s , c om pare d, 8 tc.

dividuals , he re is t th
c om m on l y he re a m uc h b e i er an

dl fe ui g t h p
or ro s n i th t
h t j y d by t
e h as s on s , an a en o e e

p h
reac H w mer h d t go D m th ducw a van a e e os e ne s re

f m t t d i idi tfPhilip
.

ro h kn w h e o n c arac er an ns ous ar s o

ki g f M d f i fl i g th l ft h
“

n o ac e on , or n ue n c n e re so ve s o e

At h i d t
e n an s , h G i an tt t h o wh er rec an s a e s, os e o are

acq i td w it
ua n eh t
h P h il ipp i f th t deth cs o e ora or, an e

hi ty f t h t w w t ‘

s or
pe i d
o il l b a y ib lro I h e ve r sen s e n a

t i g ff t t
.
,

e
c on c h pl rns i
e h p e as nh m y a ec on s , e re ac er a

som t im e tft il him lf f l h m h

es, no o e n , ava se o re a u an c a

t i f l m
rue e rs , as n d i di
un e ra ser on s , an n sc ours e s on

th p t
e t f i t gi
a e rn s o by ; S
v r uei d ve n us our av our, an

by th i t f wh m w h
ose s a n s h hi t
t o yi t h o e ave e s or n e

d
s ac re d B t h
co e . mp l e mp t
u i ly s uc ex a es ar co ara ve

S E C T. reg ard tt
h
o e oc c as ion.

T HE four h c irc um s t '

tan c e me n ion e d t as a groun d of
c om
p t
arison ,h p ti ul m i f e p ki g ar c ar oc c as on o s ea n

hi k it id t th t b t h t
.

A d i t
n hi I tn s n h pl d ev en a o e ea er

dt at h t tg f t
,

an h e s en h d or h p
ave h e a van a e o e re ac er

t t t t
.

Wh
t
e n an
y im p m b
or an i d b f c ause c o es o e re e ore

i il j udi t t t
'

a c v y w h c a or
y im p q i
or en an or an ue s on

tb gittd i it f p li m t
,

co m es o h h u
e a a e n e er o se o ar a en as

th p i t tb di d h t
,

e on o h g e lly f m
s c usse a e n e ra or so e

t tpi f t i m t
,

im b ef e b ore , ee n i a o c o c on ve rs a on n os

co mp i p h t
an e s ,
p h gh ut th ki
er a s g d m (w h i h rou o e n o c

f itlf i ffi i t tgi t t
,

o se s su q u c en hi g)
o ve c on se en c e o an v n
 Gbap x . . R H E T O R IC .

In regard tt
h o e oc c asion,

p e op le are a
ppriz e d b efore han d of he p ar ic ular day t t
t t
-

fix e d forh e dis c ussion Ac c ordin gly , hey c ome

t wl dg f t
.

p p re d wi h m
are k so e no h e p u e o e c as e , a e rs a

i fit
s on o im p t s or an c e , an d i it
y whi h h p
a c ur os c s ar en s

th i t tt
e ra i d en on , an ass s s i tb th th i d t di g o e r un e rs an n

dt
.

an h i m m y e r e or .

MEN go th h wit oc h t y fturc h d t g ou an o e s e a van a es ,

Th e subj t ftech o m i tk w tt
e se r h on s no no n o e c on

g g re ti a ti
on ,ll t h m i i t e it j t h b
n s e r an n oun c e us as e e

g i n s, b y d i re a
g th t t
n N w f m e ex
p i o ro our e x e r enc e

t w m yb ibl t h t
.

wh t
,

o fh m u an n a ure , e a e s en s e, a a e ve r

b t t im p t ft h t
.

e h mp
e co i ara ve hi g t h m
or an c e o e n s e

l
s e ves , t h g e lity fm
e n era t h b w ght
o e n c an no e re e rou

u p i n an i t t t
ns an t h lik i o u i e ity b u t e an x ous c r os a o

wh t i tb t
,

a s o id e sa h y b w ll p p d 1
n or c an e e so e re are

f h i g itIt t
,

or e ar n m yi d db g d ai g nd ee e ur e n re ar o

t bj t m g l ly tb di
.
,

h ose su whi h
ec s c co d e re u ar o e s c usse

a tttd t s a e im es ,p b li as f ti l on w ll u i c es va s , as e as n

re g d
ar t i m
o ass z e s e r h ity m on s , cd t
h ar ser on s , an o er

h t
-

t t m t td
-

i
oc c as on a l di h
s c ourse s , b dmit a e se us e a e as

ex c e p t i on s P h p i m
er a s d g th y n b t so e e ree e are , u

tlt t t t t t
.

no a g h
o e ; f erfi h por, i p i rs b e rec se on o e ar

t t
,

g ued p por i i ro os b i d i
on oy ly e ev n c e s ve r rare

Th m t t h t t t t
, ,

k w no n e w os y i h a h b e c an sa s, a e su

t t t t t
.

jec w il l h l i
ave re a
( m im m on so h
g ) e e s re o e e n ou o

s uc h ti l
an ar c e f f it h o tt h blig t
a i w li or “
o e o a on s e e

d t t t f u h ad t y B t f t
,

h p i h
’

un er o e rac ce o s if c u u ur e r,

t h t t
.

e
p i
o w c w ll
e re e ve r s o k w h f q t e no n, e re ue n re

c urre uc e o f ho s uc i y tl th t
c c as on s , on c e a h -
e ar a eas , a
1 22 T HE P H I L O SO P HY or Boa I} t
T he di fferen ki n ds t n t
p bl u ic s peaki ng i n us e am ong t
h m e ode r 5 , c o mpared 860 ,
.

tt
long familiariz e d h m a d by d t oyi g t
hé ii "
us o e n es r n

y ht
lt h b t di gly f t
, ,

h d x h d u whi h
'

ove a a a e e cee n o e ar o r c

i thi t
,

ar se h mi d f h ing
n di u i n i n ss o c

f im p rt whi h
e or e ar a sc c on e v z

d tb
,

e o e o h db f o an c e , c on e ne ver e ar e ore ;

an d
p rob ab l y n e ve r will have ac c e ss th
o e ar again .

I S HA t k LLti f
he re t h i
a e no m t ce o ano e r c rc u s an c e ,

whi h, wit ch t g t t t h oum y b l re ad d s re c a e c as se un er

’

t t t
,

hi i l d whi h lik wi
s ar c e , ang i m a d n
c
g e se ve s so e va a e

tt oh u ll dt h n t It
e c o n se or an i t h i a or e o os

t
pp e se s

t tdi t whi h t t t
.

i on d an i h y
c on ra p c m
on c e ex ec o ee

wit h O pp th p t h i h p
it
on e n s s ar e n on e an o e r, as ron s ar

h t
- z

t t t
.

e ne hi Th i ron h m p e re s no e sa e s ur e er o ex :

t i t tt tt i t h h t
.

i
e r on h p k n e s i e a er, or o a en on n e e a e r,

wh th
e re i c fli t wh
e re s no
y h on d c e re ou ave n o a ve r

yt t q l tm M Bi k t
,

sar o e n c oun e r on ff e ua er s r c e rs a

m de b t t
.

w ld h m ll p g h i f
“

ou ave a u s a ro res s i n e sc e n c e o

d f b y p hi g t
e e nc e , th h m figu
us n whi h he a e u an re c

h d h lk d up
a c th w ll
a e i mp i on f wh t
e a n co ar son o a

h m ight
e h m d byt h h lp f
ave f ll w mb
a e e e o a e o co az

ttf fl h a d bl d I d th w p td
- -

an o es n oo o no o e ve r, re e n

th t t t
.
, ,

a h i ly p ll l
e s e c ase s are Th wh l en f re ara e e oe o

y pl m y b p f t
.

an d a ve rsar
’
s ly k wea d a e er e c no n , an

m y tt h tif t i f y bl p
‘

a o e sa s ac on o e ver re ason a e e rson

b p f t ft d t h gh h h t t
, ,
e ly er ec c on h b
ue h d ou e a no een e ar

by u l t t
,

c o n seh b a e ar .

Ta ler t .
Chap X . . R HE T O R IC . 51 23

ln mgwd m he t e nd in vi e w .

S E CT . reg ard tt
bo e end in view.

Tar fift
h an d las t
p t
i ul ar c ar me n t
ione d an d inde e d
t
h m t im p ttf t h m ll i t ff t
,

e os h i h
or an o e a s e e ec n eac

t t
,

S
p i i d d
ec e s b p d d
n en T h p im y i e o e ro uc e e r ar n

tt hi g i t f m t
.

i enfp on o h i f m ki d
reac n s e re or a on o an n

h t t tp
.

The grac e ofG od t b i g t

h
a salva io ha h
t t
rn e n, a

t ll ht
,

p e are d o a me n eac hin g us a e n yin g un d ‘

t
, ,

odline ss , and worldly lus s we should live sob e rly

g
t y tw ld i t
, ,

righ eousl and godl y n hi s prese n or

m t f ll thi g t hat
, ,

R f e or l
f if dm
i
a on o— e an an n ers o a n s
‘

whi h i t
h m t
c di ffi ult
by
s y m wh
e a t t os c an e ans e ver o

ff tt I m y dd f ll t
e c ua e k tt m pt d by a a o a as s e ver a

t
e e e

t t t t t
,

p su
eri h w hi h h h
as on ,mo f q ly b fil
a d c as e s re u n
'
a
’

it psw o er .

WHA T th t k f yis th t m
e
p d as o an o e r ora or c o are

wit ht hi It i llys ? thi g tll d h dly

s re a as no n a a an ar

tb m d A j tj dg g d lly
,

d es e rve s o e na e n un us u e, ra ua

by t it
.

W k d h l fh m
’

or e on f l q e re s s e ss orc e o u an e o ue n c e ,

m y b p a d d e g i t hi i li
e rs ua e ti p h p a a ns s nc n a on , er a s

t t t
,

i
a a ns
g p i l
a i re v ous
p u q ui re so u on, o ron o n c e an e

tbl t All t
a

a e sen e nc e h f t him i td d by
f e e ec on n en e

t w m ly m m ty t
.
,

h pl de ea e r, Th as e re o e n ar e ora or

h t hh dt tmpl y t h t
.

a h dd a e aim ll w d himress o e o e a o
'

e e

t th h p py m m t
,

i h m
wit
n s uc a an n er as o s ec ure e a o en

N t h tdi g t hi t
.

o h s anm yb n l h g s, ere a e no re a c an e

Ti t
. 11 . I I , 1 2.
2 24 THE P HI L O S O P HY b i? B ook I .

T he differen kinds t of p ubli c s p eaking i n us e amon g t

h m der e o n , comp ared, kc .

wrough tp t h j dg
u onH m y t
i t
h m e u e. e a c on n ue e sa e

ob dura e tw th h w b f N y if t h
re c t e as e ore a e se n e n c e

d l y d b t i gl d y fth i g t
.
,

had b ee n e a e h u a s n e a a er e ar n e

c ause , h w ld p e h p h
e
gi ou y diff t r a s ave ven a ve r e re n

a ward

Is i tb
t
wonde re d a o ha whe n he p assion s of
e ttt t
t tt t
,

he p e ople we re agi a e d by he p e rs uasive p owe rs of

t
a D e mos he n e s whils he hun de r of his eloq ue n c e ttt
w y tu di g t t t
,

as e so n n in h i he r e ars , e ora o r should be

b l tm t f t
a so u e h i as e r o e r re s olve s ? Bu t an a os
p t
l e or

ev g li t(f t
an h i e s or e re s no anac hori s m in b are s up
a

t) might t d t t
,

p os i ion h h dd ave us a re s se he c e le bra e d

Ath i Yo d i d d
en an , d t dm i t i u o, n ee s uc c e e o a ra on ,

dt
,

“
h ddr
an d g i whi h y
e a di p l y i e ss an en us c ou s a n

p ki g j
s t
ly
ea titl y n t p i B
us t en e ou o our ra se u
tt t
.
, ,

h w g o h e ve r
q m y b f h m
re a e c on se ue n c es a e o e ea

twhi h by y
s ure s l q
o t
h y d t
c our e o ue n c e , e are e er

mi d t d i t
,

h h g p d
ne h p pl ie c an e ro uc e n e eo e s no

t t tt
.
,

hi g n hi g If y w ld b
or nex t o no n ou ou e as c e i

ti d f t h tt h f t ll w t mbly t
.
,

tt
a ne hi o h e ru o s, a o e ass e o

disp e rse imme dia ely t

t
af e r he aring you 5 give he m
tim t l dth t t c olle c he ir vo e s , an d i is t
dt
e o c oo an en

t t t t
,

h h ll fi d h h h m i
'

a ousan
y o on e , ou s a n a e c ar s

di l d B ut y dif
sso ve f t i th p p fth ve r e re n s e ur ose o e

Ch i t t It tm m ty b tp
.

i rs i an ora or s no a o e n ar u a er

tff ttwhi h h im It t im
.
,

m an e n e i ec a c e a s s no an

m di t d f b t t
. .
“

e bl
a e ff g an h g h avoura e s u ra e , u a orou

c h gan f h t d di p it
e io t h t will t i fy
e ar an s os on , a sa s

1 ‘
hi i w T h t
s v e m w ld e d tb p
. d
a an ou n e o e oss esse
Chap X . . R H E T O R IC . 2 25

In re gard tt
h o e en d in vie w .

th m wh w ld ff t
ty up
tt
of ora or s e rior o u an , o ou e ec u

ally p d him th t t l
e rs ua e l m t
h a s o e, o s ea no ore , e

u li t
s e ns tf g hi p la ss dt
h mi hi
o ore o s e asure s , an e se r s

h d t h i
oar s, l t d h ught y tb m m k
e n so e n an a o eco e ee

an d h mbl t h i di t
i
u f gi i g t
h c l
e, d e v n c ve or vn ,
e rue an
”
unfee ling m e rc iful an d human e .

I MAY addtt h id ti o t h t t
h dif fi L
e se c on s e ra on s , a e cu

ty li t
e s noly t h p m on y b
1 11 t i t h e y er an e n c u n e ve r

t ft h h g t f t It w d f l
,

n a ure o b fe c d an e o e e ec e IS on er u

b t i tw ll h d tdmitd b t th t by t
.
,

u s oo e vouc e h o a a ou a e

t
,

po w f h
e rs o i y m r e or c
yp d i m k
ou i d l a ro uc e n an n a

m ty h g m
os an cily t
an h thie It i t
ore e as an s s no un

t t t t t
.

p d
re c e d h en e h ld p u a d m
on e l i d s ou e rs a e a u u e,

f m mi t m t t tt h p t
,

ro k i f ligi
s a en o ve s o re f on , o ac e ar o

ru fii f l
an s , m dm ; tp pettt
oo s , or h m t
a en o er ra e e os

h m t
.

tg tyt fl git t t t
.

ex rava an nai u i ; e l
os a o s ac on s o s ee

t tg i th m it d t h l d t ll
, ,

h i h
e r y
e ar s a a n s u an an e ou es ca s

f t l ff t b t i t th t
,

o na iura a e c wh h l q
on : u e re s e e o uenc e a

will g i h
a n s uc d t m lt
an asc e n it d t an ove r a u u e, as o

p u
e rs d th m
a e fo th l e f G d t b r w i e d ove o o o e se , an

t t
, ,

jus d g d
an H pp y hoo p
?h w h a e re ac e r, ose s er

by t i t
,

m ons , h bl i g f H e h e ss n b o e ave n , ave e en n s ru.

m t en ali p d i g n fw
ro hi t
uc n D6
e ve n a e s uc n s an c e s

b t u l ki too t
h l f h
n o h hi t
e yan n a s d y u o c urc s or an o

d ft
-

will b
soon i e h i i
c on v nc e
p g d iff o e s ur r s n eren c e

t i i t h t m t d t
t
h e re w s n i e h m i g f
o c ase s en on e e a az n a

ilit t t t t
,

f h d h lm im ibi li y f h
‘

c
y o e on e , an os oss o
p e a e

o th er .

VO L I .
 h e Th e P HILO S O P H Y or Beau .

T he differen kin ds t of p u blic s

peakin g m
in use a on g he m odem s , t c omp are d 8m, .

As tt
oh f t e oolish or mad ex t agrav anc ie s hur ful on

ly t t
hm l o twhi h mb m y b e it
e d
se ve s, o c nu ers a e x c e

by t h p w fp i e tlthi tt f
o e rs
y t h d o ersuas on , i s o o e a

g lle t d t
h h
an s , anist y f m h i m fib d even e or o onac s a r

t t t
.

t
m y an q i bl m p l B wh
un ues ona i m h e ex a es u a s uc
t t
.

worse im y u a E on e p ly 1 e o see uro e near ( 13

t t ti l m k it
,

e d h p a i f f e ers uas on imb b i o a an a ca on s a

ttushi g m d i t tfight
, ,

an s r o A ia i ord
n ar e f n s n er o or

t t t t t t
,

J u
es C hs i h ey rsm d i b ass i p o v d i er e u a r e n
t t t t
, , , ;

f a c d i g of laysi h m
rac e, as h a m o far as n e e n e

Ch i t nd f C h i t m gt tb th
, .

rs ia oi fid l r s an. a on s n e s o uc er

t f i ju d t h m nd t
.

h osewh o neve o w ho l d re e a

t
n se an s
t h y hd t l t b t e t han t
1

itl t
. , . ,

e a a easho wh m no e r e
“

se o
t h y intd d b y ll p ibl me s t
.

d 1 39 1 t
e en e o d i p a ; os s e an s osse ss
d t t 91 }? 1942 05 t ht t
,
, ,

an ogv hi w o l e e rh a 1 3 0 a ere

t t t t t t
,

is no i h f b li d i w
ru ahi h h ra ac

t
p y
c n p o y a o_ c e

m t
. ,
,

p i
ass on so f i d b i ion avar c e an
o e d d i :a c ns cra e an a

hu i m will ot
t
,

flm d by ligi u
a e re di m
o s en s as n r ve an

At t h t m lt it by t
.
. ,

ki dn im y u an o ud er h e o see u es, e

t
“

lik m t h d wo k d up i t af y g i t
. .

e e o s, r e hi i n o ur a a ns e r a

tu t
,

noc e n ym ighbou
co n r fi d d ki
en , n e rs. r e n s. an

t
ns

m en , l
g y g i i b i or
g t
h m tn c i n i tti en
g e os a ve n cu n

t h t
e h tf t ho wh w r fonme ly h ld d a t
roa s o se o e e .
r '
e e r o

Sven W t
h e ret t e c rus ade s pse ac hed up b u : oo effii
c e

t l
u y
a l fi tg in t t
h M ahom t rsi t
he E t a d
a a s e e ans n as n ;

t t t t t
, ,

nex gai C h i ian w s

a h hey c
ns ll d bes i i rs s orl a e e c s, n

t tf E p A d w t
. . , .

h he e ar i o im uro e n e ve n n our o n e,

t wf t
.

have w i i d by p pul a d
e no see n n e ac on s ra se o r e
Chap X . . R H ET O R IC . M7

Sec tY . . h a z ard o tt
h e end in s e t
m .

c lai m e rs ,whose on ly me ri was imp ude n c e whose t ,

on ly e n gin e ofinfl uenc e was c alumn y an d s e lfp raise

tt
-

whose on ly moral le sson was male volen c e A s o he

t t tt
dogmas whe reb y s uc h have a any irne affec e d o
tt t t
di sc rim in a e he ms elve s he se are c om m on ly n o o he r
t t tt t t t
,
‘

han he rbibbole b he wa c h word of he p ar y,

‘

tt
-
,

tt
worn for dis i n c ion s s ake as a b adge a jargon un in ’

t tt t
, , ,
“

e llig ib le alike

t
o he e ac he r an d o he le arn e r
t ail o m ake p rose ly t
.

S uc h ap os le s n e ve r f es For who
t t t
.

would no p urc hase he a ve n a s o c he a a r

p a e ? T he re

t tt t
,

is n o hin g ha pep p le c an m ore e asily af ford I is

tt t t
.

on ly o hink very well of he ir le ade ran d of he m

l tt hi k
s e ve s , y ill f t
oh i ighbn tlm ve r o e r ne our, o ca u ~

i thim f ly
n a e dt h thim h tily
re e ,
an o ae e ar .

I AM s e n sible h tm
t a so e will imagin e h t
t t
hi a s ac

tit lf t t
,

h tty m t
c oun h w i pse b l b l iro w y s an n su e ra e o s ac e n our a ,

as f m it will
ro t lly i f t
on e n a ura n e r, a ora or us

fth m t thi g i t
.

b e on e o d g e h W ld a d os an e rous n s n e or n

t t
,

muc h m ore c a able of doin

p g ill han
good I n e e ds

tm tt t t t
.

bu so e re flec ion o m ake his m igh y ob s ac le e n

t
i lyre ih V y lit
van s t l l q i er yf e e o ue n c e s n e c e s sar or

t t t t
.

pe rs u d i a
gp p l n a d eo w h ie h oh i wn c on uc o c e r o

it y ht t
,

d p
e rav h p vi ly giv
a h m bi re Hw ous en e a as . o

soo thi g i it tt
n h m s t ly th to h i mi d
e no on o ave e r n s

m d a e e asy d t h i d lg d m lig it
un e r y ft h i di
e n u e a n o e r
‘

s‘

pos iti b t
on ,t h th
u a t yo m lig it
ave y n t ifi d ve r a n sa c e

wit h g d a m oo S lit tl
na f th o t e. i lt l t s o e o e ra or c a a en

i
s q
re i d h t
u reh t t h w ho
e re , u t o
p p la
p ose co r u ar a .

t t
. ,

p l u
a se , and l k p i h
oo p i l
u on f h um n as e nn ac e o a

P 2
 '

22 8 THE P H IL O S O P H Y OF B ook L

T he d i ffere n kind s t ofp ub lic sp eaki n g i n use among t

h me ode ms , co mpared, &c .

glory tb o blindly followe d by he mul i ude , c om

e t t
t
t t
,

mouly re c ur o de fama ion , e sp e c ially of s up e riors

and b th t m hf
re bj ct whi h
re n , no so uc or a su e on c

th y m y di p l y t
e h i
a l q f s u d a e r e o ue n c e , as or a s cce a

neum t p p ly t h i w tf l q
o su u d e r an o e o uen c e , a s c ce a

m whi h
n eu
y tw f ucd t f il I k w
n e ve r e as o n o a ne a

t t
. ,

p h
re ac wh b y hi
er p di l f m
o, b i g s ex e en a on e, ro e n

l g t
on h i fth p p l
e ave rs on o u tf hi e o u ac e , on ac c o n o s

dulln e ss awkwardn e ss an d c oldn e s s , all of a sudde n

t t
t tp
, ,

b e c ame h i e r idol L i le forc e is n e c e s sar y o ush

t t
.
,

down heavy b odies plac ed on he ve rge of a de c livi y ,

t
b u m uc h forc e is req uisi e o s op he m in he ir p ro ttt t t
t
,

g re ss ,
an d p us h he m up .

Ir a th t
m an should s ay b th fi t m a e c ause e rs 18 ore

t
ly fi t dt th l t it i th b t t
,
'

f q
re ue n h e ec e i l f an e as s e es ra o

t gt dt it twhi h it b
,

s re n h h ly an bl e on su a e us e o c c an e

ap p li d w h ld t tt t
,

e l e s hi k him ou m k bl a e as no n re ar a e

f di t i t i hi id P p l it t
,

or s n c n e ss y l n h s e as o u ar a on e , e re

ttt tll ft ft
.

fore , i s no h l qes a h p k a o e e o ue n c e o e s e a e r,

no m thore l it y l w uld b
an v e oc ft h f f a on e o e, o e orc e o

th l mp l
e e x e rn a igi lly gi i tt h b dy m
u s e or na ve n o o ov

ft
e

i g
n A i t hi t h di
s nti h b dy s, d t h e re c on o e o an o er

m t b t i tt t
.
,

i
c rc u m t s an c e s , k h us 5 e a en n o e ac c oun so

i t
n h t y a m u t i dou t h t d y f t
h
s t h
c on s er e en en c o e e ac

i g wh t h it t t
,

n f e er
pp s h i f
avours h or o ose e v c es o e

tti f p t y p i itt
,

he are rs T h d o ea a se c o n use ar s r o

t t
-

t
.
, ,

m k ma e
g enh i b larro and m l l un c ar a e, an a e vo e n

i t i t t d twhi h lm t
, ,

s h ak im gi bl
e e as e s s a na e, an o c a os

an y b l k h d i
ac f lly q l eaB t t p d u s th u e ua . u o ro ce e
 '

Cbap X . . R H E T O R IC . 22
9

V . In re
g ar d tt
h
o e e n d i n Vi e w .

ty ff tt bd t
c on rar h p i i
et f f t
eci d o su ue e s r o ac on , an

th t t pi itl p id wit h whi h it

,

m
a on s e r s i
l i r ua r e, c s uvar

ably mp i d ti pi
ac c o q ity m d t i
an e d o ns re e u o era on , an

h ity i tm t
im t d d t wit
, ,

h
’
c ar n o e n s se n en s an c on uc re

t t t t t
,

g dar h i h g o oi f l q
e rs , s e enu n e es o e o ue n c e

itt i m ph i tly gl i d i it ppli

.

H e re s ru s ru or ous , an n s a ca

ti tt
on hi d li it
o g t t ility s en es s re a u

t t
The ga es of he ll are op en n igh an d day ;
tt t t
S moo h he de sc en , and e asy is he way
Bu tt t d iwt h h f l ki s ;
o re urn an v e e c ee r u s e

In t
his t
h tk d mighty l b li
e as an a our es D a m es .

Now in tt h mp i re
gf m whi h I f
ard o e co ar son , ro c e ar

I h ll b t
s a h ght th dig d b t
e ou w t h f o ave re ss e e een e o

t t t
,

r
e m l d
s e an i l q d th f h
s e n a or an e o ue n c e
p l an a o e u

p it I m t t m it t
us b t
noh t i owh a t I y
o o s e rve , a n sa

ft ft f t tb p d d by t
,
'

o h dif fe h f e re n c e o h e e ec o e ro uc e e

l t as m t i d p i en I m tb
one d td
s ec es, a o e un e rs oo as

s
p k
ea i g f th nff t i t od d b yp e ehi g i ec
g n en e re ac n n ene

ft ht whi h i wh l i p ti
'

l d
'

ra an e ve n o a c n o e or n ar s,

t t t t
, , ,

or ou g h b i h m o im m di
e, ly e m er ore e a e or ore re

m t ly t
o e h p f ll d i e sc o e
p d i g f m
o a sc ourse s roc e e n ro

th p lp it I m t t m t th t
,

e u h im a ibl ia e sa e e, s e ns e, a n

ft t ltim tVi w t
.
,

so m h
e o b id h ese , h
es i es e u a e e e re s an

imm di t d tw d ff t whi h t
,

e a e an h ou mo i ar e ec c e se r n s

Fac ilis de s c en s us A ve rn i
Noc tt
q es a ue die s p a e ttt
ij a r an ua D i is t
Se d re voc are
gradum , s u e ras
p q ue e vade re ad auras i
Hi e labos , hoe opus e s t. Vi ne . Lib 6 .
,
 T H E P H ILO S O P H Y or B ook 1 .

T he dfi eren kinds
'

t ofp ub li c speaki ng in t
use among he mada m , c omp ared , fife .

in td d tp
en e o roduc e This is he t c as e p ar i t
c ularl y in
h it m
e t
.

c yarm s er on s , an d e rha so h o e r oc c asional

p p s

tf h im
-

disc ours e s Now of he se fe w, in t re sp e c o s uc

m di tp p w m tdmitt h tt
.

e a e h y b a
ur ose , e us a a e e r a

t
t tt t t
,

p y
re l l gy h l di
c ose ana o
p g f h d o e ea n s o e a voc a e ,

and th t
i fth t
e ora ons o e sen a or .

U P O N he wholet th mp i Ih of tt d ite co ar s on ave s a e

t t t t t t
,

app m
e ars if h an i m es f h p ai u l b n os o e ar c ars a ove

td t t
, ,

en um h p
era e h l b e u d a
re ac yg er a ours n er ve r re a

tg H h t d li t t
,

di d s a van a e h him s lf m e a p e a ore e ca e ar

tp f m t it h t t d
.

o e r or h h pl d an e th er e e a e r or e se n a or, an

a c h t tm i ti whi h i m h i
arac e r o a n a n, ily c s uc n ore eas

i j
n ure d Th dit t h ghe au ly ors , mp li h ou rare so a c c o s

tq i t y f mp it
.

ed as h
o re u re m e sa i e ac c urac o co os on , or

t i
ac u e n e s s i g n m yb
re as on n
p t d i th as a e ex ec e n e

t h t tti
,

o w
er m o, are i i k, g
ore var ous n ran a e, as e , n

cli t ina tim tp j di

on s , s e n twhi h h m t
en s , re u c es , o c e us

ac c omm d t him lf A d if h d i
o a e se m n e e r ve s so e

t t t t t
.

van a es
g f m h i
roh h i e y :
rc d h n e s s, e var e an e no

bl f t
e n e ss h p i ip l
o m t
e i r nc d g m ts
e s, o ve s , an ar u en

wit bj t
,

h whi h hi c f i h hi m h d i
s su ec lurn s e s e e r ves a so

i f mt hi i um t t
h tl
,

so m i e i
n c on ve n en c e s ro s c rc s an c e , a a

m t t h i b w h t t h
os
ly e on
g y hi h
en ne
p c e c an o e ra e on e

p i
ass ons of h i h i ths h ib it i
e are rs , f b t st e ex on o a s rac

t t t t fl
‘

w
t
q li
ua i i e s, d i
v r ue s , an h h h i y
v c es m e re as a c e e

p l y d
o e b y t h o th hib it
e r ora ors ,i f l p 13 e ex on o re a er

t
s on s ,h it dt h i i
e v r uous an N th e v c ous or are e oc c a

tt tt t
.

i
s on s o f hi dd s a h p pl lly fi od w i h eo ua

t
re s se s
q e e e e

h of t
ose h t d fte h pl d
se n a or an f cit i g o e e a e r, or ex n
Obey X R HE TD R TC
“

. . . 23 1

S ec tV
. . In regard tt
h o e end in vie w .

t
h i y d i t
t
e r c uriosi ti g th i ttti A d fi an r ve n e r a en on n

h t
lly t ighed him t h ff t
.

na k e whi h h
as ass e e ec c e

t t t t t
, ,

oug h h i Vi w i
e ve r g im p o ave n e s so rea ; s o or an ,

m tbid d fi tt h tg t
,

s d bl
o ura e, as s e e s o e an c e o e s ron es

ef tf
f toi l g i
or s o ora r ca en us .

N O T HING is more mmon t

h for p e op le , I sup
tt
co an

p ose Wit refieb t

hout ihg, t ‘
t o ex press t heir w on de r, ha

t litt l qu nce m g t
,

h i l u p ah d
'

ere s so e eo e a on s o r re c e rs , an

t h t lit t l u tte d t h i p hi g A t
t
a so e s cc e ss a n s e r re ac n s o

t h l t it mt te n t tb
.

e h ir u
as e i s cce ss , s a a r o o e asoe r

t it
,

i dW
ane h mu h p i i so some pp c f dly
reC s on , as a e ar on

tim gin Th vil p v t

o a e. d e e W ll t h g d re en e as e as e oo

t t t t t t
,

p m
ro d o
o eu g h h i ll ju i mere ,i hn a s ce, o co e n o e

h t that m y b e it
,

rec ko i g A dw
n n n i imp ibl
a a s os s e

t t t t
.
,

i
n an y upp d s i oseh o d e m i
c rc ih n s a c e s A er ne s -
o

t h fi t t I a k wl dg t h t
.

hei loq u f my
‘

e rs re enc e , c no e e, a or

own p t t t t
, ,

d i w h l i m
t
i h
'

, ar g c on s er n n o
g rare e ae s a on

m en i g nl id i g ll t
enera h di d
c on s
g er n a e sa van a e s

t t
,

p r a h
e c la bou ers d ly h
r un e r, nob m on ose a ove e n u e

td butt
ra e h i i g f mt
o h i dif f
e rs , ar s n titt i ro e r e re n s ua on s ,

t t t
,

p i u
ar c l ly i
ard ing h f q
c on s y fer h i i e re ue n c o s e x e rc s e ,

tg t h wit ht t h d t i s ft twhi h
'

o e her h i f
e o fi er u e o e r o c e, o c

t h fi dp t
e x e b lig d I h
as ors are o b f l g e ave ee n o a on

d tW d th t
,

t im m e di p ore s ose w h o m y on e r, a e e ar s o an

i t u t
ns r c i d ve an l q tm t h
e ve n e o ue n t h t w se r on s , an a e

h e ar so fe w .
 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook L

C HA P . XI .

Of he t f t
bat
c aus e o
p l whi h w i eas ure c e rec e ve f
rom
t p mtt t
ob ec : or re rer
j bn it it
p y a zonr
’

c
’
‘
ex c e and o her t

t
Ir ha h be e n obs e rve d alre ady th t wit houtm a so e

t t t t
.

g i
rafi t
i cai h on i g n h t ti
e ar n m i i e a en on us ne v

fl g A d it i m if t t t
,

a n f m
s p i
an h
es ro ex er e nc e , a no

thi g td m ff tlly tp tt
.

n en s ore e hie c ua o re ven s c ons e

q d
uanc e , an k p t
t eeti li d
our a ig u en on a ve an v oro s ,

th anth p t h t
e i whi h
a e i thi fly i
c, c hibit i c ons s s c e n ex ons

of huma mi y n Y t t
se rh t h hibit i e h ld a s uc ex on s s ou

highly g t t t
.

so ify u ra
pp m w h s,m y
a i u e ars so e a s er o s.

E y b dy i
ve r o ib l t h t
s se n sf ll q lit i i
e, w k a o a ua es n a or

ofg i en t
hi i t
us , h t whi h d
s s itam t tt h g c en e ars os o e e

d O w uld im gi
rea e rs . th ne o a ne , on e

fi t rs t
hi t h t itw imp ib l t s, a t e re os s e o ac c oun

f it
or th wi t
o h
er f mse in tp i ip l
an ro fm an na e r nc e o a

li whi h t h t
c e, c h u t tct
e ac e d light t l s o ex ra e o ourse ve s

f m t
ro h f i g f t
f e su e r n h d s o it w otjy e rs, an as e re o en o

th i l mit
e r ca a i A y lit
es . tl fl t i h w
ve r e re ec on , o e ve r,

w uld ffi ef
o su c ti g t hi
or c orre c ; y w i t
h n t s e rror na ou

t t t t t
,

an y f
l i
re ecw m on ,
y ly y e h h a mm ru sa a e co on

tt h m ff tlly f m f l
,

f m ki d p
s e n se o an n re ve n s e e e c ua ro a

li g i t
n it B d
n o w a a dp as w e to
re , an ron e as e are ,

b h i d i tt h w t
.
,

e urr e n o fp i e by lf l ors p o ass on s se -

ov e , ar

Chap IV ,.
Cb ap X . . R H E T O R IC . 23 3
Of het c aus e of ht
t p l
a eas ure we rec eive from affec t
i g n t
ob ec s or repres en a ion s
j tt .

i lit
ta y ; m
an dalic e is a di
psr
pid
oe
si ion whic h c i t -s

t t tt t t t
, , ,

he r in he ab s rac or as i disc ove rs i se lf in he ac e»

t t t t
,

ion s ofan indiffe ren person we ne ve r c on e mpla e

w ith t f li g ju t d t tt
,

ou ee i
n d bh
a b s e es a on an a orre nc e , e :

i g
n dy tp
re a it
o t
h gli t f bj
ron oun c e t Y t e u es o o ec s e

t t
im t t l t i t
.

hi s sen i m en i h
s no h p ore un ve rs a an s e a

t t t t t t
,

pr ob i d
a on an l h w b
e ve nw h nove a e es o on e e

d h t
er d
e ar e th wh m tq
or tly ose p o are os ex ui s i e s us c e

f ll t
-

t f t h p t h t
,

ibl e o h i fl a e i n N ue n c e o e a e c or are

t t t t
.

h e re any w di p i i f w h
o i h hu m s os i on s o c an n a ure s

ca a
p b l t
h th e, ba i d d
ave e ve rf t
h t e e n c on s e re as ar er e

m ovedf m h t h
ro t
h th m li i
e ac o dth e r, an e a c ous an e

co mp i n tass o a e are Th f t itlf t h t th mi d d e ac s se a e n e

t t
.
,

i
r ve s p l f m
e as urep i f
ro g i h ire l re se n a on s o an us s un /

d i bl ; t h qu t b ut t
,

en a e i eh u i es i d
on a o e c a se s c ur ous , an

h t
a h m if tl t
a i tmy bj t
an es re a on o su ec .

th t
I
a p
P U R P O SED
t f art
h i th
o h p t
,

e
t
inde e d
t s xt
t
t
,
a fi t
t
c
i rs

a
,

er
o disc uss his p oin in
whic h re la e s o he
me f p
an s o ti g th p
o e ra n i wit h whi h t h
on e ass on s , c e

pre sen t q ui y ien i t

im tly r t d F
si d i ng f a e c on ne c e n n a

tw d t h t t t t
.

er ar s h di i a w uld p e h sc uss on o rove ra er oo

l g
on i tupt
an i dt
n e rrh t th h p i t
t whi h
on , an a e o er on s c

cam t lly tb t td i t
e na ura h t p l o ld b
e rea e n a ac e , c ou e

l i d w it h u f
f i i t l i d d tly f
c en en o

t
ex a ne s p c e arn e s s , n e en

hi I judg d it
p
s, b t tt e t
hi q ti ef er o re se rve s ue s on or a

se
p t
ara e ch p t V i a h y p t
h er h b d ar ous o ese s ave e en e

vi d by t d t l t fi lt
.

se h i g i u i e n h dif
e n o s, y n or e r o s o ve e cu

I h ll fi t d t
.

Th es e b i fl
s ay mi rs h l y be
re ex a ne
,
an en a
 “
2 34 THE PH IL O SO P H Y or B ook ];

t
O f he c ause o tt
f ha p leas ure we re cei ve from fl ee t
i g
n j t
ob ec s dr repres enn t
id ns .

fore he t tpp tm t ob t
reader h t wha a ears o e e e rue so

l t O f ll th t td i tt bj t
t
i
u on h h a a ave e n e re n o e su ec

t m m t m it t
.
,

h wh
ose o see
g rd a w os o er our re a re
’
o

h it t
,

F re nc i nd f cr w y cs, a on e o our o
. n c oun r .

SE C T . dzfi '
ren tl t bit
ro b tgi u zanr
’

er o ven by
bil b ex amined.
p p
oro e rr,

P AR T I firs byp t t
a bqrz} .

ABB E D U Bot s b e gins his e x c e llen R e fl e c ion s on t t

Poe try an d Pain ting wit ht ha ve ry q ue st ion w hic h is t
the s ubje c tof this c hap te r an d in an swe r t t
,

o i s up

ort
s ats ome le n t t t t
,

h * h e ory h b e ofw h ich

‘

p g a e s u s an c

t mp i i f wW d F w
,

I shall e n de avour o co r se n a e or s e

t di g t bl t t
.

hi g him m di g h
‘

n s , ac c or n o are ore s a re e a e o e

mi d t th t li t i t whi h it it
,

h l f ll wh
t
n an a s e ss n e ss n o c a s, en

thi g t t t
,

h y i o oc c u w k h a i or a e

t
as no np p o a e ss on s

d tg t id f t hi m t t t
, .

In or e r o e r p i f l iou i i s os an u s a on ,

se ek wits h idit
y y m m td p
av e ver itb a use en an ursu u

i
s n e ss ,
g m i g a w h onw p b li
ne ti s, s m s, u c ex e c u ons, ro an

t t t
,
“

c es ; i h n sw h or w i ll u h
a e ve r
p i d ro se e ass on s , an

t ff t ttt f m it lf It m t t
,

k h mi d i ’
a e o e n s a en on ro se a e rs

twh tt m t ly t h t g it
.

no h a i b e e o on i e, on e s ron er s, so

m htuc h b t t Adf t
e e hi
e r. t h pn i or s re as on , os e as s on s

di t th m t ffli t
,

whi h c id c on s h m l e re n e s e ve s , are e os a c

t t t
,

i g
n d di g
an bl sa ree a
p f b l h e,
p l are re e ra e o e e as an ,

R e fl ex ion s c ri t
iq ue s sur la Poe sie
'

e ts ur la Pei t
n ure , Se c ti
.
,
C heap . X I .
.
R H E T on rc .

T he dif
feren t t
i s olu on s hi her t tg o i v en b yp hi los ophers , e x axm n ed.

inasmuc h as t
hy t
h
e l M os tfi t
fl lly
e ec
'

'
a re lic “ : e sou

f m t
ro h top p i
a l g t Whi h p y p t
res s ve an l or c re s u on I in a

tt f i at
s a e o ivity Th y ff d itmp l
n c up t
i n e a or a e oc c a o

a d b ygi i g pl y t s l tt
o it mov m nt d p i g
.
,

n , v n a a en e e s an s rn s

of t iac o y p l ui whi h m r t
on, c nve h u t a e as e c o e an c o n e r

bala nc e s he pain t ,

I A DMIT , wit
h M r Hum e t
hatt
h e re is so me
we igh int t h b e ti whi h m y ffi i t
a
e s e o s rv ly ons , c a su c en

ac c ount f t h pl or tk n i g mi g h t
e i g
eas ure a e n a n un n

l t d p t But t
, ,

an d se ve ra
'
he div i o r h y e rs on s an s or s e are

t t t t t t t
.

no q i i f y
u e sa s ac or h d ig n ffi i as ev o no ass a su c en

why p tp i t t i t
,

re ason d
oe s , h m
a n ers, an ora ors, ex e r
c se e

l
se ve s m i t
u t
ore i gt h p i flp
n ac i t h
a i n e an u as s ons , an n

ex c it i gtnh pl nt T h
e W uld t
e as a hi k gh t e se , one o n ou

y p t th t t t
.
,

in eve r re s ech d g o b ave e a van a e, e c aus e , a

t h m t im t h t th y p th mi d f m re se rve

h t
e sa e e a e e n ro a

t tf i t
s a e o i t
h y
n ac y f li g t
on , i ll w d
e C on ve a ee n a s a o e

tb g bl A d t
o e a re e a h ugh it
e w g t d th
n t o e re ran e a

t t t t
.
, ,

p i f
as s ons o h f ki d e
gonne rh h f n are s ron er an ose o

t h l t
e t (whi h d t
a er h th ld ic i bly t h o b no o n var a , e re e .

in g pe rhap s more e Xample s of p e rson s who have b een

t t t
kille d wi h joy, han of hose who have die d of gri ef)
t gt
s re n h l will t u tf t
a on e h p f no ac c o n or e re ere n c e .

It by m h ld h th t h t
t th m
’ '

no ng
e an s o s e re , a e s ro er e e o

tion i m h t
s, h fittf t
so hi p p uc O t h e er or s ur ose 0 n e

ty if y d b t t
lit t
.

c on rar l i
ou e x c e e u e ve r s o e a c er a n

i td f t h t h t
y mp t i d light
,

m u
e as re , ns e a ful o a s a e c e , sor

Essay on T rage dy .
 2 36 P H I L O S O P HY
“

Ta r . or B ook ]:

O f het c aus e of h t
t pl a eas ure we rec ei ve from afi ec ing objec
’

t t t
t
s or re p resen a ion s .

ro t t
w whic h makes afflic ion i self wear a lovely asp e c t
t t t t tt
, ,

and e ng age s he min d o hug i n o only wi h e n

t tt t t
,

de rn e ss b u wi h ranspor you only e x c i e ho rror

It t y t ut h l t
, ,

”
dan i i
ave rs on . i h s c er a n; sa s e a or as

q uo td y j e tly th
ve r t t
h m b
us j t f di a e sa e o ec o s

t whi h pl tg dy w r it lly t
,

re s s i c e ases n a ra e e e rea se

t h m t f ig d
,

b f e ore w ld gi us , ou ive e os un e ne un e as

th gh it
n e ss , b t h th m t
ou ff tl e f en e os e e c ua c ure o

l g an di d l uor an A d it i m n t h
o enc eb "
n s ore an are

i t t t t t
. .

ly p ib l oss h p e, a i
e ven f nh g e re re s e n on s o e ra e

di i t
an , h d ipt
or n i ft h t t
e esc rh p t ons o e ora or or e oe

t dt h t I k wl dg i d d t h t
,

o ex c ee m a eas ure ac no e e, n ee a

t t t m t yt
.
,

hi m s d g i
e as ure h or e re e m s no e sa e o e ve r e

p Ser m m u h o e h k d
are w it h m c f l s oon e r s oc e ourn u

t t t t t
.

q
p re i s
re se n ah h O onm l l ikan o b e rs . ur e a e our o

dily p p t it d t
,

a p i ie es an é d i gy lc a ac i u es , are e x c e n var o s

It t f b t h t
.

i h w s, h bu i o e ve r, h p k e d
s n e ss o o e s ea e r an

th w it te mm d thi m lftwh t
r e r, o ac c o m yb o a e se o a a e

tyl d t
s he mm e td d ; f t co h i on s anmm ar or e re s a co on

td d i wh tg d t
s an ar h fn lti ft a h mi d
re ar s e ac u es o e n as

i wh t t f t
,

w ll e as n h p w a h b Ody
c on c e rn s e o e rs o e

N w if t t t t
.

o h b yq li y i
e re h flli i
e an p i ua n e a
‘
c ve ass on s ,

t t gt h t h t d t
,

b id es h i es e r s re n h m p li ly a re n e rs e ec u ar

d pt dt t h mi d f m t h t tpid b t
,

a a e o resc ue e n ro a or u c or

t t ttf il
,

iros ve res whi h i id d h g c s c on s e re as e re a e s o ev s ,

th t q alit y gh t t
ua h b p iout d t f
o t ill ave e en on e ou or,

th ,t h ph
en m e d mi t i
e no i
e non t un e r e x a n a on s no ao

td f Th m tt
c oun e h t b
or . l d df m
e os a c an e c on c u e ro

i"
E s sa y on Trage dy .
Chap XI . . R H E T O R IC . 23 7

S ec t . 1 . T he diferen tlut
iso h t
hit gi ons er o ve n b y p hilos ophers, ex amined.

t
h Ab b
e e sp
’
t tili
re ty f t gp i
mises is he
i i u o ex c n ass on

t b tt hi g th t t
,

of some ki d h n or o i h e r, u no n a c an e v n c e e

su e rior
p fit f th di t ful ffmt
ne ss o i e s re ss a on s .

PAR T II s ec on d byp o berz} t .

thyp t h i i F t ll N t h 9"
’
THE n ex o es s s on e n e e s o av

g th ig i l e t h
‘

d ort p t I
na h ll g i
a M an a re se n s a ve r

H um t l t ft
,

i
e s
’
h p g
rans ai h i E yon o T e assa e , n s ss a on ra

god y b q t d
a ove P l d p i
uo e w h i h e as ure an a n, c are

t w t im t diff
o se n t i t h m le n s so diff t e re n n e s e ve s , er no

s m hi t
o h i u
uc F mt h i t
n ft
e r c a sei k ro e n s an c e o c

li g it t t t t
.

n
pp h h m
a m f
e ars ,
p l p ha e ove en o e as ure us

d lit
e tl tf b a m p i ; e dt h t
oo ar, t h m ec o es an an a e ove

m t fp i littl m d td b m pl
t
en o a n, a e o e ra e ec o es e as ure .

it t t t
,

H enc e
p d h h i u h h
roc e e i g s, a ere s s c a n as a

w
s orro ft d g bl It
so i p i w
an k d a re e a e. s a an ea ene

Th h t tlly tb
,

d dim i i h d
an lik n s e e e ar es n a ura o e

f t h ly bj t it it
.

m d ove d f d M l an a ec e e an c o o ec s su

di t id d t
.
,

dan e ve n d wf l p s as rous h y an s orro u rov e e

ft d b y m t It ti
,

are so m i ene i so e c rc u s an c e s c er a n

t h t th t h t t t t t
.

a hon p i e h lm e a re , e re re se n a on as a os

t ffe tf lity; b t t t t t t
,

h e e y c i h o l re a
g h u e as n o a o e er

t h t f tH w
f a e w m y b h i d w y by
ec o e ve r e a e urr e a a

t t t t
.

h p e l w hs d m i i
e c ac e , h d a e ve r o n on e s e n se s an

im gi t i am y na on
p th th a till us ur ove r e re ason , e re s

4“ l k t t
ur s ah b t tm ti id f f l h d i
e o o a c er a n ea o a se oo n

th wh l e f wh t we T hi id
oe o t'
h gh w k a se e . s e a, ou ea

R efle x ions sur la Pos t

ique ,
Se c txx. x v i,
 23 3 ,
TH E P al m s om r ’

oF emu :

t
O f he cam O tt ” Wtm tfi m
f ha P16 3 8 ? : e re r M ing e m orl op re s ca afi on s .

d di fi
s guised, s uf e dimi i h h ai wh i h t t
t
a c o n s e p n c
n s

we sufiier from he mhfor une s of d ros s whom e t w

ted c t hatfi t
i nt
,

t
.

t l
’

love an d or u e o o s uc a a i h
‘

a c p c as

titi t pl W w pf t
.

”
c on ve r s h mi
n o a e as ure e ee or

td I
e s

t f h o twhom w t
.

for un e s o a h er o e are a ac e n

t m i tt mf t by fl t
.

h e sa w e ln s an i g e co or ourse ve s re ec n

that it i n t hing b utfi t d it

,

i s o i p i ly a c on : an s re c s e

t h t mi t t im twhi h
.

a ue f x r mp o a sen en s , c co os e s n a

g b l
re e a w d t th
e sorro td ligh t B tan e ars , a e us u as,

th tf fli t ti d
.
,

a i whi h i
a u d by
c on c s ca se ex e r or an sen

bj ti t t t l t
.

sibl e o ng h he
ec s , io whi h
s s ro er an c onso a n c

i t l fl t t th ff t
,

i f m
ar s e s ro h y
an n ern a s re e c i on , e are e e ec

an d ym p toms f
s w w hi h ought tp il in
o sorro c o reva

t mp it
,

”
h e co i os on .

th t t l t t
‘

I firm
CANNO T af hi i pp a m s so u on a ears o e so

t t t t
,

jus d an i i g i
c on v n c n m i d id M as H u m se e s o r e

f it fl t
,

If t
.

hi E gli h i lik hful mi

ve rs on , e a a rror,

h t
s n s re ec

t e u im
r eag f t h F he o ig i l I th
e i k t h
re nc or na n e an

t h g bl wit h wh ti t h t
,

h or In m d g so e e re e c ar e a e a n a

i mph t t
,

l gu g
an a e, i lly s e g h y l d
a ca b i g e n ou s e ver a e, a

m an n e r o fw it i g y mm witr n ht h
ver fhi co on ose o s na

tion, an d with t h i im it t i e r T h lyt ut h

a ors n ours e on r

t t t
.

h a 1 dic an i h i h y h
sc ove r n
p i li i s m ll o es s, es n one s a

i u
c rc m t w h i
s anc e , h i f f m bc i g pp li
s so b l tar ro e n a ca e o

th e w h l oeu d i
c ased ti n t h t it
e r c ons p e ra on , a c an ro

p erly b pp li ed b uat t y
e f w p ti u l i
o a ve rt e ar c ar ns an

c es , d i t
an h f s lut i
e re ore tll Th t t
no s o h on a a a ere

t t t t t
.

ar e l
a m y
e as w h
ani h i c ase s b ppo li d c c an no e a e ,
n p, X I . H
R E T O RIQ 1
39

S ec t. 1, Th di s an ttp l t hert
is mhit sin »b}
s a - o . 93 1 98 0913 61 15 m inim i
,

t
k i mam as m nt th p
t
a e i dd e ens c ch m sh i m aelf o o es »

ardy se aair
bIa .

B ts ; as W
ta I th p g m wl H e e assa e ore narro y o
dow a g n l pt ht
e

ith last i g it i ial t

.

b am w
e s n n s a e cra ac c, a

tfigm t t
; :

t
.

baw e he f lh g( f pl u a d
en f p i e cc i s. o eas r
e n; o an
t t
:

i t
are n hm l h hill e mu h i t
s e s cs; hi ey
:c e r no c n e r c ause ;
tht t m t t t tf
.

t
h m f pl p h
ove d li l easure us e a oo ar,

h mowm t
a e en c e

b om p i dt hat t it
'

ec es a n ; an p i l s en p a n. a

ft tpl m t
.

o hi h g s, e i kli g rI wiH d
ve s an e x a n e c n a e

mit th t t l t im il i t , i
.
,

h h s e ve ra o ar ns an c e s

whi h t
a e re are er s n

h cb tio t epp c h l
o s ervad T h n o a earan e o s e

t t t t t
.

w mfl i Gh m
l lie Q Q VQ h fi b yo w h or
n si in a
t
ax g a rs ne o
t t
s .

h hab lm o hill d
een w i h ld a i y pl i g
s c e cq s ver e as n

t t t t t
,

y y e u m y i o hi w m ah fi d im e
nrrease s ar ns o a

t3951 t ha tbu i g whi h i n f t

. .

ablfi hea he n o rn n s o e o

t
c

t tt t t t
, ,

g re a e sm g I is nor
e e h l s m ly h a
n s. v r e e s ex re e az ra

dn
o n f
e,
ew i
n o t
an a nd t h ot f t
ly s c es , a ose n

alle t
p er pa ec s

tf d g l t
.

r l th a i
s n ao h d e c e h oy n o oun a enc ra ; e r

L t t
k h x pe m thow t t
. ‘

e u m s i a e h p p lie ei f r en e a c a on o

thi d t t t t
,

s i h
oc r n e
pa i o f h mi d wo il l we e ss on s e n an s r.

A d fo u g at u it
n r o r y g i t mi t k l t a a ns

it
re e r sec r s a e; e :us

ht h imple t i t td t
,

b gi w
e n h di e s i s c ases n e re c an no . n

t t t
,

h fl
e re c x ym lm i p i
or s
o i w h i h h dly a c ass ns, n c ar

ever any feeling fec

or af ti on c ome s alone A man
t t t by
. .

c han l h ll hi fose a s or une a ship wre c k an d is

d t tk f t
,
,

duc e a m op ule n c e o in dige nc e

on e s ro e His ro

t
.

grief w e m ay s up p nsc will b e v ery vio len If h

t t t tt
e

t
. . .

had las half} his a t ack i is na ural o hink ha .

2 40 TH E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook ] .

O f he t c ause of t
h t
apl easure we rec ei ve from fec
af t
i g
n t
ob e c s or rep res en a ion s
j t
t .

would have born he los s more th gh t t

ill h e asi ly ou s e

W ld h
ou b ff t d p h p t
ave h l s f fift
een a e c e
y er a s e os o

p d
oun h w ld hs e ly f lt b t
ouI h ld b ave s c arc e e u s ou e

g l d ta k w h wo m h t
noh m m t p i
o uc e ove en or ass on

m t b m d
us td e i th w d
o era e t
h diff or, n o er or s , as e e

i t
ren c e ar seh l ly f m t h dif f td g so e ft h ro e e re n e ree s o e

c ause ,h w m ll t h l o m t b wh
s th a t im t e oss us e, en e sen en

f li g fit
or ee b gi t
n b o td i t l pl e ns o e c onve r e n o a re a ea

s ure f tm it d th
or tppo tl t h ty
e o no a e ar n a ura a an

th m t t it
d light
e ifli g l
os w r f i gl hilli g h ld
n oss , e re o as n e s n s ou

b t bj t fp it
,

eh e su i ec o os ve e .

BU T tt
o
y t
h r an o e r in s an c e ,t a gros s an d p ub lic in
t mm ly p
s ul co on rovoke s a ve r y high de gre e of re se n t
m t d gien an ve s a t
t tt
mos p un ge n ve x a ion o a p e rson
t t
,

of s e ns i
bili y I would gladly know whe he r a sm al l
t i t
light t
.
,

le r affron or som e s f l n s a nc e o ne or c on
g ec

tmptgi t
,

ve s s uc h a o an y l a un T ry he
e p e rs n
p e s e

tl td
, .

ex p e ri me n a so on frie n ds hip an d ha re an d yo u

t t
h w m t
,

will fin d h e sa f i nd
me s uc c e ss As e ar es re

bl t th mi d t h light t
.

ship i highly g
s a re e a lik e o e n e s es

t
,

i g i
n l sg b l h h i
a so a re e a
g l d g P e, ou n a e ss e re e er

f t h td i ki d f t t tt tth t
.

ee a re h b
s a h
n o or ure o e re as a ar

itwhi h will t
'

bo urs b f d p b l f b i g mi
c no e oun ca a e o e n

tig t di t t
,

a e p l f h
n o i d g f ill
e as urew ill or ere s no e re e o

t t
-

wit h t p i ou T h g d i
an i h d i t he ra a on n e c ause an n e

f t t t
.

e f ec i ly
,
are e np d re c orre s op en .

Non c an an y j us t c on c lusion b e drawn from he t

t t t t
‘

fe c
af i on s of h b
e od y ,
.
as in h h e se e c onseq ue nc e is
Chap . XI . R H E T O R IC . a4 r

Se c t1 . . T he differen tlut
iso ons t tgi
hi her o ve n b y p hilos ophers , ex a m in e d .

t l ly imp ut
of e n bl t so e t i p po ti f a e o a c er an r or on o

t gt
s ren h i t h u t
h tp t tt h p
n t e c a se a o e ra e s , o e re se n

di p it ft tt t
,

s i os h g B hon u gh I o fi d e or an s u o c an no n

th t t t t
.

i
a y u m p d nd p ian h m m nc o oun e as s on e os re o e

d g e d t
i
re e s are
p f h t y ff t I d ro uc ve o s uc c on rar e ec s, o

no td y t h t wh dif
f en tp i bl d da en e re n ass on s are en e

d m p i fl t
,

som ft h m pl
e o i g h pl
e e as n an so e an u e e asure

t ft which p d mi tm y t
,

or h p i h e an o h gh ose re o na e , a rou

t m t
,

h w d ful m h i m
e on f er lf m b ec an s o our en a ra e, e

id
c on s bly gm td b th
e ra
y m i t au en e e x ure .

T HE tt h whi h on lI hi t d l y dy I
ru c as n e a re a c an

i t di g hy p t h i i t h t
,

t
,

di sc over n h p h mi d
e re c e n o es s, s, a e n

i ti
n c e r a n c ase s ava sil itlf f t h ti ff l h d se o e no on o a se oo

tp tt t t t
,

in d or e r h p i
o i
re ve n e re re se n a on or n arra ve

f m p d i g t tg
ro ro uc n ff tp th im gi oo s ron u on

t
an e ec e a

na t i d
on , an
q u tly t li i lf f m
c ons e h en o re e ve se ro s uc

fp i
an e x c e s s o ld tt h wi f il t b
ass on , as c ou no o er se a o e

p ian f ul B t l t it b b s d th tt
u hi ti ie e o e rve a s n o on s

t m ittf t th t
.
,

no y
a n e c ess ar h pl u c on c o an o e eas re a re

lt
su s f m p it y d ro h t h ff t i b t i m an s uc o er a ec ons , u s e re

id t It th t if t
,

ly ac c l w m k d b
en a h p
‘

as re ar e a ove , a e a

t h t t
.

i c d c iex m fee m b i ya c er a n e as ure , ro ve r

'

e s e n
' g

tt
T he word mwbam i m h m i d gh t t '

ppliead o e n ou no re ason

b ly tgi t h tm m t
,

a fi o y ve ot ’

ph i
e nc e lly o an y I onl use e er e a or c a ,

f t
.

f t
or h f i th p t
os e e i ft h m t l f lt
ec s i p n d d d e o e ra on o e en a ac u es , ro u c

i d p d tf t
o

in qu
c on se f h fix d l w enc e h will
o s uc e a s as are n e en en o e

It
.

h th h a t
h f f tt h dot
e re i fth m t
e re ore no re e re n c e o e c r ne o e a e .

i li t y t
r a s em whi,h i m a
y p i is i t
s ly u t bl b t c , n o n on , s no on n en a e, u

ab surd .

VO L I . .
24 2 THE PHIL O S O P HY or 3 005 1 ;

t tt
O f he c ause of ha pleasure we e ceive from
r ttg
t
a es in ( M t
ee s or rep res en a i ot
t
n s

p le asan i btte come s ve ry p ain ful T h e n h e mind t te

t t
.

C urs o eve ry e x edie n

p an d o disb e lie f amongs t t o

t by whi h it t t
,

h ers , m yb bl d d i bc d i lf a e e na e o s ur e n se

of wh tdi t d it A d i d d wh
a s re ss e thi : n n ee e ne ver s

t t t t
.
,

i h d by
re c o urse
y i i
s i d i
a i h an s a s ure n ca on a

with g dt h t h p t t hi t h t
, ,

re ar i
o suc h e oe ora or, or s or an , a

d dt
, ,

h p p
ex c e e e m e re e r e asure .

Bur tht thi a ly h ld wh w

s on otd ply s en e are oo ee

i t t
n e re s e d by t h ymp t h t
e s i w will p p f m
a e c sorro a ear ro

t t fi tf m t h g at
,

h f ll wi g
e o o id
n i
c on s e ra on s rs ro e re

t t t t
,

i f k w w i
t
p a ns o en b y a eni ( h d i
r e rs
gn ose es 1 8 c er a n

ly not o h k b ut s oc t
o pl th i d ) tm k ease e r re a ers o a e

th m t m i g ti t l tb fi mly b li
,

e os ov n h y s or e s e re a e e r e e v-s

ed : se condly f m t h td ro y e
y f d
en f th
en c na on n e s s o e

t t t t
,

m
,

g e nerali y f k i
o d b
an li n w h m v o h me e ve a o es e

h t
,

d t tb d t it
,

an h i e r ave rsen e ss , i o i fi
e c on v nc e a s a c

ti on Thi s ult ly f m t
c an
o re s h ni u ro e c on sc o s n es s

th t di b li f by w k i g t
.

a i di
n or y nar c ase s , s eh i e ea e n n e r

t t t
.
, ,

p i y w ul d di
o m i i h i d
n s f i i
ns e a g h i p l o n c re as n e r ea

Th y m t yf t tt
, , ,

s ure e b us h f m
e ver i i g
ar en ro e n er a n n

F t ll t th t it y tt
.

on e ne i
e s
’
n o on , i a h p d s n ec e s s ar o e ro u

i g ft
c n o hat p l ; f w
e as ure t w llor p t e c an no e s us ec

th m f pl t
e o a g i to th i
a a ns w j y m t t h
e r o i d ly n en o en : r

ly f m t whi h w t
,

an dl t as h delight
ro e k i di g c e a e n re a n

i gt h m t tgi l t t d
, ,

or h e ar n e os i ra f ca n arra ons o ora ors an

hi ti
s or an s , o ft h li ty ef w hi
re a h W te ot i c e en ran no

d ub t
o ; I m i gh t d d i l
a i g i u w
n revo v n m i d n o r o n n s,

l t i g tt di t i id twhi h
,

an d i n re a hn oo e rs , sas rous nc en s, c

h avef ll a enwit hi t h mp n f u w k wl dg
e co ass o o ro n no e e,
 '

R H E T O R IC . 5 43

S ec tl The diffe ren tl t

iso u on s hi t
h tgi
er o ven b y p hilosophers, ex amin e d .

and tw
hi h
o c c onse q uen t
ly w e have an absolu e as t
t
.

h f t
, ,

suran c e of e ac .

P AR T III t
The hird byp a herz} t .

