L I B R A R Y

OF T H E

U N I V ER S I TY OF C AL I FOR N I A .

G IF T OF

Access z o m 4 21 7 4 5£
No S k e éf N 0
'

h .

TH E P ER Sr AN s

R OL L IN, AND OTH ER AU TH ENTIC SOU R CES,

OD ER N
'

B OT H AN C I E N T AN D M .

WITH TWO M AP S .

PRI C E TW O
'

SHILL I N G S .

L O ND ON
TH E R EL IG IO U S TR ACT S O CIET Y ;
In st i t u t ed 1 7 9 9 .

DEPOSI T OR Y , 5 6 , PATERNOST ER B OW ; AND P AUL S

’

S OLD AT TH E 6 5 , ST
.

C H U RC H Y ARD ; AND B Y TH E B OOKS ELLERS .

 AN C IEN T H I S TOR Y .

H I S T OR Y

TH E P ER S I AN S .

FR OM

R OL L IN, AND OTH ER AU TH ENTIC SOU R CES ,

B OT H A N C I E N T AN D M OD E R N .

WI TH TWO M APS .

REL IG IO U S T R ACT SO CIET Y ;

Inst it u t ed 1 7 9 9 .

AND
’
DEPOSIT OR Y , 5 6, PATERN OS TER no w ,
6 5, ST. P AUL S CH U RCH Y AR D ;
AND B Y TH E B OOKSELLERS .
 C ON T E N T S .

CHAPT ER I . CH APTER III .

TH E P H YSI CA L H I S T ORY OF P ERS I A .

H I S T ORY OF TH E P OLI T Y OF P ERSI A .

I .

II . Ce n t r a l P r o v inces Th e S e v en St a t gg o u n se ll o r s
The A dmin i str ati v e P ower
LO
OC O OQ O OQ OOO C OO OO O OOO OO O OOO
The G o v ernment of t h e
R e v e n u e o f t he Khal if al M amo u n
Th e M il it ary P owe r
The Priestly P ower
A
l r tifiCe
« ' 1H O OOI OOO C OO OO Q OOO OQ U O O Q OOO OO O O I O

CHAPTER IV .

L a ke8 0 00 0 0 0 OOO OOO OQ O O OO Q OO OOO OQ C 0 0 . 0 0 . C O . 0

TH E K I NG D OM OF P ERS I A .

P r o duc t io n s 00. 00 . 0 0 0 0 0 .

P l R SI AN I
K NG S .

CHAPTER II .

C amby ses , or

T OP OG R A P H I CA L H I S T ORY OF PER SI A .

D a r iu s H y st a sp es, or Gu sht asp

14 Xe r xe s o o 0 0 00

21 Ar taxerx e s L on giman u a 0 0 0 0

21 o n o 0

N o o o 0 00 o o
N o o . o
M 0 o n . 0 00 0 0 0

N I .

Q
Q
o o oo o no o o
N
 C O NTE N TS .

S a p o r II I o r Sch abo u r B e n Sch abo ur

.
,

Va r a n e s Iv o r K e rman S ch a h
CH AP TER V .
.
,

Isde ger t e s o r J ez de ga r d al At hi m
,

Var a n e s v or B a b a ra m G o u r o r J ur
.
, ,

TH E K I N G D OM OF P ERSI A .
Var a n e s v 1 o r J e z dege r d B en B a b ara m
.

Pero se s o r Fir o uz
,

S AS S AN I AN I
K NG S .
Val en s, or B aJ a sch B en Fi r o u z
P AG E Ca va de s, or Goha d
hi r B en B abe k . or Cho sr oe s, or No u schi r va n
Ho rmi sda s I L , or H ormou z B en N o u schi r van
Ch o sr o e s I I .
, or Cho sru P a rv i z
S iroc s o r Shir o n ieh
,

Ar de si r o r Ar de schir B en Schi r ou i e h
,

Va r an e s I II ., o r B abara m I I I . H o rmisda s o r J e z de ger d B e n Sch eh e r ia h

,

S a p or I L , or Sch abo u r A brie f sk e t ch o f t he mo dern to ry o f

hi s
Artaxerxes , or Ar dschi r D y nasties of the P ersians
 E SIT

TH E H ISTO RY

TH E P E R S I AN S .

C HAPTER I .
can these a cco u nts be reconciled ? The invasi o n
a n d conq u est of El am is noticed Jer xxv 2 5
TH E P H YSI CA L H I S T ORY OF ? 6 ; xlix 34 —3 9 the l atter o f which pro phecies
.

P ERS I A
.
,
.
.
,

IS very re ma rk able a n d re a ds thu s

PER SI A, c alled in the O ld Testa ment P ar as , ,

an d by Arabic an d Persi a n writers F a rs o r The word o f the L o rd th a t c ame to Jere

Far sist a n is used in t w o sign ifi cat io n s : first it
, ,
mi a h the prophet a gainst Elam in t he beginning
,
o f the reign o f Zedeki a h king of J u dah s a ying
,

is a pplied to the c o u ntry o rigin ally in habited , ,

by t he Persi ans ; an d sec o ndly t o the v ari o us ,

Thus s a ith t he Lord o f hosts ;
,

Asi atic c o untries inclu ded in the Persi an e m B eho l d I will b re a k t h e bo w o f El am

, ,

pire fou nded by Cyrus which e mpire extended Th e ch ie f o f t he ir mi ght .

An d u p o n El am will I bri n g t h e fo u r win ds

,

fro m the Mediterr ane a n to the Indus an d fro m ,

F r o m t he fo rfi qu a rt e r s o f he a v en
'

the Bl a ck a n d C aspi a n Se a s to the Persi an G ul f An d will scatter the m toward a l l tho se winds
,

a n d the Indi a n O ce a n . An d th ere sh a ll be n o n ation

Herodotu s s ays th a t the Persians were o nce
‘

W hith er t he o u tca st s o f El am sha ll n o t come .

For I wi ll c au se Ela m t o be disma y e d b e fo re the ir

,

c alled C e phen es by the Greeks but by the m ,

mie s ;
selves an d their neighbo u rs Ar t aei or hero es ;
en e
, An d b e fo re them that se ek the ir l ife
which is a pr o of of th at n a tion a l v anity in which An d I will brin g e v il u p on them ,

pe o ple o f difi er en t c o untries ar e pro ne t o in

‘
Ev e n my fi erc e a n g e r sa ith t he L o rd ;
An d I w il l sen d t he swo rd a fter them
,

du l ge . The l atter w o rd pr o b ably c o nt a ins the , , T ill I ha v e co n su me d the m

,

s ame roo t as Arii the o riginal n ame o f the , An d I will se t my thron e in El am

An d wi ll de str o y fro m the n ce
,

Medes an d Ary a by w hich t he fo l lowers o f t he

, ,
Th e k in g a n d t h e p r i nc e s sa ith t he Lo rd
Bra hminic rel igio n a r e design ated in S anscrit .
B u t i t sh a ll c o me t o p a s s i n t h e l a tte r da y s
,
.

The s ame root occ u rs in Ari a a n d Ari a n a fro m

,

, Th a t I wi ll b r in g a g ai n t he c a pti v ity o f El a m , sa ith

t he l a tter o f which t he modern Persi a n n ame t he L ord
”
.

Ira n seems t o be derived

Here s ays a modern writer
.
,

C o mmenta to rs o n t he S acred Scriptures ar e , the disper ,

*

genera ll y a greed th a t El am is the Scriptu re si o n of the Ela mites is fo ret o ld a n d their event ,

u al resto r ati o n B u t who a r e thes e o u tc asts a n d

n a me o f Per si a til l t he d ays o f the pr o phet .

”
,

D a niel Mo dern hist o ri ans als o write to this

.
when is their resto ra ti o n t o be d ated ? It is a
effect . Anc ient histo ri a ns an d ge o gr aphers q u esti o n t o o di ffi cu lt fo r so l u tio n bu t it is cert ain ,
,

however distinguis h Ela m o r El ymais fr o m tha t it d o es not refer to the Persi ans T his wil l .

Persi a an d Media a n d even Susi an a ; an d it is be ma nifest u p o n a revie w of its c o nfi rmation by

, ,

difficult t o re c o ncile this with their o pini o n who the prophet Ezekiel Th a t pro phet e nume r at .
,

hold that El am a n d Persi a a r e the s ame an d ing the va ri o u s na ti o ns c o nq u ered by Nebu chad
,
n e z z ar as the Egypti a ns with P ha r aoh H o phr a
th at wherever we meet in Scriptu re with the
-
, , ,

or A pr i e s Meshec h T u b al a nd all her multi

, ,

n ame El am it signifies Persi a Besides fro m , , ,

t ude Edo m with her kings an d p r inces the

.
, ,

Xen o phon s a cc o u nt befo re the time of Cyrus

’
, ,
, ,

Persi a w as c o mpa r atively a n insign ific a nt an d princes o f the n o rth an d t he Sido nians s a ys o f ,

thinly po pulated regi o n c o nta ining only Elam

,

men fi t fo r w ar which wo u ld n o t make the

, T he re i s El a m and a l l he r mu ltit ude rou n d abo u t her
,

Opu l a tio n mo re th a n ha lf a mil lion o f pers o ns gra v e ,

All o f them sl ai n fa ll e n by t he sword

.

he Scripture a c c ou nt o f E la m represents it as a , ,

p o werful mon archy in a ges befo re the e mpires o f Se e t h e C AP T I VI T Y o r TH E J a ws , p u bl ished by

N ineveh an d B abylon had beg un to rise H ow . t he R e l igi o u s Tract S o cie ty .

B
 HIST OR Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

Which a r e g o n e d wn u n c ir c u mci se d i n to t he n et he r inclu ded t he w h o l e s o u th west p a rt o f the mo

'

o -

p a rt s o f t he e a r th
Wh i h c a u se d the ir te r r o r i n t h e l a n d o f t h e l iv i n g
c
,
dern Ir ac Aj e mi bo u nded by t he all u vi a l dis ,

Ye t h a v e th e y b o r n e t h e ir sh a me wit h th e m t h a t go triet S u sia n a o n t he s o u th a n d c o mprehen ding ,

do w n t o t h e p i t . a l l t he mo u nt a in r anges c a lled the L o o r ist a n

T hey ha v e se t h e r a be d i n t he mi ds o f t h e sl a in
,
t a n d B ac t i a r i mo u nta in s a tr a c t a l mo st u nkn o wn
Wi h al l he r mul i u de : he r g a v e s a r e o u n d ab ou
t tt r r t t o E u r o p ea ns a n d termin a ted by F a r s o r Persi a
,

him : ,

All o f he m u n cir cu mcise d, sl ai n by t he s o r d :

t w o n the s o u th e a st The terms Ely mais an d E l y
-
.

T h o u gh he i t e o w a s cau se d in t he l a n d o f t h e l iv in g ,
t r rr r me ans do n o t o c cur in t he writ ing s o f a ncient
,
Ye t h a v e h e y b o n e h e ir sh a me w i h t h m h a go
t r t t e t t hi s t o ri ans till a fter the M a ced o ni a n c o nqu e st
w
do n t o t h e p it : ,

H e i s p u t i n t h e mid s o f h e m h a be sl a i n t t t t .
when they a r e sp o ken o f as an independent a n d
Ez e k x x x u 2 4 , 2 5 . . .
fero cio u s n ati o n neither s u bj ect t o t he Syr o ,

Ma ced o ni a ns n o r the Pa rthi ans an d a ltogether

, ,

N ow the fo rmer ,
the se n ati o ns w as c o n of di stinct fr o m t he Persi ans properly so terme d .

q u ered by the united fo rces o f N ebu cha dnezz a r Persi a pro per w a s b o u nded o n t he n o rt h a n d
El am the refo re w as eith er a n o rth west by Medi a o r Ira k Aj emi ; o n the
‘

a n d Cy a x ar e s
-
.
, ,

province o f t he Assyri a n e mpire an d therefo re , , , so u th by t he Persi an G u lf ; o n the e a st by Ca r

a lso bec ame the prey o f t h e c o nquer o r s o r it , mani a o r Kerman ; an d o n the we st by S u si an a
w as an independent kingd o m which fell befo re , o r Khusist an The extent o f th is c o u ntry a c
.
,

these c o n qu ero rs an d bec ame a pro v in ce o f , c o rding t o Char din s e stimate is a s l a rge a s ’
,

Medi a in c o nfo rmity t o Jere mi ah s predi cti o n

,
’
. F ra nce : thi s h o wever fo r ms bu t a s mal l po r
, ,

B ut t he p a ss age in Ezekiel d o es n o t ha r mo nize ti o n o f wh at is n o w den o min ate d Persi a .

with Xen o ph o n s a cc o u nt o f t he Persi an s befo re ’

This extent o f c o u ntry c o nt a ined t he tribes o f
the d ays o f Cyrus n o r with th a t o f Her o dot u s , , the P e r saa P a sa gar dm Ar t e a t ae M ar aphii a n d
, , , ,

who represents C a mbyses the father o f Cyr u s , , M a spia n s O f these the P asagar dae were t he
.

th o ugh descended fr o m a n an cient Persi an n o blest an d t o t he c hief cl a n o f which c a lled

, ,

fa mi ly as in feri o r to a Mede o f the middle r ank

,
. the Achaemenidae the r o y al family of Persi a be ,

Then a g ain by D aniel the pr o phet Shush a n t he

, , l o nged In a ddition t o these tribes Hero dotu s
.
,

p al ace a n d the ri ver Ul ai a r e pl a ced in the p r o

, ,
menti o ns three a gricu ltura l tribes c alled the ,

vince o f El am ; o r in o t her w o rds in S u si a n a P an t hia l ae D e r u siae a n d G er man ii ; a n d fo u r

'

, ,
.
, ,

And in the A cts o f the Apostles the El amites , n o ma dic tribes den o min ated the D ai Ma rdi , , ,

a r e menti o ned a l o ng with the P a rthi a ns Mede s , ,

D r o pic i a n d San gar t ii
, The P e r sm a n d Pa s a .

an d the dwellers in Mes o p o ta mi a (ch a p ii , . . ga rd ae inh abited t he middle p a rt o r wh a t Str ab o ,

in a se n se w hich c o nveys the ide a th a t they has h appily den o min a ted C a va o r H o ll o w Per
‘

,
.

dwelt t o the west o f the Medes It w o ul d per .

,
sia c o rresp o nding t o the v ale o f Ist ak er a n d t he
, .

h a ps be s afer therefo re t o understa nd by El am celebrated pl a in o f Shira z It is n o t kno wn wh at

p a rt the Ar t eat aa inh abited bu t t he a gricu ltu ra l
.
, , , ,

n o t Persi a but the pr o vince o f El y mais which

, , .

extended to the south an d so u th e ast o f Ec ba - tribes pr o b ably inh abited the qu a rter ne a r Ker
tan a a s far a s Susi an a o r t he whole mo u ntain o u s
, .
ma n or C a rmani a ; the others were mo un ta in
region o f s o u th we stern Medi a o f which C o r -
,
tribes .

b i enn o o r the C ar bian a o f Strab o n o w c a lled

, ,
S u ch w as Pers ia pro per : the e mpire o f Persi a ,

Kho r r e ma bad w as the c apit al Str ab o makes . as befo re st ated w a s of far gre ater li mi t s , How .
,

M a ssaba t ic a G abian a an d Cy r bian a pr o vin c es

, ,

o f t he Ely mean s a n d c o nj oins El y ma is w ith ,

S u si a n a o n t he n o rth an d n o rth west He a ls o -

.

s ays th a t Ely mais w a s j o ined t o Medi a an d w as ,

a very mo unta in o u s c o u ntry an d th a t the Ely ,

mea ns were gre at r o bbers T his descripti o n it will be .

a grees with t he mo u nt a ineers o f the mo dern this once p o tent e mpire a n e mpire that w as ,

L o o r ist au n in the s o uth o f Medi a an d ba rmo

,
mast er o f a lmost all t he then kn o wn w o rld ,
.

nizes with s acred h isto ry which represents ,

Chedo rl a omer the Elamite ma king a preda I W E S TER N PROVIN C E S , . .

t o r y i nro ad w ith other rulers a s ro bbers a s

,
S T a l e n ts
, ,
.

e a rly as t he p a tria rch a l e r a Acc o rding t o Ioni ans a n d M agn e sian s o f Asi a
.

Pliny El ymais w as inh abited by t he U x ii the JEo l ian s C a ri ans Lyci a ns M e l ean s *
, ,
,

y , , ,
M iz w i P ar t hu si M ardi Sait ae H y i Co ssaei
,

a n d P a mphy l ia n s
, , , , , ,

P ar aat acen i a n d M e ssabat ae ,

The C o ssaei These o ccu pied an extent o f 4 5 0 geo gr a .

here ar e represented as inh a biting p a rt o f Medi a hic al miles of sea c o a st in Asi a M in o r fro m ,
p ,
bu t by the a ncients gener all y they were c o n t he G ul f o f Adr amytti u m a n d t he Tr o ade
, ,

The M essabat ae o n the n o rth round b Cnidu s t o Cilicia o n

, ,
side red as a pe o ple o f Medi a . ,
y ,
al s o inh abited the district o f M e so ba t e u e w hich
,
the e ast ,

is a Greek a ppell ati o n me a ning t he midl and

.

2 The Mysi ans Lydi ans ,

.
, ,
coun try o r tr act between Medi a an d S u si an a Cabal ian s an d H e n n ia n s 5 00 ,
yg
,

a n d w hich is pr o b ably derived fro m the Ch aldee

‘
,

The gre a tness o f the tribu te

Misa or middle
, the s mallest o f t he twenty s a tra pies w as the
.

The fa cts respecting El y ma is an d the El yme an s res u lt o f the gold an d silver mines o f Lyd ia
,

,
a ppe a r to be these th at a n u mber of tribes were
Inclu ded to gether under th a t den o min a tio n a s T he se p e o pl e were pro b ably t h e same with t he M Il y ,

being either the principal tribe t hat ga ve n ame an s o f who m H e ro dot u s sp e ak s S o me times the y we re
ca ll e d M i n y an s fro m M in o s k in g o f Cre te
.
,

t o t he tr act so c a lled o r th a t they were c o l l e c ,

, , .

t iv el y thus den o min ate d an d tha t it ( El yma is) 1 R ec k o n in g e ach t a le nt a t 1 9 31 1 55

, Se e p 4 . . . .
 HI S T O R Y OF TH E PERS I AN S .

S T a l e n ts S T a l e nts
Ar mema
. . . .

an d the go ld s a nds o f t he ri ver Pa cto lus . The Hero do tu s extende d of

The riches of Cr ce sus were pro verbi a l .

westw a rd t o t he Eu phra tes a n d s o uthw a rd ,

3 O n the e a st side o f the Hellesp o nt the

. ,
t o M o u nt M a si n s in Mes o p o ta mi a incl u d ,

Phrygia n s an d the T hra ci ans o f Asi a the ,

ing t he s o ur c es o f the Eu phra tes n o rthwards ,

Pap hl ago ni ans M ar y an dinian sf a n d Syri

‘ an d Mo unt Ar ar a t e a stw a rds Thi s pr o .
,

an s o r C app ad o ci a ns vince tho u gh mo u nt ain o us a b o u nded in

, ,

4 The Cil ici an s

.
mines o f g o ld an d s ilver c o pper a n d iro n , ,

These fo u r pro vinces c o mpo sed the wh o le a t Arga n a a n d Kebba n which will a cc o unt ,

o f Asi a Min o r .
for i t s hi gh trib u te .

5 Phenici a the Syri a n P al estine an d the

.
, ,
13 . The Mo schi Tibar eni M a , ,

isle o f Cyprus ; from t he city o f P o sidaeu m ,

cro nes M o syn ae ci a n d M ar dian s
, ,

on the fro ntiers of Cil ici a an d Syri a as far ,

T his s atra py is a n a rr o w strip o f l an d ,

as Mo u nt Casiu s an d the Sir bo ni c L ake ,

between t he Armeni a n mo unt ains o f Cau
bordering o n Egypt c as u s an d the Euxi ne Sea It a bounds in .

6 Egyp t an d the Afric a ns b o rdering o n

.
, ,
iron mines .

Egypt as fa r as Cyrene a n d B arcae

,

This tribu te w as excl usive o f the produ ce HI . EA S T ER N PR OV I N C E S .

o f t he fi she r y o f the l a ke M <P r is amo u nting

'

The
4 San gar t ia n s Sar an gasan s (o f
1
,

t o 2 4 0 t al ents per a nnum which w a s a per

.
, ,
,
Sigi st an ) the Thamau ce an s U t ian s an d
, , ,
i i to the q u een o f Persi a s ays Di o d o
q u s t e ,
Mene lau s (o f C armani a ) with the i sl ands
ms fo r dress an d perfu mes an d als o o f 7 00
, ,

, o f the Red Se a o r Persi a n G ul f t o which , ,

t al ents fo r the v al u e o f Egypti an c o rn t o
, ,
t he king b anished st a te o ffenders
s u pply Persi an an d au xili ary The interme di ate c o untry o f Persi a pr o
tr00ps in ga rrison at Me mphis etc
, ,
.
per whose princip al tribes were t he Art eat ae
, ,
7 . B abylon includi ng Assyri a Pro ,
.
Pers ae P asagar dae M ar aphii an d M as
per an d Mes o potami a
, , ,

,
.
pi ans were n o t c o mpel led t o pay an y spe
Thi s w as o n e o f the most extensive as it
,
,
c ifi c t axes bu t only presented a regul a r
gr a
w as the richest of the provinces o f the e m
,

t uit y
Befo re the time o f Cyrus it w a s
.

pire . ,
15 .The Pa rthi ans Chora smi ans , ,
reck o ned in oint of reven u e equa l t o the
, , S o gdians a n d Ari ans ,
third p a rt o f sia .
These o ccu pied the mo unta in o u s tra ct
8 S u s a an d S usi an a o r Chu sist an
.
, , between Hyrc a ni a M ar gian a Asi a an d the , , ,
N ext to t he Lydi a n s atrapy thi s w a s the ,
desert o f Cho r a smia
small est o f the w hole bu t it cont a ined
.

The Sat t agydian s the G an dar n

Su s a at tha t time the c apita l o f the e mpire
, ,
, ,
D adicae, an d Assar y t ae o f M ar gian a
where the ki ng s tre asures were dep o sited ’
.
1 7 [12 The B a ctri ans , a s far a s Agl o s
. .

O r from B a lk t o Khil an or Ghila n

C EN TRAL P R oe
.

II CEs.
18 [1 5 The Sacee an d Caspii, (o r , r a
.

9 [ 0]
Ecb a tan a the rest o f Medi a the
1 , ther, Casian s of Kashgur ) .

J The P ar ican n , a n d lo ng
.
,

P ar y c an ii a n d the Or t ho co r yban t e s
,
19 .

Me di a Pro per occupies the midl and an d Ethio p1 an s of Asi a

eleva ted tr a ct bet ween the C aspi a n Sea an d These were the O rites o f Alex ander an d
the Persia n G ulf It w as then the central . Ne ar chu s, and inhabited H au r, Makra n , an d
p a rt o f the gre a t Persi a n empire and fro m , o t her provinces in the s o uth e a st a ngle o f -

c li mate verdur e an d richness o f s o il the

, , , Persia to w a rds India .

mo st be autifu l o f its pr o vinces It is n o w .

the mo st western pr o vince o f modern Per The m tota l su

sia Mo u nt Z agr o s fo rming t he commo n
, .
2 0 The Indi ans
. .

bo u nda ry between Persi a an d Tu rkey Is . These inh abited the ext ensive provinces o f
p ahan t he present c apit al is situ ate in the
, ,
K abul K andaha r a n d Scin dia west o f the
, , ,

north e ast c o rner of ancient Medi a

-
. Ind u s an d the Pa nj ab tha t rich stripe o f c o a st
, ,

10 . The CaSp ian s P ausic as P an , , e a st o f the Indu s They p ai d (6 00) 3 6 0 tal ents .

t imit hi an d D a r it as ( incl u di ng Hyrc a ni a )

, ,
2 00 in gold ingo ts differing in this respect fro m , , ,

11 . The M at ien i Saspir ian s an d , , the o ther satra pies whose p ayments were in ,

Al arodi ans silver tal ents .

The Saspir ian s occu pied the e astern p a rt

o f Armenia . S u ch w as the extent o f the e mpire o f ancient
12 . P acty ic a the Armeni ans et c , ,
. 4 00 Persi a which is n o w n o more It spre a d terror
, .

t o a n d w o rked desol a ti o n in the n a ti o ns a ro u nd ;

,
T he se p eo pl e l i v e d o n t he coast o f B ithynia wh ere ,
bu t tho se w ho wield ed its power h ave l o ng since
w as sa i d t o be t he A c hc r u sia n ca v e thro u gh wh ich H e r
c u l e s dragg e d C e rb e ru s u p t o t h e l i gh t wh o se fo a m t h e n
,
mo u ldered in the gr ave .

Concerning t he fin anci al sta te ment in the

,
pro du ce d ac o n ite .

fo rego ing extrac t Dr Hal es re ma rks after H e , .

r o do t u s : If the st and ard o f the B abylo nia n

ta lent in whic h the tribu te fro m the first nine
,

teen pro vin c es w a s p aid be re du ced to the ,

tes
.
sta nd ard o f t he E u boic ta lent the amo u nt will ,

r
t Th e n u mb e rs i n c l u ded i n t he bra ck ets were t he be 9 8 8 0 silver ta lents And if the t r ibu t e fr o m .
'

o i gin al n u mbe r s
r o f H e r od o u s t t he In di ans o f 3 6 0 g o ld ta lents be e st imM ed at
, ,
-
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

thi rteen times t he v a lu e o f t he silver it will ,

a mo u nt t o 4 6 8 0 E u b o ic t a lents mo re So that .
C ARDI N A IA .

the su m t o ta l o f t he trib u te p a id t o D a ri u s w as C a rmani a n o w Ker man o ccu pi s the s o uth

,
e
” ,
E u bo ic ta lent s .
e astern p a r t o f Persi a exten ding a l o ng the
T hi s n umber o f t alents re ck o ning with Ar
,

,
Per 5 1 a n G u lf fr o m C a pe I ask t o a pl a c e
,
bu t hn o t the E u b o ic o r Attic t a lent a t 1 9 3 1
,
.
o pp o site t he isl a nd o f Ki shm a n d t hen c e n o r th
w o u ld amo u nt t o whi ch w a s a v ery w a rd t o t he b o r d er s o f t he d ese r t o f w hich t he
,

mo derate su m fo r so extensive a n e mpire T here

,
.
a dj a cent s o u t hern p a rt is c o n sidered as in
were h o wever a few min o r trib u te s b o th fr o m
, , , cl u ded in t his pr o vin c e a n d is den o min a ted ,
the se pro vinces an d o ther n atio n s whi c h Her o ,

d o t a s di d n o t reck o n : pro b abl the se might have

made the su m t o t al 0 00 sterling w hi ch is ,

stil l a modera te sum c o mp ared with t he reven u es

o f modern sta tes .

T hi s le a ds t o a review o f t h e severa l pr o vinces

int o whi ch t he c o u ntry o f Per si a w as a n c iently
divi ded as menti o ned by Str ab o Pliny a n d
, , ,

o ther writers a n d as ma rked o n the best mo dern °

, between 2 9 an d 3 0 N l atitu de T ha t p a rt o f ’

maps G e o gr a phers indeed at t he present da y

. .

t he c o a st e a st o f 5 7
°
E l o ngitu de w hich lies
.
, , ,

fr o m the frequ ent cha nges o f t he li mits o f t he

.
,

a l o ng the n a rr o w entr ance o f t he Gulf is ex

pro vinces o f mo dern Persi a preser v e t he a ncient , t r e me l y mo u nt a ino u s a n d the r o cks a ppr o a c h
,

divisio n tho u gh in t his respe c t als o some

,
, , , , t he se a w here they fo rm a l o fty c o a s t
. The .

ch anges have been intro du ced In o u r n o tice o f .

v al leys a mo ng these mo unt a ins a r e well w a tered
t hese pr o vinces mu ch informa ti o n c o ncerning , a n d affo rd fine p ast u r a ge fo r the fl o ck s The y .
,

the c o nditi o n they ar e n o w in will be blended , c o nt ain als o fine pl a nta ti o n s o f date an d o ther
wi th tha t in which they once were .
fr uit trees This is mo re especia lly t he c a se
‘
.

where t he c o ast runs s o uth a n d n o rt h between ,

G ED R OSI A . the mo dern t o wns o f Screek an d Min ab o r ,

M in aw Between these two pl ac es the mo u n

.
,
G edr o sia, o r M ek r an , incl u ding the district o f ta ins recede fro m the sho res a n d thu s a pl a in is
t he Or it aa, exten ds fr o m t he e a stern r a nge o f the
,

forme d whi ch fo r its fertili ty is termed by t he

,
B r aho o ick mo u nt a in s th a t sep a rate it fr o m Sinde
, , .

n atives the Pa radise o f Persia The mo u nt a in s .

t o C ape I a sk o n the fro ntiers o f L ar i st au n , o r , -

then r u n n o rthw a rd an d fo rm as it were a l arge
fr o m the sixty eighth degree e ast longit u de t o
,
-
, gu lf receding above fift y miles from t he se a an d
,
the fift y eighth d egree o f the s ame a sp a ce
,
-
, then retu rning t o it t o t he n o rth o f B u nder
c o nt aining miles In the e a stern p a r t .
Abassi or G o mbro on The pl ain th u s fo rmed
, .

thi s pro v ince do es n o t exceed 1 00 mile s it being , resembles t he s an dy tra cts c alled G u r msir being
sep ar at ed betw een 6 2 a n d 6 6 E l o n gi tu de fr o m ° ° ,
.
sterile an d pro du cing n o thing except dates
, .

t he dese rt o f B el o oc hist aun by the n o rthern Th at p o rtio n o f t he interior o f Kerma n which

br a n ch th at proj ects from t he B r aho o ick mo u n has been visited by modern tra v ellers c o mpre
ta ins in 2 8 N l atit ude c alled Wu shut e e an d
0
.
, , , hends the Nur man shur a district a bo u t ninety
al so M u c h o r t he Pal m as that tree gr o ws in
,

, , , miles in length an d from twenty to thirty miles,

gre a t abu nd ance there The n o rthern e x t r e .
wide in whi ch a r e extensive cultivated gr o u nds
,
mity o f the Ko hist a un may be c al led a n o rthern a n d c o mp a ra tively s ma l l ste rile tra c ts Tw o .

inla nd pr oj ection o f thi s pr o vince re aching t o

°
, mo u nt ain ra nges enclose this district o n the
3 0 N l a tit u de
. This nort hern distri c t has the
.
s o u th an d the north the former o f which is o f ,
desert o f B el o ochi st au n o n the e ast th at o f Ker , c o nsidera ble elevation an d covered with snow ,
n r a n on the west an d the s a ndy w a s t e o f Bun , du ring the grea ter p a rt o f the ye a r Between .

p o o r o n t he s o u th west This see ms t o be the -

.
the Nu r man shu r an d the town o f Kerma n is a
only sandy w aste in G e dr o sia but it is o f c o n , desert with a few o a ses o f mo derate extent :
,
sid er abl e extent It is o f an o va l fo rm an d is .
, a b o ut the town itself the re is a l a rge tr ac t o f
1 55 mil e sl o n g by eighty in its gre a test bre a dt h .
fertile c o u ntry West o f t he t o w n re aching t o
.
,
di strict o f B ushk n r d t o the , t he b o u nd ary o f Fa r sist an there a r e n u mero u s ,
e a st o f L a r ist a u n is al so o f an oval form being , , r o cky ridges with difficul t p ass es bu t they ar e
1 1 0 miles long by eigh ty fi ve in its gre ate st
,
-
s u rr o un d ed with much c ultivate d gr o u n d In .

bre adth T here doe s n o t a ppe a r to be a n y rivers

.
t he u nkn o wn c o u ntry between Kerma n a n d th e ,
of n o t e in G e dr o sia : there ar e s o me torrents deep , h a rb o u r o f G o mbro o n a n d o n the r o a d c o nnect ,
n d r a pid in t he r ai ny se a son but a lmo st al l dry ing these t w o t o wns there is s a id t o be a l arge
a , ,
1 n s u mmer .
pl a ce c all ed Sulta n ab ad In t he mo re c ul ti v ated
-
.

G edr o sia may be di vided into the c o ast an d p a rts o f Kerma n there ar e severa l rivers par
t icu l ar l y the A
,

the interio r ; t he fo rmer being a n arr o w tra ct , n dan is menti o ned by Pl iny a n d ,
v a rying in bre a dth a n d r u nning t he whole w ay , Pto lemy Acc o rdin g t o the a cc o u nts o f t he
.

a ncients its mo u nta ins h a ve mine s of c o pper a nd

t o C a pe I a sk in a w a vering direction but never
, , ,
rec edi ng further inland tha n 1 00 miles This .
iro n Po mpo n ius Mela s ai d tha t t he pro vince
.

pr o vin c e is represented as very b a rren Ptolemy .

o f C ar m i n ia di d not s u s t a in a n y c a ttle ; st the a

p laces h ere a celebra ted e mporium c al led The , , present da y h o wever it is remark able fo r pr o
H aven o f Women which Ar r ian s ays w as so
, ,
”
, d u c in g sheep which he ar s o me o f t he fine st w o o l
ca lled be caus e it w as first go verned by a w o in the w o rld
ma n He al so menti o ns two isla n ds dependent
.

.
Depend ent o n thi s pr o vince is the s mall bu t
o n t hi s provin c e A
,
st ea a n d O
.

o da ne , , famo u s isla nd o f O rmuz w hich lies a t the e u ,

 HISTOR Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

tra nce o f the Per si a n Gulf ne a r 2 7 N l ati ,

°
. of reeds a n d ru shes t he cou ntry produ ces gra ss .

The fo rm o f
° ,
tude a n d 5 6 3 0 E l o ngit u de
, . . a n d gr a in a n d t a ma ri sks , The same ma y be .

this isl and is ne a rly circ u l a r a n d its a p pe a r ance , s a id o f the n a rr o w v al ley thro u gh which the
fro m t he sea is bro ken a n d r u gged The w ho le . H e l mu n d fl o ws The rest o f t he c o u ntry is n o w .

is a mere ba r r en ro c k witho u t t he slig htest tra ce , a l mo st a desert a ffo rding o nly for a ge fo r c a mels ,
,
o f veget a ti o n The s u rfa c e ex hibits t he singu l a r
. a n d here a n d t here a well fo r t he w a ndering

stratific a ti o n o f t he isl a nd ; an d t he c o nic a l shape B e l o c he e s w ho tend t hese a ni mal s

, Fo r the .

a n d i so l a ted p o siti o n o f t he v a ri o u s s ma ll hill s o f mo st p a r t this c o u ntry is surro u nde d by wide an d

,

w hi c h the i sl and c o n sists w o u ld c o nvey t he i de a di sma l de serts whence every wind brings clo u ds ,

that it owes its o rigin t o vo lc a nic a gency The . o f a l ight shifting s and which de stro ys the ,

hills al o ng the e a stern sho res o f t he isl an d a r e fertility o f the fields a nd gr a du a lly o verwhelms ,

covere d fro m their b ase u pwar d with an incr u st the villa ges F ro m this c au se t he o nce rich an d
.
,
a ti o n o f s alt in s o me pl ac es tra nsp a rent as ice a ll u vi a l tra ct o f D r an i an a w hich c o mpre h ended
, .
g ,

In ot her pl a ces the s u rfa ce is c o vered with a thin

,
l ayer o f du sky red c o l o u red e a rth w hich o w es
its c o lo u r t o t he o xide o f iro n with which t he
a s u rfa ce do uble tha t o f a n c ient Su si a n a is ,
-
, redu ced t o a s mall compa ss ; a nd it may be
a sserted tha t in pr o cess o f ti me the l a ke will be

entire su r fa ce o f the isl and is i mpregn ated The . dr ied up an d the wh o l e of D r a n gi a n a be merged
,

very s a nd o n t he se a sho re is c o mp o sed o f the -

in the gro wing desert .

finest p a rticles o f iro n p ulverized by t he w a ves . Thi s pro vin c e w hich w as deno min ated Dran ,

The i sla nd c o nt ains no fresh w ater sp r ings t o , gi a n a by Pto le my Pliny a n d Strabo ; D r an gin i , , ,
re medy which the inhabitants use t anks t o col
,
a n d its inh a bita nts Drangi by D io do r us Sic u l u s
; , ,

le c t t he ra in w ater a s it distils from the clo u ds . w a s c alled Z a ra ng a n d its in habit ants S a ra n ,

Ta v ernier s ays th a t the a ir in summer w a s so gmn s by Hero d o tu s in his a c c o u nt o f the Per

, ,

sultry that t he inh abit ants were fo rced to li ve in s ia n S atra pies S ubseq u ently it w a s c alled N im .

gr o ts an d lie in w ater Anciently it see ms o nly

, .
,
r o o z e a n d it is n o w c a lled Si ist an a ter mderiv e d
, g ,

t o h a ve served as a pl a ce o f retre a t t o t he in fro m t he Sa c w as Sa casta n a signifies t he reg io n o f,

habita nts o f the adj acent sho res in time s o f in t he S a c ae w ho pos se ssed it abou t t he ti me when
,

v a sio n o r civil c o mmo ti o n At the present day . t he Scyt hi a ns p a s sed t he J a x a r es a n d the O xus
, ,

there is a fo rtress g a rris o ned by 1 00 me n under ,

an d overthrew the Greek e mpire o f B actri a a b o ut
,

the directi o n o f the imam o f Mu sk a t w ho fa rms ,

1 5 0 ye a rs B C . .

the i sla nd from the king o f Persi a His reve .

AR ACH OSIA
n u es ar e deri v ed from t he s al t which he exp o rts
.

in l a rge q u antities The fo rtress is situ ated .

,
Respecting the p o siti o n o f this province little .

ab o u t 300 y a rds fro m the shore o n a proj ecting

is kn o wn except t ha t it l ay t o t he s o u th o f Can
,

da ha n a n d t he v alley o f t he Ur ghu n da u b a n d
,

point o f l and sep a ra ted fro m the island by , ,

a mo at .
,
the T u rung o r T u rn u k ; it is i mp o ss ible there
, ,

fo re to sa y wh a t were it s p hysic a l o r p o l itic al

,
D R AN GIAN A.
li mits The a cc o u nts o f a ncient w riters o n
.

t hi s s u bject a n d the rese a rc hes o f mo dern

This province in the d ays o f its prosperity , ,
,

ge o gra phers ar e a like me a gre v a in an d un sat is

w a s one o f t he richest inl a nd tr a cts in t he
, , ,

fa cto ry
who le Persi a n e mpire being a v a st h o ll o w
.

,
P AR OP AM I SU S
sp a ce su rrounded by mo u nt ai ns a n d hi lls ;
'
.

having o n the e a st tho se o f Ar a cho sia ; on the The P ar o p a misu s, P a r a pamisu s, P a r apan isu s ,

n o rth the mo u nta ins a n d tr acts of Sebz w a r

, a n d P a r o pan isus of t he a ncient s is t he P a r o pa ,

pro b ably the M o ns B ago u s o f Pto lemy— ih t he nis o f the S a nscrit ; signifying t he mo u nt a in bf
a ncient Ari a ; o n t he s o u th a district o f a ncient
,
s prings or rills c o mpo u nded o f Pa ha r a hill an d
, , , ,

G e dr o sia n ow t he e a stern p a rt o f Kerman fro m

, ,
Panir o r P a n w a ter The pro vi n c e to o k its
, , .

whi ch it is p a rted by a c ha in o f lo fty mo u nt ains ,

n ame fro m these mo u nt ain s by whi ch it w as ,

c o v ered with perpetu a l sn o w an d whi c h is de ,

b o unded .

n o min a ted by Pto lemy M o ntes B ecii ; on the Acc o rding t o Pto lemy the pr o vmce o f Pa ro ,

west it has t he gre a t desert o f Kerman In t he a m i su s extended e a st fr o m Ari a o r H e r a u t t o

, .
p ,

centre o f this al lu v i al h o ll o w is t he celebra ted t he In du s h a v ing A r a cho sia t o t he s o u th

,
The .

l ake o f D u rrah w hich in t he Persi a n b o o ks is

, a n c ient s in deed gener a lly exten ded Persi a t o the
, ,

someti mes c alled the se a o f L o uk h a n d by the Ind u s a n d made t he pr o vinces o f P a r Opamisu s

, ,

Ar a cho sia an d G edr o sia extend in a meridio n al

,

inh abit a nts t he sea o f Z o o r o r Khanj ek Ao

,
, .
,

line al o ng t he western b ank o f tha t stre am P a

.

c o rding t o Elphin sto ne t his l ake is 1 5 0 mile s in ,

.

circ uit bu t Rennell a n d o ther ge o gr aphers make

, r o pa misu s w a s b o u nded n o rth by B actr1 a a n d o n ,

it 1 00 miles l o ng an d twenty br o ad In its , . t he e a st by t he d o mini o ns o f the M o g u l An ci ent .

centre stan ds an in su l ated hill c alled the C o hee ,

writers rel ate that when Alex an der p a ssed this ,

Z o o r wh ic h tr aditi o n de c la res t o h ave been

, c o u ntr y in his c elebra ted ma rc h he fo und t he ,

anciently a fo rt a n d w hi ch as it is steep a n d
, ,
c o u ntry fo r the mo st p art o pen a n d pl a i n dest i ,

l o fty an d s u rro u n ded by a ditch o f gre at d epth

, ,
t ute o f tree s a n d c o vered w it h sn o w fro m t he
, ,

is still a pl a ce o f refuge fo r s o me o f the in ha bit refle ctio n o f w hi ch the Mac e do ni a ns were ex

ants o f t he o pp o site s ho re s . p o sed t o gre at in co nvenien c e it grie vo u sly affect ,

The edges o f t he l ak e o f D u rrah ar e fo r a ing the ir eyes ; many o f the m it 1 s o als o s a i d , ,

c o n sider able bre adth cho ked with ru shes an d perishe d fro m t he exc e ssive co ld w h1 ch se1 z ed ,

reeds . he sho re s a l so ar e o vergr o wn with , ,

tho se w ho w alked sl o wly o r v entu red t o sit d o wn ,

thi s kin o f veget at io n ; an d being li able t o inun t o re st T hi s de sc ript io n a cc o rds with t he ele
.

d a ti o n they a r e fu ll o f miry pl a c e s an d p o o l s o f
,
y a te d u pl an d o f G ha z n a t o w hich Rennell in ,

sta n ding w ater Immedi a tely bey o nd these w o od s

. his ma p c o nd u cts t he c o nq u eror Elphin stone .
 H I STOR Y OF TH E PERS IAN S .

s ays this clima te

of Ascending the v alley o f ,
“
c o ro nets ; a n d all the me n ill u strio u s w arri o rs ,

t he T u rn u k fr o m C a nd ah a r the c o ld incre a ses , w ho se g1r dl e s ar e stu dded with gol d ; an d n o

a t every st age an d the he at o f the su mmer di
,
thi ng bu t a wilfu l perversity o f mind or c o rpore al ,

minishes in t he s a me pro po rti o n Even at Ke . infirmity c an hi n d er a person fro m being che er

,

l auti G hilj ee sn o w falls o ft en an d li es l o ng ,

ful a n d ha ppy in M az an dera n .

a n d the T u rn u k is o ften fr o zen so as t o be a r S u ch were t he d elights t he orienta l poet held

a ma n o u t t o his ruler s in M az an de r a n in all the fo rce
°
. No w thi s pl ac e is in N l at 3 2 . .
,

an d Kel au t ee is in t he l o west p a rt o f the v a lley

o f the T u rn u k In the high tr a ct s ou t h o f
.

that v alley t he c o ld a ppe a r s t o be as gre a t as

in a n y p a rt o f Afghan ist au n At Kel au e Abdor r
,

chem t he sn o w lies fo ur mo nths a nn u all y an d ,

all th a t ti me t he rivers ar e fr o zen so a s to be a r ,

a man .As cending still h igher we a t l a st re a ch ,

t he level o f G hu z n e e o r G ha z n a w hich is gene , ,

r ally mentioned a s t he c o lde st p art o f the pl a in

c o u ntry in t he C au b u l d o mini o n s The cold o f .

G hu z n ee is sp o ken o f as ex c e ssive even by the ,

in ha bita nts o f the c o ld c o u ntries in its vicinity .

Fo r the gre ates t p a rt o f t he winter t he pe o ple ,

seld o m quit their h o uses ; a n d even in t he city

o f G huz n ee the sn o w ha s been known to lie deep

fo r so me ti me a fter the vern al eq u in o x Tra di .

ti o ns prev ail of the city h aving been tw ice de fo re his a rriv al a n d whi ch l o o ked terrible in
,

str o yed by falls o f snow in which all the people ,

de ath grinning h o rribly a ghastly grin thus
,

were buried .
”
pro vin g t he tru th o f the p o et that every where , ,

the pl e asu res o f t he chase may be enjoyed if ,

”

s u ch may be termed ple asures In ancient times .

,

Hyrc ania now c alled M a z an der an compre

, ,
Hyrc ania w a s i n fe sted with p anthers an d tigers ,

ben ds the l a rgest an d widest p o rti o n o f the l o w so fierce a n d cr u el as t o give rise t o a pr o v erb ,

pl ain al o ng t he sh o res o f the C a spi a n Sea It is . concerning fierce an d un relentin g men th at they ,

o n e of t he mo st fertile pr o vinces o f the Persi a n had s u cked Hyrc a nia n tigers The p o et Virgil .

e mpire whether the mo u ntains o r the pl a ins

,
refers t o this in his ZEn eid Representing Dido .

ar e c o nsidered Tra vell ers p a ssing thro u gh the

. chiding JEn e as, he pu ts into her mo uth these
fo rests o f M az an der an p ass thr o u gh thi ckets ,
words
o f sweetbri ar a n d h o ney su ckle ; an d ar e sur F a l se a s tho u ar t an d mor e than fal se fo rsworn, , ,

r o unded with ac a ci as o aks li ndens a nd chest N o t sp run g fro m n o bl e bl oo d n o r g od de ss b o rn , ,

B u t h ewn fro m h a r de n d e n tra il s o f a r o ck !
, , , ’

n u t tree s The summits o f the mo u nta ins ar e

.
An d ro u g h H yr can ia n t ig ers g a v e th e e suck !
crowned with ceda rs cypresses an d va rio u s , ,

species o f p ines So be au tiful is this district t ha t Str a bo who extends Hyrc ani a as far n o rth as
,

the river Oc hus s ays fr o m Aristo bul u s th at

. ,

in the hyperbolic a l l a n gu age o f t he o rient a ls it ,

is styled B ela d a l Ir em o r the L a nd o f the Ter

,
- -
, ,
Hyrc ani a w a s a woody regi o n prod u cing o aks ,

r e st r ial P a ra dise Sir W Ousel e y rel ates t hat .

,
a n d pines bu t n o t the pitch pine whi ch ab o unded
, ,

in Indi a It has been menti o ned as a cu ri o us

.

Kaik u s the Per si an king w as fired with a mbi ,

.

circu mstance th a t in M az an der an an a x e used

,

ti o n t o c o nqu er so fine a c o u ntry thr o ugh the ,

,

influ ence o f a minstrel w ho exh a u sted al l his ,

fo r cu tting is c a ll ed ta br No w t he Tapy r i o r .
,

p o wers o f mu sic a n d p o etry in the praise o f its T ab a ri in habited a district in Hyrca nia an d if
, ,

be a u ties : his strains re ad thu s this n ame be derived fro m ta br an ax e it w ill , ,

Let the king c o nsider t he delights o f Ma z a n signify h a tchet men o r w o o d c u tters a n ame
-
,
-
,

der an an d may th a t c o u ntry flou ris h d u ring all

,
very appro pri at e t o the inh abita nts o f a c o untry
eternity ; fo r in its ga rden s r o ses ever bl o w an d ,
c o vered with fo re sts l ike Hyrc ani a an d thou gh , ,

even its mo u ntai ns a r e c o vered with hy a cinths restricted by t he Greeks to the western in habit
It s l a nd ab o u nds in all the be au ties a nts o f tha t pr o vince is equ ally a ppl ic a ble t o
an d t u lips .
,

o f n ature ; it s cli ma te is s a l u bri o us a n d te mpera te

tho se of the e as tern p a rt Acc o rding t o Sir W .