Tan td
hir hy po he s is whic h I shall produc e on his t t
s ubje c t
is Mr Hum e s
’
t tt
O n ly i ough o b e rem ark
tt t t t
.
,

e d p re viously ha he do h n o p re pose i as a full so

l t ft t b tt t t
,

w i t
i h q i h l m ue s on , er as a s u

t
o on o e pp u ra e en o

h f m t
e or h d t ier fb t h whi h h
o, i n e oc r n e o o c e, n

t t
,

m i T k hi h y i hi
”

a g ere a q as ure , ac u e sc e s a e s e or n s

H b gi wit ti g t t
.

w w d h p t h q i u ue s on ,
’

o n or s e e ns n e

Wh ti it h n whi h i t h t
t
.

t hi i wh e s c ase,

t
a s c n a s, en

tfted by fi t
, ,

h e sorro w is no so i en c on , whe n a
s ure from t
h b e os om o fun e asin e s s t ;
so o sp eak an d

t t t
h f t
,

le as ure , whic h ill i ll d

a
p s re a n s a e ea ure s an

ou t
w d ymp t ar m s f di t d o w I
s o s re s s an s orro ? an

s w Thi
er : t di y ff t s ex p raor d f m t
h t n ar e ec roc e e s ro a

ve ry l q w it h
e o ue n c e , w h i h th m l h ly c e e an c o sc en e

is p re t d T h
re s e n e
g i q u i d t p i t h e en us re re o an o

t t t
.

jec i sli ly m
n a ve h m p l y d i l
an n e r, e ar e o e n co

l t
ec i g ll t
n h p t ah t i i m te t
a h j dgm t e c c rc u s an c e s , e u en

di pl y d i di p i g t
s a e h m; t
n h s i I y f
os n e e e x e rc s e , sa o

t bl t l tt t t t
,

h e se no ge h w i h h
a en s , f f o e er e orc e o ex

p i
re s s on ,d b t y an f t i l m b
e au diff o ora or a nu e rs , use

t h high tt
e if t i
es th
sa di s ac d iton on e au enc e , an ex c e

t h m t e d light
os fl m m t By t
e hi m u ove en s s e an s,

ft t
.

t h ne i h m l
u e as n e s s o h ly p i i e e an c o ass on s s no on :

ly o p w d ve r o d ff d by m t
e re hi g t g
an e ac e so e n s ron er

o f an
pp it oki d b ost th w h
e l m mn t f ,
u e oe ove en o

Q 2
 2 44 T m: P H I L O S O P HY or s oon .

O f het c ause of t
h pl ar eas ure we re ce ive from affec ing objec t ts or repres en a t
ti on s .

th ose
p i i t d
as s on s i t p l u
r d w
s c on ve r e ll n o e as e, an s e s

th d light
e whi h t
e h l q i c i u Th e e o ue n c e ra s e s n s. e

sa m f e f ty mpl y d
orc e o ora ori t t e o e on an un n e re s

i g ubj t tpl h lf mu h t
,

n sw ld ec ou no e ase a so c or a

t lt t t
, ,

h w ld pp
er ou g h i
a di ul u e ar a
; d h o e er r c o s an e

mi d b i g l ft
n i b l t lm
e n e d i dif f
n a so u e c a n e ss an n er

en c e ,w ld li h ou ft h b ut
re i s f im gi n on e o os e ea es o a

n t i a on p i w h
or e x i h if j i d t
re ss on ,
p i c o ne o ass on ,

t t t t t
,

gi i
ve h q ui i
s uc i m ex T h im p u
s l e e n er a n en . e se

or vehe me n c e arisin
g from sorro w c o
mpassion ih
t t t t
, ,
w
dign a ion , re c e ive s a flue dire c ion from he se n i
t t
m e n s of b e au ytt tThe la e r, be ing he p re domi
t t t t
.

n an e m o ion , s e iz e he whole min d, an d c on ver

t
h f m i tt
h m l tl t
ti t t h m
'

e or er n o e s e ve s , or a e as n c ure e

t gly ttlly t ltt

so s ron h i t dt has o a o a er e r n a ure : an e

tt m t
,

l b i g
s ou h ime n d by p i a e sa e e, rous e as s on ,

t
,

an d c harm e d by e lo
q ue n ce , h wh l
fe e ls on e oe a

t
s ron
g m ove m en tw
hi h i
,
c s a ltg t
h d
o elightf er e u

I A M s orr yt
o s ay tk w bu tt
t h ru co mp els m e o ac no

l dg t h t t t
,

e e,Ih p da m i f
ave i f m re a e no ore sa s ac on ro

thi a s tf t h m t
c c oun tt h f m t
o h whi h e a e r, an ro os e c

p d d
re c e it I e ld h w i h d i d d t
c ouh tth ave s e n ee a e

t litt t
.
,

au h had b
or l m p li i
eeni hi ma e ore e x c n s an n e r

of p ex i g him lf; f I m
re ss n tt i t h t
se Ip or a no c er a n a er

f t
ec ly m p h d hi m
co i g reAt en t im h s e an n on e e e

ly ti td t y t h t it i t
.

m
se e s on o n en h p p f o sa a s e u r ose o

tt h p m t i g f whi h it tp d
,

l q
e o ue n c e , o e ro o n o c s ro e s an

w d f fly ad p t d ti f i tt
,

fig ure s are on er h u a e o n us e n o e

min d of t
,

he he are r ,
s uc h co mp assion , s orro w in dig,
Chap XL . R H E T O R IC . 2 45

Se c t1
. . T he dif
feren tlut
i so ons t tgi
hi her o ven b y philosO phers , ex amin ed .

t
nai on , p an d o t
h twith
er t di g as sion s , as are , no s an n

t
h i igi l h
e r or t wh b t t
na c ly ide d
arac e r, en a s rac c on s re

mp i d wit At t h t im itp
,

ac c o h pl
an e u e as re an o er e a

t t t t t
.

p ears rah h i d ig iger ify h s g h h d esh n o s n ou e o no

t t t tt t
,

p l i
anly p k i u s h h
ea d i y m d b
o y h a e s c ove r a e e

ft dm t d i g it t
, ,

b e arer, h i bl
o e a y f h ra e ar an n en u o e

s
p k d
e a e r, an f t
h l g d ho m y f w h
e t e e an c e an ar on o a

i
s p k
s
g io en, t
h t p li p l
ve s t the m ia d e c u ar e as ure o n

t
,

whi h m k c h p i a esf l p i b
e ve n m d w e an u ass on s eco e e

ligh ful t .

IF h fi tf t
t eh b t h t
rs h i td d t f
o e se e all a e n en e o a

fim r h h t
h t
e ld i d
d a ti tt h b t
o us n ee a c er a n ru u no .

t t t
, ,

hi g n w mm
ne ; y m
or un c oh h h l d on na ore , e a o us

no thi g th t n i t h m ll t
a d g
c an s e rvef n e s a es e re e or a s o

l t i ft
u on o h difl i lt y W h e d b td th
cu t i t i o e ve r ou e a s

tm t
.

t
,

h d ig
e d w k f l q
es n an h p or o e o ue n c e o ove e as ~

i n
s o s, d tpl an Th q oti whi h t hi
e as e ? t e ue s on c s na u

ra lly gi i ti H w d t
ve s h l q
r se p d
o, u s, o o e o ue n c e ro ce

thi f f t T hi I b li
s e ec ? it will b k wl dg d
s, e e ve , e ac no e e

td p i ip lly if tl ly g bly tt
o o r nc a h d no so e a re e a o e oc

ti t
, ,

r ne p l i d b ex b y a nem m i i g li
a ove ly co un c a n ve

di t i t a d t g id ft h di t whi h it
,

s nc n s ron e as o e s re ss c ex

hib it B y t t t
,

s j di i y a l ug m f
c ous , e na ura arran e en o

th m tff t m t
.

e i g i
os a ec by p p n l c rc u s an c e s , a ro e r se e c

ti on ofth m tit b l tp e d fig
os it li
su a e ro e s an ure s , en ve n s

th id e i di t h im gi t
e as ra s e i t h p ith n e a na on o s uc a c as

mk t h m t gly mbl t h p c pt ft
,

a es e s ron i h re se e e er e on s o e

C hap . VI .
2 46 Tag P H IL O S O P HY or Book ] .

t
O f he c ause of ha pleasure we tt weave from s re am t t
objec s or represe n a ions. t
t

th t
se n ses , or ip tf th m m y e Th ran sc r s o e e or e que s ~

tio t wit imm di t

.

h
n, h whi h w
an ly d c e are e a e c onc e rne

d t
,

o h b lyo vi ous d m if p ibl m re c ur, an se e s, oss e, ore

my t i th
s e r ousb f f h w t h ggan ti g e ore : or o c an e a a va n
r

o f ll t h i
a mt f mi y i t
e c rc u h p t s anc e s o se r n e re rese n }

mpl t
:

ti m k it
on , b t
a e d wit
h pl u O con a e eas re ?
ne

h m t
e e

w ldou tu lly im g ina tht thi m u t

ra b t a ne , a s s e e ea

fi tl m t
'

e e c ua h d f m ki g it i
gv til
el g to p i or a n e s rea e r a n.

H w o th h ighti g f g i f f
c an e i ty
e d en n o re ear, anx e an

t t d t
, ,

o h u er y i n e as h m g bl ?
s e nsa on s , re n er e a re e a e

t
a mz s ,
hi i g i u ut h h s td td
n en o s a or as no a ver e

th t hi hy p t h i i t d f b i g upp l m t
,

a s o e s s, y ns ea o e n s e e n ar

tF t ll
o on e neh pp th i td d i b
’
e s , as e a ears o ave n en e s su ,

ft whi h t h it
,

’
i
ve rs ve h p i ip l o eh F r DC i e s on c e re n c cr c s

th y i f u d d Th ff t
e or s o n e di g t h l t
t e e ec ac c or n o e a

t ltf m m d t fti g
.
,

e r, res u i g w k i g
s ro o e ra n ea e n n so en n

d dimi i hi g t di g t t
, , ,

an h p i n s n h f m re ass on : ac c or n o e or e

it ult f m wh t i di t ly p p itf m t t
,

re s s ro ha s rec O os e, ro e ar s

empl y d by t h
o e tf t h pu p
‘

fe ora or or
gg t e r ose o ex a e ra

i g t gt
n h i g h ighti g
s ren d i fi mi g t
en n h e en n an n a n e

t t t t
, , ,

p i
ass on I d d i h f h e
n ee w i mne er o es r ers s ee s o

ttd d uffi i t ly t t
.
,

h ave a en e p i ls w h i h f
c en o one ar c u ar, c o

it lf might
se h hw t h i ufii i ave s o
y f t h i y n e ns c enc o e r s s.

tm Th p t i ul llud d ti t h t
ar c ity if itar a o s, a

t e d g gi pl u tt
e s. e p e

t
,

d
e x c ee a i no c r an h e ree , ves e as re o e

mi d wh n x it d by t h ig
en e l bj t c i di te
e e or ina o ec s n s r ss ,

a w ll a by t t t t t
,

s e h p s i m d b ype re p i resen a ons a e oe s , an

e d
rs , an t d th t
ora ors : an y ifit d on e c on rar ex c ee a

t it t h whol p i f l wh t
, ,

i d g
cer a n i e re e , h s on e e an u ,
e er a .
Chap XI . . R HE T O R IC . 24 7

Semi L The differen tl t

i m hit
sa h t
u o er o given b y p hi losop hers . ex amined

W k d by t
a ene h l bj t ty m d b y th e rea o ec s of p i or use e

t ft t t t
,

ex hibi i h h i i
ons h p I
O d d e s or an or e oe n ee as

t t t t
. ,

s ense p m u hOm ly
e ra e s
g h m i d h c ore s ron on e n an

im gi ti d
a na on t
h i m h m f q toes, e ex ce ss s uc ore re uen

i t
n h f m e t
h i t h l ttr
or er c ase an n e a e .

N w i ttmpt i gt t t fi
'

o gi n al i f h d ie n o ve a so u on o e ~

ult t t t t t t
,

i i l i h ll h i h g l our eor s s ou u ar
c
y p s g a n, a a re

d p op ly t b gi wit ht
,

ly an r h f m er If i o e n e or e r c ase n

tht whi h i t dt h impl t h m t

t
.

a h igi l c s e or n a an e s es e a

ti ufiid t td f it t
, ,

ly i df i
'

ac c oun e s ac c oun e or n

h fp i t
er s s en or,

y
e ver it b i gt h m if t
c as e , d ig b t e n e an es es n o o an

i g
n d of o t an y ly p ib l t
ra or
p d as ne ar as oss e, o ro uc e

t m fie t whi h t y bj t p t
,
'

h e sai h e a c ons c e ve r o e c s re re se n

cd would have p roduc ed in our minds : whe reas

though Mr Hume should b e admit ted t
,

o have ac

t t he p oet
or he imp res sion made by t
.

c oun ed fully f

d th tw f a f m t h di
t
an e ora or, e are as ar s e ve r ro e sc o

ve r
y f t
h wh o
y p ity i d b y t
h ebj t c ause ex c e e o ec s

t whe ith t t mm d
,

hm l e h
s e ve s ,l q n a no e o ue n c e o re c o en

it i t
h wh l if
s, on t i p l et m o e, no ex c e s s ve , a e as an e o

t
,

i on .

B ift
hi lb t
UT d w iti td d t tt ht
s ce e ra e r er n en e o asse r a

t y ft ty ; t h t f t
,

h di e h
sc over i h
o dd e ora or a s, o e a re s s

andt l tf t ha en s
p k ; i w h t o
g i th h e s ea er s a ve s e e are r

a p l w hi h
eas ure , m i li
g g it lf w ith i
p yt f c i n n se e ar, n

dig t tt t t
, ,

i n a on , h wh l hc onve r s
p h i i e o e, as e eX re ss e n

t t g m m twhi h i ltg t d light

,

o on e s ron h ove en c s a o e er e

t t t t
,

f l u if hi:
s b hi im h h h i d d d
e s se n en ,
e a n ee a van

Q 4
2 48 T ue P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook ] .

t
O f he c aus e of h t
t p l a easure we rec eive from affec i ng objec t t
s or rep re s en at
ti on s :

c e d som e t
hi g t
t di
i ly n w A d ex raor n ar y an d e n re ne n

th t t t
.
,

hi i hi
a p i i s pp I h i
s k b liq l y
s O n on , a e ars , n o ue

f m t t
, ,

ro h p i wh i
e h h h
ex T h g re ss on s c e use e e n i us

t t t t
.

4‘
q i
re d h u rem p l y d h j g
ud m d i pel y ar e o e e en s a

d l g wit ht t
, ,

e h fa on f p i d b y e orc e o Cx re ss on , an e au

ti l mb diff t h high tt if t
,

f o ora or a nu i e rs , us e e es sa s ac on

t
h
on di
”
Ag i
e au Th imp l en c e . a n, e u se or ve
‘

he m e n c e aris in g from sorro w co mpassion , in dign a a

t t t im t t
,

i on , re c e ive s a ne wdire c ion from he se n en s

fb
o t y ”
If t
e au hi t h b j t lu ti f t h s en e a us so on o e

fi lt d t h d tt ft tl t
.

y i h p k
’
dif cu an e e ec on o e s ea er s aen s

yt d t
,

an d dd a b re ss h h t
e n e c e ssar p o re n er e e a e r s usc e

t ft w t hi d light
'

ibl hi h mi g
e o s c fl
ar g ui h n s orro s e u an s

ll it d h t
, ,

h wg o ly h ross i i i
ave a b d cr c s an r e or c an s e en e

i d hit
c e ve h t ? Th i di tpp it
er o i tt hi e se , n rec o os on o s

i
c ur ous th y h V l id it d wn i t
e or h i r h t i
a e a o n e r e or c s as

f d m t l m im t h t it t i lt t t
,

a un a en a i h
ax a s e sse n a o e ar

t lt t m im t whi h i t
,

o h
c onc e a e ar h i a ax oo, c n e r

t m t t t i p tf hi p i i
,

es i hé
a i on , ora or, n no ar o s rov n c e , s

o b lig d t h e p l
o s uc b f i t h
a s c ru u ous o servanc e o as n e

t t t t
,

p h
a i f e I hic h p k if h n w ld p s e s ea e r, e ou rove

fl m t bj t ttlly g t
.

s uc c e s s m k hi
u us he a e s su ec o a en ross

ttt ft t t
,

a ien h h
on ; i m o h h h him lf
e eare rs n so uc a e se

thi j dgm thi i h

,

hi g is hi
en us , s ar fI ,
s u en ,
s rc ne ss o an

A r is t tl es c e arc ar e m r t
ti h
E flugien da igi
'

ur n ac
praec i
p ué p a t
r e omnis q al lidi a is s us tt
p i ic o ih il id t
n fi t m v e a ur c u ,
nihil s olic i tm
u omn ia p o t
i ns a c aus a,

q m
ua b
o t p f t
ora ore re e c a c re dan ur.t S dh e oc p t
i
a n on p oss um us

tp i t mp t t i at
,

c e r re ar e m i i u a us , n s a
pp um d
are a : c es n ars e sse , si ap

p t
are n(li t
. I t lib i er. ns r , ca
p .
2\
 R H ET O R I C .

S ec tI . . The difleren ’
tlut
iso ons t tgi
hi he r o ven b y p hilosophers , ex a mined .

ua
g g ,
e his harmony of n umb e rs , are n o tm i n de d in
t
h let e as

t tobti
NE VER dOe s he bl t i mp h by ora or a n a no er ru

hi l q
s e o tha wh hi
ue n c e , t
im t d t yl n en s se n en s, an s e,

and d ppor er, at lly t i ut f th b

e ar s o n a ura o ar se o o e su

j t
ce th t y h ia i li d t t
e verhi k h ld e are r s nc ne o n e c ou

t it
h t h ght p k t
,

no h ave e h wi him lf
er ou or s o en o er se se

t t t
,

wh y
en hi g i h
eve r i h ibi d i h
n ,
n s or ,
s ex e n suc a

m an n e r,

t t tt t
A s all m igh hope o imi a e wi h e ase :

t t t t
Y e while he y s rive he s am e s uc c e s s tg i
o a n,

Should fin dt
hi l b
e rdt
h i a our an e r hope s are va n i 1 . Farme rs .

Astt
h h o e t ght f t
ar mony of h n umb e rs , i ou no ur er

tb t
o h p e k th t
h t h my
e S ea er s id
’
c are , an a e a avo an

ff i
o e n s ve di h lti g i hi p i d whi h
‘

ss onanc e or a n n s er o s , c

b y hut i gt b t tt ttt f m t
,

h r n h i h
e e ar, a s rac s e a en on ro e

su bj t d m t
ec by q
an tob tct us c on se ue n c e se rve o s ru

t f tY t t
hi it
,

h e ef ec m yb f ly e d e ven s, a e sa e averre

will t td h lf mu h t t tt
.
, ,

no en h d a so c o c oun e rac e en as

th m y t
,

l b
an e a ora e fl wi g l i whi h
ar on ,
or a o n e oc u on , c

U bi re s
gi uar, t t e ve ra dim ic a io t t lt
im es , u us si t
fm a a
:
loc us
t max im a re rum momen t
.

P rop e re a n on de b i u s uam , ubi

e q q a ve r

s an t r, de v e rbis e s se t Nq
s olic i us . e ue hoc c op e r in e tt t
i hi u n s

t t t t
,

nullus s i orn a us , s ed u i p ire ss or e se verior, m in us c on e ss us .f p rie

ci u
p ea d m ti m a er a ac c o mm d t u (fi
o a s rm Ins tlib viii ca
p 3
. . . . . . .

I U 1: sibi q uivis,
S pe re ide m t s ude tt mul um, frus raque labore t t .

Ausus idem . Hon De Ar . tP et

e o .
2 50 Tm: P HIL O S O P HY or 3 0046 1 .

c arrie s along wi h i t
tth e ev t
ide n marks of address and
s tdy
u

O UR au t
h th uor
pp iti p roc e eds all along on e s os on

t
h t t tw di t i tfi tp du d by t h
'

h
a e re are o s ro ce e

t
nc e ec s

l q t
h h
e o uenc e on ; t
h t
im f b e e are rs one e se n en o een
t
y ( hor p l i itmasp ti l l y) f
e ex t
h h a ns ore ar c u ar o e er

ti l mb f t ft
,

m y bf
on h
ora or a i h nu ers , o e e x e rc se o e se

n ob le tl tg
a e n s, tt
enius, ar
h th t and ud
j g men 5 e o e r,

t whi h t t t
,

h p e i as s on h p k p p h
c i e i s ea er ur ose o ra s e n

th i mi d
e r H m i t
n i
s th t wh t h fi t
e a n a ns,
p a en e rs re

d mi t t h mi t f t h t w ff tb
.

o na e s , u e x m re o e o e ec s eco es

di gly p l
e x c ee ntdt h wh
e asan t h an e re verse en e se

t t t t t
,

c ond i p i s A l
s u e r or if hi i w h h e as s s no a e

t t d i di tI d p i f b ing bl
.
,

m eans o asser an v n c a e, es a ro e a e

t ig m i g tt
o ass n a h f llowi g ean n
p i o e o n ex res s on s

Th g iu e q ui d tp i tt
en h
s re tmpl y d ire o an e ar e o e n

ll t h judgm t
-

t
,

i g
c o ec n di pl y d i di po i g
~ e en s a e n s sn m

io o t
-

difih t h high tt if t
,

se e h udi es sa d s ac n n e a enc e , an
itt
ex c h m t e d light ful m m t By t
e os hie ove en s s

t ft
.

m h u
eans i e h ml h ly p i
n e as ne ss i o e e anc o ass ons s

t ly p w d and ils d by om t
no on ove r o hi g
ere o ee s e n

t g f pp itki d b tt
s ron er o h wh l m
an o os e n u e oe ove

m t ft t t
,

en h p o i i osed i p l as s on s s c onve r e n o eas ure ,

d w ll t
an h d light
s e whi h t
s h l qu e i
e in c e e o e nce ra s e s

t q i qu m j f t
C omm ove a u q mt m id m
urn e us a e us or n e, ue u u ac

t t t m bit um i tt t t fi
~

j m i i m l i i i i i i

t
ac an e c
q a
p os ns ore e o ue n a
e n an c ne v

d t
,

? N
ea im d it m on :b up tm o ium d o er re u ver a auc an e e an x e

tui di t t O t 1 i p
. ,

fm i g
a a n en u, c c ess e s se r o v ac e . p s r. . x . ca . 1 .
Gi m
p XI . . R HE T O R IO . 21 3

S ec t1 . . The diff mtlut

cr tt so ions hi her o given bf p hi losop he rs , canni b a l.

” l h m i i
us Again. T i p
he l n u se or ve e e n c e ar s n g
t t
.

from sorro w rece ive s a n e w direc ion f rom he

im tfb
t t t
t t
,

T h l b i h e au re do
se n y g p
en s o e a e r, e n e

tm t i t t
.

mi i h wh l mi d
nan d e o on, se z e e oe n an c on ve r

t t
t
,

”
he form e rw Again The s oul bein g a h e

t
t
.
,

same ime roused wi h p assion, d h m d by an c ar e

“
e loque nc e , fe els on t
he whole A di t h n n e

p ara ra
g p h im m d i t ly d i g Ite is th
a e t h suc c ee n us e

fi t ft t t
,

i c g yd on o f h p i ra e b y i f soi en s e ass on , an n us on

f o a ne w f li g t t
i ly by w k i g
ee n no di en re ea e n n or

mi i hi g t N w tm it
,

”
nsh mw n e sor i m i o o e s an

t t t t t t t
.

f es h hi o i f aw di i
g u i h
s n b l d
on o o s n s a e , an eve n

t t t t t
,

o pp i osff he e m h m ec s, as
p d d i eh er s e ro uc e n e

by t i p f t t t
,

h eare r h loqu ly i m gi
e e y; h
enc e , s er ec a n ar a

t o ty wh t f i t
,

on h e c n rarh m i if
a eve r c ar or asc n a on ,

t t t t t
,

y ou
p l ll i e as eh i i o cah i
p yt i d
so, e re s n e ex c e

by t h t iti t h
e ora or, tf m y t i i
arse ti no ro an e x r ns c se n

m t en f b ut y b l d
o d with it
ea bu t i ti m t l
en e
y f m n a e ro

itw t f om t t
,

s o u h
n na p i w h
re ,i h r
p yi os e as s on s c n e c esq

sarily i t o I h uld t
ass oc a e s, h y i l d
r, s o ra er sa ,
nc u e s .

BUT do we tth
no ofen ear pe op le s pe ak of e lo uen c e
q
as moving h m g t
t ly re a and leasin t
h m highly
tt
e p g e

t t t
,

a he heme im No hing more

e ? mm co on Bu
t t t t
.

h es e are ne ve r unde rs ood by he m w as o original,

t d tff tb ut t
,

sep ara e , an d inde p en en e e c s, as e ssen i l lya

c onn ec e td
P us h your e n quiries bu e ver so t lit tl
t
e,

tt
.

and you will fin d all a ree in af fi mi h i i b

g r ng a s
y
tt tt t
,

being moved, and by ha solely, ha he y are p le as

ed in philosop hic al s t
i t t
h f th pl
r c nes s, e re ore , e e as ure
25 2 T H } : P H I L O S O P HY or B ook ]:

O f hc t a ns c of t
h t
pl eam re wc re e d vc fi om afi ea ing objec n
'

or rc p res m u fi m

t
is he imme dia tff tf t
h p e e ec o e as sion , an d t
h p e assion

t
h imm e e di t f
f tft
h
a e e l q ec o e e o uen c e .

B UT is he re t no
p le as ure in c on e tmpl t
i gth b a n e e an

t
y f o t t
co m posi ion ,
h i h e rc n e ss ff y t
o h p w
an c e o er

dt
,

o f mb
nu h e rs , gy fan p i T h i
e e ner o ex ress on ? e re s

d bt
un ou dly B ut f i t
e hi p l u f m so ar s s e as re ro c orn

m i i g wit ht h p t t tit
.

x n h d gi i g die i a os , an v n a re c on o

th t t ty t m tb i t
,

a h on h ye c on rar g m e se e o e n a re a ea

mp t Su h i d d i t
, ,

s ure i ibl
nco a h pl e u whi h c n ee s e eas re c

t titt it
.

h e ar s h i or j y w h e cr lly d d c en o s , o c an c oo an e

t t t
.

lib ly u
e ra e y h w hs l rve
; u p w h p i e h oe on ose as s ons e

ar tf t h p k h t
o e s h litt lea e r i fl dtah t e or n o n ue n c e , an a

p u ly f
re th i or b h di
s re as on , t h t t e c aus e e sc ove rs a ar

f t h t t pp
.

T h b lk f he u k w o h
e are rs no no ur er an oa rove

t h m e wh fi t an th m wh p k t
o a ec s t
'

h i h t e o s ea s o e r e ar

t t t t
, ,

as h y y p p
e l
ve r
y d m p h i ll
ro e r
y m i d an e a ca er an

t mm d t by whi h t
,

o co h p f m en e hi i er orm an c e c s s ae c o

p li h d
s B u t
e h,w it i m p li h d th
o y ith s ac c o s e e ne er

t t t t t t t
,

g i h
ve m l h
e b l
s e ves id e m p rou e o c on s e r, n or a e

t pl i
o ex a n

t i t
The in quiry hi h pt w w it tl g b
c on ain e d n s c a er as r en on e

f I hd
ore pp a t i tyan f p i o
g i
or un
y g i li gl i h o e rus n a ve r n en s n s

C m m ty d N t H E pi t l tt h Pi d t
’
o e n ar an o es on o orac e s s es o e s os an

A g t i whi h M H m tim t t hi ubj t

'
’
u us us , n c r u e s se n en s on s s ec are oc

i lly it
c as on a i i d Th pi i
cr c ftah t mm t
. ti g d e o n ons o a co en a or, n re ar

tl\ oI H m rr th u
y i
e sid
’
i y th i
e or ,
g m t i l w i t
h m
c o nc i e n e ve r n a er a ne .

T hi th s au id th q
or c on sti f t h t
e rsh itl ttt e h
ue s on n o ar er an as re a e s o e

rep t t
i
res en a f t g yd d
on s o b th by fi
ra i g hi e i w t th i
an a c on n n s V e o s

l d tl y g atst
, ,

i gl p i tb
s n e on ,
e en F t ll
e ohyp a re er res s on on e ne e s
’
o~
Chap XI . . R H E T O R IC . 25 3

S ec tI. . The difleren

'

tlut
iso on s tt
hi her o given b y p hilos ophers , ex a min ed .

P AR T I f our t
b byp t
b a erzr.
'

L A STLY , tm t i o ly th en on on on e o er hyp o he sis t

t
h e re are wh m i t h t mp i
i t o an a n a co ass on is an e x

ample of un mix e d t d se lfishn e ss an d maligni y

”
an

l di t t
h t t
,

m yb a ep w f im i
reso ve
g i b y n o a o er o a na on ,

Whi h w p ply t h mi f t
c f t h
e a t e s or une s o o e rs o our

l
”
th
s e ve s
5 tw id t it
p y l g th a e are sa o no on e r an

w f y u l tfi dt b pl
'

e an c d ly
o rs e ve s o s u e r, an o e e ase on

by fl t i gth t re f i g
uf ec t l5 t n h a our s er n s are n o re a us

i d lgi g d m f di ts f m whi h w
n u n a re a o s re s ro c e c an

t ult it
,

w k wh
a w pl
a e i u en e ver
y e e as e , o ex n o r se c ur

d j yt ft h fi tio wit ht t
,

an h mp i en o h e co ar son o e c n ru

th i t
es s , h f t h l t
an, i fth g
or l ph m
e so u on o it i e en e ra en o e non , s en

tit l d t It
e i o. y t t
h t ths t i l
ve r t t i m
rue t m a our ea r c a en e r a n en s c o

m lyou hibitd g ex f di t whi h w

a e ld
re e o t b twit s re ss c e c ou no e ar o

i t h bj t p td C q t ly t h id ti
'

n e ss n e o ec s re re se n e . on s e uen e c on s e ra on

th ta it i b t pi t s d
u t
a t
h igi l c fi t it
ure , an i hibit i no e or na a c ous e x on ,

t
,

an d t
noh lit y wh i h w
e re a t m p l t i, ti l f
c d e c on e a e, s e s se n a or ren er

i g t
n h wh l e I m y yo e,
pp t b l e w l l a
p l sa t B ,u t su or a as e as e as an

wh it
.

e ve n i t hi n i
s c ase , y t p en t id t h
s n e c e s s ar o our re os e , o c on s er e

i l mi y b f
s c en c a u m
s er ill i w
e ore
g s asl ly b t t e re us on , e are en e ra e er

p l e ased t id t
h t
h i
o c on s
g p t d er
g i e f t I t n s re re s en e as en u n e ac re s

i d d b tf t
.

qui re s, n h
ee d g f ffli t
u i a tm k ur er e re e o a c on o a e us e v e n

t
,

p l e ased t thi k th th
o p y
n h ,d y a a h typ i
e co t n e ver a an rc e e n na ure

B t wh t hi i t w m y tly y t h t h p t h t
.

u en h s s t
e c ase , h e a ru sa a e oe a ex

t
.

d d d w ughtp p t
,

c ee e an y roki d fh u i o a n o orror .

Ad t N ven ure r, o . n o.
1 54 T H E P HIL O SO P HY o r B ook

O ft
h e c ause of ha tt
pl eas ure we rec eive fro m meet bj t ing o ec s or rep re s en a ions tt .

THIS is no o h t
t h t
h iqu t
t er dd t an '
e an a e oc ri n e of t
h e

philosop he r of Malme sb ury re s c ue d from ob livion ,

twhi h ith d b f t
,

o c d di ga d p bli
een h as es c e n n an re u s

d wit m t H bb i d d t h ght it
,

e h im p rove en s o es n ee ou a

fii i t tth i d t d t h ymp t ht
.

'

su c en s re c i
n or e r o re n e r e s a e c

w p ly lfi h td fi it im gi t
,

sorro ure se i s o e ne a n a on or

fi t fft l mit t
,

i c u
on o y u u l ,p re d i g ca a o o rs e ve s roc e e n

f om t
r h f t
h m
e se n se o l mit y i
”
B tan o er
’
an s c a a u

i t h fi t t t t t
n

n q e i wrs h h k i
uo a on d f fi i e ave an o er n o c on

na m ly t h te w t p t
a th v y ffe are a re se n e er su e re rs our

th id t hibit
,

l
s e ve s , i lp e wh en s ca ed e rsons ose c ase are e x

as b i g e n d p l bl sod wh el mit i w
ora e, an ose ca a es e so

i ly l m t Th
s n c e re w a m t
en hi g hi t di e re e re so e n s n e n

t t t t t t
.

h b g e g f
e h h p
i nn i n i l io hi p e c a e r, n re a on o s ara

d i l it
ox c a c on c e whi h I h ld t h h ght
t it c s ou no ave ou

a yt um h d it t d pt
,

be d by a
“

n ec e s s r o re s e, no en a o e a

l t t
a e auh wh p i d i
or, l y m d
ose t t itl er o c a essa s se e e o en e
him t t
h h o t f i g i m l di
e c arac e r o an n e n ous , ora an n

tt w itI F t h gh h h t
,

s ruc i ve r er h d li d or ou e a ec ne en

ti g f m lly i tt h d b th h t fi i t
.

er n or a h f
n o ly e e a e, e a su c en

sh w hi o ntim t t hi
s se n t i l d h t h d
e n s on s ar c e , an a en ea

u d i di
vo re tly t upp t
n t
h m
re c o s or e .

I tth t itwill pp
D O U BT tm y f my no a a e ar o an o

d q lly illy t futt

re a e rs hi hyp t
as e h i d
ua s o re e s o e s s an

td f d it N t
o hi g
e en uld b t y b l m o n co e ra re ason a e en

i t h t g i b tt h d t t
.

n o suc g wi
exh whi h
rava an c e s , u e o a e c

i ff t
on e dtw d s a ec e
y pp d g f f u it o ar s e ve r a en a e o a avo r e

f Hum Na . th p
. c a . ix . sec t . 1 04 i H awke s wor b a t
Chap XI . . R H E T O R IC . 1 55

Se c tI
. . T he differen tlut
iso h t
hit gi ons er o ven b y phi losophers , ex a mined .

s
ys e t
m. A nd th t t
hi iy t
sm s an a
ppe ndage of a s s e

Whi h d i c all th ff t i
e r ves d p i g of t i i
e a ec ons an s rn s ac on n

th hum
e mi d f om lfJ an I lm t n ll y t
r m se on n a os a s s e s

t
-

t t
.

b uild f d
e rs ,
y m i i o h i
eve r h m e no na on, e re s a ve e en

d i f imp lifyi g t
e s re o h i p i ipls d du i g ll
n e r r nc e s , an re c n a

to on e H i m di i th p i f fi di g
e nc e n e c ne, e as s on or n n a

t t
.

ca h li o con , f ll di ; d i
or c ure oh m i y a s eas e s an n c e s r

i gt l h t
,

f di
or h t u
sc ove r n i l di
e l r e a ac es or un versa sso a

tN h m li t t t
,

ve n or i ly ave p d h
our ora s s e n re es c a e e

tg h ll t i t t
.

c on a i on O d t h p m
ne r
e d uce a e v r ue s o ene e,

dy tmak it th t t
.

an di s rea l u hi o h e c e ar as s ns ne , a e re

ne ith i b th
er s n or c an f m l g d e ano e r s ourc e o ora oo
’

but ight du t t
,

a d r lf l hc on i q lly c e se ove : ano er s e ua

b ut
-

c onfid tt h tll t h
en i t u diff
a a t m di e vr es are eren o

fi t f di i t t t
,

i ons o d b l hi d will d
s n ere s e ene vo enc e a

t
ca r en

m ttt o y u t
on s ra e h t it
y i h w h l o d ty f a verac s e o e u o

m an fu t h wit hma o r i g uit y d m u h g t or

e n en an c re a e r

t t t t t
, ,

app f
e aran c e o u y u h h u
re as on , ass
y m re s o a e r e s s e

of t w d ymp t
,

hi i
e mp i d i cs s co by r se n on e or , r a .

B ur tt h p i t i h d it
'

o pp e g t b
on n an a ears a re a o s

j
ec t
i n to th lfi h y tm
o th t i i
p yt w
e se f s s s e a n e are o .

f t d wit wf t f t
,

ec e h l h uf f i g a rea h s orro or e s er n s o o e rs ,

ora t l t th t m h
e as u i lly u d td t
a hi
en ave n ve rsa n e rs oo s

tb t
o he pp e f m t h c ase ,
y w d d
as a ears ro e ve r or s an

p h rase s e x
p i f t
hi m t
io t o b f d
re s s vei l l o s e o n e oun n a

k w l gu g
no n B t t wh h t
an h ughly
a es u o one o as oro

imbib d t d pi it t
.

h p i ipl
e f phil phi
e r nc e s an s r o a oso c sec

whi h h t i l t pp t it
,

c h mm ly a co f my on as v o e n an a e e or s

ty (t
er h ugh u d a dilf o tm fo wit ht h phi
n er e re n na e, r e
2 56 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook 1 :

t
O f he c ause of h t
t pl a e as ure we rec e ive from fl
a ec
’

t
i g n j t
ob e c s or rep resen a tt
i on s .

losop he r i ti s a p aradox
) as any religious s e c t
wh t a

t t t whi h
how p al ry m us an objec ion app e ar,
e ve r ; c

t t t tt tt t f ll
ha h n o hin g o sup por i bu he c onvic ion o a

m ki d t
an h ly pnt d wh mi d h b ose on ex c e e os e n s ave e en

t t t
,

p d b
e rver e
y h l i p hi y sc o as c so s r P

IT is ret
h t t
markable
h gh m yh a ou so an ave c on

td d t h tm fi t ft h im gi t
,

en e i a so e i i b m
c on o e a n a on s a s

l t
u lye ry t th p d t
n ec e ssa i f p it
y o d t
he g h ro uc on o an ou

t ft hi m t f qu t
,

h m pl
e ex a i es o s e
( I h p o on are s o re en o e,

i t
n h t h it
e th m l e or s s l th ie th ) s e ves n o e ss an n o e rs as

tgi mm p f
o ve a mi t i
e sc o e th y lit tl
or e x a n a on , e are so e

a re e
g d w h t th i fi ti i a S m s t d c ly ont h ts o e c on en on a

i wit i g t t
.
,

n d
ne ss n
g y i d ra e f m m on e s un e r a sor o o e n,

ty d pt t t t
,

ar i whi h
ec e y li
on , l fl i c a ve r e re ec on c an c or.

re c t d im gi t
an h t h i a tlly wit i g t
nes a h e s ac ua n e ss n ose

di t td i
,

s re ss e sd mi i whi h an ly p se r e s c are on re re s e n e n

b orro wd h t dt
e c h t t h
arac e rs ,t t h any a e ac ors are e ve r

p e rson sw h m th y hi b i to T hi pp e iti I
ex a s su os on , c,

i t h m t Th thil
.

k wl dg
no e e,dm i ibl s f ll e os a ss e o a a c

tt tg t
.

d re n d impl p p l
an whs e eo e, o are u er s ran e rs o

t h t i l m
ea r c a m t a
p t t
us efi t t b d
e n s, i d are a a rs o e e c e ve

in thi m s i d i bl
an n er, Th tt s h f
un e n a e a e re ore ,

t t t
.
,

h rou
gh h m g i l p w e
(
'
if I m
a
y ll
ca i ) f
o er a ca so o
t l d im td t
n a ura an i ti t
an ill i
a e m ac on , a ran s e n us on so e.

wh t aim il m y b p d
s ar d i p a e fk w ro uc e n e rson s o no

l dg
e d
e
p i an I w ill
ex t t k
er enc e ,
p m t no a e u on e o

t t B tt
-

c on rave r hi hyp t h i i u t s ily o es s s no n e c ess ar

td wit t t t
.

c onn e c e h y p i l h y anf h p ar c u ar e or o e as.

i
s ons . Th p f wh m we g i e wh t
e ersons h tor h o r ev , e er e
Chap X I . . R H E T O R IC . 2
57
Sec t1
. . T he difieren
’

tl t
iso u on s hi t
h tgi er o ven b y p hilos op hers , ex a mined .

t t
re al ob e c s or on l
j h i y t
ti mi t k f ve s or

t
p e r re re se n a s a en

till t tu l
"

h m e h p d
are s B o er e rson s , an no o rse ve s . e

t i td d t tb t f t
,

sid hi w
es, s h as n e ve r n e n e o ac c oun u or e

d g e f m t i i
re e o e
p t
i l l y o on n on e ar c u ar c ase on .

t wh
O T HE R S, he re fore ,f y thi g t lf o re e r e ve r n o se

will h e it th t by fi t ft h mi d w i tt
,

av i a a c on o e n e n s an

m ft l mit
, , ,

ly iv c on c e u d im il e so y me u re an s ar c a a as c o

i g up
n u l dt h t it i
on o rs e ve sl ly thi p an a s so e s c on c e

ti d t
on , hi d d whi h
an ll f t h ll u s w re a c ca or a o r sorro

t Ot tt i fi d wit ht
,

an d h fi
our e ars hi m i e no sa s e s, an

ti b ldly t h t lv t b t
.
,

an wo i u h pa e c on c e ve o rse es o e e er

ufi i g t l t t t
,

h mi i d
‘

s on s s er n d p e se r e s re a e or re re s e n e a

t t tt t t
,

h y
e i ve rh i
p y i i d
n s an W h a our s ra s e e n n a.

te i d td by it w d t h t
.

ur s i e se r e w h ld us , s no on e r a e s ou

l u wyi t
ose o r h d i tk fim gi ta i
n d e e v ous rac s o a na on , an
no tk w wh tt
no tl e re o se e.

Tar first wuld y Wh I G i k i t o h sa

“
en se e arr c n e

t fK i g L i t h ut m tg y f di
.
.
,

ch arac e r o n e ar n e os a on o s

t I m t p td wit
re s s ht
a h p i i d
so ran s or e e ass ons ra se 1n

my b tt h t I q itf g t
re as th t g di d a u e or e e ra e an , an

th t th t
,

im gi a my y ne fi d m h j
a e e s are xe on a uc 1 n ur

dm t S y t
”
ed mi
an bl m h os h d s e ra e onarc a s e se c on

ti t tli bl t gr
.
,

I m a h l no b l nd
n e eas a e o so os s a u er

b t I u th lp i q
c an n oc ft h p e
‘

n c on se ue n e o e re re se n

t t b i g t u k witht th t
,

ia on , h imp e ni I m s r c e re ss on , a a

s oon tb i t h m ito ati dt ob

e n d wit h e sa e s u on , an e use

th lik i g t
e it d d b b it
e y S
n y th ra thi d u e an ar ar a s e r

i t wit
.
,

Th ill w
e c ase hm fo I s s i my orse e r c onc e ve

VO L I . .
2 53 Tu e P H IL O S O P ilY or , Book I .

t
O f he cause of h t
t pla eas ure we rec eive from afi ec ing objec
'

t t s or rep res en a tt
i ons .

se lf and nt
o t
h pl y tb t h t w t h dm
e t
a e r, o e a re c e an a

t t t t t t t
,

h e
y im
ve r h h i d I f ey h I am e s ac e an c a
'

tlly i t h mid t ft tm ff i g ll hi
.

ac ua n h e s o e s or su e r n a s

t t t t t
,

an
g i h h
us m y d gh h a d m f au ers ave urn e e ou o

d tt d m wit h d of u lt
,

d oors , an h hre a e y e suc un ear cr e

di gly l ky t h t t
-

d i j t
an i ”
n usIt i ce h s ex c ee n uc a e re

tft f ll w tibl f mt
.

d o no o ener o o qu h e rr e c onse enc e s ro es e

mi sc onc e
p t
i It w ill b
on s i d t
h y t i t e sa e are ran s e n

ll t B t
.
, .

d q i kly
an uc d by i c ureh w re c o ec on u o e ve r

t ie tift it t h y m ti t
.

rans nh y lly e f
re a m ex s e us ex s or so e

t N w ifu h p pily m h d t
, ,

ii ne o w fhis d gh
n a a an a oo au

t it t him t t t t
.
,

e rs i g
s n h
n e ar y i h w a e ve r n s an e ere un

d t erhi d l i s ed if b
us on ,
y y t
u l dan a ver na ra an c on

ti lfi t i dt h mt
,

se q ue n i a h f c on , b G il e d an c e e o e on e r an

R g e th ff t
an , might
e e b ft lt t
ec sh l di th gh e a a o e a e s, ou

th ywe th m t
e re d t if l hild
e
‘

i t h w ld
os u u c re n n e or .

t yt
IT ha h b d i d (f it
n e ve r i imp e ibl een en e or s oss e

t y wh t
o sa will t ab d i d) t h t i
p y t i fl u
no e en e a n e nc e s a

pe rson t t ib t t
o c on r li th b j tw h u eit i i o re e ve e o ec en s n

hi p w
s o B ut if t
e r. h i mi t k i t h bj t e re s a s a e n e o ec

t m tf it t t t
,

h e re us y b o mi k i h
ne c essdi i e a s a e n e re c on

oft h li f F i t
e re e y u m p i h i
or n s an c e ,
g o see a an er s n

wit
.

hh g dy
un er, an mp i i i d; wy
our c o as s on s ra se no ou

will p it
y l g noy t h u t on e r, s a th ese ac e reason ers , an

y f
ou
yy an c lf t ff ourseY u y u lf p po l
o su e r
y o o rse r er

t bj t w pit
.

are h l e so e o fy y d
ec y d
o i our o n an as ou e s re

t li t ly wh m y u pit t
,

o re e ve h p e i f
e rson on
y; h b o o e re e

any f d w ith
ooi y h y u will n d b t d
our re acu o no ou e vo r

it d tll y t
.
,

i u ly i
vorac o s h f mi
, whi h y
n or er o a a e a ne c ou
 R H E T O R IC
‘

Chap; XI 2 59
'
-
. . .

S ec t1
. . T he difi cre n
'

tlu sc v on s hi her t tgi o ve n by p hilosophers , e x am me d .

fanc y you are ; b u y u w i

e ndurin g
o ll n o give one t t
morsel o t t e w
h_ t
re eh who re ally ne e ds your aid, b u -
t
t tf y tf
;

who is by als me an s he obje c ~ o our re gre or

t
o

d wit
,

whom you c an fe e1 no c ompunc ' i o n, h wh an ose

m t
~

tty ) it
:

t
dis ress (whic h foreign a i er o ou s

impos sible you shouldi b e affe c e d, t p i lly wh es ec a en un

t
der he power of a p assion c ons s n
w
it
i g f u mi d l o n x e se

fis hne ss and m ligni y; For ou -

t th gh if y u did t , o no

i
p ythi m yo u
‘
would ; on c oo ,
r e e c on ,
v e s o l fl t
’
i gi him m e

aid p erhaps from p rinc iple , p e rhaps from e x ample , or

tu l kily t d pit t
,

p e rhap s from habi hi u n uey hi s ac c rse s

t lfi h i t t t t
, ,

un mix e d malig nan po h

se h u s n e ss , n er se o s

tg i t d tb t u t t
,

your hear a a ns him h pi , p u an o o s r e e ous r

I *
m ow no way j ti o b t of e ludin g
_
’
x

t
hi s o b ep n u one ,

t t t
,

Whi h i inde d e w I i i d
fi t
c
y y s y s e ve r e as a o n ro uc e

i of t
-

t t t t t
,

an o h h i
er gi i n c d ons h e rna na o an
"

o a a

hi mot
y
wh t
, ,

en io i i d Il ll c i f n s ra se ose a onsc ous ne s s o

cy t
s e

it t
.

i t d id nt t
,

my w o d f
n e x s e nc e an
y h h e an an a e

t t t t
,

pi i b l a bj e b f
o u
e i m
o y y lf c
; d h e re r e, s ver se an a

Wh t I f m ly mi tk f m
.

th e l re a y elf i a or er s oo or s s

me ot tt
,

so her body a me re s
p e c a or of my mis e ry, or
tall
,

p e rhap s n ob ody a Thus unknowin gly I m ay

t tthi t
h t g illu
.

c on rib u e o s re lief, whe n un de r e s ran e

i
s onwhi h m k m f y t h ti td f gi i gt
c a es e an c a ns e a o v n o

t I mt ki g tmy lf B ut if t
, ,

anoh e r, h ma b a a n o se e n e

ly ho th will ti ly e t tm
.

up ul
sc r ous ne s e c er a n r s o re o
~~
e

I m w k wh t him m i tt
,

wh en Ig ai ly
l a a e, a ave l n en ona

in my slee p .
 2 60 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

t
O f he c ause of h t
t pleasure we receive f om
a r fl t
a ee lng ob ec s or repres en a
'

j t t
ti on s .

THA T s uc h t
fic ion s m ay some imes ake plac e in t t
m adn e ss tt t t
whic h almos o ally unhinges our men al
f lt I will t di p ut t t t t
,

ac u i es , ; b u h no h sh e a suc are e na

tl p t i
ura O e ra on s o ft h p i i u d t twh
e ass on s n a so n s a e, en

t h i t ll tl p w immi d i wh t
e n e ec ua
u o ers are n re s a no

it
,

m an w uld h v o h a e i d ad
e ve r e d e r c on c e ve or vanc e

t h t t d li g hyp t h i tupp t A d
,

a h d a no a ar n o es s o s or n

h gum tit t i t h t y hyp t

.

by s uc iar en s, h i
s c er a n , a e ve r o es s

wh t m y qu lly b upp t
a e ve r, a de Suppa Ih e s or e ose ave

tk it i t my h d t o w it t t
.

a en n o h y f
ea h m i d r e a e or o e n

an d i d tgi u it
n or e r y d im op li ityve t m y yn an s c
'

o s s

tm w ll t mm d it by t
,

e as e as h g o re c o f en e rac e o no

lt t t t t
,

ve y I h l d d d u ll
ave re so ve h i llo h e ce a e ac ons , a e

t t t
,

purs ui d ll h s,p i an f ma f m e lf h d
ass on s o en ro se a re

t ti If td g d h m
-
,

as h c mm e f o on oun a n o e ra e u an na

t t t t t
.

u bre g e so m m d i
re a w fi
a re c od i i en a on , as e n s o

may p n l t w ll
S e c u a ors ,tll t h it d fas e as o a a e s s an an a

ti s wh h p p
c t
ohi p i ta I know t
en , on h w t s on no o o

b m t t t t
l

t
, , ,

di l
osl i d
c or h h a w ”
un u d i e e or
‘
no
e y y gg e s es e s

d fi i t i t h tt f m it
,

by m f m whi h
'

no e ans e c en n a sor o er ro c

oh ight p t to it th t t
"

b i S lf
'

i in ex ec e ve r
e y es re c e on
p e

ti ly i how j t ly t h W tf
.

l i i
o re s c er a n no v ce , e ve r

t us o
'

e an

love t ighb b o our n e n d b t

our if e ac c ou
y e on e u an

t hi g a b
n / ll d i i u
c n lf h td i u d ubt
e ca e v c o s, d se -
a re s n o e

“ Liar i th tt
tt
b im gi
hmg p mu
no e a n ed, a no s ec s c an

b ug d i f u
e ft hi hyp t
r e h i Wh tl it
n avo r o s o es s a e se ,

m y b pl d d
a uld i duc t
e h mi td y him
ea e co n e e se r o en

t ly t mf tbut lm tt
,

lf
se ,
h no h
on e co or s , e ve n a os e ne
Cbap XI . . R H E T O R IC . 2 61

S ec t1
. . T he d flerent tolut
'

ion s s t tgi
hi her o ven by philos op hers , ex amined .

c e ssaries tpi f w t i th m id t
of life ,f pl
' '

o ne or an n e s o en

t
y t li i i tm i
ottd ivet
y d t n A ll
un n e r e an x e an e rror ?

t h t
t it t tp
,

h w ld e i or hi w
see s j y a s no o roc ure s o n en o

m t
~
whi h h i
en iably dt th l tp di t
c e n var an o e as re u a es

tb
.
,

A nd c an an
y re as on abl e pe rson be so sim ple as o e

ttt t
lie ve ha i is for he p urpose of leavin g a for ne o . t
u t
his he ir, a man whom he de sp is es , for whose delive
ranc e from p erdi ion he would n o p ar t twit t h h lf a a

c rown , and whom of all m ankin d, n e x t thim lf h o se e

h tt h m t Wh t t
,

a es e l os ld i d
? h a e se c ou n uc e e se n s us

li t tq d hi ll i di ip t i d d b u h y;
d t
s o s uan e r s a n ss a on an e a c er

tuh o r s ui t i
on r h n Yc er a n ll it an re see n ? ou c a

p l B
e as ure .t i h ig u t th t h i sp l u e noran a s e as re s are

t tt tb l d by t
,

m h
ore im an en h pl g
e s c oun e r a an c e e a u
e

tm twhi h t t
t
an d e ve n or h yb i g en s D h c e rn ? oe s e c on

vci ti on , th or e ven
p i f thi d e hi mex er enc e o s, e er ?

O t n h ty wit h wh t
e c on rar tdy p wit h a s ea e rse ve ran c e ,

wh t d t lut d t
,

a mi d e er i ne h h p d i hi
re so on , o e roc e e n s

c are e r, ti t imid t
no d b t n h h gg d fO m whi h a e v e a ar r s c

t him i t
s are h f p n t y d ei f m di
ac e ,
y d
ove r an n a se ase an

d t Wh tl ld i du t
,

eah ? a h m
e se wh i c ou n ce e an o s re

p t d
u a t t f m
c ove ous , y b t f f m
no th toi f on e u o a e, a s o

wi d t hi t q uillit t t
,

n ifi o sac r y d
ce lm ll
s h ran an a os a e

t t t
, ,

j y
en o m f lif en s
; p o d hi d y de ig h i
o s en s a s an n s n

f itrul di q ui t
e ss ud ds dl e H e b an en e ss c are as a are

n am e , t
hi k y un o an e mp t
y soun d, s uc h in c on c e ivable

t t
,

c harm s ? C an a me re no hi g n se rve as a c oun e rp ois e

t lid
o so an d sub s an tt
i l g a ood ? A re we n o tath im
r er

p os e d on by ppa e aranc e s , whe n we c on c hi t

lud t e s o

b e his mo ive t ? C an we b e s e n seless e nou

gh tim o a
 -

2 62. THE P HI L O S O P H Y or B ook I .

t
O f he caus e ofs hanp k a wre we rec ei ve from afi ec t
i ng p hjec
'

ts or re pre se n a ions . t
t

gi th
ne , t it i th bab bl p tti s
(w h i h w e it u e re u a on c -
ere

t t
n

t t t
,

an y hi g d d mn u ly a
j y)
ea h h an s re can no en o a e

i f tt tk i t
, .

soldi i d
e r s so n a ua e h as o se e eve n n e c an n on s
’
‘

m t tt t b t t
,

ouh A ?h hrf re h no i e se e e ore , u e var ous

w y f lf d tyi g t
a s o se whi h di g t
e s ro t h i n o c ac c or n o e r

tt m t t
-

; ,

i
var ous m d
as e s ,
p p b y h m i
en are ro e e sa e un ve r
t
,

sal p rin c i le of se lf ha re d ?
p
-

IF you should in sis on c e r ain phe nomen a whic h t t

t t t t
,

appear o be irrec on c ileable o my hypo he s is : hink l

’

I am p rovide d wit
,

h an an s wer Y ou urge our re adi

t t t
.

ne ss o re se n fron
an af or injury, real or imagin e d,

whic h we t tg t
re c e ive , an d ify i t d whic h ough o ra ns e a

ofp ki g
rovo t
h n
pp iti th
us ,t w h t
on u e su os on a e ae o r

l
se ve s B t m y it t bu ttd t h t it
a b i g no e re or e a s e n a

t t t t t t t
.
,

g ifi
ra i i
ca h whi h
on i os m a i c ex c es ur rese n en n

mi t y ki d f lf i dul
,

asmu h w
c as e are e ne es o e ve r n o se - n

g e nc e l f th i sw w ill t uffi I h s an th er no s ce , ave an o er

ll t It i t h d fi it ft
. k

whi h i c li
s ex c e i
en h es n e e n on o e

t
.

w d or g R
re ve n
g I p e u. m y b j y l
eve n e, rono n c e , a e us

deeme d an e x amp le of un m ix e d self abhbrre n c e an d

t ttt
-

be nigni y, an d may b e re sol ved in o ha power of

im gi t
i a t
n a on , tt by whic h we ap p ly he s ufferin gs ha
w i fli t t
e h t l w
n c id t
on o e rs o ours e ve s e are sa o

t
.

w k re a g l g h w f
our ve n e an ce no
y u on e r an e an c o r

l tuff d tb t
se ve s i td by fl t
os i g t h t e r, an o e sa a c re ec n a

th uff i g f t t lly u ; t h t
,

e s h er n w s o o ers are no re a o rs a e

t
have bee n bu in dulging a dre am of se lf p un ishme n t
t
,

from whic h when we awake an d disc over he fic

t tt
,

i on , our an ger ins an ly subside s, and we are meek

Cbap XI . .
R H E T O R I C . 263

Sec tII
. .

as lamb s t
hi t ga t C mp itI ”
Is s ex rava n ? o are
‘

t t t
.
,

p yyra u W i h ho p ding p li i f m p
e rec e ex c a on o co as

twhi h iti p f t tp t C n id
,

i
s on , o c s a er e c c oun e r ar o s er

d y u will fi d t h tit t i t
.

i ly
s e r ous i an h m l
o n a s no n e s a

l t m if tt h t t t
,

es d g me re e h d
ore an es a an o e r an no our

i t bj tf t m nt
,

l
se ve s h s e wh w
o ec o our re s en e en e are

an gy t
h
r it i th t th d an t l s i t
h a an o er an no ourse ve s s e

bj tf d wit
,

mp i wh w m h
‘

o ec o our c o ass on , en e are ove

i
p yt B t
h i d d h olf id n i theem ave a se ev en c e n e

Whi h whil t t
-

t
.
,

mi d m i u h i i E d b
'

c s
p our y n s re an n so s ca

t i m f yt
t ttf m limit
,

h d gma
e o m s o s s e ex or s ro us an un

t
,

ed as se n . i

SE CT . t
Au hor s hyp o hes is
’
t on t
bi S r uh ec j t .

WHER E many have faile d of suc c e ss i may b e

so
'

t
t
h ght t tt tt t
,

ou s um uous o a m d i io B u
p re p e p a e c s n

t t t
.

d p d
e s on y i e nc
g d q i wn h ireh s m ar o a ue s on c ee s o

f ll wit hi t f lt t
,

a h h f n i e re ac di i ly
o our ac u es , an s en re

subj t ed t
ec b t i d i
o our o se rva on an
p m t p ex e r e nc e , us a

p t
e ar th i
o q i it i d p h
e il n
p hi m
us i d till
ve an os o c n a s

t t t t t t
,

g f a
re a e r l h p um p i T h
an e ve n l m y resu on e a er a

th i t d t f fl t t
.

i
oc c as on i e hn ro uc
y w hi h m u on o a a se e or c s

t t
,

ily
n e c e ssar m d h i w d
co e un e r i f e re v e an c orre c on o

di g p hil
s uc c e e p h
n A d t h d t os otio f e rs n e e ec n o e rror

t t t t t t t
.

p f
rove s o i m l en h d in s ru y f h
en a o e s c ove r o ru

t i it t t
.

Wh h f m q
e re as h e or
y l ger h duas e s c ur os a o e e r, an

i fl impli it
ue n c e s on e ly t b d i q iy c t o a an on an n ur u

ty
n as

erl u d t m in b l I h ll
e er t h f na w ff e. s a e re ore no o er a

R 4
 T ux PHIL OS OP HY or Book I .

O f he t caus e of t
h t
pla eas ure we rec eive from fl
a ec
'

t
i g
n j t
ob ec s or rep res en a ion s . tt
fe w ob se rva ion s g t c on c e rn in t
h p e assion s, whic h if
t t
,

righ ly a re he n ded an d we i he d, will, I hope , c on ri

pp g
ttt t t
bu e o he solu ion of he p re se n q ues ion t t .

M fi tb t
i
Y h ll rs o se rva on s a be , h tlm t
t all t
h a os a e

s imp le p as sions of t t
whic h he min d is susc e p ible may
b di id d i tt t t t
,

e v e n o wo c lasse s ; he p leas an an d he
p fi l
a n u I t i t t t
s a t t
he s ame ime ac kn owle dge d ha
t d t td by t t
.
,

h pl e u e as h p i
res an h dif
e f a n s c rea e e ere n :

p i d
ass on s , f
if id b lyer f m c on s t
h b
e ra t h ro on e ano e r, o

i k d O fth f m j
n
i dd g an e re e l l y e or er c ass are ove , o

t t t t t t
.
,

h p o e, p id g i
r u de, f hra l h e d g i
o f e a er, a re re

t t t t t
, ,

f e ar,h m s
g a L
e, i anh m e r. k d h by
e h e re ar e a e

m p id i t h fi tl t
,

na e r e n
(w h i
e h I w
rs dm i
c as s , c o n a s a

var ei ty f p to t
i )
ac c e m i m
a ons nt h t hno ore s ea e re an

th f li g whi h w h
e ee n c bt i i g teh m it d
ave on o an n e er e

a
pp b t
iro a f th m
on o i woh i h er it t d
en, i n c se n se s an s n

di tpp it
re c i
o tb m i t
os on h o r a d l t
eh n e s e c on c ass, or e

feeling whic h we have whe n c on s c ious of inc urrin g

t
h d e e s e rve d t
h blame
I lik m g of o e rs n e an n e r, ra

it
t t m t
t t
.

d u e , or h ff i
e re s en
pp d en o avour, s o ose o da

g ,
er or t
h et
m tf i j y
e re s nT t h d en o n ur o e se c on

t
.

l
c as s I m igh have adde d des ire an d a vers ion , whic h
g ive t
h mi d m e i n di t if t
so e tune as n e ss or s sa s ac ion wi h
it s
p t t t ; b
re se nutt
h f
s a et t h i f es e are o en e oc c as on o

p l t
h
e as ure ,
y t
h p i
as ip l p e t t
are i e r nc a s urs o ac on ,

an dp h p m t h
er a s y t h p i ore li t han an o er ass on , re e ve e

mi d f m t
n h tl g ro whi h a di g t anth j t uor, c ac c or n o e us
is p f t
,

re m k f Abb d B
ar o ly p pe i u B 03 , e r ec o re ss ve e

t t t t
.

sid h y
e s , as
p p lly e m are
p i d wi h eri h e ua ac c o an e e er
Gbap XI . . R H E T O R IC . a6s

Sec tII
. » t
The au hor s hypo hesis
’
t on t
hi s s ub ec j t
.

hop e or f e ar, ge ne rally t tth ywi h bo h e are ei t

h er

tp i fl t t t
,

p le as an or an u as h h h
e on e or e o er p re
p on de

t F t t
,

ra e s h or e s e re ason s , h ym yb ided a e c on s e re as

t t i tm di tki d
.

in h m l fe se ve s o an in diff e ren or n er e a e n .

THE ti t
sec on d ob se rva ion h t t h i tt s, a e re s an a rae

t i on or as soc a on i t i m g t h p i a w ll on e ass ons , as e as

a m g t
on h id e f t h mi de as R o ly y p e n are an as

tig t th l w ft hi t
.

i
s on c o m l T i
e s a on e o nve s a e e a s o s a

tt w ld b i d d m t t f ui
.

rac i on , ou e n ee qui y a a er o c r ous e n r

b t it d t tf ll Wit hi t h limit f t t
,

u h o no a h p n e s o e re se n

q t
ue s on i Alm tll t h th
os ff t ia ttt e o er a ec on s a rac or

it it t
.

ex c d i
e i f m
es re or ave rs on o s o h Th e so or o er e

t t t
.

p i
ass ons w h i h m c h seeh l i fl o ave e e as n ue nc e on
t h e se ,
jy
are d g iof ; and f t
h tw j y
re I b an o e o, o e

k wl dg d t ft tt
,

lie ve , will b e ac h no l h e e o ave es s o e a rae

t iy p w t
e o h er
g i f J any i th re d f d i d
o s e en o e s re , an

t mpl t t tt
.

h e co i fh pe on o h f wh o e : i d it e re ore
'

en a a ne

tly l d f t t b tm
,

n o on ex c i h
u e s oc c as on h or e o e rs , u se e s

tl tt p l t wh t
,

for a whil e a e ash m w ld

o re e e as a ou

t t t t t
,

t
,

g i ve an im p i i u
e r ne n
p i h p l n e rr on o e e as ure re

su i gf m t
lt n h
ro t mpl t i fp
e c on e t f li it y w ith
a on o res e n e c

whi h t h mi d u d t
,

c e h i fl
n u n fj y i er
g e n e nc e o o s en ros

G i fh t h lik td t
, ,

d W
’

se re a
y a h h e m i d
en en c en e n

wh lm d by t it i t
.

t
.

is ove r e hi gl my p i
e s h oo as s on , re s s s e

i t
ns ig t i fd i
a ons o wh t w ld g i t p
es re , as a ou a an, o no ur
t t t t t
.

pose , i
rous e i i y i
s d i d
ac i h p v i s a ns o e, e ve n

l t
oa h it es i dd l i d
as a va n an m Th fi tg e us ve re a e rs su

t t t
.

ges i ons o f h p i es e m b h
ass on s bi g t see u as ar n o
t
e rs

t h ut
e c i g n ll t i ff m flt
re co ec ti g p p t
on o or er a er n ros e c s.

I
 2 66 T ar P HI L OS O P H Y
. or B oak l

O f he t caus e of t
h t
pl a eas ure we rec eive from ing object
meet s or repre sent
at
ion s .

on c e tf oo on dly e n e r ain ed, n o tt wu t i t d

tly t
er ex nc an

t
,

s uc c ee de d by an in s uppor able an d irre me diab le dis

ap point
m t whi h y ll ti
en b t t c e ve r re c o e c
‘

on se rve s u o

t t t
,

agg N h
rava e
y w b l i m a y o unac c oun a e soe ve r a

t t t
.
,

a
pp h m i d
e ar, m h m e f l i f n s ee s o ave a ourn u sa s ac

t i i b i g ll w d t
on n i d lg it g i h
e n d t
a o e o n u e s an us an o

it lfwh lly i itw ffli t B t t

,

imm e rs e i
se hi o n s o n a c on s u s

ly i t tm
.

c an b ffi m d f e ow a h r e o sorr on n e ex re e.

Wh it b gi ent b id wh e igi lly b t

ns o su s e , or en or na u
itl d t h mi d t k
,

i w k d g
n a ea e li f
ree , ea s e n o se e re e

f m d i
ro dh p d t h p
e s re , an i L o e , an o er ass on s ; ove n a

i tt itb l whi h i
as soc a e s
p o e ne vo e n c e , c s on e s e

i
c es ofd i f h m r i m
e s re, t
by it th or e re n o o e s e an an a

d i fth h ppi
e s re o ft h p l d
e H tda n e ss o e e rson ove a re

t i tm l
.

as n au lly ra l m li whi h
as soc a e s a eVo e n c e or a ce, c

i t h d i
s f il t
e th p h t
e s re o d ev o e e rson a e

t
The am bigui y an d e ven p enury of all lan ua es in re la ion
g g t
to our in ernal f g t t
e e lin s , make i ve r
y di f
fit tt
c ul in r e a i n
g o f hem, t
t t t
,

o prese rve a onc e p e rspic ui y an d ac c urac

y B en e vo le n c e is s om e
t it h litt iat
.

im u d p rh p w
es se l i e f m it
a s m t mm im e var on ro s os co on s

t hought
,

p t f
or h ity u i
or c l l ar d l i lf
or will b tn ve rsa ove an ove se e

h d i o wi h ft
,

by m tb p pe ly d fi d by t
so e o e ro r h happi e ne e es re r s o e

fit hj t A tt
ne ss o s o h fi t it i n gh t
ec . h t Ih s ig o e rs , s e ou a ave a ss n

edt h p i m e i g i whi h I u t
re c s e h tm ;e an n d i g d t n c se e er an n re ar o

th d t h
e s e c on wh d ly t tt i
ose twh tp owithi are u a en ve o a asse s n

twill b ibl t t
,

th i w b
e r o n h t
re as s , by l i t h t i t e sen s e, a ove , n e s r c es ac

c ptat
i i ma t ton , i pls u bl
e an m ti it di t
a c er a n he e as re a e e o on ex c e n

mi d by n uit bl obj t a stwhi h t h d i

a ft
e h h ppin ec of o c e e s re o e a es s

h bj t qu t Th f li it
,

t e o i g lly
ec s en era
y of t
h bj tmc ons e
g en e e c e o ec a ; r

tl
.

however be such, as o e ave n o room for an y de sire o r wish of ours

 R E E TO R I C -

S ec tll . T eh au t
h or s
’
hypo hesist on t
hi s s ub ec j t .

MY t
hi d r obse rva ion t is, t
thatp ain of e ve ry kind

ge n e rally m ake s a de e per imp ress ion on he imagin a t

t
i t
h on an
p le
a s ure does , an d is lon ge r re aine d by he t t
me mory I is t a c ommon remark ofe very o
p p
e le and

t h m fu d t
ly h t
. . .

o f e ve ry age , and c onse ue n i q a so e o n a on

: i h m
n u t
u th t b
an n a fit f g t
re , t a e ne s are soone r or o en
v
b
r an i j i df u t
n h
ur es , an fi t Th wh avo rs an a ron s .
’

os e o

tm d tt
are ac c us o td t h t h twill b
e ibl
oa en e e a re e se n s e,

th t anh pl t f t e h b t tg di whi h t
o s o h yh e es ra e es c e ave

wit d n e sse t m mb d by t
b t are h m t he th e r re e e re e an ose

ft h m tl b t
.
, ,

o e d
os m di A d i d d
ce e ra e y co e es n n ee e ve r

b dy t h tfl t tifi d t h t t t
.

o m yb
a re ec s y k a e sa s e a n o s or a es

fi m h ld f t h m m yt t
,

a r er o h l
o fw Ie e or an a ae o oe n

i il hi t t t t
.

c v y w l
s orl i bi h
g p y as i i h di e as n o ra s e cas

t t twhi h ft t
, ,

u
ro s an d h j y u no e o o s e ven s , c are o en e s re

ll t
c o ec e d d t il d an re a e .

Tm: four h tb o serva ion t is , h t

t f m a ro a group e of

pas sions (if I may o pr

s ex e ss m ys el f) assoc ia e d ttg o e

ih re
gard tit Thi
o s t
holds p ar ic ul arly in our love o G od Be t
t
. .

s ides, t
h ere may be a t
desire of he happin es s of o hers, arisin g from
tu t thi g fth t tim t
‘
ve ry diferen c a s es , where h e re i s no n o a s en en or

feeling whic h is ttly ll d l

s ric I ca e ove . o w t t
h
n, a m t
im th t e sa e e, a

h t
t m l e er ove i l ft
s a so od td ti en use o en o e S ni l
py b en e vol e nc e or

g wi
oodl l ; as en e are c o wh w
an e mm d d tl
o ove all men, known

tt t
,

an d unknown , ood and bad, f an d in urious To ha

g rien dl
y j . en

t
der emo ion whic h qu li t
i upp a es s d mi bl
ose a l n aitt h e a o e c an ex c e, e

t t t t thi g I th ughtit
.

prec e
p l y d h
sure d o no e x en Th es e n s o nec e s

t t
.

sar y b i
o o s erve ,d p n or er o reven tmi t k i whi h
s a es n a c ase c re »

q uires so much precision .

 T ux P H IL O S O P H Y or B oo/EL

O f he t c aus e o f t
h t
p l
a easure we rec eive from a ec
‘

t
fl ing objec ts or rep resen a t
ti ons .

th dh i gt
e r, h an m bj t m f whi h
av n e sa e o ec so e o c are

ft tt f th p i ful ki d ; if t
,

o h pl e h e asan h o e rs o e an n e

t t t
'

t t t
,

p l p e
e as and mi h i h fr
go na e , e re ar s e o en a re a er

an d m du b l pl
a u tt
ore h mi d th w uld
ra e e as re o e n an o

f m t
lt Th t t
,

re s u h if l
ro d u mi d h
e se , a on e an n x e . a e

c as e is s o, will I believe on a c are ful en quiry be

tb t
t t
, , ,

foun d o e a ma e r of e x
p e rie n c e how i hap p e ns
tb
o e so, I am afraid, human t
sagac i y will n e ve r b e

ti t
ig t
,

able o nve s a e .

THIS obse rva ion t h ld t o s e s p ec ially whe n he emo ion st

and f f tai i di
ec d i d f m ymp t
on s ra se hy
n us are e r ve ro s a

t tly lf f t h bj t Sym p t
,

andh di
ave n o re c hy se or e o ec a

t p i b tt h t q lit t
.

is no a ass on ,y f h l wu h i h a ua o e sou c

re nd t pt
e rs i ibl f lm t y p
susc e i by m
e o a os an as s on , co

m i t i
un c a on f m t h b m f t
ro h It by ym e oso o an o er is s

t t t t t
.

p h
a
y w j i w i h h m
e re o c e h j i d w p e a re o c e , an ee

wit ht h m t h t w p Thi f lt
e a
y h w ee d th s ac u o e ve r, o

tt wit h qu l t gt h i t t
.
,

no ac h e
pp i
a s re n n e se o os e c as e s ,

b t ui m hw k
s i t
uc h fi t th i t
ea er h d
n e rs an n e se c on

It t ig t h i tt
.

w ld p h p b
ou i er a s i f
e e as e r o ass n e n en on o

ti t
n a ure hi diff n th t
h s ft h diff
e re n c e , an e c aus e o e e

re n c e Th m i bl dt he id d ymp t
se ra hy fe n ee e a an s a o

t t t I m tf t
.

o h h h p py d
e rs e a h b o no us ur e r o se rve

t bj t wh t w hi t
.

on hi s su I b li ec d a l e e ve as n e on c e a re a

dy t h tymp t tly t gt
,

a hy m y b g
s a h d a e re a s re n ene or

d by t td p i
,

w k ea ene h i fl f e n ue n c e o c on ne c e as s on s

i ttit db t
.

Th l us b
ove assoc a e s l h gi o e ne vo e nc e , an o ve

d bl f
ou e tymp torc ehy H td o s th ty a a re on e c on rar

i tt it d d t t
.
, ,

as soc a e s m li o y y p m hya c e , an e s ro s s a .
Chap XI . . R H E T O R IC . 2 69

Sec tII
. . T he au t
h or s
'
t
hypo hesis on t
hi s sub ec j t
.

THER E are c onse que n tly se ve ral re ason s why a sc e n e

ann ot
‘

of p ure unmix e d j y
o in an
y w ork of g e n ius c

tl t tt Fi t
,

i i g pl h mi d
'

g ve a gre a or as n e asure o e n rs

ttj y i m h f i t d m t i t
.
,

sympa he ic o s uc a n er an ore ran s e n

th an m
y p th ti
s
g i f ad the y g
c l ly
re th an e are e n e ra e

t t t
,

s m
y p h i p ai wehi hc i f d
as s on s , b yp c are n us e oe s , ora

t p i t d hi ti
ors , a n e rs, an dly j y i t h s or an s se c on o s e

l t ttt f ll t h fi t It
,
'

e as i a rac ve i o p h
a p e a ec on s . e r a s c an

n eve r
p p y l b id
ro er t i t t eit d i
sa th o assoc a e o e s re , e

g t
re a
p i g f s ti rn T h om tw
ac on
y i th t e os e c an sa s, a

wh it b gi t b id itg m g e pl td
.

en e ns o su s e, a a 1v s ac e o e

i t
s re ,hi p io b i g f s ass h ntu t
e nh t it o s uc a na re , as a c an

h dly f
ar y t im or b b an i h d f m t
h e l e an s e ro e sou

it i t h t t t
.

H en c e h j y whi h h
s, a h f e d o c as no o er oun a

ti b t
on y pm t h
u y q si kly t i th
a m i d d uc re s e n an run s

i t t i t t t t t t
, ,

n o sa ey H i i l h d me nc ei w i s a so, a ra a c r e rs ,

w it mak
.

an d m e ven ro an c e fp jy
r e rs , e a s ce ne o ure o

a lw y t h l t
a s
a f
e th pis d b
sc e ne t h to e ec e, an u a s or

on e It m yj t b m t i
a d t hi dly
us ti d d
e en on e r no n ee

t t t t
.
, ,

as an ar u
g m (f f w en
ak i h i or o 1 s
p I e n e ss n s re s ec

t t t
,

a m y ve rib l ) b se n s ill u i e f m u l gy as an s ra on ro ana o

th t yt t i h ight d d tff
,

a hi g e ve r u n 1n na re s e e ne an se o

by it ty whi h b y gi i g f m i
‘

s c on rar c vn sc o e or c o
,p p , , ar

son , e n hanc e s e ve ry e x c e lle nc e The c olours in

t tf t t
.

p g q
iain i n ac u re a doub le lus re ro n i h h d
e s a es h e

h m ymm
ar on us1 c 1 s gre a ly timp rove d by a j udic ious

mi t f dix ure o The whole c o n du

sc ords .
c of life , we re t
i t
n e c essary, m igh e x e mp lify he
p os i ion A m ix t t t
t t t
, .

of p ain e n s ee ms o b e of c on se uenc e o ive

h q g
t t t tt
s re n g h an d s abili y o pleas ure
'

.
 ’

T m; P H TL O S O P H Y or 8 6016 1 2 .

O f he t c ause of t
h t
p la easure we receive from aflec ing obj ec
'

t t s or represen a t
ti ons.

THE fifh ti t tb h t u de t
o s e rva ion h m pi t y s, a n r e na e

m y b i l d d ll t
a e h m t
nc u ei it diby t
a g y d
e e o ons eXc e ra e

t
.

I mm h ll i d d i l d d d h is
“

s n co p on s e e c a n ee are nc u e un e r

m t h t it d by t ht
'

na e, a are
p iex c f l qe a s ec e s o e o ue n c e
whi h i d c mi t s d t h p t
e no h t i Th p i
na e e a e c e as s on s

d by t t
.

m ove g y d h b ra e mm ly s i d ave b ee n co on a o e

t t t
t
p yi d an T h i error m m p p
s l
e nu e ra 1 on 13 ore o u ar

th t t t t
.

p h i
al p hi l os o h ug h cad o p d be ve n
y h S o a e e a

t t t t t t
,

gy i h i
r em lf F o w h se i i
p y b p ri ip i a s u a ar c a on

by ym p t hy i t f t dt
.

s h w a h n h f li g
e oe s o o e rs , an e ee n s

t lly
na ura q tp t
c on se h m f wh t ki d
ue n u on e o a e ve r n 0

t t t
,

h yb e h i f e, W ll e r w wh
e ars as hi e as sorro s : e re as, s

wy f a tdi t
o i g i hi g t
c on ra f m p it
s n yus w u l d n e rror ro o

wh k w t hi g f t t t
,

m k a e one o g y d
ne b f m
no h n o ra e u ro e

d fi it e i nim gi on , t h t it w i td d tm k
a ne , a e re n en e o a e us

mp i
co tt h
ass on a e i tubl o d d d mi hi f
ers n ro e , an re a sc e

t l o ourse ve s If t hi w lly t h I b lie

s e re re a e c as e , e ve

t
.

h e re arefw wh w uld fi d y pl
e or n one i o o n an e asure n

t hi p i s s f t t
e c es o i m t Of t hi t
en e r a n h i en s e re s ac c es s

twit h t h m t
.

mpl wh i h p
'

o n e s s an e x a e, e n , as a so e rn es a

p e ned i th m id t
n f th pe f m sth o d i e e r or an c e , e au en c e

l m d wit h t t t t t
,

are a ar h e udd p h h e h s e n re or a e ouse

h t h t t
,

a k fi a en wh h y h
re , or i whi hen e ear a n o se c

m k t a esh m p tet h t th f
s us wec ll f lli
a
g e roo or a s are a n

i d d t t i t
.

Th en , n ee error
y s are s n e ve r c oun e n an c e

b ut h t gi
,
‘

s uc a d g
e rror as f pl d
ve s n o e re e o e as ure , an
i g wit ht
t
i s f f m
so ar l ro h p i
c oa e sc n i d by e as s ons ra se

t g y
h t e d t
ra eh t th c t y ait p l
on h m el on rar ex e s e a

t t t t t
, , ,

in h m i d f m im
‘

go e h d l
er, an e aves no e n , or so e e
 X

Chap . XI . R H E T O R IC .

t
T he au hor s hypo hesis
’
t on t
hi s sub ec
j t
.

atl t oth id
e as , an er ea or re fle c t
ion bu t
wh t a c on c e rns

t
.
,

p l f
erson a
y sa e .

tt
ON he h h d if ll t h ymp t
o h t
eri ff t i
an a e s a e c a ec on s

itd by t h t t t
t t
,

ex c e h i l p i w
e b
rea r c a re re se n a on e re o e

lly
s e ve ra um td I en t why h p i dige ra e c an no see , 0 e, n

t d h t d g t it tm t
,

na i l
on, ove d dan a re ra u e an re se n en

t t
, ,

sh ldou b i l d d
no w ll f e T nc u e as e as e ar o ac c oun

t f t whi h w fi d i pit
.
,

h en h pl su or e y iea i re s c e n n s, n a

t t t t t
.
,

g re am gi l
e asure , i f h q u io ve a so u on o e es on un

d i w I d
e r re v e ty t h t t
hi will ti fy io no sa a s sa s n e ve

t t t m
.

ry O
c as e h y h n y e i
c on rar e re are an c as e s , n

tb it d, f t
.
,

whi h Abb d B
c c e u h
’
os s a c oun a ove re c e o e

p le i
as urei g f m th it
ar s n
g t
i d flu tu t
i ro f e a a on an c a on o

t i t ly lut h t b gi
t
,

'
h p e i h
ass on s, i s e on so on a c an e ven .

MY six t
h and t hi h d i t
las tb ht o serva ion on t s ea s, a

t t t
,

i
p y i s im p l
no
p i b
a s g p f pe i ass on , u a rou o as s on s

t i t
ly it d b i t
i d it w b l d d
ti g i t
s rc y un e assoc a on , an as ere en e

bj t O f t
,

by c en e r n h m n h e sam e o ec e se so e are

t t t
.

p l easan m p i f l ;so m m l
ey h p lan u p co on e e as an re

t t t t t
,

p d
on I h
e ra e . h b m k d l a dy h l e e n re ar e a re a a ove

t t tb
,

a rac s l b l
ene vo e n c e , q i k m
y pa e n e vo e n c e uc ens s

thy Th m t tt e i t ksa
p l e ia ly rac on a es ac e n ve rs e

t tp h p wit h q l tgt
.
,

h ghou no h
er a s , Symp e ua s re n a

t
.
,

hy g gen b l
a es d b l l
e n e vo e n c e ,e an e nevo e nc e ov

Th t th h bit
.

b n
a l e e vo e n c e ,f wi hi g h pp i or e a o s n a n e ss

t t o an oh f m wh t m te r, i ro it h t h igi lly
a e ve r o ve a or na

s run
p g w ill tl g t
h d w i l a m i gh
en t b p d ra n ove , e rove

f m t di t
,

ro h a ousan n s an ces .
2 72 T HE P HI L O S O P H Y or B ook ]:
0

t
O f he c ause of t
h t a p leas ure we re c eive from
'

a ec t
fl ing objec t
s or represen a ions . tt

INth p t y d
ei i i warhi h b t i i m
v s on s c o an n so e c oun

t h tm i t fi t
-

i
r e s,itft h p p o ten a i d
e n s, d a a an s a rs n uc e

ttk id p ly f m m t
o a e a s e, i fi t t
ure ; f ro a o ve o n e re s or

so m t im e f mt hi m t
e, i rol ly h wi h s th o ve so e e s es e

ft h p t t
,
“

s uc c e ss o
y w i h w h i
e h h i ar m b k d F m c e s e ar e ro

h bitf wi hi g t t twi h it
.

a a o hi h will s ni s e c on n ue o s

um t hi w i t t
,

wh by
en , h g f a c an e o c 1 rc s an c e s, s o n n e re s

is nol g on td wit h it
er c on n e c e
; y w hi h i m na c s ore

t g h will tt h l d t th
,

s ran e, e e ve n c on rac s uc a ove an a ac

m t en tt h p t o y t p
e m t art h i i tas t i d io ro o e e r n e res n

tpp it thi w Th t mmi t

,

re c oi os on o i s o n. a co se ra on or

s m
y p thy i a w h th t
nill t oe ,
g t d a
y t s a s ron e r en e nc o

en g g u l i
a e o r ove , id t s ev en .

t
THIS is
h ly t i l t
e onth t b gi ra on a ac c oun a c an e ve n

why m t h f h m
o di p it
e rs i o
g lla
y l u an e s os on e n e ra ove

m t th i kli t
os hild i t
e s c h f mily t h gh p h p
es c n e a ou er a s

f f m b i gt li t t t t
,

ar h l
ro i
e n
p i h ef move es n re s ec e er o e

p f th
e r or o q ua liti oT h h bi
ert f m m i es e a o co se ra

t h b itt t h m tt t
.

i on a h f li g
ua es d i e f o e ee n an e x e r on o

b l B
e n e vo e n c e l h b itllyf lt d t
e n e vo e n c e a ua e an ex e r

t t
.

ed fim
,
d c ong m r h i l
s an N t h i
au
g
” en s e r ove . o n ,

s ays Mr H ume e n de ars s o m uc h a frien d, as s or

w for his de a h The p le asu

ro t
re of his c om an y
p
t t tt
.

”
has n o s o p owe rful an in flue n c e D is re ss o he
t t t
.

i i
p y g yn e e dim in ishe s e ve r
y fau l a n d s e s o f
f e ve

t t tt t
, ,

ry
g ood q uali y in he b righ e s c olours N or is i a

t t t t t
.

le s s p owerful advoc a e for he mis re s s han for he

E ss ay on T r gedy a .
 R H E T O R IC .

Sec t
I
. I
. t ’
T he au hor s hyp o hes is t on t
his s ub e c
j t
.

frie n d : td
of e n th i gl i m tc s an e of misfor
'

oe s e s n e c rc u

t
u n e s ub due all rese ntm tf fo m ld
en o r er c o n e ss an d ill

usage , an d make languid an d dying p ass ion re vive

a
an d flame tt
ou wi h a violenc e whic h i is imp oss ible t
an y lon ge r o twit
htnd s a E ve ry b ody ac knowle dge s ,
t
h t t t t
.

b y i a e au s ne ve r so irre sis ible as in e ars Dis

t i mm ly uffi i nt h t
wit t
.

res s s h wh
co on s c e os e o are n o
ve r
y h d h t
d it
p yl (f t
arh w d ear e or e s s, or e se or s are

m imp t t t t
-

ly f t
.

n e ar h ) m ko mi y i e sa e or o a e eve n e n

lf l t
se re en ,

Turns are t
h en tt t
in pi y, hese hree diffe re n e mo t
t t t
.

i ons : firs c ommis era ion, p urely p ainful ; se c on dly,

t
,

bene volenc e , or a de sire of he re lief and hap p in e ss of

th bje o p iec wtpit l

i d dy b e d a as s on , as as a re a o s erve

t t t t
, ,

f h i m di ki d ; h i dl l i w h i h
t
o e n er a e ove, n c 13
y e n r

lw y im t t t
,

a
p li
a s d f h b l d me q i i
on e o e no es an os ex us e

l u w h f t
h l tibl d w h i h e sou 1 s susc e

fi i t
p e as re s , p a
ere o e, n c

i itlf i mo ts
s se f n togi unts rp s i
c a e s , su c en ve a c o e o e

f p le u t t
,

o h Wh l
as re o e o e,

t h f t
For he fimt i e ft hi t
ur h y l t it
r c on r a on o s e or e :

m k d t hat t nd p t i o d t
. ,

h o
‘

ora ors oe s, n
‘

e re ar e a r er

t gt t i t t t
,

h hi i n d i a p i
s assoc a oo un on , are
’
a ns

ty w d
s re n en an

ad t hornch t f hime f w h m h
arac e r ou l or o e o en

g g u
a e o r it
p y w ith y m i b l q lity w hi h i eve r a a e ua c n
t t t t t
, , ,

i
a c o s s e nc
n y w i h p b b ili y h y ow d i o ro a e c an c r n

itO h t t t t t
,

h y w h e h eh i h
c on rar
s ful n e c arac e r a e

t t t t
.
, ,

h p e m i f e rson s
’

p i i d S o m im
s or une s are un e e es

t t
.

hy e O io l
e ve n
p s ur f y d f
if
c c as r k in
n a d ea e o a ver e en

VO L I . . S
2 74 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I .

t
O f he c aus e of t
h t
p la eas ure we rec eive from fl
a eé
'

tin g obj ec t s or rep resen a i ons . tt

na mely ht
t whi h t h mi d a tu lly t ak i
c i w e n na ra es n ve

i g t h ju t t t t
,

n p e i hm n f
s d m W
un s h h h e o e e ri en e c a

th t h mi t
.

rac e r h a
‘
f g d
suc d di a q u li x ure o oo an o ous a

t t
le s , h t w
as ithe wit
a hh ld e c an mmi ne r o our c o se ra

ti on , n orb t w l th mi d i t
es o h our tm p ove e n s en o 0

p it
os e w y t b
a s
y p i w
a hi h i t
on c e , d f ass on s c n s ea o

u it t
,

n i g n
p l t
re h He h
on e p i b ano er enc e e ec e e

d di g t S h t t
.
,

co m h king
es s oc ful an in s us uc o a c er a

i m y j d gm t i t h t
.
,

d g e re e , n g yd uf V i P en s e ra e o
o en ce re

i t twith tdi g
,

s e rved wh h h e re n le e ro, no s an n seve ra

t t t t
,

g d
oo q u li i i il
a l i d es,i w ill
s a v pp a n an a ra or, a e ar o

w ll di p d mi d A ll t
e s ose h b n if t td e a ove c ase s , a en

ly t tlly wit h t
-

d twill b f a t
.

d h hyp o
‘

e o, e oun ex c o a e

th i h
es s ugg t de re s es e .

t
A LLh w t h ewhi h I m bl tp od
ans er en c a a e o r uc e ,

up t
onh wh l d whi h ult f m t
o e , an h f g ro o

t
e c re s s e ore

in g b ti i t h
o se rv a on s , si T h p i ip pl l i p yi s : e r nc a easure n

i t h f m it w ro t u f m t h
o t f na or ro n a ure o
'

ar s e s n re , e

th ose
p i f w h i
ass on sh it i m p o d d d t c s co oun e an no

t t tt t
,

f m ro y h iang i i d
n i i ex T h
r ns c or a ve n ous e en

m t ti tt
.

d er e i f l o on s whi h o h ove mpoi c en e r n o e co s

ti w tt
on , s h mmi
e e en t
i y pme t h t
coi r se ra on or s a e c so

r w; t t t t t t
io wit
h mm i i i b ili h
h whi h t
o e co s e ra on ves a s a o ose e
g y
m t h w tt
,

h mi d W ld
dt
o ns c o er se e n ou soon

b l y d wh
e c o e di t w d enp i m
re c e
g i o ar s a e rson , a na

t t t
,

r y k i un w i h w
n o vn ,h m W or
'

ll y o e are o a
’
unac

t t
,

q u i d
an e T h y b e l e verw i h f o i e n vo e nc e or s o c n r

b uti g thi t t
.

n li f o fii d s re
p ti e hé a or s an oc c u a on o
’

th ughtwhi h g e t It
,

o s, b iy c h m imp l
a ree a rous s e . e s
wa s ]
. li ne men 1 m fi t s

Set
ti . I? t
T hvau hor sfh ygo hes
’
tt t
his s on sub ec j t
t
he mi nd tis
'

de i e ex
v s f
pedie n tbywhi h t
s, h c e unhap
py p
’

fi if
erso
: our
rfis i
p yz zi s:slas hed b
y som
”

e p re s e n c a t t n

la t
mirous inc ide n ) mayb e , or (if in is awake d by he
‘
t
t t
ar ! of t t
f he os ; he ora or, or he his orian ) migh
p tt t t
h v b
a e ; h u dtf m hi di
een re e et e Y t t
h w hol
'

rn s s r ss.
‘
e e e

m r t ff th
e rie smbin d fi t ii oi t m e co a z a ec
'

rns s no c on ve

h ugh t ft
.

d im
e } bt ‘
h i h o e; une as n e ss o e

ml h ly p i b w d it i t f
ih d
hi g w ge t
e anc
p o ass ons i e ove r o ere SJ n o e ce

by m t ?a o o itki d
.
,

:
so n
e
pp s in r a n s e n .

M s; Hi ram inde ed; in: his manne r of ex p ress in g him '

t t t
sei flon: h is ar icle : ha h not ed e it
,

? ob s erv her an e n
“

tir e:
nif mit
y u hi u l por i i I h ld t or s us a re c s on s ou :
a

th ? y f m m dub it i m tt
l t
.
,

e sa m iro h so e sne ss n re a o o e: ac »

o t t t
,

c un h w givi g; h e:m h as i p n e se e s o ave , n ar re »

tt d wh t t d t
,

h h dh
”
rac e b li hi g
a hu l av
e a ec n e s a s n an s e es

t d wit lt t i t Fi t
.

h h
e re a e r i h d ii an a e rn a ve n e e c s on rs

h t t
h tt h wh le m m V tft
.

efi s us, h [m e
'

e a o i e en c ose e

inn) pleas u ” Afar

t [t
lan c holy] pas sions is enli ven e d re

tw th l t t t t
.
.

ev ards , h e a er e sen ime n s of be auy] b e ~

i g t tmofi t
.

h p d mi
t
h wh l mi d
'

n e i re o nan e on , s e z e e o e n

tt
,

a d n h f m [ h im
c on ve r
p l h m e or er e u s e or ve e enc e

aii g f m
rs n w mp i i dig t
ro i ] i t
sorro co as s on , n na on , n o

t t
,

h m l e h dd b y w y f
se ve s i e a s, a o c orre c on , or

tla t i t t
t h m
e as t gly ttlly tl
n c ure e so s ron as o a o a

tt t A g i Th l f l t
,

h ier e r n a ure he a n, e s ou e e s, on

t g m m twhi h i ltg t
.

wh l o e, a s ron h d ove en c s a o e er e

light A ll t t
,

”
ful hi I k wl dg pp m s, ac no e e, a e ars o e

tb it fi i t ly d fi it t t
.

o h e uf ne q ui
er s i lli c en e n e, nor e c n e .

gib le .
2 76 THE P H ILO S O P H Y or B ook I .

t
O f he cause of t
h t
p l a easure we receive from afiec t
i g n j t
ob e c s or repres en a ion tt

tt tt t
B ur p as s in g ha , I s hall only s ubjoin , ha he com
t t t t
b ina ion of he pass ions in he ins anc e un de r our e x
t t t
amin a ion is n o like he b le n din
'

g of c olours, wt
o of

t
,

whi h will p d
c hi d wh i y di
ro uc e a r ere n ou c an sc e rn

t hi g f t it d i p d ing it
,

no n he igi l h o or ; na ue s un e n ro uc

b ut itt h ra mbl mi t f t
er re s e t wh y u es a x ure o as es , en o

quit ibl f t t ft
.

are h dif f
e sen s h i g
e o e e ren s avours o e n re

di t Th
en e bl d y ll w mi gl d m k g
us , ue an e o n e a e reen ,

t i tf it h ; a d ll t
.

i whi h y
n di c ou h
sc ove r n o an o e er n a e

l
c o ours f th i b w bl d d
o t
it
e t whit
ra n o en e c on s u e a e,

which tt
,

h y pp o imp l e ed igi l
e a y e ars as s e an or na as an

o ft h m edp f t ly lik t h
an O t h t
e r ech un e o e ac n e o er

ti gm t with lt f i t w tt
.
,

h d i
an n ea n ea sa or n s an c e , e as e

b t i t
h di t dt h gh t h l t t i gly w ld b
, ,

o ly ; s nc an ou e a er s n ou e

di g bl
s a ree a th f m i d
e, d m e
g b l or er s re n e re ore a re ea e

by t h mi t u e th itw ld t x h wi h re b an ou o er se ave ee n .

t t t t t t
i ih t
I O WN ,
h i d in de ed
i i i m a c e r a n a ve n ous c rc u s an

m ay
c es t h ight t h ff t B t
c on t h
ns o e en e e ec u e se

t t t t
.

b
c an n o g d d i l
e re h p i T h
ar e y as es sen a o e ass on . e

i lly
oc c ur oc c as on a S m ft h m tlly b t o e o e ac ua oc c ur u
Of t t i t tif t whi h ri t
.

ld m
se o hi h i hs sor s e s a s ac on c a se

it
.

f m
ro f w
a s e n se o d y m p d
our o n c ase an se c ur co are

h t
wit l mit t t
,

h y d h d
e ca a
g f h an e an er o an o er .

t
Ti s p le as an , s afely o be hold from shore
’
t
T he rowlin g ship, an d he ar he em pe s roar tt t
Notth t t h p i a an o
’
er s an i u d light
s o r
; e

B tp iuf ltp d a n s un e ro uc e t
h pl i g ight
e e as n s

tl tb h ld f
.

Ti p l
’
s e as an a so o e o ro m far
T he movin
g'
le gions m ingle d in he war 5 t "
.
 s a
n t
za .
“

R H E T on rc .

S ec tII
. . t
The au hor s hypo hesis
’
t on t
hi s sub ec j t .

tt t t
The poe ha h hi here on some of he very few c ir
t t t
.

t t
c ums an c e s , in Whic h i would b e n a ural o c er ain
tmp t r ly t
e h m th m td w m
e rs , no su e e os u an e , o ra co

int
f t h mid t
or h t
f ymp t i w f m uh o sorro ro s c a

t
e s s a e c ,

co mparison The re fle c ion , in my opinion oc c urs

tnly wh t al
.
,

al mos o e n a ve ry small c hange in ex e rn si

tt
i h
ua on , as a C ange tt t f f w
in p lac e o he dis an c e o a e

fu l g r on t tt
s, tbl i
would pu us in o he sam e lame n a e c r

mt
c u whi h w
s anc e s mmi ti g i ct
h e are co s e ra n n o e rs

m t hi g f t t it lf t
.

E ve n so hi ki d will p
e n o s n re se n se o our

th ughtwh t o h is,
p ti ul bj t t
en d m d
ere s no ar c ar o ec o e an

u p it
o r y A m wh i t m p t u w t
han it o, n e es uo s ea e r, s s

t
. .

ug i
sn l h u n a c ose g d fi d b h
o se , n e ar a oo re , an ears e

wi d dn i b t i g p
an t h f
ra n d wi d w ea n u on e roo an n o s,

will t lly t mf t bl itt

.

hi k f hi ow
na ura n i o s n co or a e s ua on,

d wit ht h t
.

mp
co are f t ll wh p h p f a o a rave e r, o, er a s, ar

f m h lt i
ro s
p d
e t ll th
e r, i l f
s ext
h t ose o a e v o en c e o e e rn

t
s

p B
es t i h u diff a I
n suc id i a c ases , a e re n c e , s sa n

id t m t whi h m y h p p t
. .
,

i gl l i e n a c rc u

yt
s n e ac c s an c e , c a a en a

an im i ll th t ie,
y t s
p t m
a i t h
a s n e c e ss ar o u a an n e

m di t it u t wh i h it
,

sa e i
sas rous h s a on , e n
er e e e r see s or

i
c onc e ves t h tb A d t h o
y li h
e rs
g t o f e. n e ve r s n e ss o

th i m t whi h w uld h
e c rc u b
s anc e ,uf fi i t to c o ave ee n s c en

Suave mari ma no,

g t
u b tib qu r an us se ora ven t
i s

Et etra m a n um al
g ti p t tl b
e r us s e c a e a ore m .

Non quia ve x ar i q mqu m t

ue
l
j d a s uc un a volup as , t
Sed q uibus ip se m alis c are as, q ui a c e m e re shave ’
s r.

S uave e t t
iam belli ce r amin a magna ueri t
Pe r c ampos in s t
u tt i
r c a, ua s ne p ar e tp e r1 c li.

L uc ae r I . .. 2.
 W s THE m mns o m v or wh e n;
Of t
h e caus e of na tt
p l easure we r e c eiv M m fl m e
'

g ob je c t
s or rep re s ei t
i afi m s .

rev e rs e t
h e sc e n e , make s hiin so feafiy o e tt
i figmmh fi
‘

e
‘
t
wi h himse lf on his b e tl u k
t er c Whe re as meshing is
’
’

t tty l m m
,

le ss n aural an d I wi ll ve ii
t
'

ure o sa e ss c nn
fl t wh t
, , ,

h h i h difi m y
’

an s uc a re ec on en e e re ne es a re an

ti t h t
,

d of ki d whi h
t
h d 13
' '

an a n c c a na e ee one 1 11 1 01 56 ! ac

id t
c l wh
en a t
h l mit
; as
y i Wh t h {
enm i e ca a 2s a
'
e a n

it
p y g m m t id him lf us tli bi t
c on s m i er se as n o a e o, n

t m tt wh wit h t t
,

h e re h d f A m
o es az ar h m a o -
nn 1
o, e

un di m bl d mp i b w il t h wwt h dm d o e
‘

s se e co as s on , e a s ‘
e '

d
un e se rved f tf D d m i tpt t
a e o hi k f es e ona, sn o a i u «
n c

h im lf h w f t t
se eh i i o t b i gt b wif f
or una e s, n no e n e{ e d

t
v r
,

d l j l d f ul h b a d h h
‘

a c re u ous , g e a ous, an
g re ve n e us n g
f
pu

p e rha s a
p girl who h a h la e tt t
ly j
re e c e d a s ui or o f his .
t t
c harac e r, t tt t
will refle c wi h g rea c omplac enc y on he t
e s c ape whic h she h t
hm d
a a e .

AN O THER adven t
it
i ous source o fp le as ure i s, t
h
t
ess

t
if t s ac ion h t ltf
t a re su s ro m h e c on sc i ous e x e rc me ( f
t
h h m e u fe c
an e af tt h t
t
ions , ih whic h i is our d u y t i
o c e zs
d imp Im t io t h i d titi b u
t
an n rove en
-
s as a ve n ous, ec a s e ,

t tl I d t t h t t
.

h gh ou u no im gi n na ura h o no a ne a e s en

t f ymp t h t w it
,

i i h lw y i u a sa
’

s a on s o s a e c sorro e er a 1 n1 e,

di t tt fl t
,

ly gi
a e i hi ve io C hild e
r se o d s re ec n r n, an

t t t
.
,

e ven s va es , a re
a g ib l f i w h h i k
usc e o o n no
s p p y e

t t t t
,

m of l imi g
ore y m ic a h m n l an h i er o e s e ve s on s

t
sc ore ,h th yt hi k f l imi g
an e
y m itn f m o c a n an er ro

th i f li gt
e r h tl pp t
ee n it f h g e n a ura adt hi t e es o un e r an rs

N y it t t t
.

'

ai y p ib l sh p ve r m ay k
oss w i e a e rson s no s

t t t t
, .

p w o d w
e r an w h s h u h h
ee ne ss
g i fl u oo, en , ro e n en c e

f d t i
o e uc a on an d b d mp l t h y id a it ex a e, e c on s er
“

as a
 q p XI . .
R Hfi TO R I C - £ 79

t
Sec II
. .
The au t
h or s
’
t
hyp o hes is on t
hi s su
bj ec t
.

w eo hl m
akne s s is h in t
h eir disp osi t
ion a
rn d as s uceh
t t t t
,

e ndeavour o c on c eal an d s ifl e i A ce r ain degre e

f i ili t m t t t
.
.

o c v i ob
z a on se e y m k h s e n ec e ss ar o a e us o

t t t t
,

ru ohl
g y sib l f i b sen
y d ili y d e o s e au an u an c on se

t t t t tt t t t
,

qu ly enh i o gh b l i d a B ig y m y u o e cu va e o r a

th m tt hi k i hum it t
. .
, .

e ac a y an i i
o i um n n an n c er a n c rc

t t t t
.
,

sa i Y
nc es , a v r ue w ill l i m dm y e na ure rec a an a

m k him i p itf t h di t t f mi g id d
.
,

a e n s e o e c a es o a s u e c on

t t t t t t
,

i
sc en f l l
c e,l h d f
ee i
p y ha h e en e rn e ss o o e e re l c ,

wh i his p i h m t
o, n ha m it o d t h
i n on ,
y as ore n er e e ve r

W t that b i fli t
ors d him c an e n c e on .

a I q t h t o t
wLEnc E
h t h h d w h t h a on e o er an en e

t t t t t
, , ,

se n im m en
g lly co
p il h
es om en era
p i o re va a c as s on

i in it lfp i w t hy it
,

s se my b ra se d d or a e ren e re a sourc e

lf t if t tt
-
,

o fm h m uc i ore h se i gl i sa s ac on o e va n or ous ,

t t
- -

h bly it
a n r eas on a
oug h t y i ld S u h p o gl d o e c ers ns a

t t
.

ly l y h ld f
a yo h d l w h i h
o e ver i h m an e c se rve s o ra se e

i t nh i w e r o tm A d I m k d btt n e s ee h t n a e no ou a se

l f m t t t t
. .

ve ra hi ro
y m i h l d
s ve r i
h p i o ve , ave ex a e s rn

tly t ilifi d it E v
, .

c ipl i m d
e as rn h h o e ra e as o e rs x ave v e e

t t t t
.

ryg d moo w i ll g h
an hi i h w h
a re e , a s s e c ase en

p p eo l n id
e co s it ith il f th
er i i as e er a ve or e r v c es , or an

t m tf t
a on e h
en
gl t f th
or i d ty F e ne m y ec o e r u or

w p tI m i li d tt hi k t h t t
.

o n ar a h ncwh ne o n a os e o are

m t dy tb it t t t h m tm k
, ,

os re a h o a use us , are n o e os re ar

a bl f e y or ani of it b y w h i h i
e x e rc se t
y b c s oc e c an e

t t t
,

fi d T h i i f d i i h
'

p ro e p e re
p s a s e c es o ec e on n e c ase ,

whi h it t b id t t
.

c i h p p
s no b i fl y es l e e ur ose re o un rave .
5 80 T m: P a os o rh v or Boon

IT ha t
hb ee ntt i ai bly m k
bse rve d ha
o se nse nv r a a es

t g imp i t
,

a s ron er h m mo y
re s s on d m m y an e r an e or a

tg t im gi t t t t
,

h i h i l
mt
s ron er an ; y a n a on
p e e re are ar c u ar

i
c rc u c whi h pp
s an e s t of m c p t
aio e ar d
'

or an e x c e n , an

tgi ffi t th id f im i ti b d na on , on

b tS g t
o ve an e y c ac g o e y e as o a e

Wh tit a ehe m m ry r e o or se nse c ani Oas o re a s

t m ly whi h m t im di pl y it
.

h e an o a c lf i h m
so e es s a s se n u an

ch t t h t
arac e rs , it i timp ibl tfi d p
a s no os s e o n erson s

wh q i kly m d t y t i g tg dy
o are uc a e o cr a see n a ra e or

whi h t h y k w tb fict
,

re a di g n m a ro an c e , c i n e no o e o s,

nd y t b t hi t te t iv nd f li g i t '

a e are o na n p e a un ee n n re s ec

oft h tl bj tf mp i wh li i t
e ac ua o ec s o co h i ass on , o ve n e r

ne ighb h d
our oo d d ily dan th i arey N a un er e r e e e

t t x pt f mt
.
,

ve r h l hi i
e e ss , i s h
s an e l m ce i on ro e ru e , ore n

app th
e aranc e i r l it y anTh n ea t p l e c ases are no ara

l l t t mt whi h b t
.

e h i i
ere are c e r a n c rc u i i s an c e s c o an n

th e on e , andh p l i t
h
ave no th ; d t t
ac eh n e o er an o ese

p li i
e c u arti th diff es i e th ff t i l l
e re n c e
y i m n e e ec s so e

p tb
u a l W
e h t.f ll w w i ll
a f ll
o o
y t s
p l in s e rve u o ex a

my meanin g .

M EN may be ofa selfish tt ed d n v c on rac an e ve a a

t twh t
, ,

ric ious disp os i ion who are w h uld d no a e s o eno

m i th d h t t t t
,

na e ed h i ar
p ib l f e arm
y p h i r n s usc e e o s a e c

Su h will gl dly j y t
-

t
,

f li g
ee n h lu
c
y f i
p y a en o e x ur o

t t t t t
.

( Haswk w ha m i ) Wh
es i w i
or i f en no n e r e re s

t
er s se

withth i m p w f
u l
e r p i ; th orei wh o i t er ass on s a s, en

c om e s un ac c omp anied wi h t a de man d up on t

h i e r

p oc ke s t Wit h tgi
h t e ra c or th m ti h
e ro an c e ro or

t
h y m t di lly t t
.

he ro n e ,
i e os c or a s m
y p hi b a h z e, e c ause e
Gbap X L -
. R nnr onrc ; as :

Se c t
II
. . t
T he au hor s hyp o hesis
’
t on
g his subj ec t .

only t ib twhi h w tr h u eft ik i dig it

'

y a t c re c es o r n ex c

f mt
ro h m i igh d t
e A d f t h s th i
s s an e ars n o e se e r

i f m t h m t ot
.
,
i

i h i i ib l
' ’

c on s c en c es
p n or e e r ne x re s s e c on so

l t th t t But t
,

i h y igga ds h i
'

wit
n c ase s

h livi g bj t B a
a on , a e are no r e

tt t r nt
.

lly dif f d
'

h t
is t
o a eren n o ec s re e ars an

igh will n tt i fy t it
.

He l
’
h
t
o eo e s
s s p psa s e se nc e a

m t t
.

i f midab l d h h ppy e un a

tt
avar c e , a y os or e a ve rs ar o

i i tt d tp
,

n eres e h i b i g m d b y s ch
‘

s o re ve n e r e n ove u

dt m k t
,

an h mo id a m h a e p i bl ye avo s uc as os s e, e ver

t t t t
,

i f k w i h m B
tpp
o or un
y g g o no n or se e 1 n e u as

h t a tlw y b d
c an n o mm a ti i t a s e one , as co 1 se ra on s a
'

th p bl f t
In h mp i tS m it L k 3
e ara e o e co ass on a e a ar an , u e x 9.

hi di p it th t
.

& t i h ightf mi y whi h i t

'

c. s s os on , os un e s o se r c on e s e

tt d i fi ly t h d i t
,

l d
s o ve no h du tf th p i t
o re re s s , s ne ouc e n e c on c o e r es

dt
an h L it wh wh t e h y spi d p s
ev k d w d d
e, o, en e e e a e r on n a e , oun e

d lmo t pi i g O t id tha p
,

an a h d s ex d by rnt
b n e roa , are s a o ve as s e on e

t
eb id I d d i t
cr s he e.tg i f t
h L itin u ee n ac c oun ve n o e ev e n o r v e r.

t hi g whi h tm tdi ty p
,

h i m t h
“

ere s so e n ,
c , o e, as a c on ra c or a

He came a nd looked bim, and d by t

b b: r
t t
on a i re
p e aran c e . p or: e or

s ide . The re is no ig
'

a ve s
gin al e of t
hi s in con sis enc y i n he t ‘

t ori

t
,

whic h says sim ply, u ) 430 1 a iln ra nA hr, he m e anin w

i
g g of h ic h -

pl ainl
y is ra ve t
llitt
n
g ha w a , an d se e in
y g on e in h is w re c h e d t t
t
,

li
p g ,h he ke p to tt t
n h e o he r side of he road, an d p as se d on
“

I h
n suc m wh i t quitobdu tw uld
a c ase , a an id t
he o s no e ra e , o av o

cutti g fl t i n th t h k w
re y
ect
h i g f th
on , m t
t A d
a e no s an n o e a e r. n

th g h h
oum t b i th
e t h k wus li t
t l d miglngh
e c on s c ous a e ne a e , an ave

k w
no m if h nw ld h i g
orel d t g l o h i i
e h m ityou e s a o ss s n u an e ve n

h m p ttf h y t
,

thim lf wit h ght l

'

so e re e x o urr or ou e s sn es s , or an
o se y
l t k dt ut tt
,

thi g th t
n m y h
a h a h whi h h
c onc e a e na e r ,
a ru c e is as

ave rsetdi i him lfo h i t i

sc ove r th t
h mi y
n se as e s o see n an o er e se r

whi h h i d tmi d t t li
, .

c e s e er ne no o re eve .
2 82 THE PH IL O S O P HY or B oa ] t .

O f he t c aus e o f t
h t
p l a e as ure we re c e i ve fro m af t t
fec i ng obj ec s or re p re sen a tt
i on s .

td d wit
en e hb n l d
e b l
evo en c e , it lf an as en evo enc e se

if t t t
,

no
g ifi d b
ra u i i g li f w h i
o r i i o v n en s n ur

t
e
y g e re

tt t
,
.

t
p wo m b i
e r, e h p l u w h
ers i h w ld e h w ie as re c ou o er se

l f m p it
re s u
y ro th fu l i l as t t d d we i t h re sa s a so a en e

t t
,

self p re h; roac
p f uc h a
mp e rson gyl o s a e er, s ron

d f t
-

h m t t t t
,

fi
'

an or
'

p e l l
os i h i
ar b i g e ec ua re s s s s e n

H p t it t t
.

m d
ove hi i g e
y us h ks i n d e nu o e rac n or e r

tt i fy him lf t h t ught t tb ff td
.
,

o sa s h se a e o no o e a ec e

ti t h t t tp p bj t
. . .

H i e s c er a n , h p i a e e rs on s no a ro e r o ec

of b fi ene ; h i
c e nc e i d t
h t h i
e d i t i
s c on v nc e a s s re ss s

m ore t d d th l if th t t b l or,

l g d t
p re e n ; e an rea a c anno e a

e e h m h t h
e ly b
an g h t it
a hi m lf
s ure b y rou on se

t t ff d i
,

hi i s v c es ,h f h d e re ore e e s e rve s o s u e r, an s no

wi se enit
t l dt i
p y;t
e t
o our l t h m k t or a e as e a es no a

g ood f
us e wh t m o y h it b l a
y b t i j dia i l y c ar a u n u o ous

b b t t hift
, ,

e w d p him S u h
es o e u on h mm c are e co on s s

l d t ll f h m it
.

by whi h lfi h c se hs n e ss e y u es d e ca s o u an an

t ll itw t tk f pit
-

ch oose s o re serve hl a y f s or e ss s oc o or

fi t
cit i bj t f t
ous o hec s, wh i or or
p t f t im ose o, n re s ec o e,

or p l ac e ,m i n or e b y d
ne i t hce, are e on s re ac .

Fon t
h e se re ason s , I am sa t s h t mp
i fi dt e a co as sion

th t f wit
.

di p l y d
alon e , e spe c ially i '

a s a e on , oc c as on o n es

i g p bli p tl
s n u i t b t
c s b t y w k i
e c ac e s , s a es u a ver ea ev

de nc e f p hil th py
o Th ly p f th t
an i ro e on roo a s en

t tl b fi
.

i ly
re qui l i
un e wh
voc a s ac ua ene c ence, en on e

t t l bj tof t t
,

k
se e h s ou mmie reai o ec s co se ra on , no as a

m t t f lf i dulg
a er o but
se i d tb i g
~ n li f en c e , n or e r o rn re e

tt
o h wh osed it tgi h p tt d p di g
o ne e o ve o e o he es on n

mf t tt owful, f t
.

,
.
,

an d co h or h k of whi h e sorr or e sa e o c
 THE

P H IL O S O P H Y

R H E T O R JI C .

BOOK S E C O ND .

THE FO U NDATIO NS AND E SSE NTIA L PR O PE R TI E S OF

ELO C UT ION .

C HA P . I .

The N t a ure and t ft

C ba m c h Ue rr o e se whic h g ive:
La wtL g g
o an ua e .

E x c avat
io n t
ha h always b e e n c on si ered ,
d an d ve ry

j us t
ly as havin g
p t a t
i w t
ar ic ular c onn e c
i h l on
'

an

It h i tt
i t t y
.
,

ua
g g e s i f l q
e n en on o e o uenc e , o c onve

im t
t i tt f t d t
.

our s e n en s h mi dn o h i
e n s o o ers , n or e r o

p ro duc e t
i ff tp
a c er a n e th m L g g i t
ec u on h e an ua e s e

t
.

on ly vehic le by whic h his c on ve yan c e c an be made

tf p t tt
ki g t
.

T he ar o s l ea y hh
n i en s no e ss ne c e ssar o e

m a er, tt
h th tf ihi ki g Wit
an h t
th l t
e ar ot n n . ou e a e r,
2 86 T in : P H IL O S O P H Y or B ad : II .

The t
n a ure and c harac ers of t t
h n e ee which gives law tl
o anguage .

t
h f e orme r c ould no t
ha ve e x is ed t With tth f
=
'

ou e or

h l t
t t w uld b ff t t
.

mer; e a er o e in e i
ec E y ve
g ver on ue

wh t i f u d d i u tm
.

a e ve r s o n e n se or c us o
.

Words and t
h f e orms ofl an ua e
g g mus tb y a e Farme rs .

L A NG U A G E is purel y a spe cies of fashion (for his t

t
holds e qually of e ve ry on gue) in whic h, by he ge n et
ttt t t
ral b u t tt
ac i c ons e n of he p e o le ofa p ar ic ular s a e
p
u t t t t t
,

or c o n r i d m b i d o
c e r a n soun s co o ro r a e

t g
pp p e a

t
y e

t t w
,

i hi
c er a n h i ig d
n s, i y f ias e rs ns , an c er a n a s o a

fl t
i g
ec d mb i i g t
n an h ou d m tb
co t n n ose s n s co e o e es a

blishe d, de no ing he
as tt re la t
i on s whic h subsis tm a ong

t
h t e hings signifie d .

IT is t th b i
no f g mm e m it
i
us n e ss o ra ar, as so e cr cs

m p p t ly tim gi
s ee re os e rous tgi l w tt h o a ne , o ve a o e

f hi
as whi h g l t
on s pc h O ret
h t
u a e our s e e c n e c on ra

t t t t t t
.

ry f m i ro f mi y h
s c on or d f m h l e o e se , an ro a a on

it ll it t h it t t
, ,

d i e r ve s a y d l F
s au w h i h or an va ue or, a s e

t t t
.

g m m
ra f y l
ar og g I i
an h h an lua e s no o er an a c o

l t
ec i fg on l b
o t
i m th di lly dig t
e nera d;
o se rva on s e o ca es e

an d c omprising all t
h m e ode s p re viously an d in de p en

t t
den ly e s ablis he d by whic h he sign ific a ion s, deriva t t
t t
ion s , an d c ombina ion s of words in ha language , are tt
t t
asc e r ain ed I is of n o c on se quen c e here o: wha
.
'

t t
Us us
w t tt t '

en! p en e s arbi rium ex ju eom s e n r a loquendi

tP t
.

Hon De Ar . e oe .
as ap; f R H E T O R PC 237
"
’

, .

c aus e s ori in all h t md fashions we he ir t

t
e se o es or o
g y
t t
e x is e n c e, o im i a i n o
o r t re t
fleé ion or

t t bt
, ,

i
'

o p i he y
c a r ce n o so one r o i a n an d b mor i e ge n e:

ral tt
han hey are la
‘

ws of he language t t
an d he gram

tt t t
, ,

marian s only busin e ss is o n o e c olle c an d me ho

’

t hi tt
t t
, ,

d ise h m e . Nor do es hs ru c on c er
n on l y h ose

more c omp re hens ive analogie s or rule s . whic h fl ee s

‘ ‘

whole c las se s of words s uc h as n ouns , ve rb s , an d t

h e

o t
h t f p e h ; b tit
er
p ar s o y i di
s i e c u
’

c on c e rn s e ve r n v

d lw d i t
ua he i fi t
or i g t h mb i i g f whi h
n n ec n or e co n n o c

t t
, ,

a
p i l m
ard h h
c u ar
p il d E y i gl
o e a reva e ve r s n e an or

m ly t foe t h ugh d p t i g f m t
.

a h e re h ul a
r o e ar n ro e r e s

ig d tt t f t
, ,

s ne h h W d o h m l
e o d er or s o e sa e c as s , an on

th t u t
a c ll d
ac c o n p t
i t d tha m ee an e x c e on , s an s on e sa

b i whi h t he ul ft h tgu fou d d

’

as s , on c r es o e on e are n e

t h mg p ib d f it p tul
,

c us onr av re sc r e or a se ara e r e

THEtt h fthi p iti h t

ruh f ght Io s os on a n e ve r, or ou

m mb
c an re b di tly e t td by y be r, een re c c on rave r e an o

dy y t it
i ti t
e h tb t h it i d g mm i
s c er a n , a o cr c s an ra ar ans

ft g i lt t tt
,

o i h wy
en ar ue g h i i n s uc a a as s a o e e r n c ons s e n

with it Wh tf mpl h ll w m k ft h t
h t l g g
a or e x a s a

mp l i tf D t S wift t
.
, e , e a e o a
' '

co an o i oc or a our an ua e, n

m y in t ff d g i st y p t
,

an fg m
s anc e s , o en s a an e ve r ar o ra .

Thus , h t
t w o ve rbs c a ll and ri t
h m/l, e se c ond mon s in
‘

n e
p e

g ular of t
h f e or
m er is ca l/err, a re e a
g bl y tt
h g o e e ne ral rule , t
h e sea

c on t t t t t
d person singul ar of he la er is rlmb , a reeably o a ar ic u
g p
t tt
.

l ar rule afie c in
g h a verb To stay ri t
m/les for rba/ wo ul d be
mu h ba b i m t
.

di g tt
.
,

as c h ugh
a he g n l ul
r ar s t , o ac c or n o e era r e, as o
sa
y l f l/ whi h i
c a : or c o di g t ul err
, c s ac c or n o no r e.
2 88 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or 3 ao
r l

The na t
r t t
u e and c harac ers of he use which giv es law tl o anguage .

m ar O r wha he D t
t uld t n o ion t of
’
co o oc rs

g mmar be
a
r when he ex p re s s ed himself in his man t
t
,

n er ? Some n o ion , p os sib ly, be had of

g m
ramar in

h b tt
t t t
.

e a s rac an un ive rsal arc he yp e by whic h

h p e ar

t t tgu ght tb
,

i l g mm
c u ar f ll dif
ra f ars o a ere n on es ou o e

l t d
ua e If th i w hi m i g I s t as
y w h s ean n c ann o sa e

h ighti t
re g
t b i i t t
.
, '

h er e s nh w e r
g i hi or n e ron n s ac c us a

I k wl dg my lf tbe e t t
.

ti on ac no e i ly ig e se o n re n oran

f t t
.

o hi id l g mm ; s ea r n I fra i j
ar no ca orn a c on ec ure

wh itere l w tb l t O t
s a s are hi g i d do e e arn ne n n ee

tt t t t t
.
, ,

e ve ry m si p h ila h
p y w il
e rer l ll n h h oso e us , a ere

c an b tle n o n a ura i b t w th u d f
c onn e x on e ee n e so n s o

an y l g g an d th th i
ua e , an g ig ifi d b tw e th n s s n e or e een e

fi fl t mb i t dt l t
,

m d o es o i d n iec on an h i co n a on , an e re a on s

thy e i t d
are d t n en
p P hap
e s h mo ex t th re ss er e e an e

t t
.

g m
ra m f m ar o h l g g 5 so i f e ho h er
g an ua e so, e c ar e

w as t i ly t b t t
c er a n tt h p po rue , i u W no o e ur se , s nc e e

c an s a y w ith q l t th f ey l ua
g g th
ru t it o e ve r an ua e , a

ff d g i t t t
, ,

o en h g mm
s a a ns f y e h l ra
g g ar o e ve r o e r an ua e

wh t a soe ve r If h m tt h E gli h g m e m ean I e n s ra ar,

h t h t m t
.

w ld k wh
ou as g m enc ed i d i asl w ? a ra ar er ve s a s

t t
,

If f m g ro l ( d I
e n era o use ,i h
an c ann c on c e ve an o er

igi ) t it mu t w d t h t t
,

or h n b en h si g e o l ne a ere s a e n e ra

i t h t w ll i ot d it
,

use l g g
n a h
an ua e, as w e as n e rs an ere

ab d t
s ur c u t h lag g
o a c w h i hsei p le
y w h n ti ua e c s ure a s

f m bl tg
c on or a l u i e p o k i g d
e n eraw it i g se n s ea n an r n

f di g g i t t t t
,

f
as o e n g n l B u
a a ns i f h m e n e ra use e ean o

t t t t
.

sa y h ,
h i a fi d b
e reli h ds no
g l
x e ,
es a s e , or e n e ra use

Le ttt
t h L
er n e ord High Treasure r,
Okup I . . R HE T O I
H C . 28
9

t t t
l

T he n a ure an d Ch aarc era of h e us e whic h give s law .

0 language .

in t
h l e an ua
g g ,
e t
h tti a i s
q ui e ti rregular, he ha h t
be e n luc ky in his man r g f FX PFQSSi g
ve ry
u n
ai p fl hdo
t tt tt t
,

, k

hi ng 1 5 more e v ide n , han ha he re

k

s e lf.

tg i I t
ran s h t
No
re ss on . n a c ase , he ht
(
th oug
/
o ave s aid,
IS n

t
h t
iti t pt
a ibl fg s no s us c e e o rammar whic h by he t
t t
,

Way w ould n o h b ave e en rue of E n glis h or in de e d

t t ulti t t
,

t
,

of any h m e os u dl
nc va e an gua e on h e e ar h
g .

t t ig t why t h j t
0

IT is h e asy h en o as s n e re ason , e us

n e ss f t ho m p l i t D t L wt
e co an h b as oc or o o s e rve s

t t t
,

h as n e ve r y b q e i d i
e en i p ly b ue s on e s ure e c ause ,

tb i g d td ith t
,

no e n h
un e rs oo b mi d d a n e ve r ee n n e

B t t t
.

t t
,

u if din g ac c orh i i g i g l m
o h s n e n ous en e an , e

w ki d f tp
,

w d or s , l g gour h an by ua e , ave , a ne n o ro e ,

b e en dt d
use tt h o wh p k d w itE g
eno e os e o s ea an r e n

li h
s d an m h t
nohb i td d t
ore h a tig ify e en n en e an o s n

t h t b tp k d m tp p t
,

a our es s ea d
ers , h an os a rove au ors ,

f q
re tly fi d g i t
ue n o en t
h
'

l f g mm
a a ns th t e ru e s o ra ar, a

is, g i t
a a ns th g l e f th l
e n e ra
g g ; I h ll use o e an ua e s a

no th t di i f t
e re e n e r on a h q t i O ly
s c us s on o e ue s on
‘

l t t i t th t t
.

e us re s h fi d p i ipl
n e se as h x e r nc e s, a use , or e

tm f p ki g i t
c us o o S h ea l nigi l td d f s e so e or na s an ar o

t itg d t
,

c onve rs a i f on , as h ar as
p i d re ar s e ex re ss on , an

t h tm f w it
e c us o i g i t o h l r td d f t n l
y ; s e so e s an ar o s e

t h t ath l t t mp h d t
e a h f m
er c o d re m en s e or e r, an so e

t hi g m
n t h t tt
ore h t ib a l f o tt h e r un a o use , as o e su

p rem t h
e au ity d or q t
ly ian
yg m c on se ue n n e ve r ra

m t t yt h l t t t it
, ,

l dt
,

i l
a ca c on rovers w ,
e as re sor , e are e n e o

Pre fac e thi

o s In td t
i tE
ro uc on o n
glish G rammar .

VOL I . T
ago T HE P H IL O S O IHY ’
or

The na t
ure and c harac ers of he use t t which gives law tl o anguage.

ap p e al t
from he laws and t
he d ec ision s of gramm a

h t
dt t t t
x

rian s an hi o d
a o
f ub s r er s ordin a ion ough ne

Ve r on any ac c oun ttb o e re ve rsed Bu if use bet

t t
t
.
, ,

he re
<
a ma will ber of s u ch c on se quen c e i e ne c e s

t t t
,
,

sar
y b f d i g y f h i
e ore a van c n p an ar er, o as c er a n re

i ly wh t it W h ll t
,

c se i h wi b i d g
a s e s a o er se e n an e r,

b ut t t
.

w g h m fM m Wid l i h ’
e a re e a o n e
g y e na e, o er e

m ti th t
o on w ig t it a e ass n o .