Ousel e y the n ame o f the p a rt in which the T aba ri

,

neither t o o w arm n o r t oo c o ld ; it is a regi o n o f ,

.

perpetu a l spring : there in shad y bowers the , ,

lived n amely Tabr ist an or Tabar istan signifi es
, , , ,

nightinga le e v er sings ; there the fawn an d a nte the cou ntry of w o od .

lo pe incess a n t ly w a nder amo ng t he v all eys every Acc o rdi ng to Mo rier M az an der an is a mod ern ,

spot thro u ghou t t he wh o le ye a r is e mbe l lished

“
Persi a n phra se signifying Within the bo u nd , ,

ar y o r li mit o f the mo u nt ain

, ,
”
an d pe rfume d wi th fl o wers ; the very bro oks o f This is co n .

tha t c o untry see m to be rivulets o f r o se w a ter ,

firmed by Sir W Ou sel e y w ho s ays fr o m H am .
, ,

so mu c h doe s t his exqu i site fra gra nce delight t he d al la h a n e minent Persi an ge o gra p her that M a
, ,

so u l During t he winter mo nths as a t a l l o ther z an de r a n w as o ri gin a lly n a med Ma wz a n de r a n -

,

o r wit hin t he mo u nta in M awz

.
,

se a so ns t he gr o u nd is en amelled a n d t he b a nks ,
He s ay s Qllhe .
,
‘

C o h Alb u rz is an i mmense mo u nta in adj acent t o

,

o f mu rmu ring str e a ms s mile with v a riega ted

-

fl o wers ; every where t he ple as ur e s o f t he chase B ab al a bw ab ( Derbe nd ) an d many mo unt ains

- -
, ,

may be enj o yed ; all pla ces ab o un d with mo ney a r e connected with Alb u rz ; so tha t fr o m Tu r
,

fine stu ffs fo r ga rments an d every ot her a r ticle kesta n t o B ej as it fo r ms a ra nge exte nding in ,

lengt h 1 000 fa rs angs a bo u t 1 3 0 miles more o r

,

necess ary fo r c o mfo rt o r l uxury Th ere all the . , ,

a ttend ants ar e l o vel

y d amsels we a ring g o lden ,
less ; an d o n this a cc o u nt s o me reg a rd it as the
 H IST OR Y OF THE PER S IAN S .

mo u nta in of Kaf ( C au casu s ) Its western side , , an d c o nta in l a rge town s The wide v a lle y s .

c o nnected with t he mo u nt a in s o f G u rj e st an , wh ich lie between the dese r t a n d t he declivities

( Ge o rgi a ) is c a lled t h
, e C o h L a gzi ( D a gh e st a n ) , , tha t fo rm t he des c e n t between the t able l and o f -

a n d t he S u r a la ka eim rel a tes th at in t he Oo h ,

Ir a n t o t he l o w sandy pl a ins o f T u ra n p o ssess ,

La gzi t here a r e v a ri o u s r a c e s o f pe o ple so t ha t a c o nsider able degree o f fert ility T his is pr o ved .

a b o u t se v enty di fferent l angu a ges o r d i a le c ts ar e by the existence o f n u mero us a n d p o p ul o u s

u sed amo ng t he m a n d in t ha t mo u nt a in ar e vill a ges wh ich a r e frequ ently r av aged by t he
,

ma ny w o nderfu l o bj e c ts ; an d w hen it re a c hes T u rk o mans an d Ku rds The la tter pe o ple a r e .

Shemsha t a n d M a l at iah ( Samo sa t a Melitene ) it , settled in a very wide a n d fertile v all ey extendi ng
is c a l led K a l i K al a At An t ak ia an d Sak e l ia h
, ,

.
, fro m the t o wn of Mu shed in a n o r t h western -

( Anti o c h an d Seleu c i a ) it is c al led L ek am ; there ,

dire c tio n fo r mo re th a n 1 00 miles fo r the p u rp o se ,

it divides Sha m ( S y ri a ) fro m R o o m ( Asi a ,

o f pr o tecting t he country a g ai nst t he inv a si o n o f

Min o r ) t e n it re aches between Hems ( Eme sa )

. t he T u rko ma ns ; bu t n o twithst a nding this they ,

a n d D e mishk ( D a ma s c u s ) it is c alled Lebn a n, , , fre qu ently the mselves l a y w a ste t he mo st fertil e

( Leb an o n ) an d ne a r Mecc a an d Medin a it is
,
p o rti o n o f Kho ra ss an The vicinity o f Hera t .

c a lled Ari sh Its e a ste r n side c o nnected with

.
, su ppl ies assafte t ida s affro n pista chio nu ts masti c
. , , ,

t he mo u nta ins o f Arra n ( E astern Armeni a ) an d ma nn a a gu m c a lled bir z u n d a yello w dye c all e d
, ,

Ader bij an it is c alled Ke ik an d when it re a ches

, ,
isp ir u c k a n d c a rr o w a y seeds
, The wide an d .

t o G hil an (t he Gel a e an d C a du sia n s ) a n d Ir ak

, , , fertile v a l ley which runs fro m M u shed n o rth
Me i it t a kes t he n a me o f Terkel diz c u h ; it w a rds a n d wh ich is in the p o sses si o n o f the
( d a ) - -
,

is c a lle d M au z w hen it re ac hes Ku r n ish an d Ku rds is als o well cu ltiv ated an d c o nt a ins s o me
, ,

M a z a n de r an ; a n d origin a lly M a z an de r an w a s pl a ces o f n o te Westw a rd o f Mu shed ne a r .

,

n amed Mawz en der a n ; an d when Alb u rz re aches - Nishap o o r is t he celebr ated fo rtress o f K ela t
,

K ho r a ssan it is c a lled Lu rry ,

F ro m this it .
”
N a dir ee “
the fo rtress o f N a dir
, This fortress .
”

a ppe a rs th a t M a z an de r an signifies all the re gi o n is situ ated a cc o rding to F r a zer in a v alley from
, ,

within the mo unta in Ma wz a n d the C a spi a n Sea , fifty to sixty miles in lengt h by twelve o r fifteen ,

which lies e a st o f Ghil an a n d the Kizil O z a n . in bre a dth su rrou nded by mo u nta ins so steep
,

Unlike t he rest o f Persi a M a z an der an is ,

that a l ittle a s sista nce fro m a r t ha s rendered the m
w a tered by numero u s rivers o r mo u ntai n t o r , i mp a ss able ; the r o cks being sc arped into t he
rents al l r un n ing from the mo u nta ins to the sea
,
. form o f a gi ga nti c w all A small river runs .

The German tr a veller G melin who visited this , thro u gh this v al ley an d the o nly p o ints o f a ccess
,

c o u ntry A D 1 7 7 1 s ays tha t in the sp ace o f eight

. .
,
occu r where t he stre am le aves it an d these a r e ,

miles o n the ro ad fr o m Re sht t o A mo t 2 5 0 o f

, , fo rtified by t o wers an d w alls whi ch form n o ,

s u ch stre ams ar e t o be seen ma ny o f the m being ,

me an b a rrier .

so exceedingly bro a d an d deep t hat the p a ss a ge , AR I A .

a cr o ss is s o meti mes i mpr a ctic able for weeks

together In this respect M az an der an fu rnishes
. Ari a is t he mo dern H er au t so metimes pr o -

a striking contr a st t o t he w a ste a n d b a rren s hores n o un ce d witho u t the as pir a te T his pro vince .

of so u thern Persi a where fo r many hu ndred l a y t o the e a st o f P a rthi a an d the dese rt o f Ker
,

miles there is n o t a stre am t o be me t with deep ma n t o the north o f D r an gian a t o t he s o u th o f , ,

en o ugh to t ake a horse ab o v e the knee Hence the western pro l o ngati o n o f t he P ar o pamisan .

a rises the fertility o f M a z an de r an So mild a n d

r ange c alled t he mo unta ins o f S a raphi by .
,

hu mid indeed is the cli mate o f M az a n der an

, , Pt o le my an d t o the west of the p r ovince o f Pa r o , ,

that it per mits the gro wt h o f the su ga r c ane an d p a m isu s This province is sometimes c alled , .

t he pr o du cti o n o f go o d s u g a r a n d th at in per Arian a but wh ether this l att er n ame inclu ded , ,

fe c t io n fo u r mo nths ear lier t ha n in the West mo re tha n the pro vince o f Ari a is by no me ans
Indies From the l a ck o f a r t an d c are h o wever
. a greed a mo ng ge o gr a p hers The situ ati o n o f , , .

t hi s gift o f n atu re is n o t t u rned to a cco u nt by Ari a corresp o nds to th a t of t he modern Sej e sta n .

t he in habit a nts o f th at province a n d t he s o u thern p a rt o f Kh o ra ss a n Stra b o

. .

c a lls this pro vince an d M ar gian a the best in the ,

B ACTR IA NA wh o le c o u ntry They ar e he s a ys w atered by .
.
, ,

The province o f B a ct r ian a c o mprehended the rivers Ari o s an d Ma rgo s t he fo rmer o f which
wh at is n o w c alled E a stern Persi a o r Kho is described by Ar r ian as a river not less th a n ,

r as san in a ddition t o the c o u ntry bey o nd the Peneio s o f Thess ali a yet l o sing itself in t he
, ,

the P ar o pamisus K horass an o r t he rising gro und an d whi ch a nswers t o t he present Heri
“
.
, ,

su n , extends o ver a l arge p a rt of t he gre a t Ru d Strab o also re ma rks th at Ari a is a b o u t 1 6 0

’
.

desert an d ne a rly the who le o f t he mo u nt ain o u s miles in length an d twenty fi ve in bre a dth ; bu t
, ,
-

region n o rth o f it Acc o rding t o t he Persi a n thi s c an o nly be u ndersto o d a s a pplying t o the
.

ge o gra phers it o nc e c o mpre h ended t he wh o le of princip a l p a rt o f the province or pr o b ably the

, ,

n o rthern Per sia as fa r as the neighb o ur hood v all ey o f the river Ari o s which seems t o h ave
, ,

o f the Indu s ; th a t is ne a rly the w ho le o f the been e a rly celebr ated fo r its fertility In this
, .

c o u ntry s u bje c t t o t he Ki n g o f Afgha ni st a n At plai n H er au t is sit ua ted a n d c apta in Gra nt w ho .

, ,

the present time it s e a st ern b o u nd ary li es ne a r spent a mo nth there in 1 8 1 0 de sc ribes it a s

, ,

6 2 e a st l o ngi t u de ; a n d even the t o wn o f Hera t

°
w a tered by a n ample stre a m a s covered with
is s u bj ect t o the A
,

fgh a ns w ho ho wever a ckn o w villa ges an d as tee ming with c o rn

, ,
The ri c h , , .

”
ledge t ha t it bel o ngs t o Persi a an d a nn u a lly l a ndsc a pe he s ays re c eives add1 t 1 o n al be au ty , , ,

send a present t o Teher a n in t o ken o f thi s an d v a riety fr o m t he n u mer o us mo sq u es t o mbs , ,

acknowl edgment In th a t po rtio n o f the desert a n d o th er e difices by which it is e mbelli shed an d

.
,

which lies between Her a t a n d Y ezd ma ny o ases t he mo u nta in sl o pes by whi c h it is surr o un ded , .
”

o ccur so me o f which ar e o f c onsider a ble extent

,
The c o u ntry o f Ari a 1 s n o t menti o ned by Hero ,
 HI S T O R Y OF TH E PERS I AN S .

dot u s, bu t he enu mer ates t he Am with others as , t he n o rth ern distri cts Th a t p o rti o n o f the ta ble .

c o n stitu ting t he sixteenth s atr a py into which l a nd w hi ch l ies so u thw a rd is less mo u nta in o u s
D arius divide d t he Per si an e mpire See p age 3
,
. . a n d cont ai ns se v era l s alt l a kes F or t he mo st .

PARTH IA p a rt this pr o vince tho u gh c o nta inn many well

, ,

c ul tiva ted di st r i c ts is ne arly a desert e speci ally

.

, ,
It is di fficu lt t o define t he bo u n d a ries o f t o wa rds t he n o rth N e a r t he bo u n da ry l ine o f
Pa rthi a pro per as they differed at v a ri o u s times
.

, .
Khu sistan is an extensive an d highly c u lti v ate d -

In t he da ys o f Str ab o h o wever it exten de d , ,

pl ain Ainswo rth says o f t he pl ai n o f S hir a z
.
,

o n t he west as fa r as B h a gee a n d t he T a p u ri , t hat it is chiefly fo rmed o f silt an d mu d dep o sited ,

t o t h e C a spi a n p as ses an d in c lu ded t he distri cts, by w aters o f in u nd ati o n
o f Ko mise n e ( K u mis ) an d Cho ar e n e ( K hu a r )
.

Acc o rding t o Pliny it w as bo unde d o n the e a st , S U S IAN A .

by t he Arii o n the sou th by t h e C ar mani i

, This provin c e w a s b o unded o n the n o rth by
a n d Ari a ni o n t he west by t he P r a t itae Medi
, , As syri a o n the west by Ch alde a o n the e a st by
, ,
an d o n the n o rth by the H yr ca n ii In this l att er .
Persi a an d o n t he s o u th by the Persi a n Gulf
sta te ment Pto le my a grees
, .

B u t the origina l .
Thu s defined Su s i a n a ne ar ly c o rresp o nds with
P a rt hi a a s describe d by Her o dotus w as mu ch
,

, .
the modern Khu zist an whic h c o mprehends t he
less th a n th a t described by Pliny an d Pto le my
,
.
s o u thern p a rt o f t he mo u ntains o f K u rdista n
It c o nta ined indeed nothin g mo re th a n t he
,

a n d that p a rt of t he pl a in o f t he Ti ris bel o nging

, ,
g
mo u nta in o us tra ct th at l ay s o u th o f Cho r asmia t o Persi a a n d w hi ch is t herefo re n a tu r al ly
, , ,
a n d M a r gia n a e as t o f Hyrc ani a , a n d north o f , di vid ed int o tw o p o rtions The pl a in w hich is .
,
the dis tricts o f M eschid a n d Naisabo u r Aft er .
in the possessio n o f the w a ndering Arab con
w a rds it inclu ded t he district o f Co mise n e
,

, ta in s good p astu ra ge in t he n o rthern an d western

menti o ned by Pt o le my in w hich district Hec a , districts o n which the Bedo uin feeds his c a tt le
t o mpy l o s its c a pita l w as b u ilt a n d w hi ch is
, .

, , , The southern an d e astern portion o f the distr ict

s u pp o sed t o be t he mo d ern D amgh a n N asr .
is a s andy desert o cc asi o n ally inter secte d by ,
oddin ai To ssi an d o ther Persi a n write rs as
- -
extensive mo ra sses an d o nly cu ltiva ted in s o me
cited by G o liu s in his n o tes o n Al Fa r gan st a te
,
,
-
, , pla ces on t he b an ks o f the rivers where rice ,
th a t this is a v a st plai n enc o mp assed by mo un
,

whe at an d b a rley ar e ra ised There ar e als o

, .

t a ins an d w atered by a multitude o f bro o ks o f

, s o me pl anta tions o f da te trees The mo u nt a in o u s .

cle a r s a lu bri o us w ater which iss u e fr o m these , p a rt o f the c o u nt r y c o nt ai ns sever al pl a ins an d

mo u nta ins These stre ams were c alled the w aters
.
extensi v e v alleys amo ng whi c h t he v alley o f ,
o f Kho sr u bec a use th a t mon a rch c au sed the m
, Ram H o rmu z which is fo rty mile s l o ng a n d, ,
t o be c o nveyed by a qu ed u cts into t he city a n d , fro m six to eight miles in bre a dth is distinguis hed ,
w o u ld drink n o o ther w ater in an y p a rt o f his fo r its fe r tility an d pi c tu re squ e be a u ty All .

e mpire In the o rch a rds a n d ga rdens o f D am

.
these v a lleys a n d pl ains a r e fertile bu t t hey a r e ,

gha n apples a r e pr o du ced w hich fro m their , , o nly p a rti a lly cu ltiv ated Between t he hi gher .

be au ty size fr a gr ance a n d ta ste were pl a ced o n

, , , , r a nge s o f t he mo u nt ains an d the le v el pl a in t here
the t ables o f t he Pa rthia n s o vereigns .
is a hi lly tr ac t sever a l miles wide w hic h c o nta ins ,
It is su pp o sed by s o me wr iters t ha t t he ancient t he mo st fertile so il in t he pr o vince ; o nly t he
Pa rthi a c o rre sp o nds t o the modern Ir ak A j emi b o rders o f t he ri v er h o wever a r e u nder c u lt i
Irak Aj e mi c o rre spo nds
.
, ,
B u t this is err o ne o us .
v atio n The high mo u nt ai n r anges in the e a stern
.

t o the an c ient Medi a M a gn a a n d is a t present the , p a rt o f K hu zi sta n a r e in t he p o ssessi on o f L u r ish

mo st western pro vince o f t he Per si a n e mpire tribes w hich cultiv ate the gr o u nd very ex t en
Ade r biga n a n d Persi an Armeni a excepted It
,
,
.
siv el y gr o wing l a rge qu a ntities o f t o b a cco
,
.

is a l a rger pro vince tha n the an cient Pa rthi a ,

occu p y in g the middl e sp a ce between t he C a spi a n There were two o ther pro vinces o f ancient
Se a an d t he Persi a n Gul f O ro sius s ays tha t t he .
Per si a n amely Cu r distan a n d Sc hirw an bu t a s
, ,
Medi a o f Scripture w a s th at co u ntry gener ally the fo rmer c o rresp o nds t o t he ancient As syri a ,
c alled Pa rthi a .
a n d the l a tter t o Media t he re a der is referred to ,
PER SIS .
tho se histo ries fo r their ge o gr aphi c al detai ls .

This pr o vince which is the mo dern F a rs o r ,

Far sist a n c o mprehends a l mo st o n e h a lf o f t he N TA IN S M OU .

,

D us ht istan o r st o ny di strict a low ho t s andy

, ,
”
, , There is n o c o u ntry more mou nt ainou s tha n
strip ext ending a l o ng the sho res o f the Persi a n th a t o f Persi a F ro m t he o n e end o f it t o t he
.

G u lf t he n o rthern p o rti o n o f the mo un ta in

, o ther these stu pend o us mo numents o f the o m
,

regi o n o f Far ista n a n d Kerma n an d the hilly , n ip o t e n c e o f Jeho v a h p o int their s ummits tow a rd
pl ain which extends n o rth e astw a rd t o t he l a ke -
the skies S o me o f these h a ve p as sed under
.

o f B a khtega n a n d t he grea t desert Acc o rdin g t o . n o tice in t he de scription o f t he several pro

Pt o lemy it w as a nciently b o u nded o n t he n o rth vinces ; fo r the re st we refer the rea der t o
the map where o n they a r e distinctly deline ated
,

by Medi a; o n t he west by S u si an a an d o n the , ,

.

s o u th by the Persi an Gul f n o w c al led Ph ars , . It will be sufli cien t to st ate here tha t many ,

The mo u ntain ranges which sep a r ate the table , o f the m ar e sit u a ted o n the fro ntier s a n d serve ,

land o f Ira n fro m the Persi an G u lf ar e little , as n a tu r al ramp a rts to this v a st regi o n an d th a t ,

mo re th a n thirty or fo rty miles wide bu t they ,

it is v ery pro b able they may c o ntrib u te in the ‘

ar e ex cee dingly ste ep t o w a rds t h e sea Between . interior to make the c o u ntry wh o les o me by ,

K az erun an d S hira z the Ko t ul s D ok ht er an d , sheltering the val l eys u nder the m fro m execs
P i r z un ar e t o be tr aver sed ; fo r t ho u g h K az eru n
a sive he at At the s ame time they ar e far from
.
,

IS S1 tu a t e d o n this ta ble l a nd sever a l ridges o f -

,
being a dva ntage o u s ; fo r ma ny o f the m yield
c o nsider abl e ele v a ti o n inter v ene e speci ally in ,
neither springs o f w a ter n o r meta ls an d bu t a ,
 H IST O R Y OF THE PE RS I A N S .

few ar e s ha ded with trees Besides they make .

, ide a of t he
gre at a ltitu de o f Persia P o ttinger .

tr ave l ling a mo st l ab o ri o u s an d d iffic u lt t a sk . sa ys tha t it is here 8 000 feet bu t there a r e o ther ,

T his ma y be seen by t he fo llowing p a s sage fro m ge o gr aphers w ho think his estima te t oo l o w a n d ,

a dd 2 000 mo re mak ing it

’
Po ttinger s Jou rn al which refe r s t o a br a nch o f , feet abo ve t he
,

the B r a h o o ic k m o u nta ins “

Being u nprovided . le v el o f t he se a No r do es this appe a r t o be .

with a b a ro meter he s ays o r o t her instru ment ,

”
, ex a ggeratio n fo r 5 00 feet o f de scent at le a st , , ,

c a lc u l a ted t o ma rk the perpendic u l a r h eight o f sho u ld be all o wed fo r e a ch o f the six p a sse s an d ,

Kel at a s t he mo st elev a ted sp o t o f t he B r a ho o ick

, tha t n u mber is by far t o o l o w an estimate fo r t he
mo unta ins it is o nly by a c o mp a ris o n o f fa cts
, level o f t he desert .

that I a m prep a red t o o ffer my senti ments o n thi s An o ther p a ss a ge fro m Pottinger s J o u rn al ’

he ad Altho u gh t he o bli qu ity be n o t visible in o fl e r s itself a s still mo re ill u str a ti v e o f t he mo u n

'

t he i mmedi ate vi c inity o f tha t c a pit a l yet t o t he , t a in o u s fe a tu res o f Persi a After qu itting .

so u thw a rd we fo u nd a very ma rked one in pl ac es s a y s he seven miles n o rth west o f

“ ”
G u r r u ck , ,
-

a mo u nting t o steep de fi l e s a n d bil l s fo r a d a y s Kel at o u r r o a d l a y thro u gh a mo u nta inou s a n d

’

j o u rney at a time (after a s c ending t he Ko hu n w a t , , b a rren c o u ntr y a n d we a scended t w o l ukhs o r , ,

o r s o u t hern p ass fro m L u z t o Kel a t p a ss ing by , defi l e s o n e o f th e m p a rtic ul a rly h a z a rdo us t he

, ,

Kho sdar an d So he r au b ) u ntil we re a c hed Rodinj o , , r u gged p ath n o t exceeding t w o feet wide a n d , ,

twenty five miles s o u th o f Kel at Hence to

-
. o n t he left a n a byss a t le a st a qu a rter o f a mile
,

G ur r uck seven miles n o rth of Kel at t he slope

, , dee pw N ext day we p a ssed a mi ser able night ,

is u ndi stingu ish able B ut in tra vel l ing fro m . fro m the c o ld which w a s so intense th at u n pr o , , ,

G u r r u ck t o No o shk y north west we cro ssed six -

, vided as we were with w a r m cl o thing o r be ds it ,

l o fty l uk hs o r p a sses w ho se descent t o the n o rth

, , w a s imp o ssible t o sleep ; a n d we were u n a ble
w a rd w as inva ri ably do u ble an d o n o n e o r two , , t o ma ke the le a st a tte mpt to mo ve u ntil nine ,

o cc a si o ns fo u rfo ld the a scent o n the s o u thern

,
’
o cl o c k when t he s u nbe ams bega n t o o pera te
, ,

fa ce. The a ccumul ated di fferences o f these a n d liter a lly spe a king ren o v a ted u s
, We then , .

al o ne w o ul d be eq u a l t o a very gre a t declensi o n ; mo u nted a n d by five o cl o ck had pro ceede d

,
’

an d yet a fter we ha d go t t o t he b o tt o m o f t he m , thirty o n e miles th e intermedi ate c o u ntry

-
,

a n d c a me in sight o f t he gre a t s a ndy desert we , being if p o ssible mo re ble ak an d b a rren tha n

, ,

fou nd o u rselves pro di gio u sly eleva ted ab o ve its th a t we ha d p a ssed yesterd a y an d the p ath ,

s u rfa ce a n d a seventh l u kh o r p a ss re ma ined t o

, , , equ ally winding We ha d sever a l l u k hs o r .
,

be descended t he declivity o f which w as a pp a , p a sses t o s u rmo u nt the l a st of which I c o n c eive

, ,

r e n tl
y d o u ble to t ha t o f al l the others Even . w o r thy o f a min u te det ail as it w o uld see m, ,

then we were o n a n elev ated pl ain (when a rrived , fro m its situ atio n o n the edge o f the desert t o , ,

a t the fo o t o f this l a st p a ss ) t he w a ters o f which , ,

ha ve been intended by n a tu re a s an in su r mo u n t
when au gmented by t he ra ins o r melted sn o w s a ble b a rrier t o these elev a ted regi o ns a n d is , ,

a mo ngst t he neighb o u ring mo u nt a ins esc a pe t o , be y o nd al l c o mp arison the mo st di fficu lt defile I ,

w a rds the sea by v a ri o u s o u tlets in the pr o vin c e h a ve ever seen in a n y c o untry It is sep ar ate d .

of Me hr a n (the a ncient G e dr o sia ) with execs o n t he s o u th e a st side fro m Kel a t o r fr o m the

-
,

sive vel o city T he tempera tu re o f Kel at al so

.
, , o ther mo u nt a ins by a deep a n d n arrow r a vine , ,

serves t o pro ve its a ma zing elev ati o n T ha t . the sides o f which a r e s o l id bla ck r o c k an d ,

city a n d t he neighb o u ring district tho u gh

, ,
ne a rly pe r pendic u l a r E merging fr o m this p a rt .

sca rcely mo re tha n five degrees a n d a h al f r e by a ru gge d p ath we a scended the s o u th west ,
-

mo ved fro m the s u mmer s o lstice o r the t o rrid ,

face o f t he p ass fro m the t o p o f which t he desert ,

z o ne a r e s ubj e cted to a most rigo ro u s winter

, ,
bur st u p o n o u r view extending as far as t he eye ,

a n d sn o w lie s even in t he v a les fro m t he end o f

, ,
c o u ld re a ch with t he rese mbl a nce o f a s mo o th
,

No ve mber till t he beginning o f F ebru a ry Sn o w . o c e a n fro m the reflecti o n o f t he su n o n t he s a nd

,
.

has been kn o wn t o fa ll fifteen d ays successively The e motio ns o f my fell o w tr ave l ler a n d myself -

in the mo nth o f M a rch a t this pl a ce Rice an d .

, were a t this instant o f t he mo st envi able n at u re
, ,
.

cert ain o ther veget able pro du c tio ns th a t requ i re O n descen di ng t he north western s ide o f the -

w a rmth o f climate will n o t thrive here ; a n d ,

l ukh whi c h c o st u s ne a rly five h o u r s it being
, ,

w he at a n d b arley do not ripen so s o on a s in t he eleven miles l o ng an d extre mely steep we e n , ,

Briti sh isles F r o m a philo so phic a l esti mati o n

. t e r e d t he bed o f a river between t he mo u nt a i n s ,

o f a ll t he se c o n cu rrent p a rtic u l a rs it is inferible ,

a n d o n a level with their b a ses w h ich led u s o u t ,

tha t t he extre me a ltitude o f the B r a ho o ick into the desert by inn u merable ma ze s The l a st .

mo unt a ins is n o t inferi o r t o that of s o me r a nges h a lf mile o f o u r r o ute w a s thr o ugh the bed o f t he
e steemed t he highest in E u r o pe Recent di s .
river Kyser which tho ugh deep an d ra pid du ring, ,

c o v e r ies te a c h u s t o l o o k to Asi a a s the s e a t o f t he r ai n s is o ften qu ite dry in the ho t mo nths o f

,

the mo st su blime an d stu pendo us piles o n the fa c e M a y J u ne an d J uly

,
At this t ime w hen we
,
.
,

o f the gl o be J u dging fro m the eye o f the l uk h

. c r o s sed it it w as fro m t w o to three feet deep a n d
, ,

o r p a ss ne a rest t he s a ndy des e rt a n d c o mp a ring

, ,
six o r seven y a rd s a cro ss The o nly shr u b s we .

its a pp a rent altitu de length a n d steepness with , , , sa w t o da y were s o me scr a ggy b u shes of t he Far
-

so me o f the gha u t s o r p a sses o f Indi a o f wh o se , ,

n esian mi mos a here c alle d t he b a b o o l tree ,
an d ,

asce r t ai ned height I a m a pprised I sh o uld p r o ,

in t he river gre a t q u a ntities o f ta ma risk O ne .

n o u nce its he ight to be 5 000 feet ab o ve t he sandy o f t he mo u nta ins w hich we cro ssed w as liter a l ly

desert If we a dd t o this o n e h a lf fo r the o ther

. stu dded wit h b u lbo u s ro o ts simil a r t o tho se o f ,

six p a sses between tha t spo t a n d t he city o f t u lips th at w ere beginning t o bu d whose fr a
, ,

Kel at a n d gra nt t he desert a s t he b a se o f t he r an ce as I w a s a s su red wo u ld in a n o ther

, , g , , ,

whole to be elev ated o f it self 5 00 feet a b o ve t he

,
mo nth he per c eptible t o a gre a t dist an c e The
,
.

level o f t he sea it will produ c e a n a ggreg a te o f,

gra s s c alled by t he n atives k u she pu t or de sert ,

8 000 feet F ro m thi s the re a der wil l ga ther an

.
”
gras s al so a bo u nds here an d is col lected by t he
, ,
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

B r a ho o e s, as winter food fo r t heir c a ttle It gr o ws pu rpo ses o f irrigati o n Besides this riv er t he .
.
,
in b u n c he s, o r t u fts , wi th thic k c o a rse stal ks , Aj i an d the J a ghat u demand a p assing n o ti c e .

le a ves l o ng an d serrated, an d is very sweet a n d The se rivers e a c h running a bo u t o n e hu ndred ,

nu tritio us The c amel - tho rn , c alled by the Per
. miles fa ll into the l ake o f Ur umiyeh Both o f , .

si a ns k ha re sho o t o o r , is a lso to be seen here but

, the m a r e extensively u se d in the irrig ati o n o f the
n o t so plentifu lly a s in the l o wer tr ac ts v a lleys thro ugh whi ch they fl o w a n d a ls o t he .
,
Ainsw o rth spe aking o f t he genera l geol o gi ca l pl a in o f Ur umi yeh
, T here a r e many rivers .

fe t res
a u o f the r o cks in Persi a s ays : The mo st w hich drai n the mo u nta ins o f Ku rdista n a n d its
“
,

re ma rk able fe a tu re in the r o c ks o f K u rdista n is n u mer o u s v alleys T hree o f these the D ia al ah

,

y , .

t he inv a ri able co mp a ctness a n d h a rd textu re o f

, ,

which j o ins the Ti gris bel o w B agd ad t he Kerk

t he limestone r o cks ; bu t t his o nly o bt a ins in the
,
h ah which fa lls into the Sha t e l Ar ab an d the ,
- -

mo u ntain districts ; fo r a s the ind u ra ted lime

,

Ka r o o n o r K u r an fl o wi n g int o t he s ame run

, ,

sto ne o f Rum K al ah o n E u p hra tes bec o mes a be tween two a n d fo u r hu ndr ed miles “ The
,
-
, ,

s o ft chal k w ith many fo ssils so the limest one o f rivers s ays Ainsw o rth “ which ma y be c o n
.

”
, , , ,
the westerly r a n ge s o f the Persi a n Apennines side r ed as forming the hy dro graph ic a l b a sin o f
bec o mes on the pla in o f Mu su l s o ft pli a ble an d
, Khusista n ar e the Kera h the A , , h i— z al t he , , ,
-
,

red o lent with the shells o f Tr a che l o podo u s M o l Kura n the J er ahi an d the Indigan These , , .

l u sc a a n d M en o my air o us a n d D imya irus C o nch

, rivers however a r e like most o f the ri v ers o f
, , , ,

Persi a insignific ant when c o mp a red with t he ,

RI VER S Tigris o r E u phr ates They were but as po o ls

. , .

o f w a ter thinl y sc a ttered o ver t he l a ndsc a pe

”
, .

Persi a it has been s aid is s u bj ect to t w o

, To re medy this defect a s nece ssity is t he
, ,

gre at in c onveniences which mo re th a n cou n mo ther of inventi o n e x tra ordin a ry e ffo rts were
, ,

t e r bal an c e t he exce l lence o f its cli ma te an d the made in ancient times t o irrig ate the l an ds by ,
.

fertility of its soil ; n amely the w a nt of trees an d a rtifici a l me ans W heels were so co n st fii ct e d a s
, .
‘

w a ter There is n o t a n a viga ble river in t he to dra w u p the w ater fro m su ch stre ams as l ay
.

wide r ange o f country between the Tigris an d n e a rest a n d c o nveyed it o ver the fields an d an ,

the Indu s an d in ma ny p a rts even a well is a ingeni o u s contriv ance w as fo r med o f c o nnecting
, , ,

ra re a n d v a l u able po ssessi o n The table l a nd o f s u ccessive w e ll s by subterra ne a n c o ndu its c al le d

.
-
,

Iran with the moun t ai n r a nges which s u rround khan a ts in Persia a n d cau r a iz e e s in Affgha n is
, ,

it on the north an d s o u th is very sp aringly t a n Polybius s ays o f s u ch as c o nstr u cted in

, .
,

w atered The s o u thern mo u nt a in r a nges ar e t o o Medi a : T here ar e rivu lets an d springs u nder
.

b a re an d low to attract su fficient moist u re to form gr o u nd bu t n o o n e except tho se t ha t kn o w t he

perenni a l stre ams except in a few pl a ces The c ountry can find the m
, B u t t he frequ ent rev o . .
”

northern moun tains give rise to a gre a t number lu tion s t o which Persi a has been subj ected h ave ,

o f w a ter co u rses ; bu t as so o n as they enter t he fr o m ti me to time de mo lished these u sefu l con

plain the sma ll v o lume o f w a ter which they t r iv an ces ; an d the se w ater courses o f whi c h
, ,

pour d o wn is a bs o rbed in irrigati o n an d o nl y a there were n o t less th an in the inner dis

,

few stre ams re ach the desert where they ar e t r ict o f Nishapo o r ar e n o w in a sta te of c o mp a , ,

quickly lo st in the dry an d thirsty soil It is r at iv e neglect Z o ro a s t er s precepts to plant ’

o nly in t he ta ble l a nd o f A
. .

z e r bi an an d in the
”
g
-
usefu l trees an d t o c o nvey w ater t o the dry , ,

mo u nta ins o f K u rdist a n tha t there is a go od l ands h a v e lo ng been u n he ede d t ho u gh he an

, ,
”
, ,

s u pply of w a ter The rivers of Ghila n a n d M a . n e x e d s a l va ti o n t o t he

pu r suit He s ays this .
,
”

z a n de r an ar e very li mited in their c ourses The fo under o f the M agia n fa ith w ho so w s t h e

mo st c o nsider able river in Az e r bigan is the Se fi gro u nd with c a re a n d diligence a cqu ires a gre ater
.
,

Ru d or White River whic h i s als o kn o wn by

, sto ck of religi o u s merit tha n he c o u ld gai n by
,

t he T u rkish n ame o f Kizil Oz ie n This river

”
repe a ting ten tho usa nd pr a ers T his it w as
. .

ri ses withi n the mo u nt a ins o f K u rdista n s o u th o f th a t inspired the ancient e r sia n s under the , ,

3 6 N l a t an d tra verses the mo st mo u nta in o u s S a ss a ni a n dyn asty t o perfo rm the se gre a t w o rks
°
. ,

district o f Az er biga n ; runn ing a circ u it o u s t he resul t o f whi ch w a s a fl o u rish ing sta te o f
.
, ,

c o u rse first e ast n o rth e ast fo r a b o u t o n e hundred agri c ulture a n d gre a t n a tion al pr o sperity as r e
,
- -
, ,

miles an d then a b o u t t he s ame dista nce n o rth

,
c o rded by C u rti u s Ammi a nus M a rcelli nus an d , ,

w a rd When ne a r 3 7 3 0 N l at it bre aks thro u gh o ther a ncient writers B u t the Mo h ammeda n

.
° ’
.
, .

the western ch a in o f t he mo u nta ins o f Ma ssul a fa ith u nder whi ch t he Persians n o w li v e in cul , , ,

a n d turns to the s o u th e a st fo r a bo u t eighty c a tes far different principles to these Under its
-
.

mile s dra ining the val ley between the two r anges withering influ ence the Persi ans like o ther M o
, , ,

o f t he M ass u l a mo u nta ins At the western ex hamme da n s a r e s ati sfied with wh a t go o d th ings
.
,

t r e mit y o f the Elbu rz ra nge it is j oined by t he they find a n d c a re n o t t o lab o ur fo r p o ster ity
, ,
.

river Sha hr ud whi ch dr ai ns t he v alleys in t he T hey l o o k u pon l ife it has been s aid as a gre a t
, , ,

western port i o n o f the El bu rz mo u nta ins an d r o ad wherein men o u ght to be conten t ed with , ,

fl o ws onw ard a b o u t o n e h un dred miles After such things a s fall in their w ay Rep o sing in . ,

its j u nctio n with this river the Kizil Oz ien fl o ws c a rn al e a se they fo rget the du ties o f life : an d
, ,

a bo u t thirty mil es in the n a rro w v a lley sep a ra ting hence it is th at the fl ou rishing state o f a gr icul ,

t he Elb u rz mo unt ains fr o m t he M ass u l a r a nge s tu re whi ch once existed in Persi a is n o where t o
o n t he ea st an d enters t h e pl a in o f Ghil a n
,
be tr a ced a t t he present day ; so mu ch depend s , ,

thro u gh which it p as ses t o t he C a spi an se a O n even in te mporal matters u p o n t he prin c iple s o f .

,

t he ta ble la nd o f A z e r biga n t he be d o f the Kiz il

-
the reli gi o n a n a tio n pr o fe sses Ch ardin t hinks
, . ,

Oz ien is gene r a lly many hu ndred feet a n d s o me tha t if t he T u rks were to in habit this c o u ntry it , ,

ti mes a tho us and feet belo w t he adj a cent c o u ntry : w o u ld s o o n be mo re impoveris hed th a n it is ;
hence it s stre ams c a n n o where be u sed fo r t he where as if t he Ar meni a ns o r P ar sees were t o , .
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PER SIAN S .

beco me its masters it wo u ld be resto red to its , extre me bre adth The w ater in the deepest .
,

a ncient fertility . p a rt is fo u r fa tho ms , bu t the a vera ge depth is

,

The ma nner in which these su bterr ane o u s o nly two fa tho ms The sho res o f this l ake .

s helve so gr adu ally th a t this depth is ra rely a t ,

t ain e d within t w o miles o f t he l a nd The w ater .

is mu ch s a lter th a n that o f t he o ce a n an d its ,

specific gr avity is s u ch that a vessel o f 1 00 t o ns ,

burden is s aid n o t t o dra w mo re tha n fro m three

t o fo u r feet A ga le o f wind mo re o ver r aises
.
, ,

rees . It is kn o wn by t he s ame n ame in Persi a , t he w a v e s o nl y a few feet a n d they s u bside ,

bu t 1 8 there mo st fr equ ently c a lled a k aun a t o r , into a c alm as s o o n a s t he st o rm has p assed

It is thus ma de —The spot where the
.

kha na t . T his lake rece ives many stre ams bu t it has n o ,

w a ter is to i ssu e mus t be al ways a t the foo t o f a

slo pe extending t o a hill an d t he gr o u nd mu st be , Beside s the l ake o f Urumiyeh there is a n o ther ,

ex amined t o ascertai n whether there ar e springs

, , of gre at n o te n amely t ha t o f B akhtega n By , , .

an d m w hat directi o n they lie When t he sp o t . s o me ge o gra phers the la ke o f B akhtega n is co n ,

is fixed a very sh all o w wel l 1 8 sunk an d an o ther

, , founded with t he s alt lake o f Shiraz where a s the ,

o f gre a te r depth i s made at s o me dist a nce up t he western extremity o f t he B ak htega n la ke is full

sl o p e . A successi o n o f wel ls is mad e in this t hir t yfi six miles n o rth e a st o f t he s o u t h e ast ex - -

manner a n d c o nnected by a subterra ne o u s pas

,
t r emi t y o f th at o f Shi r a z The l ake o f B a k ht e .

s age fro m well t o well The wells incre ase in .

ga n is the reserv o ir o f al l the stre ams o f H o llo w
depth as t he gro u nd ascends bu t ar e so man a ged , , Persi a o r t ho se tha t irrigate t he v ales o f M o r
,

that the p ass a ge whi ch c o nnects the m has a de , ga u b Istak er an d Ku r bal At the present day
, ,
.
,

c l ivity t o w a rds the pl a in Ma ny springs ar e . it is general ly c alled Deri a N iriz o r L ake o f ,

disco v ered during thi s pro cess bu t the wo rkma n , N iriz by ancient ge o gr a p hers it w a s ca lled the
sto ps them u p that they may n o t interr upt his
, l a ke of B akhtegan fro m a r ui ne d vil l a ge e a st o f ,

o per a ti o ns until he has finis h ed the l a st we l l

, , Kheir Ebn H au k el s ays o f it : A mo ng these
.

when he o pens the springs a n d the w ater rus hes , is the lake o f B akhtegan Into this flows the .

thro ugh the cha nnel ri ses in t he wells t o t he , river Ku r which is ne a r Hhek a n o r Khefan an d
, , ,

height o f its s o u rce an d 1 s pou red o u t from t he , it re aches ne a rly t o Z ahek in Kirma n (C a rma
l o west into a wa ter c o urse which c o nd u cts it , n ia )
, The extent o f this l ake is twenty far
o ver the fields When the c au r aiz o r c o ndui t
.
, sa ngs ne a rly eight miles in length ; a n d the
, ,

is c o mpleted the wells ar e o f n o fu rther u se ex

, w ater of it is bitter an d o n t he borders ar e wild ,

cept t o allow a ma n t o descend o cc a sio n ally t o be asts o f v a rio u s kinds such as li o ns le o p a rds , , ,

cle a r o u t t he c hannel The di sta nce between . or tigers an d o thers ; a n d t he region o f thi s l ake
, ,

the wells v aries fro m ten y ards t o 1 00 It is . which belo ngs to the ku veh (district) o f Ista k r ~

The dimensions o f the m H am

”
u sua lly abo u t fifty .
( Persep o li s ) c o p r ises sever a l
, vill a ges .

ch a nnel ar e genera lly no mo re th an necessa ry t o d all a h M ast o w fi s a ys t ha t in its vicinity a r e ,

a llo w the w ater to w o rk bu t s o me ar e mu ch , trac ts o f soil i mpregn ated w ith s alt ; th at its
l ar er I h ave he a rd of one ne a r Subz ew au r
.
, length is twelve its bre adth seven an d its cir , ,

er sia n K ho ra ss an thr o u gh which a ho rse ma n , cu mfer en c e thirty fo u r fa rs angs These ao -

. ,

might ride with a l ance over his sho u lder The . c o u nts were w ri tten abo u t A D 9 5 0 To the . . .

n u mber of wells an d consequ ently the lengt h o f
the cau r aiz depend o n the n u mber o f springs
,
, , , a ncient writers t h e l ake see ms t o h a ve been u n
kn o wn fo r it is neither mentio ned by Stra bo n o r
,

met with a s t he ch ai n is gener ally c o ntinu ed

, , C u rtius n o r others w ho mention t he expediti o n
,

either til l w ater en o u gh has been obt a ined o r , o f Cyrus ; n o r is it sp o ken o f by the Greek or
till the wells beco me so deep as t o render it ih Roma n geogra phers O n this a cc o u nt it is .

convenient to pr o ceed I h a ve he a rd o f v a rio u s . marked o n so me o f the maps o f ancient c o u n

lengths fro m t w o miles t o thirty six but I
, , tr ies a s unkn o w n t o the a n c ients The s ame .
”

sho u ld su pp o se the usu al length w as u nder the ma y be s ai d o f t he l ake o f Shira z or as it is , ,

sho rtest o f these mea su res It may be su pp o sed . c al led by H amdall ah C az vin i M a hl u iah This , .

t hat the expe nse o f so lab o riou s a structure mu st l atter l ake it may be added extends to within six
, ,

be gre at but the rich ar e fo nd of laying o u t

, miles south e ast of Shira z being fr o m twenty to
-
,

t heir mo ney o n the se me ans o f bringing w a ste twenty fi ve miles l o ng an d twelve p a r as angs
-
, ,

l a nd int o c u ltiva ti o n a n d it i s by n o me a ns u n
, o r ne a rly fo rty eight miles in circumference - .

c o mmo n fo r t he p o o r t o a ss o cia te t o make a c au

ra iz an d to divide t he la nd w hich it irrigates C LIM ATE .

a mongst the m Caur a iz e e s ar e c o mmo n in a ll

. As might be expected in so v ast an extent o f ,

t he west o f the c o untry an d their numbers ar e ,

cou ntry as Persi a the cli mate is very v a ri ed ,

on t he 1 n cr ease I kn o w but o f o n e o n t he e ast

. some p a rts indeed ar e wintry c o ld while o thers
, , ,

o f the r a nge o f Sol imau n which IS a t Tu t t o r e in , , a r e p a r c hed with he a t a t the s ame ti me o f t he

D amau n The y ar e i n u se o ver al l Per si a as
.
, ye a r . The pl ain o f Ghil a n an d M az an der an
they h a ve been m To o r k ist a u n ; but t hey a r e n o w possesses a climate peculi a r t o itself This a rises .

negle c ted i n t he latter c o u ntry even their n ame ,

fr o m t he c irc u mst a nces that it is below the se a
”
is n o t kn o wn in Indi a . level ; that it has a v ast exp an se o f w ater to the
n o rth ; an d th a t it is encl o sed o n the s o u th by a
high r ange o f mo unta ins The pla in ha s a r ainy .

The mo st considera ble o f the la kes of P ersi a an d dry se a s o n In t he mo nth o f September .

,

is that o f Urumiyeh o r Sh ahee which is mo re , ,

he a vy gal es c o mmence whi ch i mpel t he c lo u ds ,

t han eighty mil es lo ng a n d a b o ut twenty six in ,

- a gai nst the mo untain w a ll o f El burz an d the ra in ,
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

de sc ends in t o rrent s a cc o mp anied by a pp al ling , gre a ter whic h is su pp o sed t o o cca sio n the su
,

thu nder sto rms -The r a in c o ntin u es in t he

.
peri o r fert i li ty o f tho se districts e speci ally where
pl ain t o t he middle o f J a n u a ry bu t o n t he sl o pes
,

, t he veget ati o n c an be pr o mo ted by ir r igati o n

o f t he mo u nt a ins it is converted into snow a b o u t
.