SE CT . Us e .

t tt
IN wha t h m t th w d
ex en t en us e or he un ders ood 3

It m t t t t
.

im
rs so ll d g e l y i i
es c a e n m i e n e ra use e s o an

f t t
h t t lit t
,

es h g a y f p p l e
p k d w i
e n e ra o eo e s ea an r e ve

ry b dly Na y i t t
Ph i t t h th t w aill b s no s a ru a e eve n

t t
,

g ll
e ne ra
y k w l dge d I w
ac ill b no d hi e ? e so an s

t t t t
,

very k w l dgm
ac h
no w h m e y m d en s o s, a an er s an

idioms m ay b e c omm on , whic h, n eve r he le ss , have n o t t

t t t t
he ge n e ral san c ion n o, n or e ve n he s uffrage of hose
t
h t t t
,

u h m
a Th u h se p k f im p
eli e se e re s o en o es no

t t t
.
,

nly
o y b g u I i
c urrenc l
p p y p bl u vo e. s ro e r re u a e

ut
,

c mro .

a s tt t
le ads t
dis inc ion be we e n good use an d
o a

b dua se t
in lan guage , he forme r of whic h wil l be foun d
th to h ave
pp b t i f th
e a w ho h t
th m
ro a on o ose ave n o e

l t
s e ves ati d it Th f g a ne tp tf m ki d e ar re a er ar o an n

t
.
,

p h i
er a s n ne
p y i f h u d d by f
n ne o a n re are , re as on o

t
-

t t t
,

p ove r
y d h i u
an m d o
p i d f h d
e r c rc s an c e s , e r ve o e a

t
van a e s o
g f d ti d d m
e d t til f b d
uc a on , an c on e e o o or re a ,
 i
R r E T on rc . 3 9:

t
R ep u ab le use .

t
hlmos inc e ss an ly, m sam e n arrowoc c up a iont t They
tt tt t
.

have n e i he r he leisure nor he me an s of a i i g an n

y kn wl dg t wh tolies wi t
hi th t
t
an e , ex c e e c on rac r.
p e a n

eP i l ft h ic rc e l p f i o A t h id
e r s e ve ra ro e ss on s s e e as

upy t fw t h p8 t ft
.

whi h h i mind
c occ i e r h s are e e r on o e

l g g k w t th mm t t t
,

an ua e b y no n
y I i
o e us e ve r s c an ; s

i p ihl t h th k w l dg f w rd h ld t ‘

o ou ou

t
ln os s e a o r no e e o s s

ip
s r k wl dg ft hi g
our It my no d oft
e e o n s a an en

d t m h tf it W d m y b
.
,

ho co e s m mb
or od or s a e re e e re

d b t t b u de td whil t
.
,

as soun s, ig
u c an n ow e n rs oo
'

as s n s,I s
'
c
‘

rem i q m t d w ith
a n un ac the thi g ig ifiua d} e n s s n e

Heli os i will happ en t

ha in he lower Walks of tt t
t t
,

life from he in e rc ourse whic h all ranks o e c asion ally

h e wit t t t
,

av h o h h p p l w
on e an ill fr e q u ly
er, h e eo e en ave

w d f which t
‘

s t h ymw h d
’

acc es h o ear or s o e '

er a ac c e s s

tol nt h m
e ar ni g T h s t
e h ey w
ea ill p i k
n , u p d e e ~
c an

t t
.

remm p b od
e u d m
er,i a l
pp y r B u h e
c e an i s re s rare

ly ny u iformit t
.

i u h b lu d hi d
nat
a y e n n e o yn s g rs , r an n c»

t
s
-

t t
. .
,

e mi
r e in n h yg i w d sewh i hse s e ve o or s c are

t t t t t
,

t
,

no w i i
hn h i p h N y h e r s
y h m
e re . a e are n o e .

lt t t t t t
,

l
s e ve s a
g h u i u
o e f h i d
er fl I f
nc onsc o s o s e ec o en

i t dm i t ft ft
.

ar se h f m i ro h m an a h ir u
ra on o e ann er o e s

tt ft
,

p e riors , an d from
i o h i wy an ill judge d imi a on e r a

h t h g at t
-

f p ki g t
o s t ea e n of th illitti a e re es rrors e era e , n

t t t
,

res
p f ec i p od A d w h
c onve rsa
y on , roc e e n e re e

tt
.

ib l h w wid ly dif
s e ns f e h i u
o d p p li t
i e e re n e r se an a c a on

of hw d i f m t
suc h tf t h wh m t
or s h y f s, ro a o os e o e a

f t
ec timit tt h y w ld
o u t
h i w im
a e, e ou reno nc e e ro n

m di t
e ly a e .
 2 92 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

T he t
n a ure an d c harac ers of t t
h u e se whic h g1 ve s law tl
o anguag e.

B UT t i m ay b e said, an d s aid wi h ut
tt h t
h t
i r a n

t t
,

s uc h s j
b u wi hin t
ec s he ir reac h m any words
as are

t t
, ,

an d idioms
p re vail am on
g he o
p p u lac e wh ic h, n o

tt
wi hs andin g a us e p re t
t t
,

un ifor m an d e x e n sive a re
y
up t d lik tf itm y
,

id
c on s d e re as c orr an e c oun e r e on e

t t l d Thi i t t
, , ,

h gh
ou mm co on , h no p iva ue s s e c as e ar

l ly wit h t tm d ph whi h it
.

c u ar h os e i
er s an ras e s c cr cs

h aved mi t d
en o /g i m
na e Th i i f
t
uzz ar r r. e r use s no re

p t b
u al O e. th t y wn l w y e i t w i
c on rarth e a a s assoc a e

it h t uit t
,

s uc i fm no on s o h d fm
ean n e s s as s ose or e rs o en

am g t on wh m hi fly t
s h u i fu d
o c H e it i e se s o n en c e s,

th t t td h bitf mp l yi g
.

am y wh h an o ave c on rac e a a o e o n

s uch idi m d otp p o t

s, h m o no d t h ugh a r ve e an o

t t t
,

h rou
g h li
g g t
neh y f q u ly f ll
e nc e ,i th m i e re en a n o e n

t
i
c on v e rs a th y f lly
on , id th em i W i ti g
c are u avo e n r n ,
01
'

e ve n in a s ole mn s
p e ec h on an
y imp orfa m oc c asion
t h tt t
.

h
T e ir c urre n c
y h f i e re ore , wit ou ho i y r an d

t
s au
t Th ttt
,

we igh . e l f hild
a e o c re n ha h t a c urren c y ,
bu :

any ar tl g t m e c han ical we alwa s ake he

e e an or t t
ft
h tm
,
y
ttt t
,

s en s e o e r s an d h '
e
p ra se s b e lon in o h
g g
t
a ar
in like
m
an n e r from he
p ra c ic e of hose who hav t t
t
,
e
had a li be ral e duc a ion , an d are he re fore re
m d o t t
t t t p s u e
b e bes ac quain e d wi h men an d hin s
g , W e j g of
u d e t
map I
’

. . R H E T O R IC .
2
93

Se c t1
. . t
R ep u able us e .

t
h g e ene ral thi p t i ul
use in language If in s ar c ar

t t t t t t
.

h b
e re
y d f h
e an
p i f h ge e re n c e o e rac ce o e rea

and i h it i
rc t ultim t ly b u t h y g
s no t a e e c a se e are re a e r

d i h t t b t f mt t
,

an h
rc h b eru h i g
an o e rs , u e c a se , ro e r re a

n ess d i h anth y im gi d tb wi rc es , d e are a ne o e s er an

m k wi g
ore Th no t h f ft
n h t p e s ourc e , e re ore , o a re

whi h di t i gui h t
.

fe re n c e h go d u f m b di
c s n s e o se ro a n

l g g
an i t
ua e ,u l p p i ft h h m
s a na mi d ra ro e n s on o e u an n

tb lie t
o eh tth h b t
tve , d
j g f th
a p ose are e es u es o e ro

p i
er sg d f th n s,
p p pp li ti f
anth m w h o e ro e r a ca on o e o

td b t t
.

h t hi g whi h t t
,

u d
n e rs an h y p es e n s c e re re se n .

B ur th yt h t
who i t h p bli
are tim t i e a n e u c es a on are

p d
os ses e
s f thi h a t To h i q t
i i
s c f t h
ar c e r ? s ue s on s o e

g t t
re a e s m m t f t i i o
g t h
en tu w hi h i
or asc e r a n n a se, c s

en titl d t t
eh pit h tp t bl
o dg d
e e V g e s re u a e an oo an e

t tb t d t t
.

las m k h m i F
a es e h np ran c e o e e soun es ar

ft
o h tnd t h s
e c our d t p t f t
h a th of e oun es ar o e au ors

t t t t t t t t
,

h ge a e W i h B i h fi p l us r on s , e rs ar a e as

o ft hi d ip t
s i will t wes c r i F on whi h n o an s er n ran c e , c

t t
.

is a p m ure h y h d p d
on arc f h i f i as e e en an c e o e n e r or

tt tt
,

d
or e rs i m h g s h i bm i i
uc h u
rea e r, e r su s s on o eir s

p i
e r ors , d th h u m b lan p t w hi h ie y i e re s ec c n e ve r n

t t
s an c e h y h wt h m m ie s u w y fj dgi g
o e se e n o r a o u n

tb d t t t
, , ,
.

o d i
or e r e ve n u on a ora on
p W i h h . us , on e c on

Voic y c om m e on t
de fini le bon ug sa tl fc
e. d C ’
es a a on c

p arle rde l a
p lus s ain e p ar i c de l a c our,
c on t f m ém tl f g
or en a a a on

d ec rire de la plus s ain e p ar ie de s au e urs

’
t t d t ” P f u e rn s . re ac e

aux Re m arques sur la L a

n ue Fran ois e
g c .

T 3
 rm P H IL o s oP nY or Book 1 1 .

The t
n a ure an d c harac ers t oft
h u e se which gives law t
o language .

ty
rar who in our spiri t as well as in he t c ons t
ituti on

th t
, ,

of our gove rn me n ave more of h e rep ub ic an l 1 1 33 1 1

t t tt
,

of h m e on arc hic al, markable p ar iali yin

h ere is n o re

favour of c our ie rs t
A le as he ir b eing suc h t ard y tt
t
t t t t
.
,

e n hanc e h our op in ion , ei he r of heir ab ili ie s or of

t
h i it
e r v r ue s .

I WO U L D no t t tig ify t
by t
hi b shat e un de rs ood o s n

t i t t h di t
,

h p im y p i ipl whi h g
e r ar r nc e i c 1 ve s r se o e s nc

ti b tw d d b d i l i d iff t
t
on eg e en oo gu g use an a n an a e, s e re n

i diff
n eren t i I t i t
c ou n r e s igi l ly i s no or na e ve n n

tp w b t twi d m O ly
.
,

F d f
ranc e , a e e re n c e o o e r, u o s o n

it m t m ked t h t t h td t
.

bus e re ar y f h im gi a e en e nc o e a

t i t m l t ll g tq lit i tt
,

na i on s o ac c u i ua h e a rea ua es n o e

sa m h e c t Wharac er w fi d tw f
ere ver e n one or o o

t t lly p m t t Thi i p t
.

h w
ese , e n a ura h i
res u e e res s s ar

ul ly t f t qu lit whi h by t
.

c ar hrue o i ose h i i e a es , c e r nnu

di t t t t
,

a e c onse
q l
gy fi b h
ue nc es , s ron l { er e ex ern a se n se s .

W i
e are m n a d l d by t h m
anner H it h p
az z e e
-
e nc e a

t t t t t
.

p h
en s, i i di
affi l s f m f d i
cu m e ve n or a an o sc e rn en

till h b b t ti t td by p i t ti
. ,

e e e e r n s ruc e ex e r en c e , o re s ra n

a ven e rati f t h j dgm t

on or f p e f u m en o a e rs on o unc o

mon sple n dour an d magnific e nc e as if one who is

tt
m ore p owe rful an d op ulen han his n eighbours we re
t t t t
,

of i y wi N
n e c ess w hi se r oo o s ori in a
g h
l bias of e

m p lit t
itt tt gt
.

mi d i lso i o u on s se rve h
t
n e ca c on s o s re n en ,

o h t t
e rs o c orre c .

B UT, wit t t
tt t t
hou re s in g he m a e r e n irely on he dif t
fere nc e t tt
in re spec of govern me n be ween Franc e and
 011 41 1 I . R H ET O R IG .

Se c t1. .

i
Br aintt
h B it
ih e r s c our t
i s co mm l
o y
n oo t fluctt
i g ua n

tU
,

an ob e c
j q
se u i es fi me g
r rin language
r ro u n d re

to st No doub t the con ve rs at

.

and upon ion ofmen of

whe her of he c ourt or not t t
. ,

ran k an d e mine n c e y w ill

have 1 t t t
,

s infl d w m ly h
ue n c e A i
u o ha n c o c e r n s er e e

t t t t
.

i i h l l
ny u o h h w i w
t t
o u o

t
n n o a

t
p r n c a 1 1 3 e r e c e c n re

fe r t what t
, ,

he ma e r in e ve ry doub f ul c as e; b u in

c on c erns t he words t hm lves t h i o u tio d

t
e se e r c
n s r c n an

ap plic a ion it is of imporanc e t e c ert t

,

o have som ain

t t t t t
, ,

say n
e d a d w e l l k now n s a n dar d o r e c u r o a s a
n
h t ta as and ga
-
, ,

dard whic h every one haa c ces s o c nv s . ci r

ti t
vers al c ons e n
ualp n ac t
os ses sion ofi t
h uho y it s a r

tt
hi t t t
,

as ib
o l wh s r un a , e n an y d uboi h p pe l
ar ses , e a a

is always made .

t t t tt
I ( mouse o name he m, auhors of re p u aion, ra
tt t
.

h h t d u h t f w o o fi b ue
t
o o o

t
e r an go a rs r reas n s rs ec a s

t t t t t
, , ,

m i l f m b l aa h hof h
lely t
e u

n se t
r

t
i l s p s r c y ep n q a s e r e ca se
the p aw t
-

x
.
.

I i
s s so h m f d h ir n
i
tt t w t
e s e es e o . a e
t
.

n in es m e ri ( h ou gh h s ss W 1 0 8 s a al
? e w l os h )
s s n

t tt t
.

WM i h h fi flfi fi, 3
i i d hm
tt
ra ses e n} o s s o 3 n s a s a v a
t t
.

Inc on heir lan gp age, S econdly his charac er 1 5,

m ore defini ive han tt t
h her d t
hr o e mo
ef

t w ormore aut
e o an e r re ex

ti t t
,

e n s ve ly in lligibl
e
h e Be ween o ors,

t d will diff tt
.
,

diff e re n di gly
re a e rs h p e r e x c ee n as o e re

i p i tf m it t t
,

f
e re n c e n wh g on
p f ly o er o a re e e r ec as o

t t t t t
,

he re s
p i p l h y h
ec ld i veh f f h
ac e s e o n e avour o e

pu b li cY m .
y fi d p f
ou t t p ti a n e rson s o a as e s o ar c u

T4
2 96 Tax P HI L O S O PHY or B oak II .

The t
n a ure an d c harac ers of t t
h e us e which gi ves law tl
o an guage .

lar as t
op tMilt b ut
re f
er y w
Parn e lill h d o on ou ar

th t will di p utt t t
.

ly fi d p n a e rson h p ia i y f h s e e s u e r or o e

l t
a ti t er nhe t i l ff m F t
ar c e o hi I ffi m a e or s re ason , a r

t h t d fi it t
.
,

a V g l au e as i l b u d
’
e n i l on a ours n e r an e sse n a

d f ti
e ec m h it
n as m y b dif fi lt
uc tm t as wit h a e cu o ee

t w po wh
e rson sj gd m t ti ly ose i id i u d en s en re c o nc e n e

tmi i g wh t
er n n h d p tf to are h t f e s oun er ar o e c our or o

t t f t t t
,
'

h e h au h
ors g I o d ly e dd h
a e nee s c arc e a a

I p k of p t t ly i g d
.
,

wh en S ea t
i Im re u a on , e an n o on n re ar

tk wl dg b t
o no e in r g d tt
e, h t l tf
u mm e ar o e a en o co a

i t
n ca i g k wl dg
n no I ld m w it wh
e e i c ou na e r e rs , o, n

t t t t t
.

re sp ec f h fi
o h b j y
e l rsl d b y h ave een us va ue e

t t
,

p u b li b fi
c, w h f upp d d fi
o, on ac c oun i y o a s ose e c en c

i
n re s p t f th
ec o d id d
e s e c onf
‘
are c on s e re as o n o au

t h it
,

or y i l g g n an ua e .

t t tt t t
Non is here he le as groun d o fear ha we should
tt t t
,

be c ram pe d he re wi hin oo n arrow lim i s In he

E gli h tg t t t
.

n h is
s
p l if l on l
pp y f
ue d e re a en u su o no e

w it
ri g i ll t
h ni ki d
s fn m po it
ai i e var ous n s o co s on , n

p ros e an d ve rse , se rious an d ludic rous grave an d fa

t tt tq lifi t
,

miliar Ag re e ab ly hen o his firs

i f ua ca on o

th t t t t mp h d d
.

e e rm, we mus un de rs an d o b e co re en e

u d
n g ler w b t
en e ram d f p h use , a ever o e: o s eec a re d a

tb d
orzre g
’

d by t
h w it
a:i g f g t
oomb if e r n : o
’
a rea nu e r,

no t
th my t y f e l b t d
a orzt
h
'
‘
’

o c e e ra e au ors .
Chap I . . R H E T O R IC . 29
7
t
Na ion al us e .

SECT . us e .

ANO THER q ualific atth t

ion m whi h d of
“
e er us e, c e

se rve s our a tt
t ien i th tit
mu t
on , b t
i l Thi
s a s e na ona s
t ittd pp d b t
.

I c on side r n a i w f ld i w o o hve as s an s O ose o

tp tf
,

d o oreign
’

o rovin e ral an .

IN t
h i uli it i f di l t are ec ar es o
e ve ry ov n
p e re a ec
ce
p r

whi h ff t t ly t i t d t
,

c a ec h p no on i e h ron un c a on an e ac

c en tb t t u h i fl t i
e ve n d t h e n mbi t ec i on anf e co n a on o

w d wh by t h i idi m i di t i g ih db t
,

or s, e re e r ohf m s s n us e o ro

t h tf t
a h o t i d f m t
e n a on , h t f an y t h ro
p a o e ve r o er ro 1

ft
-

i
V nc e Th n w e h i l t
arro whi h t
ne ss o h e c rc e o c e c ur

t t
.

re n c y f h wo d d ep h f
or s h d
an i l i rases o s uc a ec s s

c on fi d ne fli i t ly di imi t t
su c en h m f m t sc r h t n a es e ro a

whi h i p p ly t t
,

c s yl d h
ro e r l g g s d e w h i h e an ua e , an c

co mm d ian l t i i
s a c rc u amp bly wid on Thi i
nc o ara er s s

I im gi why t h t t
.

on e re ason , m
a ne , hi b e er us e , on s su

jec t i m m l
s co
y m p i d
on w it h th ac c o p it h t an e
g e e e e

I t i i l idi m t i it
,

l h fp h
'

ne ra n e use o rov nc a o s, e re . s,

m t tt
.

us b k wl dg d
e ac p no y e id eb l a re c on s e ra e c on

b t h ft d ft
,

c urre n c e h middl o o h l w
e k e an o e o e r ran s

B t t ill t d d by t t
.

u s hi i b s use h p s ioun e
y e rov n c e , c oun

di t i t m tt h di l t d b
,

or s rc whi h gi c ve s na e o e a ec an e

t t t t
, ,

y ond w h i h i p li
c i i s m im
ec u ar i lli i
e s are so
g e es un n e

B ut t
,

bl e , an d lw y idi l u a a s r h l gu gcu o s
p e an a e, ro

t t
.

p y l
er ll d i f
so c a e d u sp i ll
oun
y i h c
prre n es ec a n e u

t t t
, ,

p e r an d h m id d l ke h w h
e ranl B i i s,h m over e oe r s e
,
29 8 T HE P HIL O SO P HY or Book III

T he na t
u
‘
re an d c harac ers of t t
h u e se whi ch gi ve s law tl
o an guage .

p ire Thus t
h gh ou in e very
p rovinth y idi ul
ce e r c e

t t t il t
.
,

h idi m e o s
p of e ve ry o h er rov n c e , i h y ll e a va o

t he E n glis h idiom, an d sc ruple no t

to k wl dg it
ac no e e s

supe riori t
y e ve r t
h i e r o wn .

Fon me p ar s of Wale s (if we may

ex a mple in so t
t t t
, ,

c re di Shake s pe are he c ommon people say g oa for

g oo d in he sou h t t t t
of S c o lan d he
y ay g
s ud e and in
t t ft
,

h e n or h gu d Wh h ee p e re ve r one o e se ronoun

i t t
.
,

i p il u w ill h r f m n i e i
h w d g d is t
c a ons a y re v
n a o e ver ea ro a v c

t ft h t t
w j but t
,

h h he
a t
er o e o er o e or oo o

h d y w h f m ti w ll
tp p e d m t
e a e
r r ev o v e ang
e re 5 r na e s as s s ers ,
r
n or d h o l h t
eo t
h i ny t
e hi g ve r re a a n

h w e mu h t
e e re s a

l augh bl i it a e n hy d isp sed t o

o ev r c e are o

laugh t t y a e s and i di m whi h t

t t
,

h u co hy n o

in o a ot
a n e -
cc s c e

t t
.

di sc e rn her N y m ne h u gh h p en
n a ore , o e

t t
s

t t
.

p l e f d i o p i c s an
s d u d d an rov n e o no n e rs an on

ly ll und t
.

o t h t
er,hy m t e nd o os wh p k a e rs a ne o s ea s

1
IQ € f
P P Y It i a j u t an d c uriu o bs t
r a on
s i o f s o s e v

t t
~

t t
.

D K em k h i h l
of ng g
ng q ut
r c a ua s a
a e c se a e or

t t t t t
.

, ,

h pe er S h b i i
ec ac t h fsci e s c on r o a O e n c e.

i t t t
-

t t
.

h fo m r h i gn o ran
r d
n r d h anl de u e s an

h at
n e e e e r e

t t o he ignor nt1 t
t
n

tt
,

b e h a er he l ed d n l e arn a n e

tt t
;

er, i is o herw
' f

se r .

t
HE NCE i will p erhaps be found t
ur e, upon in q ui
t t t tp
.

y
r w i h di no s an ng i s aradox ic al a
pp e aran c e t h t a

hough it
t tp w itp u
, ,

h e ve r un c om m on eak or
'

y o S e
'

r re

l l l rie ll e n in H e n ryJ V
‘'
. 1

R hc tC . ra m C han . . 1 s
Se c t4 . .
 R H E T O R IC
'

. 299

t t
t t
tt
E nglis h, ye , of all he idioms s hb sié ing amongs us ,
t t t t t
ha o which we give he c harac e r of p uri y, is he
t t t t
t
c ommon e s T he faul y idiom s do n o jar more wi h
t E gli h t t h y d wit t
h t
.

rue h n s h h ; an e
-

o one an o er so a

d t b i g t i fi d ft h tt h ft
, ,

i
n or e r o our h p e n sa s e o e ru o e a

p t
are n
p a d iti q u i i
ra oxt ly t
h tw m m b s re s e on a e re e er

t h t t t t
,

ah s idi m di r
e e f m h
o h gh s are ve se on e ro an o e r, ou

t h y
e m ud coth e mm d mi t
ni f im
er e co on e no n a on o

p ure Those who wande r from t

h e roa d may be ih
t t t l i it
.

co mparably more han hose who ; a d rave n n

y tif
e itb i t t
h d d iff tb ype th t
h at n o a ous an e ren a s

t
h y d i tt t t
-

e h m y i
ev a e, y f h h e f d ere a no n an o e se oun

som y t
h wh m y will i
an as tp t h ki g
ose o ou n ee u on e n
’
s

WHAT hat
h been no w s aid of
p rovin c ial dialec t
s,

m ay, t tt i t
Wi h very li le i b pp li d t p f var a on , e a e o ro e s

si l di l t t
ona h t which i
a e c s , or t im be c an s sc i ne
‘

es o se rv

dt il m g t h ft h m pr f i ose o

t
e op reva a on e sa e o e ss on or

w y flif
a Th
o e y f th l t t b
e c urre n c o e a e r c an n o e so

t th tf t
.

e x ac ly i um ib d c rc h f m sc r wh
e as a o e or e r, ose

di ti t
s i nci p ly l
on l; b ts th i i
ure t oc a u e r use s no on

th t a tit h m
ac c oun ti e m er
p t blore e x e n s ve or ore re u a e.

L t e th f ll wi g e o o i t f t
nh i k d dd
i se rve as n s an c e s o s n

i t i f mt
.
.

mm i l idi m m
s

i
n c e, h n e co i
e rc a o eans n or a on or

i t
,

n e llig enc e i p d fi n ervous ,

n f l gy n o en e a ce o ana o

dot hm t t J h on p t h it
,

h m di l e e ca c an as o ns ex re s s e

th i g w k d t h w d tt
, ,

d eno e , av n ea l n e rve s an e or ur e ,
th gh p
ou
pi d tim im
re oc c u m m i l b y pe i f e e or a a s e c es o
3 00 T HE P HIL O S O P H Y or B eak II .

T he t
n a ure and c harac ers of t t
h u e se whic h give s law tl
o an g uage .

d ove s , is , as we le arn from he t m sa e au t

h it
y m or e

t tig
t ify tt
,

p loye d by sailors an d glu on s , o s n ia or o s e

Ir was
d t
h t ti l mightl b
re marke a na on a a so e op

dt it i t id t t
,

p ose f ig I m gi
o ore n 1 a ne s oo e v en o n ee d

tt t
h tt
h i td t f t
.

illus i ra i
on , a w e n ro uc on o ex ran e ous ord s

an d idiom s , from th l gu g d f igo ti e r an a es an ore n na on s ,

c an n o tb m ll t
e a s
r g i n i
a er
g t
th tb li h ans re ss o a a ns e es a s

e d c us o tm fth E gli h tgu t

o h e t
h i t
r du
n s on e, an e n o c

t
i on of words an d t
idioms p e c uliar to some p re c in c s

of E gl dn tt
an or a u tw th n ht
l e as some whe re
i i c rre n
'

B it ly m t b t
,

e i l difi w
'

i hp l
r s The a e on a ra ere nc e e ee n

th m i t h t t c mm ly t
.

e h o i m
s, a e h
ne s f ore o on e e rror o

th le d t h t
e arn e h f t h lg
e o B t if i t
er o hi e vu ar u n s

i w t titl d tg t i d lg
.
, ,

v e h f m i e or er s en e o re a e r n u e nc e ,

t t t t
,

from h p p i
e resd l i
ec g ; i a h i w o e arn n n ano er V e

it titl dt it mm ly t
,

i s en l e i m h mo
o e ss , as h s uc re c o on e

lt f fi t Th t t
i l q lit
,

re s u fi
o a ec a w on i of us o es se n a ua es

t tt t
.

i
us a e ,
g g d l
n reg g h
ar b l d
o an ua e , t h ave een se e a

itb b t t t
,

e h p obl d re i ua l e an na ona .

SE CT . we ,

B UT t
h e re will na t lly
ura a r
ise he re an o t
h er que s
tl
.

t
i on , Ist no use , e ven good an d n a iona us e in t
h e

t ti t
,

sa me di
c oun r
y ff e re n n diffe re n p eriods ? And
he it
tt t th
t
,

ifso, o g sa e of wha p e riod s hall we a ac

3"
t
See he se words in he E n glish Dic ion aryt t .
 R H E T O R IC .

Sec tIl l
. .

ourse lve s , as t
h e p rop e r rule ? Ifyou s ay, t
h p e re

t it t t t
,

s en m y o blas
y b p d h y wa ill re as n a e ex ec e a ou

th diffi ult t t
,

t
,

e
y i i ly m c d I w h
“

s no en re re ove n a ex

ttf ig ifi t mu t w u d td t
.

en i o s h w d
n ca on s e n e rs an e or

p t? H
res en w f m y w f ly g i q t
o ar a e sa e ran e n ue s

o f ut
h it i a t wh t di t b kw d f m
or es ? or, a a s anc e ac ar s ro

thi m m te ut h t ill tb u td
t
s o en p ar a ors s o e ac c o n e as os

se ssin
g a le gisla ive t voic e in language ?”
T o his , I
own t t t
i is diffic ul t
tgi o ve an an s we r wi h all he p re
t
h tm ight Y t it ti t h t
,

ii
c s on b d i d ia e e s re e s c er a n , a

d t
.
,

wh w i
en h fp f
e are y w d n s e arc o re c e en s or an or or

idi m tho ti m d whi h w e re t are cer a n oun s c e c an n o

h ft
l p wit t t t t
,

ove r e a
y F i h h i y f sa e or n s an c e , e au or o

t t t
.

H k f R l igh h w
oo er or o
g h i m i d a e o e ve r re a e r er an

t t w b dmit td i pp tf
,

h i f m b will
e r a e e, no no e a e n su or o

a tm p er i tt b f d i
or e xyg d w it re s s on , no o e oun n an oo r

er of l td t a a er ae .

IN tt h t
h b
ru e oun dary m us t tb no e tt
fix e d
h a e

di t tP t t
,

same is an c e n e ve ry s ub e c j oe r y h h a e ve r

t d iti b t
.
‘

bee l ‘ allo we d a wide r ran ge h an p ros e an s u

us t
tht
“
'

by an in dulgen c e of thi ki s n d, s ome c orn

J
t tt
a

t
i h
uld b e m ade for h p e e c uliar re s rain s

t t
“ e nsa on s or
r
h m N ly
1

h .
v e e as ure or IS l S on a
h i l d
h p tt l
d
t t m t t
un e r b «
.

s e s a
n

m t t f dp o e oe 1 18 a so a a er
i
t t t
,
a er o C ve n e nc e

fg t ifi t t t
h m i d D y h yl en IVC l S l
‘
In e s e

t t t t
a
i
t
e
o d ra ca on

h t
h p
j b g i d w i h h 1
re ve n s
s ei n re e

t
Ic e ve s e e ar, an d

tf q t f h hy m m e s, or sa e n e ss

limit
r

t t
O e
oo re ue n re c urre n c e

ft h m t B t till t
hi di s o s ve r
h e re are
O

lt Th
S t
e

h it f M ilt a d
e re
f W ll
e au
t
.

h
u s
“ n O a er, on ls
y . or y o o .
 THE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook HE

The t
na ure an d c harac ers t ft
h u o e se which gives law tl
o anguage.

t mi
ar ic le , re

t
y u qu sti d a ns as e t n e on e I s hould no t
hi k it
t t t t
.

d f i W ords or h
t
n
p od ru en o en o n r uc e p rases ,

ofwhic h n o e x am l c ould b e produc ed sinc e he days

p e

of Sp e nser an d ofS hakes eare.

p

A ND in prose he b oun ds ar
eve n e no he same t t
t
t t
t
,

for e ve ry kin d of c ompos i ion In m a e rs of sc ie nc e

t t t t t
.
,

for in s anc e whose e rms , from he n a ure of he

t t t
,

hing are n o c ap able of s uc h a c urre nc y as hos e

whi h b l g t di y bj t d a w it hi t
,

c e on o or nar h su e c s , an re n e

reac h f di o ory d s t h i
n ar it y
re a e r f e re s n o nec e ss o c on

th wit t
,

fi i g
n n an au hi y w ori l B i
n a ve r n arro c rc e u n

d t hi l t
.

co mp i g p i
os n whi h m ec e s d c co e un er s as eno

mi t hi t m t
”
nai on , asy l m
s or l s
ro y an c e rav e s , ora e sa s ,

f m ili l t t dt t f t t
,

a ar e h lik ers ,i fr
an h
e e i s sa e s o an au or

t id t
o c on s h w d er d di m ose b l twhi h or s an i o s as o so e e, c

h ave b dieen d by ll g d suse t

hor f
t l g a oo au s, or a on er

i d t
h th f m t d t I t i n t b
t t
e a e o en o o

t
er o an y an e x s s
p g
i t but h t t
.

t
an c e n by p y l m
re s en b use , a o ur s e us e

t t t
,

d B d m i d
'

re l
ua e A d h n o a use c an neVe r e en na e
'

g
t t t
.

pre se n whi h h h b l id cid im im

a m m i
e enal a as e e e or

ttt m t t
, ,

or, whi h m c h a hi g f ll
oun s o e sa e n a s no

i t
,

n h ek w g
l d no m m b r e f y o
e or rew l i i g e an c e o an n vn .

re m k t t m d t t ly
E afiec a
'

t
T
‘

C
HIS ar p
no on er s an

t
,

b t t
,
,

l
u a so h d l i mbi i d
e c e n s on , co na on , an c on s rue

t t
e

ti
on o fw d I it t t
h
or s u p i i g fi sd h t no en s r rs n o n a

f L wt t t t
,

o
.

on e o h p oi m h u ld h i’
ks i g l p
ene ra s n a s n e er

son e nit
tl dt i f m f i fl t p
o re v ve a or ati o n e c i on i n a i cu

t
e

l t
a w d whi
or h h d b,e j d b y c ll go d wa it e n re e c e a o ,
r
:
Sec tIII
. . Pre s
en t use .

of eve r yde o ni ib h t for more han a hundred t

t
n r n a

tt t t
ers , ,

i hbie t
d fif y years i"
E Ba if p n use is o be renoun
'
’
‘

‘
an ese
l

é ld f t t t t t n i will be n e ce ssary o de e rmine a

t
o

t
e

wh t
‘

t t t
,

p a i p i d h i i
i y i b d
re c
g éd se er o a u s o e re a as a

tet th td d t t
m y Wit
rule “
E ll e inc lines
i h di o r r e ve e s an ar o e s.

t
.

a
r nce o fi a army d a h lf h « h an an o er

t t
o

a a as

t t
,

g odo easo n lif i h e n u i b kw a hd d ree c r es ac s , an an .

her i tA nd if t
r

t f ny f t
,

o h l g g
s l h s pe e an ua e o a o e e

w et o be j dged by t t t
. .

h of ? e h r, i w illu e use an e

B fifii d a doubt t
’ n i ly b b u ; T me it
s en re ar aro s o

se ct
e

st
is

eithe t h t t e t b t
, ,

ai a r h p u e mu
n, h r a e re s n s e e

sta rd t t t
hat t
h t
d o
n af
f h pr la gu g h l gu g e esen n a e, or e an a e

mt td d wh t t to
-

e m s o v e I s an ar a s e er, a c an no c n

ce iV l ht m
e a c e ar i di p t b l p i ipl f m or ore J n s na e rnc e, ro

mu h tbring e a g m t
c
'
t
o
b pp t it n l
r e en su or . .

t t t tit
3

i
Yar i h t
ev i s c er ain,
'
a en so me of our bes i cr cs

nd gmmm ri n tll i a s, a : oc c as onal ly, as if t

hyh da e
‘

a a

5" In t t tfih rod. l b t h In

t
u a no e
‘

i rre

é h t
ar ver
g e on a

t
e e savs

D Mi ddl t h g at t
.

h wit
,

r p p i y ; def h
n t p t a re ro re re s ore e rue a

td wit t
,

ti ipl t W uld h t
c h
e u l en . h g p p i o e no ave ac e as rea ro r e .

t h d eh ét d th t tici l p id fa p
'

itb d b rue e re h a :

t
o a p p e e ar s r
y , q : se r . r e e ,

t
,

for; r e ac/J ed /m for ble nded, an d rbr z

gb f rbrzi éed, full
fip
o on
'

r as

t
.

th
ood au it
y h t
ith ity f S p or f th w t t f e a or o e n s e r, on e o e s o
g ee es

i ght t
,

u i t b d A d why m D L wt h him lf h
? no o

hg e t
o r an c e n ar s n r se ave ,

wt t t t t t
,

i o
p p i y o
r ad h ue p i ipl e
r 6m m f
re w re s re e r ar c s c ur e

t
1

”
, , ,

le t er ,
pumas re m) s bam n,
‘

1 1 /a
1 m , foiihdl n, '
01 mi n

t t1 tp t t l mtlitpi tfi d
, , ,

of h e verbs bi l , c as c u se r s s l n
g r ind
;
d t
.
,

iq t
, ,

t
, ,

t ib t d
.
,

for t
rw ld ou no b im e po h
ss m le o p ro uc e an ua e au ors sup .

p or tf ll t
h o a e se . Beside s, t
hy e are a l: need
l tt
hi d y i
o s a n some

p rovin c ial di alec t s.

 0
3 4 Tm : P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

T he t
n a ure an d charac ers of t t
h u e se whi c h giv es law tl
o anguage

n o ion t of s ome o t
h td th gh t
ard, h y ou n e ver
'

e r s an e

t
t tu wh ts h f
.
,

i us a s in le hin di o earc or
‘

g ve o re c s e re
g
t t mp l i t t
,

i . D oc or j ohn son for ex a h pr f e, n e e ac e o

D ic t
,

hi s ve ry valuable ionary ac kn o wle dges p roperly

t t
.

b l td mi i
,

h e a so u e o n on of c us om ove r la n guage ,
a
n d
ye ti t
h n e ex p lan a ion t of p ar c u ar t
i l words ex
p res se t
h
t tt tt
, ,

himse lf so me ime s in a mann e r ha is inc ons is en

tt
wi h his doc t
i r ne , This word ”
says he in on e p lac e,

t tt t
,

h gh ou c omm on , an d use d by he be s wri ers, is

p h p b b
er a s I ar arous t have always unders ood a
b b i m in p
ar ar s h tb tm s eecp io t t lly o e a er or e x ress n oa

u n su
pp t d b y th p t
or e g f g d w it e i re se n usa e o oo r ers n

th l gu g
e A man i g ya edi fl t i gg t e an n ve r e re n s su es

will t
.

b t wh t h t
t m ni g i it
.

edh e re , u a b y a ea n s, no e e as

t j t N h t
o c on e c ure hi l b t d w itgi or as s ce e ra e r er ven

t t t t
. .

us , onh w db b y d
e fi i
or i f h m
ar a rous , an e n on o e er

whi h will th w light hi

c
pp li t iro f it i th on s a c a on o n e

p q
as sa e
g t d I ti ly g w
uo e ith D t P i tl
en y re a re e oc or r es e

t it b t b ity
,

h t
.

will
a h l
n e ve r f ym e e ar rar ru e s o an an , or

b dy f m
o wh t t o h t will en ti t h l
a e ve r, a asc e r a n e an

g g f
ua e t
h b i g t h
, d i t t
e re h b u te nu no o er c a or e re se .

tdi
IT is in de e d t
h im fou iti
e asier o s c ove r e a o r cr cs

i t
n h i b ti t
hi bj t
e r o se rva th th m on s on s su ec an e ean

i g fth t m whi h t
,

n o h y mp l y e Th
er s f c e e o e se are o

t mpl y d wit h t t
.

en e p i i h i
o e im h w ou re c s on e ra o e ver,

It t
.

i g
s l ly g d i
e ne ra m h p ibl oo gi e . s, as uc as os s e, o v

t
S ee he word Nowadayr
thi tf E
.

f P refac e o s R udimen s o n
glish G rammar ,
Gi mp 1 . 2 R H E T O R IC .
3 0 5
Se c tIII . t
P re s e n use .

a c hec k o ti n n ova t
i on Bu tth m e e ans whic h t
h y e
‘

t m t ty
. .

for1 im
'

use hi p s urp ose , have so e es e ve n a c on rar

td en en c y Ifyou will l
re p ac e wha hat t
h be e n long
t ip t
t
.

i
s n ce ex pu g
n e d from h e language an d ex r a e

is firmly root
what t
,

ed un doub e dly you yourse lf b e

t tt t
,

c om e an inn ova
If you de s e r he p re sen us e ,
or.

an d by your e x amp le , a le as , e s ablish i as a m ax im t tt t

t
h t t t
,

e very c ri i m y l ld f h i d re viv

tm i
a a e a e as ure o as on e
p c

er s, n mbi t
fle t
i cd i d m ke
on s , an h co na on s , an a s uc

a lt t ie ra W d will b i g t
on s on hm or s as tWh t rn e n e are r o a

h e su
pp t
h t b th ose ty m t h o eb t h i g
e e on , e re c an e no n

fi dx e tbl th
or s a bj t P e ibly y
on p f
e su ec os s ou re e r

t t t t
.

h e usa e
g h p il d m h aig f Q
re va e E li e re n o l ee n
’
La

b t h;
e t
h m y wit an o h g d
er a h p as oo re ason , ave a ara

ti lit t t t t
,

ay f h w hi h u
or b i d i a h d y s cf C h u s s s e n e a o a c e r.

A d wit
n h g d tt y m l re
gy b
ar t w hi ho eg m oo a ou c ra

b t
,

m i m l
ar an s mu h la ce l
so if ry c use e ss us e e ve on e

h t h p i il g
a a f lt i g wo d
rv e e o di g thia er n r s, ac c or n o s

w op i i ft h i igi t h i f th l n
'

o n n on o e r or n, e O n i on s o e e ar
p
e db i g thi
e n bj t on i u t
s suhmg b t ec s o var o s , no u

n e ral c haos c an e nsue .

t t
ON he h h d t m yb id o A w t
er an 1 a e sa re e o

th t y w f hi d tm d p h whi h
, ,

ca c a e ve r ne -
as on e er an rase c

whim ff t t
i m y in t d f lly i l t
or a e c a on a ve n an o c rc u a e ?

t td tgi it dignit t
,

C hi
an h s e ve r
y u en o ve e er o o r

tyl
s p me, y t orl g g
”
i
er t an e n c o our an ua e ? c an

no t ly Thi l d t f t
sure h p l ti ds ea s o a ur er ex an a on an

limit t ft h tm p t tp tu b
.

i a on o e er res en us e , o re ve n o r e :

i g m i l d by m
n m
s e It i p ibl yaiti e re n a e . s os s e , na s

VOL I . . U
3 06 T1 1 11 P H IL OS O P H Y or 3 001 II .

The na t
ure and charac ers of t t
h e us e which gives law tl
o an gn agc .

c ommon , for men , in avoiding on e e rror, t o run in t

o

t w
t
h er an d a * There is mean in
“

an o orse a e very

hin g Ihave p urp ose ly avoided t

h e ex p re s sion s re

t t t td i
.

c en us e an d modern us e , as h e se se e m o s an n

dire c tpp it twh t

i t But Ih d
twhi h i p tf pl i lw ys
i s anc ie n use

t
O os on o a . ave

he w d p or res en c n re s e c O ac e , s a a

dt t d i p tf t tp t
, ,

Opp o b
os e a im
s en an n re s ec O e, o as or

t t t t t
,

fi x h
ure , w h i
a no W h have no ex s enc e en , e re

t d f l g g it t
.

f h w d
ore, e or p p is use y o an ua e , s ro e r c on rar

t t
i s no b utb l t B id
an c ie n t h ugh I h o so e e es e s, o ave

k wl dg d l g g tb
.

ac no e p ei f m
an d f
ua e o e a S ec es O o e or a

sbi d ub t
on, l asit y t b i g mu h m
o e ss p i s, e e n c ore er

ma t t t t d t
,

hne n i l f pp l f
an u
ar c e s h o a a1 e urn 1 re , an e

lik t h t t t t
,

e, g d a h i f m i n re u d h
ar d o e r or are n er e o

ft t tt
, ,

m i ha
1 n on O i p w I h id d
n c on s anl o e r, ave avo e a so

i gt
h w d f hi bl d i d b whi h b t
'

us n e or s a
s on a e an n o zs c u

t g lly t t t
,

oo e n e ra y h id f l
c on ve
y d l i y e e as O n ove an ev

Wd t tb t
.

h f
or s , by m e re ore , are d no e an s o e ac c oun e

th w e f b i g ld if t
ors e h y or tb l t i
e n O e are n o O so e e ne

t t t
t t
, ,

h W d
e r 1 3 an
y h b f b i gor w O he e er or e n ne n e

ty m t b l t t
.

c on rar im i ly
so e
y e s a so u e n e c e ssar o c on

tit tth t t whi h t tbli h

,

s u e m a c us o h or use , on c e es a s

me t fW d d p d
n O or s e en s.

IF we e c ur t
r o t
he st
an dard alre ad as si n e d

t
n ame
'
‘

y g
t t t t
,

ly, he wri in gs of a plurali y of c e le b ra e d au hors , f

t t
he re will be ro sc ope for he c omp re he nsion of Words t
3“
In Vi t
i mdu itulp
u c c a
e fuga, si c are tt ar e .

Hon De A r
. tP t
e oe .
 R H E TO R IC .

Se c tll
. . P resen t
u se.

and idioms , whic h c an b e de nomina ed t n ovel an d u

p
tt It
s ar m t b wn d t h t
us w ft m t e o wit h e
'

a e O en ee

u h t
.
,

s c
m der
p h i s anw p p p i di l
rases , p i n ne s a ers , ero ca e

d p lit i l p mphl t T h writ r tt

t
c es , an o ca a h e s e e s o e

ly f il t t tdd d
.

im es , rare oh h i p f m a ave e r er or an c e s s u e

wit c mp tt mb ft fa tt
'

h a o h
e en i nu er O e se n as c orn a

m t A p p l ti t h H m Of C mm
tfp ttf m t
en s o u ar ora or n e o e o on s ,

b t h p bli du i g t
.

ah a sor o a en h ro e u c, rn e c on

ti un anc e O f hi p p l it
.

y f i si g m
o u ar y h or c o n n as an as e

t t t
,

p l e ase s A d h y n i d
e h a h
are y no s oon e r s s ue n e

b td t t
.
,

o h m l
ru e p e f m se ve s q i
u on us ro e ve r uar e r, n
y
all t h d ily p p e l t t y dd e
a a ers , & e e rs , e ssa s , a r s se s , c

B t t
.

u hi f ig ifi S h w d d h uc or s an

h m tT h
s 18 O y no s n c an c ras
p
b t t tf tt
.

e s are h i u e n se c s O a s e ason a e os e

t tt t
.

p p eo l lw y fi k
e, a l j a
ps m p c d p h
e , arem us as ro o ro e

as t h yw e tt k t h m up
e re A d o t f h
a e e n no on e o a un

th p t t t
,

d d re i i l
surv ve s i e p y l
ar c u ar oc c as on or
gg ar s ru e

it ly p ply t
-

whi h g c bi t h W m y jut
ave r t h m e a s a o e

wh t t t t
.

t
J
a h y f
o nson s a s O
g m b f h m a f re a nu er o e er s O

th l b i
e d m
a or ous til p tf h p pl
an e rc an e ar O e eo e,

Thi fi git i s t t i b ve c an
g d d y p t
c an n o e re ar e as an ar

ft
O h d bl m te i l uraf l g g e dt h
a era s o a an ua e , an ere

f orem t h ff d tp i h wit
us e h t
su h t
e rehi g o er s o er n s
u w t t
,

n hy fp or i o re s e rva on

As us e , t
h e re fore, implie s dura ion , t an d as e ve n a

fe w ye ars are n o tffi i tfsu c en t t h

or asc e r ain in g h e c a

me te rs of au t
h ors , I have , for t
h m t
ep t i th os ar , n e

'

P refac e thio s Dic t

ion ary .

U 2
followin g tt k my p
s he e s , m pl a enit
h rose ex a e s , ne er

f m li i g
ro th s
v n f mt auh wh w ptb f
or n or ro os e o r e e ore

t l t t t t
,

h R e i e vo
; f m
u on h fi b
no u a ro e rs e c a se n au

t t fi mly tbli h d m hi lif t

,

h fam im
’

t
or s e 1 s no so r es a s e s . e e

n orf m t h l t
ro th t th e m yb
as p w ah t e re a e n o s us ic n a

t t t t t
,

h e y l i
s
p e d
s T h l a
s u eran n ua e
g l i e vu r rans a on

ft h Bibl I m t t t t t
.

o e i d d e
p fusm hi n ee ex c e ro s re s rl c l on .

Th t
i
e c on d i lit
n uan c e an
y f it t
h g h un ve rsa O s use rou

ou tt h B it i h d mi i
e r ff d
s b i
o n on s , a or s an O v ous reason

f t
or h p ti
e ex c e on .

THU S tt mpt
I d t pl i wh t
have a t h t i
e e o ex a n a a us e s,

Whi h i tch l mi t
s fl g g
e so e d t s re ss o an ua e , an o asc e r

ti t
an h p i imp t d
e ttf t
re c se h h or an ex en o e se er e s se n

ti l t
a t ib t p t
a r bl ti l
u e s , re u a d p t d e, na ona an res en an

tgi t t t
, ,

o h dive i p p e b re cb d ion s h ro er o e O se rve n s e arc

i gf t
n h la orw ft hi mpe I tt
s o h g mm s e ress n ru ra ar

d it b t h mi i t 5 d t
.
,

an i im
cr c s are h gh lik
u er n s ers an ou e

h mi i t t
t h y w ld m t t
,

o er n s e rs , im i p eh di ou so e es rn ose e e

tt f t
a es o h i w h m e r o
p t
h p p ln th u our u on e eo e, as e

co mm d f th i
an sig O th y t ft
e r s ove re n, e are no so O en

fli
s uc c e s s u h t tmpt t u g t
n s uc ah ft e s , as o e nc o ra e e c

quen t p titi ref t

h m e on o e .
Chap H . . R H E T O R IC .

C HA P . II .

The na t ure and us e f

o ve rba l t
Cri ic is m, wi b i tt s

p rinc i
p al canons .

t t
THE firs
hi g i lo t i t
h tl im n tt n e cu on a c a s our a en

ti i p it
on , y; ll
s it t
h qur liti h t
h i af s o er ua es ave e r oun

d t i i t
a on hi Th g n ttd d f p it s y i e rea s an ar O ur s use ,

t
i l p p t
.

wh ose i
e s se n
g di ga l g g ro e r es, as re ar n an ua e ,

h b
ave id d d
e e n c on s
p l i d i th p d i
e re g an ex a ne n e re c e n

ch pt B t
a b f er Ip d till tu t d p e ore roc ee o us ra e an s e

ify t t t t
.

fi iff
'

c h i e var ous O
g i p i y h d en c es a a n s ur Or e e

tw y i whi h it i l t d it
,

re n a s m yb n will b p c a e v oa e e ro

t t t t t t
,

p er q i o enm h f h iu re so h f h uc ur er n o e na ure O
'

su bj t will ec bl tfi as m g l
e na l e us o x on so ,
e e ne ra ru e s

t
,

or c an on s , by whic h, in all our p ar ic ular de c ision s ,

we ough tt o be direc ed t This I have judge d he t
t t
.

m ore y m f
n ec e s sar
y h b l i i i m as an o e ver a cr c s s

t t
,

whi h h b
c m d E gli h
ave h i ee nh a e on n s au ors , s n c e e

b gi i g f t
e h p
nn n t ty (f i t o hi i l d e re se n c e n ur or n s s an

we h d litt t
hi g f t m t
,

l a h ki d b f )e or n o n O e n e ore se e o

h ave
p d d ith f m
roc e e t
tl d p i i
ep l t e er ro no se e r nc es a

all f m h
or ro will t b mi t
s uc i as no e ar a n e ar e x a na on

i thi f t tg i b gi i g wit
.
,

Th ere h ad s s h
ur er van a e n e nn n

tbli hi g ti
es a s h tif t
t n h y h ll b
c er a n c an on s , a e s a e

bl t h y will td tm k wh t
,

fu d
o n re ason a e, e en o a e a re

m i f
a ns O d b t h h t d l
our roa t h it o s or e r an c e are r, an

w ld t h wi h b M hi t h w y f il
'

ou o er se ave ee n uc n e a o

l tt i t th p t
.

i
us ra on and i m yb d i
ev c on a e s ave ,
01 1 e ar e n
 T HE P H I L O S O P HY Or B ook II .

T he t
na ure and use ofverbal c ri t
i i m
c s , wi h i ttp i s r nc ipal can ons

lar re marks A n d if, on t

h e c on rary, t t h y h e s ould

t ly t
t
.

no b e re ason able , an d c on se q ue n e h m k re ar s rais

ed Ou t
h m h ld t b e w yt h t
s ou no e well foun de d no a a

t f d tt i g t
,

I hi k f bid f i
c an n h f ll y
O s a re r or e ec n e a ac

t
, ,

and p i g re ven
y d f m b i g m i l d A
n e ve r re a e r ro e n s e .

fl td p i
uen b t anup fi i l m s f it i i
ec ous , u s er c a an ne r O cr c s

i g i
n
y p tt t
s k t fi
ve r t with d a o a e a rs eve n re a e rs

wh m d libe t mi t i t t
, ,

h p in ipl
‘

o i
a e ra e e x a na on n o e r c e s on

whi h th wh l i b uilt
c W uld q ui kly u d i
e oe s ,
o c n e c e ve .

BU T , i tm y b a e said, if c us o tm whic h is so

t t
,

c a ric ious an d
p un ac c oun ab le , is e ve ry hi g i n n lan
ua
g g e O f whtig ifi
a i ith t h g mm s n c an c e s e er e ra a

t it
,
”
i r an h i or Of id bl
e ig ifi
cr c 3 c ons era e s n c anc e

no twit h tdi g ; d fm t
s an t h wh t n hy fian o os en en e c on ne

th m l
e tt h i l g l d p t
se ve s m t d d
o e r t e a e ar e n s, an o no

uu ps r ut h ittan h t d t ah tb lo g tt or vh m a o no e n o e

u t
.

Th m e wh i an y lik u h
o, uld m p il
n a co n r e O rs , s o co e

a su i tp pi u d f it
c c nc hful dig t
e rs fth l w
c uo s, an a es o e a s,

t
,

h ugh o l wgi w uld b u i

no a lly k wve r, o e n ve rsa ac no

l dg d t
e b e
p b li b
o f t e a H w y uw u ld c e ne ac or o eas o

th t imp tt
.

a b h f k wl dg b
or an d d by
ran c O no e e e re n ere

su h c w k i Omp i
a or f wh t itm t b wh
n c ar s on o a us e, en

thi g th tbutl by i t
,

w h e ave n o u n o h ave re c o rse o, a a rn

of t t
ute
s a p t d p i
s, i T h t m
re or s , an l o n on s a an a so

t t i t
.

w ld b f
ou id bl
e O h gh c on s he m e ra e use , ou no n sa e

d g wh h ld igi l t ly t td t y ill g l
'

e re e ; o s ou v an a en o e ve r e a

p ti
rac th t wce b gi i g ta p il d
e re i e nn n o reva an e v nc e

it t t t t
,

d g
s by
an
p i
e r,g i i y l w ex O f i
os n s c on rar e o a s

fit t tph
.

mil rb a h ugh ie ne diff ,

o n a eren s e re , are
3 P H IL O S O P H Y B ook II
’
1 2 T HE or .

T he na t
u re an d us e ofverbal cri t
i i m
c s , ttp
wi h i s ri ncipal c an ons .

shall he re af e r t s im ply denomin a tg e ood us e , al ways

un iform in he r de c ision s T he se c on d is , A s n o erm ,t
idiom , t t h ti ttlly
or ap p lic a ion ,
pp a s o a un s u or e td by
h e r, c antd tb g d i
b admit ye t m idi m e o e oo s e ver er o

d pp li t h t
t t d by h tb
, , ,

an i a i ca on a s c oun en anc e e r, o e

e t m dg d
s ee dt h ef w thy t b t
ooi d ,
an e re ore or o e re a n e

SE CT . t
us e n o always un /firm i ber
dec is iom .

IN tt h f m
an s we rft h q t o I e or er o e se ues i on s , so.

k wl dg
no th t ei y e, t
h i t
a
p f tn e ver c as e e re s no a e r ec

if mit
un or y th d t m i ti in f h e e er n a on s e ve n o s uc use as

m yj t
a ly b d us mi t dg d Wh e en o na e oo e re ve r a c on

t h it
.

sid ble ra mb f
e nu i b p d er odi au or es c an e ro uc e n

supp t f tw di
or o ff t th u g h m b
o li g m d f
e re n o re se n o es o

t t t
,

ex p e i f
r ss onh m h i g h i
or lw y di id
e sa e n e re s a a s a v

t d tp k b b
,
,

ed d
use , an b i on e c an n o ly e sa o s ea ar arous

t6pp e t t
,

or o h g f h
os l g g w h e f m
usa e o e an ua e , o c on or s

t ito eh id Thi di id d
er s h t eh pl m s v e use a ac e so e

The Words un wis e , no way, an d ”aways a f

ford a
p ro e r
p in
t t Y tu l
,

s an c e of
hi di id d u s d v d g i u l i
e s e. e o r e arn e an in en o s ex co

gra
pli h t
'

h der m i tda ll t
h wh ith
en o w it p
na e a os e o e er r e or ron oun c e

th w d ”w y ig
e or t b b i
a Th
a s, ig tb b i
n oran ar ar an s . e se noran ar ar an s

(b tu h h t
h u
e ly t d
a td t t
his ire m t ) no
ly a ve r e o s c rc u s an c e are on

P p o e,d Swift d A ddi

an d L k d an l th f son , an oc e, an s e ve ra o
m tl b t
, e rs o

our os d w itce e Thi i t

ra e h m ti hi g
r e rs . s c en sure s e ore as on s

t
n

h t i t hi f rm whi h h h t h ght fit t pudi t t

,

a eve n n s o ou
h c e as o re

m a i g ig d tit
a e,

i t i t
e

e n n as s ly f m bl t
ne th t
o whi h t m s s rc c on or a e o a c o
y e

logy,
 R H E T O R IC .

S ec tI . . G ood use no tlw y

a a s un iform in he r dec ision s .

t
im estt i d mt
in im i g m t
c on s ruc on , an so e es n arran e en

t t
.

I ll
n a h h i p f
s uc h oi d i b c ase s e re s sco e or c ce an e

l g wit
on q t
h ut i
s, tt h it
i l t tl y d w o ue s on , o e cr c a ar o a o n

t by whi h i d b t
,

h p i ipl
e r nc ful h i es , c n ou c ase s , our c o ce

td
,

sh uld b di
o e re c e .

THER E are in de e d, some diffe re n c e s in sin gle words

ill t
tt t
, ,

whic h ough b s o e re ain e d They are a kin d of

lit
t t t t
.

s yn on y me s an d af
ford a l e varie y wi h u o oc c a

t
, ,

s ion in g an y I inc on ve nie n c e wha

g e ve r n arran e

m t t it ti ly h ld t
en h t i
oo, m c er a n uit o s, a var ous an n e rs s

t t t t
,

i
v ar ous y l i u y l s i i u
es, bj as var o s s es su var o s s u e c s,

an d i u tf mp it
var o s sor s o i F t hi o u co os on or s re as n , n

it t
.

l wh
e ss m b y m b i
e n so u
g yi i l g is
e o sc ur a or n e e an c e

td di p it f w d whi h h t h bt
, ,

c re a e i no i d
s os on o or s c a o a ne

t t t t t t
,

h p bli
e pp b ui ug h bc a l g h j t
ro a on , o o e a o e e r re e c

e d I t u t i t
h n i m wh t
c on s r c diff t on e c ase s so e a e re n

P u it t
.
.

y pr p i ui y d l g g
e rs lly q u
ci an e e an c e , e n e ra re re ,

t h t i t hi t b t t i t t if mit
,

t
,
'

a h h n s
y Y e re e e s r c es un or e

t ly ll w bl b ut
.

diff h e re n c es ere are n o on a o a e, e ve n c on

i twh
ve n e n ttd d wit h p d t
en diff a en e c orre s on en e re n

i t t t t
,

c es h pp li in T h h e a b f u d w h c a on . us e Ve r o o n , en

logy, ac c ordin
g thi o s o wn pl
exic a ion woul d
sugt
ge s S ee
J ohn t
t
.

t
,

son ’
s Di hc i on ary on e words nowirc an d way , p ar ic ul arly he t t
s e n se s o f w y m k d wi tht h a mb ar e e se n u e rs , 1 5 I 6, 1 8, an d 1
9
bt bt
, , .

S h d homogen e al
'

uc su
are erran e an an su e rran e ous , an d
t
,

homo g h t
i d
e n e ous , au
u th ti l i l en c an a en ca td
s e an d isl an d, m oun an

ti lim d lim t
,

m oun a n, c d igh
e an c a e , n e ar an n b t
wi t d b t
w e x an e e e n,

t
,

amon
g d m
s
g m id
an t d m id
a N on a s an a d I ay h t
or th t o se e n ur a

w ld
, .

ou en sue from addin

g no wzlre and n o wy tth
a mb o e nu er.
 3 1 4 T HE PHIL O S O P H Y or B ook IL

T he na t
u re and use ofverbal c ri t c s h it
i i m wi t p i
, s r ncip al can on s.

used litlly i m p p ly f ll w d by t h p
t
e ra s ore ro er o o e e re

t
,

p i i
os on T h orh
z, w as, f d d e ouse as oun e on a oe

i t nh m t p h e i l l
e a
pp i ti it i ft
or c a a b tt w it h c a on , s o en e

hi e t
er

i i t
n , as n Th y mai t
s s n e nc e ,i d t h t d mi e n a ne a o

B t t W uld h
,

i i f d d i g
n on
”
oun e h
s n rac e o se n e nc es o e

t t t
.

b dlya p d if
ex h re ss e
p p i i w p d ese re os on s e re ran s ose

t h gh t t
, ,

ou h p h pe re w h are i i h w l de r a s c as e s e re n e er ou

b g de I t h
oo i t n th f ose f di id d n s an c e s , e re ore , o v e use ,

t t
.

whi h gi c p f i
ve sc e
p h fo ll w
e i g or o on , e o n c anons

h mb ly p p
u d i d t iti
ro ose ig i g th n or e r o ass s us n ass n n e

t t t
,

p fre ere nc e L i i h m im e b
-
m m b e
r, n e e an e, e re e r:

t t t t t
.

d i lw y p on o d h h h ia s re su e au

t
e p as a pp a se a or

t t
, ,

i es h on
pp i id e o q l os ly e s es are e ua or ne ar so.

Wh t t tit
,

h en f id g
os e o ly p p d on e s i i e re a re on e ra e , s n

i t pp th p ili g C t m w h
‘

va n o o ose
g e re va n usa e us o en

i g m yb wy d b t lu tt
.
,

w ave r n a wh e s will a e u en re c an
tb f d A d i t hi d p t m tp
, , , ,

no e orc e n n s e ar en a e rson ne
f t lit t tmpt t
.

ver e f l ec s so wh h t d mu h
e , as en e a e s o c

For his t re ason tt

i is t tp u
o no u
p p
r ose wi h j ohnson o rono n c e

t
h w e ord n e w: a p l l (
urawh t itmight h b i th d y
a ever a ve e en n e a s

h id t
,

of S idn e y an d R l igh) i
a e tm h t ly d tmi d
s nc e c us o a ev en e er ne

t
o h wi : N
er se or i t sh b ti
e o thé l tt [ ] i hi Di
se rv a on on e er J n s c

t
i w
on ar
y ll f e oun d d t eh t it m tb tbli h d
a
“
l se e s o e es a s e as a ru e ,

h [ ] i gl 5 t
,

th t a n o 1 1 01 1 1 1 i g l
s n h ld d wit
u ar s ou
” h w d en r s n e e or s

a me n ds , s umm on s , t
our , g e n us
p
s i
ec e s ,
g i
en us c/
J orm an d s e ve ra l
t
, , ,

o t
h e rs , show t t
h t
h w d
e c on rary. “ For he s ame re ason e or s ove r

and i m
a vers on ,
p p ly t d w it
areh tth w ith f
ore m ro e r c on s rue o an ro .

Th m pl i f
e ex a ft h l t tp p it
es n
i b
avour o
y d m e a er re os on , are e on co

p i t m b d
ar s on ou nu b y t
h i f f th f m
e re T h gu ose n av our o e or e r. e ar -1

m tf m t
en ym l gy i
1 o h f e l b i t
o o
g k f m t h u s e re o n o va ue, e n a en ro e se

of
 Chap II . . R H E T O R IC .
3 3 1

Se c t1
. . G ood use no tlw y
a a s c ons is e n tt
i h n er 1 .

Canon befi rs t t .

THE firs t c anon, th e n , s hall be , Whe n use is divid

‘

cd as t ny p
o a t
i l
ar c u ar word or p hrase an d he ex t
tt
,

p re s sion used by one par ha h been p re oc c upied or is

t t t t
,

i n an
y i f d i
nsff ig ifi i
an c e susc e p ible o a e re n s n c a on ,

d t
anh p i m l
p y d b
e ex
y t h t h t
re ss on e
p o e e o er ar n eve r

dmit di l
a t bt s ah p pi ity d
u en i t
y s e ns e , o e rs cu an var e

re q i t ht t
h f m f p
u re , i whi h i i
a e or
y o ex res s on , c s n e ve r

i t t i t
ly u i
ns anc e s r c l b p f d n voc a ,
e re e rre .

FO R his t reason d uto i

hi g i p
l
g , g y g
s n if in any
-
t n

f b l t g bt
s re

f u d f t
,

era whi h i
c o oa i bc s one o o r e ec ve ve r s

t t
,

by u
c ons e
q m i g o q u
ence , ly i p f b
ean n l c n se en s re e ra e o

t t
,

o f qu
c ons e h i p i
enc e i f as m l
p y d s ex re ss on s o en e o e

td tm m tu imp ttI t
o e no e o h p p i
e n o s or or an n e re os

t to d d t
.

i on w d
or ar d t h an d b f w d
o ar s , an e a ve r s or ar

an d f w d b kw d
or d b kw d t
ar s , h t
ac w ar an ac ar s , e o

f m or u d i di
s are imi t ly se B ut t n h fi t f m
sc r na e as e rs or

ll t it
.

i n a h i l dj t
ese i i b t tt fi
s a so an a ec ve. s e er o c on ne
t h p t e i l tt h
ar c es d C t om t
o e m t se c on us oo, s ee s a

t t t
.
,

p resen l hi w y o T h i e an
p i
n ip l lik sw i a s r c e e se

l d m t t t
.

ea s p f r em p y o re ed j t
i co
ne orar as an a ec ve , o ex

t mp ” whi h i p p ly
e o d c b d s
g ht f
ro er an a ve r an ou or

t tb ti d tt h t It
, , ,

h k
e sa fp ii e o re c s on , u o e re s ra ne o a se.

ofan o t
h l er an ua e .
g g If by he t s ame rule
'
we we re t g l t llo re u a e a
n oun s an d ve rbs of L at
in o igi r na l, our p re s e n ty t w ld b
s n ax ou e

ove r urn e dt . t
I is m ore f
c on orm able t o E n glish an alo
gy wi h tt; o

t
h wode r s dis like an d bamm ,
'
ne arly s
y n on
ym ous ,
are t
h us c on s rue td .
3 6 1 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

T he na t
u re and us e of verb al c ri t
i i m
c s , wit
hi tp is r ncip al can on s .

is tt
on ly ofla e h t t hi l t tm b gi tb m p l y
a s as er e ns o e e o

e d dj t i ly
a ec Th wve
y w ith usq l p p e i t y sa e ua ro r e

t t
.
, ,

an e x e mp yp y ora r m p
ra er,
y m an d ex e orar s er on , an

t tp
,

h pr y mp h p h Ik w
'

e a s ex e ore , e re a c es ex enz ore no

th w D P i t ly h t dt m t t
.

no o r h h pp
r es a i h a en e o en on e

tem r tmp ex e
y i w
orar y wh i h wn l da m k a c ou a e one

t d it w d p uli t
,

hi k h n id
e c on s e re M H m
as a or ec ar o r u e

Th w d h t id t
.

e h
or a ly b evi g d en f l g ee n n oo us e or a on er

tim t h e thi k f
an on e hi g b k i q
n s o tf
searc n ac n ue s o an

th it i
or d m i i g du t
e s , an re t
a ns nhi d y By t
oo h se o s a e

me ul w ught tp f
.

sa r e e o
iy o a d b
re e r s c arce as n a ve r

t dj t
, ,
.

o s c arc e ,whi h i c i d
s an a di g ly ec ve an ex c ee n as

b t
,

an d a ve r di g whi h i
o e x c ee p tni ip l F c s a ar c e or

t I m i li d tp f t h t
.
, ,

h em sa e lre as on a so a nc ne o re e r a use ,

i bly t mi t
.

whi h m k y ic a es eh n var ai p l l o f e no na ve ura

th p e l p
ers ona th n ronound y th a t i an ou e ac c usa ve ,

t t t
,

wh enpp li d
a e l l li
o an ac ua
p y W h d f ura en use or

ut m h t hd t mi d t h t it
.

th i g l e s n umb u ar n e r, c s o a e er ne a

sh ll b y i b t
a e h
ou n Thi o d t
c as e sh di t i s re n e rs e s no

t t imp tt fo t h m t t t
.

i on h ram er ore or an p i as r e os ar

w ld h w di t ly wh t
,

ou s o h re c m w e d e r on e or ore e re a

d re ssed p i t i a w h i
onh W n ft li b lc t m i e are o en
‘

a e o s

tk i ll m d l g g F m t
a e n a o e rn h lik p i i
an ua e s ro e e r nc

t t t
.

p l e, i h n b w h i
ose ver s h h f h p i
c ip l p ave or e ar c e as.

i b t ht h p t it f m d p lior th an on e e c u ar,

t
s ve o e re e r p e e
-

li
c u ar f m org h t h ou th p
;f o e T
ave hu I e re e re nc
'

s,

tt t t
.

t
h ave g I h v
o en , h i dd I h
a e p k en ,b ave s o en , are e er

h an I h g tI h ave obid I h
,
ave F m ,
ave ro

Ye t
I h s ould p f
re e r I have o
bold, beé ed, mel ed,
” t t o I have
b / ’
o oc n , bo/p en , en s t tt
/gen , he se l as p ar ic ip le s be i n g no w obs ole t e,
 bap II
Gf . . R H E T O R IC .

Sec tI
. . G ood us e no always t tt
c on s is e ni h n er I .

t
t
he
t t
t
s ame t i p f bl i t
hi
p n
r pci l
pe I hink a e s re era e n e re

e i r d t i then se
p t
i ip l t twhich an ea en n e ar c e, o ea

i t tt f m of t tt h ugh m t
, ,

h
s h p
e c on s an im or e re sen o so e es

df b tht t
,

als h
o use h or o e o e rs .

B UT th ugh i t
o hi j dgm t n s u en c on c e rn in g t
h p e ar

t t
i ly wit
.

i ip l
c e s, I g h ll u
a ree e n re a o r ap p roved m ode rn
g ramm ari an s I c an by no mean s c on c ur t
wi h some of
t
h m i t t t
,

h i
e n e r m an n e r of s up p or in g i We s hould

t h b tf
t
.

b e imme dia e ly shoc ke d, ”

s ays on e of e es o

t he m 1 a I ba ve knew , t
I ba n e s aw I b a ne g a ve f

t t
, ,

St e b u our e ars are grown familiar wi h I ba oe

t
.

wro e I have drank, I ba ve bore Sac whic hare al '

tt t
.
, ,

”
oge her as b arbarous No hin g can be more in
tt tt t
.

c on sis en in my op in ion wi h he ve ry firs p rinc i

t t
, ,

p le s of g rammar han wh a is he re advan c e d T his

i g i u g t t t t t t
.
,

n en o sl m u ly will p
en d he h an s re no re e n a e re

t t
,

i
s a b b i m i ar ar s y w d w hi h f n e ve r
p i or c se rve s or re e r

an dp t i ip l b t h
ar c l th f g t p tf t
e o h e se e ar re a e r ar o e

t t t t
,

p i d
re e r s an p i ip l f u g b b
ar c es o o r on ue are ar arous

twh t d m y f t
.
l

If no h m a h re nl d e rs an o e s uc as ove

b t tb g btg d E gli h wh mpl y d

, , ,

d
a e s en rou oo n s en e o e

it w t h t b gi
, , , ,

e h wy er Ik w a ? no n o an s er a c an e ve n ,

b t u u t m t
c h t i i
s o t
h w d f mi
a s, n o er or s , our e ars are a

li i d t
ar se th m by f q o tu A d wh t
e w re ue n se n a as e ver

t h b t t h t
.

m e anby b b i m in p a whi h h k
ar ar s s eec u a c s oc s

i l t t t t
,

u bys ing h vo a g i p k i g i e c on s an usa e n s ea n or n

wri ing t ? If so, tb o e e qually barb arous , an d tb o e

1 .
L ow h s In t td t
i
’
tE ro uc on o n
glish G ra mmar .
 Ta r: P HIL O S O P H Y or B ook 1 1 .

The t
na ure an d use ofv erb al c ri t
i i m c s , ttp i
wi h i s r ncipal canons.

e ually shoc kin g,

q are synon ymous whe re as tb o e

tb i f mili tdi
,

b arbarous , an d o e n a ar use , are a c on ra c

t
i i tm
on n er s Y ti t
ehi m n s ann e r does our au t
h or

ft p th it
.

”
O him lf
en ex re ss y y h i se NO au or sa s e n

t i t tj t m if t
.
,

h
ano p l i fi
f er ifyac e , s su c en o us so an es a

l im
so e c sN m d d l tb i f m d o an n ee e e ss o e n or e

th tt h it t t t t
.
,

a y iau
y hi g i lor g g d h i s e ve r n n an ua e , an a

i t
s h w tf itle t h t tan it tb thtoh b a on e a c on s u es o e ar

b arism an d t
h e sole c ism .

Can on be t s ec on d.

t
Tu : sec ond c anon is , In doub ful c as es t re gard ough t
V tb
o e had in our de c is ion s tt
h
o e an alogy of t
h l e an

Fon t
hi s reason I p refe r c on e t
mp orary t
o c an niba

rary The use in words c ompoun de d wi h t

t t ti t
.

h i e ns c on, is h []o re a n e 11

b e fore a c on son an t dt an o ex p un e
g itb f wl e ore a vo e

t Th w y di ip l
,

or an []
h m u e j us e sa c on sc e, c on unc

t mitt t t
.

b l l id
'

are , ;c onc o
g an u co e na c o e erna c on nc c,

I k wb t t
- -

t
-
, ,

cob i e r
p i wnohi h p u one e x c e on , c i s c o- ar

B t t
-

t t
.

ner i d bi u w ghn f ll w u h ous c ase s e ou o o o e

t
t t t
.

l d
ru e , an h p i If b
no
y h f m e ex c e on e or e r c anon

t
.

h d b b kw d
e a ver s df w d pac f bl ar s an or ar s are re e ra e

tb kw d d f w d ; by t hi f mt
t
o ac ar an h or ar s c anon , ro e

i c i le ofanalo
f w ards and bome wards s hould
t ftw
p r n p gy, a er

b e p re fe rre d o a er ard and bonze ward O f he t

t t b ab t
td t
.

w o ad ve rb s bereabon an cre on s , c ompounded

 R H E T O R IC .

Sec t1
. . G ood use no al tw y a s un iform in her decisions . .- C anon II .

t tt
bf hepar ic le here and he p re posi ion he fb rme r t t t
t t
,

alon e is anal o ic a h e re b e in g n o s uc h word i n he

g l
'

t t
,

l anguage as abou s The same holds of bereabozt and

t t t t
.

wifereabon In he Ve rb s o dare and o need many

t t t
.
,

ysai h h i d p n n p e i g l dr d d
e rso re se n s n u ar, a re an nee

t t t t
, ,

h d g ; h d
e nee d o i no O h yo e are no
’
e rs s a

A t h fi t g i
.
,

dd
t
.

d d
rer an nee s di gly i s e rs usa e s ex c e e n r

t t
.

g u
rel h d ly ar,
y hi g l h
ari u if m p an c iC n e ss n n or
’
a
r e

ld ut
c ou h i it T hi a l li
or se u W it h ru e so es
'

ah
pp s s

t
.

o h fo p f i g
er re ason ély d r di g ly re err n re are an ex c ee n as

ad b t ver s , d di g Th ph
o s c arce an Wa ld ex c ee n e rase s n

tG d d W ld G d b t h pi d t h aut h it
.

h l t
o o an ou y o c an o ca e or

t i ; b t t t t i t l gi l t
, ,

of c us o n ly u h f e a er 1 8 s r c an a o ca e or

t Ita tbli h d idi m t

,

m i er s no h E gli h
18 n es a s e o in e n s

h ty f t
i

tg t h u ili i mig ht ld w ld
.

on ue , a an o e a x ar e s c ou ou

d b d wit h t omi t
, , ,

rb ld didon h i
an ubj i d a e n n a ve s o ne

t t t
, , , ,

sh ld ou p m im ex pp i io
re ss m iso e e s a su os n, so e rn e s a

Wi h whi h f t
s h t
: w it p c i o
y i t ie o ex rss c s n an n s an c e , s

ily di
e as df m t h tt Thu t
sc ove re h p ro e c on e x s e ex re s

W ld b b tk itf m d t it
.

i s on , ou e h If
u as o e,
’
en o e s e e r,

b w ld I wit / th t b w ld b utk it fm
’
e ou or J a e ou as o e.

IV ld G d t / t h t
,

i p p ly I wit G d w ld
'

/ ou h o en , s ro er J a o ou

0t h t t t
, , ,

G d wo uld Th h i i i im
t
or a o
p e o er ex ress on s

t
.

p os sible o rec on c ile o an alogy in an y way For a

What
has given i tit
i tt
iden ly he Fre n c h P /zi tDi u
“

t
r se o s ev a e

tB t tb d td t(
,

of h e g am e imp or ith u il as n o e e n a ve r e o so s erv e

t) t
.

co mmonly are imit ht t

h
a orsb p l i i im p l d a e ve r a re s e rson a , an

t d wit t
,

re
gul arl
y c on s ht
rue h p po it
i 5 i h f whi h i t
h e re s on a ne er o c s e

c ase ht
wit he E n glish wi/l '
and won/ d .
3 2 0 T HE P HI L O S O P HY or B ook IL

T he na t
u re and us e of verb al c ri i i m wi t
tc s h itp m ip
, s r c al can ons .

like re ason t
h phe ras e e ver s o, as whe n we say f hough t
t
, .

h e we re
'

is p re fe rable o nejver roi In

tt
d
’

t
e ver s o goo

tt
, l

b o h he se de c is ions I s ub sc ribe o he judgme n p f Dr

J ohns on . O f he tt wo p hrases in no wire in hree t
wd h l t ly i
.

or s , an d nawire in on e , t e as on s c onfor m able

tt
h po e re sen t
g en ius o h tgu
ft Th
e on e e n oun wire
t t t
. ,

si
g y
n if inm an n i q ui ob s ole e I re m ain s n ow
g e r s e

t t t
.
,

on ly in c om p os i ion in whic h alon g wi h an adj e c ive

t tt t
, ,

or o he r s ub s an ive i form s an adve rb or c onj unc

t l gt t
,

i on S h id wi uc hwiare s wi e s e, en s e, c oa r re , c one

t iwi lik wi t
.

lw y p
'

rar hm i
re , The se , o e v re . e se a a s re se rve

th e mp u d f m
co d o n dmitp p it or i ; an n eve r a a re os on

t b ft
,

c on se q ly wi ue n whi h i d no h m
re , c s an a ve r o e sa e

d
or e r, gh t l giou lly t b w tt ian a ow d ca o e ri en n on e or

ttb p d d by i I y i tt
,

an d no o e
'

re c e yl e n. n ve r an c e n s e

a ll t h w d w e se mpor sd d dh dt h p
e re un c o oun e an a e re

t t
,

p i
os i T h on
y id .i l ik wi d i
e h sawi a e -

re , an n o er se

In proo
i“
t
fof his I shall produc e a p ass age ake n from he Pro t t
tt t t
logue of he E n glish ran sl a ion of he Le ge n da A ure a, whic h
m th
se e s b m d t
o w d t
ave h e end of th a fift e th ot y ar s e en e e en c en ur .

Ih bmy d m y lf tt l t
aue su se i tE gyl h t seh l g de o ran s a e n o n s e e e en e

f y twhy h i
o s n es lled l g d c e i L t
s ca y ; T h ti t e en a aure a
'

n a n a s o

y t
h
sa e,
g ld l g d
e F o i lyk
en w y e
g l
end i m
e. t or n e s e as o e s oos

bl
no b u ell t h m t
a o e lly ; i lyk wy i t
a o hy l g d
er e a s n e se s s e en s

h ld o m t l b u ll t
en oos h w k no
” e Ab t t
a o e ah t im o er er e s . ou e e

th t pa ourt i ft h
re s en ipt w m d
v e rs on o th ld g e sc r ure s as a e, e o us a e

w w i g
as t Th ph i lif wi
e ar n ou . b t
e
(M
rasett n e re oc c urs u on c e , a e

i
x x . wh th mp d tm lik wi
e re as e cof q t
ly oun er e s e oc c urs re ue n ;

W fie d i n l pl thi
n s e ve ra w i y w i d
ac es , on i t
w i s re , i n an re , an n no re.

Th t w fi t
e ph o rsw b l t d t
ras es areh thi d m
no t b o so e e , an e r see s o e

i t
n h t tD J h
e s a e ll b l r to n s on c a s o so es cen .
Chap II . . R H E T O R IC .
3 a r

Se c t1 . . G ood use no tlw y u if

a a s n orm in h er Il l.

A n d if c us tm t p t w if o m itai d i i d
re s e n ere un or as s v

dmit t it ght tb f l
,

e d i i gi b f
n a wi n n e ore no re , ou o e o

l wd t I t m t t iti
,

o h gh
e m l ou h ano a ous n e se a e rs s

f li h t t tmpt ttggl g i t th t m All

, .

oo s o a e o s ru e a a ns e s re a

th t t t t
.

a Ih p l d f i h
e re w h m
ea i or s , a e n c us o var e s , an a

l gy h ld d id t
o s h q ou t
i I t h d tm i
ec e e ue s on , n e e er na

ti on o ft hi p t i l i t I dif s f f m D P i t
ar c u ar n s an c e er ro r r es

l y S m t im wh t h i f ll w d by m t im
t
e o e es e er s o o e n o, so e es

by t F i t
.

no m w ld y W h
or n s an c e , s oh h e ou sa e er e

t Wh t t O ft
.
,

will h
or n o h h will o e rs , h e er e or no
’
es e

it i t h l t t ly t h t
.

s e i n l gi l a Th
e r on i a s a a o ca e re s an

llip i f t b i t h l t
.

e h s s o l whi h wh y
e ve r n e as c ause , c en ou

su l
pp y y fi d it y tou th nd b t n e c e ssar o us e e a ve r no

Wh t will t I h ll ly dd t h t
, ,

h h will
'
’
e er e or no s a on a a

by b t ht t t
.
,

h p o di g w e g h lw
re c e
y ny c an ons e ou a a s o sa

ren d i t h p n tft h i di t ei d ft
re se nh i fi i o e n c a ve an o e n n

ti ve , d an t i mt im d
n e ve r ren Th l t as s so e es on e e a

t tm h t t t t
.
,

er h b
er p p i d ba y h p i
ee n d re oc c u e e re e r an

t b id t h t it
-

h p t
e i ipl p i ar c i
e ly i t hi p
ass ve , es es a s on n s a

p li cati t
h t it on b id t b a d l gi l
c anly e sa o e use an a o ca

F t t t t t t
.

or hi h i
s re ason ,
p i ip l gh l w e
y ac ve ar c e ou a a s o

b di g
e f en d tt i g n ,
an no ren n .

tt Canon he hird .

T thi d HEi Wh h t
t m r c an on s, en e er s or ex p re s s on s i
arei th p t q u
n o l t
h t ught tb e r re s e c s e a a o o e
p re f
e rre d
whi h i m tg bl t t
,

c h s os a re e a e o e e ar .

THIS rule t
ha h perhaps a grea er c hanc e t of being
VO L I . . X
 3 2 2 T ue r mm s orn v or 3 ul

Tu m -fl m d n rb d ed t
id m wleh lu n l d p fl
n , n can on s.

ob se rve d t
h an any ot
h it
h i gb t er, av n ee n he g mcial
t
b en for some im t id h h ou d
t e o avo dum ars s n s an n a
s ical p eriods .
Qf t
hi w h ms y mp l De
e ave an ex a e s.

soon is att h i c i d
d p l e au n ical neu , and v ndi ve i p s os ses t
t
c

t tt
e

vindic a ive al oge he r Nay, a regard o sound ba h, t

m i t t
.

i
n so hde ns anc e s, a an fl
in uence on h p ubli
e c

h i e tt tt
bo h he forme r c an ons,
t
c oc h p j di n e re u c e of

t tt
,

whic h on e would hink ough o he rep u ed as of

and beside s been p le oc c upied. and s eman ic al ly

had t
t
-

would be e quivocal, being a regular de riva ive from

t
h tmi ng en ww if th w ptti h d t
e ne “ acc e a on a no
dt
e er

t h t lt t
.

before now supplan e h g h e o er a o e er .

Conan he fi t ni s h.

t
Tar four h s am e is In c ases Wherein none of t
he

t
,

foregoin g rules
giv e s e i he r s ide a g roun d o f p re fer

ence, a t
re gard o sim lic i
p ty ( i n wh ic h I in c lud e e y t
m ology when m nif t
a
) ugh
esttd tm i o o e er ne our

c hoic e s

Han an t
h e na me si t t
mplic i y I mus be un de rs td
oo
to c om p re he n d also\
bre v it
y; h t
h tp er a ex nes s ion 1 8 al

ways t
he simp le s whic h wi h t tq e ual p uri y antd p e r

t t t t
,

sp ic ui y i h b i
, f s W e r e es . e have, for ins an c e , se ve
Gbap IL . R HE T O R IC .
3 3
2

Se c t1
. . Good m e tw y
no al a s uniform in be: decisions - C anon IV a .

t
i
ral ac b whi h ve ve r s , c are use d ei h wit
t h er or wi t
h
out p p iti i di
a re os on n s c ri t Thu w y
mina ely s e sa ci

t t t dmit dmit
.

h p f; f; pp
'

p
e r ac c e or ac c e o a or a o a rove or

in like manne r a dd dd s t
ran o tti or a res a a n or

tti t In uch i t it
,

a a n o. will hold I upp

s ns an c es s ose ,

tt t t t
,

p re yg l ly h h
e ne ra im p l f m i p f
a b l e s e or s re e ra e

Thi pp a p t i ul ly i t
.
,

rs h p i w i e i whi h
ar c ar n ass ve s n c

t
s a e e

t t
,

e ve ry m on eh d iffe us H is
se e p w e re nc e res en as

t t
.

p
ac c ed o b
f y h ie f i d H i e u w s d m
ren i
’
s x c se as a

t t t t
.

d o
e b
f y h i m T h ms g i w
as e r d
’
e a s ra es ere a

d tby t h t id t
.

ow m ly mu h
’
d
’

res s e o e ns en , are e v en c

w orseth Hi p an, t w p t d b ys h i f i
rese n d as ac c e e s r en
’

dmit td by hi m t
.

Hi u w Th m
’
s ex c se as a e s as e r. e a

g i t t w
s ra e s dd u d by th
e re a t w m W re h e e o s en
’
e ave
t t t t t
.

b u m yoo f h i wk w
an d di j
o i n d f
s a m ar s o e sor o co

t t t t t
.

t
,

p o u d d
n s, h f an u g h m
ere oreul ipy l h m o no o e

wit h t it t t
.

ou ne ce ss
y N w if h p p o i i h ol d on ce e re s on s ou

bt i i t t t f y twill h
.

o h
an n i oi h ul
e ac ve v ce , e r es o s n ax a

so lut ly q i it
e i t h p iv
re u re S m t im i d d
n e ass e. o e es n ee

th b h t
e ve r ht w gim a dt h th p p it
o re i e ns , an en e re os on

i
s ne c essary t of t
h m I
o one d d m y lf t e as a ress se o

dt wt
,

my j dg Th y dd
u es
’
h i A p ll
e a resse e r vo s o o o,
’

B t t
.

f
u o suc h I m h c ase s
p k i g a no ere s ea n .

ty m
B orn l gy d l g ey w ll oo
p h y an ana o as e as e u on

d impli it t t
,

an y ds mi i pc f in g b t
t e er ne us n re e rr su rac o

mb t t d t t t t t t
,

r rac qu ly m b ,m i
an b i
c on se en c on oru r rac an"

Sub rac is tt g
reularly deduc e d from t
h e su
pine s ub ractt
um
i o
 THE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

Canon be fif l) t t .

THE fif h p t th t an d tm uly o t
h er c an on a oc c urs o e

onth bj tf di id d
e su i I t
ec h fw o v e use , s, n e e c as e s

wh i it
h pe pi it
e re n n e y l gy it
erh d rs cu n or an a o ne e r soun

impli it t t t
,

n or s y i i fi i c
g h i e i i fass s s us n x n our c oc s sa es

tp f t h t whi h i m t f m bl t
, ,

o m
re e r a ann e r c s os c on or a e o

i t g
an c e n usa e .

Tm s is foun de d on a ve ry p lain m ax im ha in lan tt

th t tlf u
,

uage , as in se ve ral o hi g er n s, c han i n le ss

g ge se

t t
,

whe n i is c le arly a d van a e ous ,

g is in e ligible T his
t tt
.

for p re errin g ha us age whic h

i
fords an o
af h e r re ason

t
dis in guis hes ye as t
he n om m p lu ral of rbaa whe n

t t t
,

more han on e are addres se d, from you he ac c usa i ve

it t t
h thi di t
i t
.

For m yb a e re marke d , a i s s nc on is v e ry

h L t
t ie a tb i t
n ve r b
h m w y
su b ratf m mitt
o, h
n e sa e a as ac ro ad ,
e

supi f g
ne o d t l tf m tm / m t
a o, an h i
ra ns a e
p f ro ra al u e su ne o

B t it
,

ro. w ld b q it
u m pl d td i
ou t
eh Engli h b
u e un e x a e o e r ve e s ve r

f m t h F h mt B id t t t h i t
'

ro e ren c h
ro i razre. es es, e re s no an o er n s an c e

i t
n h l gu g
e anf w d b gi i g wit
a e o hth L t
a i p p it
or i b e nn n e a n re os on ru ,

wh th m 6 i f ll w d by
e re e s lo wh t
h o eigi l w d an r, un e s s en e or na or

m p u d d wit
.

co o n e ht h p p it i b gi wit h e Th wre os
y on , e ns an r. us e sa

ut
.

b ib f m
ru rc r eb d Z wb i t
ro su f m an d ifl b t
rc rz o
. it
,
r r ro an r e, su s e

f m
ro b rud t B ut
an w fr t y b t tf m b d
o ao. e c ann o sa ru r rac ro ru an

d b tt
.

ti t
s ra hn, b i g e rehw d Th
e n b
n o s uc h or ere c an e no ou e re

h tmi t t t
.

t
,

f
ore ,t ak ym
a l gy i i
s a en
g f m f
fi
e i y t
ho o ar s n ro an a n o e

h tm t i t b b t i t
,

F ren c er h ,
n oi nb l u h gie ve r , u n ve r a no n , as ve n r se o

thi h h
s m ly
ars ano a .
Chap 1 1 . . R H E T O R IC .
3 5
2

Sec tll
. . G ood us e no tlw y
a orm
a s unif in her V .

re
gularly ob s e rve d in our tlt i ft h Bibl
’

ran s a on o e e, as

w lle ias ll b t i tt
n a h
our M ilt ti
es an c e n au ors on oo s

t tt t t t
. ,

p i l
ar c u ar l y i i T
a h w
en d ve u y o d e or s c a re an

t t t
.

ca wwy e ap u
are a d p m i u y l
re sen h g h I se ro sc ous ou

t k w wh t h t t
,
,

d o no no h b y d
e iff er b i e re e an e re n c e u n

th p lli g
e s e Th n ld w y i w y whi h e o th a s a a c as e re

t t t t
.
, ,

a pp e ars n o g d f ool i g ire ason

g h b or a er n ou o e

h ld t h b t Th lt t h t
,

e e es i I pp e a h p e ra
g on , su ose , a s run

m mi t ot b t th t t
. .
~

f m
ro so k e i s a y m
en n l gy b on a ou e e oo u

if t h ti
e no h db on j t t h a we en ld t h us e re as on ou no ave

fi i t It it h t i td
,

b n f
ee su c en e er o n ro uc e

iti t i t tdd tt
.

a v d p
a e i ron un c a h m li i
on , or o a o e an o a es n

or t h g p hy (by f t
o ra o m s l ardy) wit ho nu e rou a re a

whi h t M ht
, ,

c h l g g i e umb
an d ua e h
s en c m e re uc e sa e

Th t
.

m y be id fj il
a sa d g l j il o a dg l an ao a er an ao e r a
t
, .

ja il d j
an il h ba fi er d i
ave
p b bl f
een m rs use s ro a e, ro

th e vu lg t l t i
ar ft h B ib l f Th q t
ran s a on o ti e e e uo a on s
t t t m h t
.

on h h e o id f m Sh k p er s e ro o a es e are , are no uc
b mi d d
e n it i w ll k w t
e as h t his dit h e no n a s e ors ave

t t ot
,

k
a en a g d d l foof d m w i h ea hi o h g p hy re e o s r o ra

t t t t
.

Th e ar u
g m f m i den i i f m
ro h F s h e r va on ro e re n c

t
,

g l
eo e ,i yp il
s ve r F h m e
ue r e w g h tor e sa re ason e ou

tw itj t d t t
.

o r e
’

ar er , an
g d pl d t
noh p ell i gar er, an
"

ea e s n

ft h F h p imit i j t N w ld iti
’

o e re n c r ve a r ze re or ou vo

l tt i t
.

a e h l w f p e a i
s o i E gli h m ron un c a t on n n s ore o
dt t h gh it w it t [g ] t t
,

s oun h [j ] e w a as ou h e re r en a an

h gh it
o

dt t w it t [j j
,

soun h [g ] e w a as ou e re r en a .

1 Ac ts x vi. 23 .
3 26 TH E P H IL O S DI HY
’ or R odi II .

T he na t
u e and
r us e of verbal c ri t
i i m wit
c s h itp i , s r nc i al canon s.
p

SE CT . t
bi g f w n a ared 5] g ood we, no on t

I co tt hm no d qu t w i f
o ti i g
e se con
‘

e s on or asc er a n n

b t ohth tt of t h e ex uth it yen l im d b y u e at m or c a e c s o

ight t t
,

an d th f l p e r
g i f u i i i m A
re ro a ves o cr c s s no

tm idi m t t t t t t
.

er
pp l i o i h i
or a l ly u caupp d
on a s o a ns or e

dmit t d tb g d ; i t
, ,

by b
use , c an e a y e m o e oo s ever er

d p pli t th t t d by
,

idi m o i
an a i ca on , a s c oun e n an ce use,

tb tm d g d d t w t hy t
,

o e es ee h f oo b t an ere ore or o e e

t
e

t t h t t
,

i d I nw
a ne ? h gh
a s hi g i l gu g
er, a ou no n n an a e

c an b g d f m whi h u Wit
e oo hh ld h
ro pp c b se o s er a ro a

ti t
h
on , m yb m y t e re hi g t a whi h h gi
e an it n s o c s e ves

th t t t
,

a i ll
are n o
p g d n a h re s wec s oo or suc as are or

thy t t d imit t m i t
,

b i d
o e re a n e d I an a e n so e ns anc es

t
.

t
cus o mm y y p p y a l b h
ve r k d b ro er
y i i i m e c ec e cr c s

whi h h t tof g t d t tt
,

h a i a sor ho gh ne h a ve , an u no

t
c e

i
c e nsor an p w f i t od g d ti
er o th p i
n s an il e ra a on , e rv e e

tt
g
o f m re i g d by m
ons ra n ft hi wh an u d e an s o s, en se

tly fb i gi g wh t i b di t di p ut d
,

di sc re e o rn n a s a n o s re e , an

elli g it t t t
,

so c anc g d u ll y nb u w h i h h a
r h p a i i c a no os ve

right t tbli h y t o es a hi g H p w t i lik

s an n er o er oo s e

th t t
.

f l q
a o h Op
e o ue nc e
p l sb
y yp e era e s on us ure er

i
s uas on , d p di g f e en th n lidit
or suc c e ss
y t on e so or a

l t t t
,

h p i
e as e s fh g m
e c ous n e ss o w h u e r ar u en s e re as c s

tm h t
o h u a tbl d i i t
an ibl i fl
n ac c oun a e an rres s e n ue nc e

ove r us , an i fl whi h i p i tpe n ue n c e i dc s r or o rs uas on , an

i d p d tf it y m t
n e en en im o ,i na tdi so e es e ven n c on ra c
c m . 17 . n a r r om c .
3 7
2

Sec t1 1
. . t
Every hing favoured by good use , no t hy t
w t b
or o e V .

t
i tit O f diff tm dé
on o eren o s of ex pres sion h t
t a

t tb
. ,

whic h c ome s ferroured by ge ne ral p rac ic e m y

o e

b t t t tt
denomina e d bes , bec ause e s ablishe d ; b u i c an
it
e

notlw y b id wit
a h tth t
a sht i t bli h d
e sa ru a s es a s e

u b tA d t t i t
,

yt
b ee a x h f hough I g
es h n ere ore, a re e n e

t t t
;

g e l
en ra i i le m i i d b P i l
r nc h i a n a ne on s

t ui t
p p y s r es e

subj t Id ec hi e t im t h ldi g
o no c onc r n s s n en as o n
lly t th b t h will it
,

uni versah f m f p a e es or s o s eec !

t t bli h t by t t
,

im h m l
e es a h i w p i s e se ve s e ro n su e r or c i -s

”
c elle nce . Time and c hanc e have an influen c e on

t
hi g h m
all n s thi g m m k bly
u an , and on no n ore re ar a

t
h l guag
an on ; i m u h th tw an ft n t
h t e ns o c a e o e see a ,

ofv i u f m t h
ar o s will mm d t hm l or s, ose rec o en e se ves,

d m intg l u whi h if b t t ly u i
h t
an co e o e nera se , c a s rac co s

it h impl t
.

t m t
,

d d
are are ne
n h g b l er e s es o: e os a re ea e

tt th m t onf m bl t logy A d
,

h
o e e ar, nor e os c or a e o ana n

t n t y p p ly f
.

h gh w ou y Xp
e c an i o sa ro e r o an e ress on

whi h h t h c t
i of g d u as th t it i b b» e sanc on oo se , a s ar

mu w mu t dmit
s, ht
t in ot
e h p t it ms
y b a a er res e c s , a e

f ult
,

ay .

tt t t
ing, ha Swif , in he p roposal above q uo ed firms.
af t
tt t
ha , mhere are any gros s imp rop rie ies , whic h, t
t t
hough au horised by p rac ice, ough o be dis t tt
tdi t t
.

c arded Now, in orde r o sc ar d h m e nohing

han t
more is ne oe ssary t o disuse t dt
.
,

hem . . An bi g o rn

I P re fac e tth R dim tf E gli h G mm

o e u en s o n s ra ar

t tt
.

ti i g t
h E gli h tg ; th L t
,

For as c e r a n n e n h s on ue s ee e e er o e

Lord High T re asurer

 R H E T O R il C .

Se c t1 1
. . t
E very hin g favoured by good us e , no t
w t
hy tb
or o e V .

Ir is hbwe Ver, t t h th no less c c r ain ,

h nd on e o er a

th t i t ft t d i
, ,

a h d l n i e l ngua
e c e ns on o g as e an sc e n c e , a e

will id bly d g
un avo t dt h ugh t
a h it
ei l e n e ra e , an o e cr ca

art m y td lit a l it
t will
re ar b bl ta p t
e, n e ver e a e o re ven

thi d g s y e I h ll th
e n e racf bj i f w s a e re ore s u on a e re

m k ud t l t tt
.

ar s h f m f n i
er i
e h
or o c an on s , n re a on o ose

w d i wh i h m b th u ht t m it
hit
or s or e X re ss on s , c a e o o
p y g er
o

d g d t
e i f m t
ra a h k tonh y h ro h tm i e ran e ave er o an

ti d bmit
a ne ti g th su m k ti ly n ev y e se re ar s en re as er

thi g f t h ki d m t b ub mit t d t t
, ,

n o e n h fi l d us e s e o e na e

tmi t fth imp t

,

er i n a on o i l p ubli e ar a c .

Canon t
h t
b e, rzx
.
'

THE firs t c anon on t

hi bj t
s i su ec s, A ll words an d

hrase s whic h are re markab ly hars h an d un harmoni

p
ous , and no tb t
a solu e ly n ec essary, may j tb
us ly e

j udge d t t t
wor hy of his fa e .

I CA LL a word orp hras e ab solu e ly n e c e ss ary, t when

we have no syn on ymous words , in he e ve n t tfo a

dismis sion tupply itpl

o s s ac e , or n o way of c on vey

t tt t
,

in g p rope rly he s ame ide a wi hou he aid of c irc um

loc u ion t T he rule , wi h his limi a ion , will , I be tt t t
td t Th ly
.

lie ve , b e gen erally as se n e o e on diffic ul y t

t t t t
.

is , o fix he c ri e ria b y whic h we may dis c rimina e

the ob nox ious words from all o he rs t .

I tm ay well be re c kon e d t
h t
w
have ligh e d on
a e t
on e c ri e rion , t when we have foun d a dec omp oun d or
 T a r: P HIL O S O P HY or

The t
na ure and use of verbal « rid en t twtt i . i hi s pr ncip al m

tm mp d fw d l dy comp u d d wh
er co os e o or s a rea o n e e re

f t lp t t sily d t t
,

o h e severa h f ar s are no ea an ere ore no

ly u it t
,

l
c os e d Su h h w d b n e f d c are e or s are ac e ncrr,

t t
.
- -

h m j
r a d m m
e - —fi l
‘

fl u
ac e d i i- flerr,d - c rerr a
e s n eres - c

t t
.
,

mm w g b d d —w d b
ron d m m T h
ea e
y a r, en er- ear e e

t
a

t
-

h
are so y d d wli g d w i h
e aval i ll o p an ra n an so o al ac

d th tt et it t
,

c h yh m a i y h e i
p p h i
ave n ore v vac an a er ras s,

t mp tf t h d f tfh mo y
,

o co e n sa e or e e ec o ar n .

A N OTHE R cri e r on ti
is, when a word is so fan ned and
ac c e n e d as t t o re n de r i of dif t
ficul u e ran c e o he t
tt tt
s pe ake r, an d c on se q ue n tly di s a re e able
g in soun d t
o

t
h b e e arer T his hap pen s in wo c ase s ; firs , when t t
t t t t
.

h yll b l
e s a es whic h imme dia ely follow he ac c e n e d
wded wi h consonan s as t t d
t
sy llab le , are so c ro noc e s

tt t t
,

s ir
y o r e ard he p m ou nc a ion T he wo rds quér

tt
.

flawless obrénic lerr c on ?en i le“ . Gram ars “ re t m

tt t
, , ,

me mbranc er are e x ample s of hi The as c e n in

’

t t t tt
, .

all he se is on he an e p e nul ima e for whic h re ason

t
h t tyll bl oughtt
, .

w l e o as s o b p nou
a d q ui k
es e ro nc e c

at
hi g n sc arc e ly p t
i bl o ou t ft
hrac um ca e, n ac c n o e n

b er of twhi h o u i t h
c ons on an s
yll b l c cc r n ese s a es .

Th tmpttqui k t
t e a h p o u i t
e io t h gh o c en e r n nc a n, ou

f mili t
a E glishm ar o e hibit ttg t h p
n en , x s o s ran e rs e a

f w
e aran c e okward hu y i t d of th at fl u
p
t
y rr ns ea a eas

t t
,

ency b f d i ho w d ew h i h
oun un n ose or s e re n e ac

td yll bl
c en e tu lly h tSu h
s a lé it
e s are na
j ra s or c are o

t
.
,
odmty id ity
’

ll t d iav lik m h a ac c e n e n e ann e r on e

t im t T h
ul t
, ,

an ep en d i whi h a imi
e e. e se con c ase n c s

l di
ar i f u d i wh
ssonan c e t
o many yllabl s s o n , s en o s e
Chap. 1 7 . R H E T O R IC .

follow he t t t
ac c e n ed t yll bl s a e For hough hese be
t if t tt
d t
.

na u lly h ra s or hey ex heir umb

w n er, cee o,

u i t
,

mk a es di g bl pa i E mpl
sa ree a f e ron n c a on x a es o

t th w d p im ily t
.

hi s are i e
iy tlm m l
or s
yp r ar c rrorz
’

r arz
’

émptb p émpt m d t
, , ,

all f whi h
’
i
’

i
'

r orz er or neu , n ze a '

ve o c

td t h f t h yll b l f m t
,

are a c c en e h on d e our s a e ro e en

It W tb Wi h d t h tt
.

’
e re h o whi h w p
e il s e a e use c no re va s

t t t
,

d m f m w
tff d tp twit
i
n re arg h io g d e ann e r o ac c en n so e or s ,

w ld lt
ou w a er, as h y e c ann o a or o ar e ve r

tm t
er ht i li b l t a p t
i i sth i p t a N e o ex ce on n s re s ec or

tb d p i d of i W fi d it
.

i
s a ch g h an e ere o e es a re s nc e e n

h t dt t
,

ah h pp a lw d l e ne dy h pl o seve ra or s a re a as e ac es

whi h t t t t
,

h y
c py i iee p y uffi
occ ui ly n an c n oe r s c en c

Vin c e .

A THI D c ri erion
R t is , when a shor or unac c e n e d t t
s yllable is fo llo w d
re ea e
e
pbtd
y an o h e r s hor o r or t t
t
,

un ac c e n e d s yllab le v e ry m uc h res e m b lin g T his a l

t t tt
.

way gs ive s h e app e ara n c e of s am m erin g o h e p ro ~

i t S t
h w ords balily,
’
i uc h are fé i
'

nunc a on e rr erzng,
tm
’

wit
.

’
s zllz
’

ly We haVe no any words c har e able

g h
t
hi f lt t
.

s ; au p e b ee n
n ay, so e arly
l s e n si have h p e eo

t
ble of he disagre e ab le soun d oc c asione d by suc h re
c urren c e sttt t
ha i would ap pear hey have adde d he t
bi l t mi t t y f w f u dj t
,

d
a ve r i i n a on o ve r e o o r a

tt
a er ec ve s

en di g i ly nI b li t
n h m pl e e ve e re are n o ex a e s ex an

l ly g dlily t t
.

fb im lily d ilily J h
’

o e aven z h oh e a o nson a
t t t
.
, , ,

gi veni hi D i i
us y h w dn l w li f b u s c onar e or o z

t
y
wit h t t t t
, ,

i h i i I h d h hk
'

q o gou u n au or es n ese an s uc e,

t t
.

h i pl f m
e s rn b l e
y g ydl im l
y doril s, as eaven , o , e , a v,
 33 2 T HE P H IL O S O P HY or B ook IY .

'

The na t
u re an d use of ve rb al cri t
i i m
c s , wit
hi tp is r n c ip al c an on s .

bomely tly
c our c o el m y, se e m al ways th d o ave s e rve

t dj t th gh thi t h t
, ,

b o h for a i ec ve an d adve rb ou h s oo a

iti s i nc on ven en c e I td e serve s u t

i
o r no c e,t
h tth a e

tt it
.

p
re i i ef on o a syllable is n e ver f i
f
o en s ve , wh h en e er

b t
h lon g, in p ap a , mamma , murmur,
’

on e or o are as

tt b b
ar a r, a r arour, lily .

B e s mas he t c ase afore said , I know of n one h t

t a
s
t tdi p th t t
.

ough
i l di
o fw d
s ose us lly e o a s use o or s re a

sig ifi n t
t A litl h hc an by th lli i f e ars n es s e co s on o c on

twhi h t
.

s on an s , h l g fi cd di f
n e ve r e e ss , our or an s n no

fi ult t t t t t
.

c
y i i l i g d w hi h d
n ar c u a gg n an c o no su es o

t t f it ip itt
,

h b e h di g
e arer b l id h p e i sa re e a e ea o e er re c a on

or of t mm i g
s a hy m a fi i t
f ern arc no e ans su c en reason

f t flt
, , ,

h upp
or i
e s f m Th m ress on oy l an use u er . e on os

lab le s j udg
’
d , drudg d , g rudg d,
’ ’
whic h so me have
t
h ght y
ou ver of
fe n sive , app ear n o ti t
h l t n e e as ex

cep t
i b l on a tt h w e, me co mp are d wi h e ords above n

t
-

i d
on eIt w ld td w ll t i t du hh d
ou no o e o n ro ce suc ar

d tg d tf q ly ; b t
t wh t
.

an s ron sounh y s oo re ue n u en e are

d p p ly t
.

u d p i gly
se s h y h
ar n v g d
an ro e r e ave e en a oo

ff t V i t t t
.

e ec y i d i d ar e
g o l n s oun s a van a e ous a an

t tt t
.

g g ua ed i i i h w
an h ld h s c on ve n e n a e s ou ave

som d t h t
e soun s gh d m li w lla are rou an asc u n e , as e as

som t
h t liq id
e d f mi i a are u an e n ne .

I O B SE RVE thi t
h th b c u
s I t
hi k t
h e ra e r, e a se n e re is
t
a p re se n tg t i k f g i g tf i fi i
a re a er r s o on oo ar n re n n g,

t
h an of n o t
g i g f on ar e n ough . T he c ars of s om e c r i
 i

Chap 1 1 . . R H E T O R IC .

Se c tl l
. . t
Every hing favoured b v good use , no t
w t
hy tb t
i d
or o e re a ne .. C an VI .

t
i immodera e ly delic a e
c s are A la e e ssayis t
one t t t
t
.

who se e m s o p os sess a c on siderable share of in gen ui

t
y d t t an
p p as e , ro ose s t
h tt t
ei p ti u e r ex r a on of enc roac h,

bm t
c nc roa ci cn n c ulc a e, tp p tm t bi k
ur or c n r, and some

t t
, ,

oh h p i e rs , e re c se m e an in g of whic h we have no

tt t
,

s in
gl e w ords in E n
glis h ha p e rfe c ly e x p ress A n

t tt t
.

c ar s o n ic e as o b e hur by he se , ap p e ars o m e in

t t t
he s am e ligh as a s omac h s o s q ue am is h as o nau t
t
s e a e our b ee f db t
h
an e e r, e ordin ar
y food of he t c oun

t
y S r uc h e ars , I should s ay, are n o td ptd t a a e o our

t t lim t Thi h
.

sp ee c h, n or suc h s omac h o our c a e s u

t
tb
.

mour we re i o e c om e ge n eral, would have a very

ttt d it might
,

un favourab le as p e c
h l g g ; o e an ua e an

dm itq t wh t
.

a i h a h p i ipl
ue s if on , e e r, on s uc r nc e s, an

exp g t
i f t
h b l
ur a on oy w tt m p td th e voc a u ar e re a e e e re

thi d ft h wh l tk t h t
,

w ld m i
ou re w uld
a n one -
r o e o e s oc a o

tb d m dw t
,

no hy f
e ii Thi w uld b
ee e or o e x c s on s o e

t tif
.

p ar ic ularly in c on v n ie n e e ve ry body we re as muc h

t t tb t ll
,

an e n e m y as hi g s en l m e an se e ms o e, oa ne w
ashion e d
f tm
er s an d p hrase s We should hardly have
t
.

words e no w le f for n e c e ss ary p urpose s l ' '

.

Ske t
h c es by L aunc e lotTemple E sq . of la t e re -

p ub li she d
tg
, ,

and o wn ed by D r A rms ron .

1 I shall he re b
y h e w
on ly obse rve
a
y h a hos e l an ua
g g est ttt
t t t t
,

whic h are allowed o b e he mos susc e p ible of all he grac e s of t

harmony, have admi e d m any ill s oun din g wordst
t S uc h are in .

G re ek, c a Aa yx n CsoSau, wgeo¢9ry i¢ odaa , x tx a x ox a

, gr
e
min aion " In t
t
h tw l t
.

e o as on e fin ds a disson an t rec urre n c e o f he t me le

sa t
tt er o

t
,

adg e
qui t re e e un e x ample d wi h us The re is, howe ve r, suc h a

tt
.

mi t f l g
x ure o on an d shor tyll bl
s a e s, as
p re ve n s h t fi lt
dif y f a cu o
 T m: P HILO S O EHY or B ook II.

The t
na ure and use ofverbal cri cs h it
i i m wi t
t p i
, s r nc ipal « nous .

Canon he t rcv mb t .

Tarz sec ond-

c anon on t
hi s sub ec j t
i Wh t
ym s, en e o

logy plain ly poin tt s o a s ign ific a ion t diff t ht

f mt e re n ro a

h t
t e rs nc e whic h was re marked in m glish words S u
soc h aree E n

t
.

also in Lat
in di e d m i rim mw erc rc brerc ebaar ae T h e las
'

p , p g
-
r r

ft
.

tt t
, ,

of t
h e se words is ve r
y h
g , an d he
rou wo fi rs have as m uc h o he
hi i g l t
ss n t e e rs as t an y En lish word wha eve r
g T he I alian is c on . t
sid d ered I b li v ju t
ly
an h mo t
t mu i l e e e s as e s s ca o fall languagesg
t om d t
t
,

t t
,

y eh i i m
ere are u d w hi h n t
o u so e so n s c even s, ac c us e o a

di l t boi t
a ec ou lik u w t h
s er pp h h s e o r ea er, a ear ars and
j arrin
g Such

t
.

hc oc
are r r kc bfirre, s drocozbloro, sprq iam c e There i a grea (5 5
'

t
t
.

t
fe renc e be ween words whic h soun d harshly, bu are ofeasy pronun
i t
c a i ttonh t
oi dt
e na h w d whi hves
,
ttan i ose or s c e ven o n a ve s oc c a

i
s on fi ult
dif y i t
c h utt nd c qe tly y o m
e ran c e id an onse uen c on ve s e ea

tt h h t whi h i p j di i l tt
,

of wkw da ar n e s s o e h d ig
e a e r, c s re u c a o e es n.

Th in t h l gu g f ll ou t i m y wo d whi h fo r s c

will fi d dit
ere are e an a es o a c n r e s, an

re ig ne rs h ult y in p o m otai g t h t t h c ti h n r n a e na ves ave

t t t t
,

p
n o c on c e i n f Th oG ko ou ld
. o a ily a eti ul h L a
ree s c n e s r c ae e

ti tn mi t
er iom inna do O t h ant h h d t an h W“ n n e o er an ere e :

h L t
.
,

m y an d i G
s oun k whi h pp
s n d i t
ree l bl tt c i a e are n o era e o e a ns,

s uc h w d b gi i g wit
as
‘
or s h Q9 de nn n dm y t h No z z r an an o ers .

t t t t
, , ,

p p eo l h e di l
ave s o s u
y id d h ll i i ous f avo h e e co s on o c on son an s as e

It li
a an s .T t h i d li t o p t t
e r d e t
h o u g h
c a e e ars b c , an cc , or x e

l gi g tdi fi tyll bl d b t
, ,

d i tp w V wl
' '

on n o e re n s a e s, an n er ose e een o e s, are

fl i
o ens ve, nor c an thy il y p u thm e I td of p
e as rono nc e e ns e a e ic,

t t d J il
.

an d l t d Al
ec o, d
an h y mu ty ex an dl t
ra e s sa an o o, an l:

t
,

d
ron ro. Y t th yp p
e o l b g ie s e ver f th i w o d w i he th e e n soni c o e r r s e

th o o
ree c té whi h t u
ns nan s r f ,
p f t ly ho k ic
g I t o o r e ars are er ec s c n

t
t t t
t
.

is no h f e re o re so muc h harshn e ss of sound, as diffic ul y of u e r

anc e, th th a s ould make some words he j
re ec t tted al o e her
g Th e .
 Chap II . . . R HE T O R IC .
3 35

Sec t . t
Every his ; favoured b y good use, no t
mthy t
t a b -
o e mum W t .

whic h he ward cal m t ly hear , p roprie y t t , an d s i m

I We he tw d pl i ly or an , bec ause , when he t mo

cry
hgy is from m annienr or foreign language, or from

t
oh ob u roou in om own lan guage or when ir is c h

t t t
,

azure or doub ful,

g d h ul d b h d i
n o re arTh s o e a o e

twh t h m tit t gly

.

a i difl
' "

c se s enen h en e as e er are, or s ron

t t
,

a pp bear E g li
o h i
e,
p n sd l ly are n re sen use , an c ear

t t t t
,

su gg o
esh m an i g O f h i
er k i d
ean ni h w rd s n s e o

i d bt It
.

b h ld
e o f blig d
e n, or o d h uld g l
e or n e e s o re u ar

ly h t h pa i pa t i ipl f t bt
.

e e ss h ve b h ld whi h
r c e o e ve r o e o c

t t t t t t
.

would i fi N
‘

y conve
en lly d a r s hse I o a e en o a

id t h t t t t
.

c on s m er q i e l f er i h l
as e
p u voc a or n e as ac c e a

t it h t
,

i on hl g i a b di
on d h i gb
s nc e
p een suse av n ee n s u

t t t t t
,

p l d
an e b y b h ld B u h f
e e m i f h w d i e or a on o e or s

tm k it t l t t
.

so ana o l gi l ca h as h pp
o a e ave a eas e a e ar

c ofi p p i t t t
,

an e y w h
ns ro re u d in h m en se a sense a s ee s

t fo ig t itTh w d b b ld i g tx
,

na u ally r 00 e
r n o e or e a f r oe

t t t t t
.
,

p r essh m h i e so
g i ill me ne p i m b l h s s ore e x c o e an

t t l imp p i t
,

h e h oand i lud er. nc y b i g es a rea ro r e e n an

t i f m wit ig ifi t
,

ac ve h p i or i a T bmf
ass ve s n ca on o vouc f
e,

d flat i g fi mad m “ i li b l t imila

.

as e n e a c p s a e o as r ex

t
e

t nd f t hat o m h f r it
,

io n, a or re as n,h h ore an o s ars ness ,

m y b disp ns d wit
a h Th ebt M h ld e ver o oore. s ou

t
e e

t t t
.

ig if y i i slik m
n o o i e, n e anner as cu e

t
ttd tdi t tt
le er e n s tt i d o ver b u a en on, a n c onsequen tly t h mi t o c e s
h g t Th f m h t
t e e h t
ggs hi t
t d e or er a no s an engn unl t
hyb h
es s e o

tf q t
e

td d
-

ru e ly on us oo re uen .
Chap 1 1 . . R HETOR IC .
33 7
Se c tl l
. . t
E il e ry hing favoured by good
'

use , n o t hyt
w t b
or o e IX .

licy; din twhitm tp oo , ro, and c an , as I had a: lid

“

t
, ,

o myse lf for ”
I should like as well o go my
g
t t t
,

”
s e lf He c onvinc e d his an agon is by din o f ar a

tt tt t
.

” He
ha is b y s re n g h of arg ume n
t t
.
,

made he m yield bj din of armr, ”

by forc e of
‘

m H i t whit ht t
“ ”
b t t “” ‘

no

t
ar s '
e s no a e er, e er

t t t
. .

Th y u m i
e c as ei m p i di p u o
'

en on s a oo on a s

bl p i t t tu u ly d
,

”
a e Th q i w on e ue s on as s re n o s c

b t b t
.

”
dp a ed h id ro an c on , on 0 s es .

Caflon he m a h t t .

THE four h t an d las t I p re pose is , All hose

c anon t
p hrase s whic h whe n an alyse d gramm a i c ally, in c lude t
t twhi h t
, ,

a s ole c ism , an d all h ose o c use ha h affix e d a

p t
ar ic ular s e n se , bu twhi h wh c en ex p lain e d by he t
tli h d t
,

ge n e ral and e s ab s e rule s o f he language are s us

ib le eit
bep t fe re nt t
,

he r of a dif se n se or of no sense ough

tb tg t
,

o e disc arde d al ho e er .

t
IT is his kin d of p which t hrase ology is dis i g
n uis h a

t tt t d h t
-

ed b h e i he idioma i l hb igi l an a e e n or na
y e
p c a

ly th p w p t dp t
,

ly f fi
'

e s ly f ig a n, ar o n oran c e , an ar o a ec -a

tt
a i O ft
on h fi t t whi h i l d l im i e rs sor c n c u e s a so e c s s

t I hd t h t
.
, ,

”f
h phe h drase , hi g I a ra er o s uc a n or

h d it T h u ili y h d j i d t
,

w ld t ou
”
ra er o o e a x ar a o ne

tt h i fi it t t t
.
,

o ie i d in g i ln i n f he
ve ac ve o, s a ross v o a o o

l f
ru e s o j g
u t
i i l d t h h
g g d n our an ua e , an ou

t
c on
g g a on oo

use m y b id da p o t ti g t hi e p i
c on s e re as r ec n s CX re s s or
'

f m b i gb
ro d d wit ht
e nh m f blu d y t
ran e e na e o a n e r, e ,

V OL I . . Y
33 8 THE P H I L O S O PH Y or 53 0012 11 .

t
Tbs na ure and use of verb al c rit c s h it
i i m wi t ,
s prirmipal c anon S

as iti b t
hi s o rre ular and unnec e ssary, I c an fi ness e
t
g
1 1 0 In c onve nie n c e h t
t will ar se i from dro ppi g
n i l a

tt
v

a
h oge I have seene r. s idiom t
hi cri it
c ise d i n so me
t
Whose name I canno now remem b e r an d i s t
t t
,

t
p fig in ve ry na urally ac c oun e d f
'

or, b y pp
s u os in g i
t t tt
o have s run
p g from he c on r ac ion I
’
d w hi c h s up ,

t t
,

P li h l b h f I h d d o f I w ou l d an d
t
es e a o o a a n
p c e

t tt t
, ,

wh c h ha h been a firs ignoran ly re so d n

i l ve i o 1 h a d .

Whe n it ghtth b I w uld ou o ave ee n o T e phr

h ase

t t
ly mi t h t t t t
.

h f q us k h m l
re g h ue n s a en, a co e a en o os

tbli h itlf d ttd itw f t

a s se ,
an o s an on s o n oo

Or th d twhi h wh e sec on sor c en ex plain d

e g ram
m ti lly l ad t dif t tt
, ,

a f
ca e s o a e re n s e nse fro m W ha he

t
,

w ord s in c on unc j ion co mmonly be ar, is , H e sings a

”
goo d son g he s ings We ll
for T he plain mean
t t t t
.
,

ing of he words as hfly s and c onn ec ed i s Ve ry dif

fe re n for t , t
who se es n o ha a good song may be illtt
Whe the wit h J oh son an d L owt h we should c on s ide r t
r he n

r e yt
ph as s h hi; m g q r 5] t
hatma nor 1 ?i a mea asel iabl e
-
to t
he f n

t
.
, .

s am e e x c e
p t
i on , is p e rhap s m ore doub ful P rie s lv c on side i s he t . t
“ 0r d m ea n : as t
of bo h n um be rs , an d o f s uc h n oun s we hav e se veral

c hampl es in t
h e l an guage tt
B u i m ay be obj e c e d, ha as he t tt t
tt ttt t
.

sm
g ul ar form mea n is s t
ill fre que n ly o b e m e wi h, hi s mus in
t t tt
i vi ablj give h b h f l k i fl n

t th o
o o o
‘

a o be a ove rases an a e ranc e s c

p pp
h j gud mt
en f th wh u t m d t t o h ru
t d ot t l fse o are ac c s o o a en es o

o void t
e e e

sy tx nBu a w thi m y i d uh itic t o ever h s a n uc e s c cr s a e

t
.

e pex i i q u ti
r ss on s
p f t t I p n m wil
esl on no e rs on o as e , re s u e, ve n ure

f t i l tt t t t
,
so ar h p t g
o v o a ed q l y h k eh re s e n us a e , an c on se ue n o s oo e

f t t w By t ”
.

ea h giéfl li y f
rs o d e
‘
hi m e ra
‘ ’
o re a e rs , as o sa s e an , or
Chap U . . R H E T O R IC .
3 39

Se c tll
. . t
Every hin g favoured b y good us e, no t hy t
w t
or b ti d o e re a n e . . . C an IX . .

Song ? O f he t sa me sump is He plays a good fid

t
,

did, for ”
he plays we ll on he fiddle ” This see ms
t
.

also o in volve a sole c is m '

We s
p eak in de e d of p lay

t tt h i t
t um t
.

ing au ne , b u i is al ways on e ns r en .

U ND E R th t hi d twhi h e r sor c c an s c arc e ly be c on

litlly
,

side re d i m ay b e ran k
as y g e ra
y c on ve n an s e n se ,

ed a nu mb f vil b t mm
er o e, u t i co on
p hrase s , some rn e s

tb fou d i g d ut
o e n h n lik ho t
oo i g tw a ors , e s o n a fa n,

h i g
av n m t h mi d
a on
y g f
i
‘
s u d ing t
c arr n avo r, anc
"
a

nd m y t
n

td Of t
,

en anc e , a h han m ki d l
o ers e so e n a so,

t t p h tibl i t i t
.

hough no h
re re e rs m d g he n e sa e e re e , s e

idi m t
o i lu ta ca h t i m t
se im m d a f s soti b e es a e o c er ai n ve r s ,

as td f i i t h td up
s an or ns s u it y t k
e s an s on Se c r a e

d td in a t Y ut
'

for un e rs an h ph h suc k rase s s e se , “

o a e

It k it h ld f t
,

” h
ur e, d an as a e i o or c on n ue , as
“
e

t B utf ll ki d
.

do ho
es n o ld l g i m d on n one in o a n s,

t h w t
e i t
ors h t wh i t s h w d wh
a e re n tued e or s , e n c on s r

t t
,

u
are s sc e p ib l of m a ei g ll noSu h e n n a a c on ere

t
.

i h f ll w w l d i
'

p i
re s s on os i g e T h o n ere ere se ve n a es

i t tt t t
,

”
n h e norn an
p y V y p i h e er h on e re er an ano er,

b y whi h it i i td d I pp td ott h t t
,

c s n en e hy su ose , o en e a e

t t tt t t t
,

w all
e re yp ve r
y ( In p re i im p li h h c re e r, es a e re

t tt t t t
.

is ano h l p e r e ss
y b w h re y i p u i ere e ve r one s re e r,

t t
,

h e re c an b l ; e d none q u n l e ss
y m an c onse e n one ore

tt t t t
.

S h h i h d i f x
pre y u c g ras y s g e s rac e o on on ue

A mb it ly t ft t
. .

i ousdi pl y o i l phs a hi nons e ns c a rase s o s sor

m w it h fle t d t d t
,
'

as so e r e rs d ave a h idi c e o o, un er e r co

lous n o o ti n f f milia o d a
y m a i t to
r an e as ann er, s no

se tff t o h i h f l g g b ut
e rc es o to p
a it
an g ua e , ex os e s ra s .

Y 2 I
.
3
42 TH E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

T he t
na ure an d us e of ve rbal c ri t
i i m
c s , ttp i
Wi h i s r ncip al canon s .

We mus tlw y t a a s er min a ti

e n som e words of whose
g e ne a o l gy u t no ac c o n
"
c an b e giVe n E .

m ght t
Irth itim tbe b d t a h t e same e, o o serve a

thi t t t
,

h t
wh t
,

hb id
a a p i l ly
e e n sa h on s o c , re a e s on o suc

w d b
or s as di tg h bl t e ar no ft h b s in ui s a e rac e s o e asen e ss

of t h i ; th i q
e r s ourc e u it di f
f t i g d e c ase s e e ren n re ar

tt tm whi h m y b e id tp l im t
.

oh ose er s, h i c a sa o roc a e r

il a d d pi bl
v e igi
n dt h t
es ith by ca i t e or n, an a e er assoc a

i g di g
n bl d u it
sa re e a b l id b lbt imbe an n su a e e as , as e er,

tb wt i b d mlg
oro f d r zc
3 b b
y e y gt i m uf i oun or ra n so e r

hum u i t h f m t ft
,

l
vo ons i h m
o r n ”mm e or a on o e as a o

t t t
,

g if y
r b m b l , py w y p
a llm d l b l k
ooz e , l o r ru ,
e , e efl e er,

burlyburly The se m ay all fin d a plac e in b urlesque ,

t ght t t
.

bu ou ne ve r o show he mse lve s in any se rious

p e rform an c e A p erson of n o b ir h, as he p hrase is ,

'

t t
tt t
.

may be raise d o he rank of n ob ili y, an d, whic h is

Dr J ohnson , who, no t
wit
h tdi g his en n s ac kn o wle dged le arnin g,
p ene ra ion ,tt an d t t t
in ge nui y, app e ars s om e im es , if I m ay adop his
o w p
n ex i o re s s n, t t t ”
los in le x ic ography, ha h de c lare d he n ame

p l w
a ne ) ,hi h ig i fi tc i mi t sliq u n y w l
es l k o w
a c er a n x or ve r e n n, a

c ant w d b orb i g t pp
, wit
e c ause , h ut t
ym l e n
gy itb oth o a earanc e o e o o

t t
,

pr bo ably i f m m ill
ar s eny i m ro
g h p p lso T h e s c onc e a on e eo e. e

n m a b b t whi h ig i fi
e r er e. t
,h k w mi t h ll w t
c s n o e s an o er no n x ure , e a o s

b g d b
e oo it i A bi
, th ugh f
e c ause
g htw ks w i t rai c o ,
or au e no , s or

g i m
n a
g th A b
on h th b qu elly gi bl
ra s , t i a B y ee n e a no e or un c e r a n

t
.

hi w y f k i g if t h w dp l i t h wh i w
‘
s a o re c on n e or an e ) , n e s e n se e re n e

ith uld by y d i tA bi
,

u se , s o id t b imp t an ac c d m en e or e n o ra a, an co e

i t n o use t
h it w t ild m k g d A bi
e re , th gh it
o b b t t a e oo ra c, ou e u c an

E gli h ;
n t
sh i b b tt h gh i
as ll lik li h d b t t
e r n er s A ,
ou n a e oo u c an ra

bi m k g od E gli h
c, a es Thi I wo pp t
n m s
y p . i s o n, a e ars o e ve r ca r o

t
,

i Oll St
3 44 THE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook IL ,

O fgram ma ic al puri y t t .

t
side rh t p ity w hi h h
a h th i
ur C mm w ith th c e a n o on e

gram m i d thar an ,
p d t id
an t
h q en roc e e o ec on s er ose ua ,

lit
i of p
es h w hi h s p ul
eeci ly to i l c are ec ar ora rc a .