The l a c k o f thi s mo i stu re renders t he centra l

t he beginning o f N o ve mber a n d t he qu a ntity , p a rt o f t he t able l and o f Pers ia a de sert an d -

that falls is en o rmo us It is s aid t o rise in ma ny

,

.
fr o m this c a use t he o a ses w ithin t he de sert a r e
,

pl ac es fr o m o n e t o t w o fath o ms an d t o c a rry , mo re fit fo r pl anta ti o ns o f fru it tree s t ha n fo r

In su mmer
,
a w a y h o u ses a n d even vi ll a ges .
, t he c u ltiv a ti o n o f gr a in * The pl ain s u rro u n d .

tho u gh r ains a r e n o t so frequ ent the air i s very , in g Te her a n whic h is ne a r t he n o rt hern e dge o f
,

mo ist a n d the pl a in is gener ally envel o pe d in

, the t able l and a n d n o t fa r fro m t he fo o t of t he
-
,

v ap o u r an d fo gs which engender fevers a n d o ther , Elbu rz range w as when F ra zer vi sited it in, ,
di se ases The he a t a t this se a s o n is o ppres sive
. .
No ve mber c o vered with sn o w ; a n d when M o
,

O ne very re ma rk able fe a tu re in t he c l i ma te o f rier w as there in March ic e w as still t o be seen , .

this pl a in is tha t s o meti mes in winter a ho t, The mild we a ther d o es n o t c o mmence befo re
s o u therly wind spr ings u p which cha nges the , April w hen t he transiti o n fr o m c o ld t o he a t is
,

te mper atu re in a n in st a nt t o s u ch a degree th at , very s u dden At su nrise t he thermo meter

.

w o od a n d o ther infl amma ble su bsta nces a r e dried stands be t ween 6 1 a n d °

but a t n o o n it rises
u p so as t o render the m li able to ignite fro m t he
, to a n d in the a ftern o o n a ho t s o u th e a stern -

s ma llest sp a rk S o metimes this wind l a sts o nly .

wind generally blo ws w hi c h renders the he a t ,
a q u a rter o f a n h o u r bu t genera ll y twent
y fo u r Oppres sive
-
, , , .

ho u rs It is fo llowed by a ga le fr o m the n o rth

.
The gre at dryness o f the air in this p art o f
e a st w hich brings sn o w a n d r ai n ; by t he n atives
, Persi a exempts it fro m thu nder a n d e a rth
it is c all e d t he B agd ad wind It is pr o b ably t o .
q u a kes In the spring indeed o cc a sio n all y
.
, ,
thi s air that T av ern ier a llu des when he asserts , sho wers o f h a il fall bu t they do n o t a ppe a r to ,

th at the Persi ans a r e s o metimes destr o yed ih c o mmo n o r o f a severe n atu re The rain
, .

sta n t l y by a ho t b u rning so u th wind . bo w tha t gra nd ethere a l obj ect th a t

, ,
B u t n o twiths t anding thi s cli ma te is so extra
o rdin a ry it prod u ce s a l u x u ri an c e o f vegeta ti o n
, ,
S ho o t s u p i mme n se an d e v ery hu e u n fo l ds , ,

r a rely met with even between the tro pics The In fa ir p ro p o r tio n r u n n i n g fro m t he r e d,

To whe re t he v i o l e t fa de s i n t o t h e sk y
.
”

sw ampy tra cts a lo ng t h e sh o res o f t he C a spi a n T H OM SON

,

,
se a a bo u nd with s a line pl a nts an d c a nes w hic h ,

ar e e mpl o yed in b u ilding an d fo r d o mestic pur is r a rely seen in Persi a bec a u se there ar e n o t ,
p o se s No t far from t he sho res begin the fo
.
v a p o u rs suflicien t to form it By night ho w .
,
rests which c o ver t he who le pl ai n an d extend
, , ever there ar e seen the pheno men a o f r a ys of
,
t o a c o nsider able elev a ti o n u p t he s10 pes o f t he light sho o ting thr o u gh the fi r ma me nt an d fo l ,
hills These fo rests a r e s u rr o unded by o rc ha rds
.
, l o wed by a pp a rent tr ains o f smo k e The winds
pl anta tio ns o f mul berr y trees an d fields o f rice
.
,

, .
th o u gh frequ ently brisk seldo m swell i nto ,
The o rc hards pr o du ce figs pe a c hes a pricots , , , st o rms bu t they a r e s o metimes extremely infec
,
pe a rs a pple s plu ms a n d cherries The vi ne is
, .
, .
ti o us on the s hores o f t he Gulf .

a ls o c u ltiv ated h e re a n d t he po megr an ate tree ,

gr o ws wild The princip a l occ u p a ti o ns o f the

.

pe a s a nts o f Ghila n a r e the r aising o f silk an d the PR ODU C TI ON S .

c u ltiv a tio n o f ri c e
Mu ch may be g athered fro m the fo regoing
.

The climate o f the l o w s andy tr a ct a l o ng the

Persi an Gul f is distingui shed fo r it s gre at he at p a ges c o n c erning the prod u cti o ns of Persi a : a s ,

ho wever ma ny ha v e n o t yet been menti o ned it

a n d a ridity On this ac c o u nt it ab o u nds with , ,

is dee med desira ble t o enumer a te t he wh o le as

.

d ate trees which o nly be a r e at able fru it where ,

fa r a s o u r info rmati o n extend s u nder their dif

,

these circ umsta nce s c o ncu r During the sum .

,

me r he at it is extremely u nhe a lthy So Oppr e s fe r en t kinds .

Tr ees — The fruit trees o f Persi a a r e man a ged

, .

si v e is t he he a t indeed that the inh abita nts ge .

, ,
with c o ns iderable skill an d in many pla ce s they
n er a l l
y retire t o the a dj a cent mo u nt ains le a ving
,

a r e di stingui shed fo r t heir excellent fr u it whic h

,

o nly a few po o r c re at u res to w a tch their e ffects ,

w ho do so a t the expense o f their he al th

,
fu rni shes n o me an a rticle o f intern a l trade .

Th e se fru its ar e a pri c o ts pe ac he s a pples pl u ms

.

In the interior o f t he t able lan d o f Per sia the - , , , ,

clima te is hot in s u mmer an d c o ld in winter

,
pe a rs necta rine s qu inc es fi gs p o megr an ates
, , , , ,
,
mu lbe rrie s cu rr a nts c herrie s a lmo nds w alnu ts
.

In thi s p a rt h o wever t he a ir is dry a n d the sky

‘
, , , , ,
, ,
a n d pist a chi o n u ts Vine pl a nt ati o ns a r e exten
cl o u dles s This pr o d u ces gre a t p u rity o f ele .

sive but wine is only ma de by t he C hri sti a n

.

ment which is the chief blessing t he Persi a ns ,

,

enj o y in t hi s p a rt o f the c o u ntry They derive p o pul ati o n D ates ripen o nly in G ur msir a n d
.
,

s o me o f the l o wer va lleys in the mo u nta ins of

. ‘ ‘

fro m thence a cle a r an d fl o rid c o mplexio n a n d

an excellent h a bit of body In t he summer it
,
Kerma n F orest trees do n o t o cc u r except o n
.
,

t he n o rthern declivity o f the Elb u rz mo u nt a ins

.
,

seldo m r a ins ; bu t the he at is mitigated by a

.

bri sk wind which blo ws du ring the night so The o ak covers l a rge tra cts o f t he mo u ntains o f
, ,

that the traveller may pro ceed o n his j o u rney by

t he light o f t he gli ttering sta rs witho u t in co n v e T a v e r n ier r e mar k s th at t he P ersian s a r e so fi sibl e
,

o f t h e fe rt il iz i n g i n fl u e n ce o f t h e sn ow t ha t t h y e x a mme e
n ie n c e In the winter the air is n o t so dry in ,

v ery cu r io u sly h o w high i t r i se s e v ery y e a r T hi s 1 3 do n e

‘
.
, .

these p a rts A c o nsiderable qua ntity o f sn o w

. by setti n g a st on e o n t he t o p o f a mo u n t ain fo u r l e a g u e s
fal ls ; an d y e t n o t so mu ch as to ren der the so il fr o m Sp a uha w n b e twe e n t w o a n d th r e e fe et high o v e r
, ,

fit fo r ma inta ining c o nsta nt vegeta tio n N e a r which if th e sn ow ri se s i t ca u se s mu ch j o y The p e a sa n t .

w h o fi r st b ri n g s t h e n e w s o f su c h a n e v e n t t o c o u r t i s
.

the mo u nta in r anges the fall o f sn o w is mu ch

,

r e w a r de d fo r hi s p a i n s by a c o n si de r a bl e p r e se n t .
 HI S TOR Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

K u rdistan ; bu t it do es no t give t he beho lder an in mel o dy an d so ftne ss with t he u nfo lding o f

i de a o f a their favo u rite fl o wers ; verifying the s o ng o f
K in g o f t he fore st ; their poet w ho s ays Wh en the cha rms o f the
,
M aj e stica lly ste rn su blime ly g r e at ; ,
bower ar e p a ssed a w ay t he fo nd t a le o f the
L a u g hin g t o scorn t he w i n d t he fl o o d t he fl ame ; ,

An d e e n whe n Wi t he r mg pro u dly de so late

’
, ,
” nightingale n o lo nger a nimates t he scene .
’

The r o ses o f Pers ia ar e o f v a ri o u s kinds

, .

It d es
o even gr o w t o the size o f a c o mmon
not There is the u su a l r o se c o l o u red fl o wer white -
, ,

ti mber tree The mo st c o mmo n trees o f Persi a

.
r e d o r deeper red a n d yell o w a r e mixed th at is
, , ,

a r e the p l a n t a n e willow fir a n d co r ui l c a lled by

, , , ,
red o n o n e side an d yellow o r white on the ,

the Ara b s seder an d by t he Persia n s co ua r

, , , .
o t her S o metimes o n e tree pro du ces fl o wers
.

The tree w hi c h be a rs g a ll n u ts gro ws abu n d ,

o f three c o l o u rs red red a n d yello w red an d , , ,

antl
y in Ku rdista n ; a n d tho se w hich pr o d u ce white .

g u ms mastic h a n d incen se a r e c o mmo n in mo st

, , ,
Besides the r o se mo st o f the v a rieties o f fl o w ,

p a rts o f Persi a ; the l atter mo re especi a lly in ers in E u rope ar e a ls o kn o wn in Persia M any .
,

C a r ma ni a De serta The tree be a ring ma nn a is .

,
a ls o , u nknown t o E u r o pe a ns a r e a bu nd a ntly ,

a l so freq u ent an d so is the t ama risk a species of

, ,
s ca ttered abro a d F ro m Septe mber t o t he end .

w hich likewi se pr o du ces ma nn a .

o f April the pr o vince o f M a z a n de r an is c o vered
,

G r a in — The mo st u s u a l cro ps in Persi a ar e

. wit h flowers a s with a rich e mbro idered c a rpet .

rice w he at a n d b a rley ; bu t there a r e a lso mil

, ,
T o w a rds Medi a a lso an d o n t he so uthern fro n , ,

let (H o lc us so r ghu m) ma ize tel o r ses a mu m a

, , , ,
tiers o f Ara bi a t he fields ar e ad o rned with t u lips , ,

spec ies o f v etc h an d severa l kinds o f pe ase an d a n e mo n ies r a n u nc u l u ses etc , al l gr o wing spon .
, , ,

be a ns Ric e is the gener al a liment o f the Per

. t a n e o u sl y In o ther pl a c e s as in t he neighb o u r
.
,

si a ns fo r which re a s o n they a r e very c a reful in

,
h o od o f Spau haw n j o nqu ils gro w wild al l the ,

it s c u ltiv ati o n It is indeed in that co untry

.
, , ,
winter The pro vin c e o f Hyrc ani a however
.
, ,

so fter so o ner b o iled

, a n d mo re de l ici o u s t o t he ,
for t he be au ty va riety a n d qu a ntity o f its fl o w , ,

t a ste than that grown in an y o ther p a rt o f the

, ers excels the re st o f Persi a in t his respect a s
, , ,

wo r ld . much as Persi a d o es the re st o f t he w o rld ; a n

Cu c u mber P la n ts — Under this he a d o nly two . ide a o f whic h has been gi ven in the n o tice o f
pl a nts o c c u r n amely t he c u cu mber an d t he me
, ,
th at pro vince .

lo n
. The mel o ns o f Persi a a r e di stingu is hed for H er bs a n d D r ugs — As in flowers so in its .
,

t heir size an d fl avo u r There appe a rs t o be . herbs does Persia excel all o ther co untries ;
,

a b o u t twenty kinds o f the m a n d like al l o ther

, ,
especi ally s u ch a s ar e a ro ma tic Fo r dru gs a lso .
, ,

o rient a ls t he Persi a ns see m t o h a ve a p a ssion

, it is celebrated pro du cing as many a s a n y ,

fo r thi s fr u it T hey t a ke gre a t p a ins to preserve

. c o untry i n Asi a Besides mann a c assi a senn a .
, , ,

t he m i n rep o sito rie s when they a r e o u t of se ason ; the nu x vomica gu m a mmo ni ac by the Per si a n s , ,

a n d when t he se a son is in they live a l most eu c alled o uscic is fou nd in a bu nd ance on t he co n

,
-
,

tirel u p o n t he m . fines o f Pa rthi a t o w a rds the s o u th R hu b a rb , .

egeta ble P r o duc tions — The chief culin a ry v e gr o ws co mmo nly in Kho rass an the a ncient So g ,

get ables of Persi a a r e t u rnips c arro ts c abb ages , , ,

di an a ; an d the p o ppy o f Persi a which pro d u ces ,

lettu ce s c a ul ifl o w e r s celery r adishes g a rlic

, ,
o pi u m is estee me d t he finest in the w o rld
, as ,
, , ,
pa rsley an d onions , well fo r its be a u ty as the strength o f its pro d u c
Flo w er s —C o nspic u o us a mong th is cl a ss of
.
,

tion In many pla ces s affro n is c u ltiv ated One

. .

pla nts in Persi a st a nds the r o se The size o f , . o f the mo st re ma rk able vegeta ble prod u cti o n s o f
t he Persi a n r o se trees an d t he number o f flowers ,
Persi a is the pl ant fr o m w hich a ss afoeti da is o h
,

on e a ch fa r exceeds a n y thing we a r e accu st o med

, tain ed This pl a nt is c alled by t he Persi ans
.

t o witness Sir Robert Ke r P o rt e r describing hiltet an d it is supposed t o be the s ilp hiu m o f

'

.
, ,

t he ro se o f Persi a s a ys : O n first entering this , Di o scorides There a r e two kinds o f it the.

,

bower o f fa iry l and I w as struck with the ap -

, white a nd the bl ack which latter is the mo st ,

p ear an c e of t w o ro se trees full fo u r teen f ee t high , ,

estee med a s p o ssessing gre ater strength than the
,

l a den with tho us ands of fl o wers in every degre e ,

white This dru g has a stro nger o d o u r tha n
.

o f exp a nsi o n a n d o f a bl o o m an d deli ca cy o f a n y o ther kn o wn It is s a id that pl ac es w here

, .
,

scent t ha t imbu ed the w ho le a tmo sphere with it has been preserve d will reta in this o do u r fo r ,

the most exqu is it e perfume : indeed I believe , ,

many ye a rs There a r e t w o ki n ds o f gu m c alled
.

tha t i n n o c o u ntry o f the w o rld d o es the ro se mummy in Persi a w hich is in gre at requ e st ,
.

gr o w in s u ch perfe c ti o n a s in Persi a ; in no Thi s a rticle is fo u nd in C a rma ni a the De sert a n d ,

in K ho r ass an where it d istils fro m t he ro cks

.

c o u ntry 1 s it so cu ltiv ated a n d prized by the ,

.

n at i ve s T heir gardens a n d cou rts a r e crowded

.
It p o ssesses gre at he aling virtu es Its n ame is .

with it s pl a nt s ; their ro o ms orn amented with derived fr o m the Pers ia n w o rd mo u m w hich , ,

v a ses filled with its ga thered bra nches ; a n d

, signifies li ter al ly a n ungu ent G alb an u m is ,
.

every b ath stre w ed with t he ful l blow n fl o wers -

,
likewise c ommo n in Persi a together with t he ,

pl u cked fro m t he ever replenished ste ms Even .

vegetable alkal i a n d many o ther dru gs o f min o r ,

t he hu mblest in di vid u a l w ho p a ys a piece of ,

i mp o rt ance C o tt o n is c o mmo n a ll o ver P e r sm
. ,

c o pper mo ney fo r a few w hifl s o f a ka l io zm feels a n d there is a tree rese mbling it but w hi ch is
‘

, ,

a d o u ble enj o yment when he finds it st u ck with more r a re pro du c ing a fine a n d s o ft s u bstance
,
a b u d fro m his de a r n a tive tree B u t in t his lik e silk of which ma ny u ses a r e made
’

.
.
,

delici o u s g arden o f Ne gau vistan the eye an d the , M e ta ls a nd M in er a ls — In a n c ient times there
smel l were n o t the only senses rega led by t he were silver mines in Persi a bu t at present there ,

presen c e o f the ro se the car w as ench a nted by a r e n o ne open The expen ses a ttending t he .

t he wild a n d be a u tifu l n o tes o f the mul tit u de of w o r king o f the m s ee ms t o h ave equ alled the i r
mght ingal e s who se wa rblings seemed t o incre ase
. produc e, which is represented a s the c a use o f
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERS IA N S .

their a b a ndo n ment Iro n is abu ndant in ma ny .

I n to l a n ds Fro m e v ery c l ime t he y c ome
al l .

To se e t hy b e au ty a n d t o sh are t hy j oy
pla c e s e speci ally in Hyrca ni a but it is n o t mu ch
, ,
o h S io n ! A n as se mbly su ch a s e ar t h
, ,

w o rked C ha rd in represents it as n o t worth a bove

. Sa w n e v e r su ch a s h e a v e n st oo p s down t o see
, .
”

sixpence a hundr ed weight a n d he s ays th a t it , , Co w r nn .

is so full o f sulphur th at if filings o f it be c ast ,

int o t he fir e they make a report like p o wder

, .

Too fierce a fire will al so destroy the s u bst a nce

al t o gether C o pper has been disc o vered in Azer
.
CHAPTER II .

bigan an d o ther places ; but l ike the iro n it is

, , ,
T OP OG R AP H I CA L H ISTOR Y o r P ERSI A
o f little use unl ess it is mingled with c o pper
.

fro m the mines o f other c o untrie s as Sweden ,

IN the v a ri o us provinces o f the v ast empire o f
an d J a p a n R o ck s al t is very abu ndant in Per
. Persia there were a gre a t n u mbe r o f impo rta nt
,

sia an d la r ge tra cts o f the p l a m a r e c o vered wi th

,
cities an d town s ; bu t concerni ng ma ny o f them ,

s alt incrus ta ti o ns In s o me pl aces it is s aid t o n o deta iled info rmati on has been h and ed down

Al l therefo re that can

.

be as fir m a n d h a rd as fire sto ne an d to be use d ,

t o u s by a ncient writers .
, ,

as s u ch in C a rma ni a De serta in the erecti o n o f ,

be done in these p a ges is to noti ce th o se o f which ,

houses In Hyrc a ni a a n d M a z an der a n n aphtha

. , ,
an y a cc o unt an d an
y re ma ins
, h a ve survived ,

o f t w o kinds is me t with bl ac k an d w hi te The , . the wreck o f a ges an d whi ch were of t he gre atest ,

ri c hest mine in Persia ho wever is the t o r qu o ise , , . n o te Among these st ands pre e min en tly for
.
-

There ar e a ls o t w o k inds o f this precious stone w a rd the city of

,

o n e in Kh o ra ssa n the o ther between Hyrc a nia ,

P ER S EPOL IS ,
a n d P a rthia in M o u nt Phir o u s w hi ch mo u ntai n ,

derived its n ame fro m an a ncient king o f Persi a . whi ch stood wi thin the province of Per sis .

O ther mine s o f this preciou s sto ne ha ve at a "

, The city o f Persepolis is mentioned by G reek
la ter da te been disc o vered bu t they ar e by no
, , wr iters after t he e r a o f Alexa nder as t he c apita l
, ,

me ans so v al ua ble the stone being less be autiful , o f Persi a The n ame h o wever doe s not o c c u r
.
, ,

in c o l o ur an d w a n ing by degrees till at length

, , in the writings o f Herodotus Cte si as Xenoph o n , , ,

it is colo urless Ma rble free stone an d sla te .

, , o r N ehe mi ah w ho were we l l a cqua inted with
,

a r e fo u nd in gre a t q u a ntities a bo u t H amadan . the other princi al cities o f the Persi a n e mpire ,

This marble is o f four colo u rs white o r sta , , an d who make e qu en t menti o n o f S u s a B aby ,

t ua r y bl ac k r ed a n d blac k an d whit e an d bl ac k
, , , . l o n an d Ecb a ta na
,
B u t thi s may be a cc o unted .

The best is di sc o vered ab ou t T aurus Thi s is . for by the fact th at Persepo lis never a ppe a rs t o
,

al mo st as tr a nsp a rent as cryst al ; its c o lour is h ave be en a pla ce o f re sidence fo r the Persi an
whi t e mingled with a p a le green bu t it is so
, , kings tho u gh it w as rega rded a s the capital o f
,

soft th at s o me h ave do ubted wheth er it is a their e mpire in the re mo test a ges .

sto ne In the neighbourh o o d o f H ama d an a z u re

.
, Th ere has been mu ch di sp u te respecting the
is fo u nd bu t it is n o t equa l t o tha t of T a rta ry Persi an na me o f Persep o lis Acc o rdi ng t o o r i
‘

.
, ,

an d therefo re is n o t held in rep u te . ental hi st ori an s it w as Istak her o r Est ek har ;

. ,

S u ch w as an d is Persi a Anciently it po s . an d ma ny modern a u thors s u pp o se th a t Perse

sessed the ble ssings o f this life in rich ab u nda nce , p o l is an d P asaga r dae the commo n buri al pl a ces ,
-

a n d even n o w its inh abi t a nts c an rej o ice in the o f t he kings o f Persi a a r e onl y di fferent n ames ,

gifts o f n at ure B u t Persi a has ever la cked the

. fo r the s ame pl a ce an d th at t he l atte r w o rd is ,

richest blessing tha t can be besto wed o n a co un the Greek tra nsl ati o n o f the fo rmer Their .

try tha t o f the C hrist ia n religio n Fo r ma ny

,
. views do not seem to be correct : there a r e
an a ge they were l ed a stra y by the M a gia n
fa ith an d now they bend under the yoke of
,

a rch impostor Mohammed B ut .

Th e gro a n s o f n atu re in this ne the r worl d ,

Whic h H e a v en ha s he ard fo r a g e s h a v e an e n d , .

F o r e to l d by pro ph e ts a n d by p o e t s su n g , ,

W ho se fi re w a s kin dl e d a t t h e pro ph e t s l amp ’

been a ccumul atin g fro m the time o f Cyrus

,

The time o f rest t h e p ro mis e d sa bb at h co me s

,
.

Little is kn o wn o f its histo ry Wh en Alex an der .

,

h o wever subverted the Persi an empire Perse

, ,

polis fell a prey t o the maddened r a ge o f the

Th e dwe ll e r s i n t h e rock s v al es a n d o n t he
S h o u t t o e a ch o th er a n d t h e mo u n ta i n t o p s conqu ero r Instigated by a c o u rtez an he issu ed
. ,

fr o m a b a nqu et an d a cc o mp a nied by a b and o f

,

From di stant mo u n ta ins ca tch t he fl yi n g j ,

T ill n atio n a ft er n atio n tau g ht t he stra in , , ot her b accha nals as c ruel an d as ma d as himself , ,
Ea r th ro ll s t h e ra p tu r o u s h o sa n n a r o u nd .
with fl ami ng torches in their ba n ds l ike so
S ee S a l e m b u i l t t h e l a bo u r o f a G o d ! ,

many furi es they fired the p al a ce o f t he Persia n

,

B right as a su n t h e sacre d city shin e s . ,

mo n arch after which his a rmy plundered an d

,

All k in g do ms a n d al l p ri nce s o f t he e arth

Fl oc k t o th at l ig ht ; t he gl ory o f a l l l an ds
, ,

F l ows i nto he r ; u n b oun de d i s he r j oy

An d e n dl e ss h e r in cre a se Thy r ams ar e there
,
B ut it w as n o t Alex ander al o ne th at redu ced
Persepolis to its present mo u rnful state It ex
.
,

N e b a io th a n d t h e fl oc k s o f Ke da r th ere
, .
.

The l o o ms o f Ormu s a n d t he min e s o f In d , , i sted but n o t in its pristin e glory in t he days o f

An d S ab a s spic y gro v e s p ay tr ib u te the r e
’ , ,

P r a ise is i n a ll h e r g at e s ; u po n her wa ll s
.
A mmi a nus Marcelli nus ; an d in the Greek chr o
An d i n he r stree t s a n d in h er sp aci o u s c o urts
,
ni c le o f T abri who flourished in the ninth cen
,

tury it is s a id tha t P a rs o r Persia c o mposed a

, ,

Is h eard sa lv a tio n Ea ste rn J a v a th ere .

, , , , ,
,
Kn e e l s w i th t he n ativ e o f t he fur t he st west ; number of dist ricts ea ch govern ed by a pett y
An d E thio p ia spre ad s a b ro ad t he h an d '
,

An d worsh ips H e r re p o rt h as tra v e ll e d forth

.
,
king one o f who m rul ed in Istakher The
,
.
 H I ST O RY OF TH E PERS I A N S .

c hr o nicle fu rt her states tha t Artaxerxes B abe ,

Of su n k ma g n i fi c e n c e ! A bl e n de d sce n e
Of mo l e s fa n e s a r c he s do me s a n d p a l a c e s
ga n c o mmen c ed his a mbiti o u s c a reer by p u tt ing
, , , , ,

Wh e r e w 1 t h h i s b r o t h e r H o r r o r R u i n s it s
”

t o de a th t he king o f Ist a k he r after w hich h e

, ,
.

, W AR T ON
ren dered hi mself ma ster not o nly o f P a r s bu t
.

o f Kirma n a n d fin al ly be c ame r u ler o f a ll Ir an

, T ho se w ho h ave vi sited the ruins o f Persepo lis
o r Per si a by the defe a t a n d de a th o f A
,

, dav an . c o nc u r i n o n e u n animo u s verdict tha t t he c i ty ,

The s a me a u tho rity sta tes tha t S hap o o r II , .

,
repre sented by them mu st h ave been t he mo st ,

h aving rec o vered N isibin in D iy a r bek r he sent , ,

ma gnificent ever seen o n e a rth ; a n d tha t
fa mili es fro m Istak he r t o reinhabit t he t he Per si a n e mpire in al l its gl o ry c o u ld n o t , ,

deserte d city Ab o ut AD 6 3 9 t he Ara bs ma de

. . .
,
b o a st o f an y thi ng mo re gr a n d n o r h ave left ,

an u ns u cce ssful a tte mpt o n Ist ak he r an d t w o ,

t o w o ndering p o sterity a n y thing mo re a st o ni sh
ye a rs after t he de c isive b attle o f N ehav e n d w a s ing tha n these venerable ruins The present
, .

fo ught t he res u lt o f w hi c h w as t he fu tu re c ap
, ,
in habita nts o f the v a le o f M e r dasht th e pla in o f ,

t u re o f Persep o lis or Ist a khe r T his b a ttle a ls o, .

, , Persep o lis ign o r ant o f the glo ries o f their an
,

decided the fate o f Persi a a n d t he rel igi o n o f ,

ce st o r s dee m them the w o rk o f de mo ns
, or o f ,

Z o ro aster The bl a ze o f t he etern a l fire w a s

. t h e P r ae a da mi t e sult ans n o w i mmu red in t he ,

exting u ished by the s u peri o r ra di ance o f t he rocky c a verns o f the mighty C au c a su s o r o f the ,

cre sc ent ; a n d t he sc eptre o f e mpire wielded by ,

gre a t S o lomon t he so n o f D avid w ho in e a stern
, , ,

t he s u cce sso rs o f Arta xerxes fo r mo re th a n fo u r r o ma nce i s s a id t o ha ve ha d all t he de mon s a n d

,

centu ries dr o pped fr o m t he h a nds o f the u nfo r

,
geni i u nder hi s c o n t r o L Unc o nscio u s tha t he i s
t un a t e Yas dij e r d while t he su n o f the ho u se o f
,
tre a ding on cl assic gro u nd t he w a ndering Ih at ,

S as sa n went d o wn t o rise n o mo re Persep o lis . tends his flock amid the ten antle ss w a ste ; a n d
u nderwent a n o ther vicissitu de in 6 4 4 when t he the mu sic tha t once c a lled u p t he spirit o f mirth
Arabs under the c o mma nd o f Abu Mus a al
,

, in t he bre ast o f mon a rchs is exch anged fo r t he ,

As ha ri defe ated Shahr eg w ho lo st his life a n d

, ,
howl o f w ild be a sts In the h alls o f a Xerxes .
,

t he c ity o f Ist a k he r w hi ch p a id a c o ntrib u ti o n ,

in the p al a ce o f Cho sr o es t he fo x t akes u p his ,

of silver dirhe ms t o o bt a in a respite . a b o de an d the S pider we a ves her web ; wh ile

,

In 6 4 8 the in ha bita nts o f Ista khe r rev o lted an d

, ,
fr o m the t o wers o f Ist ak her the screech o w l
slew the Ar abi a n govern o r in c o nsequ enc e o f , nightly takes u p its do leful note S u ch is the .

which t he kh a lif O thma n sent A bda lla h Ehm end o f h uma n gre at ness !
A mer with tr00 ps fro m B a sra h to Ist akhe r ,
The pl a in w here t hese awful represent atives
where t hey enc o u ntered the Persian s co m ,
o f Persep o li s sta nd 1 s o n e o f t he mo st extens i ve ,

man de d by M ahek so n o f Shahr e g w ho ha d , in Persi a an d t he finest m the e ast Acco rding .

been sl n by Abu Mu s a al Asha ri fro m t he

, ,

i t o Ch a rdin it extends eighteen le a gues fr o m

“
a ,

d a wn o f da y till the time of the meridian pra yer .

”
e ast to west by a diversified bre adth of fro m ,
M a hek fled an d t he city o f Ist akher w as t aken
, .
six to twelve a n d eighteen miles It i s wa te red
, ,
.

by storm ; a fter which the city de clined d a ily ,

by the Ara xes an d ma ny min o r stre ams It 1 5 ,
‘

so th a t in 9 5 0 it w as n o t ab o ve a mile in len t h b o u nded o n t he n o rth by the western br anch of

g ,
a n d w as fin ally de str o yed in 9 8 2 by the Dile mite the Ku r au b o n the s o u th by the so u th bra nch
-

prince S ams a m Ad do u l ah It exists o nly s ays

’
o f the Ku r a u b
’
.
, a n d o n t he west by the Ar a xe s
-
,

Hamdall ah C a z vini w ho wro te in 1 339 under , , thu s des c ribing a n o v al figure On t he n o rth .

the red u ced fo rm o f a vil l a ge . west is the j u ncti o n o f t he P a r w au b an d t he

It has been well s aid in deprec a ti o n o f t he , Ara xes ; an d o n t he n o rth e a st is the p o int where -

destr u ctio n o f cities w hi c h histo ry l au ds as the , the Ku r au b diverges into the t w o bra n c hes
-

wo rk o f hero es H o w ma ny mo n uments o f l i t e
, whi ch b o u n d its t w o sides O n eve ry side it is
ratu re a n d science o f ta ste an d geni u s o f utili ty , , ,
s u rr o u nded with mou ntains which give a s mu ch ,

S plendo u r an d elega nce h ave been destroyed by

, , n a tu ra l gr a nde u r t o t he v a le as t he city it c o n ,

t he r u thless ha n ds o f s an gu in a ry her o es w ho
,
t a in ed c o ul d receive fro m industry a n d ar t ; n a y ,

have left n o thi ng but ruins as the mo nu ments o f mo re fo r t he w o rks of t he Cre ato r far sur p ass
,

t he 1 r prowe ss The ruins o f Persepol is resp o nd

.
”
th o se o f the cre ature .

t o the se sentiments while a t the s ame t ime in
t he e ar o f re a s o n they di scou rse o f the muta
bil it y o f al l things below the skies
The princip al ru ins of Persep o lis ar e th o se o f
, ,
, the T a kht 1 J emsch1 d whic h is identified with
- ~
,
. the p al a ce set o n fire by Alex an der an d whi c h ,

The ruins o f Persep o lis whi ch ar e usual ly , st a n ds a t the b a se o f the a bru ptly rising rock o f
c al led by the inhabita nts Tch il Min ar (the ,
-
,
”
Ist ak he r The first o bj ect th at meets t he eye o f
.

f rty p r )
o i ll a s a n d so metimes
,
“
Hes a S u ture ,
”
the tra vel ler is the pl atfo rm which is an a rtifici a l ,

e thous and columns ) ar e ve ry grand , . pla in o f a very irregula r sha pe bu t fa cing t he ,

fo u r c a rdin al po ints like the b ases o f t he Egypti a n ,

The p il e s o f
fa ll en P erse p o l is pyr amids The di mensi o ns of t he three fa ces
.

In de e p ar ra n g e me n t h ide t h e da r k so me l ain . o f t he pl a tfo rm a r e these to the s o u th 8 02 feet ;

U nb o u n de d wa ste ! t he mo u l deri n g o be li s t o the n o rth 9 2 6 ; a n d t o the west 1 4 2 5 feet The
H ere l ik e a bl a st e d oa k a sce n d s t he c l o u ds
.

H e r e P ari a n do me s th e ir v a u l te d h a ll s di scl o se
,
level o f the bu ilding a t this date is very uneven
.

whi ch i s o cc a si o ned by t he i ncre a sing a ccu mu l a

,
H o rrid with th o rn wh e r e l u r k s t h e u n p ity i n g t hie f
,
’
,
Whe n ce d i ts t he twil ig ht l o vin g ba t a t e ve
'
-
ti o n o f fa lli ng ruins an d t he s o il which fro m
An d t he d e a f a dder w re aths he r sp o tte d tra in
,
, , ,

The d w e ll i n g s o n ce o f e l e g a n c e a n d ar t !
,
v a rio us c a uses s u ccessively c o llects o ver these
,

H e re te mpl e s ri se a mi d wh o se h al l o w e d b o u n ds
,
he a ps On the n o rth west l arge masses o f the
.
-
,

na tive ro ck sho w the mselves witho u t in cu m

,
S p ire s t h e bl a c k p ine ; whil e thro u gh t he n ak e d stree t
On ce ha u n t o f trad e ful mercha n ts sp ri n g s t he gras s
H e r e c o l u mn s h e a p d o n pro stra te co l u mn s t o r n ’
, brance still retaining ma rks of the o rigin a l
,
,

Fr o m th e ir fi rm b a se i n creas e t he mo u l deri n g mass ,

,

.
ha mmers an d other instruments by which the
M 3 Far as t he sig ht c a n p ierce a pp e a r t h e sp o il s , higher p o rtio ns o f the ro c k had been cu t down to
 H IS T O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

the requ ired level Bey o nd the fa ce o f t he pl at . h alf feet high : their he a ds ar e gone R o u nd .

for m t he r o ck pr o tr u des in v a st a brupt cliffs ;

, their necks a r e be au tifu lly c a rved c o ll a rs o f ro se s ;
a n d in deeper c av ities the pro gress of a qu a rry is a n d o ver t he c h est b a ck a n d ribs, extends a , ,

visible p a rt o f t he r o ck being hal f hewn t hr o u gh

, , dec o ra ti o n rese mbling ha ir sho rt a n d cu rled the , ,

a n d in o ther pl a ces lying in c o mplet ed sl abs ,

execu ti o n o f whi c h is exqu isite T heir pro p o r .

re ady fo r re mo v al T hi s w o u ld indi c a te th at the

. ti o ns a r e a dmir able ; an d there is a c o rresp o ndin g
stru cture w a s n o t c o nsidered c o mplete It w a s . gra nde u r w hich is in perfect a c c o rd a nce t o the
the w o rk of a ges a n d every su cceeding mo n a rch
, prodigi o u s s c a le o n whi c h all a ro u nd them is
a dded t o it s gr a ndeur Wh a t h o w ever had .
, , exec u ted The bro ad o rn amented ch est an d the
.

been done could sc a rcely be exceeded Its steep . p o sition o f t hese a ni ma ls a r e full o f p o ndr o n s
fa ces a r e fo rmed o f da rk grey ma rble cu t int o ,
maj esty ; an d the wh o le is c o mbined with s u c h
hu ge squ a re blocks a n d exqui sitely p o li shed , . spirit in the a ttitu de an d a c ti o n tha t the sc ul ptu re
These ar e fitte d to e a ch o ther with s u ch cl o senes s see ms re a dy t o w alk fro m t he ma ss t o which it
a n d precisi o n th a t when first c o mpleted the pl a t
, , is a tta ched It is s u pp o sed th a t these figu red
.

fo rm mu st h ave a ppe a red as p a rt o f t he s o lid a ni ma l s were sy mboli c a l represent a t io ns o f the

mo u nta in itself levell ed t o be c o me the fo u nd ation
,
a ttrib u te o f p o wer an d tha t a s su ch they were
,

fo r a p ala ce The height o f t he pl a tfo rm is evi

. pla ced a s sy mb o ls a t the ga te o f t he k ings o f
den t l y consider ably lower th a n it o nce w as owing ,
Persi a This is very pro b a ble ; fo r thro u gho u t
.

t o the masses o f ruin a n d veget ative ma tter a t a l l P a g a n myt ho logy the bul l is design a te d t he
its b a se T hese have r a ised hillocks a ga inst
. e mble m o f p o wer as t he lion is t he e mblem o f
,

all the sides making rou gh sl o pes ; where a s

,
r o y a lty . The bull w as indeed a fa v o u rite , ,

origin all y they were perpendic ul a r Ker P o rter . divinity in Egypt Syri a an d Indi a ; an d the li o n
, ,

s ays he me asured the m an d th a t he fo und a t a , ,

a n d b u ll either singly o r in c o mpound fo rms
, ,

sp o t ne a r the gr o up o f colu mns t he perpen dicula r ,

a r e fo un d c o nnected with al mo st a ll t he a ncient

depth t o be t hirty feet ; bu t he ad ds th a t were ,

Pe r si a n structures The body o f the b u ll is
. -

all the r u bbish t o be cle a red a w a y a n a ddi ti o n a l ,

indic ative o f p o wer an d his h o rn o f fo rce exerte d
,

depth o f twenty feet w o u ld be d iscovered The . by th at instr u ment Every symb o lic al a ni ma l o f
.

s o u th side d o es n o t exceed twenty feet an d t o ,

thi s kind which Sir R o bert Ker Po rter saw in
t he n o rth it v a ries fr o m sixteen to twenty six -
Persi a n a rchitecture had bu t o n e h o rn ; hence he
feet. The pl a tfo rm e mbr a ces three terr aces . c onj ectures th a t these a nimal s were thu s r epr e
The first an d l o west e mbra ces the s o u thern face ,
sented origin all y .

by 1 8 3 feet bro a d ; the sec o nd is more elev ated ,

A little dist ant fr om the p o rtal t o the e a st ,

a n d the third mo re elev a ted still Al o ng the . when Sir J o hn Ch a rdin visited Persep o lis (A D , . .

edge o f the lowest terr a ce there a r e ma sses o f there were fo u r c o lu mns ; t w o o f these
st o ne which a pp a rently a r e fra gments o f a p a r a pet n o w only re main a n d the b ase o f these is ne a rly
,

w all ; an d o n the edge o f the third o r highest ,

buried by an accumul ati o n o f ruins The se .

terra ce to the s o uth ar e decided rema ins o f a

, ,
c o lu mns a r e o f white ma rble flu ted a n d exceed , ,

str o ng sto ne r ai l ing o r ra nge o f p a lis ades , . in gl y be a utiful as t o their c a pital s an d o ther o rn a
These ce ase a t the t o p o f the stairc a se connecting
thi s wi t h the lower terra ce At the t 0p o f th is .

fli ght of steps ar e two la rge h o les cut deeply into

,

t he stone w hich received the pi v o ts o f the ga te s

,

t ha t clo se d this ingress There is only o n e w ay .

by whi ch thi s pl atfo rm can be a scended an d ,

tha t is by a sta irc a se situ ated on its western side .

A double fl ight o f sta irs rises very gently nort h

a n d s o u th the b a se o f which is sixty seven feet
,
-

by twenty t w o On a scending these there is a n

-
.
,

irregul a r l anding pl a ce o f thi rty seven feet by

- -

forty fo ur whence springs a sec o nd flight of

-
,

steps c o vering fi ft y nine feet by twenty t w o - -

.

Tw o c o rresp o nding st airc a ses termin a te o n the

gr a nd level o f the pl atform by a l anding pl a ce ,
-

o c c u pyi ng sixty fo u r feet So e a sy o f a s c ent is

-
.

this stairca se an d so gra nd is it likewise tha t six

, ,

h o rse men may ride a bre a st t o the su mmit o f the

pl a tfo rm O n re a c hing the pl atfo rm the l o fty
.
,

S i des o f a ma gnificent porta l meet t he eye o f the

tra veller The interi o r fa ces o f the w a ll s o f
.

this p o rta l ar e sculptu red out into t he fo rms o f t w o

c o lo ss a l bulls These a ni mals lo o k westw a rd ;
.

their he a ds chests a n d fo re legs o ccu pying

, , ,

ne a rly t he entire thickness o f the w all in th a t

di recti o n ; t he rest of their bodies being left in exhibit the fa ces of men , s evere in c o u nten ance .

reli ef T hey sta nd o n a pedestal elev ated five

.

feet abo ve the level o f the pl atfo rm Consider .

a bly a b o ve the b a cks o f these a nima l s ar e three

sma l c o m a r t mmt s filled wi t h c u n ie fo r m in
b
sc r i t o n s
p
p i E a ch b u ll is twenty tw o feet lo ng
. -

fro m i t s fo re t o its hi n d leg an d fo u rteen a n d a ,

 H I ST O R Y OF THE PERS I AN S .

the brows t o the fro nt o f the cro wn the who le ,

being surmo un t ed by a c o r o net of l o to s le a ves ,

a n d b o u nd by a fillet o f exq u i sitely c a rved r o se s .

The h air is r anged over t he fo rehe a d in the style

o f the a ncient Persi a n kings an d t he be a rd is ,

a ls o disp o sed a fter the fa s hi o n o f r o y a lty ; bu t

t he h air behind di ffers essenti a lly fro m all t he
has reliefs in o ther pa rts o f t he r uins
-
The to the prop o rtio ns o f n atu re o r sh o w n more .
,

a ni ma l me a s u res nineteen feet fro m the t o p o f kn o wledge of the a n ato my o f their fo rms But .

the crown to the h o o f a n d three co mp a rt ments it mu st be observed that a nima l fo rms ar e ven
,
°

o f c u neifo rm inscripti o ns ar e cut in the w a ll over there with mu ch mo re ni cety in their li mbs
mu scles a n d a cti o ns th a n when the sculptor
,
his body .
, ,

This is the o nly specimen known to exist in a tte mpts the h u ma n form This h o lds good in .

P ersi a o f the hu ma n an d be sti al fo rm c o mbined the a ntiqui ties o f Egypt Syr i a a n d In di a .

, , .
”

On t he incli ned pl anes c o rresp o nding to the ,

slope o f the st airs there is a line o f dwa rf figures ,

,
a nswering in nu mber t o the steps e ach of which
,

a ppe a rs to fo rm a pedesta l fo r a figure A simila r .

ran ge a ppe a rs o n t he Opp o site si de B o th o f .

these ar e thou ght t o represent the D oryp hor es o r ,

O n t he s o u th of the port al there is a c a p aciou s b o dy gu a rds of the gre at king
, .

ci stern eighteen feet l o ng by sixteen feet broad

, Ha ving as cended t he second flight o f st airs
, .
,
This w a s fil led with w a ter by su bterr ane o us the trave l ler finds a tri angul a r sp ace fo rmed by
a qu ed u cts a n d it a p e a rs t o h a ve been h ewn o u t
, the slo pe of the steps which is filled u p with the ,

o f the s o lid r o ck 0 the so u th of thi s is the

. c o mb a t o f the lion an d the bull o ccu pyin g a ,

magnificent terr ace th at su pp o rts the H all of length o f twenty three feet The sp ac e is di v ided -
.

Col u mns This h all pecu l iar l denomin ated by a t ablet o n which ar e three rows o f mutila ted
Chehilmz n a r o r Pa l a c e o f fo rty C
.
, ,

o l u mns is ex
’

, figures c o vering an exp a nse of sixty eight feet , ,

-
,
c e edin gl y ma gnificent They a r e a ppr o ached by an d ending at the t o p o f the st airs o f the outw a rd
.

a double st airc a se pr oj ecting c o nsider a bly befo re

,
a ppro ach The u pper row o f figures begi ns .

the n o rthern face o f the terr ace The ascent wi th a cha riot dra w n by t w o bu lls ; then a .
,

like th at o f the gre at entr a nce fro m the plain is sec o nd ; then a horse with the feet o f a man o n , , ,

very gr a du al ; e a ch flight cont aining o nl y thirty the Opposite side a s its at t enda nt ; then t w o other ,

steps e ach four inches high fo urtee n bro ad an d h o rses ; then five figures h abited in short vests ;
, , ,

sixteen feet long The whole front o f the an d then with a succession of fo r ty fou r long
.
-

adv a nced r ange as soon as the l anding pl ace is

,
robe d spe a rmen The sec o nd r o w c o mmences -
.

g a ined is replete with sculptur es The pl ace with a ra nge of thirty t w o figures clo thed a lter
, .
-
,

i mmedi a tely under the l a ndin g pl ace is divided n at el y in lo ng a n d sh o rt r o bes the fo rmer o f
-
,

into three comp a rtments on which except the w hich represents the Medi a n a n d t he l atter the
, , ,

middle one ar e inscripti o ns To the left of it genuine Persi a n h abit After these figu res there
,
. .
,

ar e four st anding figures five feet six inches high a r e twenty eight robed Persi ans a r med with
-
, , ,

h a bited in lo ng r o bes with bro gues like b u sk ins S pe ars e a ch be a ring the same att itu de an d
, , ,

h aving a fill et r o u nd his he a d o n which a r e the ,

tra ces o f le a ves Twelve sc u lptured cypress .

trees co mplete this bas rel ief an d end ne a r the -

,

st airs The l o west row o f figu res is a li ne o f .

r o bed an d ti a ra c a pped pers o n ag es to the n umber -

,

of thirty two T hese ar e altern ately a rra nged -

.

with their brethren in tu nics an d fo ll o wed by a ,

trai n o f twenty o n e gua rds in the s a me u nifo rm -

,

dress o f these c o rresp o nds t o the descripti o n a s th o se described This l ast r o w is more perfect .

which Hero do tu s gives o f the Persi a ns He th a n the u pper ones in as much a s it has been .
,

s ays The Persi a ns w o re sma ll helmets o n their preserved from the h and o f the G othlik e de
he ads which they c all te er aa ; their bodies w ere stroyers by the he aps o f ru in at its b ase
, , .

c o vered with tunics o f di fferent colou rs h aving The wing o n t he o pposite side o f this magni fi ,
~

sleeves a n d adorned with pla tes of steel in imi cent a ppr o a ch is like t he o n e described divided
, , ,

t at io n o f the sc ales of fishes ; their thighs were into three lines o f has relief e ach s u bdivided into -
,

defend ed a n d they c a rried a kind o f shield c a lled co mp a rtments by a la rge cypress tree These
, , .

r m bene a th which w as a q u iver They h d h reliefs a r e a d o rned with figures o f men with
g e a as -
, .

s hort spe a rs la r e bo ws a n d a rr o ws ma de o f o fferings w a rri o rs horses ch a riots c o loss a l

g , , , , , ,

re eds ; an d o n the i r right side a dagger suspended bul ls dro meda ries lions the ibex serpents t he , , , , ,

fr om the be lt This dress is what they c al led gur k u r o r wild a ss etc ; on al l which Ker
.
, . .

t he Medi a n an d it w as intr o duced by Cyrus int o

, P o rter re ma rks Here when comp a ring the , ,

Persia The an gul a r sp ace on e ach side of these coloss a l pro porti o ns o f the structure an d its
.
,

groups of spe a rmen a r e filled with representa ti o ns giga ntic sc u lptures with the delic acy be auty , , ,

of a c o mbat between a l ion an d a bulL Wh a t an d perfection o f the executio n of the orn a ments ,
this represents is unknown ; fo r the Persi a ns I might say with the poet ,

were not a ccu sto med like the Roma ns to enj oy

e re t he l o v es pla y on t h e bo so mo f H e rcu l e s
,

t he comba ts —if such he endo

,

ents— l n an H .

a rena fitt ed u
p fo r th a t p u rpose : t ese sculptur ed Like t he fo rme r has relie fs this la tt er is a lso -
,
 H I ST O R Y OF THE PE R S IA N S .

d estro yed by t ime c o mbine d wi th t he de str u ct i v e

, these pil l a rs is a ppro ach ed from the west by a
ma llet : thu s d o e s man de str o y t he w o rks o f hi s d o u ble flight o f st air s in ruins which h a ve been ,

br o ther man Revenge envy a n d the lu st o f

.
, ,
d e c o r a ted with scu lptu red gu a rds an d o t her
p o wer ha v e n o reg a rd fo r ar t a n d indu stry ; a n d fig u res T hi s building i s 1 7 0 feet by ninety fi v e
. -
.

their mighty an d be au tiful w o rks perish under The e a stern side is c o vered with fa ll en re mai ns
th eir evil influ ence s . a n d e a rth so t h a t it is imp o ssible t o disc o ver a
,

T his l a st ha s relief is su pp o sed t o represent

- c o rresp o n di ng flight o f st a irs in tha t q u a rter .

the fe a st at t he v ern a l equ in o x o r fe ast o f Na u ,

O n t he s o u th the entire fa ce o f t he terr ac e su p
,

ro o se when the Persi an s pre sented th eir a nn u a l

,
p o rting this bui lding is o cc u pied w ith an o ther
gr atu it ies t o the mo n a r c h an d t he go vern o rs o f ,
st airc a se who se l an di n g pl a c e is fo rty eight feet
,
- -

their provinces with their deleg ates br o u ght in

, , by ten wide Its fro n t is divided by a t ablet with
.

the ann u ally collected t ax from e a ch with a du e ,

a c u neifo rm ins c ripti o n o n e a c h si de o f whic h ,

pr o p o rti o n o f o ther o fferings Su ch a pr a c tice is . sta nd spe armen o f gi g a ntic height s N o rth o f .

still prev alent in Persi a at t he fe a st o f Nau r o o se . this is a n Open sp a ce o f sixty fi ve feet o n w hich -
,

The tr a veller n o w gains t h e pl a tfo rm itself . a ppe a r the fo u n da ti o ns o f s o me n a rr o w w all s .