IT was also ob serve d b e fore h t

t th tf t h a e ar o e

l gi i
o i
c an i l t h tf t h g mm i
s un ve rs a p ti e ar o e ra ar an ar

t bj tb i g
,

l
c u ar By q my p c on s e ue n c e , re se n su ec e n

l g g it t
.

an i
ua e , y m k h i f m
s n e c e ssar p o a e c o ce o so e ar

ti l tg twhi h t t tb m d
.

c u ar on h b
ue , i o c e o se rva on s o e a e

will b d pt d
e a a d f m whi h t e h ill ttan i t ro c e us ra on s o

d will b t Let E gli h b t h t

,

b p d
e ro uc e k e a en n s e a

tg Thi i p f twhi h it
.
,

on ue s i
s a ly re e re nc e o c s s ure en

t l d f om t
it wh w it i it P E gli h t
.

e h r ose h o r e n ure n s en ,

t thi g ; fi t h t
t t
.

i p li
In h
es re e h w d b E g n s rs a e or s e n

dly t h t t tt
,

li h ;
s s ec on h i i d awhi h e r c on s ruc on , un e r c

tg t
, ,

i
n our on
g m l i m
ue , arran e p h e d d b en a so s co re n e e

i t h E gli h idi m ; t b dly t h t t

,

h w d
'

n e n s o d zr a e or s an

t t
,

p h b
rase s m p l y d e e p h p io em i g o ex re ss e re c s e e an n

whi h u t
c mh t ch f fi dt
s o t h m a a x e o e .

t t w gi it
FR O M he defini ion will b id t no ve n , e ev en

fl ti
on re e c th t t hi i n fth
on , q liti a f s s o e o os e ua es , o

whi h th gh t
c h w t p ou w it tm h e an ex ose s a r er o uc
t t
it
,

h p
c e n sure , i h dly el him t y
os sess on ar en es o an

p i
ra se T h t th i iti k i d f e
g t i q ru lity s, s a n o ne a ve ua
t m im p t it
.

mp t
,

as h e na i gm e i i
or s , c on s s n ore n an e x e on

t
i m
one e men da am e t tL t
i m a na . t Th m
C rc . D e c l ar O ra e sa e

whi h t
. .

holds equally of any l anguage h r ti blig d t

c
ue e o a or s o e o s .

B ook I C hap iv . . .
Gi m
p III . . R H E T O R IC .
3 45

t
O fgramm a ic al p uri y t .

from c e r aint bl mi h t h i th e s e s, an n e ac q uisit

ion ofany

e x c elle n c e It h ld t
h m pl t
h i o s e sa e ac e amon g e vr

t f t th t t m gt
.

ue s o e oc u on , l i j i h ld h m l a us ce o s a on e ora

i t
v r ue s Th m y h i d eth m ore n e c e ss ar e ac s, an e ore
b l m bl t h t g i t m it h t
.

a ea i e h l e h
ran s re s s on s, e e ss er as e

b
o se rvan c e G d gy th t y rac e an en e r on e c on rar are

it t t
.
, ,

lik g d b li
e n eros i i T b d fi i i u o
'

tt
e y an
p p c s r e e c en n

t i t i t imi l b t tb mi
.

h e se v r d ue s, s n o re a e as c r na u o e e

ne n tf t h p ti ft
or hem i e u t d m it
rac oi ce o s ac c o n e er r ous .

t i wh tg d t h l w f p it t
,

A h f
s, e re ore , y n h a re ar s e a s o ur e

i l t t t
,

voa i i m h mo on p i s h h ucb re c on s c uous an e o s e rv

a

an c e ,I m d t h di g a bl it
un e r
y f t ki g e sa re e a e ne c e ss o a n

my illu t t
i thi t
i l
s ra on l ly f m t h f on s ar c e , s o e ro e or

met .

P UR ITY, i t t hi g A twt as s aid, implie s hre e n s cco .

tw y itmay b i j d t
.

di gly i
n diff n h re e e re n a s e n ure

Fi t t tb E gli h Thi
.
,

rsh w d u d m y e or s se a no e n s s

f lt h t t
.
,

au h i d f m g mm i
a h d mi
re c e ve ro ra ar an s e e no

nati f b b i m
on S o dly th tt i a r ar s e c on e c ons ruc on

f t t m y tb i t
.
,

o h“
e h E gli h idi m
s en e n c e a no e n e n s o

hg t tt Thi dly t
.

This h t h am f l i m oh en e na e o s o ec s r e

tb mpl y d t p
.
,

w d d ph
or s an m y ras e s a no e e o e o ex re s s

th p e i m i g whi h
re c s e tm h t h ffi d t e an n c c us o a a x e o

th m 71 hi i tm d i mp p i t
“

e s s er e ro r e
.
y

t t
(k in ilian ha h sugge s e d his dis ribu ion tt t t tlib i p
t
In s i ca

t
. . . . .

5 .D p h d
c
q re en a ua
e b arbara, q uae imp ropria, q uae tl g m
c on ra e e

l q di
o uc n mp it co os a.
346 T HE P H IL O S O PH Y or B ook II .

orgramma ical puri y t t .

SE C T . B arbarim .

THE re
p roac h of b arbarism m ay b e in c urre d by
t t t t
'

h re e diffe re n ways by he use of words e n ire ly ob

l t by t
so e e , h f w d ti ly w eby w
us e o or s en re ne or ne

f m t m p it
,

or i da i f m imp l
on s an d p imi
co os on s , ro s e an r

ti w d i p
ve tor s n re sen us e .

P AR T I t
b e an o
f obs ole e tw ords .

O B SO L E T E wor
ds th ugh t
h y o e on c e we re E n glish,
t t t
,

are n o so no w h gh th y w
ou b o h p rop e r and
e e re

ex
p t
re ss ive in t
he days of our forefa he rs , are b e c ome
tg t
as s ran e o t t
our c ars , as man
y p ar s of he ir garb

w ld b t u y
ou e A d if
o o re h w d ha
es n s o, s uc or s ve

t
itl t f ig w d t b i td u d t
.

no m h
ore e an ore n or s , o e n ro ce a

p t f
re se n
; th gh th or
y t
ou t t ll y u k e w are n o so o a n no n

as t b u it
o oc c asxon o s c
y f l tw hi h I h ll
r id a au c s a c on s er

t d t
,

aftw d
er h i pp
ar s , i u u
e r a l hi
e aran c e s so n s ua an er

tiq t d t h t if t t
,

form i s s o an ua e
p f ly idi u l ua no e r ec r c o s,

th y t tgg t t t f t d ff t
, ,

e l a h
e as i
su if
es f e no on o s n e ss an a ec a

ti on W g ht th f
e ou t ly t id w d
e re ore , n o on o avo or s,

h t d td b y t t
,

t
.

a l g
are n o on e r un
y b i i d
e rs oo an u cr cs an

an tiq i u h big btd p d m

uar an s , s c t
/
as tbl r o e ea J e rs u
'
z
'

m w m tl wh w it
, , , ,

o e us i g i p
a so, d o en r n n rose , an n se

bj t th id f t tm whi h
t
i
r on s s u h
e c s , re n oun c e e a o os e er s, c ,

th ghou i t lligibl
no ll w it f
n e
y me, h a r e rs o an na e ave

ne w s ft c ea e c S h b b t
o use f. t y t i b
ucu l are e ar ,
n as
a ,
r
a
Chap 1 1 7. . R HE T OR IC .
3 47

T he . t
I B y he use b f ob sole tw
e ords .

t
ion , erm bile, wom an paradven ure, relj fmme , (mon t
t tt t tt
.

All hese offe n d more or less again s he hird e n e r

on of good use forme rly h t
t itb uh b a e s c as o ~

ti t
a ns a
p re sen t .

SO ME in dulge n c e , however, on his as well as on t

t t t t
,

s eve ral o he r ar ic le s, as was hin e d alre ady, m us b e

given tp t m y
o oe s , on an ac c o n s u t; and p ar i t
c ularly

on ac c o n u tft
h p uli i o e ec ar nc onVe nien c e s tWhi h t
h
o c e

laws of ve rsific a ion s ub ect j t

thm e Be s id i tt es , n rea

tp i tty
.

some f i for c hainple ,

t
ing o c s,
p as sage s o an c e n s or

t t i t
,

h m yb
e re a e foun d h so me ime s a s ui able nes s n e

i tdu t
n ro i f ld w dc I on oti ki d f t o
y l or s n c er a n n s o s e,

d with judg m tt
.

wh d p i gly
en us e s h y
ar n an e en e s e rve

t dd t t t t
,

o a h bl i f t iq it
e ven era
y h i e aro an u o e narra ve .

I bu l q
n l th y ft p d
r es ue a so, g d ff t e o en ro uc e a oo e ec

B t it dmittd t
h t t
.

u i ll id
s a hi p i f
e on a s es , a s s ec es o

w it
i gi
r ntt i tly ubj t
s no dt t
h l w f p it
s rc y s ec e o e a s o ur .

P AR T flu a n o f m w words .

M or as s. tibe of b b i m mu h mo
r me ar ar s s c re n o

rous , is c on s t
itut d by n w w d H
e i d dt h e or s ere n ee e

immi nt t h td t t
.

haz ard is m ore y ne hi as e e n e nc o s ca

r

tm i t
,

m k N l i i
’

re e s ore
p y ure va u
g g n a o r an a e s n

t
.
,

d f be ing whe lme d by an in nn da

'
‘

gre a e r an
ge r o ove r s

t t t
-

i ff
on o ore ign words h an of an
y o he r sp e c ies of de
tt t
,

i
S ruc on The re is, doub less , s om e ex c use fo
r he r

t t t t
.

ro wing he as sis anc e of ne ighbours , when he ir assis

anc e is re a lly w td; t
h t
i whan e a s, en we c an no do our t
B ook II C hap I Sec
. . . tIII. .
 TH E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I I .

O f gramma ic al p uri y t t .

busin e ss w
it
h t t
itb th ou u e re is t
c e r ain ly a me ann e ss
in c hoos in
g tb o td tt e in de b
h f wh t e w o o ers , or a e c an

e asily b e su
pp li d w i th te f w t kou W h o our o n s oc en

i td t t
.

w d or s are n ro d by y w
uc e i f m an f r e r, ro a sor o

n e c e ssit y i d n t or e rid t d i d
o avol g i d i e ous an an u c r

t t tb li t
,

cu ml i
oc u on s , h i e re h y will
s re ason o e e ve e soon

b d pt
e a o d by t
e h i
o d ft h
e rs c on v n c e ity d o e n e c ess an

will t l gt t li d by t B t it
,

a enhb e na h p b li
ura se e u c u

tb wi h d t h t t t
.

w e re o e s h p b li w ld
e a e
j u c ou e ve r re e c

t b td d it ly t
,

h os e whi h c are o m ru e h g h on e re rou a

li t i fi t t i f lt A d f th i k i d

t
c en ous a ec a y on o n ove n o s n

t t
.

i
c er a n ly m
are f h w
os d od p h ew h i h or s an ras es c

h ave , i t n hi ty b e imp td f m F
s c en ur e n or e ro ran c e

t t
.
,

d ll i
'

A re n o
p l p i i
e as ure , o n on a z ve , an
y p
f
ra as ex re ss ve

l pt t t t
,

d W h i i 9
'

as vo u
y p i i o n a re , an h ror ze ere n s e ex

t t t t
. .
,

p i
re ss on l as i f
rerori d i n e r or l ib l
o ern e r res or era

tb t d p litlit t tb ll l t
.

a rrr, o eaux a r : an o e era ure , o e e: e

t Y tm w it h
rer 9 e so e i d t h
r e rs it
ave arr ve
p h a suc a c

offt ilit
u y t im as g i t
o h t if t
ha
y ne, b t m k a e c an u a e

f wt
,

a e ifli g h g
r n lik
c im bl f
ar e s , mi bl p l
e a a e or a a e, o

t
f erre for p t d li t
oli ene ss , e c a erre for delic acy, an d bau
t f
eur or bau g bt th y h
'

znerr, e ave foun d many gem s so

tt
,

whic h are c apab le of addin g a Won de rful lus re o

t t
he ir works Wi h suc h in dee d i B in vain o argue t '

t
ttt tt
.
, ,

b u o o he rs who are n o q ui e so un re ason ab le I be g

t tt
, ,

le ave o s ugge s he following remarks .

FIR ST , i t ghttb m mb d t
ou h t t
h l f o e re e e re a e ru e s o

i t t
,

p ron oun c a i d h g p hy i F
on h an or o ra n re n c are so

f mt
t ho whi h bt i i E gli h tht t
,

fe re n
dif ro h se c o an n n s , a e.
33 0 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

O f G eographic al p uri y t
re fuge in a c oun ry twh t h e re e re is no t i gl
a s n e p e rson

t
wi h whom t
h y l im
e c an c a a c onn e x ion, ei t
h er by
blood or by allianc e .

t t t t
B U T he p a ron s of his p rac ic e will p rob ably plead,
tt t t
ha as he Fre n c h is he fine r lan guage , ours mus t
ti ly b imp d by t
ce r a n h mi t
e I tt h
rove e x ure n o e

trth ft h hyp t h i f m whi h t

.

u o e h y gu I h ll
o es s ro c e ar e, s a

no t w i q i l tuffi t
no n h f my p
u re . t u
p p s ce or re se n r ose,

tb th t
o o se rve , th q i t
al gi l t h ugh
e c on se ue n c e s no o ca o

t t t
,

h ple w j
eau A liq e re
p d d by h smi uor ro uc e e x

t ft tq lit will ft
.

u re w liq
o f diff o i uors o e re n ua es , o en

prove w th ithorse T h G k i d
an e b t
l er . e re e s, ou ess , a

language m uc h sup e rior, in ric hn e ss , harmon y, d

an

t tt t t tt i t afie c a
'

varie y h L i ; y boy e i
a n h e an on n e

d idi m (lik t
, ,

R m o fG
an s o kw d ree h p i or s an o s, e e ass on

oft h E gli h f wh t i imp t

e n s df m F
or )
a e ve r s or e ro ranc e

as m h p h p
uc by y thi t h
e r a s , as
g L ti w a t an n e a n s no

ly it i t d b t l tlm t t
, ,

on v ae i ly iu fw
os a os en re n a e c en

ti t h t t t
, ,

ur c a, b y d m
a j y w hi
e auh w d i an i a es c e sc over n

th w it
e i g f t
r h A ug t g
n s o O t h e ty us an a e n e c on rar

t t ib t tt t ft
.
,

no hi g n dm
c on r h p u e i h ore o e rese rva on o e

G k tg
ree i it t
on i p it
uey f n h m
s n a ve ur or s uc an a az

i g
n mb nu f tui er o
p l d i t
c en h h i t y
r e s, une x arn e n e s or

of y t
anh l o
g g t h ert h t
anm p t th
ua e ,
y h d an e c on e e a

oft hi p ti
s It w i
rac q ce. f t
h i as n c on se ue n c e o s con ,

tptt
e rn h t th yw th fi t
a wh b d d f ig
e ere e rs o ran e a ore n

tm i y of t h i W it wit ht
,

er n an h d i u e r m f r e rs e o o s na e o

barbaris m .
Cbap III . . R H E T O R IG .
35 ;

t
S eé fl . The hi rba
rism . t
II B y he use ofn ew Words

t t
B ur here e rw id at i w
a hi h o u g h t p a c ons er ons c es

ially tw igh wit t t

‘

c o h h e an d h i d h mf m au ors, n er e ro

w tly dmit
an on ti g u h a t u p du t io i t
n o s c ea ran e o s ro c ns n
thi p f m
e r e r or O if th f ig
anc es b l ne 1 8 , e se ore ners e a

l wd t t t mo g t t
.

o e l o se h y will i f llibly up
e a n s us, e n a s

t t t t
.

p l an h ld i h b it
e o W h n a
g ou d i gi an s a e ver r n s
'

ven

tot i s mu h t f mt t I it
.

h e on e , k s h o h c a en ro e o er. s

th p ud t
en i r w it tf m thum u f i
en n a r e r, o or a a o rfi a»

nova tio whi h td tm k t

n h la gu g of hi
c en s o a e e n a e s

u t
co n r y t
il l m o hs g bl d e q re tly ntc an ea e, an c ons uen

d t
ren e r h t y l e f hie sw w iti g th o eo r b s o n r n s e S on o so

l t N
e e ? l t it b im gi d t
or h t
e t hi i ot e a ne a s s n a na

t t t
,

c e ss ar
y q N
c on se hi g b j
ue n c e h o n c an e us e r an

t
.

J h o m
o ns n s o
’
f gu i g an nerhi b j c t i d ar n on s su e ar

twh tSwift lit

g n r
e

t hi m i ll y p op o d t h t
,

o a l a e c er ca r se a

t t
,

h g
ou h w w o d h
ne i d d h uld b p
r s e n ro uc e n on e s o e er

t t t
,

mi d become obs ole e 36

For wha makes
“

ne o a

tb tg l t
.

word ob sole h ugh tit

e, m t u a e n e ra o ac a re e

t
g en

t t t
,

o forbe ar i A d W h d ily p d u hi n a so re a ro c es s a

t t t t t t
. ,

g m
ree h
en m whi h h
as anoh g g er er c a o en a vo ue

t t
,

an d u y d
c i lw
rrenc
y h d l
pp y it
an s a a s a an o su s

t
,

p l ac eA d if t
9h u f m im
n d s, or s o e e , a v or rs over

l k d
oo e gl t
d h w h l
or n el itb ll d w h
ec e it o s a e re c a e en

h t
, ,

ah by di once ,b m f mili d by suse , ec o e un a ar, an n u

f mi li it
»
,

a y u p l i
ar g ? , n eas n

th C
THE id t i h t
i t
o if h h er ons e ra on s, a e s ould n o t
b e

f ll w d i t f t
.

o o h u ho
e f ig w dn e se o se ore n or s whic h he

Pre fac e tt
h Di t
o i e c on arv .
352 T H E P H IL O S O PH Y or B ook II .

O f gra mm a ic al puri y t t .

t d u d tu h i tt
ha h en e avo re h l gu g , if t h y
o s er n o e an a e e

m tt ee wit
no h f u bl p ti f
a m th P u
avo rab lic e re c e on ro e

t t
,

h y will
e
pp p i
e ve r ah i w k S h i
ear as s o s n s or uc s

t t t
.

h e
pp a w hi h h m
e aran c e
p ifl ig f f aci e er s o e, no e , r

ch eur, d im
’

pai i t y ro d p i i t
err, ty h o t n a r an o n a re ave a

t t t
, ,

p i
re s e n h w i i g f n m i g e i u m
r W hn s o so e n en o s en e

t t timit td h will him

.

h h
e r, f h b b
e re ore , e e , or e no a e e

t l t I mightdd tt th t
, ,

self p l
rove a ose r a h as a o e se , a

t t t t
.

as b wi g
orro u lly p n h h
na u p i i ra f ex ose o e s s c on o

p t
ove r
y thi p t y w ill m u hs m dil
ove r y d c ore re a an

t t t t t t t t t
, ,

m j y
oreu l b i m psu d h w
oo, i h e h e o e r er an o e

lan guage .

Ia N ron s
'
t
h int d di e ar s , an sc overers in i
sc e n c e ,

have an in di p ut
s bl tl t
it gi a e e o ve n ame s tt
h i
o e r o wn
in ve n ion st an d disc ove rie s Whe n fore ign in ve n ion s t
t tt i b t
it
.

an d disc ove rie s hi i l d are impor e d in o s s an h s o

tl d bl t h t t
,

n a ura an h m h ld
re ason a m e a e na e s ou ae c o

p y an t
h t hi g N y ei g d n t il f fa n re ar e ve n o ev s o o

ig g wt tbj t tt
.
,

re n h I h ld ro h b s ou no o ec o e o se rvan c e

ft t t t t
,

o h m
e
‘

ul W sa y e ir i e h w e re an one o ns s a e

t
.
,

h ave n o i l g g w d p n our i ly an
p d ua e or s re c se c orre s on

i gt
n t
oh F hg lim t pb b
e re n c bi g I h ld a a zar,
’

e ur, ver a e, s ou

no t td wit
c on e n h him b t it; o h ld I p h p a ou n r s ou er a s

di lik t
s h t
e, th y m a d t h w
e ve rth t th na e s erve o s o a ese

t t t ti
,

p l n
a h
s are i f k ile na d di d ve s o a ran e r so an no or

t t t t t
,

g i nally b l g u B u if
e on h i d i
o fs
'
e n ro uc on o ex o

t dmit td t
.

i w d w
c or s
p i
e re n e ve r a h e ex c e n s uc c ase s ,

t pply id t w tm g t
,

or i n d or er o su an ev en an a on s o ur

l
s e ves , w h ul d tt pe t h
s o h t m
no a rese n ave on e s uc er
 mp a . 1 11 . (RH E EO R IC
'

.
as s t
Se c tI . T he Il l B y he
. tu se of good words ne w m odelled
-
.

whe re w e; have? fify,t Th ead vic e of t

h p t with e oe

re
gard o ht
tmb t he f o /
ore men ione d t sor s o tf b rb i m a ar s ;
is ex tm ly g
re e ood; ,

In words , f
ashios t
he s ame l will hold
tt
as n ru e
,

Alike f t
t tw
an as ic , if oo n e w or old

B 3 noi he firs by hc ih ihe n e w

ttt tt t
No ye he las o lay he old asrde
'

t
0

PAR T b w Mg e e oq d word; ne wq a odclled

’

t
THE hird s pec ie s of b arb arism is ha p roduc ed by tt
t t
,

n ew f ornia ions an d c omp os iiion s

'

from p r1 m1 1 ve s iii
t tt t
,

p wl w n n
i ed in t
s I k d h E h h
'

c h h é
'

res en u a n o a
“

e e g e e g s

h de ivt t
.
,

analogy is ob se v i n e r a o or com p osi ion ,

an d t W oi d w d W td i t
when he h l ne c ne or rs
' ‘

an e ii e an

t t t t
-

g
ua e , l ib t u h b gi n n h i
'

ft
g g y g re a e r er o o e ve o s ar

ti l th
c e th f m an onTh he diff e or er e re ason o er

will p p a f m Wh t ht
.

enc e h b n id l
a dye r ro a a ee sa a re a

B t till t lib t
.

u hi i s
y whi h d e f
s m s a er c n ee s an e x c us ro

it
n e c es s
y d i i p d b lan l th s n no c ase ar on a e, un e ss e

w d h at le t not b l tt
,

or s di g
e h ea id b as sa ree a e o e r ar e

o al g lly f m d t h t d r wit ho t th h lp
'

s an o 1ca or e a a re a e u e e

of t ttm y ily di t
, ,

t!
h m iimg
o

h e c on e x ,
a e as s c ove r
‘
e ea
'

t f
Now if he ple a o n e c e ss i t
y b e re qui sit
e what
qu ti d tS h f i t
, ,

ar e r s ue o uc r vo ous l inn ova ion s as

in mb m t p t t
0

cu i er en ar c ina r yrzred czar/J ar

analy it
y z i
re , c onnex *
, r o c za n
.
'

p la ti on c za n
'

p e ri a
fi
‘

1 Pop e s
’
E ss ay on C ri ic ism t .

r
B olin gbroke
V OL I . .
354 THE P H IL O S O P HY or .
Book II .

O f gramma ic al p uri y t t .

t
ti
a c zan
'

t
b
py g a oric zan
'

fi tl mj
c ion:
‘ '
a ei an b t '

I 02
7:

t t t
, ;

whic h we re in
l l w h
'

p
cd n on
'
d d y p en e so e o ex res s a

h d lw y b t l t w ll pr d by w
t
a a a s ee n a e as as e ex e ss e anaa

b p
ranc e, ti m y d b
or oo, t l
y ar i r
’
eac arzr
’

a na
'

rzr, c onnex on ,

t i pl t i t t t t t t
, ,

s o c, p pi i py g
a on s h fier i i o m a e c, a orea n , c ur, a

j t p
er zc , ac c et'

t
i A d if y g a d on d t t h n an re ar 13 ue o e

wh t t t t
.

e ar, h ll w y f
a sI a ll i
e sa h m o c anno ca e co ~

p i
osti b t t
h on , lli i fu w d w h i h e co s on o or s c are n a

t lly t h m t u fit f le ci g lik m i tt b
p t
‘

os
‘

ura e n or c oa s n e n au ors ,

ipt t t t t t t
,

i m m
'

ra
fi q b
ro ec rzc r, i y a rc
g ec c a ac co en a orc a a

t b m t dm y t f g dm t
,

c ujy b ou orc h a c er, h an an o e rs or e e

t t t dmt l t ight
.
,

sa m e b f as e , h p g o fe oun e a es o a a e r

t ho qr A d l t ly i f t
r .

h o bl
on ura e au h l gy f 7’ ’

r n as e ana o o

t t t t
.
,

h l gua
e
g e m u anb p ve d in m p si i e res er co os on , o

wh t t t t t
,

ki d f
a p i n h of ll w i
re c e
g i l d on are e, o o n en e

t
-
,

whic h have issued from he .

sa me sourc e, . r df end, s e '

lfi

re m e, an d mirrourwrz i(1g 1 ?
.
t
IT may 1 nde ed b ug d t h tth pronoun
e r e a e s el f:1 8

owit it
h su h l tude th t
, ,

use d m c omposu i n o c a a ne c an

tt t
,

s c arc e ly err i n formin g n e w words wi h i s assis a nc e

tt t
.

Bu his 1 s a mis ake Ne w wu ds m ay b e forme d b y

it t t t t
.

b u hey mus be form e d an alog ic ally And he

n l gy f t f m t m y b und td f m
, .

a ao h i o es e or a on s a e ers oo ro

fis g t tw
r
t t t
l ly t
o i h h
e rv n ly d hu h y gh g a e n ana se s, e ou 1 e u

x hibit
t
,

h m m ing Mak
‘ ’
ar o e
elf e sa e e an . e one r s .
,

B olin gbroke P rior.

t
tN
1
.

1 Spe c a or, o.
5 8 0 . H ammond .
 T ue P H IL O S O P H Y or

O fgramma tl pu it
xc a
y r .

t oric t
in he days Of C romwell, whe n a jargon of his t
t
sor was muc h in vogue , b u are e x re me ly un sui able t t t
tt
h o t
e c has e r langua e o
g ft
h p tg e rese n a e .

A G A IN , thi l m yb
un der k d th m
s c ass a e ran e an o er o

d fi m t
ern re Im ne th lt t en i th t h b
e an e a e ra on s a ave een

m d b y m l tw it
,

a e so p p e a e a m d o m
r e rs on ro e r n e s an s e

t tt t
t
o h w d ff ig
er or s o i d
ore hi d i
n ex rac on , an on e r e r va

ti s ve p on f b i i th
re e n c e
g g m b
O th i rn n e n earer, o n

t t t
,

p u
ron i i d i
n c a on an p ll i g h igi l n s m e n o e or na na es,

t i t h l g g f m whi h t
,

as h y pp e a e ar n he an ua e ro c ose

w d wor s tk I
e re d t w ta en hi it p t t
n or e r o an s er s n or an

t t t
.

u
p p r os e , l m w hi h
s e ve ra h m er d h
s i c ave ai n ai n e er

p l i
ac e o u t n
gu f m r y on tu i e d wh i
or h an c en r es, an c

are k w t no
y b d
n y m u t b
o eve r p ll d t h t o m s e ex e e a roo

tf t
, ,

m y b m d f
a e a e h d b b u
or a se o un c ou an ar aro s

soun d wit h whi h

s, u qu i t
c d dt
our e ars are n ac a n e an o

f Whi h it t d ptu
,

so m e O i imp ibl f
c s oss e or us so o a a o r

g u
or an s , ac c tM d l
‘
y t E
s gli h e i h
g yt
l t
on ti o n s as r o ar

ul t t
,

c h m
a e e .

t t
If ha h bee n he in variabletm f ll t i c us o o a n a ons,

as f I k w ; it
ar as w p t i l ly t
noh ut m ft h as ar c u ar e c s o o e

G i d th R m
rec an s an wh th y i t d e d o ans , en e n ro uc e a

f ig
ore me i tot
n na h i l g g t m k n h lt e r an ua e , o a e s uc a er

ti
e on s onit w ld f ilit tt h p as i t
i t
ou ac a e e ronun c a on o

t d it tt
,

h i w p pl
e rO d n m
eo l g h
e , an re n er ore an a o ous o e

oth w d ft
er h i tg
or s O Th i id t e r on ue e re s an e v en c on

i t t b ut t
.

i
ven e n c e hi p i n wh h h rm f
s rac ce e re e a o n i s,

I m a tbl tdi
no a N m e I di i
o s c over . o ore c an v ne
 R H E T O R IC .

t1 t t
”

Se c . . T he b arb arism . P ar 1 1 1 B y he
.
us e ofgood word: new modelled -
.

t
wha good re ason c an for p rosc ribin g he
be alle ge d t
na me Z oroastt er, ill oftla e un ive rs ally adt
op e d by
E n
gli h t
hs au ors t t tt
who had occ asion o me n ion ha
t g dt h
e as e rn sa e , an m ep t i t mi ti t
e sah t e , ex c n er na on , a

i
s dusei G k d L nt
i l ire e I Z dw
an b t a n c ass c s s er

whi h t t t t
,

t
.

h
c
p p l w ld
ose b i eo i i p
e l ou su s u e n s ac e ; a

m m i l w d O i itf
ore us c a y or q ? t r s O an c ons e ue n c e o

us , h t
t it i a th P i s igi l
n e are r Will t hi e e rs an or na ? s

soun d gi d p i ight
ve us a th th th i t
ee th
e r ns an e o er n o e

c h tt h phil
arac e r, h
p y d t h e h i t y f t
h
oso m an e s or o e an ?

O t mm d d b y t
,

nh m p in ipl w
e sa e r c hes e are co an e e se

re fi tb i h C f i f t
n e rs o h an s k fC fi on uc us or e sa e o on ll 686 ,-

an d g i i f t
h
n e ve r a a n , on
p h g f g ig an O e c ar e O ros s n op

tm t M b mt M bml M db m t m
’

ran c e , i o en on a o e ,
a o e an , o e zr ,

M obammed M obammedan M oba mme dzrm are

'

s inc e

t t t
, , ,

re ady o sup p ly he ir room M um /man m us give

t t
.

l ac e t
o mod em beg ird obe ra and alc oran o kom n
j ,
p
ti t d t
.
,

T he deroir oo s urn e a dirverb, '

and h b e arba w 1s

t ran sfor m di tp lm
e n o a a .

B U T why do our mode rn reform e rs s op t here ?

tt
tt
O ugh n o his re forma ion , if good for any hin g, o t t
t
b e re nde re d m ore ex e nsively us eful How muc h more
?

edifyi g w ld h ly w it
n p ou o r rove t
o re ade rs of e ve ry

c p it
a ac
y if i td f t
h ns e a o ose vulgar c orrup t
i J b on s , ac o

h dt t
, ,

an d J udah, an d Mose s an d E lijah we a h if e sa s ac

i tfi
t h t
t t
,

on o nd in our Bibles , as s ome ass ure us h a e

words ough t
tb o e p ron oun c e d, Y agn hakob , an d Ye
M osc he h t
t
hudah, an d an d E liy ahu ? Nay s inc e i
t t t t
, ,

see
m b s o e agree d amon gs our orie n al sc holars ,
ha
Z a Q
33 69 T a n: P H IL O S O P H Y B ee1 1 1
-

or .

O fgramm a ical puri y t t .

t dd t
IT is nec essary h t if t way
'

h P bli gi o a a e u c ve

t h m ft hi ki d t
,

oa u h will b e
our o e d f i s n e re no n o a

t iti fi t th g ht
,

i g
n ov a n Wh m f f m
en so e cr cs rs ou o re or

i gt
.

n h w db b w e w ld ha it
or b m
dr a on e ou ve dr an o

t d t
, ,

h p b er i
h dp k
ae a, d h wm y m
an a r ar a 3 an o an ore

h p
s itm yy t
a es be t a f m d ai t it i im po
e
ib l r n s or e n o, s ss e

t y A l thisti g ph h t h ad pt dj t t
.

o sa a e h or o ra er a o e us e

f m t ft me r Mahome t
.

h lf f S l i h
’
a o a on o

t oe
a e s re or e

ty
e na

t t t
.

H e h w l
re s ore s h p l w h i he h f tv s o e ac es c
‘

e a
m ly h ld b t
er dmit ehi lte t
i f
u ath o s s a ra on o e c on s

t w it i g it h M hom t M hamm d
,

n an s , n e ve r r n e er a e or o e

b t t
,

M
u h mm d I a og d h f e ig m n re ar o s uc ore n na es
t t
.

fp
o offi e rs on s , d i i w ld be li i
b g ng
c e s , e ras , an r es, ou o

t t t t t t
.

i nw i f h i mp
r e rs o h i w o k
s s a l
go ,
o ann e x o e r r s a s

men th w o severe soe ve r, t upp tby i i g bl I am ab e l o s or an rre ra a e

t t t t t
,

ar
gum den i a i di g
e ers on , o
-
i ym lo gy d cco t u n s e o
”
en o e s rn

Th fi t
. ,

i gf m n ro
yl l b l e i i th gi
rs i l
s l u
ng g a pi e a s, n e or na , a a e, a e

t
.

p iti os i f
gn y g f
ion i s m I w
n o ld t
h f roe b b u d. t u e re or e a s r o c on

j i i t h
o n nm ph e wit
sa h t e th
p p t
rasei t whi h b t h i e re os1 on o, c a a

t y ig ifi t
c on rar i s n d t f m ft
ca on i anw ul d o use ro a e r ave rs on , o ren

d t h er p i
e ex h id u l
re ss on
yp l t i I d fi eo s th f f eon as c. n e an c e e re ore o

h bit whi h h a i td u i l i t h fi p ing

'

ud
’

a e, c ovve ve r nc e n an n ve rs a , s e o s r

w mu tif w w uld p ak
,

f f ig
‘
o n oranc e , e stly ith y e o s e c orre c e er sa

t
,

bo g t
,

i on 0 e h fi t y ll
n e, a b l h i g he f ofrsth p s e 4 av n e orc e e re

p i t
i os u t t
i
on , or, c
g 3 t hi p p it
n i w m
0u t y s m re os ve , e s sa o

b g
a e If a y hould t
an e. hi k t n hi ep s tag i agg td n s r re se n on e x e ra e

t t t t
,

1 a him mp co
h arei g w i h h w hi
e re ason n h h t h b e i u ly a c a e n se r o s

d f mut il t i gt h w d l t i
d h will fi d it i ll
‘

an or a n o e or e ec n, an e n n a re

s e
p ct t h sm I t
e sa i I k
e. w l d g of s, q u acwh t h
no e e, no c ons e en c e , e er

w y l e sa b
a c oraa or; b t it i forn q u t h t h u i lly s o c ons e en c e a Suc a s

t b held a uffi i t
no
ge u d f i v ti s c en ro n or nno a on.
 R H E T 011 1
’
s . 6
3 ;

S ec t1 . . T he Ill By he use
. t of good words ne w modelled
-
.

t
s ary, for he t
sake of t
h e un le arn e d,
’ ’

who c anno divin e

wh t
h t
h i e wf gl d t
er nu b l g t thi g f
e r ne an e e s e on o n s or

m ly er k w
'

m th t h ld
un n o n , or are no m ore an e o na e:

ft tt
.

o hi g f mili h m
n wly mp d d d
s a ar o e ne va e an res .

ly if y t tb b d fwit
,

sed S hi g d ure h an n e se rves o e ran e

t t t t t t t
.
,

h m f
e nap d y i i e o i f di i e an r s an os e n a on o e ru on

tt t t
, ,

o h p h fel i g bre f
f i g i
roac g l i y o e arn n , y a ec n s n u ar

1 11 mile s .

I j t m
SHA LL ti ot h ust f b b i m
en on an er s e o ar ar s s,

whi h l c m d t
a so c o hi l d i f m t
e s un e r h s c ass , an ar se s ro e

bb i ti f p ly yll bl by l pp i g f ll t h
’

a rev a on o o s a es , o n o a e

s
y ll b l a p t th fi t
e s ex c e th fi t d d e I rs or e rs an se c on n

t ft
.
,
’

s anc es o hi byp f byp b d i s are ,

p f or oe on r ac , re or re

p t ti
ua l t f ltim
on , a t p lt f p lti
or u m t i w g a e, enu or en u a e, n

f i
or g it hyp
nc o n f byp iti
o, t f t er or ere r e, ex ra or ex ra or

di y nar H i
pp yl ll t
h f fa td t m h b a e se a ec e er s ave e en

d i dt
.

en e h p bli ffr g I
e ly k w y
u c su h a e s c arc e no an suc

t h t t b li h d t t
.

h a h m l
ave e s a p m b sf m e e se ve s , ex c e o or o

bilé A dt hi it h t h ff t d t
n l t t with td
s a e ec e a as ,
no s an

tt tt t t t
A s I am dis pos e d o hink ha , in m a e rs of his kind, he t
t t t t t
Public is rarely in he wron g, i 1 1 ould n o be diffic ul o as sign a
p l ibl
aus f thi p f
e re ason F t t
h w or d m b il is f m
re e re n c e . i rs e or o , ro

w hi h it t td
,

t
i c ly b
s c on rac ell d E gli h: d I c an s c arc e e ca e n s an , 81 1 8

t t
,

p t h d
ec , ne ve rh tio f h p bl
ai i S d
e s an c l y h n o e u c vo c e . ec on e re

t t
,

i s t no t
he w d i h
an ol g g th
r t p ort
h p i nly he e an ua e a ex ressc rec se

gm id , t
a e m lt ea d dt i a tt
u h w d m biligy
u uous an se i ous r ou : e or o , a

d pt d b y m w it i t
t
O e g so m i pp li
e i f
r
p hil
ers ,
p hi l
s a ross sa ca on o a oso ca

i m whi h m
er ly p t
ib
ci i yQ f m ti l
e an s on
; t
ly t h w d
s us c e l o on as e or

m b i fit tt t
, ,

o h hit h ft h f gi i g i di t
er o h ose or v n ac c 01 o
s er an
g r se
,
n e
.
36 2 . T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or '
B ook l l .

O fgramma tl p u t
ica y ri .

mg he t ti g h whi h i t
l wit
un re len w p ut d n z ea c as e rse c e

by D Swift wh r h m t with itB t t h e re ver e e u as e

w d i q t h t hg t t
,

t
.

or i n h
ues on p m b i a o en use, e s u re e ar

t fl g g
res s o
-

itid t h
an w ld b m h
ua e , on s s e, e re ou e as uc
ob st
i i j t
in it t t th W
fi t
y n ac g n re e c a er
p p re se n as e re as

h p f lly t h i g it th p bli t
,

a s oi upa
grs n us er n on e u c s a e .

tt
As h h m o f bb i t
e i g w d y e
u our o a re v a n e n ee
'

sa v

tt t t t t
,

ry li l i m h
e , as dl y w b i m
se eo g s ar no o su s s a n s us
It ly i t hi i l d b t t t t
.

h d f h l
“

on arose n n s s an a ou e e o e as

c enty d wh i t
ur h b gi i g f t
an he p t
e n, n e e nn n o re se n

it um d t t
, .
,

as s fig i e i o d m
ure n c on versa on , an eve n s o e

tim tp p es i p i t
oa it w W mly t
e ar n tk d by rn as so ar a ac e

d S wift d t w it f mi
,

A ddi s on an h an o er r e rs o e nen c e ,

th t t it h t
,

ai h
s nce hb g l d
en i g h d a een ln e n era s rac e , ar

ly d i g t p p
ar n i g d mp y o a d h w
ear n oo co an , an n e ve r s o

i g it
n lfi b k f y m
se n oo s o an na e

t
THE wo c lasse s ofb ar arism s b t t
las me n ione d, n c or

p re he n ding n e w words an d n e w for m t i f mW d

a on s ro or s

t tff d g t db t
,

s ill c urre n o en a ai n s use , c ons id h e re o as re

t t m y t t
,

p b
o a l d i l
e an T h as n a on a e re are h an o er sor s

ft g whi h might td h u h
.

o i
ran s b
re ss on c e en u m e ra e ere , s c

as vulgarism s , p rovin c ial idioms , an d t h tf p e c an o ar

t
i l cu ar
p rofe ssion s Bu tt
h ese are more c om mon ly
t tl g t
.

ran ke d a h mon g f
e ofe n c e s a ain s
g h e e an c e , an a

mon g t
h i l t
i e v o a ons o f g mm ti l p it
ra
y d will a ca ur an

t d it
,

h e re fore be c on s ide re m d
a e ai s .

an alo
gy or our
P I

tgu t u h
on e, o s c c on ve n ze u
0

t
d
O

c u v a z vcst0

as tm bo o ,

m abiac a, moM r/J mobb t t

'

r.
Chap III . . R H E T O R IC . 6
3 3

SE C T .
S alee m/p .

I t t
Now enh sid t w f ther on d wy e c on e ra n o e s e c on a

by whi h t h p it t t t
.

y fc h yl i i j e d h l ur o e s e s n ure e ro e

td by g mm i
, ,

i m Thi i m h
’

e r s s ac c oun e ra ar an s a uc

t t t t t t
.

g f
rea er a ul h h f m i d i l
p y g an e or er, as s a s a rea er

ig a ft
h fu d m t
n or n c e o l ul ft h l g g e n a en a r es o e an ua e,

Th l im fg mm i t v y t h k wl dg
ly t
e so e a o ra ar s o c on e e no e e

oft h l g g ; e q an t h d g
ua e fg m c onse uen e e ree o ra

t t y blu d
,

ma ic al deme ri in ly b e ve r n e r, c an on e as c er

t t t
.
.

ai d
neb y h d g f d fi i e
y i h i k
e ree o w l d ge e c en c n s no e

whi h it b t B t th i f l q i q it
an t
c y u e ra s . u u e a nr o e o en c e s

t
e
t t t t
.

h
o hi er Th k n h w i d h o s e a e r on o

t
g p s; e e, r e n

t
,

pu p s
r o eo di l
p y h i k w l d g is h l a g g a b
s ut no e e n e an u e,

o y
n l t m l
p yo t
oe h l u
g g w hi h h p k e r w i
ant s a e c e s ea s o r e

in der t t a tt t t
,

or h i m o f som fue a h r d Thi n en o ef r e en s

k wl dg h u t h l ly t h i st um t rt
,
,
,

no e e e se an so e as e n r en ora is s

by whic h h intd t i t
o

u t
e tpl a t
s o mo
en s oro ns r c , o e se , ve

tp u d Th d g ofd m itt
,,

o e rs a e h f e whi h
e re e e er ere ore, c

by t t c u ti t
.
, ,

o b fou d i
’
he ora or s ac o n y b l u s e n n e ve r n

mu t t t
.
,

d e r, b i d by
s d iff
e asc e r a n e
y m u a ve r e re n e as re .

S uc h offe n c e is more or le ss he inous . p i

re c s e l
y i n p ro
p or i
o t
n as t
malle r obs ruc ion o
i p roves a grea er or st '
tt t
the spe aker s or wri e r s aim Hohe e i hap p ens ha
’
t ’
t tt
t t
,

t
,

whe n sole c isms are n o ve ry glaring whe n hey do n o

t tm t
,

darke n he se n se , or sugge s so e ridic ulous id h e a,

t
e

t
.

rhe oric ian re gards h m e as m uc h more e x c us e able

t
h b an arbarisms The re ason is , t
h f m i e or e r s ac c oun t
t tf t tf
h lat
.

e d solely h e ef
fe c o n e gligenc e , e er o af
fec ~
 THE P H IL OS O P H Y or B ook 1 1 2

O fgramma i cal puri y t t .

t
ti a on Ne glige nc e in ex p re s s ion, tt h of e n e c ouse

dtt t t
.

q ue n c e of a n ob le ardour in re ar
g h im o e se n en s,

is at t
h w t i l tp
e ors a ve n a re s ass , som t
im iti e es s e ve n

t ho t gy
wit fl tt s al ways a de adly s in
'

i i
'

no u en e r a ec a on

a a ns
g i tth l w f h t i e a s o r e or c .

IT ough tl tba so th t i t oh rt i l f
e obs erve d, a n e a c e o
“

l im m h g
s o ec s s, t i d lguc i gi tt
re a e r h n u en c e s ve n o e

s p k
ea e r t h t th w it
an ; d ot t h w e it w h
r er an o e r er o

p p re t
oseh t p d om t
ers ua e or
g ll w ove , re a e r a o an c e s are

m d ta e, h thim wh p p t
an o hb ly ti t t o ro ose are o n s ruc

or
p l e aseT h m r h m e q i d
o e veb y t h e e n c e 1 3 re u re e

at f t bj t t t i td
.

n u re h o h l e su ec e e s s c orre c ne ss s e x ac e

i t f tt i g it N y
,

n h m e an ne r o m k bl d
re a n a a re ar a e e

t t t t t
.
,

fi i c e ncy i h i p n i s re s
pj d i
ec i l h
s no n e ar so re u c a o e

sc o e
p f th o t e ora or,
p l a ay w h i h
as a sc ru u ous c c ur c c

i it th ym pt m f t tE hi
,

b e ars n e s dy d o s o s u an ar sc nes

id t mak d t h t t t
.

i
s sa h o ave re h i f hi i l
r e a e ora on s o s r va

t t t t
,

an d i
an a on s
g D m h m ll d e f hos l m p; en e s , s e e o e a

t h by i t
e re im t i g t h t
n t
h i t a
yl n d m p a iti e r s e an co os on

t l b t If t m ki j t
.

w e re oo e a ora e h it t i e re ar s us c on a n s

t tt t
h t t h t
.
,

h ge re a es w p
c e n s ure d a mi eve r as asse on a e

t t Bt t h i t m di td g b
h d bt
nen ora or u as e n er e a e e re e s e

t th t tm bl b t
.
,

‘
w e en w e i o ex m re es are nnu e ra e, o ou

l e ss ou
gh t t b id d o e avo e .

G R AMMAT ICAL inac c urac ie s ough t

tb o e avoide d by
a writ
er for wo reason s t O n e is, th t a a re ade r will
t t
.
,

m uc h s oon e di ov h m han a b e arer, howe ver

r s c e r e

a tt
t i
en ve he b e . tp t
T he o her is , as wri in g im lie s m ore
 (Soap HI . . R HE T O R IC . 6
3 3

le isure an d t l t
is implied in sp eak
h
tt
“

a oo n e s an

t
gre e n c s

in g; de fe c s ft
hi ki d
o s n , w he n disc overe d in he o p
tt t
.

me t will b e less ex c us ed; han hey would be in he

t
t
,

la er.

~
To t
en u thme ra e
ki d f l i m i
allt o w hi h e n s o so e c s n c

it i p ibl tf ll w uld b b t
s os s e h u l
o a d o e o a s e es s an an

tk Th t t t
.

en dl e ss as
r g i f y f eh y a ns re ss on o an o e s n ax:

ol i m ; and lm t
.

t i l i
c ru es s a s v y
ec s l m y b a os e er ru e a e

t g d i i u w y B ut i
ran s re ss e n var o s ly a as n ov c e s on are

t t t t
.

ca a
p b l f f llieo
g i h a m fl g
n l i
n om u h e os a ran so e c s s, s c

Im bt
e an , ay ig as i t
e r h dim t f t hn oranc e n e ru en s o e
b

tgu I h ll l
on e, it tg mm i t mplify
s a e ave o a
r ar an s o ex e ,

an d l th ri
c as s b l nd e va ft hi t whi h m y
ous u o s sor c a

td t
e rs

b mmit
e co t db y t h l e A ll I p p e e arn e r ro os e o o a

t t t t
.

p i
re s e n k so i f o f w l a e b b ln ce o a e e ss o se rva e;

whi h w it f g t m f it
,

c r e rs o d re ai l kill na e , an e ve n o cr ca s

i t
n h l gu g e han lidd i t
a e, th ugh i t t
ave s en n o ro na en

t i on d whi h t
an h ugh f t h c tu f l im o o e na re o so ec s

t
.

ught t t t
, ,

o p h p b d i
er a si g i h d b y ho f e m s n us e e so er na e

inne rn

h t
t
I am sensible ,i wh t t
h ubj tf ta hi n a c onc e rn s e s ec o s sec

tion , 1 h b iave
g tm ee n
p t d
n a by t
h m k
re a f e asure re ven e e re ar s o

L wt d P i t t it
0

o h anly d m h
r es i d g mm i
an wh
so e o er c r c s an ra ar an s , o

d t
,

have l tly f a e h w l d wit

avoure h t h i b ti Si
e or e r o s e rva on s . n ce

re adi g th i p bli t
n i e r I h u u t il dca id bly Wh t
on s , I ave c r a e c ons era a

h d p p
a red t
hi
are ti l ; fo t
on h gh I h d s ar ly hit
upo t
c e h r ou a rare n e

sa m e m pl
sa the w es ,ft oi id re i t h ma ti s
t
as o en a c nc en c e n e er, na

m h
uc th p i
as i f ult im d
e S e c es o td o w f q u t a ly th an a ve r e n as re en e

w lm stt fin d m y lf t h lip
,

sa m e.Ih ave noi ly a o en re c on e se o s uc s s as

 3 6 6 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B oa l i t .

T HE firs tf t
hi kio
’
s nd I s ha ll observe , is a mis ake t
of th pl l e mb f t ura h i gul nu Th l f
er
‘

or e s n ar, e z ea o

th m pb m b
e re k f t hi z
’

b mi g w m t
rea s h f or n a
'

ec o n ar o

t im t d t t
.

se n
p en s i h an h exw h i h
re ss ons , as e c arac e r c

i gi s f him d
ve n us o tt h t g u d eno es a e n e ro s sc orn an

i t n re
p idity w h i h tt d h i i t u c C h a b en s ero c v r e eru

an d m pb re tw i t h
are i gul umb
o noun s n e s n ar n er

t pl td i t l g g di t ly f m t
.

ran s an e n o our an h H ua e , re c ro e e

b w I t
re h pl u l w n ut h i d b t
e h by u
ra e a re a or se o se

l gy t t
.
,

an d by o ana o
y i h h b d sa e er c eru : an ao

di g tt
,

h E gli h idi m o r b ub m m
'

c or n o e n d s o c er z a n re

t t t t
,

b m di h i l T h f m i
'

p z g ac c or n or u e or e n a e or e :
s s

b t tt t h l t tt t t
.
,

e h f mili
er e ah l m y l
ar, I i
e a er e so e n s e s

t t t
s

p i
sur r s n i g h a u ho f M Aa d d i o an d i r o r s n s
’
sc e rn

m tdid ti
en iti i i g Milt t
no k t
n cri f c s n on , a e no c e o a

di t i t
, ,

i Whi h i v y wh fully b rv d er
‘

s nc on ‘
c s e e re s o c are o se e

by t h p t I h ll dd tt
e oe hi
. m k t h tt
s a h a o s re ar a as : e

t t
,

w d b ub m d mpb m l l m
’

h
’

or s c er z
p u an re z : are ra e er s

t
,

bm d up bim i l l
'

cb eru z r an p g h
rer
p u ; s , as ex re s s n e r
a are

q u it i me p p Y t th b
ro er b i m u m
e e se ar ar s s oc c r so e:

tim i es tlt h ouri ft h B ibl ran s awhi h on o e e c n ever

t d t t d pt t
,

h l e e ss , h o h plu l f m h u
no onc e a o e ra or c er

bim dan p hi m ; t .
s e ra
p t h i g ul ; th g h
o ex re ss e s n ar ou

have been by o hers , I s ay almos

ove rlooked forwhen t t
any e ro be
r r
gin s o p re v ail e v e n a s in
gle addt
i ion al rem on s ranc e t t
t
,

may he ofc onseq uenc e , an d 1 1 1 poin s on whic h c ri ic s are divided, t

t tt t
I hough i no unreason abl e t ff
o o er my opin ion .

S pe c tt Na or
,
°
.
3 7
2 .
 R H E T O R IC .

Se c tII
. . T he s ole c i s m .

on ewould n a urally unagine

"

t ttt
hiha s e rror m us tl 01
'

tt t
,

i
g ay
n ll have give n ris e o he h o er .

"INA CCUR ACIE S are t

of e n foun d in he way whe re in t
t
h d ge e ree s of c om paris on are ap p lie d an d c on s rue d t
t th t dt
.

Some of h e se , I s us pe c ave as ye e sc ape h i e an

it
,

madve rsion of all our c r i cs B e fore I p roduc e ex am

t t t tt
t
.

le s , i will b e p rop e r o ob se rve , ha he c omp ara iVe

p
degre e implie s c om monly a c omp aris on of on e hin g t ~

t tt t t t t
wi h on e o her hin g ; he s upe rla ive , on he c on ra
ry lw y ima pli m
a s p i f thi g w it h m
es a c o ar son o on e n a

t t t
, \

m
tby t
n y h o T h f e rs q l y q
e i or b e e r, c on se ue n re u res o

th l t
.

foll w d by t
,

o h ei g l mb e s n h u ar n u er e a er e

p l a
url I l g g t
h j ti
n our an tb m t
ua e , e c on unc on arr us

b int t t t t
.

e p d b w h
e r ose hi g c m p d
e i h e en e n s o are n e

fo mr e r c ase
; th p p iti qf i l w y u ed i t
reh os on
-

s a a s se n e

l t t
a er .

THE followin g is a n e x am ple of wrong c on s ruc i on

‘
tt
t
in he c ompara ive t
T his n oble n a ion b a h of all t t
t
o be rr admi t e d fewer c orru
p ionst T h e w or d t
few e t
r is he re c on s rue d p re c ise ly as if i we re
t he s u t t
p erla ive G t
ram ma ic al ly hus : 1
T hi t t
s n ob le n a ion
'

t
t
t
.

hash admi e d féwer c orrup ion s han any o her

‘ .
” t t t
t t t t
.

S ome imes i n de e d he c ompara ive is righ ly followe d -

b y a p lural ; as in he s e Words t He is w is e r han t

it
B ut tb t tt
,

We .
.
-
c an no e c ons rue d wi h he p re po

S wif tM
’
s ec hanic al O pe ra ion s t .
 Tn z P H IL G S O PHY or

t
s i iou o f; be fore ha tt
twhi h t
h o c e s ub e c
j t
i s c om pa r

ed The re is t wh i t on e he
c as e , an d bu one , e re n

ftt t
.

f id p p it
a ores a i i p p os h mp i e co ve

h t
re on s re er a er ara

dt th w d f ll wi g t h p p it
,

an i wh a s, en i e or s o o n e re os on

co mp h d b t reh id en ft h mp i
o s He es o e co ar son as ,

i th ts ll m e ft h t
a er w ”
I t h w d t
an o b e o n es e or s e

t d t twh m h i
.

w i lud d h
o are nc h p e e an e e rs on o o e s

It t th t
,

co mp d d
are i l i u h
ese rve s our n o ce a so, a n s c

u h t t t
.

d
c ase s , an d ly i onh mp on i h h n s c e co ara ve as e

d fi it t i l t h p fi dt it d i
,

e n e ar c e e td p re x e o an s c on s rue re

t up l t t
,

i ly
c se h as i ; e
y b sh d g er a i ve na o e re es are n

im i t t
,

su h c u d i di
c ase s lyse W y i
n
g h ly sc r na e e sa r ;

Thi i t
.

it fth t t
”
e h er h w k s w s e h ea er o e o, or e

w k tf t h t
”
ea w
es If h w
o w m yf m a
e o , o e ve r, e a or

t t t
.

ud
j g m f m enh m g ro l p i ipl f e l gy os e n e ra r nc es o an a o

t t
,

h f m i p f bl b
e or er s u hre e ra e, ec a se e re are

I SHA L L subjoin tt
hi o s an in ac c urac y in a c om
p a ri
t
qualit
h gh t h p it
.

s on of e y whe re i d g ou e os ve e ree

d t tt m t tt h t
, ,

on ly i hs use i b imil e c on s ruc on us e s ar o a

of t t b t
,

h mp i
e co h b i g f ll w d by
ara
j ve , o e n o o e c on un c

ti onswhi h g c S h t
ove rni w ld no c ase uc n o on s ou

wd t t
hi t b ut i u i
.

b e avo im by e a s e n on e ros c r c an s ;

d f
an ti m d
an a c stb mf
”
G mm t i lly
as a as e ra a ca

thy t d td
.

e h ,
b b i g
e ve r are e n un e rs oe .

f B olin gbroleb ’
s, Pb Fr . . 24 .
 -
R H E T O R IC h

S ec t(I
. . T he s ole c rs m .

t
T H AT he p t i l ftt h p it i
ar c e s ,dt h n as a er e os ve , an a

aftt h
er mp t
i e co ju ti arad t p p ve , are c on nc on s an no re os -

siti on s , m th b qu t
se e s i d by
n e ve r y o ave ee n es on e an

g m
ra m i iti b
ar anf D P i t
orl y I e
cr d il y c e ore r res e r a

whi h m u t t
.

ac k wl dg no th t it i e e, d i d
a h s us e c s ec e/ e

p iont; h l d I h it
n or s t m m t i
oun g i g t es a e a o en a re e n o

th e not
i h gg t i f
on it w u e su
pp t d b y w h
es s ,t e re s or e a

co uld b j tly d m ie t d g us l d p u t b
e nol na e e n e ra an re a e

B ut tm iti m if tt h t b t ht h m t
,

u se o e s an es a o e os

d t h m t uth it
.
,

n um u e ro s id an bl i e os c on s e ra e a or e s are

on t
h pp it e o id 5 d th f os th t
e s t
h i t
e an e re ore , a ose n s an s

c es whi h h p d t
chi f u f t
e h t hypot
ro uc eh i n avo r o a es s,

o ught tb g d d m ly o e l
g gi re f t
ar ey l e re as n e en c e s o s e,

i twhi h ( I h ll h
n o c i tb
as s m a ave oc c as on o o se rve ore

fully i t h q u l)n th b t e w it will m

se e e ve n e es r e rs so e

t
im es fall Tha in he tt c ollo q uial diale c tas J ohn son
t t
.
,

c alls i s uc h idioms freq ue n ly oc c ur, is un de n iab le

t tt t
.
,

In c on ve rs a i on you will p e rhap s im

en es of e n e r

he ar p e ople say, T he re
’
s t
h e b ooks you wan e ,
'

td ’

t
h an T he re are t
h b e ooks 5
’
a n d Y ou w as
p re

twh
s

se n
’
e n a s in gle
p e rs on is addre sse d han you t
tY t
, , ,

2
we re p re s e n g
’
e ood us e is always c ons ide re d as

t t
.

de c laring s ole ly for he las m ode of e x p re ss ion in b o h t

c ase s Th g m td aw f m t h F e ar u en r n ro e re n c h us age ,

t t t t tg
.

( whi h b y h w c
y h h u h i y i e a a no a or n our on ue )
ttll pp it
, ,

i s no a a
’
a os e

T he obli ue c ase s of
q t
h i e r
p e rs on al
p ron oun s , an s we rin g tu o o r

me, t
b ee an d him are me t e, an d /e , no t
m i o mi , an d lid In
t
,

t t tf t
. , .
,

h e se l as we have he in de fin i e orm whic h s e rve s in dif

fe ren ly as
VO L I . .
 0 Th P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook 1 7
37 e .

O f gram ma ical p uri y t t .

BU T s up p os in g good use we re divided on t

h p e re

se n t
q u t
i es tt t fi t
I ac kn o le dge ha
on , h d d w e rs an se c o n

c an ons t e
p p
r os e d t w uld d tm i
on h is s ubje c o e er ne

m t e p f th
o
p i ire e rf th w h id
e o th n on o ose o c on s er e a

f id p t
ore sa i l ju n ti
ar c e s T h fi t d i as t c on c on s e rs re c s

d bt ti li tt h t
.

u i fl ou u id i wh i h o a e n c

t
s n c as es o nc ne s

h i t
e reh l td g s f mb iguit
e eas
y I d t an er o a n or er o

ill t te t hi p i t t t
.

us ra ; i w ill b s y on b e n e c e ss ar o o s e rve ,

th t th d ub t i tp p ly ttd by yi g wit h
h t
o s no ro e r s a e sa n

D P i t
a e

r ly t t
h q
r es ti i Wh t h ta h mi e ue s on s, e er e no na

t u t t t t t t
,

i ve ior ac c g h f ll w h
sa ve
p i l b ou o o o e ar c e s an

an d b ut wh t
as h t h p ti l
,
i eh p er e se ar c e s are , n s uc ar

oc c asion req uire s , t

for ei he r n omina ive t t
i d twhi h or ac c us a ve , an o c

t
h e re is no t
hi g i
n n our lan guage t
hat t
ly p d T h e x ac c orres on s. us ,

to ex p re ss in Fre nc h, He an d I l t
i w m t yare re a on s ,
’
e us sa ,

L ui e tm i o , n ous som mes paren s ’

t
B u in E n glis h, H im and

t
.

me , we are re la i on s,
’
would be in suffe rable The n om n a i t
i ve s

u d by t
.

t 1
£ h m butw h imm di tl d i o n ed
je, o, are n e ve r y j se e , en e a e a

ffi d i i t g t
.

tt
oh b p fi di f
fi mi g
e ve r re i g
x e n a r n or a x e n n erro a n In
t
, ,

t t t t
.

e v er
y he i u ho i d fi i f rm m st l
pp y t h i
a i on
p l e n e n e or us su e r ac e .

L e Clerc hus t g t
re n
( de rs
R i a p M i
as s a e o f S c rip ure , ev o

t
.

t t t
.

q i i p éu v m s
j i é t
é m
r se n e B w h th
en t d t ’
d
a or .
’
u o a un e rs an s

t t
,

E gli h w ld y M wh li ou sa I h b d d ” o ve a ave
n s p ,
e re se n , e en ea

w tt f t
.

L t tehi l s se rve h pl h
a s o as an an s lg b t er o e ea or es e v u a r, u

th i d idi m It i m it i 63 f m t h C t
.

m i /m ’ ’
'

un au or se o s, s e, zr 1 1 2, ro e er o o e r:

i p i g t h t f P i t
,

ft
,

o h F h I h ll b
e ren c . s a l y
o s e rve n ass n , a on e o r es e
’
s

q t ti i
uo a on s n su
pp t f t
h ph i d f i
orb l o d if t e se rase s s e e nc e on a feren

t
,

p i i
r nc
p l d th f e, t an hi p p I
ere oret i t m y no o s ur ose . s no e ou

are i l n Th m i h
ove g d b y t
h p p o iet i e s e re overn e e re s on

wt b r
’

It i t wit!»m y i l v
s no
” S h t p it i e ou are n o e. uc ran s os ons

t
.

aref q i u l g g
re uen n o r an ua e

t
.

1 Ch
~
a
p X P ar i . . .
Chap 1 1 1 . . R H E T O R IC .
37 :

S ec tII
. .

t i l
c u ar c ase s ,tb g d d o j u t
i e re p par e ~as c on nc ons or re o

siti on sF it h pp i
or, onti it me t be r su d os on , us e a

mit td t h t t i mt t t
.

e i a n h
c e r ai n i c rc u s an c e s e ac c us a ve

ught tf ll w d t t mi t B t
,

o o h o o i an Ii
no e no na ve u n

it th t i t i t
.
,

s s h a h
as n diffs uc c ases h e re IS a e re n c e n e

u if mly t t t
,

s e n se , n id or h p i l
o c ons er ose ar c e s as c on

j u t
nc i i t h
on s , ly w y f
s m ei g th
on m b ig i
a o re ov n e a u

ty T h u I yp p ly s I t
sa m y u m
ro e r t h e s ee o ore an

t I tm y u m t
.
,

h y I y p mp ly l
e
’
sa er h
a so, es ee o ore an

th m b ut q uitdiff t Ift
.

e i ’
n a s e n se b i e e re n an s un

d td t t t
.
,

ers oo j i h
as a c on unc b h i g m
on , ere c an e no n a

b ig u i uo s it h t Th n e ft h p
e r se n e nc e e c ase o e ron oun

d tmi t t h w d t
.

e er ne s a o b u
on c epp li d Te h or s e s e e

fi t I tm y t t h y tm y
.

m
’
rsi s, h
e s ee ou ore an e e s ee ou

I tm y t I tm
.

Th en d i se c on m s, h e s ee ou ore an e s ee

t
h m B ut
e this di t
’
i t i i c f u d d ify u s nc on s on o n e o

m k t t t
.
,

a e b p p i i an aw h i h re i osy h
on , i c as n e ve r o er n?

t it will qui t
,

s anc e h
‘
bliq re w y
ill
re b e o ue c ase , c onse

qu en c o d th re n
p i erp f tly e q i
ex lre ss on er e c e u voc a

t id t h t t t
.

F or hi I s re as on , q i f m
c on s S m l
er a uo a on ro o

l t
e
( w h i b y th b o
y t
h s, ly t h it y
e ll g d
e, e on au or a e e

t
hi qu t T ll t di l t h t
,

on i ) s h es on I de e c ar na a un e r

td p t tt t t
,

s an
y b h hi
oe rm s h
e g erb l an a c ar ea e no so

mu h wit c h i u y W th im
n ac cp p i ty
rac T h as l ro r e e

it p t td p t
.
,

se nse h i l ex ly I
re s se d s c ear y un ers an oe r

b t tt d td him B ut t t t
, ,

e h I er an ” ‘

hi i
un e rs an h s s no e

ft ut t
.

se nse o h h Th e a d a or l d di e se c on c n on ea s re c

ly tt it th t hu t
.

h o m d ii e sa e ec s on , as
p f eac e s o re e r

wh t i m t
a
gs b l t oslo a re e a
gy N o w t h t e i l
o an a a s a

w y m tp ug t t l gy whi h td m t t
.

a s os re nan o an a o ,
c en s os o

A a z
 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y 3 00l
"

37 2 or

O f gram ma ical p uri y t t .

t
m ul iply ex c ep ions t t id t h t C ons e que n ly, o c on s er e

t t t t
.

p i l m l
ar c e s e
p y d i g m
o e n his m an n e r of s a in a co

t t
,

p iar son
j i (
asw hi h h y i
c on un clly on s , c e are un versa

adm it td tb i e y th o
) i m leg i n e ve r o e r c ase s ore ana o

cal t h t id t anh m h gi g t
h i uuld
o c on s er e as c an n e r s a e

mi t ti u hi t
,

no i d h
na on an c arac e r, n s c n s an c e s .