And here nothi ng c a n be mo re su blime th a n the O n e a ch side o f this fo rty feet t o t he s o u th a r e , ,

view o f its ruins so v a st ma gnificent mu til a ted , , ,

t w o l o fty entr a n c es c o mp o sed o f fo u r s o li d u pright
a n d silent Every o bj ect is be a u tifu l in des o l a
. blocks o f ma rble ne a rly bl ac k Withi n the se , .

ti o n ! Thi s pile is in length from e a st t o west , ,

p o rt al s a r e ha s re l iefs o f t w o gu ards e ach h abited
-
,

a b o u t 3 08 feet an d fro m n o rth t o s o u th 3 5 0 feet

,
. in t h e Medi a n ro be an d a rmed with a l o ng spe a r , .

The gre a ter p a rt o f i t is c o v ered with bro ken O n the verge o f the l anding pl a ce fro m the -

c apit al s sh afts o f p ill a rs an d fr a gments o f build

. ,
western st a irc a se there is a p o rta l o f th ese long ,

ing The distribu tio n o f t he pill a rs st o o d in fo u r

. shielded guards ; an d a l ittle o nw a rds there is
divisi o ns an d c o nsi sted o f a centre pha l anx o f
,
a nother le ading int o a r o o m o f fo rt y e ight fe et -

six deep every w ay with a n a dv anced b o dy o f ,

sq u a re T his r o o m had fo rmerly seven do o rs
.

twelve in t w o ra nks an d the s ame n u mber fl a nking ,

le a ding int o it bu t o f the se fi v e o nly n o w remain
, .

the centre O ne only is n o w st andi ng an d the

.
,
These h a v e al l o n their sever al sides du pli c ate
sh attered b a ses o f nine o nly n o w rema in bu t the ,
has re l iefs o f a r o y a l pers o n a ge a ttended by t w o
-
,

pl a ces of the o thers which c o mpleted the col o n men o n e o f whom h o lds an u mbrell a C o mp a rt
, .

n ade may still be tr a ced To the westwa rd o f .

ments o f inscriptio n s a r e o ver the he a ds o f these
these appe a r a n o ther d o uble r ange o f c o lumns ,
gro u ps To the sou th is a n o ther divi sion o f the
.

fi v e o f w hi ch a r e still erect F r o m hence to the . s ame edifice fort y eight by thirty feet an d ter
,
-
,

e a stern r a nge o f a si mil a r n u mber is 2 6 8 feet , .

min at in g o n e ach side s o u thw a rd o n the l a nd , ,

F o u r o f these colu mns ar e still st a nding an d the ,

ing pl a ce by a c o u ple of squ a re pill a rs o f o n e en
-
,

pedesta ls o f fo u r more ar e yet entire ; bu t the tire piece o f ma rble twenty t w o feet hi gh an d ,
-
,

rest li e bu ried u nder masses o f r u in O n t h e . covered in di fferent r anges with inscriptio n s in

a ppe ar a nce o f these three col o nn a de s Ker P o rter ,
different la ngua ges Cu fi c Ara bic an d Persic , , ,
.

writes : “
I ga zed at the m with w o nder an d The tr a ces o f a do u ble colonn a de ar e visible
deli ght Besides the a dmir a tio n which t he
. al o ng t he o pen sp a ce between the weste rn fa ce o f ,

general elega nce of th eir fo rm an d the exquisite ,

t he gre a ter terr a ce a n d the western fa c e o f this
workma nshi p o f their p a rts excited I w as never ,
edifice Thu s there ar e three terr a ces fr o m the
.

mad e so sen sible o f the i mpressi o n o f perfect level o f the pl ai n A fo u rth lies ninety six feet .
-

symmetry c o mprising th at o f perfect be au ty

,
so u th o f t he thi rd their summi ts being o n a level ,

a ls o. The c o lumns ar e e a ch sixty feet high the ,

with e a ch o ther Three o f the sides of t he fo u rth .

circu mference o f their sh aft sixteen feet an d in ,

terr a ce a r e o bscured by ru bbi sh Along the .

length fro m the c apit a l t o t he tor fo rty fo ur feet -

. n o rt hern verge h o wever rises t he he ads o f a line
, ,

The sh aft is finely fluted in fift y t w o divisi o ns - o f figu res eq u a l in size t o t ho se o n the stai rs o f
,

a t its l o wer extre mity begin a cinctu re a n d a the terra ce o f the do u ble ch a mber T hey ar e .

toru s t he first t w o i n ches deep t he l a tter o ne

,
a rmed with the bo w a n d q u iver A fli ght o f .
,

fo ot ; whence dev o lves the pedest al in t he fo rm ruined steps is fo u nd at t he n o rt h— we st an gle o n ,

o f the c u
p a n d le a ve s o f a l o tos o r li ly
, This , . whi ch a r e t he rema ins o f fine ha s relief dec o r a -

rests o n a plinth o f eight inches a n d in circu m ,

tion The pl a ne o f this terrac e is a squ a re o f
.

ference tw enty fo u r a n d a h a lf feet ; the who le

-
,
ninety six feet thi rty eight o f which o n t he
-
,
-

fro m the cin c tu re to the plinth being five feet ten ,

we stern side ar e o c c u pied by the depth o f the
inche s in height The c a pital s which yet re ma in
.
, ,
a ppr o a ch In this l atter sp a ce there a r e t he base s
.

th o u gh mu ch inj u red ar e yet sufficient t o sh o w ,

o f ten c o lumns three feet three inches in di ameter
, ,

tha t they were su rmo u nted by the demi bul l -

. a n d sta n ding ten feet equi di sta nt fro m ea ch -

The he a ds o f the b ull s fo rming the c a pita ls l o o k o ther .F i fty eight feet o f thi s terra ce at it s
-
,
t o the v a ri o u s fr o nts o f t he terr a ce .
”
south west a ngle is su rmo u nted by an additi o n al
-
,

About sixty feet fro m the e a stern an d western squ a re elevati o n t he w ho le depth o f whi ch fro m , ,

col o nn a des st o od t he centr al ph al a nx o f pill a rs ,

summit t o ba se is sixty tw o feet Alo ng it s ,
-
.

in number thirty six F ive o f these n o w o nly -

. lo wer surfa ce a r e the l o wer p a rts o f twelve pill a rs
rema in T hey a r e simil a r t o tho se de sc ribe d
.
,
o f t he s ame di ameter an d distan c e fro m e a ch

except tha t th ey w a nt five feet o f t he height . o ther as in the neighb o u ring c o l o nn a de B ey o nd .

T heir flu ted shaft s a r e thirty fi ve feet high ; bu t -

t he t err a ce o f t he do u ble pill a r s rise s an o the r a n d
the i r c apit a ls ar e the s ame with those o f t he gre a t mo re extensive elev a ti o n a pp a rently a p a rt o f t he ,

p o rt al w here t h e c r o wn ed a n d winged b u ll
, r o y a l re sidence it self On t he n o rth o f this is a n .

a ppe a rs so c o nspic u o us This p hal anx o f pill a rs . immen se he a p o f r uin s between whi ch an d t he ,
1 8 s u ppo sed t o ha ve sup o rted a r o o f c o nne cted terra ce a sp a cio u s o pen a re a intervenes Ker
p .

Po rter i magines tha t thi s mo u n d is the ruins o f

.

Wi th the c o l o n na des The ne a re st bu ildin g t o .

 H IST O R Y OF THE PER SI AN S .

t he b a nq u eting house from which Alex ander ,

with t he regal ti a ra c arrie s a long thin st aff in ,

i ssu ed fo rth with hi s drunken comp a nio ns t o his right ha nd an d in h is left a lily The bro a d
, .

de so l ate the p al ace The fifth terra ce is t he . belt a n d Me di a n r o be c o mplete his a ttire O ne .

mo st c o n spicu o u s o n the wh o le pl atfo rm being ,

o f his a ttend ants ho ld s in both ha nd s a n u mbrell a
o ver his he a d wh ile t he o ther w aves a fl
at this d ate tw enty feet ab o ve its level ; it is a ls o y ch a ser
-
,

t he mo st ruin o u s o f t he who le b u ilding The . in t he s ame directi o n gr a sping in his le ft h and ,

sever al fa ces o f t he b u ildi ng indeed ar e n o w , ,

what pro b ably signifies t he r o y a l h andkerchie f .

ma rked by their fo u nd ati o ns al o ne o n e windo w ,

T hese attend ants ar e c l a d in the l o ng ro be The .

t o the we st an d three t o t he e a st ex c epted T hese . gro u p is s c ulptu red o n a marble st o ne sixteen

fa ces o pen fro m t w o c o rresp o n di ng w ings e a ch , feet hi gh a n d nine wide whi ch is su rmo u nted by ,

subdivide d int o three sp a ci o u s a p a rt ments the ,

a bl o ck o f s mall er di men si o ns a ls o a d o rned with ,

o u ter o nes o f whi ch c o mmu nic a te wi th sever a l a sculptu red figu re rese mbli ng the person a ge

pill a red qua drangles In the centre o f these . bel o w This fi gure issu es fro m a c ircle whence
.
,

qu a dr angles sta nds the plinth o f fo u r s mall diverge t w o st r ange fl o ating fo r ms resembling ,

c o l u mns e ach h a ving a di a meter o f t w o feet a n d

,
serpents with th eir he a ds c o nce aled behi nd the
,

a h alf an d sixteen feet fro m a do o r which le a ds

,
figu re A p air o f l ar ge wings spre a d the mselves
.

into a n o ble h all o f ninety feet squ a re A d o o r . o n e a ch side o f the circle O n t he po rt als a r e .

o n the Opp o site side c o rresp o nds with this a n d ,

du li c at e s o f the s ame r o y al pers on a ge Thi s .

both le ad into qua drangles simil a rly o pen o f fo u r , ,

fi re is se ated o n a ch a ir o f st ate with hi s st aff ,

pill a rs An o ther port a l le ads t o the s o u th an d a

.
,
a n d lily An attendant st ands befo re him w a ving
.
,

fo u rth an d fifth to the n o rth int o a l a rge vestibu le , , the fl y ch a ser o ver his he ad The a eri al fo r m
-
.
,

t he wh o le width o f the h all whi c h is s u pp o rted , befo re describe d h o vers o ver him In this qu ad , .

by eight simil a r colu mns Two do o rs le ad fro m . r angle fo u r p o rtals face e a ch other In the .

this vestibul e s o u th a n d we st into six smaller

, ,
c entre o f these p o rt als the plinths o f fo u r col u mns ,

r o oms t he windows o f which a r e fo rmed o f fo u r

, a r e still re ma ining ten feet dist ant fro m e a ch ,

l arge sl abs o f ma rb l e six feet thick equ iv alent , , other an d fo ur in di ameter This bui ldi ng is
, .

t o the depth o f the w a lls On the inner fa ces o f . su pp o sed t o h ave been t he private o rato ry o f the
t he wind o ws th a t a dmit light int o the ro o ms there king where he o ffered u p his d aily ad o ratio ns t o
,

ar e du plic ate ha s reliefs occu pying the wh o le -

, M e z dan o r O rmu zd It is also c o nj ectu red that .

s u rfa ce a n d c o nsi sting o f tw o fig u res e ach The

, . between these fo u r pill a rs st o o d a n a lta r co n
windo ws o f a n o ther r o o m ar e orn amented with t aining the s a cred fire which w a s the symb o l o f ,

three ba s reliefs o f figures fo ll o w ing e a ch other

-
, ,
divinity amo ng the ancient Persi ans It is a .

a n d e a ch o n e fa cing inw a rd a s if directing their , singul a r fa ct that in this building there ar e n o

,

steps t o the s ame spot O n the remn a nts o f . representa ti o ns o f gu a rds round t he v a ri o u s
windo ws in an o ther ap a rt ment ar e found simila r e ffi gi e s o f t he mon a rch to pro te c t him Perh aps .

has reliefs o f three figures some with their he a ds

-
, O rmu zd w a s con sidered a sufficient pro tect o r .

covered an d some u nc o vered

, All o f these . On the sou th e a st o f this edi fice o f the fo ur -

c a rry somethi ng in their h a nds a s dishes or , ,

pill a rs is a n o ther ruined pile A qu adrangul a r
, .

b o wls as tho u gh they represented servants : t w o

, edifice o f fo rty eight feet an d a n o ther o f thirty
-
,

o f the m a r e in the Me di a n dress with th eir fa ces , feet sep a r ated fro m it by a w a ll c o n stitutes the
, ,

u ncovered The do o r frames h a ve al l o n e de

.
-
chi ef glo ry o f thi s pile These tw o ap a rtments .
,

scripti o n of has relief th at o f a r o y a l pers o n age

-
, ,
indeed a pp a rently c o mplete t he who le edifice ;
,

fo llo wed by t wo attenda nts be aring an u mbrell a bu t there is a c o ntin u ati o n o f fo u nd ati o n w alls ,

an d a fl y c h a ser O ver these ha s reli efs a r e

-
.
-
with the fra gments o f c o lu mns a rchitra ves an d , ,

three small c o mp ar tments o f cu neifo rm in scr ip o th er a rchite c tu r al a dj u ncts s u pp o rting a ro o f ,

.

tio ns At the sides o f the o pen co urt a r e t he

. At the extre mities o f t he w all so u thwa rd ar e , ,

rema ins of its once ma gnificent a ppr o a ches ; an d t w o st o nes e ach eighteen feet h igh a n d fro m
, ,

ne a r that e a stw a rd rise fr o m a ho ll o w bene a th

, , three an d a hal f t o five feet wide Tw o do o r .

t o a level with t he p ave ment fo u r en o rmo u s ,

w a ys h a v e has reliefs o f t he do uble gua rd o n
-

suppo rts resembling rou gh fo r med pedest als

, ,
their sides an d a n o ther p o rt a l o pens fro m the
,

an d which w a s intend ed t o u pho ld s o me body o f middle o f the s o u thern ap a rtment into t he e n

i mmense weight Opp o site is a flight o f steps .
,
cl o sed qu adrangle In t he p a ssage is t he wa lking .

o f a do u ble a sc ent beginning fro m bene a th in ,

figure o f a mo n a rch with his u su al a ttenda nt ; ,

w ar dl y These steps a r e gre atly de c ayed a n d

.
, a n d the entr a nces whi ch o pen into it fr o m t he
has reliefs o f gua rds with d u pli c ates o f t he
-
,
e a st an d west ar e o rn amented with the c o mb ats
c o mb ats bet w een t he bu ll an d the li o n a r e simi , o f a li o n an d a man while those o pe ning into it ,

l a r l y circ umst anced To the n o rth o f th ese . fro m t he n o rth ar e dec o ra ted with represent a ti o ns
steps a bo u t sixty feet ar e severa l c o lo ss a l ma ss es
, , o f spe a r men .

o f sto ne fo rmerly the s ides o f ga tew ays le a ding

, ,
N o rth o f this edifice there is a n other next in ,

int o a sq u are edifi c e o f ab o u t ninety six feet -

,
extent t o the Chehi l min ar being a squ a re of 21 0 ,

which is s ma ll in prop o rtio n t o the number an d feet e a ch fa ce D o o rs enter into this o n every
.

size o f its entr an c es Three o f th ese d o o rw ays . h a nd bu t t he grand p o rta ls a r e o n the n o rth
,
.

a r e yet entire On the interior fa ce o f the do o r

. N e a rly p a rallel with its e a stern an d western an
t o w a rd t he e a st ar e three figures twelve feet hi gh, . gles ar e t w o c o l o ss al b u l ls standing o n i mmense ,

These ar e representa tio ns o f the mo n a rch an d pede sta ls T hese b ul l s fa ce t he n o rth : t w o

.

hi s a ttend ants The vis a ge o f t he mo n a rch is

. o thers a t s o me di sta nce fr o m t he m l oo k du e
, ,

mu tilated bu t the a ir o f his pers o n is very

,
so u th The se la tter a ppe a r t o h a ve fo rmed the
.

maj estic A vener able he a r d is nicely dispo sed

. sides o f a ma gnifi c ent gatew ay The sides o f .

u p o n his bre a st an d there is a mass o f ha ir c urled

, t he prin c ip a l doo r s of this qu a dr angle a r e richly
c o nspicuously c o vering his ne c k He is c o vered . a d o rned with sculp u re
t The m ost c o n spicu o us .
 H I ST OR Y OF TH E PER SI AN S .

is th at o f the mo n a rc h se a ted o n his chair o f w o lf t he fo re legs an d body o f a l i o n the bi n de r

, ,

state with both feet resting o n a fo o tsto o l Thi s

,
. legs o f an e a gle an d the neck scal ed o r fe a thered
,

c ha ir (o r in o ther w o rds the sta te cha ir o f Per

, ,
with a p r i c kly mane It has lo ng wings stretch .

sia ) re se mble s t h e high b acked an d c a rved ch a irs ing ne a rly t o its t a il which a r e fo rmed o f a ,

o f o u r a n c e sto rs in fo rm o nly it w a s g o rge o u sly ,

cha in o f b o nes like t he vertebrae o f t he b a ck
inl a id with go ld covered with a c a rpet a n d so ,
an d c u t with t he mo st c o rrect kn o wledge o f
,

high t ha t a st o o l w as al w a ys pla ced a t its feet . a ni ma l a n a t o my A cro o ked h o rn projects fro m

.

O v er the mo n a rch s he ad a r e has relief o rn a ’

- t he he a d o f this a ni mal w hich is gra sped by t he ,

ments o f a c a n o py s u pp o rted by pilla rs pr o ,

her o w ho is represented st a bbing hi m
, The .

fu sel y dec o r a ted wi th fre t w o rk fringes an d ,

other o pp o nents o f the pontiff king a r e th o se o f
b o rders o f li o ns a n d bulls O n the legs o f the .
a ho rned lion a n d a u nic o rn b ul l : all o f these
,
-

chair a r e the s cul ptured feet o f a li o n an d those ,

mu st be l o o ked upon as in the hi ghest degree
o f a bull a r e fo und in the feet o f the fo o tsto o l . emblematica l .

Behind the mo n a rch sta nds the fan be arer with -

,
It is su pp o sed th at the mo nstr o u s legends o f
his fac e mu fll e d ; a se c o n d tu nicked pers o n be a rs Persi an r o ma nce o rigin a ted in these stra nge
the r o y a l bo w a n d b a ttle ax e ; an d a third ,
c o mbin ati o ns o f huma n an d besti al fo rms an d ,

dressed in the Medi an h abit sta nds behind , ,

especia lly the legends o f their gre at p o et F er ,

h o lding a long w and in both h ands At the fo o t .

d o o si There seems indeed t o be a gre a t an a
.
, ,

o f the thron e a r e t w o ves sels with c o nnecting ,

l o gy between these l a tter sc u lptu res a n d his
ch ains t o their c o vers These prob ably were .
fi c ti o ns ; fo r he le a ds his hero Isfen deea r , ,

filled with per fumes A mu ffled a ttend ant ap .

th ro u gh seven encha nted ga tes the first of ,

r o ache s fr o m witho u t the pill a red fr ame bring w hich w as defended by two wolves ; the second
p ,

i n g a s mall meta l like p a il as tho u gh it c o nt a ined

a r o matics fo r the s u pply o f the ve ssels
the censers an d fa cing the mon arch there is a
,
-
,
by t w o lio ns ; the third by a dra go n ; t he fou rth
Be hi nd .
by a demo n dev o u rer o f the de a d ; the fifth by a
, gr ifli n ; the sixth by a c ata ra ct ; an d t he seventh
by a la ke an d b o u ndl ess mounta ins ; a ll o f which

t u nicked pers o n a ge with a plain bo nnet h aving in ,

his left h and a sho rt r o d an d h o lding his right ,

his her o overc o mes To s u ch strange pu rpose s .

h a nd to his mou th t o prevent his bre a th exhal c a n ma n pervert hi s intellect tha t ift o f He aven
g , ,

ing to w a rds t he mo n a rch t o whom he bends a s ,

which is given t o him t o a ssist him in his j o u r
he addresses hi mself Beyond the roy al gr o u p thr o u gh life an d t o glo rify his Cre a to r !
ye sides these magnificent remains o f this truly
ne ,
. ,

an d divided fr o m it by a h o riz o nta l b o rder ,

decked with r o ses there ar e five r anges o f at ,

w o nderful pla tform Sir R o bert Ker P o rter fo u nd ,

t en dan t s conta ining fifty sculpt u red figures in a

, ,
several o ther splendid ruins at a pl a ce c a lled the
milita ry dress H arem o f J e mschid These c o nsi sted chiefly o f .

pro str ate grey ma rble c o lu mns highly o rn a

.

Bey o nd t he n o rthern fr o n t of the e di fice ab o ve ,

de scribed there ar e two portals p o inting e ast an d

,
me n t e d an d fl u ted re ma ins o f ma ssy w a ll s an d , ,

sou th These p o rtal s ar e dec o r ated with scu lp

.
the ma rble w o rk o f sever a l do o r frames This -
.

t u r e d d o uble gu a rds a b o ut twelve feet high The ,

.
h a re m sta nds a bout five miles n o rth e a st of Per -

faces of these figures ar e two feet seven in ches se p o l is a n d no do u bt it w as o nce a portion of

,

long o f a be au tiful c o lo u r an d exqu isite w o rk

, ,
thi s far famed city -
.

manship Their spe a rs ar e supp o sed t o be

.
O f t o mbs an d sepu lchr al ch ambers hewn o u t
ne a rly eighteen feet in length Aro u nd an d be .
o f the perpendicu l a r fa ce o f r o cks th ere a r e se ,

tween these porta ls there ar e numer o us fr a g ver al spec imens at N akshi Roo st am o r po rtra it ,

ment s of colu mns a rchitraves an d o ther ru ins o f Ro o sta m The se exc av ations a r e very sha l
.
, , ,

which indic ate th at fo rmerly there w as a covered l o w an d c o nsist chiefly o f a n a rchitectural fro n
,

c o l o nn ad e in these p a rts Sculptures ar e met .

t ispiec e o r p o rtico richly a d o rned with sculpt u re ,

wi th here si mil a r to th o se fo u nd o n the d o ors o n a n d o ther dec o r ations F o ur o f these t o mbs ar e .

the n o rth O n the comp a rtments is a n o ther view e v idently coeva l with the b u ilding of the p al a ce ,

an d ar e th o se o f the mo n a rchs re siding a t Perse

.

o f the mon arch attended o nly by his fl y ch as er

,
-
.

The c a n o py over his he ad c o nsists of fretted p o lis ; the o thers whi ch ar e l o wer do wn ar e , ,

rings r o ses etc o f the mo st exqu isite sculpture

, , .
, .
those o f the S a ss ani a n mo n archs These ar e .

Li o ns the serpent winged e mblem an d the

,
-
,
sculpt ured with equ estri a n fi gures of the S assa
u nic o rn b u ll fill two r o ws while the fe r w ar o r
-
, , ,
ni a n mo n a rchs with P e hliv1 inscriptions Sir, .

a eri a l fi gure sur mounts the whole

'

, exhibiting a ,
Wil li am Ou sel ey su pposes a s mall s qu a re edifice ,

fac simile o f the s ymbol belo w

-
.
opp o site to the scu lptu red rock o f N akshi Roos
The fo u r p o rtals o f the q u a drangle ar e dec o t am to h a ve c o ntai ned the b o dy o f Cyr u s ; a n d
,

r ated wi th sculptu red c omb ats between a huma n its a ppe a rance is confo rmable to the ide a given
“
figu re u s u all y den o min ate d the po n t ifl king o f it by Str ab o w ho s a ys th at it w as a tower
‘

, ,
, ,

a n d an a ni mal fo rm
”
The first bas reli ef is in .
- not l arge ha ving a very n arr o w entr ance
, Ar .

“
o n e o f the d oo rw a ys in t he western fa ce o f the ri an als o s ays of it that it w as situa te in t he ,

r o y al ga rden amid trees an d running stre ams

, .
”

T hi s tomb ho wever d o es not a ppea r t o be

, ,

cle arly identified fo r th ere a r e n o tra ces o f a ,

ga rden ne a r the spot ; the n ame o f Cyr us mo re ,

k and
o ver does n o t a ppe a r u p o n the in sc r i pt io r
,

St Ma rtin s u pp o ses th a t it r ather refers to Ar

.

wit h immense plu ma ge h a lf w ay do w n its b ack .

Thou gh wo u nded it see ms t o o pp o se its adv er the 011 09 mi ghty city Of

0

,
S u ch IS the st ate Of
s a ry with r amp ant vi o lence The cor r e sp o nding .
r u ins ! The y a dd their tes
sc ulp t u re presents an a ni mal w ith t he he a d o f a ti mo n y , W i th the many ancient cities n o w b u ried
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PER SI AN S .

bene a th their o w n ruins t o the perishing n at ure , In the s u mmer the te mper ature w as so hot t h at ,

o f all hu ma n things Tho u gh hewn o ut o f the . t he c o u rt then re moved to Ecb a ta n a the elev a ted ,

e t ern a l ro ck yet time an d the destro yer man

,
”
, p o sitio n a n d n o rthern situ ati o n of which ren
h ave l a id the s u bli me p al a ce o f Ist a k her l o w . dered its s u mmers co o l a n d a gree a ble while the ,

No hu ma n he ad ca n find a shelter there w here , severity o f t he c o ld in winter compell ed a return

t he mighty mo n a rchs o f Per si a o nce rep o sed . t o S us a The city w as gre atly i mproved by D a
.

Y es this r o c k tho u gh o nce cleft with n icest ar t

, , rius H y st asp e s ; an d it w o u ld see m th at the Per
an d ind u stri o u s c a re fo r t he rep o se o f p oo r mo r , si an kings dep o sited their tre a s u res a n d t he r e
tal ity n o w mo cks the tr aveller w ho seeks a r e
, cords o f their kingdo ms at S u s a co nj ointly with ,

fu ge there l ike every e a rt hly o bj e c t re minding

, , Ecb a t an a N othing is kn o wn descriptively c o n
.

him t hat t here is a R o c k that never fa ils t o shel cerning its ancient c o nditio n except th at Strabo ,

ter those tha t see k a refu ge Tha t R o ck is . rela tes it w as b u ilt o f brick like B abylo n w as of
, ,

Christ 1 Cor x 4 a n o blong fig u re a n d 1 2 0 sta di a ab o u t fo u rteen

, . . .
( ,

miles ) in circu mference The p alace w as acc o unt .

P ASAGARD ZE .
ed one o f the mo st ma gni ficent ro yal residences in
This a ncient t o wn o f Persi a is s aid t o h ave the w o rld The we alt h o f Sus a w as i mmense In
.

a n a cco u nt where A
.

been b u ilt by Cyr u s after his victo ry o ver Asty ,

r ist a go r as c o mes before Cleo

a ge s the Mede w hich he g a ined ne a r this pl a ce

,
. menes t o te mpt him t o foreign c o nqu ests ha ving
, ,

Pl ut a r c h sa ys tha t t he kings o f Persi a were c o n with him a bra zen t ablet o n whi c h w as engra v ed ,

se c r a t ed a t P asa gar dae by the ma gi ; a n d Str ab o the circ u it o f the e a rth with its se a s an d rivers ,

an d A
,

r r ian rel a te tha t the t o mb o f Cyru s w as

,
he p o ints a mo ng o ther pla ces t o S u sa s aying
, , ,

a t t his pl a c e Their descriptio n o f its situ atio n

. On the b anks o f the Cho asp es sta nds Su sa ,

has been seen in the preceding a rticle The . w here the gre a t king fixes his residence an d ,

l o wer p a rt o f the t o mb they say w a s o f a qu ad , ,

where a r e his tre as u res Ma ster of th at city y o u .
,

r a n gu l a r shape a n d ab o ve it there w a s a c ha m
,
may b o ldly vie with J upite r himself fo r riches .
”

ber bu ilt o f s to ne with an entrance so n a rro w , ,

S u sa has been c alled M emnon ia o r the p al ace of ,

tha t it w as difficu lt fo r a man t o p as s thr o u gh it . Me mnon bec au se th at prince reigned there The
, .

Arist o b u l u s entered this ch amber a n d fo u nd in ,

poet Milto n ma kes all u si o n t o thi s in a p a ssa ge ,

it a golden c o u ch a go lden co fli n a t able with , ,

wherein he finely ill ustr ates the r o ad which De ath
c ups u p o n it a n d ma n y be au tifu l ga rments
, ,
a n d S a ta n ma de o ver ch a os by th a t which Ke r ,

swo rd s an d ch a ins Thi s writer s a ys tha t the

, . xes ma de over the Hellesp o nt .

inscription o n the t o mb re ad th u s : 0 man I“

a m Cyrus w ho a cq u ired s o vereignty fo r the

,
So i f gre at thin g s t o small may be c omp are d
. ,
,
X e r xe s t h e l i b e r t y o f G r e e c e t o y o k e
, ,
Persi ans an d w as king o f Asia D o n o t then
, .
, , Fro m S u sa hi s M e mn o n iu m p al a ce high
, ,

grudge me this mo n u ment Magi gu arded t he .

”
C a me t o t h e se a ; a n d o v er H el l e sp o n t ,

B r idg in g h is w a y Eu ro p e wi th A sia j oi n d ;
t o mb w ho received d a ily o fferings o f sheep
’
,
, ,
An d sc o u rge d wi t h man y a str o k e t he i n dign an t ’

wine an d whe a t which were gi v en in h o n o u r o f

, , wa v e
Cyr u s The to mb w as plu ndered in the days o f
There has been mu ch di sp u te c o ncerning the
.

Alex ander by r o bbers w ho c arried aw ay every

Th at it sto o d upon t he Eul aeus
,

thing bu t the go lden c o u ch a n d co fli n whic h ,

site o f Su s a .

Ul i well u p o n t he Cho as es is genera ll y

they were pro b ably n o t able t o re move thro u gh ( a ) a,s a s p ,

the a perture of the chamber a ll o wed Her o d o tus c al ls it t he river o f Cho

.

a spes but he ma kes no menti o n of Eul aeu s an d

.

The site o f P asaga r dee has been mu ch dis , ,

Many i ma gine th at it is to be identified he s ays th at its w aters were so pure an d who le

pu t e d
so me th a t t he Persi a n kings dra nk o f n o other
.

wit h Persep o lis ; bu t there a ppe ars t o be little .

d o ubt tha t they a r e distinct pl aces As s u ch .

Milto n ha s c o nfined the u se o f t he w a ters o f the
they ar e menti o ned by Stra b o Ar t i an an d , ,
Cho aspes as a bevera ge t o kings a l o ne inste ad o f ,

Pliny the l atter o f wh o m s ays that P asagar dse

,
confi n ing the kings t o t he use o f those w at ers
w a s t o the e a st o f a t o wn c alled L a o dice a o f , There S u sa by Cho a sp e s a mb er stream ’
,
whi c h n o thing is kn o wn L assen thinks tha t .
, r
Th e d i n k o f n o n e bu t k in g s ” .

we o u ght t o lo o k fo r P asagar dae s o u th e a st o f -

Persep o lis in the neighb o u rho o d of F asa T his

, .
Usu a lly t he c ity o f S u s a has been identified
,

i s t he mo st pro b able c o nj ect u re yet fo r med o n with S hu ster ; bu t Maj o r Rennell in whi ch Kin ,

the su bj ect but a fter al l it is bu t c o nj ectu re fo r

, , ,
neir after rec a pitul ating t he arguments on b o th
,

ti me has do ne its w o rk effectu a lly with reference sides a grees preferred t o find it at Shu s a city
, , ,

t o P asa ga r dae by h aving swept its eve ry r e commencing ab o u t thirty six mil es mo re t o t he -

we st o r ne arer to B abylo n T his is the mo st

,

mai ns gre a t a n d n o ble a s they may h ave been

o

.
, ,
,

fr o m o ff the fa ce of the e a rth pro b able site o f t he a n c ient S u s a fo r Shuster is ,

a mo dern city c o mp a red with Su s o r Sus a being

.

, ,

S USA .
fo u nded by Schabo u r I in c o mme mo ra ti o n o f .
,

S u sa wh ich w a s so c a lled from the lily with his victo ry o ver the R o ma n e mpero r Valeria n ;
an d o rienta l tr a diti o ns st ate th a t R o ma n c aptives
, ,

which flo wer the pl ace ab o u n ded w as o n e o f the ,

roy a l cities o f Persia In t he pro phecies o f

rk
.

D aniel it is c all ed Shu shan D an vi ii 2 It a p J o r t in e ma s u p o n h i s p a ssa g e

r I a m a f a id
t r
M il o n i s h e e mist a k e n T ha t he k in g s o f P e sia dr a n k
, . .

t r t r
.
,

pe a rs to ha ve exi sted as a city fro m the re mo test nowtr a e bu t h a o f t h e i v e r Ch o a sp e s i s

t t
.

e ll k n o
r n : w w
a ges a n d is s a id t o ha ve been first made a re sid
, h a n o n e bu t k i n g s d a n k o f i t , i s ha , I b e l ie v e , c a n n o
t t r w t t
ence o f the Persi a n c o u rt by Cyru s The kings . be p o v e d
r H e c o n cl u de s hi s c i t ici sm u p on h is p a s
. r t
of Persi a resided at S usa du ring the who le o r sa g e by sa y i g , n ha M l i o n , by h i t t
s c a ll g i t a mb e
i n t“
r
s r e a m,
t se e ms t o h a v e h a d in v ie w t h e g o l d e n at e o f w r
”

p art o f the winter the climate a n d loc al p o siti o n , Ag a ho cl e s B u t his i s n o t p r o b abl e, fo r Mi l t o n a e ly

t t rr
rendering the te mperatu re mild in that se ason
.

. c o mmi s e r o r s i n ma
t e s o f hi s o r y
r tt r t .
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

were e mpl o yed in its erecti o n Beside s there .

,
au thors me o rienta l w o rks mo stly ge o gr a
o f so ,

a r e n o r i vers ne ar S hu ster corresp o nding t o phica l I h ave p u r su ed t he tra d iti o n t o H amd a ll a

,

the Cho asp e s an d t he Eul aeu s while the Kerah ,

C a z vi ni o f t he fo u rteenth c entu ry an d fr o m
, ,

an d the A b i z al w hi c h fl o w the fo rmer t o t he

- -
, ,
him thr o u gh Benj amin o f T u del a t o Ebu H aw ,

west an d t he la tter t o the e a st o f the ru ins o f

,
kel w ho travelle d in the tenth c entu ry
,
The .
”

Su s may be fairly pres u med t o be tho se a ncient

’

,
p a s sage in Ebn H a w k el s w o rk ru n s thu s : In
stre ams Kinn eir spe aking o f t he ruins o f Sus
.
, ,
t he city o f Su s th ere is a river a n d I h a ve he ar d ,

s ays : O n it s l o ng mo u nded tr act we indee d

“
that in the ti me of Ab o u Mo u s a ai Ash a ri a
“

, ,

find t he re ma ins of the o nce fa vou r ite c apit a l o f c o ffi n w a s fo u nd there a n d it is s a id the b o ne s o f

,

Cyru s ; th at we see the c l a s sic Cho aspes o f H e D aniel t he pr o phet (to wh o m be pe a ce ! ) were in
r o do tu s i n t he Ker a h the w a ters o f w h ich were ,
t hat c o flin These the pe o ple held in gre a t v e
.

s acred t o the lip o f maj esty a l o ne an d in its ,

n er at io n an d
,
in time o f distre ss o f famin e
neighb o u ring river the Ab 1 z al we find the ,
-
,
thro u gh dr ou ght they brou ght the m o u t an d
,

still mo re hall o wed Eul mu s o r Ul ai which the , ,

prayed fo r r a in Ab o u Mo u sa al Ash ari o rdered
.

S criptu res describe as the s c ene o f D a niel s pro ’

thi s c o ffin t o be brou ght a n d three c o v erings o r ,

phet ic vis i o n : A n d it c a me t o p ass I w as at li ds t o be made for it ; the first o r o u tsi de o f

'

Shu shan i n the p al ac e which i s in t he pr o vince ,

which w a s o f b oa rds exceedingly stro ng an d , ,

o f El a m a n d I saw i n a vision a n d I w as by the

, ,
c a u sed it to be b u ried so tha t it c o u ld n o t be ,

ri v er o f Ula i D an viii ,
’
Str ab o it may be
. .
,
viewed A ba y o r gulf o f the river c o mes over
.

a dded spe aks o f the

,
“
rivers whi ch p a ss by this gr a ve which may be seen by a n y o n e w ho
,

,
”
S u s a w hich G o sselin expl ains a s h aving refer dives t o t h e bottom o f the w ater Sir Willi am .
”

ence to the Cho a spes an d B ul inus o r Ul ai as dif , ,

Ou sel y thus describes t he t o mb a s it n o w ex ists
I w as fin all y driven by t he he a t t o t he t o mb_o f
The r ui ns o f Shus ar e very extensive stretch ,
D a niel o r a s he is c alled in the e ast D a_
, ,
n a ll
y , ,

ing a bo u t twelve miles fro m o n e extremity whic h is situ ated in a mo st be au tiful sp o t

‘

the o ther They extend a s fa r a s the e a ste

. w a shed by a cle a r ru nning stre am a n d sh a de d ,

b a nk o f the Kerah o ccu py a l a rge sp a ce bet w e by pl anes a n d o ther trees o f ample fo li a ge The ,
.

th a t river an d t he Ab i z al an d like the ruins

,

- -
, ,
buil din g is o f Moh amme da n d ate an d inh abited ,

B abylon Ctesiphon an d Kufah c o nsist o f hill o c

, , ,
by a s o lit a ry de r v ise w ho sh o ws the sp o t where
,

of e arth an d rubbish c o vered with broken pie c es ,

t he prop h et is b u ried b en eath a sma ll an d ,

o f brick a n d col o u red tile ; thereby c o rrespond s imple squ are brick ma usoleum s aid t o be with , ,

ing t o the ancient Su s a whi c h w as entirely b u ilt ,

o u t pr o b ab ility c o ev al with hi s de ath
,
It has .
,

o f brick a n a dditi o n al pr o o f th at the ruin s o f

,
ho wever n eit her d ate n o r inscripti o n to pr o ve
,
’
Shus represent the a n c ient S u s a fo r Shuster i s ,
the truth o r fa lsehoo d o f t he der vise s a sse rtio n .

celebrated fo r its stone erected h o uses an d fo r its -

,
The s mall river ru nning at the foo t o f this b u ild
qua rries o f stone . ing w hich is c a lled t he B ell ar an fl o ws it ha s
, , ,

The la rgest an d most rema rk able mou nds in been sa id immedi ately over t he prophet s t o mb
’

, ,

these ruins st a nd ab o u t t w o miles from Kera h . a n d by t he tr a nsp a rency o f the w a te r hi s c o ffin ,

The first is c o mp u ted t o be a mile in circumfer w a s t o be seen a t the b o tto m B u t the der vi se .

ence an d ne a rly 1 00 feet in h eight ; a n d the

,
an d the n atives wh o m I q u e sti o ned re me mbered

oth er a lth o u gh n o t quite so high ab o u t do u ble

, ,
n o tr adition corr o b o r a ting su c h a fa ct It has .

t h e circuit o f the fo rmer They a r e c o mp o sed o f .

h u ge masses o f su n dried brick a n d c o u rses o f -

b u rned brick an d mort ar L a rge blo c ks o f ma r .

ble c o vered with hier o glyp hics a r e frequently

, ,

fo u nd here by t he Ar abs w ho distingu ish these ,

t w o gre at mo u nds by the n a me o f the C a stle a n d

the P a l a c e ; an d they ma y be s u pp o sed t o r e ins u r a nce a ga inst tho se to c o me .

present the celebrated fo rtress w hich Mo l o n ,

This au tho r has al so gi v en a tra nsl ati o n o f a
a ft er h a ving w o n the city w a s un able to t a ke Persia n manu script in which the fo ll o w ing su
,

ative t o the t o mb o f
, ,

an d the p al a ce o f S u s a e r st it io u s legend o cc u rs rel

.
p ,

At the fo o t o f the mo st elev a t ed o f these D a niel : Ab o u Mou s a h aving pilla ged the ter
mo unds st ands the t o mb of D a niel a s mall an d r it o r
y o f Ahw az pr o c eeded t o S u s a
,
where he ,

slew the go vern o r a Persi a n prince n amed

,

a pp a rently mo dern b u ilding erected o n t h e sp o t ,

Sha p o o r the so n o f Az ur mah an T h en he eu

, ,

where the relics o f th a t pro ph et ar e beli eved t o ,

.

rest A der vise resides there w ho p o ints t o the

.
,
t er e d t he c a stle a n d p a l a ce o f tha t prince a n d ,

gr ave o f the man gre atly beloved with a s

“ ”
seized a ll the tre as u re there dep o sited in di ffer ,

ent pla ce s u ntil he c ame t o a cert ai n ch amber

,

mu ch h o ma ge as if it belonged t o the a rch , ,

impost o r Mo hammed h i mself o r t o the Imau m ,

t he d o o r o f which w a s str o ngl y fa stened a ,

H o sein . T ho u gh the to mb is c o mp a r atively a le a den se al being affixed t o t he l o ck Abo u .

mo dern struc t u re the Jew Ar ab a n d M us su l

, , ,
Mo u s a inquired o f the pe o ple o f Sus wh at pre
man believe fr o m tradi tion th at it do es indeed c io u s a rticle w as gu a rded with su ch c a re in
this c h amber They assu red him th at he w o ul d
, ,

c o nta in t he re ma ins o f the pro phet .

.

The e arliest n o tice o f t h e t o mb o f D aniel w a s n o t reg a rd it as a desir able o bj ect o f pl u nder ;

gi v en by Benj amin o f Tudela w ho vi sited A si a ,

bu t his curi o sity w as r o u sed a n d be c a used t he ,

t o w a rds the l atter p art o f t he thirteenth centu ry .

l o c k t o be bro ken an d the d o o r t o be Opened
,
.

Latterl y Sir Willi a m Ou sel e y has written much In t he chamber he beheld a st o ne o f c o nsider
a ble di me n si o ns h o ll o wed o u t into the fo rm o f
,

u p o n t he s u bject He s ay s The l o c al traditi o n

“

a n d in tha t the b o dy o f a de ad man

.
,

which fixe s D a niel s to mb at Sus a see ms w o rthy ’

,
a c o ffin ,
,

of inve stigati o n Thr ou gh the mo re mo dern

.
wrapped in a shro u d o r wi nding sheet o f go ld
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERS IA N S .

bro ca de The he a d w a s u n c o vered

. Ab o u . prey . these fu ri o us an imals c o m
The dre a d of
Mo u sa an d his a ttend a nts were a sto ni shed ; fo r p e l l e d Mr Mo nteith a n d myse l f t o t ake shelter
.

having me asu red t he n o se they fo u nd t ha t pr o , fo r t he night within t he w al ls t hat enc o mp ass

p o rti o n ally he mu st h a ve ex c eeded the c o mmo n D a niel s to mb To t he s ame e ffe c t Sir J o hn
’
.
”
,

size o f me n The pe o ple n o w info r med Ab o u

.
Mal c o lm in his Hi st o ry o f Persi a writes :
, ,

Mo u sa t ha t this w as t he b o dy o f an a ncient s a ge E very spe c ies o f wild be a st r o ams at l a rge

w ho fo r merly lived i n Ir a k an d that w henever ,
o ver t ha t spot o n whic h s o me o f the pr o u dest
t he w a nt o f r ain o cc a si o ned a famine o r sc a rcity , p a l a ce s ever r aised by huma n a r t o nce st o o d .
”

the inhabit ant s a pplied t o this ho ly ma n a n d , Yes re ader they r o ve o ver t he ru ins o f Su s a
, , ,

t hr o u gh the e ffic acy o f his pr ayers o bt ained , witho u t o n e hu ma n being t o disp ute their reign ,

c o piou s sho wers o f r a in fr o m he aven It hap . s ave the p o o r der vise w ho ho lds w atch over t he
pened afterw ards that Su s als o s u ffered fro m ex t o mb o f the pro p het The ch ambers o f r o y al ty .

c e ssiv e dro u ght a n d t he pe o ple in distress r e

, w here Ahas u eru s exhi bited t he riches o f hi s
q uested th at their neighbo u rs w o u ld a ll o w this kingdo m an d the h o n o u r o f his excellent ma
,

venerable perso n age t o reside a few da ys among j e sty fo r,

”
a n hu ndred an d fo u rs c o re d a s
y ,
”

the m expecting t o derive t he bles sing o f r ain

,
u nto his princes an d serv a nts t he p o wer o f Me ,

fro m his interces si o n with the Almighty ; bu t dia an d Persi a with the n o bles an d princes o f ,

the Ir ak ian s w o u ld n o t gr a nt this requ e st F ift y . o e

n hu ndred a n d twenty seven provinces -
,

men then went dep u ted by t he pe o ple o f Su s

, ,
stretching fr o m Indi a even t o E thi o pi a a r e n o w ,

w ho a ga in petiti o ned t he r u ler o f Ir ak s a y ing , ,

t he ab o des o f t he be a sts o f t he desert The v o ice .

Let this h o ly pers o n vi sit o u r c o u ntry an d de ,

o f festive mirth o nce he a rd in the go rge o u s ha lls ,

ta in t he fifty men u ntil his retu rn T hese ter ms .

’
o f Su sa is excha nged fo r t he h o wli ngs o f t he
,

were a c c epted a n d the h o ly pers o n c ame t o Su s

, , li o n t he w o lf an d the hyen a a s they r o a m
, , ,

w here thr o u gh t he influ ence o f his prayers r ai n

, ,
a br o a d in q u est o f prey ; while birds o f evil n o te ,

fell in gre a t a b u nd an c e an d s a v ed t he l a nd ,
a s t hey fly o ver the ruins give a dditi o n a l so ,

fro m famine ; but t he pe o ple w o u ld n o t permit l e mn it y t o t he des o l a tio n Al as ! a l a s ! fo r hu .

hi m t o return an d the fifty men were det ained

,
ma n grandeu r !
a s h o st a ges in Ir a k Su ch s aid th o se w ho ao
.
,
When Maj or Mo nteith visited Su s the der vise ,

c o mp a nied Ab o u Mo u sa is t he histo ry o f the ,

w ho w atches the to mb o f D a niel sh o wed him
dea d man The Ar abi an gener a l then a sked
. sever al bl o cks o f sto ne curi o u sly scul p t ured an d , ,

the m by what n ame t his ext raordin ar y p ers o n o f gre a t a ntiqu ity The sides o f o n e o f the se .

a ge ha d been kn o wn a mo ng th e m ? T hey r e st o nes which w as a green gr a nite w a s c o vered

, ,

plied The pe o ple o f Ir ak c a lled him D a niel

,
‘
with hier o glyphic a l figu res o c cu pying five rows , .