BUT tp
o roc e e d ; in t
c orre c tn ess in usin g he super a

l t
a i d g
ve e ree , t b q tq t ap p ears in het i s u se ue n uo a on:

Th i f
e v ce o t u i wh t t d p t
c ove o sn e ss it s a e n e rs ee es no

th ul f
e so
y th o A ani t of th m er n ns an c e o e sa e

f lt
au I h ll gi s f m a w it f ve m ll m it
ro f a r er o no s a er or

h m y
ar on d l g an W h e e p f i t
an c e e ave a ro e ss on se

t t t
.

pa ar f h u
p p or f p u e i w h ir ose s o e rs as on , e re n a a

l tf ten hi ki d w ld p
o s b lik li t
t n p h p f ou rove c e er er a s o

an
] th 1 o 1 der t h it i i t h w d o no e re cr c s e on e or

i t
3

b
ar er h n mpl whi h i m y p i i i lik
os e e x a es , c n o n on , s e

Wi f lt t t t t t t
,

se
y f
au h p la i ; b er hi f l m e su e r a ve u s au co es

t tg y Th t t
,

u d n h
e r ano er ca e Im p or e e rror e an a resen

tp i t ti t t t
.

o on hou p l i f ll
s w d b h i
e su e r a
y g ve o o e e sn u

th d p t t t
,

” lik
lar n umb er, f y h e h ee es o an o e r, e e

li tf y t es o h an W h ld ty t o er h b t e s ou no sa e es

t t t
.
,

” ”
fo y m an h b
an , f y hor m f e es o an o er an, or

t h b tf m e es W m yi d d y Hi
o en e a n ee sa e s

t ld t ft B t t
,

”
h e o h f m ily
es o h w d f mily i
e a u e or a sa

ll t d q i l t t ll i t
.

c o ec i u ve no n , an h hm e u va e n o a n e o e

t
.

I lik m
n e it m yb
an n er id Th y h a e sa e e e s are e

w tf hi f B t t t
,

ors o hi s p ac ei i id
.
ly u s ex re s s on s ev en

l'
‘
G uardian , No . 1
9 .
1 Fi tO b
z -
s orn s
’
Le t
t ers , B i . . 24,
 R HE T O R IC .

Se c tII
. . T he s ole c is m .

defic ie n t
th t
tT hi g wit h whi h t h fac e is
’

he no e n c e

t t t t t
.

e y m
e s are c o
p d b i h hi g w i h wh
are i h u c on a n s e n s c

t t wh t
,

h ye mp
ared Th co h llip iare e s en e n c e , en e e s s

t t t t
.

i
s li
su
pp d d h Oef ll h f s an f hi s us : a e ea ures o s

t t t
,

“a f
a h y
ce, h w e e e s are e ors .
"

B or n t
h e ex p ress ions ab ov e c en s ure d, may b e c or.

t by b t
re c e d it ti g t h mpsu s t i i t h
u n m f e co ara ve n e roo o

t
h eup l t i
s Th er ai f t i wh t
ve e v ce o c ove ousn e ss s a

t d p i tt l t t
.

e n e rs h ee h er
y h
n o d e s ou an an o er an

W h e p f i ave at p t f thro e s s on
p p f se a ar or e ur ose s o

p i wh
e rsuas on , i t l t f thi k i d w ld
e re n a
p a en o s n ou rove

lik li p e h p th er y t
h ”
er a s It i l p ib lan a n o er s a so os s e

t ti t t t
.

o re a n h p l i d ed h
su e r a
p i ve , an re n er e ex re ss on

t t t
.

g m
ram i l C a u i
ca w h f l l i ove o s n e ss s a o a Ju c er e n

tt h d p t i tt
. .

e rs eh ul ee er d wh i
n o e so -v an e re n a

tl tf t hi ki d w ld p h p f ll t l t
,

a en o s n ou er a s o a a en r rove
p
th lik li t
”
e e er .

th f ll wi g
IN mp l W h
e o o um l d
n ex a e e ave a n e ra a

t t t t
,

t
.

j iv
ec wh i h d h
e, b l g c
y i w o d i no e on o an en re or n

t t it b tt b t t p tf
,

h e se n e n c e i as s s u s an ve , u o a ar o a

w d or Th fi t p j t w t h t
e d i rs u ro e c as o s or e n sc o rse

by ut t i t T h tm
.

i g p lly yll b l
c n o s a es n o on e e er

l ttyll bl
one re a e s
p t f th w d
os l
p yy ll
a b l e, a ar o e or o s a es

T his i q it u g mm t
.

s i l Th
u e p in i li
ra k a ca e ex re s s on s e

t t t t
.

wi sep i b l h
ex c e f p p i
on a y b u f
e on e sc ore o ro r e o

t hi ft
,

w d s a er ar s .

Voyage tL
o a u a.
p t
374 T H E P HIL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

THE R F is an error of t
h e same kind in he follow t
ing passage from A ddison , t My c hri s ian and sim am e
b egin and end wi h he tt m l t t Th w d sa e e ers e or

hit
c r s an i h i dj t i
e re whi h h th f it ub
s an a ec ve , c a or s s

s antt i t
h l t
ve yll b l e f t
h asw d i m
s T h a e o e or s rna e e

t t
.

ex
p i i
ress on l p i s b l h f
a so e x c ep on a e on e sc ore o er

s pi i t
cuy fw hi, ho f t w d c a e r ar s.

t
Somar mas he posses sive pronoun doe s no s ui he t
tt
t t
an e c e de n
”
t
E a c h of he s ex e s, says A ddison ,
t t t
.

s hould kee
p wi hin i :
par ic ular b oun ds , an d c on

tt thm l
en e p t
i
e c er di t lt
wit
hi t
hi
o ex u n e r res e c ve s

t i t
rc s Th m l d t
hi tg mm t i
e s e ves an e r c an n o ra a

ca lly fit t h i g l B id t
re h tp
o eac a s n u ar es es e re s as s

i t t tt
.
,

h ere h ms gl i g h
e h p unore u ar n a e se ron o s are c o

t t tt
,

p l d
e w i h i f i g h m u
s , re e rr n o e sa e no n .

t
IN no p ar of spe e c h do good wri ers more freq uen t t
t t t
ly fall in o mis ake s han in he ve rb s O f he se I t t
t
.

s hallgive som e s pe c ima rs oorof a m uc h re a e r n um

g
be r whic h migh be c olle c e d t t
The firs shall be o f a t
w gt u t m t h t tm
.

ron Y will
e n se , y e no co e n o e a e

mig ht I t w l u t td
”
h lif I ave h e n o c a se s us c on n e c e

wh t h fi t b i i t t t h ft
.
,

en e h p rs ve r s n e re s en or e u ure ,

th d whi h i d p d t it
e s ec on c tb i t h s e en en on c ann o e n e

t t t t
,

p as T h w d h f e u gh h
or s , b e re ore , o o ave een

tlt th t t t
.

m ”
ran s a ed y y h lif O h a e a ave e. n e c on ra

t t t t tt
,

ry h, d h fia b b i h
e
p i
rs h d
ver e en n e re er , e s e c on

Spec t
tN
a or, o. 5 0. . Freeholde r, No 3 8 . .
IJ ohn v .
40.
Chap 1 1 7 . . R H E T O R IC .
3 77

Sec tII
. . The soleci sm.

tk t
h
a e e sa me meas ure s for he ir c ure whic h I
‘

t -

b an e If ’
H ere we have a re fe re n c e in he e n d o t t
t
h p e tk Y
re c e ding ve rb a e e t it
i t
th w dt k
s no e or a e

whi h will pp ly t b ut t Thi p t

.

c h su e s e n se , k i a en . s ar

ught
,

cipl th rfe, th e e ore , o . o ave b ee n adde d.

t
T HE fif h sp e c im e n in he ve rbs shall b e of a faul y t t
t t t
t
.

re fe ren c e o a
p ar o b e m e n ion e d T his de dic a

t lm t k t h t
.

i my
on f a a y b
s e rve b i or a
r os n oo a ar, s, o

H in t
,

”
h ll b p ubli h d
s a e, hi p l b i gm
s e a: s ac e e n e re

ly p tf mp l x t t h t
.

a ar o m na co hi g wit e e n se , ea s no n ou

t tf t h t Y t t t t t t
.

h e re s n
e ;o h e f h i se e e re s o e en se s no

tb f d i t
o e h oun t W c ty n e se n e n c e
y e an n o sa
“
an

b kt h t
.

t t
,

b p bl
lr m w
'

oo da ar yu h zr e no ore c an e sa a

t tw ld u t
,
,

b b p b
ar l b d
e C u d i zr e im orre c e ou r n e,

th t
.
,

”
ha b as b ll b p b li
een, h d Th w d
or r a e, u s e e or

t t t t t
. .

t
.

i u h b e x u g d o d di hi h n as a n no
og p g e
g e e
,
n o

se nse .

I SHA LL f w inn ex
s t
p d ro uc e a e t
anc e s of inac c urac y,
whic h re s ul from c ouplin g wordst tg t
ho e e r, an d ass ign
tt t
,

ing h m mm o
gim e a co on re en , whe n us e will no

adm itt
h t t
hy b on t d a the m m e e c s rue in sa e an ner
mp l i t t
u t
.

T h f ll wi g i
e o o h n i f s an ex a e n e c ons r c on o

adj ti ec Will itb ve s :

g d th t th f g p l e ur e a e our os e s

t tdit
,

”
ld
are as ld b
o i Th
or eve n o er an ra on i
e

th
,

w d ld
or s or o d ld mm an
gi o er c ann o ave a c o on re

t q i tb f ll w d by t
.

m h
en e on e re h j u re s o e o o e e c on un c .

I G uardian , No . I. Bolin gb . Phil .

Es iv. . S . 1
9
.
37 8 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook l f .

orgramma ical pufi y t t .

t
i on as , th th by t
h e o er an If he had said, a: old
“

tdit t
.

”
a: i n
ra d o an eve n older, he re would have
t t t
,

be e n The c ompara ive in his c ase is n o

n o e rror

t tt tt
.
, ,

c on s rue d wi h he pre c e din g words bu wi h wo rds

‘

t t
,

whic h be in g asc er ain e d by he p rec e din g are p ro

t
, ,

p y
erl e n ou gh d d un e rs oo .

I 51
mm ex e m plify t h t
h e s am e i nac c u mc y in e

tt Itqui t h fw t l tt
.

c on s ruc i n f b o o ve r s re re e a en s o

wb b m t tb t t t
.

m l m y
'

t
ze os en are no orn , or a eas a no

q i
a c u re A dm it i g t
h t th w d t M i d n a e or s o ( :

a ight
re r ly n t d wit ht h p i
c o s rue
p ti ip l b e as s ve ar c e orn ,

th y t b t d wit hth t b i
tb ot
e c ann o i
e c ons rue ve ve r u re .

b t
q e ac ac

F itght
or ou d t h tth o i e n w e a e c on n e x on e e en

th p p it b t t
,

e i
re w
os h on p
“
n u
e g een e noun or ro o n ove rn

ed b y it i i t im tt ht
s so nth tb a e,f a e re c anno e a re e r

tt wit h t t t Th l t
,

en c e h o h
e on e h lou e o er e as c aus e ,

t t t t t t t
.

h f h h w b l
’

e re ore ,
g ou b o run b y us , or ze a e as e

m y a tq i no
”
Th ac
p t t
i u ref t h l ti e re e l on o e re a ve

m k t t f t
.

a es h i i e h pe
nse r on l p u o e rson a rono n n e c e s

THER E is th m ki d i t
an e rror of
h t e sa e n n e se n e n c e

f ll wi g
o o Th n ut f h
: y f q tly m i t
i
e co r o c an c er re ue n

g t
ra d b
er, k th tanth f th m m
re a sl w e ee o e co on a

Wh t i t
ah gim s f th t
i
e re b m itig t en o e ac ve ve r a e: 9

R g l ly itught tb t b t th ft
.

e u ar o h mm l w o e, c ee o e co on a

t w d m k t t t t
,

as h e se h g im
or s f h h i
a e e re en o e o er ac ve

S wif t on C on ve rsa ion s t .

f S p
ectt a or
,
No 5 6 4. .
3 8 0 THE P H ILO S O P H Y or B ook III .

O f gramm a ic al purl y t t

ei t
h f whi h
er o
p c ex re s s ion s would have be e n righ ly t
t d wit
c on s rue h t
h p e re
p os i ion t .

t m ki d ly i t
0? he h f ll wmg p
sa e n n e ar s e o o s ec i m e n

in th g em tf b tt
ove rn i Th en o a s u s an ve
“
7 e re is on e

t
h twill t lf bblig d tdo b l h
'

hi k h
a n e rse e o u e er kin d
nes s an d c a res s es of me T he Word ki ndne s s re

quires tb f ll w d by it
o e ho ot e e er o or: f or, an d c an n o t
be c on s r etu d withth p p iti f e re os on o .

WE tfi d m t of e n
hi g i g l ni t h m so g e n rre u ar n e an a e

m tf t
en h p p ito i f i t
e rei thos mi i on s or ns an c e , n e o s s on

of lt
on e a
g th H l m
o e t d t
h f t l
er : m i t k e a en e e a a s a e

th w ld h d b
e or l g i u i g ilk w k T
a ee n s o
” on n s n s or s

t
-

A t t t t t
.

h i i
no er y n m p l h n
s n e c e ssar i o co e e e c o s ruc on

wh t t t t t
,

h w e pp er h i m
e su i d b l
ose g e n en on e o e on o

th p e di g w dre c e tt h n di g B ut it
or s , or o e s uc c e e n as

d d h hly t bj i t
.

w ld h
ou ave s oun h e i im ars o su o n an o er n

m di t
e ly ft t
a eh f m it
aw ld h
er b b t
e tor e r, ou ave ee n e er

tgi t
o h s tve th e t H l m t
e n e n c e an o er urn as , e a en

d t
eh ft l mi tk i whi h t
e a a h W ld h d b
s a e n c e or a ee n

so lon g; in us in g silk -
worms 1 .

WE have a si m ilar omission th ugh tf p p o no o a re o

t t Th tt
,

si i ou, in h e ex
p re ssion f ll wi g
o o h di n : a e s

c oursin g on p oli i t
c s s hall b e looke d up on a s d ull as

tlkia n
g on h w t
t h I
e ea er .
”
Syn tax ab s olu e l
y re t
S p ec tta or, No 490 T
F
.

h ld N
1
. V o

8
y g
a e
°
tL o a
p u a. t
I re e o er, o 3 . .
Chap III . . R H E T O R IC .
3 8 1

Sec ti i. . T he sole c i s m .

quire sth t th t i t hi f m h ld h
a e se n e nc e n s or s ou ave an o

t im m di t th fi t At t
,

h er ly b f
as h m
e a e e ore e rs e sa e

tim it m t w d t ht t d t
.

e b hi w ld us h e o ne a s ou re n e r e ex

t t
,

p i
re s s on
y i l g T h i dil mm m
ve r igh h ne e an s e a ave

th t tt
.

b ee n id d by gi i g avo h e l d v n an o er urn o e c onc u

i g p t t
n h h ll b l k d p
ar as q lly us , -
s a e oo e u on as e ua

d ll witht th w t
,

”
u lki g h a n on e ea er .

Or an e rror in t
h w e rong c hoic e o f a p re posi ion t
t t t
,

h words of he me h will furn is h an ex am

'

e se sa au or

p le The gre a tt
m t es as e rs of c ri ic al t le arn in g diffe r
a mong t H dh id
one a no herdiff
" 6
m g a e sa er a on

t t t
,

”
hm l e h p i
s e ves ,w ld h ve b f le ex re ss on ou a een au

l B t
e ss t h t m t h m l
u a d e th erth s e s e ves n one ano er, o
’

f qu t t t
.

re ly y y men u ly d m i s h m
n on o s, rare a e sa e c on

t u t
s r ci W ty
on diff m g
e c an n o sa on e e rs a on a no

t B t
.
,

”
h er w m y y dif
uf f m e a sa on e e rs ro a no

t wit t t t xp a
.
,

h er, h h or h f m a no er e or er o e re ss

diff i
e ren c e
pi i th l t t q ua
n l o b h n on , e a er a rre or re ac

Itught t th b i t it
.

o h f h b
e re ore , d o ave een n e a ove c e

t
-
,

p assa e ,
g d iff f m h er ro one an o er

I S HA L L only add an t in s an c e or t
w o ofin ac c 1 1 rac
y
t t dt ti t
.

in he c on un c
j i h d
on s an e a verb s firsh n e c on

t A p t
t t it th
,

j un c i on s y b l e c on s a e will ne h er ac c e er

fully wise ly 1a P rop e rly

or ac -
tith h ne er c eer

t tg mm t
,

”
fully nor wise ly Nei her c an no .
i lly
ra a ca

b e followe d by or .

S p ec tt N a or, o .
3 2 1 . S wif tF
’
s re e Though t8s, IC .
 3 8 2 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or 3 001 17 .

AN ex a mple of in c orre c n e ss t in he td a ve rb s , you

have in t
h p e as sage following L tI es should be
c har e
g d for bein g worse han my word, I shall e n t
tt
de avour o s aisfy my reader, by purs uing my m e
t hod propose d ; lfperadnen ure he c an c all o min d t t
wha t
th t
m t
h d w a e o as The adverb
/ pe
radve n

t ure , ex p re s s in g a de gre e of evide n ce or c re dpli t

y c an

tg l ly b t d wit ht h hyp t
,

no re u ar h ii l e c on s rue e o é ca

j un c t
i if It
oni ly t f
fi m t
i n d g t
i s on o a r a o s an ne a on s ,

t
tb t t t t t
.

no o
pp i i
are s uh ll h d b d i g os on s , a a e a ve r s e no n

c er a n ti t
y p b b ili t
y , p ibilitro a
y p p yl b l g , or oss , ro er e on .

THE following p assage in he c ommon t ve rsion of

t he Bible is liable o he s ame c e n s ure tt M ic aiah

sa1 d, If t
h
'

ou c er a n ti ly t re urn in pe ac e , he n ha ht t
no t
th L d e or sp oken b y me 1
” The ran sla ors in t t
t t
a

hi s, as in h plsome o er ac e s , have be en misle d by a

we ll m ean t
ttmpttp a e o ex ress t he forc e of a he braism ,
t
-

whic h in many c ase s c ann o b p e ex ressed in our lan

guage .

-
I SHA t
hi
LL t
i l with q t t
i f m
c on c lude s ar c e a uo a on ro

ll t t h fwhi h i d d it w ld t b
’

an ex c e en au or, o c n ee ou no e

t t t t
, ,

e as y y i wh
o sap h l i m mn
y b di a ar e so ec s a e sc over

t
S haf e sbury, Vol III . . M is c . 11 . C h 3,

1 2 C hron x v iii . 27 . S ac i, in his Fren c h tn l ti

ra s ah t
hon , a ex

t mpli it
.

p re s se d het sen s e of h igi

e or n al t
wi h m ore Si
y dcp p i
an ro r e

t
y Mi c hée re ar
p t
it Si vous revenez en p air , 1 1 : S eign eur n a
’

t
,

9‘
oi arlé p ar m a b ouc he
”
p n
p .
Chap III, . R H E T O R IC , 8
3 3

The solecis m .

e d, th wh l p e g b oei g p f t
as sa e ly l i t i le n so er ec so e c s ca

As h t h t t
.

w ld k p hi h u i
e a ou p i m
ee u s o se n re a r, s ar

td y lit
en t
l b
e ve r h flw d upply it
e re ac im or a an s

m di t t will b i g ll t i ;
,

ely la e im l e se e a one rn a o ru n

t id t f tm
,

h wm h m
o h
uc mm ore e co on ac c en s o s or s

and i H m t
ra n ? li i p p tl d g e us f hi
ve n e r e ua an er o s

h u f lli g b ut
o se a hi n ; d
a o will fi d it h s ears
p an n c ea e r

tt h wit
o qu i
rot d w d b u ild it
e g i of m t h
n, an a an ro e

g d
roun p h p p er a sw f u d t i t
u on a ne l t o n a on , or a e as

w f m whi h m y it
,

i n a ne or h b f
c o a ne er e s o sa e n or s

i t t It i imp ibl t
,

h ld U ’ ’
c on ven en as e o s os s e o an a

ly tse hi e t h g mm t
s s n e i lly ce t y wh t ra h it a ca or o sa e er

t It m by t
,

b e one se n e n c e orm h ore

j se e s, e c on unc

t tb gi wit b t t
.

i on as , h o mp i
e n w h a co ar son , u e ave n o

i gl hi t
a s n fte h bj t
n oillu t t d B id
e su t
ech s ra e es e s, e

i tdu i g f t h i t g t
.

n ro c n i
O H wm h m
e n e rro a on, o uc ore 3

aft l whi h uld b

er e s e, g l
c ly fcoll w d ly y b e re u ar o o e on

an a ffi m t i r g ti
a on ; d th
or ne a oni h y f an e n c o e re nc o

th tl u H mu t
e n ex c a se , li d r it
e i d d s ne u a
re n e n ee

all of a p iec e .

So muc h for he t s olec is m of whic h e x amp le s migh t

t t ttd tt
,

b e mul iplie d almos wi hou en Le h os e p ro

t
.

duc e d s ufl
i c e for a s pe c irn e n I is ac kn o wle dge d
h t
t tb
t
.
,

u h
a s c neglige n cie s are n o o e c on side re d as b le
t t
..

m ishe s of any m om e n in a
‘

work of ge n ius ,
s inc e h ose ,

an d e ve n Worse , may be disc overe d on a c are ful e x a

t t t t t t
,

min a ion ,
in he mos c e leb ra e d wri ings I is for .

tt
P roj ec fo r he Advanc emen tf Ro el igion. L as tt s e n en c e .
 8
3 4 TH E P H I L O S O P HY or B ook I f:

O f gramm a ic al p uri y t t .

t
hi s re as on ac kn o wle dged also h t
t t t a I IS n e i he r c a n -a

tf
,

did n or
j udic ious , o orm an op in ion of a b ook from a

fe w suc h s pe c ks , th di t t
l
se e c e d tp e rhap s from e s an

p t
ar s f lo g p a f m ar e d b u g h t i
e r or t an c e , an ro n o o ur

i w t
V e a Y t
on c e t h t h h d it
e i toni e o er an s c er a n

t h t t tt tt lit
tl t hi g o ght t tb
.
, , ,

a an a i h
en on o e se e n s u no o e

a lt g th
o e di erg d d b y s re
y w it ar e P i t
y f an r er ur o ex

t t t t t
.

p i
re ss on h h b ma ll h f
u asm i i h h h a w '

s are o er a o :

B t it ghtp i lly tb t
,

t
e ve r, m soh e s are u ou es ec a o e e

d t h t t f p it
.

m mb e e re h a on y id
e ac c oun o ur a c on s e

bl p t ft h m it di t t t
, , ,

ra e ar o di e h h
er
r i s cove re n e o e v r ue s

o f l ute oc i twhi h it t
on , oib t g hct d b t c on r u e s, ou un ou

dly tb h g d Th w d f t h l g g
'

e o e c ar e e or s o e an ua e c on s

tit tt h m ti l wit h whi h t tm t

.

s u e e h
a er a s w k c e ora or us or

t h l ft
e r u es oh l g g t h him by wh t e an m
ua e g e ac a an a e

m t t m t A d wh t
,

en h i l
ose /
e d d fl
a e r a s are r n ere us e u n a

i p it t t t t t
.

s yurb h ig hu i g f h e rw d f h lus n o e or s o e an

g g ua e b y f l ba c are u f t h l I t i
o se rvan c e o e ru e s ? s

t h f j y
e re ore t l c id
us d ti l t
on s ll th th
e re as e ss e n a o a e o er

g rac e s f p o i exH t
re s s on ly p p i ity en c e , no on e rs cu

it t t
.

an d i V vac
y b u l g
f d im i
e ve n e e d i an c e an an a on , e r ve

a lu t s re .

I t id t
C OM E h t hi d
no dl t w l f
o c on s er e r an as c as s o

f ltg i t
au p ity t wh
s a a nsi h I g t
h m urf i m o c ave e na e o

t t t
,

i
p p y T
ro r e h b b i m i ff g i e
y ar ar s s an o en c e a a n s e

l im g i t t t
a

m l gy t t
.

hoo , y h i
e so ec s m
p p i y a a ns s n ax , e nl re
 R H E TO R l C .

Se c tIII. . T he im
p roprie t
y P t
I l mp Mar
p i t
y i . re n s ingle words .

agains t
l i e x c og aph r y T he b usin e ss of he le x ic ogra t
t t t
.

p he r 1 s word of he lan guage t

o ass i gn he o e ve ry

t
,

c ise m e an in g or m e an in gs whic h use ha h assi n e d

p re g
tt t tt
T odo his i s as re ally a par of he grammarian s
t
oi
'

t t
.
.

o v i hough c ommonly e x e c u e d b y a dif fe re n

p r n ce

t t
,

h nd
a ym l gy a d y as e T h d f
o o y n s n ax e en o e ve r

t t t t
.
,

m m i c h k ow l d f ho la n onve e o ua e

i t
ar s n
g ra y g g g e e a

ofwhi h it h g amm c B t t h kn wl dg
s e f r ar u e o e e o

ll t b t h fd i t
.

h ul i d whi h i fl
'

a e r es , u o o er va on , un e r c n ec

t u t

h w d i t
n i i l d d
on s d of nc u ei y d f l lan c on s r c on , n a an o a

t tt
, ,

e h l gu g is
or s h k wl dg
n e f an a e, no e no e e o

th l g g e Th w d m t
an b k w
ua e t h e or s us e no n, no e re

d b ut ig W m t k w twh t
. .

ly a s soun s, as s ns. e us no o a

thi g p ti
n s re s e cly th y pp p t d T veh i e are a ro n a e us , n

W tgu we m y t
.

our o n g g i
on ly g ie, p a e rr e re ous a a ns ro

p ty
ue d n e q ue tly g inant p ity th
co s u g h ll n a a s ur o a

t d t h gh t
, ,

h w d W mp l yb E gli h
e or s e e h y o e n s an ou e

nt u dm t
,

b h E gli h idi m Th i i
’

e co s r e e n s o e re ason s ev

d tt
.

h y m y b mi ppli d t h ym yb mp l y
hi g t
'

en e a e sa e e a e e o

ed ig of t
as o whi h
s ns h t h ffi d n s c us e a n or a x e

t h m Thi f ult
e my b
. mm it td it s h i a i gl a e co e e er n s n e

words or in p hrases .

P AR T I in s ingle words .

I B E G IN tu h t
wi h s ingle words '
As n on e bu s c as

tf tg
.

a g re ly ig ros smi pp ly th n oran o our on ue , c an sa e

w d th t i it tt t
,

h
or s fl y h Wh p l hya ave n o a n o os e ose ac e e

arem d t upy I h ll tk ti nly f

a e h o oc c s a a e no c e o o s uc

imp p i t t
,

i by m mbl
ro r e
p imi y es , as , so e re se anc e or rox

VO L I . . Bb
 86 T11 13 P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook IL
3

t
O f gram m a ic al p uri t
v .

in soun d, or s e n se , or bo h, t a wri ti
er s ap t w un aril y

tb
o e se duc e d in t o .

t
I is b y p rox imi y in s oun d ha se ve ral t tt are mis le d
t t
o use he word obs e rv a ion f or obs erv an c e t as wh e n
t t t
,

h y p k
e s ea of h e re lig ous t ob s e rva ion of a t fe s i v al ,

t l
for he re igious ob se r a c e ofi
v n B o h w o rd s s p rin g t t
t t t
t t
.

from he roo obs erve b u he y sp ri g n from h e sa m e

t t t
,

word i di ffe re sign i c a ion s W he

n n fi n o ob s e rv e s ig
t t t
.

n ifie s re ma rk he ve rb al n oun is obs erva ion 5 whe n 1

t tk t
,

s ign ifie s o obe or o he ve rbal is obs erva n c e

y ee
p,
.

BY a s im ilar m is ake t e ndura nc e t

ha h b e e n use d for
dura ion ,t t wh
an d c on f it
oun de d p p wi h i ro er
f
e re as s

i p t
s e n se i s Iti d i d f m t
a e nc e h ti b s e r ve ro e ac ve ve r

t d whi h ig ifi t ff d t f m t
.

o en ure , c s h n es o s u e r, an no ro e

t whi h ig ifi tl tA f b k t
n e u e r, c s n h d y es o as s ar ac as e a s

E li b t h t
.

of (b e en h w d zad w sy
e y e or en uran c e as n on

wit t it wi t
,

m oush d i wh i
ura on , hi p e re as s no n s ac c e

tt
a i b l t N y
on o so e e i l tp i d b t a e ve n n a a er er o a ou

t f t
h l t ty
.
, ,

h m iddl
e e o l w d w e as c en ur ,
se ve ra or s e re

use d syn on ym ously, whic h we no w in variab ly dis c ri

mi n a te S uc h are t
h tm t
e t er s s a e an d es a e , ttp p
ro e r y t
t
.

an d ro rie
p p y .

H U M AN an d b arnane are som e tim es c on foun de d,

th gh t
ouh e only au t
h i d or se s e n se o fth fe orm e r is , be
l gi g t
on mn o an o h l t
ft t ki e a e r, nd and c o mp a s s i on a t e

t t
.

Humanly is im p ro l
p y p u f
er or Humanely in h e se
Gbap III . . R H E T O R IC . 87

S ec tIl l
. . T he l Improprie y in s ingle
. t words .

Tho le arn d, we ll bre d

’ ’
-
an t
d ho we ll bre d,
’
-
s inc e re ;
M ode st
ly bold, an d bra n d /M
y se v e re

T he ab s rac tt
b m it
y i u an s e qually adap e d t tb t
h o o

s e n se s.

BY an e rror of t
h e s am e kin d wi h he form er tt t
h e,

t t
.

j
ad e c i ve s cc re monious an d c e remon ial are so m e ime s
use d p rom i t h gh b y t
s c uousl ,
y h b t d m t ou e es an os

g l
e n e ra t
h y di
use t
i g i h d T
e h y m
are f m s n us e e co e ro

t m y whi h ig ifi b t
.

h m h af m
e sa e n oun c ere
o on c s n es o r

t t t t
,

of i il
c vi y d lig i ian T h i
a re
p h p ous r e e e e ex re s

ft h fi t ig ifi t f t
.
,

i
s ve o ei i m i
rs s h
n ca on s c ere on ous , o e se

c on d c ere monial .

T HE tt iword th eb l
c ons ruc u f on s e rv e s as e v r a no n o

t t b t t d t t t Th
t
w diff
o e re n ve r s , o c ons rue an o c ons ruc e

fi t t t t t
.

rs i g m m i l
s a m l i
ra
g l ly a h cad i er re a n so e o e s

t t t
,

p i
os i f w d
on oi h or sd ig ifi
n a se n e n c e e s e c on s n es

tf b i t b ild T h m m l t
o a r c a e or i i whi h
u e co on re a on n c

th t b td t t t t
.

w
e h m
o ve r s s an pp ll i h h m i o e sa e a e a ve , a s

l d m w it t f
e so e d th m
r f
e rs t l t
o c on oun e s o ar a e as as

t imp p ly t
o use h w d tt d p k f
ro e r e or c ons ruc an s ea o

tt i g i td f ti g t f I
,

c ons ruc n ns ea o c on s rue n a se n e n c e or

tb d t h lik m i pp li t f t
,

h ave n o o s e rve i h e e sa ca on o e o

th b
e r verW h .f ti g f b ie n e ve r e ar o c ons ru n a a rc or

m ac hin e .

A CA D E M ICIA N is fre q ue n ly ttb o e foun d in B olin g

t
‘

b roke s works for ac ademic T he forme r de n o

’
. es

E ssay on C ri ic ism t .

B b z
3 8 8 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B oole II .

t
O fgramma ic al p uri y t .

s ole ly twi h us a m e mbe r of a Frenc h ac ade my, or of

one e s a tbli h d s e on a s im ilar foo in g t;t h l t

t Pl e a er a a

ti
on c p hiloso he r,
p on e o ft whi h tk it
h t t a d
se c c oo s e

nomin a ion t t
from he G rec ian '
ac ademy more p ro
or

e rl
p y, from he
grove of A ctade m us whe re he p rin t
tt t t
,

c i le s of ha p hiloso hy we re firs in c ulc a e d

p p .

BY a like e rror, t
h w e ords s o p his t d g pbi t r
an o s er a e

sorue t
im e s c on foun de d ; t
h p
p e rO ft
e r se n s e o h f m e or
'

er b e in g a th e ac er ofp hilosop hy in an c ie t
n G rec e of

h l t
t te a e r, a s
p e c ious , b u falset re ason e r .

E
’
ER a c on rac tt
i ft
h on o d
e a ve rb eve r, t
ha h, from
t t
t
,

a re s e m b lan c e , or ra o
h e r an ide n i y in s oun d, be e n
t t ju t
m is ake n for he c on nc ion ere , b e fore an d in lik e
m an n e rits t
h g it
i ft tf t
’
h p e en ve o e ron oun i i or
"
s, a

tt f it
, ,

c on rac i i on o s.

IN he t s am e way bad is som e t

im e s very imp rop e rly
us e d h p t
t
for bade , itf t
h e re e r o e ve rb bid, an d ra e t
for s a tt
h p titf it Th e re e r o s e on ly
p rop e r use of

t t ti
.
,

h w db or ad is as a syn on m a f ill an d

t t
e
y or o sa e s

t
h m i
e sa
“

e n si n
g ific a ion g l t as o u .

T HE word g erm ha h by some wr

i ers bee n t t t
e ron c
ously ado
p ed tf or g e n ius es Eac h is a p lural of t
h e

t
.

same word g enius b u m difie re n se n s e s t W he n o

ge

t t tdm
, .

nius in he sin ular m e an s a se ara e s iri

g p p or e on ,

good or b ad, he p lural is g en ii t wh itd tm

en en o e s
/

en

tal ab ili ies , or a

p etrson e m in e n t
ly p d ft
h os se s s e o e se ,
 as ap III R H E T b R IC 8
‘

. . .
3 9

S ec tIll
. . t
T he l mp roprie y P ar I lm proprre y u s ingle
. .. t . tt words .

t
h pl e ural is g en ius es T here are s o me similar in s t an

tg t tt
,

c es in our fe re n
on ue ofdif p l l b l ura s e ongin g h o e

s ame s in gular in difie re n

'

tig ifi t
s i n ca on s The word
t
.

bro her is Th p l li
on e e ura n m ode rn lan guage , when
d litl ly f m l t t
.

use e rahild or ae c re n of h e sa me paren or

ti b t
-

b w h use d figura t ive ly for p e o

t
p aren s, ; s ro ers en

p le of he sa me p rofes sion , na t
i on , re ligion , or p e o p le,

c on side re d as re la e d t by shar n i g join ly in he t t m sa e

hum an t i b t
n a ure , b s re
‘

rc n. A n c ie n ly his las tt t
tm er

was t
h e only
p lural .

I S HA LL n ex tp
i mprop n e ie s arisin g from a
s ec if
y t
t
s imili ude in se n se in o whic h wri ers of c on s ide rab le t t
tt t t
,

re p u a mn have s om e ime s falle n Wrac i y you will

tt
.

fin d e ve n am on
g s uc h, a hi g
pp lie dd df o n s , an use or

t t
i t t t
,

reali
y wh e re as , in s rc
p p i y h w d i ly
ro r e e or s on

t tp hy i l b t
,

a
pp li b l p ca e o e rs on s , d ig ifi
an s n es no s ca u

lt ut
,

m ora h r .

E PI TH E T ha h be e n use d t tl
p y td tt
itl c orru o e no e e or

a
pp ell a t
i on whe re as it ly ig ifi onm ttibut s n e s so e a r e

t
,

e x re s se d by an ad ec
j i ve
p .

IN he sam e t th t hb m d t
way p verdi c a een a e o us ur

t ft t d th w d iiibl h t
,

h pl e im y
ac e o es h f
on an e or r e a o

l t
a e b p t d
e en fi m it i gi l w
e rv e r e hi h i
'
o s or n a s e n se , c s cd

pa bl l
f g g hi
e c t d t
au id i l l ng b bl o e no e r c u ous , au a e, or

tt t t
,

fi h lo g h d e H au h wfe
gl da
p h e nc e e se n e an e ras e s

i ibl j t d i ibl dit

.

r s e b
es s , i Th p p
an r s di e a s ur es e ro e r s

m t m b t i t h t
.

c ru w
na i ibl n d idi l e th
e en r s e an r c u ous , s, a e

Bb g
 TH E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

O f gram m a ic al p uri y t t
form e r ha h t an ac t
i h l t
t t
ve , e a er a
p assive s ign ific a t
i on .

”
T hus we s ay, M an is a ris ible an im al A fop is
t t
ittt
.

a rid ic ulous c harac e r To s ub s he form e r in

"
u e

t t
h l t t d y A fp i
.

s e ad of e a i ibl
e r, an h sa o s a r s e c a

t i I up t b t tE gli h t tub
,

”
f‘
rac e r, s, s hs ec no e er n s an o s

tit tt h l t ti td f t
, ,

s u e eh f m a d y M
er ns ea o e or e r an sa an

fim t ft
.

” hi dis
i idi l s
s a r im l Ic u ou i an a n c on r a on o s

ti t itm yb f t m k d t h t t b tt
.

i nc on , h a h e ur e r re ar e a e a s rac

i ibilit t t t t
,

r s y w h i h l gi l ly g h c d m in h
an a o ca ou o e er e e

im p tf t ti t ill lim it d tit ig i l

,
.

h
or o e c on c re e , s s e o s or na

an d ti ac th f lty f l
ve s e n se , g bt W h e ac u o au er e re our

l g g h t wit h di t i tm f t
.

an hpua e id d a rov h e us s nc na es or e

ac ti b l dt h p
ve ve r a an i di t i t i i mo e ass ve , as n o s nc on s re

u f lf pse u i g mb i it
t or yreve n di t
i ti ug
n h t a gu so n o s nc on o

tb m
,

o e dly b d
ore s ac re o s e rve .

B UT tpo t th
roc ee
g f t
d; pp li t
h w e ord o e er o en su es

th pl e f i ly m t im
ac e o s uc c es s v e wkw dl y g h so e es a ar e n ou

i t t t m mb
.
, ,

as h f ll wing
n e o o Id se n e n c e o no re e er

th t t t t t
.

2 k h h i m
‘
I a p e ve r s g o e y re e se n e nc e s o e er n

f w‘
h l lif T
oeh m b
e l w hi h t i i ty e re s e an c e c c on nu

i t
nim b t e ti ity i
e ars p l i t h
o c on o f nu n ac e , s e s urc e o

t hi im p p i t t
tt
s y w hi h b
ro r e
y h w y i b m f c e a s eco e so re

h t I md bt f l wh t h it ght tb l
, , ,
.

q ue n a a ou u e er ou o e n

cl d d i t Y th ld t t
,

u e h mb n e nu hi pp li i er e s ou s a ca on

t t t
.
,
'

ll b i i w ld b f di h i d if
'

e n e ra o
y a n, g ou c on oun n n
g y g s

tft i mb ig it
,

f e re n o If f
e n oc c as on a
y m p l u or e x a e , on e

d D id li d t
.
, ,

h ld y
s ou Ch l Willi m
sa ,
ar e s ,
g a ,
an av , ve o e

S pe c tt Na or, o. I .
 R H E T O R IC .

S ec tIII
. . T he . t
I l m prop rie y in s ingl e words .

t
h t mher in he sa e ous e , in orde r o h t
td tt W il en o e a

li m imm di t
a ly e a e suc c e e de d C harle s , an d David s uc

c e e de d W illiam e ve ry on e would be s e n sib le of t

h e

t t t
,

imp rop rie y B u if s uc h a use of h w ord b e im p ro

‘

t
.

e r in one c as e , i is s o in e ve ry c ase
p .

BY t lik t h w d
an e rror n o l t i g h t h un e, e or e ve r as n a

b m p l y d td
e en e tt im wit h t
o e b gi ing o e no e e ou e nn

th gh t fitb t im wit h td ;
,

ou h ly p p e on ro e r s e n s e o e e ou e n

as i th w d
n F m
e se l t i g t l t
or s ,i g ro e ve r as n o e ve r as n

th t G d
ou ar It m yf t h b m k d f
o a ur er e re ar e o

thi t m t
s h t t
h t m
er i g i t gly m k
a e rue e an n s s o s ron ar

d i it m p it th t yf q t will t
,

e n i s co os on , a ve r re ue n us e no

b fi i t
f
e su tp t
c enth m i p pli t i f m pp
o re ve n e sa ca on ro a ear

i g k
n d
a It hi k b id ar th t t
h i w t n es es, a e re s a s
an

t i i gt b tt
.
,

of c orre c n e ss h W d i ly Th
n us n e or su s an ve e

t t t t t t
.

p p ro e r e x
p i i F m i y re ss on i y h s, ro e ern o e e rn ou

ar
”
t
G d o .

A B UNDANC E , in he followin g t quot

at
ion is I im a
t
, ,

gin e , im p rop e rly us e d for a g re a de a l I will on ly

t tt t
.

m e n ion ha p ass age of he buskin s whic h af e r t

t
, ,

a bunda nc e of p e rs uasion , you would hardly suffe r o

be cu t
f m y ro our le gs I .
”

t itt
T HE word due , in he
i bj i d i t ly c a on s
u o ne s no on

imp p ly b t t t
,

ro e r
p p ly m l
p y d W h u re os e rous e o e a

t
ighth fi t f t
-

d i tt f
, .

r b e rs o se rve rs o na ure , an n s ruc ors o

f Ps . x c. 2 .
i Swif tE ’
s x a min e r, N °
. 27 .

B b
a
39 2 THE P H IL O S O P H Y or .
‘

q kH .

O f gram m a tl p t
i ca
y uri .

tt t t
mankin d had o he i le ofsage s we c an n o say t
t
.

t tt
, ,

I was due p e rhaps more o he ign oran c e of he sc ho

t tt
lars han o he kn owle dge of he m as e rs K 9
t t
”
The
t t t pt t t
,

au h h h
or d b la d d h
ou w o d d
ess i hi a o e e r ue n s

p l
ac e , as
p f b l t l tto
re e ra th w de aw i g wh i h e as e or o n c

t t t
,

t
,

h gh
ou n i p a i ip l ac i f q
ve ly d
ar c m e, s re ue n an as so e

t ty p y
,

h i nk i l m
nac c ura e l d i p i e T h o e n a ass ve se nse . us,

d t id l tt if it
,

in or e r o avo b a a enh e rror, e an e rror, e

h t
a h i t p lp b l
run b
n o a dity; fa wh t a b e a sur or a c an e

m ore a s b udt h ty t r h t t
h tanit
l f g si do sa a e e o sa e s ue

tig t tk wl dg Ith d b
,

m ore o h noranc e an o no e e a een

b t
e ttgi t er h o t ve th t u d t y
e se n e n c e an o er rn , an o sa

It tk iti p h p m f om t
,

oo s r se h ig er a s f ore r e n oranc e o

t h h l
e sc th f m t
o ars , h k wl dg an ft h ms ro e no e e o e a

t ers .
”

I SHAL L ad t
d he impm p e r use of t
h w e ord s ux ci f t
i n

th f ll wi g q t t ’
e i
o o f m A n V y g uo a on u d ro n son s o a e ro n

th W ld W t h ghtor it d t t t ll t h ou ru

t
e o a o a
e
p y en

ti f m fi h t
s a n h f ww ro
gh t ts fi e e e c au a ou r rs ar

t t t t
,

”
i l h i g
r va
f
r i d h av nw h fsu h m i e e ose o ea o e

th m t t
.
,

I h lds ou i d i d ed I h ld
no ave en one n e s ou no

d t hi imp p i t t t t
,

h avedi sc ove re
y i h ll s ro r e n a ex ce en

p f m
e r or whi h w ld h
an c e , e p d w ith cm f ou av asse e or

an p i exm w h t i d
re ss onfi i t h dsoit t b e a n e n e, a no een

f t
orh f ll wi g p g
e i
o l t p ob li n t i S
as sa e n a a e u ca on : e

l f
v e ra
p p l w o m h
our di d eo d by at
e e re so uc sor e re e

B olin gb roke , Phil . Es . u . Se c t . 1 .

1 A ns on ’
s Voyage , B iii . . c. 2.
mop . III . R H E T O R IC
‘

Sec tIII
. . The l Imp roprh
. e t
yi n s in gle words .

ing of a very fin e looking fis h whic h we t c aug h

t t
-

tt t
,

he re , ha h i r w f l im d b
'

y e r e c over as or a on g u e o

fl ut f t u t
’
u Th h h e a f L d A
or o e ac c o n o or nson s

t t t t t
.

V y g o a e y h h p p l
sa s , b d a h C u e eo e on oar e en

i
r on , th ght it p u d
ou t t b t l f m fi h
r t h en o a s an ro s as e

f w whi h t t t t t t
,

h y h h i fi i l f i
'

’
e c e c au a e r rs arr va s ur e
g
d t tf t B t t t tdi g uf
.
,

e h Wh os e h m o ea o e u no a en n s

fi i t ly t t t d th t ily t ki g t
.
,

c en hi i o s c au h n, an oo as a n e
p
w d f itor i it lib l a d
s ur e mm n s ep t
ati e ra n co on ac c on ,

w im gi d t
e h ta th wh tt
ne d t
°
h fi h wh
a ose o as e e s en

fi t am hit
,

L d A or n s on h w m d i km
rs c e e r, er
e a e s c e re

ly by t i gt o m u h ; wh if it h d b t h
t
ea n o c e re as , a e en e

c as e , th r w uld h b
e e oe f t ll
ave
y ee n no r ason or o a

b t
a s a ini g b ut ly t n i gt mp t lyon W hw ea n e e ra e e, o

b ught k wl dge b y
.
,

e ve r, o p eouri h c wh i noh e eX re e, c

w might h d h p ; fo t h ugh ll ou
‘

h ave o a

t
e a c ea er r r

p p leow h t t
e d thi fi h e o p i
as e gyl th y w s s a s ar n ; e
’

e ne

ftw d d g
,

all s oon a ly ill

er ar sI h a gi an erous ve
-

ve n

thi p s
g ti
as sa e h i fl y b u en ii re , f t ch W e e c a se
'

se rve s
'

o s O
'

b t ht h t i t t
,

o ua y an
pp ln ac c
y ifl i g m
rac
y y b a are n r n a

mi l di g t b p d t
, , ,

d i of
'

h b d
'

s ea n e re a e r, y e ro uc ve ve r a c on

qu d th t t
h m k w h i h t d t d d
t
se e n c es
; an a os e re ar s c en o a

p i i
rec s on d p p u tan
y u e rs ict f i o o r no o

so lit tl m m t m e o wh h en td ly m i
as so e, o ave no u ou
r s

d e redt h bj t w ld ff t
e su tp t ec , t h mou a ec o re nese n e .

To t
hi s c las s we may re duc e h idi t
t i m e o s t or he
whi h it
,

Employin g of an E n glis h word in a s e ns e c

B yron ’
s Voyage , C hap . x i
.
3 94 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook II .

O fgramm a ical p uri y t t

b ears in s ome
p rovin c ial diale c ti n low an d pa r t
i l a

t
,

use , or whic h p e rhap s h e c orre s p on din g W ord b e ars

in so me fore ign on gue , bu un s up p t b y g e n e ra l t t

or e d

use in our lan guage A n e x amp le of his w e ha v e in t

t t wh it
.

h w e ord imprac ibale,

i d f imp bl en s use or as s a e,

and p pli d t d ;
a e
pp li t
o roa si w hi h it than a ca on c su s e

F h idi m b t t
re n c t
oh E g li h u O f th
no m e n s e sa e

t
.
,

ki dn h f ll wi g g ll i i m
are e o o f B li gb k n a c s s o o n ro e

t tt t t
,

A ll h i w d s h asim h
on e , a i d e e , on e oc c as on an

by t I i td
,

h p e e rs on s ,
p p l y m n enW h ro e r ean
“
en

t t
.

w l e h
e arnm f m p l
e na id des o i co ex e as an no on s ,

w h lde s ou tm t h mi d t
ac c us o d mp d t h m e n o ec o oun e

th t ify t m k t
,

aw m y e h m a d ve r h m e an so a e e our

w ll t t mp d t
,

wo n , as l e as h
o e arn D o co oun o e rs e

comp d h h t
oun hu dh e f a ly mi l d b y t
se he re or a na s e, s e e

m i g ft
e an n h F o h wo d d e mp whi h i
re n c t r ec o oser, c s no

only diff t f m t
e re nhe ft h E gli h w d b t
ro se n se o e n s or u

ty tit T d mp d i t omp d f
,

c on rar o o ec o oun s o c o un o

m t
.
,

i l l dy m p
a e r a s a re a d d co oun e ,

TH E us e m ade t
h ofb i i t
h
e ve r b q t arr ve n e su se ue n

p assage , is als o e x c ep t
i b l i th m w
on ay I e n e sa e a

am a m an , an d th lp f li g
c an n o y s w et
h t ee n an orro a

c an arri ve a t
m I
”
I
an E gli h it h ul d b
n n s s o e,

tm
.
,
”
bapp en o an .

To bold , signifyin g to us e, an d ap p lie d tl o an g ua

g ;
e

t tt f P t
O f he S i a e o ar es. 1 Phil E s i Sec t4
t
. . . .
,

l
f: S p t N T
e c a or
5 ,
o. 02 .
.
 R H E T O R IC .

S ec tIII. . T he Imp roprie y tP t

I l mp
.. . ar rop rie t
y in s i n gle words

tg i i t ig
o ve t d pti t
n o, s nifh fig in
y g ti o a o n e ura ve s e n s e

fth t t t
,

o w d; a h or p m are f q o l y m
er eX re ss ns re ue n e

l
p y d
o e b t h y our aud f l t b y or, l th an o a e s e vera o e rs ,

whi h f ll c d t h a m un er E e sa l e c e n s ure ve n our c e e

b t d t l t f t h Ili d h t t
.

ra e ran s a or o h b l ef a a no e e n c e ar o

t hi sh g cWit tar e h t itl h h t h gi

n ess t e e e a ve n o a

tt t t t
.

”
s m ll dia i p fi
ss e r ad h onw k re A i w
x e o a or V e

ll it f t t t t
.
,

h i m i w h i h i l
e ca h
s
p p o e e
h c oe n c s or e

t t t p p t i t t
, ,

h e re l are h w
no i m e ssi i F an h o ro r e es rs e

w d p m whi h lwy d twit t

.
,

or oe c h a
p ia s eno es us , a ar c u

t t
,

l ar
p f m i
e r or h u d
an c e ,
g e b ly s h
e re F h se a r ea o e re n c

idi m f p t t t
,

o
y i or
g l oe r h nw h i h he n e ra or e ar c c arac

ti t t t t
, ,

e r se sh p f m e ; d
e r orly h d fi i
an c e i l se c on e e n e ar c e

t b i m pl y d whi h t h gh it t
,

e s e o e b lw y gi c ou e a a s ve n o

b t ti F
, ,

a s rac s h i n ‘

pp
re n c li d i E g li
s h n e ve r s o a e n n s

wit i wt o pp p i t t
h m t m
, ,

l
un e ss h a v e a b ro r a e e o so e su

j t
ec A d t hi b y tnh w y d
s, t h t i l w eit h a
'

re n e rs e ar c e

d tmi t t it
.
,

u m s ore i h e er i i F na h ve
p an s n re n c or er

t t t
,

h p i h A d i l le
a
a s y n an
g u o er
gy on h e c c or n on e

fi t i g ft h t it m t
.

d t
,

rs h e ar n l b o i e h i e a ove en on e e re s no

tpp t h t it
,

E gli h d wh w uld w
'

n s re a e r o o no su os e a e re a

cr it i l tt ca m p t rac i ul on i
p p so m ed t ar c ar e c oe an no

t h t
,

on p i a f p s y ec es o oe s .

A NO T HE R e rror of t
h e sa me kin d is he l a inis m t t
t t t fq t
.

O f his ,
in de e d, h e ex a mp le s are no so re ue n .

tt
1

y hi p f
A c c ordin gly B ossu ha h
l d m s e s e r or anc e on t
h e sa me
s bj tT itl p m
u ec , pq It i
ra t hi
’
t
it
e cl Iu ae e e z ue . s s e, s up ose
p whic h
h th mi l d t
h E gli h p t
,

a s e e n s oe .
 395 T ue P H IL O S O P H Y or
“

B ook I I .

Fop pe ry is t f lly m h m a sor of t g i th o uc ore c on a ous an

p d
e ty ; b ut
an r t
h y l t lik f m as ff t ti e re su a e ro a ec a on

lik t i t
,

th yd e b p
e se rve a ib d A e o f e rosc r e n n s an c e o

th l t ti t h w d fi t t t
.

e a er s i wh e pp li dor hi g a c on , en a e o n s

i nanim t d ig ifyi g t a e, h t
an t f b i g ff td
s n n e s a e o e n a ec e

by y an A th i
c ause t i th w d
no i t g i er n s an c e s e or n e r

t t t
.

ty w h u d f eni se B h I
or e n h i k di re n es s u e re , n s

t t t t t
.

t i t
, ,

nc i g h onb m d
ou b w h f o m i li e yl a e e ee n e a ar s e

d t h tf p hil h i l d i t t tt
tl t
an pa o q i i i I os oh l ca s us on n e a e r,

b l t ll w g it
.

it
.

will b e reasona d e
p o a o a rea e r a u e, es e

i lly i
c a wh i t h
n c ase s m yb p e re n
y f p e re a e a e n ur o ro

p er t m d w
er h i s,w ith
an t h i d l g e re n , ou s uc n u en ce ,

th w ld b
e re ou it y f e i g t
a ft t
n e c es s o re c urr n oo o en o

p i
erp h i B t th l
ras s h u th i l i b te
y i e ss , e ve n e re, s er s

d it i t h b t t
.

us e ,
s e e e r.

To t
h e se p rope rly s uc c e e ds , t
h t tf t
a h sor o e v ul

g a ris m in whic h low and p ar ial us e c an b e

on ly a t
t t t tt
.

le ade d in s up por of he ap p lic a ion ha is made of

p
a p t
i c l w
ar d O f thi
u ary u h orm fl i s o ave an e x a e n

t t t
.

th f
e ll w i g q i
o o Ti m
n y h m b l q u
uo a on s u e re es

w illou b p t
i u l i p k i g t
e th e f ll wi
ar c g ar n s ea n o o o n

t
y
p i t on s T h p p iti ug h t ha b e re os on o o ve e e n on .

P i ly
re c se f th m t m op i th t f ef it sa e s a s e on
’
or o , so

I th t tf t
s ay ha ul g i m b
sor u e wh
o t
h w d is e v ar s ec a s en e or

t t t
,

t
,

tt t
.

in no p
ac c e i i g d
a oni i n h p koo f t
h us e , s a s or a ar a es o e

b b ar s
ar i m; b t wh p ut
i l p pli t
eni f a
g d w d i ar c u ar a ca on o a oo or s

t ly m g t it b l g tt
.

c urre n on h l wa l on h imp p i
e o e r c ass e s , e on s o e ro r e

T
obap III . . R H E T O R IC . 3 97

Sec tIII
. . The Improprie y tP t
I Imp. . - ar . rop rle t
y i n s i n gle words .

m uc h us ed by on e t c lass of writ
e rs T he p ron oun i
m t t
.

is by lik idi m m da im t e o a e so e es o follow n e u e r

b i t
ve r s , as n h f ll wi g p g H i et o o n as s a e : e s an as se r or

of lib t
'

y d p p t
y; h
er ttl it tg
an i t ro e r e ra es ou a a ns

o er
p p y d b it yp w d pani t ft d h ig
arh rar o e r, an r e s c ra an

c hurc h

THE aux iliarie s s bou ld, s bould ha ve; an d s hould be

t di t
,

are s ome im h m imp p es m use I n e sa e ro e r an n e r

t ibl f t
.

am no h l g whi h D P i t
sen s e l y o e e e an c e c r r es e

m th
se e s di od i t h pave i T h sc ove re n e ex re ss on e

g l
e nerap t i th t b h ldre b i
ord
”
f s a e s ou ave s a or
I tpp r t
-

th t b aid ” e sa m n t ly idi a ea s o e o on as an o

t t t
.

t
.

m a i al i bu h g b l b h wi
re ss on ,h l
“

ex as c ar e a e o eo
pc p
n m e
a d wit h m biguit
an y F w h t m id i
as or a a an s a

t t
.

ft
, ,

m W
‘

o y
e n ve rdifi f h h h ld h id
e re n ro a e s ou ave sa .

I SHA L L fin ish all t

h tI p a
“

ro os e
p t ff t
h o o e r on e

t wh I h ob d th tt
.

idio is m, en ave se rve h a ma k e se re r s

t
t td d tt i tf t
,

are n o ob h p e ex en e o e re c n c s o i d sa re an

b urlesque T he re in de e d a v ulgar, or e ven ivha is t

t p e i will m t
.

c alle d a c an im ex r ss on , so e es be m ore e m
p h ti a
a c l t
h y p p t m wh t T h
an an ro e r er a soe ve r e s a~

tiit t t
.

may pl ad hi p i il F hi h
“

rs e s rv e e.
g or s re ason e

t tb
-

f ll wi g li
o o n d d f lli gn e s are n o o e c ons ere as a n nu

d t
er hi iti im s cr c s ,

Wh t
h e er t
h e c harm e r s
s l
t tt
mne r
w
i or s ai n
0

i ,

t
,

i f folly grows rom an i Im t i tit

’

c,
p n us a

5“
S wif tP j’
s ro e c t
f t
h Ad
or e vanc e m e n tf Ro e li
gion » Pop e,
 8 THE P H IL O S O P HY B ook I L
'

39 or

0 : gram m a nc al p ur uy .

Ir re m ain s tgi o ve so me in s t an c e s whe re in s o un d

an d se n se bo t
h c onc ur in m is le adin g us O f his tt h e

t
.

word enoug h is an e x am p le , whic h is fre q ue n ly c on

t w
foun de d wi h en o an d us e d tB t
for i hd t o en o e s uf

t t
it
.
,

fi i h
c enc
y f m e or e r in q uan y i d g f
or nq e re e s o ua

ilt t tt
,

y h l i e a er n nu m be r T hus we say
p rop e rly ,

t
.
,

We have c oura e e noug h,

g an d amm un i i on e n oug h
t
b u we have no t
m e n en o w ,
”

T HE de n va f f t
y ft l h
l ve s d f m
a ls enes s , als i a s e oo ro

t t t t
, ,

h f
e rool f b y m i
a se, k m l
are o
p y d f en s a e e o e or on e

t
an oh th gh i t
e r,h b t ou t h y id t
n ly e es use e are e v en

di t
i g ih d
s n Th fi t
us e f l i p p ly e d i rs a s e ne s s s ro e r us e n

f w tf it
.

a m l ora se n se y d or pp li d an ly o v e rac an a e on

tp t th t t t
,

o h
e rson s w pp li de o l y hi er
g o are a e on o n s

F l it t t t t t t t
.

a s
y d h q li i
e no e s
y h b w
a h i h ua n e a s rac c

ti t t t t
,

m yb d fi d
a e ye ne h F l h d i
c on rar e o ru a se oo s an

t t
.

un i T h w d g lig
rue as se r on i im p p ly
. e or ne en c e s ro er

use d in t
followin g p ass age
h e T he n eg lig enc e of
t his le ave s us e x pose d o an un c ommon le vi y in our t t
t f H ght
us ual c on ve rs a ion th id g l t e ou o ave s a ne ec

t h h bitt t d tt
h lat
. .

Th f m im p li
e or er h es e a e er e no e s e

tp h p i t I h ld y t h i t
,

ac hier a s n s c ase s ou sa e n s an c e

f tf h bitf t
or an ac d i g h t
o h itlf t
a h p
~
a o no on a se e a

t
,

p f im
e aran c e o
p p i y ro r e .

P R E C ISE LY of t
h e sa me kin d is th mi e sa
pp lic a ion t
of t
h w e ord c ons c ienc e in his t quo a tti on T he c on

t tm
.

s c ienc e of app rov n g on e s s e l i f a be n e fac

’
or o an

tN
.

S
f pec . c.
7 6 .
Chap . m . R H E T O R IC .
3 99

Seer Il l
. .
'

l he l m p rop ri e y
‘

t I i mp rop ri e y in
.
'
t s wele words .

kind t
h bl t mp
is f e no es rec o e nc e or b e in g 30 1
t t tt
, .

P ro p ly h
er i u ; h f m e c on s c o s n e s s e or er de no h es e

fac u lt
y t
h l t
t p t
i,
ul ti e a er a ar c ar e x e r on .

TH IS imp roprie y is reve rse d in he c i a ion followJ t t

t t
tt t
-

in g : l ap p re he nd ha al l he s op his m, whic h has

be en , or c an be em lo
p y ,
e d will no t
b fi c ie n
e s uf t
t o

ac q uit
this s
ys e t
tm th t
ib a e r un al ofre ason
“

or

so
p his m he should hav e sa id p his r ;
y so his de n o est t t
fa llac ious re as on in g, h t
t a on ly a fallac ious ar ume n
g t
t t t
.

T his e rror is of h s am e kin d wi h p oe m for oe r ,

e
p y
whic h was re marke d ab ove .

t t
S OM E TIM E S he n e u e r ve rb is mis t
k a en for t
h e ac

t
i ve Wh t T lly y a u s a s of war may b e app lie d t o

i g ; it
di p t
.
,

s h ld b
u n s ou e always so m an a e d as
g t
o
th t t t
,

m mb
re he ly er, a e on e nd o fi is P ro
p y
e rl re mind us .

th t
S OM E T IMES
i b i mi t k f again , e ac ve ve r s s a en or
t
h t I m y y wit
e ne u er h t it y th t t
h a sa ou van a

tg t
.
ere

i E gl d b tt di t
,

i l m
s no a mb en e an n n an e e r re a n o
tt t
‘
h my lf my t
s on e s di h i g l id y
an se , s u es av n a ve r

m uc h in c hurc h -
yards P rop e rly lien or lain
t t tli t
.

The ac i ve ve rb lay for he ne u er e, is so fre q ue n

lytb m twit
o hi m y m
e d e n so e ve r o e rn co mp p si ion s t
tgi up ti g th t it
,

as om f i
ve roo or s s ec n a s an idiom of
t
h k yl g g
e c oc f m p i
ne an ua e , or o so e rov n c ial diale c t .

I Spe c tN
. o .
5 88 . B ol Ph E
. 20. Pop ’
e s Though t
s

j ec t
. .

on various S ub s.
f Spe c tN . o . 61 8 .
c w . £1 1 . t
a f e r c are .

Se c tIII
. . The
“

I l
.
m p ro rre
g t
yi n single words .

whic h are almos diame ric ally opposi t t ttt

h f m
e o e b r er

t t t
.

t
.

One is h l e ove ofnove l y h h e o er, a fon dn e ss for

V ri t t t
,

a y Th e f c ed d im
o e r,
r ly when ex es sive, en s re c

t o mi g id u by maki g u disd i t h b t tk
.

s u e s, n s a n e ea e n rac

o t ob t t t t t
. ,

f or n h b
o us e i i h b
er re as n k u ec a s e ea e n rac

t t
.