H akim o r D a niel the S a ge

, After this Ab o u .
’
,
The first row c o nt ained fo rms s u pp o sed t o r e
Mo u sa remained so me time in Su s a n d de present t he su n t he moon an d o n e o f t he sta rs ;
“

, , ,

spa t c he d a me ssenger t o O ma r the C o mma nder t he sec o nd anima ls rese mbling a h o rse a bir d
, , ,

o f the F a ithfu l with a n a cc o u nt o f all his c o n

,
a n d a do
g ; t he third a figure with the he a d an d ,

qu ests in Khu zist a n a n d o f t h e v a ri o u s tre a su res

,
l o wer extremities o f a tiger t he arms o f a man , ,

t ha t ha d fa llen into h is p o sses si o n He rel a ted . a n d t he t a il o f a g o a t ; the fo u rth a n ani mal r e ,

When se mbling an a ntel o pe a serpent a scorpi o n an d

’
a ls o the dis c o ve r y o f D aniel s b o dy .
, , ,

O ma r had re c eived this a cc o u nt h e demanded ,

the o rn amented t o p o f a st aff o r sceptre ; a n d t he
fro m his chief o fli ce r s s o me i n fo rmation c o ncern fifth depicts a trident t w o spe ars a hawk an d , , ,

ing D a niel ; bu t al l were silent except Ali o n , ,

s o me o ther bird with a Greek cr o ss Tw o si des ,
.

w ho m be the blessing o f G o d He decl a red th a t . o f the st o ne a r e o cc u pied by inscripti o ns in t he

D a niel had been a pro phet th o u gh n o t o f t he ,

c u neifo rm ch a r a cter which is s c arcely legible ,
.

highe st o rder ; th at in a ges lo ng since he ha d T hi s is one o f t he princip al re mains o f S u s a .

dwelt with Hak ht al N a ss a r ( N eb u ch a dnezz ar )

a n d t he kings w ho ha d s u c c eeded him a n d Ali
A
ARIA
rel ated the who le o f D a niel s hist o ry fro m the ’
This city w hi ch is c al led by some ancient
writers Ar it o an a Art ac an da Ar t aco an a a n d
,

beginning t o t he end Oma r then by the a dvi c e .

, , , , ,

o f hi s c o u nsell o r A l i c a u sed letters t o be directed B it ax a an d by Pt o le my Ari a a n swers t o t he

, , ,
,

t o Ab o u M o u sa t o re mo v e with du e re spect an d ,
mo dern H e r au t which is situ ated in an a mple ,

venera ti o n t he b o dy o f D aniel t o s o me pl ace

,
pla in o f gre at fertility an d su rr o u nded by l o fty ,

w here t he pe o ple o f Su s c o u ld n o l o nger enj o y mo u nt a in s The sit u a ti o n o f H er au t is pl a ced

.

the p o ssess io n o f it Ab o u Mo u sa i mmedia tely .

,
di ff erently o n different maps a n d by different ,

writers : in Kin n e ir s Me mo ir in 3 4 1 2 N °
’ '

o n t he re c eipt o f th is o r d er o bliged the pe o ple o f , .

,

Su s t o t u rn t he stre am whi c h s u pplied them with

°
l at itu d e ; by C apt a in Gr ant 6 3 in Kin n e ir s ,
’

w ater fr om its n atu r a l c o u rse T hen he br o u ght map 6 0 5 5 E l o ng it ude ; in El phi n st on e s map
° ’ ’
.
. ,
° '

in 3 4 4 7 N l atitu de a n d 6 1 5 5 E
° '

fo rth the b o dy o f D aniel an d h a ving wrapped it , o f C au bu l ,

.
, .

in a nother shro u d o f go ld br o c a de he c o m ,
l o ngitu de ; in Kennell s map o f t he twenty sa ’

man de d a gra ve t o be ma de in t he dr y cha nnel ° '

t r a pie s o f D a ri u s H y st aspe s 6 1 5 E l o ngit u de ; , .

a n d in D A n vill e s ma p 3 4 o f t he s a me
’ ° '

o f the river an d therein dep o sited t he vener a ble

’

,
59 , .

re mains o f t he pro phet The gra ve w a s then .

C o ncerning t he ancient t o wn n o thin g is kn o wn ; ,

firmly secu red a n d c o v ered w ith st o ne s o f c o n bu t C a pt a in Gra nt s ays o f B er au t tha t t he pl ain ,

side r abl e size ; t he river w a s rest o red t o its o n w hich it st a nd s is w atered by an ample
w o nted channel an d t he w aters o f Su s n o w fl o w
,
stre am c r o wded wi th vill a ges teeming with p o
,

o ve r t he b o dy o f D an iel .
”
p al ati o n an d c o vered with fiel ds o f c o rn The
,
.

Sir J o hn Kin n e ir writing o n this su bject s ays

, , ,
l andsc a pe receives a dditi o n a l be au ty an d v a ri ety
The c ity o f Shus is n o w a glo o my wi l dernes s ,
fr o m t he n umer o u s mo squ es t o mb s an d o ther , ,

infested by li o ns hyen a s an d f o ther be a sts o f

, ,
- e difices intermingled with trees an d gardens
, ,
 H IST O RY OF TH E PE RSIA N S .

with which it is e mbe llished an d the mo u ntai n , ZADR AC AR TA .

slo pes by whi ch it is su rr o u nded

, B e ra u t is .
Acc o rding t o Ar r ian t his w as the l a rgest city
S i tu a te d i n t he modern pr o vince o f Kho ra ss an , of Hyrc ani a The term signifies “
the yellow
,

a n d c o nt a ins a p o pu l ati o n o f
. ,
The city city a n d it w as given t o it from t he gre a t n um
c ou p l es an a re a o f fo u r squ a re miles .
ber o f o range lemo n an d o ther fruit trees which
, ,

grew in t he enviro ns of that city Hence it is

ARANG by D A
.

Z '
. ’
n vill e R o chette an d o ther ge o gr apher s ,
s

identified with Sam which Pietr o D ella Va lle

, ,

Z a rang or Seist an is identified by s o me geo

,
,

r apher s of high n o te with t he modern D o os

,
s ays in hi s Tra vels signifies yello w It is pr o
, ,
.

auk or J e l l al la bad w hi ch is ab o ut 2 6 0 miles

,
b a ble th a t Z adr ac ar t a an d Sa m ar e t he s a me
with t h e Syr in gis o f Po lybius t aken fro m Ar
, ,

du e s o uth fr o m B er au t This city is situa ted .

,

sa ce s 1 1 by Anti o chus t he Gre at in his fru itles s

o n t he b a nks of the Il me n d n e a r its o u tlet int o ,
.

a tte mpt t o re u nite the rev o lted pr o vinces o f H yr

,

the la ke of D u rr ah a n d it is encomp assed by ,

c a ni a a n d P a rthia t o the Syr i a n cr o w n H a nway
r u ins testifying its a ncient gra ndeur C aptain .
,
,
who visited S a ru AD 1 7 3 4 mentio ns fo ur ancient
.

Christie saw those of a gre a t b u nd o r d k e , ,

. .
,

c alled the B u nd o f R u st u m t he Persi a n e r ,

”

c u les Z ar a ng w as chiefly des o l a ted by Timur

.

Bek who o bta ined fo r hi msel f a Goth like cele

,
-

br it y for the destructi o n of cities a n d the exter ,

min a ti o n of his fell o w men He r a ze d this city -

.

t o its fo u nda ti o ns destr o yed the edifice ca lled the

,

Mo u nd o f R u stu m an d left n o tra ces o f th at,

”

a ncient mo n u ment
‘

Sher ifl e din in his Life of

.
,

this destro yer in the S piri t o f o rient al ro ma nce be a r

,

s ays th a t a v o ice w as h e a rd which inv o ked the

,
other mystic person ages whose celebrity had ,
,

s o ul o f Rustum t o a rise fro m hi s re sting pl ace

,
been est ablished about 2 000 ye ars a nteri or to
a n d beh o ld the c al ami ties w hi ch ha d overta ken
,
their erectio n O ne of themw a s c alled the to mb
.

hi s c o u ntry in these w o rds Lift u p thy he ad ; of K aus an d w as su pposed to conta in the ashes
,
,

behold t he c o ndition o f thy cou ntry which is at o f Cyr u s Sir Willi am Ou sel ey thi nks it w as
.

length reduced by the power o f the T a rt ars

,

.
” th at o f K abu s o r K au s t he son o f Washmak in
, , ,

who go verned M a z an der an in the fo urth century

o f the Hej ir a It w as at Sam th at the ashes o f
.

t he you thful hero Sohr a u b were dep o sited by , ,

This city is supp o sed with gre at prob abili ty , ,

hi s father Ro o st um a fter he ha d unwittingly
, ,

to be the mo dern sla in him in single c o mb at Sam is celebra te d .

fo r its a bundance of g a rdens whi ch e mit a ,

S amarca n d by Oxu s Temar s thro n e
, ,
’
,
”

ple a sing fr agrance in t he vern a l an d s u mmer

which in El phin st o n e s map is pl a ced 2 30 B r i ’ mo nths O rient al hype rbole decl a res th at t he
. ,

tish miles N N w o f B a ctri a in 39 3 7 N l a ti

. . .
° '

.
ga tes o f p a r adise derive sweetness fro m the air
,
° o f S a ru a n d the flowers o f Eden their fra gra nce
tude an d ne a rly 6 5 E longit ude It is situ a ted ,

from it s s o il
. .
,

o n the so u thern side o f the So gd which has its

.

s o u rce in the ridge of Pamer an d whi ch running H ECATOM P YL OS

,

s o u th west from the B el o o t T au gh divides the

-
H e cat o mpyl o s which w as so c all ed bec au se Of
-
, ,

w a ters south t o the O xus fro m those th a t r u n its hundred gates o r bec au se al l the ro ads in the ,
north t o the J ax artes Acc o rding to C u r tiu s P a rthia n do mini o ns entered here is t he mo dern
.
, ,

w hen the city w as besieged by Alex a nder it w a s D amga n Its dista nce fr o m the C a spi a n Strai ts , . ,

three le a gues (o r nine miles ) in C ircu mference in Kin n e ir s map is 1 2 5 miles n o rth e a st ; Ren .
’
,
-

Afterw a rds it w as mu ch enl a rged a n d su rr o u nded nell h o wever makes it o nly seventy eight geo
,
, ,
-

bY a W 311 It w as t aken by Jengh is Kh an A gr a phi c a l mi les This city w as visited by Alex , .

1 2 2 0 after a n obstin a te resist a nce

, S a marc a nd a nder in his p u rs u it o f D a rius By s o me writers .
.
,

w as the fa v o u rite residence o f Timur B ek a n d it H ecat o mpy l o s is identified with I sp ah a n now , ,

is still the se at Of a n U sbeck Khan but its gl o r y o n e of the mo st popul o u s t o wns o f Persi a ; bu t it
-
,

is dep a rted .
do es not a ppe ar to be au thentic ated .

NI SE A .

The ab o ve ar e al l the towns o f ancient Persia ,

Stra bo mentions this city among th o se o f H y r concerning which a n y descriptive a cco u nt c an

c a ni a an d Pto le my pl a ces it in M ar gian a Ren
, be o ffered to the re ader The n ames o f many . .

nell identifies it with the mo dern Nai sabo u r bu t o thers wil l occur in the p ages o f this histo ry , ,

it is mo re prob ably the mo dern N esa This has but little beyond the fa ct o f their h aving once .

a lw ays been a city o f n o te It is situ ated be existed is kn o wn There ar e it is true the

.
,
.
, ,

tween the mo u ntains tha t boun d the district of mo ul dering remn ants o f many cities sc attered
Toos o r M e sched an d the desert o f Khowa r
, , a b o u t the v a st tr a cts o f Persi a ; bu t th ey a r e n o t
a sm; an d fift y ge o gra phic a l miles s o uth e a st o f identifi ed with an y city whose n a mes a r e in\the -

B a w e r d a n d twenty e a st of Kel at It w as t aken p a ges o f ancient hi sto ri a ns o r if they be little

.
, ,

by the T a rt ars under Jenghis Kh a n AD 1 2 2 0 is kn o wn of their histo ries Thu s at M o n r ghab , . .

,
.
, ,

when o f its inh abita nts perished It is fo rty nine miles N N E o f Ist akher a r e exten .
- . . .
,

supp o sed tha t the famed Nisa an h o rses an d sive ruins resembling tho se o f Persepo lis a n d in , ,

Nisa an pl ains deriv e d their n ame fro m this the neighbourh o od o f Fir o z e ab ad there ar e -
,

o thers seventeen mil es in length an d h al f th a t ,

 H I STORY OF TH E PER SIAN S .

di sta n c e in width which ha ve never been ex a , an d c u lp able hon o urs The gre a t king a n d .
,

min ed by Eur o pe a n tra vellers R uins o f c o n .

“
the k ing o f kings were the commo n titles ,
”

side r a bl e extent o cc u r also in t he neighb o u rh o o d , , given t o t he Persian mo n a rchs an d divin e ho ,

o f D a r abge r d a n d v a ri o u s other pl a ces

,
All . n o u r s were p a id t o the m by a ll ra nks o f Persi a .

these an d mo re o ccu r in the single pr o vince o f

, ,
N one d a red a ppro a ch the m witho u t th at h u mble
Fa r sist a n o r t he ancient Persis
, . pr o strati o n due t o the M aj esty o f he aven alo ne .

Re a der w hat shall we say t o the se things ?

,

Kn o wing all this sh all we loo k u pon e a rth as o u r Wh o b ows t h e k n e e to man

pl ace o f abode a n d o n the mighty c ities tha t
,
As a di v i n i y , d e p r i v e s t h e G o d
t
, Who ma de him a n d p e ser v e s him, of hi s r igh r ts
n o w tee m with hu ma n kind as end u ring in their For t o h a e n d w a s he cr e a e d man
t t t .

n a tures ? R a ther let u s p o int t o Thebes B aby ,

l o n N ineveh Persep o lis an d t he ma ny mighty Reverence t o maj esty sho u ld pro ceed fro m
civil obli ga ti o ns alone n o t fro m a dorati o n o f their
, , ,

cities o f o l d tha t n o w e mbra ce the e a rth a n d , ,

sa y,
They sh a ll o n e da y be as the se ar e Nay .
”
,
persons B ey o nd this it s av o u rs o f ido latry
.
, .

let us loo k u p o n o u r fa ir e a rth a n d the sun ,

It w as n o t o nly o f their o w n s u bj ects th a t the
whi ch shines u p o n us by da y an d the mo o n an d ,
kings o f Persi a ex acted this homa ge bu t o f ,

the sta rs t hat give u s light by night a n d excla im ,

str angers li kewise Her o do tu s rel ating the cir .
,

with h o ly aw e T hese al so mighty an d be a n c u msta n c e of t w o Sp a rta ns being se t t o Xerxes

, , n ,

a s a n a t o ne ment for t he destru cti o n o f his e m

,

tiful as they ar e an d stable as they a ppe a r ar e

, ,

do o med to perish ! O ne gre a t qu esti o n a r i ”

bassa do r s who had be en sent t o de ma nd o f the m
,

this which the p o et has well supplie

,
e a rth an d w ater as a t o ken of their su bmis ,
”

si o n to this h au ghty mon a rch s a ys When ,

Th at day o f wrath , tha t dre a dfu l da y , introduced o n their a rrival at S u s a t o the r o y a l

, ,
W hen he a v e n a n d e a r th sh a ll p a ss awa y , presence they wer e first ordered by the guards
,
W ha t p owe r sha ll be t h e sin n e r s sta y ? ’

t o fa ll pr o str ate an d adore the king an d s o me

H o w sh a ll he me e t th a t dre a dfu l da y ? , ,

fo rce w as used t o compel the m B u t this they .

Whe n shiv e r in g l ik e a p a r c h e d scro ll

, , refused t o do even if they sh o uld d ash their
Th e fl a mi n g h ea v e n s t o g e the r r o ll :
,

W he n l o u d er ye t a n d y e t mo re dre a d he a ds against the grou nd They were n o t they .

,

s a id a ccustomed to ad o re a man n o r w as it fo r
, ,

Swell s t he hig h tr u mp tha t wak e s t h e de ad , ,

this p u rp o se th a t they c ame After persevering .

Oh th a t da y th a t wra thful day

on , , in s u ch c o nduct they addressed Xerxes himse lf
W h n ma n t o j u d gme n t w a k e s fro m cl a y
e
,

B e T h o u t h e t r e mbl i n g sin n er s sta y

’
,
in these w o rds : King o f the Medes (o r Per ‘
,

we ar e sent by o u r c o u ntry men to make

,

Tho u g h he a ve n a n d e a rth sha ll p a ss awa y ! ”

S IB W AL T ER Sc o r r .
a t o ne ment fo r tho se amb ass a d o rs w ho perished
at Sp a rt a And t he h au ghty mo n arch w as
.
’

o bliged t o yield t o their inflexibil ity .

T his c o nduct w as uniformly the dispo s i ti o n o f

the Greeks with the excepti o n o f The mistocles
, ,
CHAPTER III .
a n d one o r t w o o thers Valerius Ma ximu s s ays .
,

th a t one T ima go r as an Atheni an having co m , ,

H IS T ORY OF TH E P OLI T Y OF P ERS I A .
plied with t he dema nds o f t he Persi a n c o u r t w as ,

by hi s c o u ntry men c o ndemned to die thinking

TH E go ve r n ment
,
ncient Persi ans w as of the a t he dignity o f their city inj u red an d degr a ded by
mo n a rchi c a l o r regal an d the cro wn heredita ry
, , .
this act o f me a nne ss And JEli an rep o rts tha t .
,
At wh at da te this fo rm w as a do pted is unkn o wn .
Ismen ias t he T heb a n declined it by letting his , ,
Cert a in it is however tha t this fo rm o f go vern
,

, , ring dr o p from his finger an d then thro wi n g

ment is the mo st a ncient an d preval ent an d
,

, , h imse l f o n the gr o u nd t o rec o ver it .

c o u ld the o rigin o f tha t o f Persi a be tra ced it , Pride au x re ma rk s tha t thi s c o mpliment o f
w o u ld do ubtless re a ch a re mo te perio d o f ti me
,

, , .
prostrati o n befo re him mu st have been p a id t he ,
B u t a veil is thr o w n over it by the r o mantic ac king of Persi a by t he prophets Ezr a a n d N ehe
c o u nt of Persi a given by the e arly Persia n mi ah o r they c o u ld n o t h ave had access t o him
,
.

wri ters M ir k ho n d a n d Fer du si a veil whic h

, , F rom a co mp a rison with t he a bo ve re ma rks
mo dern histori ans w o ul d in v ai n a ttempt t o
,

t his will a ppe a r t o be erro ne o u s for if the

thro w a side T hat which is kn o wn is handed
.
, Greeks c o uld gain ac c e ss witho ut why sho u ld ,
down t o o u r age by the Greek histori ans w ho , not Ezra an d N ehe mi ah ? It is pr o b a ble th a t ,

knew htt l e o f Persia befo re the e r a o f Cyru s .

the kings o f Persi a with who m these ho ly me n
F rom the se writers therefo re is chiefly derived
,

, , ha d to d o kn o wing the pecu li arity o f their man

the follo wing info rmati o n c o ncerning the p o lity
,

ners an d their religi o n w o u ld ha ve c eded mu ch

’

,
o f Persia whi ch fo r t he s ak e o f distinctn ess is
, , , t o th e m w hic h t he h au ghty Xerxes w o u ld h a v e
cl a ssed under several he ads . denied t o t he Greeks At all events if th ey did .
,

a ct t hu s it w as fro m c ivil obl ig atio ns al o ne n o t

KI N G L Y POW E R
, ,
TH E . fro m a feeling o f ido l atry ; fo r we kn o w th a t
E astern mo na rchs h a v e ever been despo ts Mo rdec a i w as sufficiently inflexible as n o t t o ,

u e h o n o urs to H a ma n
,

p a nd
yt is c ertai nly right fo r su bj ects to pay due
u
their su bj ects gener ally as sla ves .
.

the kings o f Persia They l o rded it

respect to maj esty Respect n ay reverence is
.

s u bj ects with so hi gh a hand th a t .

, ,

du e t o the su pre me power bec au se it c o meth

,

they wer e looked up o n as mo re th an mo rt al ,

they were rega rded in fact as the ima ge an d ,

fro m God an d is ordained fo r the welfare o f t he
,
,

vic egerents o f t he Deity o n e arth Hence it w as .

Th e lly compre hen ded by a n cie n t
P ersia n s were u su a
tha t their su bj ects p aid the m su c h extra ordin ary writers u n der th e n a me o f M e de s
, .
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

c o mmu nity Ren der ther efo re s ays the g e at

. the c a re o f his he al th a n d pers o n a n d with t h e
,
r
,
.

a p o stle o f t he Gentiles
“
t o al l th eir d u es : tri du ty o f fo rming his manners an d beh avi o u r
, .

b u te t o who m trib ute is du e ; cust o m t o w ho m When seven ye a rs o f age he w as ta ken fr o m ,

c u st o m ; fe a r t o who m fe a r ; h o n o u r t o who m these o fficers an d p u t int o t he ha nds o f o ther ,

ho n o u r Ro m xiii 7
,
”
Where n o re spect is
. . ma sters w ho were t o c o ntin u e t he c are o f his
.
,

p ai d t o t he higher p o wers there a n a rc hy pre e du c a ti o n to te ac h him ho r se ma n ship an d t o

,
”
, ,

v a i l s w ith al l its c o nc o mit ant evil s In t he time

,
exerci se him in h u nting At fo u rteen ye a rs o f
. .

o f p a g a n i s m h owever this ho ma ge a n d ho n o u r
,
a ge when t he mind a ppro ac h es mat u rity fo u r o f
, , ,

were c a rried bey o nd du e b o u nd s It is t he t he w isest a n d most v i rt u o u s me n o f t he st a te

.

C hristi a n religi o n alone th at ha s t au ght man were a pp o inted t o be his precept o rs The fir st .

ki nd h o w t o act w o rthily befo re G o d a n d man t au ght him ma gic tha t is t he w o rship o f their , ,

o n t his point It is true n o t a l l tha t a r e C hri s

. go ds a cc o rdi ng t o their a ncient maxims an d t he
, , ,

ti ans in n ame a ct t o w a r ds their ru lers as t he

,
laws o f Z o ro a ster t he so n o f Or o masdes ; he ,

doctrines o f C hristi a nity in c u lc ate Far very al s o instr u cted him in the p r inciples o f go vern
.
,

far fr o m this is the a ctu al fa ct And w hence

'
ment The sec o nd tau ght him t o spe ak tru th
. .
,

do es this ari se ? Is it n o t from a l axity o f mo ra l an d the principles o f j u stice The du ty o f t he .

tr a ining ? thi rd w as t o te ach hi m n o t to suffe r himself t o

a be overc o me by ple a s u res th a t he might be a ,

king in tr u th a lw a y s free a n d master o f hi m% l f

Th e di scipl in e o f sl a v ery i s u n k n own , ,

A mo n g u s : h e n ce t h e mo r e d o w e r e q u ire an d his desires The fo u rth w a s t o fo rtify the .

Th e di c i pl in o f v ir t u e ; o rde r e l se
s e c o u ra ge o f t he y o ung prince a ga inst fe a r w hi ch ,
C an n o t su b si st n o r c o n fi de n c e n o r p ea ce
,
w o u ld h ave made him a sl a ve ,
a n d t o in spire
.

T hu s du tie s r i si g o u t o f g o o d p o sse sse d ,

him with a n o ble an d pru dent a ssu r an ce so _

n ,

An d p r u d e n t cau t i o n n e e d fu l t o a v e r t ne L

I mp e n din g e v i l e q u a lly r e q u ire ,

c e ssar y fo r those b o rn t o c o mma nd Ea ch o f . -

T h a t t h e who l e p e o pl e sh o u l d be tau ght an d the se g o vern o rs excelled in his p a rticul a r de

tr ain e d :
a r t m nt a d d ing t h eir o w ex m ples t o t h eir
So sh a ll l ice n ti o u sn e ss a n d bl a c k re so lv e p e n a ,

B e r o ot e d o u t a n d v ir tu o u s h a b it s t a k e
,
precept s thereby a cting u p o n that self evident ,
-

T h e ir pl a ce ; a n d g n u i n e p ie ty d e sce n d e tr u th th at “
w o rds instruct but ex amples per ,
, , ,
L ik e a n in h er ita n ce f r o m a ge t o a ge s u ade e ffect u all y
,
.
”
”

Wo n n sw o n r n
.

B ut evil c o mmunic ati o ns corrupt go o d ma n

.

at o re ma rks
”
ners Pl t h a t a ll t his c a re w as
The crown o f Persi a w as heredit a ry descend .
,

o mp an d magni fi
,

ing fro m fa ther to so n an d generally t o t h e fr u str ated by the l u x u ry

,
p , ,

eldest When a n heir t o the cr o wn w a s b o rn cence with w h ich t he y o u ng prince w as su r

u nded ; by the n u mer o us tr ai n o f o fficers th at
.
,

the whole e mpire te stified their j oy by s acr ifices ro

a ited u p o n him with servile su b missi o n
,
w by al l
fe a sts etc an d his birthd ay w a s th encefo rw a rd
, .

the a pp u rten a nces a n d equ ip age o f a v o l u ptu o u s

an a nn u al fe stiv a l an d da y o f s o le mnity through ,

a n d e ffe min ate life in w h ich ple a s u re an d the

o u t t he wh o le e mpire .
,

inventi o n o f new diversi o ns engr o ssed a ll a tten

When the reigning monarch underto o k long
ti on T h e se a r e d angers w hich t h e mo st excel
o r d anger o us expedit io ns in o rder to a vo id all .

di sputes it w as c us t o mary fo r him t o n a me the lent d isp o siti o n a t le a st u nder the p a ga n sys ,

m m o ul d never su rmo u nt
,
f o r al tr a ining c
heir a pp arent befo re he c o mmenced his march t e o ,
.

o rrupt manner s therefo re o f t he n a ti o n

.

The new king w as cro wned by the priests a t The c , , ,

quickly depr a ved the mind o f t he prince an d

P asagar dae The ceremo ny w a s perfo rmed in ,

m
.

drew h i int o a v o rtex o f ple a su res a gain st

the te mple o f the go ddess o f w ar where the ,

ati o n c an fo rm an e ffectu a l bar

,

king u sed first o f al l t o cl o th e himself with the which no educ

a m h h
g r ent w ich Cyru s ad w o rn befo re he w a s rier .

ex a lted t o t he thr o ne Xen o phon t hu s de scribes .

R el i gio n ! the so l e v ou cher man i s ma n ;
this ga rment : “
Cyru s hi mself then appe a red S u pp o r ter so l e o f ma n a b o v e himse lf : ,

we a ring a t u rba n which w a s r aised high ab o ve E v en i n t hi s n ig ht o f fr a il ty c h an g e a n d d e ath , , ,

Sh e g i v e s a so u l (a n d she al o n e ) a so ul th a t a cts a
,

hi s he a d with a vest o f p u rple c o l o u r h a lf mixed — YOU N G ”

, ,
,
g o d ,

with w hi te an d thi s mixture o f white n o ne else

. .

is all o wed t o we a r On his legs h e had yello w . But the religio n th at perfo rms so stupendo u s
b uskins his o u ter r o be w as wh o ll y o f pu rple a w o rk a s this is the religi o n o f the Bible whi ch
, , , ,

a n d a b o u t his tu rb a n w as a di ad e m o r wre a th te aches u s t he go spel o f Christ Th at o f Z o ro ”

.
.

Being thu s a ttired he at e s o me figs with a s ma ll a ster with a ll its rites cere mo nies an d fancied
, , , , ,

qua ntity o f t u rpentine a n d dr ank a fu ll c u p of perfecti o ns lifted not o n e o f its myri ads o f de
, ,

s o ur milk The crown w a s then pl a c ed u pon v o t e es ab o ve the things o f ti me an d sense t he

. ,

his he a d by o n e o f t he gr a ndees in w ho se family l o w an d gr o vell ing ple a su re s in which human ,

that right w as heredita ry R o und the cro wn n atu re is pro ne t o indu lge It fo u nd man de
. .

t he king w o re a p u rple a n d white b a nd o r dia b a sed it drew him far l o wer d o wn into t he ,

de m which cr o wn an d di a de m were the o nly

, depths o f huma n degr a dati o n .

signs o f r o y a lty used by the e a r l ier Per si a n The p al ac e o f t he kings o f Persi a had ma ny
mo n a rchs . g ate s an d e a ch ga te a b o dy o f gu ards wh o se , ,

The ma nner o f edu c atin g the he ir a pp a rent o f du ty it w a s t o defend t he perso n o f t he k i n gp an d

the emp ire o f Persia is exto lled by Pl a to w ho t o info rm him o f w ha tever they sa w o r he a rd ,

pro p o sed it t o the Greeks a s a perfect model fo r d o ne in an y p a rt o f t he kingdo m ; w hence they

were expre ssively termed t he king s e a rs an d ’ ”
“
t he e du c a ti o n o f a prince Their r o u tine o f e du . ,

c a t i o n w a s a s fo ll o ws — Sh o rtly a fter his birth To the se me ssengers al l

.
“ ’ ”
t h e king s eyes . ,

h e w as c o mmitt ed t o t he c a re o f e u n u chs chief intell igen c e w o rthy o f n o te w as sent fr o m t he

,

,
o fli c er s o f t he ho u se ho ld w ho were cha rged with re mo test p r ovinces o f the e mpire a n d they a lso
, ,
 H I ST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

re c e ived immediate intelligence o f s u dden co m j o u rn als were s o metimes re a d t o t he Per 51 an

mo tio ns by me a ns o f be a c o n fi r e s which were
,
-
,
mon a r ch s .

alwa ys re a dy a t c erta i n dista nces a n d lighted a s ,

T here a r e many a ll u si o ns t o t he above custo m
o c casi o n req u ire d The g ua rd s whi ch a ttended ,
in t he w o rks o f a ncient writers Hero do tu s in . ,
’
t he king s per so n c o n si sted o f me n . describing t he review ma de by Xerxes o f his
T hese were c a lled t he king s rel ati o ns T here a rmy sta te s t ha t he w a s a ttended by secret a rie s
’
.
, ,

w as a l so a b o dy o f
, , c ho sen ho r se men ,
w ho wr o te d o wn t h e v a rio u s a n swer s he received
w ho a c co mp a nied him in hi s exped iti o ns a n d ,
t o t he q u est io n s whi ch he pu t a s he r o d e a l o ng
w ere c a lled “
i mmo rtal that nu mber being c o n ,
”
t he r a nks in his c ha ri o t He fu rther sta tes that .

st an t l
y kept u p T hese gu ard s rece ived n o pay .
, this mo n a rch w hen se ated o n Mo u nt [ Egal eo s
,

bu t were a mply pr o vi ded w ith t he necess a ries o f t o view t he b a ttle o f S a l a mi s c a u se d his secre ,

t aries t o n o te do wn t he n ames o f su c h as di stin

The Persi a n mo n a rchs dr a nk ther w a ter no o g u i she d t h e mselves in t h e strife with t he c ity ,

bu t tha t o f t he river Cho a spe s whi c h w as c a rried ,

wherein t hey lived A simil a r c u sto m prev ails .

ab o u t with the m in silver ve ssels Ac co rdi ng t o . in o rient a l c o u ntries t o th is da y Tr ave l lers .

‘
Xen o ph o n t he Persi ans were in t h e e a rly
, ,
o f t he middl e a ges in their de sc ripti o ns o f t h e ,

peri o d o f their hi sto ry a te mpera te an d s o ber ,

M o n go l emper o rs tell u s tha t when they d ined , ,

pe o ple In the ti me o f Hero d o t u s h o wever

.
, , fo u r secret a ries were se a ted u nder t heir t able
t hey dra nk pro fusely ; an d it is certain tha t in , to w r it e d o wn their words which t hey never ,

la ter a ge s t he wines o f Shi ra z h a ve triu mph e d

,
might rev o ke .

o ver t he l a w o f M o ha mmed Anciently their .

, An o ther o fficer o f impo rt ance in the ki ng s ’

kings dr ank o nly a pe cu lia r wine made a t D a h o u seh o ld w a s his c u p be a rer Thi s is sho wn -
.

maso ns The ma gn ificence o f t he p u bl ic fe asts

. by sever a l p a s sa ges in t he b o o k o f N ehe mi ah ,

o f t he kings o f Per si a exceede d as ma be seen an d in t he w o rk s b o th o f Herod o t u s a n d Xen o

y ,

fro m E sther i a n y thing tha t we re a d o f in the .

, ph o n The pro phet N ehemi a h w a s indeed cu p
.
, ,

hi sto ries o f o ther n a ti o ns T heir t able w as d a ily . be a rer t o Artaxerxes an d t he a ll u si o ns he ma kes ,

served with s o mething fr o m e a ch n a ti o n s u bj e c t t o his o ffic e is well ill u stra te d by pr o fa ne a u th o rs .

t o the m D u ring t he ir rep a st they were enter

.
, Xen o ph o n in p a rtic ul a r affo rd s s o me interest
, ,

t ain e d with the harmo ny o f both v o c a l a n d in ing expl a n ati o n s c o ncerning this o ffice a n d t he ,

st r u men t al mu sic . ma nner in whi c h its fu n c ti o ns were discha rged

Spe aking o f t he c u p be a rer o f Ast y age s the
.

The king o f Persi a seldo m admi tted t o his -

,

t able a n y o n e be sides hi s wife an d mo ther . gra n dfa t her o f Cyr u s he describes hi m as the ,

When he did the guests were so pl a ced as n o t , , mo st fa v o u red o f t he king s h o u se ho ld o fficers ; ’

t o see bu t o nly t o be seen b t he king ; fo r they a n d he a dds that he w as a very ha nd so me man an d

,
y ,

i ma gined it w a s a degrad ati o n of maj esty t o let that it w a s p ar t o f his du ty t o intro du ce t o t he

their pe o ple see th at they were su bj ect t o the king those w ho came u p o n bu siness an d t o send ,

c o mmon a ppetites o f n at u re This desire o f a p . a w a y th o se w ho a pplied fo r a n interview wh o m

pe a ring s u peri o r t o mankind w a s the ruling , he t he cup be a rer did n o t deem it se as o n a ble t o
,
-
,

mo tive o f t heir n o n appe a rance in pu bl ic It -

. intro d u ce This a lo ne must ha ve ma de the c u p
.

w as r a rely tha t they left the precin c ts o f the be a rer a pers o n o f high c o n sidera ti o n at t he
p a la ce T heir ma nner o f living may be seen in
. c o urt o f Persi a The e mo l uments o f the o ffice
.

t he intere sting b o o k o f Esther Tully s ays that .

, a ppe a r t o h ave been very gre at ; fo r th ey en a bled
t he revenu e s o f who le pr o vinces were e mpl o yed N e he mi ah t o s u st ai n fo r ma ny ye a rs t he st ate a n d
o n t he a ttire o f th eir fa vo u rite c o ncu bines ; ho spita lity o f t he g o vern ment o f t he Jews fr o m
an d S o cr a tes relates th at o n e c o u ntry w a s ,
his o w n priv ate p u rse Xen o ph o n ad mires the .

c alled t he qu een s girdl e a n d a n o ther the ’

, , ma nner in whi ch these c u p be a rers discha rged -

’
qu een s he a d dre ss -
.
”
their o ffi ce F ro m his de scripti o n it seems tha t
. ,

In the three b o o ks o f Ezr a N eh e mi a h an d , , t he cu p w as held in t he presence o f t he mo n a rc h ,

Esther there ar e ma ny p a ss a ges w hi c h intimate

, a n d being filled w a s presented t o hi m o n three
, ,

t he c a re t aken by t he Persi a n g o vern ment t o fingers This a c c o u nt is expl ained by t he exi st

.

register every o cc u rrence Al l t hat t he king . ing c u sto ms in t he e ast a n d by the sc u lpt ures o f ,

s aid indeed w as dee med w o rthy o f registra ti o n

, , . Per sep o lis T hese scul pt ur es c o mprehen d a gre a t
.

He w as u su ally s u rr o u nded by scribes w ho to o k ,

n u mber o f fig u res be a ring c u ps an d v a ses o f ,

n o te o f his w o rds a n d a cti o ns T hey were r a rely . different fo r ms a n d u ses n o ne o f w hi c h a r e ,

a b sent fr o m him a n d al w a ys a ttended him w hen , grasped a s in E u r o pe an c o u ntries If the be a rer .

,

he a ppe ared in p u blic T hey were present at his . ha s bu t o n e a rt ic le he c a rrie s it between bo th ,

fest i v a l s his re vi ew s o f t he a rmy a n d i n t he

, ,
h a nd s (re sting it u p o n his left hand a n d pl a cing
, ,

tu mu lt o f b attle a t w hich ti mes th ey registere d , his right hand l igh tly u p o n it t o prevent it fr o m ,

w ha tever wo rds fe ll fro m him o n tho se o cc asi o ns . fa lling ) wit h a pec u li a r gra ce o f a ctio n ; if he
,

T hey were c ha rged a l so w ith the regi stra ti o ns , , ha s t w o he be a rs o n e u p o n the p a l m o f e a c h

,

o f edicts a n d o rdin a n c e s whi ch were written in , ha nd . It w as t he du ty o f t he c u p be a rer t o ta ke -

s o me o f t he wine fro m t he c u p pre sented t o the

’
the king s pre sence se ale d with his S ignet ring , ,

an d t hen d e sp a t ched by c o u ri ers T hese r o y al . king into hi s left ha nd a n d drink it t o a ssure t he , ,

j o u rn als o r c hro nicle s o f Persi a were dep o sited mo n a rchs a gainst p o iso n .

at B abyl o n S u s a an d E cb a ta n a a n d they fo r me d
, , ,
It a ppe a rs fro m t he b o o k o f E sther t hat the
t he a rc hives o f this pe o ple T hey have a ll . Persi a n kings ha d bu t o n e q u een pro pe rly so ,

pe rished except t he few extr a cts preserved in c alled F ro mt he s ame b o o k ho wever an d fro m
.
, ,

t he b o o k s o f Script u re p o inted o u t a n d in the , c o mmo n history it ma y be gathered tha t there ,

o lder Greek his t o ri a n s F ro m a tra n sa cti o n r e . were a c o n siderable n umber o f se c o nda ry wive s
c o rded E sther vi 1 it w o uld a ppe a r that these .
, an d other fe ma les w ho ha d n o t a ttained to this
,
 H ISTOR Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

distinctio n With so me slight d ifferences simil a r

. , with reference t o the qu eens o f Persi a p o sse ssing
distinctions continu e t o prev ail in t he h a rem o r , p a rtic ul a r pr o vinces an d t he p h ra se o f gi ving
,

family o f t he rulers o f Persi a the h al f o f t he kingd o m It may al so

“
The princip a l . u nto .

di fference is tha t the king has sever al leg a l wives

, , s u gge st s o me ide a o f the c o st an d splend o u r o f
besides tho se o f a sec o nda ry cl a ss an d tha t they , t he dresses o f t he qu eens o f Persi a .

n o w appe ar to h ave d aily a ccess t o his presence

’
, C o ncern ing the king s o w n a pp a rel there ar e ,

which t he histo ry o f Esther sho ws w a s n o t the s o me interesting al lu si o ns ma de in E sther vi .

c ase a nc iently The a cc o mmo datio n an d attend

. F rom thence we le a rn th a t t he privilege o f we a r
a nce o f the wo men v a ries a cc o rding to th eir ing s u ch a dress fo rmed a per manent di stincti o n
ra nk Sir J Ma lc o l m s ays th a t the first b u si
. .
,
o f a very high o rder It w as a distincti o n th at
.

ness of the king o f Persi a in the mo rning aft er , even the gre a t c o u nsellor H ama n a spired u nto .

he is risen is to sit fro m o n e o r tw o h o u rs in the

, t m
When e on rc interr ga ted him thu s Wh a t
h a h o
“
,

h all o f the h are m where his levees ar e condu cted

, sha ll be done unto the man wh o m t he k ing
with the s ame ceremo ny as in his ou ter a p a rtment . delighteth to h o nou r su pposin g th at the ho n o u r
F emal e o fficers a rr a nge the cr o wd of his wives w as intended fo r himself the a mbiti o u s c o u rtier ,

an d sl a ves with the strictest attenti on to the order rej o ined Fo r the man who m the king delighteth
,

o f precedency A fter he a rin g the rep o rts o f

. to h o n o u r let the r o y a l app a rel be brou ght whi ch
,

those entrusted with t he intern al govern ment o f the kin g u seth to we a r a n d the h o rse tha t the ,

the h a rem an d consulting with his princip a l

,
king ri deth upon an d the cr o wn r o y a l which is
,

wives w ho ar e genera lly se a ted the mon a rch

, ,
set u p o n his he a d an d let this a pp a rel an d ho rse
l e a ves t he interi o r ap a rtments be delivered to t he hand o f o n e o f the kin g s mo st
” ’
.

Acc o rding to the Greek histori ans n o ne were ,

n o ble princes th at they may a rra y the man with al
,

a d mitted t o the king with o ut being c all ed ; bu t wh o m t he king del ighteth t o ho n o ur an d bring ,

they do not a ppe a r to h ave kn o wn th at qu eens him o n horseb a ck thro u gh the street o f t he city ,

an d rincesses were included in the a ppli c a ti o n an d pr o cl ai m befo re him T hu s sh all it be d o ne

p ,

of thi s rul e F ro m Esther iv 1 1 we find that they

. .
,
to the man wh o m t he king delighteth t o h o n o ur ,
”

were so ; an d the ru le see ms t o h a ve been tha t Esther vi 7 — 9 H aman knew that it w as de a th

. .

even when the king w a s in his o u ter a p a rtments ,

fo r an y o n e to we a r t he king s ow n robe an d tha t
’

none might enter unc alled o r u n ann o u n c ed ; such a n hon o u r w as c a lcu lated t o expres s t he
a n d tha t when in his interi o r re sidence n o t even ,
mo st pre eminent favo u r an d di stinctio n an d
-
,

the queen might appe a r unbidden ; n o ne except render it vi sible to all the pe o ple an d therefo re it ,
“
w as he made the pr o pos al As mu ch may be
’ ”
the seven princes w ho saw t he ki ng s fa ce ,
.

might a ppe a r befo re him with o u t ceremo ny .

“
s a id o f the horse th at t he king rideth u po n ,
”

And even these were not admitted when a n y o f an d the crown r o y a l which is set u p o n his
the k ing s wives were with him whi ch restri cti o n
’

,
he a d. It w as unl a wful fo r an y o n e t o ride
en abled the king t o see the m when a n d as little o n the k in g s o w n h o rse an d a c a pit a l cri me t o
’
,

as he thou ght pr o per Herod ot us rel a te s th at we a r the s ame tu rb an o r cro w n which the king
w o re o r even su ch as he w o re Ar r ian rel ates
.
,

o n e of the privil eged n o bles w ho disbelieved th is , .

,

excuse o f two doo r keepe rs for n o t a dmitt ing - th at when Alex ander w a s s ail ing o n the Euphra tes ,

him into the presence o f the mo n a rch cut o ff ,

his tu rb a n fell o ff amo ng s o me reeds O ne o f .

their e a rs an d n o ses for which act he an d his ,

the ro wers j umped o ut an d sw a m to rec o ver i t ,

family except his wife an d eldest son were

, ,
bu t finding th at he c o uld n o t c a rry it ba ck in his
punished with de ath . ha nd with o u t wetting it he pu t it u po n his he ad , ,

On so me o cc asion s this l aw see ms to h ave be en ,

a n d br o u ght it s a fely t o the bo a t The mo n ar ch .

infr inged Thu s Esther urgently requested by

.
,
g ave hi m a t al ent o f silver for his ze a l an d then ,

Mordec ai t o s a ve her n atio n fro m the destructi o n

,
o rdered his he ad to be struck o ff fo r setting t he ,

medita ted by the wicked H ama n an d decreed by ,

di ade m there o n This sto ry e mph a tic a lly illus
.

a a m
Ah suerus when infl ed with wine stood in “
,
trates t he fo rego ing o bserv ati o ns .

the inner c o urt o f the kin g s ho u se B ut then

’
.
”
,
The distincti o ns o f Persi an ro y alty ar e thus
though de a th w as the la w for s u c h a n o ffence ,
enumerated by Sta tius
the king might set this a side by h o lding out t he
When some y ou th o f ro y a l bl o o d su ccee ds
golden sceptre th at the o ffender might l ive
, .
To hi s p a tern a l crow n a n d r u l e s t he M e de s
, ,
S u ch fa vo u r w as sho wn to Esther ; o therwise , H i s sl e n de r gra s p h e fe ars wi ll il l co n t a in
, ,

a ccordi ng to the l aw o f the Medes an d Persi a ns Th e we igh ty sce p tre a n d t he bo w su sta in

An d tre mbl in g t ak e s t he co u rser s r e in s i n h an d
,
,

her l ife must have been the fo rfeit o f her

’

An d hu g e tiar a b adge o f hig h co mma n d —a

,
”

te me r ity , . r s.
.

Aft er h aving thus shown her favour the k ing , Concerning the sceptre it is evident fr o m
promised E sther tha t wh a tever might be her
,

Scripture an d the writings o f pr o fane histo ri ans ,

requ est it sh o uld be gra nted her even to the ha lf , th at the kings o f Persi a used o n e o n gre a t
of hi s kingdo m ; a fo rm o f spee c h which ha s occ a sions Xen o pho n ma ke s Cyrus say among
.

reference t o the custo m among t he a ncient kings other things t o C ambyses his so n an d a ppointed ,

of Persi a in bestowing gr a nts a n d pensions t o success o r , Know C ambyses t ha t it is n o t the ,

their favourite s These gr a nts were not by pay o ld e n scep tr e w hi ch can preserve y o u r kin gd o m
g
.

ment o f money fro m t he tre as u ry bu t by c ha rges , bu t fa ithful friends a r e a prin c e s tru e st a n d

’

upon the r even u es o f p a rticul a r pro vinces o r secu rest s c eptre In the Persep o lita n sctilptu r e s
.
”
,

cities Thus when Xerxes wished t o make a

.
ho wever the figures o f t he king ar e inv a riably
,

pr ovisio n fo r The mistocles he ga ve him the city , represented as be a ring a l o ng st aff in his hand .

o f Ma gnesi a fo r his bre a d M o n t a fo r his me a t

y , The cro wn o f the kings o f Persi a may be ill u s
a n d o th er vi c t u a ls a n d L amps a cus fo r hi s win e t r at e d by the descripti o n whic h Mo r ier gi ves o f
, .

Thi s ma y expla in the observ a ti o n s befo re made the ma gn ificent ti a ra o f P a tteh Ali Sha h kin g o f ,
 H IST OR Y OF THE PERS I AN S .

“
Persi a . The king s ays he w a s o n e bla ze , , B a byl o n with the freewill o ffering o f the pe o ple
,
,
o f j ewels whi c h literal ly da zzled the sight o n
, an d of the priests o ffering will ingly fo r t he ,
first l oo king at hi m A l o fty tia ra o f t hree . h o use o f their God which is in Jerus ale m
eleva ti o ns w as o n his he ad which s hape appe a rs , tho u ma ye st bu y spee d ily with this mo ney
t o h a ve been lon g peculi a r t o the cr o wn o f the lo cks rams l ambs with t heir me a t offerings
, , ,

gre a t king It w as entirely c o mp o sed o f thickly

. their dri n k offerings a nd o ffer the m up o n ,

set di a monds pe a rls rubies an d e meralds so , , , , a lta r of t he h o u se o f

y o u r God which is in J
exqui sitely disp o sed as t o fo rm a mixtu re o f the s ale m etc Ezra vii 1 2 — 2 6
,
”
. . .

mo st be a u tifu l c o lours in the brilli ant light r e , T hese c o u nsello rs were well versed in the l aws
fl ect e d fro m its surface
,
Sever a l bl ac k fe athers .
,
a ncient custo ms an d ma nners o f the sta te
, They
like the hero n plu me were intermixed with t he
.

-
, a lw a ys a ttended the king w ho never tra ns a cted
,

S plendid a igrettes o f this tru ly impe r i al di ade m , a nythi ng or determined an

, y affai r o f i mp o rt ance ,
who se bending p o ints were fu rn i shed w i th pe a r witho u t their advice This may be ga thered fro m .

fo rmed pe a rl s of immense size The usu a l he ad .

”
a tra ns a ction rec o rded in the first c ha pter o f the

dress o f mo dern Persia n mon a rchs i s a pla i n book o f Esther The writer o f th at bo o k afte r
.

black cap which pr o bably be ars a simila r rela ti o n

,
ha vin sta ted the refr a ct o ry c o ndu ct of q u een
,
g
t o this cro w n as the pla in c ap o n the Persepol i ta n
, Vashti represents Ah a s u erus as seeking the ad
,

sculptures b o re t o t he a ncient state cro wns of vice o f these seven c o u nsell o rs Then the king .

their mighty pred ecess o rs . s aid t o the wise men whic h knew t he times (fo r ,

In c o ncl uding thi s article i t may be menti oned

,
so w as the king s manner tow a rd all th a t knew
’
, ,

th at the birthd a ys of t he kings o f Persi a were l aw an d j u d i l l ent : an d the next unto hi m w a s

kept s a cred an d celebrat ed with pu bhc sp o rts
, , C a rshen a Sh et har Adma th a
,
’
T a rshish Meres
, , ,

in t he u tmo st po mp a n d ma gnificence
,
The i r . Ma rsen a an d Me mu c a n the seven princes o f
, ,

de aths were bewa iled by t he clo sing o f the t r i
bu n al s of j u stice fo r five d ays an d b ext i n u i sh
y g
ing the fire which w a s w o rshipped i n fa mi he s a s
a h o useh o ld god ; o n whi ch o cc a s i o n al o ne they
s u bmitted to su ch a c a l amity They were de
p o sited in rocky v aul ts as in the t o mbs at N aksh
i R u st am an d Nak sh i Rej eb a pri vil ege a s
Persi a a n d Medi which saw the kin g s face an d
a ,
’
,
, which sat the first in the kingdo m Wha t s hall
we do u nto the qu een Va shti acc o rding to l aw ,
bec ause she h ath n o t performed the c o mma nd
. ment o f the king Ah a su erus by the ch amber
, l a ins ? And Memuc a n answered befo re the king
a n d the princes Vas hti the queen h ath not do ne
‘

- - -
, , , ,

will be seen in a fu ture p a ge peculi a rly thei r , wro ng to the king onl y bu t a lso to all the princes , ,
ow n * . a n d t o a ll t he pe o ple t ha t a r e in all the pr o vinces

S E VEN STATE C OU N S ELL OR S

of the king Ahas u er us Fo r this de e d o f t he .

TH E
queen sh al l c o me a bro ad unt o all women so th at
.

Absolu te as w as the rega l a utho rity among they sh all despise their h u sb an ds in their eyes ,

the Persi ans yet it w as to a cert ain degree

, , ,
when it shall be r e po r ted The king Ah as u erus ,

kept withi n du e bo u nds by the establi sh ment o f c o mmanded Va shti the qu een t o be brou ght in
a c o uncil which con sisted o f seven of the chief befo re him but she c ame n o t Likewise sh all
'

, , .

men o f the n ation distingu ished no less by their , the la dies o f Persi a a n d Medi a say this day u nto
wisdom an d ab ilities th a n by their ill u strio us ,
a ll the king s princes which h a ve he a rd o f the
’

birth This establishment had its o rigin in the

. deed o f the qu een T hus sh al l there a rise t o o .

c o nspir a cy of the se v en Persi a n n o ble me n who ,

mu ch c o nte mpt a n d wra th If it ple ase the king .
,

entered into a n a ss o ci atio n a gainst Smer di s t he , let there go a roy a l commandment fro mhim an d ,

Ma gi an an d slew him These n o ble men st ipu

,
. let it be written among the l aws o f the Persi ans
l ated w ith D a ri u s H y st asp e s who m they placed ,
an d the Medes th a t it be not altered Tha t Va shti
, ,

o n t he thr o ne fo r the mo st distingui shed h o n o urs

,
come no mo re befo re king Ah a su eru s ; an d let
an d extr ao rdin ar y privileges .
t he king give her r o y a l esta te unt o a n o ther tha t
These c o unsello rs p o sses sed gre at p o wer Thl S . is better tha n she And when the king s decree.
’

may be seen by the letter written by Art axerxes which he sh all make sh a ll be pu blished thro u gh
t o Ezr a wherein he c o nstan tly a ss o c i a tes hi m
,
out a ll hi s e mpire (fo r it is gre at ) all the wives
, ,

self with the se seven counsellors : Art ax erxe s ,

shall give to their husb ands ho nou r bo th t o gre at ,
a n d s ma ll
”
king o f kings unt o Ezr a t he pri est a scri be o f
, ,
. Ah asu erus w as ple a sed wit h this
t he l aw o f t he G o d o f he aven perfect pe a ce an d , ,
counsel a n d ad o pted it See Esther i 9 — 2 2
, . . .

a t s u ch a time I make a decree th at all they of

.
,
Amo ng the sc ul ptu res at N ak sh i Rustam there - -
,

t he pe o ple o f Isr a el a n d of his priests an d L e ,

is o n e w hich exhibits a king in a pp arent confer
vites in my re al m which ar e minded o f the i r
, ,
ence with seven me n o n e qu eenly lo o king l a dy ,

o w n freewi ll t o go u p t o Jerus a le m go with th ee ,

.
a lso being present which a ptly illustr a tes the ,

F ora s mu ch as tho u a r t sent o f t he king a n d o f , fo rego ing extract It belo ngs h o wever to a
.
, ,

his seven counsello r s t o enqu ire c o ncerning J u da h ,

la ter perio d tha n t he e r a o f Ahas u erus .

a n d Jeru sale m a c c o rding t o t he l aw o f t hy G o d This c o u ncil di d n o t interfere with the king s ’

,

whi c h is in thine hand ; an d to c a rry the silver prero ga tive o f r ul ing a n d commanding : it w as
a n d gold whi ch t he k ing a n d hi s c o u nse l lors h a ve
,
c o nfined entirely to th at of re as o n which c o n ,

fr e ely o ffered u nt o t he God o f Isr ael wh o se ,

sisted in c o mmu nic ating an d impa r tin their
h abita tio n is in Jerus ale m a n d all the silver a n d ,
kn o wledge a n d experien c e to the king 0 the m .

g o ld that thou c anst fin d in all the pro vince o f the king tra nsferred sever al weighty c ases which
o therwise might h a ve been a burden to hi m a n d
,

fu rthe r remark s o n t he k in gl y po wer o f P e rsia

,

Fo r , by the m he exec u te d wh ate ver me as u res had

t h e re a de r i s re fe r re d t o t h e c o rr e sp o n din g sec tio n i n t he been ad o pted in the c o u ncil It w as in fact by
H i sto ry o f t h e A ssyri a n s ; fo r t h e P e r si a n mon ar ch s
.
,
me ans o f this sta nding cou ncil tha t the ma xims
,

w ere t he p ro t o t yp e s o f she A ssyria n mo n arc hs ; so we re ,

t he P a rthi a n s tho se o f t he P e rsia n s . of the st ate were preserved the kn o wledge of ,

 HI ST O R Y OF THE PERS IAN S .

its interests perpe t uate d affairs h a rmo nio u sly , t er ed j u stic e a t sta ted time s in di fferent pr o ,

c o ndu cted a n d i nn o v a tio ns err o rs a nd over

, , , vinces S o me o f th e se j u dges attended t he king
.

sights prevented This le a ds u s t o n o tice . wherever he soj o u rne d The ki ng o ften a d .

vis ed with them a n d in matters c o n c ern i ng

THE AD M I N I STRAT IV E P O W E R .
hi mself referre d t he w ho le t o their j u dgment
, .

The terms kin g a n d j u dge a r e syn o nymo u s They were n o min ated by t he king a n d as t he , ,

e mpl o yment w a s fo r l ife gre at c a re w a s taken t o

.

The thro ne is a trib u n al a n d t he so vere ign p o wer ,

,

t he highe st a u th o rity fo r t he a dmini str a ti o n o f prefer o nly su ch as were fa med fo r their inte ri ty
g .

j u stic e The d u ties o f a king ar e well defined in Delinqu en c y o n t he p a rt o f j u dges w a s pun i she d
with extreme severity Hero do tu s sa y s that
.

the qu een o f S heb a s a ddress t o king S o lo mo n ’

.
.
,
”
Ble ssed s a id she be t h e L o rd t hy G o d which o n e o f t h e r o y a l j u dges h a ving suffere d hi mself
, , ,

delighted in thee t o set thee o n t he thr o ne o f t o be corr u pted by a bribe w a s c o nde mn ed by ,

,

Isra el : bec au se the Lord l o ved I sr a el fo r ever ,

C a mbyses t o be pu t t o de a th witho u t merc y an d ,

therefo re made he thee k ing to do j u dgmen t a nd t o ha ve his skin pla ced u po n the se a t o f j u sti c e .

He adds wh a t is mo st rev o lting tha t the so n su c

,

j us tic e 1 Kings x 9 The Almighty h ath

”
, ,
, . .

mad e every thing s u bj ect t o princes t o pu t th e m c e e de d his fath er in this se a t .

int o a c o nditi o n o f fe a ring n o ne bu t him Fo r .

Acc o rdi ng t o Xen o phon the o rdi n a ry j u dges ,

” “
r ulers s aith th e a postle ar e n o t a terr o r t o o f Per si a were ta ken o u t o f t h e cl a s s o f o l d me n ,

into whi ch n o ne were a dmi tted til l t he age o f fifty

, ,

go o d w o rks bu t to t he evil Wilt thou then not .

ye a rs A man th erefo re c o u ld n o t exercise t he

,

be a fr aid o f the p o wer ? do th at which is go o d ,

.
, ,

a n d tho u sh a lt h a ve pr a ise o f t h e s ame : fo r he is o ffice o f j u dge befo re tha t a ge ; t he Persi a ns being

the minister o f G o d t o thee fo r go o d B u t if tho u o f Opini o n tha t a fu lly mat u red mind w as r e
qu ired in an empl o y ment whi ch decided u p o n t he
.

do tha t whi ch is evil be afrai d ; fo r he be a reth ,

fo rtu nes rep u t atio ns an d live s o f t he c o mmu nity

,

n o t the swo rd in v a in : for he is the mini ster o f , , .

Go d a revenger t o exec u te w r a th u pon him th at

,
Amo n gst t he Persi an s it w a s n o t l a wful either ,

do eth evil Ro m x iii 3 4 ”

fo r a priv ate per so n t o pu t his sl a ve t o de a th o r ,

fo r the prince to inflict c a pit a l p u ni shment u p o n

. . .
, ,

Wh at is tha t j ustice which G o d h ath entrusted

the h ands o f mo n a rchs ? an d wherefo re h ath a n y o f his s u bj ects fo r the first o ffen c e the cri me
he ma de the m his delega tes ? The poet s a ys being c o nsidered r ather t he e ffect o f hu ma n
we a kness an d fra ilty tha n o f a co nfirmed ma
,

Order i s H e a v en fir st l a w a n d thi s c onfe sse d

’
s , , l ign it y o f mind T hey tho u ght it re as o n able t o pu t
.

S o me a r e , a n d mu st b e gr e a t er t h a n t h e r e st ; t he g o o d a s well as the evil int o the s c a les o f

M ore r ich, mor e wi se .
”

j u stice ; a n d they deemed it u nj u st that t he go od

thi s end kings reign tha t o rder may be pre ,
a cti o ns o f a man sh o u ld be o b l iter a ted by a single
ser v ed in a sta te And thi s o rder c o nsists in Oh . cri me It w as u pon thi s principle th at D a ri u s
.

serv ing a general eq ui ty an d ta king c are th at ,

revo ked the sentence he had p a ssed u p o n o n e
brute fo rce do es n ot u su rp t he pl a ce o f la w : th a t of his judges fo r s o me prev a ri c ati o n in his o ffi ce ,

the pr o perty of o n e man sho u ld n o t be exp o sed to a t the very mo ment it w as go ing t o be exec u ted ;
the vi o lence o f a nother th a t the uni o n o f s o ciety , a ckn o wledging tha t he ha d pr o n o unced it with
be n o t br o ken tha t a rtifi c e an d frau d do n o t pre
, mo re pre c ipit ati o n th a n wisdo m .

v ail over i n n o cence an d simplicity th a t s o ciety ,

O ne essenti a l rul e whi c h t he Persi ans o bserved
shoul d rest i n pe ace u nder the pr o tectio n o f the in their j u dgments w a s in the first pl a ce never , , ,

l aws an d th at the we akest an d p o o rest should

, t o c o nde mn an y pers o n with o u t c o nfro nting him
fin d a s a nctua ry in the p u bl ic au th o ri t y .
with his a ccuser an d with o u t givi ng him time ,

J o seph u s sa ys tha t the k ings o f Persia u sed to an d t he me a ns neces sa ry fo r hi s defence ; an d in ,

a dminister j u stice in their o w n pers o ns Fo r this .

the sec o nd pl ac e if t he pers o n a ccu sed w as fo u nd
,

re as o n they never a scended the thr o ne till they

,
inn o cent t o inflict t he s ame p u ni shment u p o n
,

had been instru cted by the ma gi in the princi , t he a ccuser a s the acc u sed w o u ld h ave s u ffe r ed
, ,

ples o f j ustice an d equ ity The se ar e t he gre at . ha d h e been fou nd guilty D io do r u s rel a tes a n .

a n d essenti al d u ties o f the regal di gni ty an d ,

incident that will illu str a te this One o f t he fa .

tho u gh the k ings o f Persi a were tr anscendently v o u r it es o f Arta xerxes ambit io n s o f p o sse ssing a ,

vici o u s in o ther respects yet were they very ,

pl ace p o ssessed by a s u peri o r o ffic er ende a v o u red ,

scrupul o us a n d ve r y tender in the di sc h a rge o f

, t o ma ke t he king s u spect the fideli ty o f that o fli
the se du ties After he a ring t he merits o f t he
.
cer To thi s end he sent info rmati o ns to c o u rt
. ,

c aus e they t o o k sever al d ays t o c onsider an d a d

,
fu ll o f c alu mnies a g ain st him persu a di ng himself ,

vi se with t he ma gi befo re they ga ve sent ence ,

.
th a t t h e kin g w o u ld believe an d a ct u p o n t he r e
When they sat o n life an d de a th they n o t o nly ,
p o rt witho u t ex amin atio n o f the matter The .

c o n sidere d the crime o f wh ich t he delin qu ent w a s o ffic er w as i mpri so ned bu t he desired o f t he ,

i mpe a ched bu t all the a ctio ns whether goo d o r

, ,
king befo re he w a s c o ndemned tha t hi s c au se ,

bad o f hi s wh o le life ; an d they c o nde mned o r

, might be he ard a n d his a cc u sers o rdered t o pr o
,

a c qui tt e d him a cc o rding as his c rimes o r de serts

,
d u c e their eviden c e a ga in st him The king c o m .

prevail e d .
plied w ith t he requ e st an d a s there w as n o evi ,

T ho u gh t he kings o f Per si a may in ma ny in dence bu t t he letters w hi c h his ene my had wr i t

sta nce s h ave administered j u stice in their o w n ten a ga inst him he w a s acqui tt ed The k i g s
indign ati o n then fell u p o n t he a cc u ser s u d a
.
,

persons it c ann o t be su pp o sed tha t in so mi ghty

,
t le ,

in n o c ent thereby w as shielded fro m t he a rt i fice

.

an e mpire they c o u ld sit in j u d ment o n every

g
c ase : Be sides t he ki ng there were indeed seve an d cr u elty o f c al u mny a n d vi o lence .

Another memo r able example o f firmness an d

, , ,

r al Ju dges all me n o f unble mished c ha r a c t er s

, ,

an d skilful in the l a ws o f the kingd o m T hese .

the l o ve o f j u stic e in the mo n ar chs o f Persi a is ,

were c a lled r o y a l j u dges an d they ad min is

“
,
”
recorded in the bo o k o f Esth er When t he eyes .
 HIS TO R Y OF TH E PERSIAN S .

of Ahasu erus were o pened t o t he d ark de signs o f reven u es pr o p o rti o ned t o their sta ti o n a n d high
t he wi c ked H a ma n w ho ha d o bt a ined fr o m him , e mpl o yment He did n o t a ll o w the m ho wever .
, ,

a n ed ic t fo r the de str u c ti o n o f t he Jews he ma de ,

t o exceed the b o u nds o f pr u den c e a n d moder a
ha ste t o at o ne fo r h i s faul t by p u bli shi ng a n o ther , ti o n And lest precept s ho ul d be o f n o av a il
.
,

e dict permitting t he Jew s t o sta n d u p in their

,
he set the m a n ex ample in this re spect He so .

o w n defence by p u ni shing H ama n a n d by a

, , regul a te d his c o u rt that t he s ame o rder whi ch ,

p u blic a c kn o wledgment o f his err o r
The Persi a ns s ay s Her o do tu s ho l d fa l seho o d
, ,
. re igned there might likewise pro p o rti o n ably be
o b served in t he c o u rts o f t he sa tra ps a n d in every
,

in t he gre a test a bho rren c e : next t o whic h they n o ble family in his e mpire To prevent as fa r as .
,

e stee m it disgr ac eful t o be in d ebt as well fo r , p o ssible a l l a b uses o f their exten sive au tho rity
, ,

o th er re a s o ns a s fo r the te mpta t io n s t o fal se ho o d , t he king reserved t o hi mself t he right o f n o min a t

whi ch they think it nece ssa ril y intr o du c es B u t . ing t he satraps an d o rd a ined tha t a ll go vern o rs ,

it wo u ld n o t appe a r that t he Per si a n s were a t a ll o f pl a c es c o mma nders o f a rmie s e t c sh o u ld

, , .
,

ti mes so sc ru p u lo us a b o u t fal seho o d De c eit a n d . d epend u p o n hi mse l f a lone F ro m him they r e .

fal se ho o d ar e c ha rges w hich t o this day t hey do c e iv e d their instru c ti o ns a n d if t hey ab u sed their ,

n o t deny Believe me ; fo r tho u gh I a m a Per

. p o wer fro m him als o t hey received pu ni shment
, .

sian I am spe aking tru th is an excl amati o n

, ,
”
In o rder t o ma int a in a clo se c o mmu ni c a ti o n
c o mmo nly u se d t o tho se w ho do u bt their ver a city , with t he s a tr aps o f the se pr o vinces an d t o keep ,

an d t here a r e few tra v ellers w ho d o n o t be a r a stric t w a tch o ver their c o ndu ct Cyrus devise d ,

testimo ny t o their pronene ss t o falseh o o d a n d a pl a n fo r fa cilit a ting the inter c o u r se be t ween

ven al ity Hero do tu s himself makes D a rius u tter

. hi mself an d the m After h a ving a scert aine d ho w .

t his sentiment If a fal seh o o d mu st be sp o ken

, ,
far a g o o d ho rse might go in a day with e ase ,

let it be so o n which L a rc her o bserves T his , a n d expe di ti o n he c au sed st ables t o be erected ,

mo r ality is n o t v ery rigid ; but it o u ght to be at deter mined dist a nces e ach with a s u itable ,

re me mbered t hat Her o do tu s is here spe a king o f

, e st ablishment o f h o rses an d men t o take c a re o f ,

fa lseho o d w hich Operates t o n o o ne s inj u ry

,
’
.
”
them P o stma sters were a lso st ationed at these
.

B u t when it is re me mbered tha t o n e o f the first st a ges wh o se du t y it w a s to recei v e t he p a ckets

,

r u di ments of Persi a n edu c ati o n w as t o spe a k t he a s they a rrived a n d immedi a tely fo rw a rd the m ,

tru th t his dep a rtu re fr o m it o n t he p a rt o f D a ri u s

,
with fresh h o r se s a n d c o u riers T his custo m is .

mu st a ppe a r very rema rk able His delinqu ency . referred t o Esth viii 1 0 After h aving rel ated
, . . .

seems t o have been fo u nded u p o n th at principle , th at Aha su eru s gra nted the Jews t o defend them
which even s o me o f o u r grave st mo ralists h ave selves a gainst t he wicked machi n ati o ns o f Hama n ,

t au ght n amely tha t there may be o cc a si o n s in

, ,
“
the s a cred writer s ays that Mordec a i sent letters ,

w hich a devi ati o n fro m strict tr uth is veni al .

”
by p o sts o n ho rseb a ck an d riders o n mules , ,

B u t thi s is n o t tr u e In Scriptu re t he l ia r is .
,
c amels an d y o u ng dromed a ries
,
These p o sts o f .
”

en u merated w ith th o se wh o se p o rti o n is t he bitter t he a ncient Persi a ns tr ave l led night a n d da y

c u p o f everl a sting t o r ments ; a n d n o exten u a ting witho u t intermission an d so quickly did they ,

circ u msta nces ar e t aken int o the a cc o u nt Besides .

,
perfo rm their j o u rney th at it w as s aid pro verb , ,

s ho u ld this be all o wed irrep a r able mi schief ,

iall y th at they flew swifter th a n cra nes
,
This .

w o ul d be inflicted on s o ciety A li a r s ays an .

,
”
pro verb may ho wever refer mo re especi al ly t o ,

o l d writer
“
is a pu blic nuis a nce : he dishe a rtens
, the swift dro meda ry or t he ship o f t he de
“
,

belief ma kes re ality s uspected a n d o n e h o nest

, ,
sert t he c a mel ; fo r it is s a id o f the fo rmer
,

man a stranger t o t he o ther To s ancti o n t hi s .

”
especi ally tha t it will in o n e night an d thro u gh a
, ,

e v il therefo re by t he we ight of a ma n s rep u ta

, ,
’
level c o u ntry tr averse as mu c h gro u nd as an y ,

tio n fo r gravity an d wisdo m is t o c o mmit a cri me ,

ordi n a ry ho r se c a n in ten A dro meda ry s a ys .
,
”

o f n o o rdi n a ry magnit u de The ps a l mi st well “

. J a cks o n in his w o rk o n Mo ro c c o
,
has been ,

kne w t he en o rmity of this vice : h ence it w as kn o wn t o tr a v el t w o hu ndred miles in less th a n

that he exclai med ,
twenty ho u rs Hence we see t he wisd o m o f .
”

'

H e th a t t ell e t h l ies sh all n o t t arr y i n my sight

E sth er s messengers in cho o sing it t o c a rry their
’

desp a tches t o t he dist a nt pro vin c es o f the Persi an

.

P ea ci 7
e mpire fo r the exi st en c e o f her n a ti o n w as at
. .
,

THE G OV ER N M E N T OF THE PR OV IN C E S .
sta ke .
,

The pro vinces o f Persi a ha ve been described T hese p o sting establishments o f ancient Persi a
1 11 a previ o u s p o rti o n o f this hi st o ry ( See p a ge . may receive ill u stratio n fro m tho se o f t he M o n go l
In this se c ti o n will be de sc ribed t he g o vern e mpire Acc o rding t o Ma rc o Po lo there were ,
ment o f tho se provinces
.

. r o ads extending t o every p a rt of this empire

The s acred writer in the b o o k o f D ani el s ays , fro m t he c a pit al Cambal u h a ving p o st ho u ses , , ,

It ple a sed D a riu s t o set o ver t h e kingdo m a n with s u it able furnitu re at every twenty fi ve or ,
-

hu ndred a n d twenty princes w hi ch s ho u ld be , thirty miles Alto gether there were ten tho u sa nd
.
,
o v er t he wh o le kingdo m
; a n d o v er the se three o f th ese st a ti o n s with t w o hu ndred t hou sa nd ,

pres i dents D an vi 1 2 The princes here me n h o rse s The p o st r an t w o hu ndred an d so me

”
.
, .
, .
. ,

t io n e d were t he g o vern o r s o f t he pr o vinces T hey . ti mes t w o h un dr ed an d fifty miles in a day e spe ,

were c a lled s atra p s ; an d they were t he mo st c o n c iall y in c a ses o f rebelli o n o r o ther u rgent o c c a ,

side r a bl e per so ns in t he kingdo m

; being second si o ns T here were other st atio n s c o n si sting o f
. ,

t o n o ne bu t t he mo n a rc h a n d t he three princip a l , a few dwelli ngs three o r fo u r mil es a su nder o c ,

,
min isters w ho in spe c t ed the ir c o n du c t a n d t o
, , c u p ie d by ru nners o r fo o t p o st s w ho being ,
-
, ,

who m they g ave an a cc o u nt o f t he affa irs o f their girded a n d well tr a ined t o the ir emplo y ment r an
, ,

re spe c t ive pro vinces Th a t they might be a ble .

a s fa st as ho rses In d ar k n ight s thes e fo o t p o sts .
,
-

t o ma int a in a pro per di gnit r a n befo re t he ho r se men with links to light the m
y w itho u t w hich r e ,
spect l a ng ui s hes Cyrus as signed t o t he se s a tra p s
, al o ng S o metime s they c a rried letters ma nda tes
.
, ,
 H I STOR Y OF TH E PERS I A N S .

an d p a rcels to o r fro m the kh an who thu s r e c aus ed a n ex ac t a c c o u nt t o be given them ho w

, ,

c e iv e d news in t w o d ays fro m pl a ce s t e n st ages ever y pro vince a n d di strict w as cultiv ated th a t ,

dist a nt as fro m K amb a lu to Shangtu

, they mi ght kn o w whe t her e a ch c o u ntry prod uc ed .

The fa ct o f t he a ncient Persi ans sending lette rs a s mu ch fruits a s it w as c a p able o f prod u c ing .

by p o sts it may he re ma rked is o n e well cal cu

, Xen o pho n re ma rks o f Cyru s the yo u nger that he
, ,

la ted t o enga ge the a ttenti o n Of th o se w ho feel info rme d hi mself w hether t he pri v ate ga rdens o f
intere sted in stu dying the pr o gre ss o f society in his su bj ects were well kept an d yielded plenty ,

t he a rts o f convenience a n d civili z a ti o n And o f fruit an d th a t he rew a r d ed t he s u erin t endents

p .
,

w ho is there t ha t d o es n o t feel an interest in these an d overse ers wh o se provinces o r districts were , , ,

a rts — a rts which ar e so es senti a l t o t he c o mfo rts the best cu ltiv a ted an d pu n ished tho se who suf ,

Of li fe an d witho u t whi ch a c o mmunity c annot

, fe r e d their gr o u nds t o lie b a rren .

flo u ri sh ? H o w mu c h t he Persi an princes were atta ched

Tis genial i nterc ou rse an d mu t ual a id
.
C he e rs wha t we re e l se a n u n i v e rsa l sh a de
t o the a rts o f a gric u lture ma y be seen fr o m a ,
convers ation held be tween Lys ander t he L a ce
, .
,
de m o ni a n a n d Cyrus the y o u nger as rel a te d by
,

C a ll s N atu re fro m h er i vy ma n tle d de n - , ,

An d so fte n s h uman ro ckwork in t o men —Co e a

,
Xen o ph o n a n d be a u tifully a pplied by Cic ero .
”
. , .

Cyrus c o nd u cted his ill ustri o u s guest thro u gh his

The c are o f the pro vinces o f Persi a w as not gardens a n d pointed o u t the v a ri o u s be au ties ,

left entirely t o the s atra ps The king hi mself they pre sented . .

w as o bli ged pers o n ally by ancient cus to m to visit ,Lys a nder w as ch armed with the pro spe ct an d , ,

t he pr o vinces at st ated periods being pe rsua ded a dmired the ta ste d ispl ayed in t he a rra nge ment
, ,

as Pli ny s a ys of Traj an th at the mo st s o lid o f t he g ardens t he height Of the trees the ne at

, , ,

glory an d t he mo st exqu isite ple a sure a prince ness Of t he w alks t he abu nd ance o f t he fruit
, ,

can enj o y is fr o m ti me t o ti me t o let the m see their

, trees pl ante d cheq u er wise an d t he innumer able ,
-
,

commo n p a rent to rec o ncile t he dissensions an d a n d diversified fl o wers every where exhaling
,

a nimosities o f riv a l cities to c alm c o mmo ti o ns Every thing he excla imed

“ ”
their odo urs
, .
, ,

a mongst his subj ects to prevent injus tice an d ,

“
tran sports me in this pla ce ; but wh at mo st in
Oppres si o n in ma gistrat es an d c ancel an d r e t er e st s me is the exquisite j u dgment a n d elega nt
,

v erse wh atever has been decreed again st l aw an d p er cepti o n o f the a rtist w ho pla nned these ga r
equity . dens a n d ga ve the m the fine o rder the w o nder , ,

When the mon arch o f Persi a w as not able t o ful disposition an d h appiness o f sy mmetry whi ch , ,

visit the pro vinces himself he commissi o ned c ann o t be t o o mu ch admire d ,

”

some o f hi s n o bles men e minent fo r w isdo m an d

, Ple ased wi th t he e u lo gy Cyr u s repli ed It , ,

virt u e to act as his representatives These were w as I w ho pla nned t he ga rdens an d with my
,
.
,

c al led the eyes a n d the e a rs o f the prince o w n hand planted many o f the trees a ro und
“ “
,

be c a use thr o u gh them he saw an d w as info rmed y o u .

m ai med Lys ander surveying Cy

”
o f every thin These deno in ati o ns als o served Wh at ! excl ‘6

g .
, , ,

as an admo mt io n t o the king as we l l as to his r u s deli be ra tely fr o m he a d t o foot

“
, is it po s ,

representa tives It admo nished the o n e th at he sible tha t with the se pu rple robes an d splendid
.

ha d his ministe rs as we h a ve the o rga ns o f o u r vest ments these strings of j ewels a n d br a celets , ,

sen se s not tha t he sh o uld be idl e bu t ac t by of gold an d tho se b u skin s so richly embr o idere d
, , , ,

their me ans ; it admo nished the o thers th a t they ,

ought not to act for the mselves bu t fo r the ,

mon arch an d for the adva nt age o f t he co m

,

mu nity .

The detail of affairs which the ki ng or his r e

p r e sen t at iv es ente red into when he o r they ,

visited the provinces is worthy of a dmira ti o n , ,

an d shows th at they u ndersto od wherein the other toils o me emplo yments to which I a pply ,

wisdo m an d ability of go vernors consist Their with ple a sure an d witho u t sp aring myself .
,
.
”

a ttenti o n w as not directed to gre a t matt ers al one ,

as w ar the reven u e j usti ce an d co mmerce : but

, , ,

t o min o r ma tters as the sec u rity an d be au ty o f

,

t o wns the c o nvenient h abitatio ns o f hi s su bj ects ;

the rep a irs o f ro ads bridges a n d c au sew a ys ; the
, ,

preserving o f woods an d forest s ; an d abo ve all , ,

the i mpro ve ment of a gricultu re This la tt er .

science engaged the Persi a n mo n arch s peculi a r ’

c are Tho se s atra ps whose pro vinces w ere best c o nsisted p a rtly in the levying o f taxes imposed
.
,

c ul tiva ted enj o yed his pecul i ar fa vo ur And as u p o n the pe o ple an d p a rtly in their being fur
, .
,

there were o flices erected fo r the regul atio n o f the n ishe d with t he products o f the e arth in kin d as ,

milita ry dep a rtment so there were o flices erected c o rn an d o ther provisions fo r age horses camels
, , , , ,

fo r the regula ti o n o f rura l l abours a n d ec on o my .

B o t h were pro tect ed bec au se both c o nc u rred for ,

the public good : the o n e fo r its s afety the other ,

fo r i t s susten a nce Fo r if the e a rth c annot be
.

c u ltivated witho u t the protection Of a rmies so ,

ne i ther can a r mies be fed an d ma int ained with o u t ,

the l abo u r o f the husb a ndman It w as wit h go od .

re ason th erefo re tha t the Persi a n mo n a rchs

, ,
 H ISTOR Y OF THE PERS IA N S .

The different species o f tribu te which the

Persi a n mo n a r c hs received may be illu str ated Al J e z ee r a
fr o m a curi o u s do cu ment ta k en verb atim from a
,
Al k e r ah
register ma de by Ahmed Ebn Mo h a mmed Ebn
Arme n i a
,

Abdu l H amed e mplo yed in t he fin a nces during ,

t he k h alifa te o f the renowned Abou Abd a lla h al B a rc a

Afric a Pr o per

R EVEN U E OF TH E K H A LIF AL MA M OU N .
Tot a l of dirhems
D in ars
In n a t ur a l p r o d u ct io n s a nd e j e c ts
.

Kin n isr in
.

F ro m B ahrein 2 00 rich habits ,

. Di strict o f the J o rda n
F ro m the district o f The n e t an , 2 40 ro toli o f Pal estine
130 dr a chms ,

sind (pro bably senn a ) 1 000 r o to li ; India n a lo es

, , ,

1 5 0 r o to li . Tota l of dina rs
F ar s 5 000 b o ttles o f rose w a ter ;
,
rotoli -

o f o live o il . The entire revenue of the khalifate therefore , ,

Sigista n 5 000 pieces of broc ade ;

,
ro w as dirh ems an d din a rs ; ,

toli o f suga r . which if we reck o n the di rhe m equ al to fo u r

Kh o ra ss a n 2 000 pl a tes o f silver ; 4 000 horses ;
, tenth s o f a di n a r o r the di n a r equ al t o three ,

1 000 sla ves ; pieces o f silk stuffs ; 3 000 sevenths o f a di rhe m will give ab o u t the su m o f ,

r o t o li o f myro b o la ns . dirhe ms It is impossible t o esti .

Dj o r dj an 1 000 b u ndl es o f s ilk

,
. mate this sum in English mo ney c o rrectly be ,

Kh o re mis 1 000 pl ates o f silver ,

. c ause t he tru e v a lu e o f t he dirhe m is unkn o wn ;
Tabr ist a n B o n y a n N eh avend 6 00 c a rpets ;
, , , bu t esti mating it a t its mo st pr o b able v alu e fou r ,

00 robes ; 5 00 h a bits ; 3 00 h a ndkerchiefs ; shi llings it will give the su m o f

,

3 00 n apkins fo r the b ath . sterl ing or less tha n t he revenu e of

Al ex ander from his Persi a n co nqu ests
,

Rei ,
r o t o l i o f h o ney . .

H amada n 1 000 r o to li o f preserves c all ed r o

, , T a king the a bo ve do cu men t a s indi c ative of
boss p o megr a n ates ; roto li o f the pures the rev enu es of Persi a it w o u ld appe a r th at the ,

hon ey . st ate ment o f Herodo tu s n amely t hat the r e , ,

M o u sso u l 1 000 ro t o li o f white h o ney

,
. venues o f th at e mpire fell sho rt o f three millions
Kil a n 1 000 sla ves ; 2 00 borachios o f honey ;
,
sterling w a s inc o rrect
,
It might be tha t n o .
,

0 pieces ; 2 0 r o bes . mo re w a s p a id in money ; bu t in the fruits o f the

Armeni a 2 0 ca rpets ; ,
rotol i o f o ranges ; e arth etc a very l a rge reven u e accrued to the
, .
,

2 00 mu les . kings o f Persia This would so lve a difficulty .

Kin n isr in 1 000 lo ads of dried r a i sins

,
. a t which so ma ny stumble ri ghtly deemin g it a ,

Pa lestine r o toli o f dried r aisins

,
. wonder ho w so v ast an e mpire c o uld be con
,

Afric a 1 2 0 c a rpets
, . ducted with so smal l a revenu e And this won .

der is incre a sed when we reflect how immensely

D irhems ‘ ri c h the mo n a rchs of Persi a were E ach pr o .

The e sso u ad of di stricts

t he of
,
vince it w o u ld a ppe a r had its peculi a r tre a sure
, ,
gra in the v alu e o f
, a n d tre a surer B o th s a cred an d pro fane histo ry
.

be a r testimo ny t o this fa ct a n d fr o m the l a rge ,

s u ms which A l ex a nder fo und in severa l provi nces

o f Persi a when h e o verthrew that mighty e m
,

pire it is evident that their tre a sures were in

deed v a st C u rtiu s D io do r u s Sicul u s Ar r ian
,

.
, , ,

an d P l u t a rch c o nc u r in s a ying th a t in Arbel a

Kerma n , ,

S u sa Persepoli s P a sagar dae an d Ecb a ta n a he

, , , ,

fo u nd t al ents ( ab o u t seventy milli ons o f ,

o u r mo ney ) be sides a q u a ntity o f unc o ined sil

,

ver an d o ther c o ins If the se s ums were co l .

l e c t e d fr o m t he tribu te then it is evident th a t ,

t he reven u es o f the kings o f Persia were gre a ter

Kumis th a n tho se repre sented by Her o do tus Accord .

Tabr ist an , Ro u y an , an d Ne ha ven d ing t o Rennell t h e reven u e o f In dia under , ,

Rei Au r en gz ebe amo u nted t o ,
sterling ,

an d this w as by no me a ns so v a st an e mpire a s
District between B a sra an d Cufa r t ha t o f Persi a Sir J o hn Ma l c o lm in hi s histo
.
,
Sheher esso u l o f Persi a r a tes t h e present revenu e a t
,

sterling an d o bse r ves th at t he revenu e un der

D ari u s w as simil a r At the s ame time he blames
,
M o u ss o ul .

Dr R o berts o n fo r n o t cre di ting Hero do tu s co n

. ,

The dirhe m i s su pp o sed t o ha e v b e en in v al u e fo u r cerning the Persi an revenue ; forgetting th at t he

shil li n sg .
reven u e of a mo dern sta te not the fifth p art ,
 HIST O R Y OF THE PE RSIA N S .

o f tha t which c o nsti t u ted t he e mpire o f D a rius ,

Yo u gi v e as if y o u w e r e t he P ersia n ki n g ;
Y o u r l a n d d o e s n o t so l a r g e r e v e n u e s br in g
an d perha p s in it s present des o l a ted a n d d ep o
.

l a t e d sta te n o t the tenth o f t he p o p u l a ti o n is Whic h testifies a t o n ce t o t he la rgeness o f their

p u , ,

no ru le fo r fix ing that o f D a riu s H y st a spe s . reven u e s an d their libe ra lity .

B ut Her o d o tu s hims elf be a rs testimo ny t o t he B u t u nder w hatever syste m o f t ax ati o n an

‘

fac t o f revenu es be in g p ai d in kind T here were cient Persi a might h ave been it w o uld appe ar
' '

.
,

c o ntribu ti o n s he says made fo r the fu rnishing

, , tha t its su bjects were very pro spero u s T his .

v ict u al s a n d pro visi o n fo r the k ing s t able an d ’

ma y be c o llected fro m t he pr o digio us we alth o f
ho useho l d : gr ain fo r a ge an d o ther nece ssa ries
, , , indi vidu als In t he reign o f Xerxes a n o ble
.
,

fo r t he s u bsistence o f his a rmies ; a n d ho rse s fo r Lydi a n enterta in ed t he who le Persia n ar my ,

t he re mo u nting o f hi s c a v al ry O f the pr o vin c e . t he l a rgest ever a sse mbled o n its ma rch tow a rds ,

o f B a byl o n he o bserves
,
tha t it fu rni shed t he , Greece an d t hen freely o ffered t o c o ntribu te a l
,
l

whole c o ntribu ti o ns fo r f o u r months - Thi s .

, his pr o perty in g o ld a nd sil v er t o t he su pport o f
therefo re w o uld a c c o u nt fo r t h e a pp a rently small
, the w a r : this amo un t e d t o ab o ut fo u r milli o n s o f
su m p a id to t he kings o f Pers ia T hey were . o u r mo ney whi ch the mon a rch refu sed
, In t he .

furnishe d with the necess a rie s o f life fo r the m -

next reign tha t o f Aha s u erus H ama n o ffered t o
, ,

selves their h o u seh o ld an d their a rmies ; an d

, , p a y int o the tre a sury t o inde mnify the king fo r ,

hence t he g o ld o f t heir s u bj ects w a s not required

,
t he l o ss o f revenue which he w o u ld s u sta in by
at their ha nds And this may be a ddu ced as a
. t he destru cti o n o f t he Jews t alents o f ,

pr o of of t he wisdo m mo der a ti o n a n d huma nity

, , silver a bo ve t w o mill i o ns o f o u r mo ney
, whi c h ,

o f the Persi a n go vern ment Witho u t d o ubt th ey . this mo n a rch likewise refused E sth iii 9 — 1 1 . . . .

h ad observ e d ho w di ffic u lt it is fo r the pe o ple , These in st an c es s ays Dr H al es o f the pr o , .

,

situ a ted i n c o u ntries n o t benefited by c o mmerce , digio us we a lth o f pr o vinci a l s u bj ect s a n d even ,

t o co nvert their g o ods int o mo ney witho u t suf o f c a ptives (fo r su c h were t he A ma leki tes or igin
,

fe r in g lo sses where a s n o thi ng c an tend t o render a lly an d s u ch w as t he o rigin o f H a ma n

, ) ar e ,

t he ta xes mo re e a sy an d to shelter t h e pe o ple

, hig hly credi t able t o t he libera lity o f t he Persi a n
fr o m vex ati o n tro u ble an d expense as t he
, , , go vern ment whic h a ppe a rs u po n t he w ho le
, , ,

ta king in p a yment fro m e ach c o un try su ch fruits t o h a ve been t he le a st 0 pressive o f t he gre a t

an d c o mmodities as it prod u c es By thi s me an s . a ncient e mpires The e w s e speci a lly were .
, ,

t he c o ntrib u ti o n beco mes e asy n atu ral an d , , tre ated with mu c h gre ater len ity a n d ind ul gence
u nder the Persi a n sw a y th a n they had been ,

Histo ry s a ys Heeren ha s affo rded a re mark

, , befo re u nder t he B abylo ni an a n d were a fter ,

able inst a nce o f the ma nner in which the imp o sts w a rds under the Ma cedo Greci an an d the R0 -

were c o llected by their office rs o r satraps Whe n .

t he Persi a ns had s u bdued I on i a t he sec o nd time , It must be reco llected however th at the , ,

the whole t errito ry w as me asured o u t by p a ra we alth o f Hama n a ro se fr o m his per son al c o n

sa ngs an d the trib u te p a id a cc o r din gly
,
In this . n e x io n wi th t he Persi a n c o u rt a s did th a t of ,

c a se it w as evidently a l and ta x whi c h how -

, , N ehe mi ah Hama n w as chief minister o f t he
.

e v er w as p aid fo r the mo st p a rt in prod u ce

, , , . k ing an d th a t functi o na ry enj o ys peculi a r o p
,

The s atra p received these imposts whether in , p o r t u nit ies o f a cqu iring we alt h Su c h is t he .

kind o r in money an d after pr o vidin g fo r hi s

, , c a se at the present da y Mo ri er s ays tha t o n .
,
’
ow n expendit u re the s u pp o rt o f the king s
, N ew yea r s da y the king receives t he o fferings
’
-
,

tr 00p s a n d t he mainte n a nce o f the civ il magis

, o f his princes an d noble s a n d tha t o n o n e o cc a ,

tr a tes the re ma inder w as ha nded over t o t he

,
si o n when he w as present the offering o f t he
, ,

king The pe rs o n al inte rest o f t he s a tr a p if he

.
, pers o n holding thi s o ffice s u rp assed every other
wished to reta in t he king s fav o ur pro mpted him ’
, in v al u e amoun ting t o a bou t
,
in g o ld
to make this ret u rn as con sider able as possible , c o rn
.

even if n o precise amo unt w as fix ed . The mann er o f delivering these presents ,

F ro m all this it may be seen tha t the revenues , which the p ride o f orienta l des potis m determines
o f the Persia n e mpire were n o t so trifling as t o be trib u te is thu s de scrib e d by the s ame
‘

would appe a r at first sight fro m the st ate ment

, ,
write r : The first cere mo ny w as t he in t r o du e ~

o f Herodot us And w hen it is con sidered that

. ti o n o f the presen ts fro m different pro vinces .

there were ce rt ain di stricts set ap a rt fo r the Th a t fr o m prince Ho ssein Ali Mirz a go vern o r ‘ ‘

ma int en a nce o f the qu een s to ilet an d w a rdr o be ’

, o f Shi r a z c ame first ,
The ma ster o f t he cere .

an d a n o ther for her gir dl e veil etc an d th a t , , .

, mo nies w al ked u p h avin g with him the c o n ,
“

these di stricts were o f gre at extent they will , d ucto r o f t he present a n d a n a ttend ant who , , ,

a ppe ar still more weighty S o metimes indeed .

, , when t h e n ame a n d title s o f the d o n o r had be e n
as we ha ve seen ( p age the ki ngs o f Persi a procl aimed re ad al o u d fr o m a p a per a list o f t he
The present fr o m prince H o ss ein Ali
, ,

made their espe c i a l favourit e s bec o me cha rge able a rticles .

t o certa in dis tr icts an d citi es All these cha rges . Mirz a c o nsi sted o f a very l on g train o f la rge
wo uld ma ke, therefo re a very c o n sidera ble ,
tra ys pla ced o n men s he a ds o n which were ’
,

amo un t if a dded together And 1 t woul d mat t er . sha wls stuffs of a ll s o rts pe a rls et c then man y
, , , .

bu t l ittl e w ho received the fruits o f th e se di s

,
tr a ys fil led w ith sugar an d sweetme ats ; aft e r ‘

t r ict s whet he r the ki ng the queen o r his fa tha t man y mules l aden with fruits etc Tire .

next present w as fro m Mo hammed Ali Khan

, , , , ,

v o ur ite s ; they might all be s a id t o be collected

‘

prince o f Hamada n the eldest b o rn o f the k i ng s

’
fo r the s u pport o f the sta te T hat the reven u es .
,

f Persi a were consid e re d very ampl e in a ncien t s o ns His present accorde d with the ch ar a cter ‘

o .

tl I QS may be ga thered fr o m the fact tha t they which is a s signed him It con sisted o f pist o ls
Q , .

a e n o t i ced as suc h by a ncient poe ts Th us Per an d spe a rs a st r ing of one h u ndred camels an d
r .
, ,

s i a s m his epistl e to C assius B as s u s s ays

,
'

,
as man y mules A ft er this c ame the present of
. .
 HI STO R Y OF TH E PERSIAN S .

t he p r in c e o f Y ezd a n d other o f the king s s o ns

,
’
, by Her o do t us O ne o f these incidents will su f
.

fi c e fo r illustration The same Pythi us w ho had

'

whi c h c o n sisted o f sh a wls a n d silken st ufl s the ,

.

ma n u fa ct ure o f his o w n town Then fo ll ow ed . entertai ned Xerxes with so much magnificence ,

that o f the prince o f M esche d ; an d last o f a ll ,

a n d who ha d o ffered all hi s we al th in s u pport o f

a n d mo st v a lua ble w as t h at fro m H aj ee M o

,
t h e w ar whi ch th a t mon a rch w as g o ing t o w a ge
h amed Ho ssein Kh a n Amee n ed Do u la b pri me , ,
a g ainst Greece being inti mid a ted by the pr o ,

minister It c o nsis t ed o f fi ft y mul es e ach

. ,
digy o f a n ec l ipse a n d de r iving c o nfiden c e fr o m ,

c o vered with a fine c ashmere shawl an d ea ch ,

the liberal ity he had sh o wn t o Xerxes th u s ad ,

ca rrying a l o ad o f dressed him : Sir s a id he I entre a t a fa vo u r ,

”
,

Such i s t he ma nner in which the presents o f n o less tri fling t o

y o u tha n i mp o rt ant t o myself
”
, .

g o vern o rs a r e o ffered t o t he Persia n mo na rchs Xerxes pro mised t o gra nt it ; a n d Pythius thu s ,

o f the present da y ; a n d as o rient al h a bits a r e , enc o u raged continu ed : Sir I h ave five so ns
, , ,

fo r t he mo st pa rt o f a n u nch a nging n at u re t he
, , w ho a r e a ll w ith y o u in this Greci a n expe dition ;
extra ct may be offered a s an ill u str ation of the I would entre at y o u t o pity my age an d dispense ,

ma nner in which presents were o fl er ed at

'

with the presence o f the eldest Ta ke with y o u .

period t o whi c h this hi sto ry refers Thi s in .