Th id e f ulg it y i h
ea o im g v f th w h o
ar n e a i n a i ons o ose

fi t d by t td wit
'

are a e c e hi p ri ipl i h y s nc e. s c onn e c e e ve r

t hi g th tn i o i d a ut a m y Th g ui
s c n c e ve s c s o ar e en ne

f t tm mu h w I a k wl dg
.

i s s ue ohi s ex re e, c orse , c no e e,

tha t h f m
n i t ly imp p i t b t
e or e r, s no on ro r e l e s , u e ven

b u dit
a s i r df t i n a d b mb t Th l t
es , an tt us a n o as e a er, o

Wit f d i t t t t
.
,

af y pon od u h f
nes s h m
or var e r ce o en e sa e

t t t t
, ,

e f
f ech u g h m i di ly o l b g i m m ore n rec r e e s an o

td ad f b mi g tdi by p t i g t
.
,

d e ra e re o ec o n e ous , re ea n oo

f q re tly t huen m u d I d t id te sa hi e so n n or e r o avo s,

w it t y ttdi ify hi t t
.

a l
r e r reso ves a
y l l an ra e o vers s s e, e

itt wh t
c os it will A d i d d t a hi f i d l n n ee s an c e ex c e

t t t t
.
, ,

l u l
en c e usly m h i
a i w h V
c os s
y f ore an s or er o

tp p i t t t t t
.

en y d
ro r e
p sp i u i y b h ifi
an d i er c o are sac r ce o .

h is j t
us ly ob se rve d by Abb e G irard t
h t
wh a en

a p e rforman c e
glo
‘

ws dull t
hrough an ex c e s s of un ifor

tt t m h b
mi y i is th td by t
no h so uc e c ause e e ar l S i re e

tp t it ft t
,

f q re i
uen h m d re b h e on o e sa e soun as e c ause e

mi d i f tig d by t t f t
,

n h f qs a h ue e re ue n re c urrenc e o e

sam id If t
e h f t h b e a. m k bl p e re ore , e re e a re ar a e au

it t t t
,

c y f id d
o i i y f w d wille as , aw h ve rs o or s no an s er e

p p gi t
ur os e , or t
h w k th g bl pp ve o e or e a re e a e a e aran c e

Synonyme s Fran ois P refac e

q . .

C c z
 0
4 4 T HE PH ILO S O P ii Y or B ook I I .

t
O fgramma ic al puri y. t
of varie t
y On t
h e c on rar ty when t
h i
an t au or s a

t t d f t
.

g i h i hi p
'

re a
p a ns
y o var re ssi on s , or s ur
p s ex an

p ose e ve n d t th mm e ser s e co on roa d h will t e i o an n

tllig t d b t t t t
, ,

e en h m
re a e r, u e ore e x p hi
osep y h
s ove r e

li it t l it A d i d d
,

m h i
ore e s so c ous o c on c e a n n ee

wh t m ff tlly b t
.
, ,

a c an ore e
y p e c ua
y f W Q d e ra a e n ur o

t tb lw y i g t h tm h t
,

h an o e a a s re c urr n h o s uc as c us o a

a
pp p i t d t
ro r a e
p p d if f ot f m th
ur ose s f w h i he re n ro ose or c

W e th m
use W ld t
e h glit? t fj w l whi h w
ou e er o e e s c e

k wtno b tl p d
o e s o en ,
p i i f th w
ro uc e an o n on o e e a re r s
’

a ffl A d m t t h li
ue n c e ? n tius f w d
no suc a e n a on s o or s ,

ifI m y b ll w d t
a h m t
e a o
p h w e k e p i i
e a or, a a e n a s us c on

o f m so igi l d f t
e or whi h hna
g i
e ec s i t c ave ve n oc c as o n o

th m e W h ld h dly y t
? e s h th
ou w
ar i h sa a a ouse e re r c

ly f i h d I m
urn s e w c ld ty t a sure h t it w e ou no sa a e re

t t
,

w ll f i h d wh
e urn s e W f d p fl
e re i f e oun a su e r u y o u en

d t t l w tf
,

sil f s w i g m p p
or an s er n so e ur ose s , an a o a an o

th d pt
ose a a d tt h e
p p t
o o l n ere y d
ur os e s n o e ss ec s s ar an

imp tt We h uld t
or an hi k th s o ty t h t n on e c on rar a

t m h g t pp b t
.
, ,

h w
e re ere uc h f Op l
re a e r a e aran c e o o u e nce

an d ft Otwh t as e , h gh t h w
e re , litt le
ou e re e re or n o

thi g n
p fl su e r uous , l p i f f ‘
i t
n o ve s se or ec e o urn ure use

fli u f mily w
n a a w t i g Wh e re i an b lig d
n en on e s o e

tm k m tn il pply p p twhi h t
.

o a e so e u e s s su h y ur ose s o c e

w e re t igi lly d t
no or i d whna f i t
es ne en, or n s an c e ,

t h pp
e co
p t b il m
er ilk h ot p i d
o sg h l d ea s orr e, o s

it
,

sm ll b a d i e e r, f an
y n s c asef o n e c e ss er es
v
or a

t t t
, ,

j dor e n h lw y i m u
e re are ab C n f d a s, s e o e ss e ,
Chap III . . R H E T O R IC .
4 5
0

S ec tIll The l mp roprie y P ar I l m t t ro rie

p t
y i n s ingl e Words
g
. .. . .
. .

t i di t
h t ge t
e s roni t
h s n c a ons of in dige n c e . On e c on

i t
ra y wh y l u h t
h m i tm te n e ve r re a se a so e n s ru en or

ut il d ptd titt i t t
,

ens h h pp a a if e o e re s e a e aran c e , no

f wh t l bl p l t
,

Ofp f i i mu h m
ro us on , o y a s c ore va ua e, en .

IN ath e m y b g td d i
language er a e re a re un an c e s,

an d t t h a m t im g t e sa d f t It e i i f i it ly
e re a e ec s s n n e

im p tt th
.

le ss or an mb f y o
y m w
ave a n u d er o s n on ous or s ,

whi h c m t im
are e ve n so mb m t h th e es c u erso e, an o ave

ve ry f w t h t eb ll d h ma
y mc an d e ca e o on ous , an c ouse

q uen tly th ll th dif of ave awhi h t h i e e re n c e s c e re are n

t hi g n m h s, as
p ib l m k
uc d b y as p di oss
g e, ar e c orre s on n

diff i t h i ig
e re nc e s Th t n thi h ld b p
e rs ns a s s ou e er

f t ly t ti d I w mp ibl Th i t
.

ec a a ne o i i n is i oss e e var e es n

t i fi itwh th i h t l g g h t
.
,

hi g n s are n n e, h e re as e rc es an ua e a

it li mit I d d t
s sh m p p n l imeep i t t e ore a eo e rove n as e

d k wl dg t h y m t t
.
,
i

no eh m h gh co ore , u

z
an e, e e e

p t
e rc e
p ib l d g t m ke di tie ti f i
re es ,th pp
‘

li o a e s nc o n e a

ca ti f w d whi h w
on o d p
or s ii ly b c e re us e
’

ron
'

s c uous e

fore A d it i by t h n m k gt h d li tdiff
s us ar i n e e ca e e

ft d r t tt
.

re n e e s o hi g whi h i n s, h y l k c n a ru e s ae e ov e r oo

e d m t h byore y t h m an th t th i l an o er e an s , a e r an

t
,

g g i
ua e fi d d p
s re li h d H ne i anq i p o s e en c e ac u re s re

t t t
.

ii
c s on , p p i i y i i
e rsy cu
gy I w ld b V vac e ner ou e

diffi lt m t tt i t t
.
, ,

no cu
p aly i m
er y b l
o e v n c e , as ar a e co

l t df m w
ec e h t h t
roh b b d al
a dy t h t
a ee n o s e rve re a a

w l g g ht h f m t
,

our O n an hi ou
ua e i d a ro s
'
s rc e re c e ve

g t i
re a erm p m t i th rove f th l
en st n e c ours e o e as c en

ty d f t h p tt h f m t h m
'

ur an o e re se n f an ro e ac c e ss n o

t
,

ne ww d p hor s , or
p f m y h u
er a N o ro an o er c a se . .

C6 3
 crap 1 . m R H E TO M C .
4s r

Sectm . . The 1 1 i mproprie t

y in phrases .

t
The c oml re s m an ofmen s ince born
Hz} m m The faires Ofb ér d augbk fl
. t'
t ie f
-
.
"

t
H ,

The love lie s p ai r

Tha t e ver da te in love s embrac e s m e
’ " L
t
U se inde ed may be pleade d for such ex pression s ,
tt t
,

which, {i mus be acknow ledg e d us e ha h re d

n ere d
t ttt t
. ,

in e lligible Bu s ill he ge ne ral laws of he lan

t tt t t t
.

M i
G. hwhic h
m e s i d m cons u e e os ex n ve an 1

tt t
,

m b l d d i tt
h m N w
g g ”t
p u
or an y p .
g se, i a e s ea e a a ns e o

t
.
,

i i
s on e
p ip l m h d f u
r nc
p i f
yi g l n a e o o r n a an ua e

tt h it di
wit
,
,

lay aside suc h idioms as are in c on s is en s ra

c al p rinc i ples and c ons it

tuentul s ; fib r e re
s, yw be n
tp eo d by h p i ip l d ul
er r o f
suc r nc es an r es , ; ex i
hb i tmam
f tn
es N d
n o se nse th l ti or oe s e e as n c on ven e nc e resul i t
f mt d t w t tfi d
.

oo hi bs c on uc as e c an e a no loss o n ex “

t t tl
,

p i f
re ss ons o m i g l g h our e an n a o e e r as n a ura an d

t t
, ,

eni ly u rep i b l ne x c e ona e.

t t
tt
S OM ET IM E S inde e d, hrough m e re ina
io lip en n, s s

ft mmit i t
,

o hi ki d s d n h f ll wi g i are co e as n e o o n n

t t k t h t w w t g i
,

s an c e :I d “
o no re c on a e an a en us

m th t
oreb tf u ighb I Th i n
an
”
s res o o r ne ours e n

t m t tt t
.

i
ro r e
p p y m i d b y m i i g h w d i s c orre c e o n e or s n

Itlia cs .

P ara dise L os t . l b B iv . .

t
.

I S wif tP ’
s re
p os al for asc er ain in
g t
h E e n
glis h Ton ue ,
g
C C
4
as s Tn z
'

P a rm e s an or fr on t II .

AN O T HE R ove rs igh tfm o uc h t

he same kin d, an d by
t
h e sa me au t
h or, w e have ia he f
ollo t wn
i gp s g
as a
' "

th t
t t
,

I had like o ave

go e n on e or w b ok o r en he a d s
t
,

for my T his un avoidably s ugg e s s

t t
'

h q i
e ue s on , How m any be ads was he posses se d of
P rop e rly ,
I was on c e or wic e like o have go e n t t t
t
”
my head b roken .

t wrk; b
t
om he same
fr
A NOT HER e in a g { yardage foi l '

o
-

t t Th fi t
-

fnerlyquo ed f p p
or an o her ur ose is i hls
'

‘
fi
‘

e rs

tt
t t t tt
, ,

p j E w
ro h di u b u i l
p y ylo s or en sco o
g
y s rse c n s

thing ty b i tt
a

l bl
a nt n }es i O ut
oo e w ne he e c n o o

orm e b ut it i bl th t by ut ti g t
.

w
at
is i
'

or n c on vc e va e a c n o

mo t
, , ,

hi g ho ld b d
'
r
e n s s
-

u e Ina e one .

ANO THE R ,
‘

st
ill f
‘

ro m t
h m h d
e sa e an I solem nly
'

t
h t twilf lly
.

t
,

de c lare Ih a ave no u co mmm d h e

tmi t
,

l e as k" Th w d sd h
s a e e or s u e e re are inc om
t tt tk
.

pa ibl A we g. w ilf lly m mi d ron u co e is n o m is a e .

A O ht h f ll
D DIS N i t i u a a en n o an nac c rac y of t
he sa me
t
kind in he followin g line s
,

t
5 0 he pure li mp ed s re am, whe n flu! wi l l) s t tk ar :

t t
.

O frushin g orre n s and de sce n ding rain s I

‘

A t m y d ubtl
s re am b t t im limp id d
a o e ss e a one e an

t t ht
ll t t t t
,

a h f l whi h
an o h erh m ou
; c 13 a a e au or e an

b t tp p ly ll it p Iimp d t m
,

w
'

u e c . . n no ro e r ca a ure z s re a ,

V oyage tB bdig g
o V
f yg tLro na . o a e o a
p t
u a.

[2R e mar k the B

s on i T t IC t arr e r re a y . a o .
05 01 6: HI R E M O R IC XT 6
i

Z 4 9
’ ‘
.

Sec tIII
. . T he Improprlebn al ’
ar ll l t
t p p i
. t
y i
n ro r e n p hras es .

When iris ;f
~
aul
'

si bh
11
jr a ti w S mu h f t
ri h im
'

o c
'
or ose -f

t h m om b u dit
i t
-

ro rie i whi h i l
“

es c nvo ve n
y e s e a s r s
p p

t tt
»

1 m m; nex t
fiflus mse ‘
t ' °
ohnse by 1 oh an a u hor is
made t
o say ohm t
hing whe n he means ano he r; Of
t mple at t
.

hi ki d I b ll pg fl On lym
‘
o
‘

s n s e ce lee x a p re sen z ,

asI h ll h i ft w ds
a ave oc c as on a er ar of c on sider n g
'

i t
h
m f lt d t
s e

t t
t
sa e h i l fp
au un e r e ar c e o e rsp ic ui y . I will
in s ance in one dpinion , whi ch I look up on e ve ry
man obliged m on c i c s en c e t t o qui , b i m p rudenc e o t
h
e o c e al I mea hat
n{ t whoeve r argues in defe nce of
'
‘ -

‘P
ab solu e tp rv e erse a isingle a e rson ,
r

p fers
of

t
h e ol d pla sibl e u '

plea, ha i
‘

ttt
fi hi 1 2 s o pin ion whi h c

t t
,

“
1 1 11 IiElp le h b
c an n o i d d gh i '

un ss
‘
e e c onv n e
'

on n

t tt oh tt t
.
, ,

all f ed h bmm my f
'

re e s a e s e rea ! as e c on e ne o
“
m ki d L F mt
”
an h p n f t
h di * e i t i
'

ro e sc o e o e sc ours s

evid t h m en t
h t wh h t h ite f hi p i e an s , a oe ve r a or s o

th t i gl p t itl d tb l t
.
,

i i
t
n on, e rson o a so u e au

t
a a s n e s en e

h it yor gh t o quit r o e l th
ou t pi i ; b o c nc a a o n on
'
e

Ot ttd tb
,

h wi e h will i f
tt
c ause , er s ,
e n a ree s a e e s erve o e

d srea e a a c om mon enemy “

Whe reas if he s ays an y

t t
hi k th t t t t
h t
,

hing he h d says , wh a oe ve r n s a e a voc a e s

tpowe ght tbe tt

,

fr b lu
o a so d mm e r ou o re a e as c o on e

mi
ne i blig d tq it
es , l th tp i is o
; e o u Or conc e a a O n on a

im t y diff nt
t
s en f mth forme
en ve r e re ro e r.

ttt
O

T he on ly s p e c ie s of imp roprie y ha re mains o be t '

ex em plifie d, tt is ha t
whe re in he re app ears so e /sligh m t
inc on g uity irt
h mbi n e co n a on o t
i h w d ti t
ft h e or s , is a -
e

S en imen t tf s o a C hurc h o fE ngland Man .

41 6 '
T a r: P H IL O S OP HY or B ook 1 1

quo at t
ions following Whe n you fall in t o a ma n s
’

c onceh mion the firs thing t a

you should c ons id er,

t t t
,

”
f Prope rly i w i b fall in o c onve rs a on a

I wi h Si y u would imt t t {s q u nt
,

”
man '

s d r, o an
'
ve r e e

the f l t tt b mum i i ; Wi t i n t
l t
.
,

(1 on
5 7 a se h as e s s n re a o o
‘
l
p ya s as well as c peras i
” Pno rl
pe y, t
h fl e a se

ttoft
h t
. ,

m
as e e ee .

t
Ta n presen c e of he De i y, and he care s uc h ant t
t tt t
augus Came is o be s up pos e d o ake abou any c c t
”
lTim i
”
t t t
The impmprie y here is bes correc e d by
ubstitut
i gth w db i g i t
,

h f
’

s or
'

n e or e n a e

t
h gh t
ou h b thi g imp p i calling t
e re h D ite no
y n ro er n e e

t t t t
.

an au us
g C h h h h y m m
ause ,
p p ly e au or t a ver f i a

td withthi pp ll t m w d t tlly
.

c on ne c e i s a e a ve so e or s o a nu

itbl
su a f wh h d f
e om torki g o eve r e ar i as e a n c a re a

bou tat
i an c on

I 5m m p roduc e bu o t t t
ne o he r ins an c e—fl Neti h e r

tt t t t
.

implies ha he re are v ir uous habi s and ac c omp lis h

t tt t tt
.

men s already a ained by he p assenger, b u hey

t i ly h w n np qi di d it t w d
ft
ce r a n s p
e y a u r u re c a ac o ar :

t I t h fi t t t
”
h mf e l hi n h me rs c ause o s se n en c e , e

t t
.

i
s ag o i r ssi y w i f m d f h
n c on s s e nc b i d e are n or e o a s an

mp li hm t
ac c o t
h t p m m d b t tt
s en s ti d a are o e u no a a ne

i t t d bl imp p i t t
- ,

a h d l
e sec on h i c aus e
y h e re s a ou e ro r e e

t t t t t t t t
,

t
p i
ar cip i l dj i i
a a i d ech b vei s no su e o e s u s an ve

wit
h w h i h it i c td ; i t h b q t
s c on s r le
-

p n or s e s u se ue n re
Chap 1 1 1 . . t
a f e r c a re .
m
Se c tIII
. . T he II Im prop ri e y 1 n phras es
. t .

p osi ion e xt t e s S pp i g t
p re s s ivh
e o t h t f he s n e. i n os n en , a

t h t tt
,

h w dp
e or h b d i d
os s es s or ly f a een use n a ve r e n or

pers on , m t h g or s o l t m th e o m y b eer e n e ra er e s e ns e a

hibit t t t t
t
,

ex d h N ieh m
i p li h
us h i e er es a e re are v r

t h b it d m pli hm t l dy t
uon s a s an ti d ac c o s en s a re a a a ne

by thi p b t t h y
s ti ly h w t
e rson h t hi u e c er a n s e a s

mi d i tp jn di d ag i
s no t th m d t
h ti th
re u t h ce a ns e an a a

t tt t
,

”
p i y
a c a ac f i i g h m o a an n e .

U ND ER his he ad t th t imp bp i t y I m igh t c on side r a r

‘

re

whi h ltf m t
c h re su fm t p h
s ro th e use o e a ors , or o er

tp wh i t h imilit ud tt h bj t
'

ro e s , e re n e S e o e su ec or c on

t h it
wit i t m t t t t
,

n eci on ; l h w hi h sul oo re o e a so, a c re s s

f mt t u t fw d wit t
,

ro h i e c ons r c h y op w hi h
on o or s :
an r e, c

are n otppli bl i t h li t l
a ca Th f m e n e e ra se ns e e or er

t t t tt t
.

hi fl
e rrs c y g i i i
e y h l g i
a a ns l ga V vac e a era a ns
-

e e nc e.

Of t t tp k
.

h h f I sh ll h e
e on e , i e re ore , a av oc c as on o s ea

id t tb i ; f t t
.
,

wh I en h c on s h h
er wh I e c a ac res s o e o e r, en

or.

I HAV E t td d t
no w finishe d wha was in
h b en e on e su

jce tf g mm tiol p ityra t h fi t d in

a ca m ur e rs an so e re

tt t t t t t
,

s p h
ec m i l fe ll h v i
os f l i
e s se n a o a e r ue s o e oc u on
ill t td t t W y i whi h it
.

Ih ave h t h difi
us ra e e re e e re n a s n c

m yb i l t
a d; th b b i m wh
e voae t
h w d m e a r ar s en e or s e

t t t
,

l
p y d
o e E g li h h
are n ol i m wh hn m s e s o ec s en e co

tt tE gli h t h imp p i t t
,

s ruci i on s no
y wh h
n s e ro r e ,
en e

me an in g in whic h an y E nglish word or

p hras e is use d,

by a t wri er or s p e aker, is no tt
h e se n se whic h good
u se h t
h ig a as s ne d tt
o1
 T ue P HIL O S Q P H Y or B ook -
II .

4 4
1

Some gramm a ic m doub t tin

s regard to English c ons tti on,

t twhi h it t
L a in, o ly p d ic ex ac c orre s on s n m e a n in g .

N d t
or h itm k o y od d th a t t
h p p it i
a e
i n an s e re os on

th l g g p
e on e d t h
an b d
ua ei o j i dre c e es e ver an s c n o ne

h it d i t h t t t
,

wit h f oll
an w i d ni d h d
e o er o s an s e ac e

f m it T h i t t
, ,

ro l i h m b h
e re a
A un on s e sa e ln o .
c

la g b d t t
.

di gly b w
c or n i e id ly g as
d u e a s as e v en OO

t
.

E gli h
n d is
fi iti
, g dasL i er s us r s oo a n.

t t
L i arus he ar his h him lf wh p au or se o, s e akin g of

mp u d d wit h p p it
,

b i p l y on , sa s ex re s s
ver s c o o n ye a re os

t
.

I E gli h t
n nh p p it i s i m f q e l y p
re l os on s ore re ue n ac

d ttf h b d p tf m i t lik d e an a

t
e a er e ve r an se ara e ro

b i whi h itt it t t
, ,

ve r i
n i l c p s ff ua on s no es s a o a ec

th f it d t
e se n s e o
g i it w m i g
an d o ve a ne e an n an

m y t b l gi g t t
,

a ill b s id d e c on s h b
e re as e on n o e ver

t t
,

d p tf itA t t
an a ar i o t t h w ; b u o c as s o ro o

t
s,

tp t mp t t
.

c as u or i
o coq i d iff u e, an ac c oun s u e a e

r t thi g t tf ll tb ttg i
, ,

en h n us, o a on , o ear ou o ve a

mp l might
,

” b p d
&
v e r, I m bl c nn u e ra e ex a es e ro a

d th wt h t h
.

cc o s o b h b a lw y u d s uc ve r s ave een a a s se

t t it ll t
,

as ac i ve i mp u d
or ran s h m whi h ve co o n s, ca e c

y ou p l d t
h
e ase , anf p p y l p tib l f
e re ore as ro e r s us c e e o

th p e i i I h ll p du
ass ve vo c e ly uth i s a ro ce on on e a or

t t t t
.

y w h i h I m pc u d d h i a llig de rs a e e n e en rea er

will dmit tb g d It t t t
, , ,

a oi e ah h hi
oo on e s no o er an s

it dt
.

i g i u
n i him lf
en o s c r h p c
g f h i w hi
se h an e as sa e o s c

i w will b f u d i t t t
,

Ih iave n v e h y q i e o n n e ve r uo a on a

b ove m d Wh ta e. h b i p i t hi g
en e ve r s ass ve , on e n

t t t b t
”
i s d p
ac e by h u onH h an o er e re e ve r o

tp i u d ubt dly n ut if t b tplit

.

ac u on s n oh e e er, e ver o s
Cb a J V R HE T ORLC
'

p . . ,3 ,
4 1 5

it t
a ed an d e x amined .

t t i
t
up on h xp
be ne u er in u d; d on e e ress on c e ns re an c

ve r l
se y t
h b t p lit p i u n
e ve rd ub dl t
ya i o s u on s o e c ve ,

bt t t t
.

if t t
,

h p b
e ve r i i h pa ag q
o ac a u on e ac ve n e ss e u

c d N y thi g b m
or c an an im il t
ha t
h on n e ore s ar n e c

t t t t t t
.

”
u
s r c i O hi on .
g i d p f
o b
‘
y hene n s ac e u n ano

tp t
.
,
”
The roc k is s li by he ship
p u on .

AF TER th t
all,the lat t p io
I am se nsible a e r ex re ss n

15li bl t ap t
i e whi h t
o ex c e b m d g ai
on,s t c c ann o e a e a n

th f m e It h or f er
g w ith th u th i e re ore a re e
n e a or n c o

d m i g it b tt i t t
.

e n n h n f p uu noi g h i n e reaso o rono nc n s

t Th ly th t w igh wit
,

s e n e nc e h m i
e on re ason a e s e s

t t ft b t t
.

hi Th s i h impl
e ac
pl i d
ve sen s e o e s e ver os an

t ft mp u d tplit
.
,

h h
e se n se o
p e coi h o n o s u on, are , n s uc

a
p h t
h t b m
ras e as t n d p t t b a f u
a ove d e n lo e a o e c on o n

N y wh t t i th t
,

ed i m a h fl a whi h
s ore , e a se s e ns e s a c

i fi tgg t dt t if t t
.
,

s rs h mi d
su h
es e k do e n as e roc an no

t t t t t
,

h hip h d b p li A d h h h b u ou e s u se

t
e s a
g e en s
q n n e
mo t mbig it t t
.

w d or s re h y y h ve
y h e i n a u e e ve r es a

t t t
,

c
y w hi h i i c d h p i j y l
oc c as ons , re n ers e ex re ss on us

ch g bl t h ugh
ar e a twit h e, l i m wit oh wh t i no s o ec s a s

t
,

p e rhaps worse , obsc un y d

ani nele an c e .
g

T HAT we may be t
sa isfie d, h t
t t
hi and no o t
h
t
a s er

t
is he ge n uine c ause ofc e n sure , le m us borrowan e x
ample from some ve rb , whic h in he si nple form 1 3 t t
o
p p y
r e rl u nivoc al To s m il e is s uc h a ve rb be ing a

t whi h i itp imit

.
,

neu er, i d mp m d dc n s r ve an unc o o l e

tt t ig i fi t tt
,

i s i
s a e , ne ve r re c e ve i ; b an ac ve s n c a on u o

smil i withu di g tt
e on, h d fi it
s i gi s, ac c or n o e e n on ve n
 E
6 ru n P HILOS O PH Y
“

4 11 or

a bove , a c om ound
p ac ive verb, t j us t tt as a rri de e
'

whic h i t c orre s on ds alike

p in e t
ym l gy oo an d m eaning
L t ty
,

is in i A cc ordi n gly, we be was

‘

a n c an no sa

tt y
.
,

s miled, in any se nse Bu o sa be wa s s miled on

t w
.
, ,

as in he follo in g e x ample , i He
t wt
as s miled on by

for une 1 1 1 e ve ry s age of life , is en ire ly unex cep

‘

t
tionable t
t
Y e he on ly dilfe ren c e be we e n his and t t
t t t ttt
.

.
he phrase above c ri ici se d, arise h he nc e , ha here
i m t hi g mbig
s so e i t h fi t n
pp a uous n e rs a e aran c e o ft
h e

whi h i
on e , t tb f d i t c h t h A d i
s no o e oun n e o er n s

t d p imit b h bt
,
'

d d wh h imp l i h
t( i t
ee en e s e an r ve ve r as o

t ig ifi t
,

ani ac i ve d s h n c a on an a ne u e r as s e case

witht t '
h b
r p li ) h
e ve m b ig pp s s uc an a uous a e arance

ft mp u d i t
,

ho e co h p i i i i bl
o n n e ass ve , s an n var a e con

se q uenc e .

I SHA t LL d t p t
ob s erve fur her, in
m i or e r o re ve n s

tk thi ubj t
a e s on h t
t th l i
s s u l ec a ere are a so n o r an

t t
,

u
g g c m a e
p d u w
o ll m p o d
oun i ne er, as e as co un ac ve

verb Su hs tg p t m d wn tf c ll
are , t o o u o co e o o a ou

t
.
.
, ,

Th l h iv i d h ug h o

t
ro e r ave no vo c e an
p p e sey p ass e

m
so f tm
h e odm itp i f m eit i w i h
a t a ass ve or s ou a

t
,

p as sive s ign ific a ion Thus , be is g one up an d be bus

t t t
.
,
.

g one u
p , are ly of he same imp or
n e ar Now he ou .

le x ic ographe rs
t tt
t t
t t
ttt
I know ha il? ve rb arrideo is ac c oun e d n e u e r y
t
The re ason lies no in h
.

t t
e si n ific a io
g
b
n o
L
f
a

h
in

e t t

t ttt
d, bu purely o in s ci rc ums an Ce , ha i gov erns he da iv e

a d no t
t t t tt tt
he ac c usaive i Bu wi h his dis inc ion we have no co n

t
'

t
n

it
Th t t i iti p t id t t t
,
,

i i i 6 hi h l
c ern. a
£ 31 s ac ve n s nl or s ev en 1 1 s a

is used by good au hors in he passivet .

t .
Chap 1 p : . a n s/ roa m .
4 1 ,

t
t
s a ed and ex a min ed .

tt t t t
ly dis inc ion in E nglish b e ween he ac ive c ompound
t t
an d he ne u e r c ompoun d, is t t
his t
he p re posi ion in
t t
he forme r, or m ore p rope rly he c ompoun d verb i t
self h t h g im a i t
h l
a ret t it h th en, I n e a er a n one n

d dt l t m y b fu t d d by t
.
,

ee h e se h as mp a h e r er c o oun e e

ddit t t
,

a i f on o
p p i i w i h a i
re w hi h
os on a n oun , n c c ase

th y l
e b m ti
a so t it
ec o i e b ac i ve or ran s ve ve r s as n

th i t
e se H w t p
n s an c e s , t h ; S h f ll e t en u o er e e ou

witb t h m
”
C q etly i gi i g p i
on se ue n n v n a ass ve

tt t
.
,

i
vo c e h h oi l i m
e se W m y y
e re s no so e c s e a sa

tby him
.
,

She was g one up Th y w o f ll e e re a en

t
ou wit b by h B t it mu t b er w d t h t t h u s e o ne a e

t t t
.
,

p i f
as s ve m i h i k i
or d f d mn p i s b n
g h o ec o os e ve r s , ou

lw y tb i l g t tb u
,

a a s id d o e avoif e as ne e an no o sc re

By b i gi g t t t t t
.
,

rn h p p in i h re e
g h re i
os ons us o e e r, on e n.

ev it blya t ti fu i
c re a e s a c e r a nft h ught d c on s on o o an

iti s not till ft m p i ful t a tt i

e r so t h t th
e an a en on , a e re a

d di
er tw ft
sc ove rsh p p it i tb l g tt
o o eh re os on s o e on o e

p c
re e di g v b d nth th i d
erto t h u
an di g e r e s c c ee n n oun

t t
, .

Th p i ip l
e p r nc f h f
a g i
sc o e
g b i
o e ore on o s e rva on s on

th pe g q td
ass a e f m D L w
uo e t
h i
.

t p i
ro t t r o s o on ou

t ti t i l di t i t b t
,

h e ly hon c i
arac e r s w cab s nc on e ee n ver s

ne ut d er anb ti whi h b t
ve r s i aci u l ve , c o a ns n o r an .

ua
g g e .

To he se I shall t s ub oin j a t
fe w hin gs , whic h may
serve for as c e r ain in g t ano t tt
he r dis in c ion in re gard o t
verb s Whe n a ve rb is use d im pe rson ally, i tught o

tdly tb t wh t
.

undoub o in h i gular n umb er, h

g
e e e s n e e

V OL , I. D d
4 1 8 .
THE P H I L O S O P HY or B ook II .

S om e gram m a ic al doub t ti
s n rep rd o tE n glish c on s ruc tt
i on,

t
h tp e ne u e r ronoun be ex p resse d or und e rs t
o d ;o a0d

when ti t t
n o n omin a ive n he sen e nc e c an re g ula rly be
c on s rue t d wit
ht
h b it ght tb e ve r ou o e c on s ider

t
,

e d as impe rson al For hi s re ason , ana lo

gy as we ll as
t
.

usage favour his mode of e x ion T he c on di

t
p re ss

t f t t
.

i h
on s o
g w f ll w e a re emen e re a: o o : an d no

a: f ll w A f w
o ol t w it h i id e a e r ers ave n c on s e ra e t
ly
d pt hi l t
d t t t
.

a o f m t
e h gh m i k f
s h as or rou a s a e o e c on

tu t t tt
,

s r ci F h m
on . w gh y or e sa e re ason e ou o sa ,
I
shall c onside r his c e n s ures so far on ly as c onc erns

my frie nd s ’
t dn t
c on duc an o so far as c onc ern
’

t t
.

t
I is man ife s tth t tw
h d
a diti i eh fi or c on on: n e s
r

c ase , an d c en s ure: i t h d n t e se c on c ann o se rve as no

t t t t t
,

min a ives If w gi i h e h
ve e u e r se n e nc e an o er rn,

d i td t
.

an ns ea of ar, say web or, h e ve rb is no lon ger

inl p e rs onal T he p ronoun w t
h
eb mi t
i is e no na ve,

t d by it t d t Th
.

whose n umb er is de e rmine s an ec e en us

t
.

we m us say They were suc h as follow such

t
,

of his c e ns ures on ly as c on c e rn my frie n d In his

t t t
.

I en i ly
re c on c ur wi h a la e an onymous re m arker on

t
h l e an guage .

I SHA LL on ly add on t
hi s sub ec j tt h tt
h f a e us e o

twit
,

imp erson al ve rb s was m uc h m ore f q re h ue n us

form e rly th t Thu i is n ow it l t

b m it
an s p e are e,

t itp t
t tf imp
.

g rie ve h m h m w e, re en e e, e re a s or o er

s on éls, for whic h we should n owsay, I p lea s e .

I p
re ent IVI t
bi k e n r an d me boug b t ttp a re s e n t as me
mt t
.
,

s ee h dm e md an eree e an c ie n ly J , are , as ohn son i j m

42 ° T in s P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook l Z .

Som e grammar!c al doub ti s n regard tE o nglis h c ons ruc tt

i on ,

’
tt ly tmtt
Tir l bera ha h fm l lear a e e a e s ou

ht
T d y t t t il
'
’
zr
gi a h g A i
ad p ve
; e re a rr es
’
s o s
’
ht
Ti bq t retill w Uly a til f s rene ss e s
’
o s .

Wh w t m by o as
’
ca e ?

7 } t
w th my L d t h t b i gy uw ord,

t
1 o or r ee or a rn o

i d tE
, ,

Mac dufi is
'

e o ngland I .

t tppli t
A G AINST he firs i tp a w ll ca on , o e rson s as e as

tt ohi g ithn f t
s, neh iti er om t h y e se c r c s s ee s o ave an

obj t iec ; d i
ont m u t b
an w d t h t t h y ps e o ne a e ex re s s

t t t t t t
,

h m l e h
se ves ra p i lly h d m
e r sc e
g i lly b ca an o a ca a ou

t th t Y t i my j dgm t
,

h e o w er o if
e b n u en on e e c en

t
.
, ,

su bl ra h y ll e, e bl a d if b p p
are c e n s ura e, an on e e ro e r,

th y ll e a
p p T
are h d i ti
ro e r.ti f g d p e s nc on o en e rs , e s e

i lly wit
c a h i ti l
us , th di t i t
s as e sse n i fp a as e s nc on o er

son s , th tf or mb a I y
o pnu i ll y w ith e rs sa es ec a us ,

t h gh t m t
.
,

b u
e c a se , h i ou b f w wh e i
c rc u s an c e s e e e re n

th g d e b m k d y t
e n e r c an i t he fw u ar e e n os e e o r

t t t
, , ,

l g g
an p uah p m
e, her a s y h uore f l an an o er on e, o

t f p N t Th m li
g
l w t
o h di t
s e c a es o ure a ure e as c u n e

t t t t t
.

p u b
ron o n i pp li l
e w y a m l es l a a s o a e s, or a e as o

p (G
e rson s d d g l f
o an m l
p ) anw h i e s,
p t or e x a e o n res ec

o f dig it y n i d m l
are c on c e ve ; th f m i i b as a es e e n ne r e

tf m l ; d l wh t h t t
.

o e a es an y l i
un e ss fi g i e re e s e s ura ve,

th tit tt
e ne u e r hi g it h o t pt ibl f
n s e e r no s us c e e o se x or

i whi h t
,

n h c i k we se x B id if w h
s un no n es e s, e ave

tt h L t t t
.

u
re c o rse i oy h e
g i
a n s f n ax e en u ne s ourc e o

m tf t t
,

os g m
o m i
our l p l
ra w h lla fi d
ca h sc ru e s, e s a n e re

Pop e.
1 P io r r. 1 Shake s pe are .
C b ap:IV . R H E T O R IC .
42 :

t
t
s a ed and ex a mined .

an e qual re p ugn an c y tll t

h
o a e ap plic a ion s above t te

h e arsed

t l up t
B ur, h m t t m h p ibl I
o c e ar e a e r as uc as oss e,

h ll
s a t m m k ft
rec ur h l t m t
o so i d i
e re ar s o e as e n one cr

t
i c i g t h ig ifi t
c onc e rn n i dt h u fte h s n ca on s an e se s o e

tit Th p it ”h tll
,

n eu er i om
e ron oun e e s us , s s e

t mpl y d t p t t t
.
,

im es e ; fi ho e bj f o ex
y re ss rs e su ec o an

t t t
,

i q iyn di uru ; d lor

y h sc o rse di se c on e s a e or c on

t t t
.

t t
,

i f yon hi g o p an
; h i dly h h i
n g or e rson r e n

wh t it th t i t t
, , ,

b a e ve r h u f y f f
e, a s e ca se o an e ec or

t yp
e ve n id
or an d m ly erson c ons e re e re as a c ause ,

with tg d t t t
,

”
ou
p p p re li y arI ill o ro e r e rson a n us ra

t h t
ft h q tt
.

i on o hi d e h w dr use , e uo e s e se or s,

Y ou he ard he r sa
y he rse lf I wa s t no t
tt
,

’
Twar I ha kill d he r ’
f.

The ob se rva t
i on s of t
hi t
h o i gt
s au h t or c nc e rn n e ne u er

p ron oun , are , as f

ar ast h yg u p t
i b
e l H o, ne x c e on a e. e

ough tth o ave a dd d tt eh w dp lit

o
y i t
h e or ers ona n e

thi d rth w d g d use ,n m b T h em p l or s en e r or u er. e ex a e

whi h h h t h gi
c h w t h t
e t h i a m ve n , s o s a e re s no ore re

g dart g d t
h t op l ity d
en er,t
h tth an o ers ona an a e re

oug ht tb m g d
o t m b t h
e no t it h ore re ar o nu e r, an o e er

df m t id t
}

oft h f m m yb
e i or h er, i a e e v nc e ro e c ons era on s

foll owing .

in zdj i nt
L at ill?would be as gross a solec ism, as zd t
'

f eg ,
'

m
'

In
'

or zb
'
f uz? e ar .

f Shake s pe are .
4 22 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook 1 1 .

Som e gram ma ical doub t ti

s n re gard tE
o t t
n gli s h c on s ru ci on ,

W H EN rson al must
be us e d i n d e fin i e t
'

ron oun
a p e p
ly, as in as kin g a q ue s t
ion whe re of t
h e s ub j ec t
i s un

kn own t
h e re is a n e c e ss i t
y f o us in pg on e e rs o n for all
t t
,

h p e e rson s, on e g e n der for all he

ge n de rs an d bus
t mb t
,

n umb e r for bo h nu e rs Now in E n glis h c us om

t d tt t t h t
.
,

h h
a c on s igne hi i o s n de fini e use , hi d p e r er

son , t
h e neu e r tg d en e r, and t
h i g l e mb s n u ar nu er

t
.

A c c ordin gly in askin g a q i n

ue s o b d y u no o c e n s res

t t i th i t g t
, ,

his use of h p e ron oun , as n e i W1

n e rro a on , 79

is i ? tY byt
t
we r i m ay be foun d o b e I or
e h e an s t t
be one or many t t t t
B u wha e ver b e he an s we r if he
t t t t
.
, ,

ques ion be p rope r i is p rope r o be gin h e an s wer

t t t
,

by p iex
g h bj f i
re ss nq i y i h m i d
e su ec o n ur n e sa e n e

fi itm
n e wh i it w an n e r
p d i th q e re n as e x re ss e n e ues

tion Th w d it it e q tly p t
or s i t are c on s e ue n er nen

wh t h t t
.

here , h w d whi h
a e ve r gh t f ll w e e or s c ou o o o

t t t
,

whe he r I or be we or hey Nay his way of be "i .

t t t
, ,

ginn in
g he
an swe r b y he s ame in de fin i e e x p ression

of t
h j et th t w
s ub ec d i a i th as use n t
h qu t
i e es on , s e

on ly m th d ut h i di t
e o h l g ga f or se t n e an ua e , or c on nec

i gt
n h w t
t g
e se t h d h
o wi g th
o e t w h ti e r, an s o n a a s as

td i
ser e w tts anh q ti
ans k d A d if
er o e ues on as e n

t hing f lt
t t t
.
,

h b
e re e y i
no h p i w h aui i n e ex re ss on , en s

an an sw r t q t
i
e tlly p p d t
o a ue sh on ac ua ro ose e re c an

f lt i it t
,

be n o au wh q n i i p p d F
e re n o ue s on s ro ose or

t t t t
.
,

e ve r
y w t
h
an s i b e r, d a i l h
s no a
g are ass e n or en a ou

i d p d t ly f t t t ti p p i
, ,

n e en h q en i o e ue s on , o c on a n a ro os

t t
In his obse rva ion I fin d I have he t c on c urren c e of D r Pries t
asap IV: . R H E T O R IC . 2
4 3

tt
S a e d and e x amin ed .

t
i on gram mat
i ally c e nunc ia ed; t and e ve ry af
fir ma
t
i on or n ega ion ough t t tb o e so e n unc ia e d, t t it
h t as a

t
migh b e an answe r a e s on Thus b y a ve ry t
o qu t
i
tt ttt
.

s im le sori e s i c an b e d h if h i
’ '

p p rov a
p o ou
'

e e r n n r

t
,

t
m ay be use d indefini ely in on e c ase i may in e ve ry
i it t t
,

c ase Nor s p ibl o ios sh h d w e o c nc e ve e ve n e s a o

t w ll v
.

of a reason , why mb m yon e nu er a no as e se r e

t t
inde fini e ly for bo h n umbe rs , as one p rs on for all e

the p ersons, and one ge nde r for all he ge n de rs t .

THA T whic h t ha h made more t wri e rs s c ru

p ulous

tt
abouh fi e rs tf t
h o e se t th ap plic a t
i t
h on s an abou e

ot
h t
w i
er I im gio, s,th pp a tne ,f th e a earan c e no o e

p b
ron oun , ut f t h b t t
oi b i th i
e s u s an g l ve ve r n e sn u ar

dj i d t m t m i t d t id
'

h pl l I
'

a o ne o so e er n e ura n or e r o avo

t t t t t t
.

hi s su
pp d i ose
g u i y h n c on l fr h Bi b l e ran s a ors o e e

t t
,

h i
ave
p l
n on e m b l d ac e s u y h p e on a ve r un c ou ex re s

i
s on S h t h ip t
e arc f i t e h m y t sc r hi k ures , or n e e n

t t t t t
.

y h e l lif
ave e e rna ; d b y h y w h
e i h an i e a re e c es

fy f m o I t he t
h pp lin ti t h y eh o er a c a on s e ave

no th ittd t t es a eh i d fi itp o use it i e n e n e ron oun as n

t t t t
,

hi s p i
ex I i
re s s onI b f id Ys h e n or a ra e e

t t t t t t t t
,

p h b
ras e y h ye i hare fi q e i d n
p d e rs uo a on , a o e o

t t t t t
,

p re ve n h i g e dj
n c on i f h
ruous a b i h un c on o e ve r n e

i g l
s n nd t
u ar, ah b q t e su
p se i th
ue n n oun or ronoun n e

p l l
ura i I p ts, b t
s ust E ec
g li h thno t h p h e e er n s an e ra s

i t d b y whi h t
, , ,

I m I w ld h
a b
ou h ave e en h y n e s e c on c e

might t t t
,

h p ave d h dj
re ve n et i l i e a un c on n o e ss n c on .

J ohn v 3 9 . .
1

} M a ti
t . x v . 27 .
4 4
2 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ool fl t

S ome gramma ic al doub t ti

s n regard tE
o ngli sh cons ruc tt
i on ,

gruous of t
h t
hi d pe r e rson of t
h e ve rb tt
oh fi tp e rs er

son al
p ron oun If t h ere be an y feren c e in
dif re s p e c t
t t t t
.

of c ongruiy h fo m i h l i ge u u s rf her s e ess n c on r o o e

t Th l t t b t
,

w o e a i u hp g
e r n e ve r oc c urs , u n s c ass a es

t qu t t
.

as h b d ; wh
ose a ove hi g i o e mm e re as no n s co on e r

th tu t
an h b tt
o i se b p ul
e s u s an t tw ve ve r as a co a o o

u
n o ns f i gi
dif mb ; i whi h
er n it
n nug l er n c c ase e n e ra

ly g wit h t
a ree s h fi t Hi m t w I wt de rs s ea as oe r an

t
.

wild h y i on e w h i h I b li b d y
s a sen e nc e c e eve n o o

e ve r s us
p t d t b g m m
ec e t
i l N o w e un y ra a ca o as e v e r

t t
.

u m yb
no n p a d b y p e re u w h i g
re se n e m a ron o n , a s ra

m t i li t
e h ca m t by p it
n
y o f
ose , o h gus » ar reas n , e ra n

m t i l i t H d t h qu t t
,

a h ca l n es e i be a s o.p u a e es on en ,

Wh t w hi m t a ? t
”
h as w h d u d ub t
s ea dly e an s er a n o e

b ee np p Itw l
ro e r, t d w ild h y
”
asA d oc us s an on e n

t t t
.

hi i s he g um
s an o w hi i m
h n y ap p
r ar h i i
en c re en s on s

de c isive .

B UT t
hi s co me s , as D r L ow h t e X re ss e
p t
h him se lf

t t
.

in a s imilar c ase , of forc in

g h E gli h u d h e n s n er e

rule s of a fore ign lan g g with w

ua e ,hi h ith li t
t
l c as e

i t
”
c on c e rn f .
A c on ve n e n m d f p h whi h o e o s eec c

tt
t
i T he E n glish ha h li le or n o affini y in s ruc ure ei he r o t tt t t
t t
he L a in or o he G re e k tt t
l m uc h m ore re se m bles he m ode m
. t .

t
/

E urope an l an gua e s , e s p e c ial lv he Fre n c h A c c ordin gl y we find

g .

in i t an idiom t ve ry si id d milar tt
h t
whi o a ch ha h b e e n c on s e re a

b Id
ove . tm th fl y b u
o not
h i p tf ti
e an e 0, e c a se e a s ar o an ac ve

b
ve rdt h w d t
h tf ll w i t
an he t
e it gim
or s ; a o o n s en e n c e , are s re en

t qu t t
,

ons ely g m t i
en
p d m b e i
n o a re e
qui e d B u en n e rs on an nu r s re
‘
r .
Cbap IV
’
. . R HET O R IC .
4 2 5
tt
s a ed an d e x am ined .

tm h t t d f whi h t i p t
'

c us o h bli h d a h es a s e an or c e re s re

t t t t t t
,

y f q re i g h
ue n b h ilyg i
oc c as on , ou no o e as ve n

u p i lly w h th l g g
ec a d t h t f i h en e an ua e
’

o no urn s us

t
p es

wit t t
,

h h q lly implano d y
er e pp y l i
ua s e an e as o su s

p l I
ac e .h uld t h v t s d m
o i t ly i t no a e e n e re so nu e n o

th d f e f p t
i
e e nc e f
fi i t ly th
o i d b
a y rac ce su c en au or se

u b ut
se , i d if p ibl t t n i fy t h or e r, it i oss e, o sa s os e c r c s,

wh t h gh b to, hi g i ou d t pt o tb n e n ous an ac u e , are a o e

t
°

ra th m p
er l t
h ore i l f l
sc ru u
g g u ous on e ar c e o an a e,

th t h
an t ft he bj t
e na will dmit I ure o y su ec a n e ve r

tg t bt
.

on h ue l m li whi h h
e re are re a i d an o a es c ave o a ne

th e ti f ut
sanc m; f t hi on tm t h t
o hb c s o or s a os a ee n

re c kone d. on ly d ub ious . The re are

p t
ar ic ularly som e

in our o far as I kn ow b e e n
wn whic h have n e ver, as

t t t
, ,

e x c e p e d agains by an y wri er an d whic h n e ve rt

he
t tt tt
, ,

le ss i is muc h more dif fic ul o rec on c ile o he syn

tt t tt
,

ac ic orde r han ha whic h I have b e e n n ow de f end

fthi i t t t
,

i g n A ampl h n ex e o s s e use of h i e n de fin i e

t t dj t
.

i l whi h i
ar c e, u ally i g l c s na r s n b f
u ar i e ore a ec ve s

ex
P re ss ive of n u mbe r an d
j oin e dWt
h b tt i
l i su s an ve s n

t t
,

h p lu e ral S uch are h f ll wi

e o o
gp h ran
s e s a fe w
tm t
.
,

p e rs ons , a g re a an
y men , a bundred or a bourand
J bip f s

t
h idi m twhi h I
e o o c th f ll wi g
allude t
is he {I es t as us e d in e o o n

t 1/ d
,

sen en c e , im q i mb lan t d it
e r ant h ; aux u se en re u s au ouc er

i/ q i m b/ t
an er:
p ti i p u 6t i tl
re
. lig
” C en t m ar c er n re n e e nc e . on e

l t t t t t
t
i d l
a u
on B I m
a na l d on n e
p p e re ar . a oo z e a ous an a voc a e

f E gli h i d p d
or n
y t l
s k n hi ge men t l
e uci o oo on s ar u en as c on c us v e .

B ut It
hi k it t
,

m h n fi i t
f tp i t ll t
ore h t an a su c en c oun e r o s e o a a c an

b pl d d
e th ea et
h id f m t onh y t ft eh l a dl n
o er s e ro e s n ax o e e rne a e

’ g a es.
4 2 6 T H E P H IL O S O P H Y or 8 00l

Some gramma i cal doub t ti s n regard tE

o ngli s h c on s r u c tt
i on ,

THE RE is anot her poin on whic h as bot ht he prac t

t t
ic e of wri e rs an d t
he j udgme n t
of c rit
ic s s e e m t
, ,

o be

di id d it tb imp p tm k f w t
, ,

v m y
e a no e ro e r o a e a e e

It i t h wy f i g t h i fi it ft
,

m k ar s s i e a o us n e n n ve a er a

b i t h p t it S m will h it th t t
.

ve r n e re e r h b o e ave a e ver

t t t t t
.

g d
ove rn e g h b i h p ou w ll h o b e n e as as e as e ver

t t t t t t t
,

g i
ove rn n
g; d h h h i fi i i an g h b
o ers a e n n ve ou o e

i wh t
n i ll d t
h p
a tb t wh t
s ca e i i f t i d e rese n u a s n ac n e

fi iti t t tt t t
,

n e g d im nI d re h i k
ar h i o e o no n a on e

t id t t h b di t
.
.

h h dif f i g i hd c aSes
'

er s e e e ren ave e en s n us e

with ffi i t u ysu A y li t
tl
c en t t t iac cwil
l rac ve r e a en on
t lt h diffi lt t
.
,

Ih p bl
o e , e na
ye n i usly o un rave e cu e re .

LE T tt
b egin wi h he s imples
us t t h i fi iti c ase , e n n ve

a ftt er tt t Wh t
he p re se n of he indic a ive h i fi i en e n n

t t t t
.

i ve i ps ex i f w h i
re s s ve o i d b i h fu a s c on c e ve o e e er

t i g d tt
ure n re h b i t
ar h p o t t
e ver m n e res e n or c on e

t t t t t t
,

p orar y h i fi i i g
e h nb i n h p ve ou o e n e re s e n

I i td tw ittmy f t h tm
.
,

Th us , n en o w r e o a er o -
orro

fl t t I t h fi tm
.

H m t
e se e b m s o e a an o e e rs n e rs ex a

t t t t t
.

p l e h b w
e ve ri p w
o h ir f e,i ex re sse s a s u ure n re

s
p ect f th o b i t d e I thve r d th n enb t n e s e c on e ve r o

t t t t
.

b ex w h i q lly p aw i h hs be ua re se n e ver
e p re sse s

s ee m A sb t th p p i tyou f h p e i th
ro r e o s uc ex ress ons ere

t t t t t
.

i s no d b A oui if h i fi i i f h
a n, b i e n n ve a er e ver n
g
t tb i td d t p wh t m t
.

h pe re s e n e n en h e o ex re ss a us ave

td t tt h t t
,

b ee n an whi h i
ec e en p d
o b y h 53
a c s ex re sse e °

ve rn ni g b t h i fi it i
ve r m t b i t e h p t n pn ve us e n e re e r er

f t th gh t t b b i tp t
,

ec e ve n h h ou h e o e r ve r e n e re sen .

t t t
,

T h F
us , m h i ro i h pp h
s c on versa on e a e ars o a ve s u

e
Cbap III . . R H E T O R IC .
4 2 7
tt
s a ed and e x ami n ed .

died Home r wi h gre a t t c are an d j udgme n t To

t t
i t t
.

us e h p e re se n hi n s c ase an d s ay, He ap p e ars o

tdy H m t t
,

”
s u o e r, -
would ove r urn h e s en s e .

“ E t sa me t rule mus b e followe d whe n he gove rn

i g
n b i i t
ve r tt tt s n tt
he p re e ri for le i b e ob s e rve d ha
iti t h t f t ly t h t
,

s h g e i g
e n se b m k
o e ov e rn n ver on a ar s

th b l tt
e a so im t h t u e f t h b g de e e nse o e ve r ove rn e

m k l ly it l t
ar s so e i tim wit h p t t th t
h
s re a ve e res ec o e o er

t t t t
.

Th I h ld
us , y I lw s
y i d d
ou w i sa a a s n en e o r e o

my f t t t t t
,

”
h h gh I h a e r,
y d i H ou av e n o e on e e

m dt f l tt
.

see b m e o F m e a an o e e rs ro a c on ve r

t h d wit t
.

isa I on h him h on c e
pp d b w a e a e are o a

tdi d H m wit t d j dgm t P

,

hg
‘

s u e o er re a c are an u en ro

t t t t t
.

t t
.

p i y p
re l i ly q i h ian h w fi i re u re s a n e o rs n s an c e s

th i fi it
e i h uld b i t
n n h p ve t t d i
s o e n e res e n e n se , an n

th thi d i t
e i t h p t
r itn s an c e , n e re e r .

P R IE ST L EY has no tp ex re s se d himself on his t s ub e c j t

t
wi h pre cision I found bi n: be tt
t b er an I ex
p ec e t
d t o

t
.

fi nd bim, is he on ly ro e an alogic al e x r s s ion Ex

p p r p e ~

tb t
.

ee red found bim, is irre c on c ile able alike

p o as c o
i

gra mmar t I d d ll
an d b p io s e n se n ee a ve r s e x res s ve

i tt mm d m t
.

o fh p d i e e, i e s re , i i
n en on , or c o an us n var a

b ly b f ll w d b y t td t t h p f tf
,

e h p o o e e re se n an no e e r ec o

t h i fi it
e i nE y n b dy w ld
vep i ve r o ou e rc e ve an e rror

i t t
.

n hi p i s I i
ex l g i I
re ss on m m d d s on s nc e co an e

him th d it Y tp t
o ave d tb f d
on e e ex ec e o e ve
r oun

b tt It h t
t th fi di g m u t
.

i
s no i e l er bs as c e ar a e n n s e

t t t t t t t t t
.

p i h
os er or o
p i h h b d ie ex m u e c a on , as a e o e enc e s
4 2 8 T HE P H IL O S O P H Y or B ook I] .

S om e gramm a ical doub t ti

s n regard tE o nglis h c ons ruc tt
i on ,

t tt
be pos e rior o he c omm an d B u hough he a n on y t
t t
t t tt
.

m ous re marker forme rly quo e d is in he rig h as o

t t t
he p ar ic ular e X p re ss ion s c ri ic ise d by him, he d e c id es
‘

t g lly d m th im gi d t
oo e n e ra an h t i
se e s o ave a ne a n no

t t t t t t t
,

h
c as e ou
g h p p f f h ie fi i i f ll
re e r e r e cw o e n n ve , o o o

th p t
e it ft h i di t
re e r i If thi w hi
o e
p in i ca ve . s as s o n on ,

h w e g g i as ly m i
e t k re It i housw g d s a en s o e ve r a re e

b t th t tp t h p t
.

on h id o i s d e s, a wit h n or e r o ex re ss e as

th d f t t t t t
,

e i b
e ec
g b w m u
ve ve r u h p f
ou f e s se e er ec o

th i fi it t t
,

e i n d n
y f m
ve , p l an h g h sa or e x a e, e ou o

it t hi i t h t b b i gt
,

b d a vef
on e h ly p s n a ve r e n e on os

sibl w y f di t
e i g i hi g t
a h p t
o f m t
s nh p us t n e as ro e re s e n .

T H E R E is on ly one o t
h e r ob se rva ti f D L wt
on o h r o

t t I mu t
,
'

on whic h b e fore I c on c lude hi i l b g

s ar c e , s e

tff m m k lik t
,

le ave o o e r so e re ar s Ph he f l
rase s e o

l wi g t
.

o h gh y
n mm i ou ve r co on , are n p mpe r :
r M uc h
t
,

d p d h l b i b o s er ved 5 an d e rror
’
e p en u s
g u on e r e s e n

will b t
h q e f it b i g e c on se t Fue nc e o s e n neg lec ed . or

h i e re d s a n oun an
p p ti g it a h ronoun re re se n n e ac

i t th t m tf
,

h pn i e i d g
ossess ve c ase , a s , un er overn en o

t
h
an o b t wit h t
e r noun , th tg u it ou o e r noun o ove rn

f b i g b
or de n d b i g g l
o s erve t d t an e n ne ec e are no

t t
, ,

n oun s y pp yl h
n or c an
p l f h ou su
p e ac e o e os se s

i by t
s ve c aseh p p it i f b f t
eh re os on o e ore e n oun or

p ron ounF m yp t tw it h t d iorg w h t i ar no s an n a s

t t t t
,

h e re y p i l
ve ry g d sI m e c o us i fi d h ur e a no sa s e a

t t t
,

h i
e re y f l i
s an h p h au d n Th y p e ras e s c e n sure . e a

In tod t
ri uc on , 82c . t
Sen e nc e s , Not
e o n t
h 6t
h Ph
e rase ~
Gb ap IV . . R H E T O R IC .
42
9

t
t
s a ed an d ex amin ed.

p e ar tm tb
o e o e p e rfec t
ly i t
h idi m n e o of our on ue ,
g t
an d suc h as t ily b on s ome oc c asion s c ould n o e as e a

vo id d el by i g ti ml t
un e ssi re c urr n o c rc u oc u on , an e x

di t i bly td t tt
,

p e whi h i
en hc n var a en s o e n e rva e e ex ~

p re ss oni B t l t mi t
. h m t
tm u ly e us e x a ne e a er ore n e ar .

T HIS au t
h or admi s h t
tt th t
i a e ac ve p ar i pt
c i le may
be has give n some e x c elle n
e mp loye d as a n oun , an d t
t t t tt
di re c ion s re gardin g he m an n e r in whic h i ough o
t tt t tt
b e c on s rue d, ha he p re p e r dis in c ion m ay b e p re
db t
s e rve w t h e d t h g een d Ph e n oun an e e run rase s

lik t t dmit td
.

h e h fese h w ld h ere ore e ou ave a e as un ex

oe p t
i b l M
on a u h d p d up
e, t b i b i c
g f e en s on e r o s erv n o

t
h ul e rd will b t
e, h an qu errorft hei e e c on s e enc e o r

g l ti
ne g f it
ec N w th n gh I o ll w b th th o ou a o o e

tb g d I t hi k t h fi t
,

m d f p
o es o i ex res s on im p o e oo n e :
rs s

db t tt t L t
,

l e r an h h e d u
er id wh
an e se c on e s c ons er e

th t b li bl t y bj t
.

h f m
er e or i er whi h d
e a e o an o ec on s , c o

notqu lly ff t
e t
ah l t t a ec e a er .

O NE p rinc ipal obje c ion o he firs is , Y ou c an t tt t

t t
n o s up p ly he p lac e of he posse s s ive c ase b
y he t t
i re os i ion o
p p f b e fot
re he n oun or
p ro n oun
”
R igh t t
t t
.

bu b e fore you draw an y c on c lusion from his c ir

t t t t t
c ums an c e , ry whe he r i will n o e q ually af tt
fe c bo h
exp i f ifi
re s s on st d b t
h th i or t t oe s , o are on s ac c oun o

b j td
e re e c e ith I th fi t t h
or n e t er n e rs e se n e n c e

will b m d t t
.

M hd p d p t
, ,

e h a e o run b us uc e en s u on e

big b d ft h
o s e rvel d will b t
o h e ru e , an e rror e e c on

t
en

q f th
se uenc e o b i g g l d f it V e
y b d e n ne ec e o . er a
 43 : THE P H IL O SO PH Y or B ook II .

Some gram m a ical doub t ti s n re gard t

o E nglis h c on s ru c tt
i on ,

tt t
wi hou q ue s ion . In he t s e c on d, t
hi s M uc h de
t t t
.

p en ds up on h h ifl d
e obs e rving o f b m e of e r e an

will b t t t
,

e rror h qu f b
e g l i g f
e c on se en c e o e ne ec n o

th m f it St
e ill w
o B t it ma y b th gh t ors e u e ou

h t i t
t h l st mpl t h p t
.

u g t
.

a as , n i ipi l
e a ex a e, e ar c a n o n e s

ad blou gim t hi
e re i ll t h im
en ,
p p i t s oc c as on s a e ro re v

d
an fu i I h ll t
c on h
s on f m k t h p is a e re ore a e e ex er

m t t
.

en m on am pl M h will d
ore Si e s e n e nc e . uc e

p e n d on
y our
p p
u i l s
'

co mpos ing b u more t on hi s re nd

t tb t
,

”
ing fre que n ly Would i e E n glish o s ay,

t
.

M uc h will de pe n d mp os ing of your p upil,

on b e co

b u more t t
on be read ing of b im f re q ue n ly
P No t -

t
c e r ainly. t
If his argum en he n p rove any hing i tt t t
tm t it
,

p roves oo uc h, and c on se uen q ly c an be n o c r e~

n on .

THE only o t
h e r ob e c j t
ion t
men ione d is t
h t a be
t t
,
”
ing obs erved an d being n eg lec e d are no n oun s

t k tt t tt
.
,

I is ac no wle dge d ha in h e co mmon ac c e p a i on

o ft
h w e t
h yord, t b tp i e are n o n oun s , u ass ve p t
i
ar ci -v

p l es
5 ith nei th er ti p t
i sip l m m e ly ac ve ar c e co on a

n oun , n eit h i t h i fi it
er s i ft h b e t i n p n ve o e ve r ac ve or as

i
s ve , a n oun Y t t h g iu f t h tg e
p m it e en s o e on ue er s

th t td m i t
.

a ll tha m yb e se a e i c ons rue as enus n c er an

oc c u Th i fi it
rre n c e s . i i p t i l i mp l y d
e n n ve n ar c u ar s e o e

b tt
su s an i ly wh ve it i m d it
h then mi t i s a e e er e no n a ve

or t
h g im
e re f b N
en o o w i t hi w a ve r
y t th n s a no e

i fi it o ly b t l g wit h it ll t
.

n in ve n h w d i
u a on a e or s n c on

tt td
,

s ruc i u d
on are mp
n d
e rs oo i as one c o oun n oun , as n

th m
e ex a p l f ll w i g es T l G
o o d d n g b o ove o an our nei ‘
G b ap IV . . R H E T O R IC .
43 :

t
t
s a ed and ex amined.

bour is a du t t
y i ll
nc umb e nd Th on us a
”
an e

t t t t t
,

g p l
os e gyl i
s ron l h i im
n c u c a e s on us
p l s or an es

tl G d d B t
”
s on , o ove ig bbo an i
our ne onr u n no

t itt t
.

o h er s i h l
ua on c an suc pp y l h p l f
c aus e s su e ac e o

n oun s. Th y e d i are tut i

n e ver us e wit h n c on s r c on

ot h f ll w d by
e r n oun s o o
p p iti e T h q
a t re os on e uo a

t t t
.

i onb gh f
rou m S p iro I p m
e n se r G s, sus ec a e re re

ti hi t t it i t
,

i m whi h w
c s c im m
as no h n s e ore an s a

t t t t
,

p re se n f m b l
c on or h E g li h
a id i
e m o F e i h n s o or s e

ly p p it th t m th b
.

on ire os on a se e s e ve r o ave e e n c on

t d wit
s rue h h l ft
s uc t h
c ause s, ab A d e r an o e r ve r n

t tt
.

e ven hi g is w
usa e ll y l id id
s no o a a as e .

I AM t
h rf
of op in ion , e e ore , t
h wh l t
up on h t e o e, a as

th idi m i q
e t
oi i n ue s on s an a o l gi l pp td b
ca
yg d su or e oo

d m t t t t tt
,

us e , an im y so e es ve r ex p di ie gh en ou no o

t t
,

b e i ly
en p d i
re d re u a e .

T HE EN D O F THE FIR S T V O L UME .