, the fo u r o thers bu t le ave this t o man age my ,

deed is c o nfirmed by t he Perse polit an sculp a ffa irs a n d ma y y o u ret u rn in s a fety after t he
,
,
a c co mpli shment o f yo u r wish es
”
0 Pythius h
tu res . ad .

n o so o ner u ttered t his req u est th a n t he ha u ghty ,

TH E M I L I TAR Y P OW ER . mo n a rch tr a nsp o rted with ra ge an d forgetful

, ,

b o th o f his o w n promise an d the merits o f P y ,

All Asi atic n ations were gre at w a rriors . t hiu s c o mma nded his eldest s on t o be slain
, .

Amo ng these n a tions the Persi a ns w ere n o t the , S u ch w a s t he n atu re o f o rient a l desp o tism .

le a s t re ma rk able fo r their mili ta ry geni u s This . Hero d o tu s spe aks o f a body o f tro o ps a pp o inted
might a rise in p art fro m the situ ation o f their t o be the king s gu ard w ho were c alled “ t he
’
,

c o u ntry which is r u gged a n d mo u nta in o u s

,
. i mmo rt a ls They derived this n ame fro m the
.

F r o m thi s circ u msta n c e ; th ey were a ccus to med c irc u mst a nce o f their body a lw a ys c o ns isting o f

to ha rd an d fr uga l li v ing w hi ch i mp a rts th a t , t he s a me n u mber fo r as s o o n as o n e ,

r u ggedness to t he n at u re o f man so e ssential to died a n o ther w a s selected to fill his pl a ce The

, .

fo rm the w a rri o r And there being no s o ften

. esta blishment of this b o dy very probably had its
ing influences in the genera l manners an d in , o rigin with the wh o m Cyrus sent fo r o ut
the religion of the Persi ans th eir minds bec ame , o f Persi a t o be his g u a rd T hey were distin .

a ccusto med t o the de a dly strife a n d t heir ha nds , gu ishe d by the richness o f their a rmo u r a n d by ,

skilful in the terrible a rt Hence it w as th at . their v al o ur C u rtius menti o ns an o ther body

.
,

the Persia ns in du e time bec ame masters o f so

, , c o nsisting o f men designed in like man ner ,

ma ny n atio ns ; fo r in t he c o u rse of n a tur e the

, , to g u a rd the mo n a rch : these were c all ed D or y
strong must prey upon t he we a k Their brute p hor a or spe armen
'

. .
,

forc e exceeded th at o f o ther n a tions an d they , The ordin a ry a rms o f the Persi an s were a
were enabled thereby to render the m tribu ta ry . s abre o r sci mita r a c in ac es as the L a tins c all
, , ,

This is t he a wfu l picture o f man by n a ture in all the m ; a kind o f da gger which hu ng in the ir belt ,

age s of the world . o n the right side an d a j avelin o r pike h aving , ,

a sh a rp pointed iron a t the end They al so made .

As ro ll s t he ri v e r i nto o ce an ,
gr e a t u se o f the bo w a n d t he sling w as n o t nu ,

In s a bl e t o rr e n t wide ly str e a min g ;

, kn o wn a mo ngst them The Persi a ns whe n
As t h e sea tid e s o pp o sin g mo t io n
.
’
,

enga ged in w ar w o re o n t he he ad a ti a ra o r
-
,

In a z ure c o l u mn p r o u dly g le a mi n g ,
, ,

B e at s b a ck t he c urr e n t ma n y a r oo d ,
he a d piece so thick th a t it w as pr oo f ag a inst al l
-
,

In c url in g fo a m an d min gl i n g fl o od ; o fl en sive a r ms The foot s o ldiers fo r t he most

'

.
,
Whil e e ddy in g w hirl a n d b re a k i n g wa v e ,
p a rt w o re c u ira s ses made o f bra ss w hi c h were
R o u se d by t h e bl a st o f win ter r a v e ; , ,

so a rtifici al ly fitted t o th eir b o dies that they did

,

T hro u gh sp ark l in g spra y i n t hu n de ri n g c l a sh ,

n o t i mpede t he mo ti o n a n d a gility o f the different

, ,

The l ightn i n g s o f t h e wa te r s fl as h
In awfu l white n e ss o n t he sho re , me mbe rs The ho r se men w o re va mbmc es o r
.
,
T h at shin es a n d sha k e s b e n e a th t he ro ar gre aves which c o vered their a rms thighs an d
T hu s a s t he stre a ms a n d o c e a n gre e t , , ,

With wa v e s tha t ma dde n a s the y me e t ,

legs Their horses had their fa ces chests an d
.
, ,

T hu s j o in t h e b a n ds who m mu tu a l wr o n g fl anks covered with b r a ss .

An d r e c k l e ss fu ry dri v e a l o n g .
”
Concerning the shields o f the Persia ns there is ,

mu c h difference o f o p ini o n It w o ul d a ppe a r .

,

Acco rding t o Stra bo the Persi a ns were tra ined how ever tha t they a t first made u se of very small
,

an d light o ne s ma de only o f twigs of o sier

,

p t o the service fro m their tender ye , .

p a ssing thro ugh difl er en t exercises as

'

,
Aft erw a rds ; they had shields o f brass whi ch we r e ,

of gre at len gt h
h u nti n g a n d ha ndling t he bo w As s o on
, .
.

were a ble t o be a r a rms t hey were o bliged t o Befo re the a ge of Cyrus the Persi an an d Medi a n ,

a rmies consi sted c hi efly o f a rchers an d thos e

,

enter the mselves in the l ist o f soldi ers bu t they ,

w ho u se d missile we a p o ns
,

received no p ay till they were twenty ye ars of T hese he red uced .

In w a r times they were al l bo u nd o n p a in t o a very few a r ming t h e rest a t all points tha t
,
a ge ,

they might be able t o meet in cl o s e c o mb a t To

.
, ,

o f d e ath except s u ch as were di sa bled by age o r

,
.

infirmity to a ppe a r under their respective sta nd Cyrus is ascr ibed a ls o the intro du cti o n o f c h a riots
o f w a r amo ng t he Persi a ns
,

a rd s a n d attend the king in his expeditions

These had been .

lo ng ti me in use as a ppe a rs both from sac red an d

.
,

This ma y be ga thered fro m two incidents rel ated ,

profane writers Ho mer describing an a ncient .

,

A g o l d co in wo rth a b ou t twe lv e
, shi llin gs e ach .
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

b
H e e t o t h e c ha i o o ed r t r ll th ere a r e sever a l intere sting allu si o ns in H o ly
Th e a e n w h e e s, a n d j o i n e d he m t o t h e smo o h
br z l t t Writ t o whi c h t he re ader is referred See P sa
t l l t v f r p
S e e a x e : w i c e o u s o k e s di ide d e ach , , . .

S h o ro m t h e c e n r e t o t he e r e The e r e
tf t v g v g .
civ 3 Isa lxvi 1 5 ; So l So n g vi 1 2 H a b iii 8
. . . . . . . .

Was o d,
g l by f ll t l br
e ie s o f e e r n a a ss The method used by Cyr us in o rder to obtai n ,
G zzl g
u a r de d , a d a g v
i n sh o w ! Th e sh in in n a es
perfect di scipline amo ng his s o ldier s in ti me s o f
W lv r lv
e r e si e ; si g l
e r c o r d s, a n d c o r ds o f o d,
t pb r t bl z f t
The se a u o re ; t w o c e sce n s a e d i n ro n
pe a c e w as by inu ring them t o fatigue a n d keep
, ,

ing the m e mpl o yed in l ab o ri o u s w o rks To

.

p l g t w b
The o e w a s a r e n a l l , t o h ich sh e o u n d .

g l y wt pp t g
The o de n o k e i h i t s a e n da n c h a r e , prep a re the m fo r b attle he a c cu stomed them t o ,
rt br tr p b g l
I n se e d a ce s, s a s , a n d an ds of o d ”
.

mo c k eng agements in whi c h he inspired the m ,

with resolu ti o n a n d c o u ra ge by exh o rta ti o n c o m ,

T his extr a ct exhi bits t he gre a t perfecti o n t o men dat io n a n d rew a rd , .

which the ar t o f ch a ri o t b u il ding had a tt ained -

When the Per si a ns went o n a n expediti o n

befo re the d ays o f Cyrus These cha ri o ts ha d .
their wives mo thers an d c hildren fo ll o w ed t he
,
,

,
o nly two wheels an d were gener a ll y dr a wn by
, c amp a c u st o m which w a s o bserved amo ng all
fo u r h o rses abre a st with t w o men in e ac h ; o n e
, o rienta l n a ti o ns The mo tive fo r this c u sto m
o f distinguished v a l o u r w h o eng a ged the ene my
.

, , w a s to in sp ire the m with c o u r a ge lest they shou ld ,

a n d a nother t o guide the ch a riot C y ru s al tered .
l o se e v ery thing tha t w as de a r t o the m in l ife
the fo rm o f t h e ch a ri o t an d thereby en abled
.

, T heir pr o vis ions an d b a gga ge were c a rried o n

b o th the driver of the ch a ri o t an d the w a rri o r to c amels the so ld iers si mply be a ring their a rms
enga ge in t h e co mb a t
, .

He al s o c au sed the .
The ma nner in w hi c h t he Persi an s ma rc hed
ch a ri o ts t o be ma de stro nger an d the a xle trees ,
-
may be ga thered fr o m t he de scripti o n whi ch
o f gre ater length tha n u u a l in o rder t o prevent s
,
Her o dotu s gives o f t he march o f the a rmy o f
their o vert u rning Histo ry rec o rds mo re o ve r
. , ,
Xerxes fro m S a rdis F irst o f al l went those .

th at he w as t he first w ho a fli x ed th a t de adly w ho had the c a re o f t he b agga ge ; these were

we a p o n the scythe t o t h e ch ari o t of which s u ch
, , , fo llowed by a pro miscu o u s body o f str a n gers o f
cruel u se w as made in a ft er ages At a la ter .
al l n a ti o ns wi th o u t an regul a rity b t t the
y
, u o ,
da te the Persi ans a dded ir o n sp ike s at the end
, amo un t o f mo re th a n ha lf the a rmy After these .

o f the pole in o rder to pierce every thing th a t

, w as a c o nsider able interv a l fo r t hese did n o t j oin
c ame in t he w ay an d sh a rp knives at the hinder
,

, the tro ops where the king w as N ext c a me 1 000

p a rt o f the ch a ri o t to preven t a n y o n e from
.

, horse the fl ower o f the Persian a rmy w ho w ere

ta king p o sse ssio n o r meeting their w arriors on
, ,

, succeeded by t he s ame number o f spe a rmen in ,

their o w n gr o u nd These cha ri o ts were used.
lik e ma nner selected tr ailing their pikes up o n ,
many a ges by the e a stern n a ti o ns a n d they w er e , the groun d Behind the se we r e ten s a cred
l o oked u pon as the princip al stren gth o f a rmies
.

, o a *
h rses c lled Nis ae an with very s u perb tra p
, ,
as an ens u r a nce o f victory a n d as a n a pp a r atus , pings The s a cred ca r o f J u piter w asn ext in the
.

best c alc u la ted to inspire terror into t he he a rts of procession It w as drawn by eight whi te horses
.

the enemy
,
In pr o porti o n however as the
. , , behind w hich o n fo o t w as the ch a rioteer with
mi lita ry ar t i mproved inc o nveniences were dis
, ,
, ,
, the reins in his hands for n o mo rta l w as permitted
c o vered in the m a n d they were fin ally l a id
,

, t o sit in thi s car Then c ame Xerxes himself in

Fo r in o rder t o re ap an y ad v ant a ge from
.

aside .
a cha ri o t dra w n by Nisaza n h o rses ; by his side
th e m it w as necess a ry th a t v ast an d extensive
, s a te his ch a rio teer wh o se n ame w as P at ir amphes , ,
pl ains dev o id o f rivulets woods o r viney a rds
, , , , son o f Ota nes the Persi an .

should be the scene o f the strife And e v en in .

Such w as the order in which Xerxes dep a rted
s u ch pla ces they eventu al ly bec a me us eless
,
.
fro m S a rdis bu t as o ften as occ a sion requi red he
M an ever fruitful in inventi o n fo r the preserv
, left hi s cha ri o t fo r a c o mmo n c a rri a ge s? On e tho u “

a ti o n o f hi s o w n life an d the destructi o n o f hi s sa nd o f the first an d noblest Persi a ns a tt e nded his

foes in o rder t o c o u nter act the evils a tten da nt
, pers o n be a ring their spe a rs a ccording t o the cus
upon these terrible mach ines o f mischi ef dis
,

, t o m o f their c o u ntry ; a n d 1 000 horse selected like ,

covere d th at the c u tting o f tren c hes rendered t he former immedi a tely s u cceeded
, A bo dy o f .

the m o f no a v a il T his w as a c c o rdingly exe

.
chosen i n fa ntry c ame next ; 1 000 o f these
c u t ed a n d the w a r ch a ri o t w a s s t opped mid w a y
,
- -
had at the extre mity o f t heir S pe a rs a po me
in its c o u rse So metimes als o t he Opp o sing
. , , gra n ate o f go ld ; the remai ning 9 000 whom the ,
fo rce w o uld a tta ck t he cha riots wi th slingers , fo rmer encl o sed had in the s ame manner p o me
an d spe a rmen w ho spre ading the m
,
a rch ers , , , gr an a tes of silver They w ho preceded Xerxes .

selves o u every h a nd wo u ld p o u r su ch a stor m

,

, a n d tra il ed th eir spe a rs ha d their a rms dec o r a ted

o f st o nes a rr o ws an d l a nces u p o n the m a ec o m
,

, , , with g o ld ; they w ho fo ll o wed him ha d p o me

p anying the atta ck with fe a rfu l w a r crie s tha t -
, gr an a tes o f go ld ; these fo o t were fo l lo wed
t hey te r rified the h o rses an d o ften ma de the m , by an equa l n u mber o f Persi a n c av alry: At an
t u rn upon their own fo rces At o ther time s .
, interv a l o f a bou t a qu arter o f a mi le fo l l o wed a ,
they w o ul d render the ch ari o ts usele ss a n d inc a numero us irregula r an d pro misc u ous mu ltitu de ,
”

p ahle o f Operation by simply ma rching o ver the

, .

sp ace which sep a r a ted the t w o a rmies with S u i da s sa y s h a h e se h o se s t tt r we r e a l so re mar k a bl e

fo r s w i f n e ss
t Se e p a g e 2 4 ,
. h i ch w s eap ks of t h e N isze a n
h o r se s .

t La rch er re ma r k s th at t h e H a r ma ma x e w as a ca rr i a g e
a pp r o p r ia te d t o fe ma l e s L u c r e t i u s s a y s t h a t t he fi r s t
.

h e r o e s we re mo u n t e d o n h o r se s fo r cha ri o t s we re a more ,

mo de r n i n ve n io t n . H is wo r ds ar e ,

M t well r ein d stee ds i n a n cie n t time

o un e d o n
’
,

B e fore t he u se o f c ha r io t s w a s br o u g ht in ,

The fi rst bra v e h eroe s fo u ght .

”
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERS I A N S .

When the Persi ans made w ar u p o n an y n a ti o n , t o wers r amp a rts a n d pl atforms ; in al l whic h it
, ,

they pre c eded it by sending her alds o r amb a s sa ,

w o ul d be diffic u lt fo r mo derns t o o u triv a l them ,

do rs t o de ma nd e a rth a n d w a ter ; th a t is t o
, ,
if a t le a st the testi mo ny o f a n c ient histo ri a ns is
c o mma nd the m t o su bmit a n d a ckn o wledge t he ,
c o rrect .

king o f Persi a as their l o rd Xerxes ma de this .

B ut the Persia ns were n o t alw a ys so celebra ted
de ma nd o f the Greek s a n d a mo ng tho se w ho ,
in t his fe a rfu l art B o ssu et spe akin g o f the .
,

c o mplied with his de ma nd o r a c kn o wledged his ,

decline o f their p o wer s a ys After the de ath o f ,

s w a y were the T hes sa li a ns D o l o ian s En ia n s Cyru s t he Persia n s general ly spe aking were
, p , , , , , ,

the P e r aebi L o c ri Ma gnetes Meli a ns A c haea ns

, ,
bf F thi o tis T heb a n s an d the rest o f the pe o ple
, ,
, ,
ign o r a nt o f the a dv anta ges tha t res u lt fro m dis
c ipl in e ski l l in dra wing u p an a rmy order in
, ,

o f B ce t ia except t he The spi a ns a n d Pla t ae ans

, .
ma rching an d enc a mping an d in s ho rt th at , , ,

This ma nner o f decla ring w ar w a s b o rro wed fr o m h a ppine ss o f condu ct w hich pu ts gre at b o dies in
the Medes an d t he Medes see m t o have i mitated
,
mo ti o n with o u t di so rder o r c o nfu si o n F ul l o f a .

the Assyri ans in this respect a s a ppe ars fro m the ,

v ai n ostentati o n o f th eir p o wer a n d gre a tness ,

b o o k o f J u dith c ha p ii , . .
a n d relying mo re u p o n strength th a n prudence
,

In the ti me o f a c ti o n the kings o f Persi a were u p o n t he number r a th er tha n the ch o ice o f their
,
,

a lw a ys in the centre a n d a cc o rding to St o baeu s ,

tr0 0 ps they th o u ght they ha d do ne all tha t w as
,

t hey u sed t o enc o u ra ge their s o ldiers with a necess a ry when t hey had dra wn t o gether im ~

speech The sign al w as given by the s o und o f

. me hse a rmies who fo u ght indeed with res o l u ti o n
, , , ,

t he trumpet w hich w as fo ll o wed by a sh o u t o f

,
bu t witho u t order ; an d w ho fo u nd the mselves
the w ho le a rmy The w a tch w o rd w a s in u se .
- encu mbered with the va st mu ltitu des o f u seless
a mo ng t he Persi a ns fo r Xen o ph o n spe aking o f ,
per so ns w ho fo rmed the retinu e o f the ki ng a n d
Cyru s te lls u s th a t hi s w as J u piter o u r le a der
, , ,
his chief o fficers Fo r t o s u c h a height w a s their
.

”
a n d pro te c t o r The ro ya l b a nner w as a spre a d
. l u x u ry gro wn that they w o u ld needs h ave t he
,

e a gle o f go ld c a rried o n t he p o int o f a l o ng spe a r

, .
s ame ma gnificence an d enj o y t he s ame ple as u re ,

T hey a ppe a r t o ha ve re ckoned th o se h a ppy w ho a n d delights in the a r my as in the king s c o u rt

’

died in t he field ; a n d they inflicted exe mpl a ry so tha t in their w a rs t he kings ma rche d a eco m

p u nishments o n su ch a s a b a nd o ned their p o sts ,

p ani ed with their wives their concu bine s an d , ,

or deserted their c o l o u rs J u stin s a ys th a t they . their eunuchs Their silver a n d gold pl ate a n d
.
,

used n o stra t a ge ms an d despi sed a dva nta ges th a t ,

their go rgeou s fu rni t ure were c a rried aft er t he m
did not res ul t fro m v a l o u r ; th a t is a s A mmi a n u s ,
in prodigi o u s qu a ntities ; an d in sh o rt a ll t he , ,

Ma rcellin u s well expresses it they tho ught it ,

equip a ge an d u tensils a v o l u ptu o us li fe requ ires .

u nj u st t o ste a l a vi c t o ry . An a rmy c o mp o sed in this ma nner a n d a lre a dy ,

The celebra ted b attle o f Thymbra c o n v eys a clogged with the excessive n u mber o f tro o ps w a s ,

j u st ide a o f the t a ctics o f t he ancients in t he d ays o verb u rdened with the multitude o f a ttend a nts .

o f Cyr u s a n d sh o ws ho w fa r their a bility ex

, In thi s c o nfu sio n the tr o o ps c o ul d not act in
,

tended l n t he u se o f a rms a n d t he disp o siti o n o f concer t ; their o rders fa iled t o re ach the m in
a rmies The re a der wil l find this des c ribed in
. time an d in a cti o n every thing went o n at r a ndo m
, ,

the l ife o f Cyrus . witho ut the p o ssibil ity o f re medy fro m t he ski ll
The ma nner o f mu stering amo n g the Persi a ns o f the c o mman der Add to this the necessity
.
,

w as v ery re ma rk able Befo re they t o ok the . they were u nder o f fini shing a n expeditio n
field they p as sed befo re the king or his gener al
, , ,
q u ickly a n d o f p assing into an ene my s c ou ntry
,
’

e a ch man thro wing an a rr o w into a b a sket .

with gre a t r a pi dity ; be c au se s u ch a v a st b o dy o f
T hese b a skets were se aled u p with t he re gal pe o ple greedy n o t o nly of t he ne c e ss a ri es p f li fe
, ,

si gnet till they ret u rned fr o m the c a mp a ign bu t o f s u ch th ings al s o a s were requ i si te fo r
, , ,

w hen they p asse d mu ster in t he s ame ma nner ,

lu x u ry a n d ple a su re c o ns u med every thing th a t ,

every o n e t a king a n a rro w o u t o f t he s ame c o u ld be met with in t he c o u ntry they o c c u pied

b a sket When they were a ll p a ssed t he re ma in
.
,
in a sh o rt ti me ; n o r i ndeed is it e a sy t o c o mpr e
, ,

in
g a rro ws were c o u nted a n d fr o m t heir n u mber ,
hend fro m whence they c o u ld pr o cu re su b sistence .

they knew ho w ma ny ha d fa llen T his a ncient . With al l thi s v a st tr a in ho wever t he Pers ians , ,

c ust o m c o ntin u ed t o t he d a ys o f Pro c o pi u s w ho a st o nished tho se n a ti o ns tha t were n o t better

,

rela tes it in his a c c o u nt o f t he w a rs o f the a cq u a inted with milit a ry afl a ir s th a n th e mselve s ;

a n d ma ny o f tho se th a t were mo re expert were

0
Su ch the mode of a ncient Persia n w a rfa re
w as yet o verc o me by the m be ing e i ther we akened ,

i n t he o pen field T heir sieges were c o nd u cted by intern al di ssen sio ns o r o verp o wered by t he
.
,

w i th gre a t skill In t he m we tra ce t h e s a me n u mbers o f their fo e s By thi s me ans It w a s

.

. .
,

a ment a l rules o f fo rtific a ti o n as a r e e x h ibited

f und
i n mo de r n w a r fa r e
th a t Egypt prou d as she w as o f her a ntiqui ty
, ,

he r wi se in st it u ti o ns an d the c o nqu e st s o f Ses o s

'

It is tru e t hat since t he .

, ,

inventi o n o f tha t fe a rfu l c o mb u stible gunp o wder , ,

tris be c ame subj e c t t o t he Persi ans No r w as it
,
.

(a b o u t AD l 3 2 o ) c ann o ns h a ve been s u b stit u ted

. .
,
diffi c ult fo r the m t o c o nq u er Lesser Asi a an d ,

fo r t he b a ttering r am a n d mu sket sho t fo r ,

even s u ch Greek c o l o nies as t he lu x u ry o f A si a
balistae c at a p u lt as sc o rp io n s slings j a velins
, , , , ,
h a d c o rru pted B u t when they c ame t o eng a ge
.

a n d a rrow s bu t with thi s excepti o n t he a ncients with Gree c e itself th ey fo u n d what they had
, ,
,
made as mu ch u se o f their inventive fa c u lt ie s fo r never me t with befo re regul a r an d well di sci ,
-

ens u ring victo ry a s do t he mo derns At al l .

pl in e d tr o o ps skil ful an d experienced c o m
,

e v ents they ma de a s mu ch o f t he s o lid ity o f

, ma nder s so ldiers a c cu st o med t o te mpera nce
, ,

b o dies an d t he mech anic a l p o wers o f moti o n a s

,
,
w ho se b o die s were in u red t o t o il a n d l ab ou r an d ,

a r t a n d ingen u ity w o u ld a dmit T hey u nder .

ren dered r o bu st a n d ac tive by wrestling a n d o ther
sto o d a ls o t he ar t o f entrench ment o f sc aling
, , ,
exerc ises pr a ctis e d in t ha t c o u ntry The Gre cia n .

t he w a ll s a n d o f fo r t if in a rmies indeed were bu t smal l ; bu t t hey were

, y g t ho se w a lls with , ,
 HI S T O R Y OF TH E PE RS IA N S .

l ike stro ng a ctive bo dies tha t a p pe a r to be al l ,

nerves an d si news a n d full o f spirits in ev ery ,

p art : at the s ame time they were so we l l c o m

man de d a n d so prompt in o beying the orders o f
,

their le aders tha t t he wh o le body see med to Ro be d in p u re st white

Th e ma gi r a n g e d b e fo re t h e u n fo l de d tent
,
, ’

ha ve be en a ctu at ed by o n e soul .
F ire bl a z e d b e sid e th e m T owa rd s t h e sacre d fl ame .
.

Lu x u ry therefo re had the effect o f enerv a ting

, , T he y tur n e d a n d se n t th e ir t u n e fu l p r a ise t o h e a v en
,

the s o ldier o f Persi a Once rugged in n a tu re Fro m Z oro a st e r w a s t he so n g d eri v e d

Wh o o n t h e hill s o f P e r si a fro m hi s c a v e
. ,
,

a n d invincible in c o ur a ge he bec a me sh o rn o f his

,
, B y fl owe r s e n v ir o n e d a n d me l odi o u s fo un ts , ,
gl o ry by a n exce ss o f indul gence And is it n o t .
Wh i ch soo t h d t he so l e mn man sio n h a d r e v e a l e d
’

so a mo ng t he r a nks o f the s o ldiers o f the cr o ss ? H o w H o r o ma z e s r ad ia n t so ur ce o f g o o d

, ,
Ori gi n a l i mmo rta l fra me d t he gl o b e
Where is n o w t he mi ghty strivings fo r the fa ith ,

In fru itfu l n e ss a n d be au t y : h o w with stars

,

o f the g o spel as in d a ys o f o ld ?
,
Wh ere tha t B y him t he h e a v en s we r e S pa n gl e d : h o w t he su n
h o ly b o ldness in the c o nfessi o n o f Christ cru cified ? R e fulg e n t M ithra p u re st spr in g o f l ig ht ,

On e goes to t he fe ast o f the merry he a rted an d - An d g e n ia l warmth whe n ce t e e ming n a tur e smil e s , ,

a nother t o the scene o f amus e ment a n d thus

,
B u rs t fro m t h e e a st a t hi s cre a t in g v o ice ;
,
Wh e n stra ight b e y o n d t he g o l den v e rg e o f day ,
Christi an w a tc hfuln ess an d Christi a n du ties ar e N ig ht sh o w e d t h e h orr ors o f he r di sta n t r e ig n ,

fo rgo tten S o ldiers o f the cr o ss w ho strive t o

.
,
Whe re bl a ck a n d ha t e fu l Ar ima n i u s fro w n e d ,
Th e a u th or fo u l o f e v il : h o w with sh a de s
c le a ve unt o his b a nners the e x h o rt a ti o n which ,
F r o m h is dire ma n sio n he de fo r me d t he work s
t he a p o stle a ddresses t o y o u is frau ght with Of H o r o maz e s ; t u ru d t o n o xi o u s h e a t ’

me a ning F in ally my brethren be st rong in , ,

The so l a r be a m tha t foo d fu l e art h migh t p ar ch
,
’

the Lord an d in t he p o wer o f his might P u t T ha t stre a ms e xhal in g might fo r sa k e the ir b e ds

, , ,
Wh en ce p e stil e n ce a n d fa mine : h o w t he p ower
.
,

o n the w ho le a rmo u r o f G o d th a t ye ma be
,
y , Of H o r o ma z e s i n t h e hu man b r e a st
a ble t o st and a gai nst the wile s o f t he deviL Fo r B e ne v o l e n ce a n d e q u ity i n fu se d ,

we wrestle n o t a ga ins t flesh an d blood bu t Tru th te mp eran ce a n d w i sdo m spran g fro m hea v e n
, ,

Wh e n Ar ima n iu s bl a ck e n d a ll t h e so u l
, ,
’

a g a inst princip alities a ga inst powers a ga inst the , ,

With fa l se ho o d a n d i nj u stice with de sire s
rulers o f the dark ne ss o f thi s world a ga inst , I n sa tia bl e with v i o l e n ce a n d r ag e
,
,

spiritu al wi c kedness in hi gh places Wh erefo re . M a l i gn ity a n d fo lly I f t he ha n d .

t ake u nto y o u the wh o le a rmour o f Go d tha t ye Of H o r o ma z e s o n pre c ari o u s l ife

,

may be a ble to withst and in the evil day a n d S h e ds we a lth a n d pl e asu r e swift t h e i n fe rn a l go d ,
’
.
, With wi l d e x ce ss o r a v a rice bl ast s t he j o y , .

ha ving d o ne all to st a nd St and therefore

,
.
, T ho u H o r o ma z e s victo ry d o st g i v e
, , .

h aving yo u r l o ins girt a b o u t with truth a n d ,

By the e with fame t h e re g a l he a d i s cro w n d ’
.

h a ving o n the bre a st pl a te o f righteousness ; a n d G re a t X erx e s own s t hy su ccou r Wh e n in sto rms .

The h a te o f dire fu l A
-

r i ma n iu s sw e l l d
’

y o ur feet shod wit h the prep a r ati o n o f t he gospel The H e ll e sp on t th o u o e r it s ch a fi n g b re a st

,
’

o f pe a ce ; a b o ve a ll ta kin g the shi eld o f fa ith, ,

The de stin e d mas te r o f t h e wo rl d di d st l e a d ,

wherewi th y e sh a ll be able t o quench all the fiery T hi s da y h i s p ro mise d gl orie s t o e nj o y

d a rts o f the wicked And t ake the helmet o f When Gre e ce a ffri ghte d t o hi s a rm sh a ll b e n d ;
E e n a s a t l a st sha ll Ar iman iu s fal l
. ’

s al va tio n an d the sword o f the Spirit which is

, , B e fore t hy mi ght an d e v il be n o more —G r o vn x
, . . .

the word o f G o d : pra ying a lw ays with all pr a yer

a n d s u pplic a tion in the Spirit an d w atchi ng , The foll owing extra ct fro m the pen o f Sir
there un to with all pe rsever ance an d su pplic ati o n Malc ol m exhibits the principles o f Z o ro a ster s ’

fo r all s ai nts Eph vi 1 0— 1 8 Being t hu s

,
”
. . . religion also in a very lu cid manner
, , G od he .
,

a rmed at all points an d rendered invincible let , , t au ght exi sted fr o m al l eternity a n d w as like
, ,

y o u r w atchw o rd be th a t which w as ad opted by infinity of time an d sp a ce There were he .

,

g o od o l d P o lyc a rp o f o l d Christ n o ne , , a verred two principles in the u niverse g oo d a n d

, ,

evi l : t he o n e w as n amed H o r muz d which den o ted

”
Christ ! ,

TH E PR IE S TL Y POW E R
the pre sidin g agent o f a ll tha t w as goo d ; an d the
o th er Ahriman the l o rd o f evil
.

E ach o f these
, .

It has be en seen in t he c o rrespondin g sectio ns had the p o wer o f cre a ti o n bu t th at power w as ,

o f the histories o f the Assy ri a ns a n d Mede s th a t , exerci sed with Opposite de signs ; an d it w a s fro m
u nder the ma gi as their priests were c a lled
,
a , their c o a ctio n tha t a n ad mixtu re o f good a n d
-

species o f the S abi a n s u perstitio n prev a iled . evil w as fo un d in e v ery cre a ted thi ng The .

The su n mo o n a n d pla nets recei v ed divi ne w o r

, , a ngels Of H o r mu z d o r the g o o d principle s o u ght , ,

ship while the more a ncient bel ief in t he o n e

, to preserve t he ele ments the se a s o ns a n d t he , ,

su preme God w as n o t who ll e ffa ced fro m t he hu ma n r a ce which the infern al agents o f Ahriman
,

minds o f their vo t a ries en the Per si a ns . d e sired t o destr o y ; bu t the s o u rce o f g o od a l o ne ,

t r iu mphed this priestly c aste lost mu ch o f its

, the gre a t H o r mu z d w as e t ern a l an d must there , ,

influence a n d see ms t o h a ve been rega rded as

, fo re ultimately prev a il Light w as the type o f .

hostile t o the new dyn a sty Hence wherever .

, the good d a rk ness o f the evil spirit ; an d G o d
,

the Persi a n mon a rchs esta blished their sw a y they , had sa id unto Z o ro a ster My light is c o n c ea led ,

be c ame bitter persecu tors o f the priests They . under all tha t shines Hence t he disc iple o f .
’

la id a he avy h an d u pon the s ace r d o t al c a ste in th a t pro phet when he pe rforms his devo tio ns in
,

Egypt an d the Ch al de a ns in B abylo n Cyrus

, . a te mple t urns to w a rds the s a cred fire tha t b u rns
,

ad o pted this policy a n d e ffe cted re a t reli gious u p o n it s a lt a r ; an d w hen in t he Open air t o w ar ds
g ,

ch anges in t he systems o f the ma gi To wh a t . t h e sun as the nobles t Of all lights a n d tha t by

, ,

howe v er these chan ges were c a rri ed in

,
which G od shed s his di v in e infl u ence over the
hi s da y is u nkn o wn ; bu t it is c ert ai n tha t the wh o le e a rth an d pe rpetua tes the wo rk of hi s
,

revolu ti o n w as c o mple t ed by Z or o a ster w ho se , crea ti o n .

”

syste m is the mos t pe r fect devis ed by u n a ssisted The p r ecise e r a Of Z o roast e r is unkn o wn in ,

h u ma n re a son H is syste m has been well de

. whic h respect he rese mbles Bo uddh a t he a u thor ,
 HI ST O R Y OF TH E PE RS IA N S .

of t he sys t e m o f L amaism c o ncerning w ho se ,

the Persi a n co mmon alty were in a sta te o f servile
e xistence an d time o f a ppe a r a nce mu c h le a rne d su bj ection t o their ma gi a n instruct ors j ust as the ,

co ntr o versy has ta ken pl ace to n o pu rp o se The . mod e r n Hindo o s ar e u nder t he br a mi n s o r the
, ,

Greeks h ave made n o les s than six Z o r o a sters ,

p a pi sts in Sp a in an d Po rt ugal u nder the rule o f ,

an d pla ced the m in d i fferent a ges o f t he w o rld .

i
t he te a chers o f R o me The conseq u en c e w as th a t
.
,

The S a dder whic h is a c o mpend o f t he s acred

,
s c ience a n d l iteratur e never fl o u rished under
b oo ks o f t he Persi a n prie st s c o nta in s t he ge n e ,
magi a n d o min ation as they di d in Greece
a l o gy o f Z o r o a ster It sta t es tha t Ze r at u sh o r
.
, R o me And why w as it ? Bec aus e the noble
.

Z o ro aster w as t he so n o f P u r t h a sp w ho w as t he
, ,
fa c ulties of the mind were enslaved .

so n of P it er a sp , t he Hi t che r asp, t he so n
so n o f
of the so n o f Espiu t a man
The c hshu n e sch, . Ti s l ib e rt y l th at gi v e s t he fl ower
a on e

Hen c e t he P a rsee s in S ur at an d B o mb ay , fro m Of fl e e ti n g l ife i t s l u str e a n d p e r fume

An d w e a r e we e ds withou t i t All c o n str ain t
,

his being c a lled the so n o f Espin t aman , misto o k Ex ce p t wh a t wi sdo m l a y s on e v il me n

.
,

him fo r his immedi ate a n c est o r, where a s he w a s

,

Is e v i l ; h u rt s t h e fa cu lti e s i mpe de s
hi s re mo te p a rent
,

In t he chro ni c le o f the
. T h eir pro gr e s s in t he ro a d o f sc ie n ce ; bli n ds
Persia n king s, whi ch pro fesses to be an abr idg The e y e sight o f disc o v e ry ; a n d b e g e t s
ment Of Fe r du si s work , denomi n a ted the Sh ah
’ t
In h o se tha t su ffe r i t a sordid min d ,
B e stia l a me ag re i n te ll e ct u n fi t
N ame h, Z o r o a ster is represented as living in t he To be t he te n an t o f man s n o bl e fo rm —Co w r n a
, ,
’ ”
.

reign o f G usht a sp, o r D a ri u s H y st aspe s Dr . .

Hy de fixes hi s ex istence at t he time o f Ezra the It is remark able th at the a ncient Persi ans like , ,

scribe ; a nd Pride a u x considers him a s c o nte m the Hind o o s never pro du ced a single n ative his ,

po r a n e o u s wit h, an d a di sciple o f D aniel the t o ri an phi l o s o pher o r p o et , , .

prophet B o th these a u tho riti es a r e a greed th at

. The kno wledge an d skill of the Persi a n ma gi
he must h a ve b o rrowed several o f his doctrines in religi o u s matters (which made Pla to define ,

fr o m one o r o ther o f these e minent Jews Tha t magic o r the le a rning o f the ma gi the art o f
.
, ,

some o f h is d o ctrines rese mble th o se incu lc ated w o rshipping t he gods in a beco ming manner ) ,
a mo ng the Jews n o ne c a n deny So striking a r e ga ve the m gre at a u tho rity both wi th the prince
.
,

they, in deed, that t he rese mbl a nce sufli c ien t l y a n d pe o ple They c o u ld not o ffer s acrifices .

refu te s his cl a i ms t o a Divine c o mmission , a n d with o u t their presence an d ministr atio n It w as .

pr o ve him t o h ave been a n imp o st o r It is tr u e even requ isite tha t the king be fo re h e c ame t o the
.
,

t ha t ma ny le a rned men a ddu ce this circ u msta nce cro wn s ho ul d be instru cted by t he m ; nor c o u ld ,

in his fav o u r, an d b o rrow t heir a rgu ment fo r the he de t ermine a n y i mp o rta nt affa ir of the sta te ,

sincerity o f his pretensi o n s fr o m it, as well as when he w as u p o n t he thr o ne witho u t first c o n ,

fro m hi s a c qu a int ance with D aniel a n d Ezr a su l t in

g the m Hence it w as th at Pli ny a sserts
. .
, ,

B ut t his w o u ld make the ma tter w o rse If he t ha t even in his time they were looked u pon as
.

w as instr u cted by t he m in the tr u e fa ith, o f which the ma sters o f princes a n d o f th o se w ho a rr o ,

they were the a ckn o wl edged te a cher s, he o u ght ga ted t o the mselves t he title o f king o f kings .
”

t o have be en gr atefu l fo r being th u s , in Pr o vi They were indeed the s ages phil o so phers a n d , , , ,

dence , bro u ght o u t o f d a rkn e ss into ma rve l lous men o f le a rning in Persia a s t he drui ds were in ,

light, a n d t o the kn o wledge o f t he meth o d o f

. G a ul a n d t he br a min s amongst the Indi ans , .

rec o very t o fallen man gr a ci o u sly th o u gh not T heir repu ta tio n fo r le a rning a ttr a cted many
, ,

yet fu lly reve a led t o mankind B ut inste a d o f fro m the mo st d ista nt c o u ntries t o be instructed
.

thi s he set h imself t o fo r m a new code o f fa ith by the m in phil o s o phy an d religi o n ; an d we ar e
, , ,

o r t o mend the o ld o n e wit ho u t a n referen c e t o t o ld th a t it w as fr o m th e m th a t Pytha go ras bor

y , ,

his Jewi sh instr u ctors o r rec o mmending t heir ,

r o wed the principles o f that doct rine by which he
fa ith t o his c o up t r y men He even went fa rther a cquired so mu ch vener atio n a mong t he Greeks
. ,

tha n the Hebrew l aw giver Mo ses pr o fessed to excepting the tenet o f tra ns migr atio n which he
.
,

t ea ch t he Jew s di vine kn o wledge o nly Z o ro aster le a rned o f t he Egypti a ns an d by which he c o r ,

pret ended tha t his bo o k c o nt a ined eve r y thing ru pt e d t he ancient do ctrine o f t he ma gi c o ncern ,

neces sa ry fo r t h e Persi ans t o kn o w whether in ing the i mmo r tal ity o f the so ul,
.

religio n o r p o litics litera tu re o r scien c e mo ra l ity

,
Acc o rding t o Hero do tu s t he Pers i ans a dored
, ,

or p hysi c s T ha t t he w o rk w as n o t o f God is the su n a n d p a rticu la rly when it first a ppe ared in

.
,

pr o ved by it s being br o u ght t o n o u ght ; nothing t he mo rning with t he pro fo u ndest venera ti o n ,
.

is n o w pre erved o f t ha
s
“
pro phet s w o rks but To tha t bright o r b they dedic a ted a ma gnificent
’ ”
,

what ha s been merely re me mbered an d h a nded c hari o t with white h o rses o f gre at be au ty an d
, ,

d o wn by o ral tr aditio n . v al u e their swift ness being th o ught t o render ,

With t he spec u lative tenets o f Z o ro a ster there t he m an a ppr o pri a te o ffering t o that l u min a ry
,
.

w as c o mbined a sy ste m o f c a stes the intr o du cti o n T hey ar e su pp o sed to ha ve worshipped t he sun
,

o f whi c h is attribu ted by Fe r du si t o J e mshid u nder t h e n a me o f Mi th r a the pri mitive c a ve

. ,

T he se c aste s were t he Amuz ba n o r ma gi ; the w o rs hip o f w hich go d is thus described by M a n

,

M sa r i o r milita ry ; t he N esoodee o r hu sb and rice

'

men ; an d t he Ahmenshu hi o r a rti sts

, ,

, Wh e r e t he d ark c l i ffs o f ru gg ed T a u ru s r ise

.

,
Ac c o rding t o the u s u a l a c co u nts given o f Fr o m age t o a ge by bl astin g l ightn i n g s to r n ,

the Persi an ma gi they rese mbled the Hindo o In gl o r y b u r st i n g fr o m t h e i ll u min e d sk i e s ,

a ir S ci e n c e p o u r e d h e r first a u sp i c i o u s mo r n
,

br a min s being a sep a r ate c a ste fro m t he mu lti

F .

t u de T hi s is t he very e ssence o f al l prie stcraft

.

Th e h o ar y P arth ian se er s w ho watch e d by n ight

,

fo r by su c lr e x cl u sive n ess t hey keep a ll t he kn o w

,

The e te r n a l fi r e in M ithr a s my st i c c a v e
’
,

le dge an d le a rnin g o f whi c h they a r e pos ses sed in ( Embl e m s u bli me o f th a t P n r M EV AL L r e n r '

their o w n h ands a n d c o mmu nic ate o nly wh at they

,
W hi ch t o y o n star r y or b s the ir l u st re g a v e ) ,

le e t their v o t a ri es Un d er su ch a sy ste m
p a s o .
,
 HI ST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

Exu lt in g sa w th a t t he a ncient refo rmer o f the Per si a n re ligi o n

i t s gr a du a l spl e n do u s b r e a k , r
And sw e p t t r sy mp h o n i o u s al l h e i w a r bh n g ly r e s ;
borr o wed his ide a o f s a cred fire fr o m th a t w hich
M i d Scy t hi a s fro z e n gl o o ms TH E M U S ES wa k e
’

b u rned o n the al ta r o f Jeh o v ah N o thi ng is mo re

,

Whil e happ ie r I n dia gl ows with a ll th e ir fi r e s .

”
.

likely an d hence we tr a ce many simil a r u sa ge s ,

B o th Hero d o tus an d Str abo say th at the Per pr a ctised by the Hebrew prie sts an d the ma gi ,

si ans s acrifi c ed h o rses to t he su n a circumsta nce with reference t o the sa cred fire , The a lta r .

t o whic h O vid a ll u des thu s o f Jeh o v ah in its re mo v a ls w as t o be c o vered , ,

with a p u rple c l o th an d the a shes t aken o u t It , .

The h orse r e n o w n e d fo r sp e e d t h e P e rsian s sl a y

,
w as s u pplied with fire a gai n fr o m a n o ther a lt a r
, ,

A W e l come v ictim t o t he go d o f d a y .

kept consta ntly b u rn ing fo r tha t pu rp o se When .

It has been s u pposed th a t in a mo re re mo te it w as rekindled the r abbins info rm us that gre a t

, ,

period s o me e minent her o o r p ubli c benefa c to r c a re w as tak en that n o w o od bu t th at which w as

, , ,

wh o se n ame w as Mithra s ha d after his de a th been repu ted c le a n sho u ld be e mplo yed fo r fu el ; an d
, , ,

deified ; bec au se in certai n an cient Persi a n mo nu it w as all c arefu lly b arked an d ex ami ned be
ments Mithra s is represented as a mighty hu nter fo re it w a s us ed The fire a ls o w as never t o be ,
.
, ,

a rmed with a sw o rd h aving a ti a r a o n his he a d ,

bl o wn u p o n either with bell o ws o r the bre ath , , ,

an d riding a bull It is pos sible th a t t he Persi ans o f man The regu l atio ns o f Z o r o a ster were
.
.

c o nceived the s o u l o f this hero to be resident in simil a r t o these He strictly enj o ined th at the .

the sun an d th a t they afterw a rds transferred fire whi ch he pre t ended t o h ave br o u ght from
,

th eir w o rship t o the su n itself under his n ame he a ven should be c a refully kept up that b a rked
, . ,

The w o rshi p o f fire w as the n atu r a l c o u se w o o d only sho uld be u sed fo r fu el a nd th at it ,

e c e o f the a d o r a ti o n w h ich t h e Persi a ns p a i d sh o ul d be revived only by the bl asts o f the o pen

q u n

t o the su n Herodo tus s ays that they p ai d pa r a ir or by o il being p o u red u pon it It w as de ath , .
,
.
,

t ic u l a r vener a tion t o tha t ele ment an d Xen o p ho n in Persi a t o c a st u p o n it a n y u ncle a n thing o r t o

, , ,

a sserts tha t th ey a l w a y s in v o k e d it first at their bl o w it w ith the bello ws o r the bre a th by which
'

.
,

s ac rifices th a t they c a rried it with gre a t respect it w o ul d be p o ll u ted Fo r thi s re ason the priests .
,

befo re t he king in his expediti o ns ; an d th at the mselves a ltho u gh they w atched t he fire day ,

th ey entru sted the preserv atio n o f their s acred an d night never a ppr o a ched it bu t with a cl o th ,

fire whi ch a s they pretended c ame d o wn fr o m over their mo n ths th at their bre ath might n o t
, , , ,

he a ven to none bu t t he magi

, The a ncient mingle with the fire This they did n o t o nly
.
.
,

Persi a ns indeed d a red n o t by their religi o n ex

, ,
when they a ppro ac h ed it t o repleni sh it with fu el ,

t in gu ish fire with w ater ; bu t ende a v o ur ed t o o r t o do a n

y o ther service ab o ut it but a lso when ,

smo ther it w ith e a rth sto nes o r an y thing si mil a r ; they pro n o u nced their fo rms of pr ayer before it
, , ,

a s u perstiti o n whi ch still infl u en c es t he p a rsees a n d which therefore they mu mbled r ather th a n , ,

of Guzerat The l o ss o f their sa cred fire wou ld sp o ke The s ame fo rms a r e o bserved amo ng the
.
.

h a ve been deemed a n atio n a l c a l amity Hence mo dern p a rsee s o f Indi a w ho believe th at it w as . ,

we a r e info rmed th a t the e mper o r Her a clius ul timately c o nveyed t o th at c o un try an d c o u se ,

, ,

when he w as at w ar with the Persi an s h aving qu ently th a t they still possess t he fire which Z o ro ,

de moli shed sever a l o f their te mples an d pa r t icu aster bro u ght fro m he a ven A mo ng the Persi an s
,
.
,

l ar l y t he ch a pel in w hich t he s a cred fire ha d been thi s s a cred fire w a s t o be rekindl ed o nl y fro m the
preserved u ntil th at time it oc ca si o n ed gre a t su n o r with a flint o r fro m s o me o ther s a cred
, , ,

mo u rn ing an d l amentat ion thr o u ghou t t he whole fire whi ch is fu rther an al o gous t o th e us ages o f ,

co u ntry .
the Hebrews .

It has be en alleged th at the Persi ans did not In mo re modern d a ys a s a cred fire w a s a do pted ,

w o rship the sun o r fire ab so lutely bu t o nly w o r by ma ny o ther n a ti o ns The Greeks had a per ,
.

shipped G od as far a s they knew him befo re p e t u al fire at Delph o s an d o ther pl aces The
, ,
.

the se t he mo st glo ri o u s visible symbols o f hi s R o mans o n e al so in the te mple o f t he go ddess

,

energies a n d pe rfections This may have been V esta wh o se worship amo ngst the m c o nsiste d
. ,

the o rigin a l doctrine o f Zoro a ster He might chiefly in t h e preserv a ti o n o f t he fire which w as .

h a ve considered the m merely as represent atives consecrated t o her The a ncient G au ls al so in .

, ,

o f Omnipo tence an d the F o u nta in o f light ,

B ut the deep rece sses o f their forests a n d gr o ves . ,

the ide see a m s t h ave been t o

o o refi ed
n fo r the w h i c h were their te m ples h a d a sa cred fire c o n ,

gr o ss c ap a cities o f the vulga r w ho with o u t r e t in u al l y b u rn ing o n their a lt a rs an d which th ey

, ,
,

g ard t o t he gre a t invisible Prot otype turned all reg a rded wi th gre a t venera ti o n At the present ,
.

their th o u ghts to t h e a do ra tion o f these o stensible day the Hindoo s a ltho ugh they ar e n o t worship , ,

deities Thi s c ann o t be denied Misled by the pers o f fire ar e c a reful a bou t the origin o f tha t
. . ,

sy mb o ls the ma s s o f the pe o ple fo rgo t al to gether which they u se fo r s a cred p u rposes

,
.

t he God th a t is ab o ve or re m e m bered h im b u t O”
ne fe a rful c o nseq u ence a rising fr o m the w o r .

m m
,

faintly while the su n an d fire hs u r p e d his plac e sh i p o f fire w a s t h e cr u el cere ony o f ak ing ,
,

in their affe c tions .

ch i ldren p a ss thr o ugh it a m id the s o u nding o f ,

S a cred fire w as n o t peculi a r t o the Persia n dru ms an d tabrets .

ma gi It w as kept perpetu al ly bu rn in g on the

.
M o l o ch h o r ri d k in g b e sme are d w ith bl o o d , ,
a lta r be fo re t he t abern a cle in t h e wi lderness an d Of hu ma n sa crifi ce a n d p are n t s t e a rs ; ,
’

the te mple at Jeru s a lem ; a n d w as never t o go T ho u gh from t he n o ise o f d r u ms a n d t imb r el s l o rid; ,

o u t Le v vi 1 3 It w a s kindled fr o m he a ven in T h e c h il dr e n s c rie s u n h e a r d t ha t p a sse d t hr o u g h fi r

’

To hi s grim i do l —M 1 L r o n
, . . . ”

the ti mes o f A a ron Lev ix 2 4 ; o f D a vid, 1

. .

. .
,

Chro n xxi 2 6 o f S o l o mo n 2 Chro n vii l an d

. . There is a n a l lu si o n t o this fe a rful pra cti c e 2
, . . ,

w a s n o t t o be rekindled wit h stra nge fire n o r an y Kings xvi i 3 1 wh ere the s a cred hi st o ri a n , .
, ,

o t her t o be us ed in sa crifi ces u nder pen a lty o f en u mer a ti ng the different go ds o f t he pe o ple o f
de ath L ev x l 2 It a p pea rs evide n t indeed Mes o potami a who wer e sent a s a c o lony i nto t he
, . .
, .
, , ,
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERS I AN S .

c o u ntry o f the Sama ritan s s ays o f the Seph a r , a lt a r were abo u t fiv e an d twenty men with their
,
- -
,

vites * that they bu rned their children in fire t o b a cks t o w a rd t he te mple o f t he L o rd an d t heir
Addr ammel ech an d An ammel echd t he go ds o f
, ,
‘

faces t o w a rd the e a st ; a n d they w o rshipped t he

Sephar v a im an d which a n sw ers t o M o l o ch o r
,
su n t o w a r d t he e ast T hen he s a id u nt o me H ast .
,

Mo le c h the king ,
See a ls o Lev xviii 2 1 ; . . . tho u seen thi s 0 so n o f ma n ? Is it a li ght thin g t o
,

xx 2 ; 1 Kings xi 7 Amo s v 2 6 ; Act s vii 4 3

. . . . . t h e h o use o f J u d a h tha t t hey c o mmit t he ab o mi n a
It is well kn o wn tha t this b a rb a ro u s cust o m he ti o ns which they commit here ? fo r they h a ve filled
c ame prev alent in many pro vi nces o f Asi a Ao . t he l a nd with vi o len c e a n d h ave ret u rned t o r o
p ,

c o rding to Hero dotu s t he Persi a ns erected neither , v o ke me t o a nger : a n d 10 they pu t the br a nch , ,

sta t u e s n o r te mples nor alta r s t o their go ds bu t

, , , t o their n o se Therefo re w ill I a lso de a l in fury :
.

o ffered their s a c rifices in the Open a ir a n d gene ,

mine eye s hal l n o t sp a re neither wi l l I have pity ,

r ally o n the t 0 ps o f bil l s o r o n high pla c e s It , ,

. a n d th o u gh they c ry in mine e a rs with a l o u d

is from this circu msta nce that ma ny a rgu e they v o ice yet wi ll I n o t h e a r the m Ezek viii
, ,
”
. .

were n o t ido l ater s B u t this is v a gue re a s o ning . . 1 6— 1 8 T his therefo re is decl a red t o be t he
.
, ,

It is n o matter whether man makes a n i ma ge o f gre a te st o f al l ab o min a ti o ns And wh at is the .

so mething vi sible with his o w n h ands an d c all s , re a s o n ? The a p o stle P a ul replies Fo r t he in

it a r e sembl an ce o f God an d w o rships it a cc o rd , visible things o f him fro m t he cre ati o n o f the
in gl y ; o r su pp o sing s o mething visible in the world ar e cle a rly seen being u ndersto o d by the ,

materi al u niverse t o be a simili tu de o f G o d a s t he , thi ngs th at ar e ma de even his etern al p o wer an d ,

su n fire o r w ater he a do res th at symbo l tho u gh

, , , , G o d he a d ; so tha t they ar e witho u t excu se : be
he d o es n o t mak e a vi sible representa tion of it . c au se th at when they knew G o d they glo rifi ed
, ,

It is n o matter whether it be fabric ated by his him n o t a s G o d neither were th ankfu l ; bu t be ,

o w n ha nds o r whether being ma de by G o d him

, , c ame v a in in their ima gin ati o n s a n d their fo o lish ,

self he ad o pts it fo r his go d It is still a su p . he a rt w a s d a rkened Ro m i 2 0 2 1 ,

”
. . , .

p o sed si militu de o f the Almighty still a ma teri a l

,

, ,
A mong t he magi w ater as well as fire w as al so , , ,

n o t a sp irit u a l worship still the thing ma de n o t , , lo oked u pon a s a s acred ele ment an d as a symbol ,

t he M a ker still the cre a tu re o f the Cre a tor s of the Divine p u rity ; a n d c o nsequ ently n o t t o be
’
, , ,

skill an d p o wer n o t the Cre a t o r hi mself And , . de fil e d Fo r this re a so n wherever t hey were
.
, ,

thi s is c o mprehended in t he se c o nd c o mma nd they c au sed t he w aters t o be w atched th a t n o ,

ment w herein a ny ima ge o r an y li keness o f an y

, ,
u ncle a n thi ng might be thr o wn int o the m They .

thing whether in the visible he avens o r in the

, , held indeed th at wh o ever wilfull y p o llu ted fire
, ,

e a rth o r in the w a ters under the e a rth is strictly

, ,
o r w a ter deserved de ath in this w o rld a n d
, pu n ,

fo rbidden to be ma de The w o rshipping o f su ch . i shmen t in tha t which is t o c o me .

w a s pr o hibited u nder the mo st terrible s a ncti o ns . Th a t the mo n arch s of P ersi a cl a imed divi ne
And why ? The Hebrew l awgiver gives the h o n o u rs is ab u nd a ntly testified by v a ri o u s in
re aso n : Fo r ye saw no ma nner o f s imilitu de o n scr ipt io n s O ne a t Na k sh i R u st am re ads thu s
.
- -

t he day th a t t he L o rd S p ake u nt o y o u in Horeb T his is the fa ce o r resembl ance o f the w o r , ,

o u t o f t he midst o f the fire De u t iv 1 5 Ye ,

”
. . . s hipper o f Ormu zd the go d Schapo o r ki ng o f the , ,

he a rd the v o i c e o f the w o rd s bu t saw n o simili ,

kings o f Aira n an d An air a n ( Persi a an d Tar ,
”
tu de o nly ye he a rd a v o ice ver 1 2 See a l so , . . t a ry ) o f t he r a ce o f the go ds so n o f the serva nt
, ,

Isa x 1 1 8
. The w o rship o f the su n is decl a red
. . o f O r mu zd the divine A r t a x e r es king o f the
, ,

by the pr o phet Ezekiel t o be a gre a ter ab o min a kings o f Air a n o f t he r a ce o f the go ds gr ands o n
, ,

t io n th a n even th a t o f the w o rship of fire In th a t . o f the divine Pa pek the king An o ther a t ,
.

pro phet s v isi o n o f the chambers o f i ma gery he

’

,
Tack t i Bost a n is thu s tra n scribed : T his is the
- -

w as first sho wn t he sy mb o ls o f Egypti a n id o l a tr y i ma ge o f the a do rer o f O rmu zd the mo st excel

lent Scha po o r king o f kings o f Aira n an d Ah
, ,

whi c h w a s decl a re d t o be a gre a t a bo min ation .

,

N ext he be held t he Phenici an id o l atry in w o men ,

ai ra n descended fro m t he divine r a ce a n d gra nd
, ,

weeping fo r T ammu z ,
so n o f t he excellent N a r sc hi king o f ki n gs The ,
.

sa me fa ct is pr o v ed al s o by t he legend s o n the Sa s
Wh o se a n n u a l wo u nd in L e b an o n a ll u re d
Th e S yri a n d a mse l s t o l a me n t hi s fat e sani a n c o ins a s expl ained by D u S a cy ,
.

In mo r o u s dittie s a l l a su mme r s d a y
a
’
O n o n e o f the se c o ins the he a d an d sh o ul ders ,

While smo oth A d o n is fr o m hi s n ati v e , roc k , o f a man a r e seen ri sing fr o m the midst o f a fl ame
R a n p u r pl e t o t h e se a , s u pp o se d wi h t bl oo d
Of Tha mmu z , y e arly wo u n de d -
M I L TON
o n the a lt a r T his is s u pp o sed t o expre ss a n d
.

exe mplify tha t fire is the l ight an d th a t l ight is

. .

his is decl ared to be a still gre ater a bomin a G od . S uc h w as o n e o f t he religi o u s tenets o f the
ti o n th an t he preceding o n e After this sa ys the .
,
ma gi Be si des this they hel d t he do ctrine o f
. ,

pro phet He br o ught me into the inner c o u rt o f

,
seven inte l ligen c es by w ho m G o d u nfo lde d hi s ,
’
t he L o rd s h o u se an d be ho ld at the doo r o f the ,
will to ma nkind The first o f these intelligences .

presided o ver man the second o ver a n ima ls the

, ,

t e mple o f the L o rd between the p o rch a n d the , , ,

t hird o ver the e a rth the fou rth o ver w ater the , ,

t k t t
Cal me t hin s h a t h e se a r e t h e S a sp ir e s me n io n e d t fift h o ver fire t he sixth o ver pl ant s a n d ve ge ,
by H e o do us, a s d w e ll in g b e e e n A r me n i a a n d C o l c his,
r t tw t ables an d t he se v enth prese rv ed n atu re fro m all
a n d w ho , ac c o din g t o M aj o r R en n e ll ,
r o u l d ha v e o cc u p i e d w ,

Ea s e n A r me ia in mo de n ge o g a ph y Th e n ame is
tr n r r p o llu ti o n S u b o rdin ate t o the se were min o r
.

a ngel s o r tu tel a ry de mons t o w ho m i t w as g i ven

.

p o b a bly t o be so u gh in ha o f Sip ha r a , a c i y o n t h e
r t t t t , ,

Eu p h a e s, a b o v e B a byl o n , a t ha p ar
rt h e e t he i v e t t tw r r r t o preside o ver p a rtic u l a r mo nth s an d even da ys , .

ma k e s t h e n e ar e s a pp o a c h t o A ssy r i a Pr o p e
t r r .
T he se also were w o rshipped .

T h e se
'
t vvo na me s
de n o e t h e sa me i do l ; t h e
se e mto t It a ppe a r s t ha t the ma gi maint a ined the do c
p r e fi x e d o ds b e in g me e ly e p i t he s o f h o n o u a n d dis
wr r t r trine o f a resu rrectio n w hich w as mo st pro b ably
t t
i n c io n C u d w or h a n d o he r s hi n k h a t h e t w o n ame s
. t t t t t bo rr o wed fro m t he Jews Concerning t he pl ace
,

r e fe r t o t he sa me i do l , a n d t he o i gin a l H e b e de n o e s r rw t .

b ut o n e god .
o f p u nish ment they reck o ned seven hells u nder , ,
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PER SIAN S .

t he c ha rge o f a n a n gel c al led Vun n u n d Izid wh o se , struggle must c o nsta ntl y ex ist in t he D ivi ne
du ty it w as t o decide u pon t he p u nishment due t o mi nd between light an d da rkn ess g o o d an d evi l ! ,

t he tr a n sgre sso r a n d al s o t o restr a in the cru elty

, And yet some pi o u s writers a ssert t ha t t h is tenet
o f Ahr iman As fire w a s rega rded by them a s
. is derived fr o m S c riptu re ! Al as ! they h a ve
e mblema tic a l o f the Divine e ssence it w as n o t , fo rg o tt en th a t t he s a c re d p a ge de scribes him as
ad mitted i nt o their representa ti o ns o f fu t u re t o r the HO L Y ONE o r I SRAEL ; as a Being in who m
ment Hell they s a id w as a subterra neo u s priso n
.
, , , is light an d n o d a rkness at all 1 J o hn i 5 as a
, , .

fill ed with s mo ke a n d da rkness w here angel s in , G od w ho visit s the iniquit ies o f the fa thers u pon
,

human a n d inhuma n fo rms to rmented the lo st t he childr en Exod xx 5 as t he Lo rd w ho

, wil l . .

s o u ls Serpents fro gs a n d cr o ws by the ir per Nah i 3 ; a s a B e

”
.
, , ,
n o t a t a ll a cq u it t he wick e d , . .

p e t u al hi s sing cro aking a n d cro win , g were sa id , , ing before who m the ser a phi mveil their faces with
to heighten t he punishment . their W ings a n d c o nti n u a lly pro c l a im
,
“
Holy , ,

Another fea ture in t he ma gi a n reli gi o n w as ,

ho ly h o ly is t he Lord o f h o sts
, , Isa vi 2 3 ; a s ,
”
. .
,

j u dici al a str o l o gy Thi s w as evidently b o rr o wed

. a G o d in wh o se presen c e t he pr o p h et self c o n ,
-

fro m the Ch alde a ns a mo ng wh o mit is us u all y s aid ,

demn ed excl a ime d , Wo e is me fo r I am u n ,

th at t his delusive ar t o rigin ated Cicero s a ys .

, d o ne ; be c a use I am a man o f u ncle a n lips a n d I ,

th a t the Chalde ans inh abiting va st pla ins w here , , dwell in t he midst o f a pe o ple o f uncle an li s : fo r
they ha d a full view o f the he avens o n every side ,
mine eyes ha ve seen t he King the Lo rd 0 hosts , ,
”

were t he first w ho o bserved the c o u rse o f the Isa vi 5 ; as the F ather o f lights a n d spirits J as
. .
, .

st a r s an d t he first w ho ta u ght ma nkind t he e ffect s

, i 1 7 Heb xii 9 as O ne fr o m who m pro ceedeth
. . .

which were tho u ght t o be o w ing t o the m Of . every good an d perfect gift ; as the L o rd glori o us
their observ a ti o ns they made a science whereby , in ho l iness Exod xv 1 1 ; as a B eing tha t no mo r
,
”
. .

they pretended t o be a ble t o fo retel l t o every o n e t al c a n lo o k u pon an d live Ex o d xxxiii 20 ; as , . .

w hat w as t o befal l him an d wh at fa te w as o rd ain ed ,

a G o d w ho is rich in me r cy Eph ii 4 ; as a ,
”
. .
;

him fro m his birth F rom Ch alde a thi s va in . Being in whose presence n o ne sh a ll sta nd if he
science S pre a d into v a ri o u s co untries in the e a st ,
sho u ld ma rk iniq ui ties P sa cxxx 3 as a n h o ly , . .

a n d even now the existing o rienta ls do n o t yield a n d a j e al ous G o d Josh xxiv 1 9 ; a s a G o d w ho , . .

t o their a ncest o rs in this respect there being , ha s s a id to t he chi ldren o f me n “

Be ye holy ; ,

scar cely an y circumstan ce in life c o ncerning for I am h o ly 1 Pet i 1 6 ; etc Al a s fo r huma n

,
”
. . .

which a stro l o gers o r a stro l o gic al t ables ar e not in t ellect ! which h a ving s u ch s u blime n o ti o ns o f,

c o n su lte d In s o me c o u ntrie s it fo rms a ve r y

.
, t he A l mighty as these represented in the Bible ,

pro minent fe atu re in the ed u c ati o n o f their y o u t h . c an yet so far err a s t o recognize him with the

Allu sio n has been a lre a dy ma de to O rmu zd s u pre me being thu s erringly de scribed by Z o ro
a n d Ahri ma n the go o d a n d evil go d These
, . a ster ! Wh a t a ble ssing is t he Bible t o mankind !
fo rmed a princip al p a rt of the wors hip of t he T a ke this awa y an d bu t a fe w ye a r s w o u ld p a ss ,

magi The tenets o f Zor o a ster co n cerning the m

. be fo re our kn o wledge o f the Almighty w o ul d be
were th a t there w as o n e Su preme Being inde
, ,
o bsc u r e d ; before mankind univers ally w o ul d fa ll

pe ndent an d self existin g fro m a ll eternity th at

- d o wn at t he shrin e o f so me cre a ted being in
under him there were two a ngels O rmuzd an d ,
w o rship befo re a men t al d arkness w o u ld us u rp
Ahriman o n e o f whom w as t he a nge l of li ght
,
the pl ace o f the glo rio us gospel whi c h ha th ,

an d t he a u th o r o f g o o d an d the o the r the a ngel ,

shin e d in o u r he a rts t o give t he light o f t he ,

o f d a rkness a n d the a u thor o f al l evil ; th a t these knowledge o f the glo ry o f G o d in the fa ce o f

”
a ngels were in a perpetu a l stru ggle with e a ch Jesus C hrist 2 Co r iv 6 , . . .

other ; an d tha t where the angel o f light preva ils ,

In t he pro phecies o f Is ai ah there is this
there goo d reign s ; an d th a t w here the a ngel o f re ma rk able verse w hi ch L o wth a n d o thers con ,

d a rkness prev a ils there evil ta kes pl a ce ; tha t thi s

,
sider has referen c e t o the gre a t principle o f
str u ggle sh all c o ntinu e to the end o f t he w o rld reli gi o n which prev a iled in Persi a ,

tha t t hen there sha ll be a gener a l resurrecti o n the time o f Cyrus .

a n d a da y o f j u dgment wherein al l sh a l l receive

a j u st retrib u tion according t o their works ; aft e r
,
I fo r m t h e l ight an d crea te d ark n ess ,

I ma k e p e a ce a n d cre at e e v i l
I t he Lo rd do a l l these thin g s —
,

w hich the a ngel o f d a rkness an d his di sciple s Isa xlv . . . 7 .

sh al l go into a world o f their o w n where they ,

shall suffer in etern al d a rkness the p u ni shment

o f their e v il dee ds ; a n d the a ngel o f light a n d

his disciples shall a l s o go into a w o rld o f their

o w n where they sh al l receive in eve rla sting li ght
,

t he rewa rd du e unto their go od de e ds ; th a t a fter

this the y sh all re ma in se pa ra te fo r ever an d li ght ,

a n d d a rknes s re ma in u n mixed to a ll e ternity .

The re ader will perceive how u nwo rthy an d decl a res tha t he is the A u th o r o f all tha t is t r u e ,

unscriptural these n o ti o ns a r e c o ncerning G o d . h o ly good an d h a ppy ; while permitted evil

, , ,

In the m he is s a id t o be t he a u tho r o f bo t h goo d erro r an d misery bro u ght into the w o rld by
, ,

a n d evil The a postle Paul o ppressed by t he

.
, ma n s a p o sta sy a r e restra ined a n d o verruled by
’
,
st r uggle o f t he two o pp o site prin c iples gr a ce a n d
, him t o his r ighte o u s purp o ses In o ppo sitibn to .

c orru pti o n the o l d man a n d the new man the the unw o rthy an d unphil o so phi c a l n o ti o ns held
, ,

l aw o f his me mbe rs an d t he l a w o f his min d , by the ma gi he c ha llenges it as his prero gative

,
e x cl a 1me d “ O wretched man th a t I a m ! w ho make pe a ce an d cre a te evil t o fo rm
,

, a l o ne to ,

sh a ll deli v er me fro m the body o f t his de ath ? ”

t he li ght an d cre a te d a rkness
. to do a l l these
R o m vn 2 4 If there fo re a n a lo c al re as o ning thing s th a t is t o cre a te ,o r c o ntro l al l p o wer in
'

. . .
, , ,

may be here a dmitt e d wha t an i n ite l y p a in fu l , he a ven o r o n e a rth .

 H IS TOR Y OF TH E P ERS I AN S .

Dro p down y e he a v en s fro m a b o v e

, , , eyes fr o m c o veting tha t which belongs to an o ther
An d l e t t he sk ie s p o u r d own righte o u sn e ss
.

3 To ha ve a c a re al w a ys t o speak the truth 4

L e t t he e a rt h Op e n a n d l e t t h e m b ri n g fo rth lv a tion . . .
sa
,

To a tt end cl o sely t o his s a cerd o tal function s an d

, ,

An d l e t rig hte o u sn e ss sp ri n g u p to ge t h er ; ,

I t he Lo rd ha v e cre a te d i t —Isa xl v 8 .
”
. . . n o t meddle with w o rldly ma tters 5 To c on . .

the b oo k o f the l aw by he art th a t he may be ,

As might be expec ted the magi in Persi a ,

a lw a ys a ble to instruct the mu ltitu de therein 6 . .

were the gu a rdi a ns o f al l cere mo nies rel ating to To keep hi mself p u re an d u n de fil e d 7 To be . .

divine w o rshi p It w as to the m t ha t t he pe o ple. re a dy to fo rgive inj u ries sho w ing himse l f a ,

ha d re co u rse in o rder t o be instr u cted there in ,

p a ttern o f meekness 8 To te ach t he c o mmon . .

a n d t o kn o w o n wh a t da y to wh a t god s an d a ft er , ,
pe o ple t o pr a y a c c o rding t o t he l aw an d t o pray ,

wh a t ma nner t he y were t o o ffer their sa crifices

,
. with the m 9 To give li c en ses fo r ma rri a ge
. .
,

As the ma gi were all o f o n e tribe a n d a s none ,

an d t o t a ke c a re th a t p a rents do not ma rry chil

bu t t he so n o f a priest co u ld pretend t o the dren witho u t his appr o b ati o n 1 0 To spend the . .

h o no u r o f th e priestho od they mo n o poli z ed al l , gre a test p a rt o f his time in the te mple th at he ,

kn o wledge an d a ll le a rni ng w hether in re l igio u s ,

ma y be re a dy t o as si st all w ho c o me t o him 1 1 . .

o r p o litic a l c o ncerns t o t he mselves an d fa milies , . To beli eve n o o ther l aw t h a n tha t given by Z o

It w a s un lawfu l fo r them t o instruct a n y str anger ro aster ; to a dd n o thing thereto n o r t o take ,

in these ma tters with o ut the king s per mis si o n a u ght t herefr o m

’
. .
,

Hence when t he fav o u r w as gra nted t o The mis

,
Ma ny o f these precepts ar e evidently deri v ed
t o c l e s it w as s ays Pl u ta rch the e ffect o f the
, , ,
fro m the Hebrew Scriptu res .

mo n a rch s pecu lia r fa vo u r

’
. It w o u ld a ppe a r th at the a ncient Persi ans kept
The ma gi were divided into three clas ses . six festiv a ls a nnu a lly in me mo r y o f t he six ,

The first cl a ss consisted o f inferior priests who ,

se a sons wherein they believed all things were
,

c o ndu cted the ordin a ry cere mo nies o f reli gion ; cre a ted A fter e ach o f th ese fe asts they kept a
.
,

t he sec o nd presided o ver the sacred fire ; the fa st o f five d a ys in me mory o f God s resting five
,
’

third w a s the a rchimagu s o r high priest w ho , ,

d a ys as they believed at e ach o f those se a sons
, , .

p o sse s sed au tho rity o ver t he wh o le o rde r T hey . When they at e fl e sh fo wl o r fi sh they c a rried a , , ,

ha d three kinds o f te mples F irst c o mmon .

, s mal l p o rtion o f it t o the temple as an o ffering t o
o ra t o r ies in which the people perfo rmed their
,
God beseechi ng him that he w o uld p a rdo n the m
,

dev o ti o n s a n d where the s a cred fire w as pre

,
fo r t aking a w a y t he lives of his cre atur es in o r ,

se rved in l amps ; sec o nd p ublic te mples with , ,

der to their o w n s u b si stence .

a lt a rs o n w hich t he fire w as kept c o nsta ntly

, C o ncernin g the di gnity an d s anctity o f the
b u rning where the higher o rder o f t he ma gi
,
matrimoni a l institu tio n t he Persians entert a ined ,

di rected t he p u b l ic dev o ti o ns a n d t he pe o ple , si mila r degra ding n o ti o ns with the B abyl o ni ans .

a sse mbled to pe r fo rm ma i c a l inc a nta ti o ns he a r Po lyg amy a n d incest were c a rried to a fe a rfu l
g ,

inte rpreta tio ns o f d re ams a n d pr a ctise v a riou s , extent amon g th e m ; su ch h aving the s ancti o n
s u pe r stitio ns ; an d thirdly the gr a nd se a t o f t he ,
of the reli gi o n o f Z o r o aster T hese facts te a ch .

a rchima gus w hic h w as visited by t he pe o ple a t

, us fr o m wh a t a n a byss o f iniquity the g o spel ha s
cert a in se a s o ns with pec u li a r so le mnity an d t o , delivered u s an d how we ak a b arrier h uman
,

which it w as dee med a n indispens able d u ty th a t wisd o m is o f itself aga inst the mo st extra va g ant
every one sho ul d rep a ir a t le a st on c e d u ring hi s a n d a bo min a ble cri mes The cere mony o f mar .

life This le a ds t o a n o tice o f the reli gio u s rites

. r ia ge w as in u nison with their notions o f its ih
a n d cere mo nies pra cti sed a n d s a ncti o ned by t he st it u t io n .

Equa lly abomin able an d revo lting w as the

mo n ies — The ancient
r ites a nd c er e . disp o s a l o f t he de a d by the Persi ans The an .

ma gi were bo u n d t o disch a rge their s a cerdo t a l /

c ie n t s gener a lly ha d gre a t h o rro r a t t he ide a o f
, ,

o ffices with ex a c tness a n d devoti o n Their p u blic . n o t receiving the rite s o f b u ri a l Hence when .
,

w o rshi p w a s t hu s perfo rmed —In e v ery p y r eu m ,

Uly sses visited the infern al regi o ns he is ma de ,

o r fire temple th ere w as a n a lta r o n whi c h the

, ,

s a cred fire w as preserved When the pe o ple .

Th e re g thr o u gh t h e gl o om 1 fi rst su rv e y d
w a n de r i n
’

a s se mbled t o w o rshi p the prie st

, .
,

p u t o n a white N e w t o t h e re a l ms o f d e a t h Elpe n o r s sha de ;

’
, ,

h abit an d a mitre w ith a gau ze o r cl o th p a ssing , , ,

H is c o l d r e ma in s a ll n ak e d t o t h e sk y
, ,

befo re his mo u th th a t he might n o t bre a t he o n On dist an t sh o r e s n a p t u n b u r ie d l ie , , .

the ho ly ele ment He then re a d certain pra yers .

The ghost is represented as i mploring of
in a mu mbl ing to ne ho lding in his left ha nd s o me , Ulysses t he rites o f sepulture in these str ains
s ma ll twigs o f a sa cred tree pr o b ably t he rose ,

t z e h whi c h when t he service w a s ended

, , he ,
But l e n d me a id I n o w c o nj u re the e l e n d
, , ,

threw into the fi re When pra yers were finished By t he so ft t ie a n d sa cre d n ame o f fr ie n d
, ,

By t hy fo n d co n sort by t hy fa t he r s ca re s
.
, ’

t he priest a n d pe o ple with drew silently an d with

, ,
, By l o v e d Te le ma chu s s bl oo min g y e ars ’

o ther t o kens o f sole mnity

.

These rites a r e st ill .

a 0 a c c

o bserved a mo ng the p a r sees ; but a c cording to The tr i b u t e of a t e ar i s a l l I ve cr a ,

Hyde t he prie sts n o w in fo rm the people o n t heir An d t he p o sse ssio n of a p e a ce ful gra v e .

dep a rt u re w hence it is t hey wo rs hip befo re t he

, In H o ly Writ also we meet W i th ma ny a f
, ,

fire a n d why they a r e c all ed u po n to rega rd it

, fe c t in g insta n c es o f the c a re with w hi ch the ,

with reverence This he s a ys is t o preserve .

, ,
a ncient o rienta ls b u ried their de a d B u t it w a s .

them fro m ido l a try . n o t so with t he Persi ans Their k ings indeed .
, ,

Acc o rding to Lord the du ty o f the priesthood , had the privilege o f h a ving t heir bodies dep o
o f Persi a is c o mprised in the eleven fo ll o wing sited ih ro c ky v a u lts as in the t o mbs at Nak sh ,

rul es l The observa nce o f the rites prescribed

. i R u st am an d Nak sh i Rej o b
-
B u t this w a s n o t - -
.
,

i n the lit urgy o f Z oro a ster 2 To keep his . . pro perly spe ak ing inhumati o n o r putting the m , ,
 H I STOR Y OF TH E PERSIAN 8 .

within the s u rfac e o f the ear th ; it w as simply a t te of t h e d e c e a se d

s fu tu re felici ty ; a n d if he
'

s a

depositi o n of them in a rocky e xc av atio n The . c an be a ll u re d t o t a ke a bit o u t o f t he de a d

c o mmo n ma nner of dis posing of their de a d w a s fa r ma n s mo u th it is an infa llible S ign o f his go ing
’
,

different fro m this As in their re l igi o n t he fou r .

, ,
t o he a ven ; bu t in c a se t he do g he n o t h u ngry ,

ele ment s fire e a rth air a n d w ater s ymb o lized

, , , , , ,
o r lo athes t he o bj ect o r refuses t he mo r sel t h e , ,

tho u gh n o t in equ a l degrees t he D ivme Being , , c a se o f the de c e ase d is then c o nsidered p ast al l
gre at c a re w as t a ken t o preserve the m fro m h o pe .
”
He a dds tha t t he do g; in t he inst a nce ,

c o ming into c o nt a ct with e a ch o ther Hence .

, befo re u s c o uld not be induced t o c o me nea r the
,

as th ey held a ls o th a t a l l bodies were co mp o sed corpse .

o f the se ele ments th ey w o u ld n o t su ffe r the m t o,

The pl a ce o f sepultu re at S u ra t may pr o b a bly
be buried fo r fe a r o f c o nta min a ting t he e a rth
,
. ill u stra te s o me o f the a ncient r aised pl ac es
On the contra ry th ey exposed the b o dy o n a , where o n t he de a d were exposed It is described ,

high tower th a t e ac h o f t he fo ur elements by

, , as enclosed with a w a ll twelve feet high a n d 1 00 ,

its gradua l dec a y might obta in its o w n So me ,

. in circ u mference In t he middle w as a st o ne .
,

a fli r m th a t sep a r a te t o wers were erected fo r t he door six feet fro m the gro u nd which w as o pen ed
, ,

go o d an d the evil ; o ther s say tha t me n w o men , , , t o receive t he c o rpse The gr o u nd within t he .

a n d chi ldren were pl a ced on different t o wers . w all s is r a ised fo u r feet an d made shelvi ng t o ,

This w as ad o pte d t o preserve the p u rity o f the w a rds the cen tre where there is a S ink fo r r e ,

ele ments ; bu t wild be asts d o gs a n d birds o f , , c e iv in g the mo isture which c o ntinu ally fall s
.

prey were s uffered t o dev o u r th e m as they c o n

, , fro m t he c a rc ases Here the b o dy is left t o be .

side r e d th at the bodies being thu s ento mbed in

, devo u red by vu ltu res After it has been there .

the bowels o f those a nimal s the e a rth w as not ,

fo r a da y o r two so me o f the ne a rest rel ati o n s ,

de fil e d n o r the a ir p o ll u ted . c o me to see the state o f t he body a nd if the ,

-

This c u stom o f exp o sing their de a d t o be vu ltu res h a ve first plu cked o u t the ri ght eye it ,

v o ur e d by be a sts o r birds w as a gre a t b a rrier in , is taken as an indi c a tio n o f t he felicity o f the

t he w ay o f pe o ple s bec o ming pro selytes t o
’
dep a rted ; if t he le ft th ey a r e a ssured he is
Af t er t he Armeni ans
,

ma gi a n religion . miser able The scene within is des c ribed as r e

.

received the Christi an fai th it r ender ed , v o l t in g a n d o ffensive to the l a st degree : ma n

ma gi a n n ame an d religi o n odious t o the m an d , gled b o die s an d gorged vultu res still feedi ng o n
, ,

it w as a frequent c a use o f rev o lt in th at c o untr y their fetid prey c o mpose the horrid pictu re To ,
.

a g a in st the a u thori ty o f the Persi a ns This . s u ch rev o lting cust o ms has the fal se religi o n o f
c u stom w as inde ed a nciently esteemed so bar
, , Z o r o a ster given birth .

b aro u s by o ther n ati o n s t hat The o do r et spe ak , , Truly there is n o religi o n t o be c o mp a red with
ing o f the g o od e ffect C hristi anity had on men s th a t o f the Bible ; fo r it n o t only te a ches man t he
’

minds in refo rming them from bruta l an d wicked

,
tr u e w ay o f s al v ati o n bu t hi s d u ties towa rd ,

h a bits mentions exp ressly th at the Persi a ns

, , b o th the de a d a n d the livi ng C a rry yo u r .

since they had received its d o ctrines n o mo re , th o u ghts b a ck re ad er t o the p a tr i a rch a l a ge , ,

,

exp o sed t he bodies of their de a d bu t gave th e m , a n d witness the c o nd u ct o f the fait hful Abra h a m ,

a d e c ent buri al . when his bel o ved S a r ah w as t o rn by de ath fro m

Simil a r pra ctices with reference to the de ad , , his a rms Did he b a rb a r o u sly exp o se her r e
.

ar e commo n amo ng the mo dern p a rsees o r ma ins t o the w ild be a sts o f the field an d to t he ,

G habr s to thi s da y When a perso n is de ad .

, cruel birds o f prey ? Oh no ! He e a rnestly
t he priest does not a ppr o a ch the body bu t t he s o u ght a bu rying pl a ce o f Ephr o n the so n o f
m
, ,

c o rpse is put o n a n ir o n bier an d c a rried to t he , Z o ha r th at he might t o u se his o w n bean zti

, ,
“
pl a ce o f exposu re The body is pl a ced o n t he . a n d tender expre ssi o n b u ry t he de a d o u t o f ,

t o w er ; the priest standing at a dist ance perfo rms , his sight .

”
His desire w a s gra tified an d he ,

the funera l se r vice which c o ncl u des in t he se , a cted a c co rdingly C a rry y o ur th o u ghts further .

w o rds : This o ur bro ther while he lived co n

, , , d o wn into t ime an d see with wh a t ten derness ,

sisted o f the fo u r ele ments ; now he is de a d let ,

e a c h take his o w n : e a rth t o e a rth air t o a ir , ,

”
w ater t o w a t er fire t o fire They s u pp o se tha t
,
.

the spirit w anders a b o u t three d a ys after its de by the p o et

p a rtu re fr o m t he bo dy an d tha t it is du ring tha t , T he re b u ri e d th e y
ti me p u r u ed an d tormente d by Ahri man till it
s ,
The h e a v e n ly e a rth ; th e re l e t i t so ftly sl ee p ,

Th e fa ir e st S he p he r d o f t h e fai re st she e p :
is able to re a ch their sa c red fire ne a r which he ,
An d a l l t he b o dy k i ss d th en ho meward we n t t o we e p ’ "

c a nn o t a ppro a ch Acc o rdingly they pra y mo rn

.
,
.
, GI L E S F L ETCH E R .

ing noon an d night du ring these three d ays

, , , ,

fo r the s o ul o f their dece a sed br o ther beseechi n g ,

Look int o o u r o w n b u ryi ng pl ac es an d see ,

God t o blo t o u t hi s sins an d c a ncel his offences .

there wh a t C hri sti a n affecti o n d o e s fo r tho se
O n the fo u rth da y s u pp o sing hi s fa te de t e rmined, ,
o nce tenderly l o ved o n e a rth T here they re st .

they make a gre a t fe ast w hi c h cl o ses the cere ,

in pe ace till the l a st tr u mpet sh a ll so und an d
, ,

mo nies used o n th a t occ asi o n .

c all the m b ac k t o life a ga in As we we pt o ver .

A la te writer w ho witne ssed a p a rsee funera l o ur Ch r isti a n friend s a n d c o mmitt ed t heir bo ,

,

a t S u r a t s a ys tha t
,
as so o n as t he c o rpse w as
,
dies to the e a rth we felt that we c o u ld li e d o wn ,

l a id do wn in t he o pen field ne a r the b u ri a l pl a ce ,

with the m in the ir gr a ves an d be at pe a ce And ,
.

o r r a t her ce metery so me friend o f t he de a d per y e t,

n o t s o rr o wing as th o se witho u t ho pe we ex ,
,

so n hu nted a b o u t in t he neighbo u ring vill a ges c l a i med as we t u rned fr o m the mo u rnfu l scene
, ,

till he fo u nd a do g who m with a c ak e he e n ,

with t he a p o stle If we believe tha t Je su s died ,

h eed t o c o me ne a r t he c o rpse ; fo r the ne a rer the a n d r o se a g a in even so the m a ls o w hi ch sleep in

,

do g a ppr o a c hes t he better h o pe t hey h av e o f the

,
Jes u s will G od bring with him 1 T hess iv 1 4 ,
”
. . .
 HI S TO R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

F o rbe a r then ye le a rned

, , c o mp a re the re l i w hich he ende av o u red to dissuad e Cr msus fro m
, to
gio n o f Z o ro a ster with tha t o f the Bible in v ading Persi a If y o u conqu er the m he .
,

a sks pertinently Wh a t c an y o u t ake fro m s u c h ,

ART I F IC ER S as h ave not hing ? .
After t he Lydi an c o nqu est ”
,

Concerning this c a ste o f Persi a very l ittle is B c 5 4 8 the Persi ans bec o ming masters o f so
’

,
. .
, ,

kn o wn It w o u ld a ppe a r h o wever th a t they many rich pro vinces it is prob able th at they a p
.
, , ,

w o rked by ru le a n d tha t the ru le w as fixed by plied their minds t o tra de a n d n a viga ti o n t o

, ,

t he mon a rch hi mself ; at le ast the p o et sa ys tha t s u pply themselves with c o mmo dities which their
it w a s so fixed by J e mshid T hey were u n c o u ntry w a nted an d t o d isp o se o f their o w n su
.
,

d o ubtedly an o ppre ssed cl ass o f pe o ple as may p e r abu n da n c e O n this s u bj ect however n o ,
.
, ,

seen fro m t he annexed q uo ta ti o n fro m F er au thentic info rma ti o n has been h a nded d o wn to
dusi . u s by a ncient hist o ri ans ; yet it is prob able th a t

The A hme n sh u h i cl a ss co mb in e d c o mmerce obt a ined incre ased attenti o n fr o mtheir ,

M en o f in ge n io u s h a n d a n d a cti v e mi n d ; lu xuri o us mo de o f living in la ter ages which will
, ,
L a b orio u s sta id w ho cra fts o f sk ill e sp o u se
, , seen in the s u ccee di ng secti o n o f the kingd o m ,

W hil e c a r e a n d wa n t de e p gra v e t he irwr in k l e d

In fifty y e ar s t h e mo n a rc h (J e mshi d ) fi x e d t he pl a c e of Pers i a ; a n d wh i ch w as o n e o f t he chief c a us es

Of t h is t he a rt ist a n d me c ha n ic ra ce ;
,
o f the declension of their e mpire .

S e l ect i n g o n e fr o m e ach t h e ta s k t o g u i de .

By rul e s o f ar t— h imself t he ru l e s a ppl ie d

To w ha t perfectio n a rchitect u re w a s bro u ght
a mo ng t he Persi ans ma y be seen in the de sc r i C HAPTER I V
, p .

ti o n o f t he ru ins o f Persep o lis It is not so cer

TH E K I N GD OM OF P ERS I A
.

tai n however th at the v a st struct u res in Asi a

, ,
.

were as re ma rk able fo r t heir be auty a n d sy m PER SI A N KI N G S .

metry as they were fo r their magnitu de an d TH E

,
e a rly history o f Persi a is involved in im
extent
penetr able obscurity The Persi a n write
.

HUS B A N D M E N so s u rr o unded it with ro ma nce

.
wit h t ales of ,

By Fe r du si this cl a ss o f pe o ple amo n t he griffi ns mo nsters gi ants a n d fairies that n o so

Persia ns is c a lled g
The full o f wisdom an d ber a cc o u n t c an be c o l lected fro m their writings ’
, , , ,

, , .

it w o u ld appe a r fro m him tha t they were supe Accordin g t o the m some o f t he kings o f t he
, ,

ri o r to the o rder o f ar t ifi cer s first Per5 1 a n dyn a sty c alled the P ischda dia n
.
, ,

reigned fr o m 500 t o 1 0 00 ye a rs e a c h Dr
R e mote fro m hau g htie r swa y an d l u st o f fa me , ,
. .

T ill a g e a n d h arv e st to il s th e ir simpl e a im ; - H ales has indeed c o rrected these extr a vagant , ,

N o cri e s o f h u n g e r r i se n o r fa mi n e s co me
,

reigns by the s obe rer a ccou nts o f other o riental

, ,
To sti n t th e ir me a l s o r sc a r e th e ir hu mbl e h ome ; ,
writer s so as t o redu ce the length o f t he dyn asty
Fro m co l d fr o m wa n t secu re t he ir p e ace fu l e ar ,
,

R in g s n o t o f doo m n o r so u n ds o f de a th a n d fe ar
,
t o a m oder ate c o mp a ss ; th a t is from B C 2 1 9 0
,

.
, . .

Ye s ! the se a r e bl e st ; bu t ma rk t hi s ma x im gra v to B C 1 66 1 B u t still n o au thentic a cc o u nts . . .

,
S lo th tu rn s t he happy fr e e ma n t o a sl a v e ha ve re a ched u s o f the a c tions of these mo n a rchs ; .
’

a n d the re a der can only be referred to the ta ble

Agricult ure w as one of the obj ects o n w hi
o f dyn as ties a t the cl o se of this his t ory fo r their
the Persi ns princip ally be sto wed their c are an d
a ,

attention . O ne o f t he chief c a res of their mo probable n ames .

n ar c hs w as t o make hu sb a ndry fl o u rish At the close o f this dyn a sty it would a ppe a r
; an d ,

th se s tr a ps who se pro vinces w ere the best c ul

o a th a t a long peri o d s u cceed e d o f m o re t ha n ,

t iv a t e d enj o yed his highest fa v o ur

, Agricu lture ye a rs d u ring which Ira n o r Persia w a s su bj ect , , ,

to the e mpire o f Tur a n a n d afterw ar ds o f A ssy

.

w a s al s o enc o ura ged by the precepts o f Z o r o

, ,
,

as ter h r ia u ntil the reviv a l of the second Persi a n dy

. By t at s a gaci o u s bu t interested te a cher ,
,

they were rec o mmended t o pla nt usefu l trees t o n a sty o f the K a ia n it e s E C 6 4 1 w hen C a x ar e s
y ,
.
,
,
beg a n to reign o ver Me di a u nder the a ncient
conve y w ter to the dry l a nds an d t o w o rk o u t
a ,

a bec ame s u bject t o

,

their s lv tio n by p u rsuing a ll t he l a bours o f

a a title k a i o r king an d Persi , ,

a gricul tu re By th u s c o nnecting the te mpor a l the Media n p o wer .

u ring the Assyri a n a n d Medi a n do mmat io n s

.

a n d fu t u re interests o f his fo l l o
wers a gri cu lt u re
D ,
,

the Persi a ns a c co rding t o t he Greek writers

fl ri hed exc e edingly Hence it w a s tha t the
o u s .
, ,

Per i ns nder the Sa ssa ni a n dyn a sty r o se t o

s a u,
were st ill g o verned by their n ative princes a s ,
,
a s gre a t a pitch o f pro sperity a s c o u ld be ex w as the us a ge t hr o u gho u t t he e ast Thus Xc .

n o pho n tr a c es t h e pedigree o f Cyrus u p to Per

p e c t e d under a de sp o tic go vernment an d the
h
p y i l di dv nta ges o f a dry an d p a rched s o il
s c a sa a ses w h o
g a ve n a m e t
,
o t he co u ntry ; a n d Her o

do tu s n o t i ces his a ncesto rs Ac heme n es the

,
,

t he w a nt o f n avi ga ble rivers an d c o mmerci a l , ,

er o f C ambyses the
,

p rts
o .
a t h er o f T e ip se s the fa t h , ,

fa ther o f Cyr us C o ncerning the s o vereigns o f

C O M M ERC E .
.

Persi a h owever befo re the do w n fal o f t he Me

F r o m the l ast cl au se in t he fo rego ing sentence , ,

di a n e mpire nothing c an be rec o rded ; an d t he ,

it wi l l be seen th a t the Persia ns la b o u red u nder ,

pr o per h ist o ry o f the empire o f the Persi ans

a gre a t dis a dv ant a ge wi th reference to co mmerce
c o mmence s w i th
.

F ro m t his c a use indeed t he Persi a ns never were, ,

a co mmerci a l pe o ple Anciently t he were u tt er .

C Y RUS .

str angers to gai nful c o mmerce
u nta nned skins o f be asts
la d in t he Acc o rding t o Xen o ph o n this prince whose
.
, ,
they dra nk t he w a ter n a me is equ a lly celebra ted b o th in s a cred an d
,

of the bro o k an d at e wha tever their b a rren pro fa ne histo ry w as the so n o f C ambyses king
, , ,

country pro du ced an d were c o ntented , Thi s o f Persi a an d o f M an dan e da u ghter o f Asty ages .
, , ,

a ppe a rs fr o m t he speech o f the wise Sa r dan is in king o f the Medes H e w as born about B c 5 9 9 : . . .
,
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

In ea rly life Cyrus a ppea rs t o h a ve given

,
v asio n of
Medi a an d Persi a His re a so ns fo r .

pro mise o f futu re gre atne ss whence t he ma r , this wer e tha t be dee med it more prudent hi s
,

v ell o u s ta les re c o rded o f him by b o th Per si a n a rmy Sh o uld e a t u

p the ene my s co untry tha n
’

a n d Greek wri t ers His childho od w as spent

. their o w n ; t ha t so bo ld a step w o uld st rike ter
with his p a rents in Persia where he w as trai ned , r o r in t he fo rces o f the ene my a n d inspire his ,

in t he Persi a n simpli c ity o f ma nn er s a n d inured , o w n with c o nfidence ; an d tha t it w as a ma xi m

t o fa tigu e a n d h a rds hi p till he w as twelve ye a rs with him as it had be en with C ambyse s his
, ,

old At thi s d a te he went o n a visit with his fa ther that victo ry did n o t so mu ch depend up o n
mot her to his gra n dfather A
.
, ,

s t y a ge s t o who m , , the number as the valo ur o f tro o ps As soo n .

,

he mu ch ende a red hi mself He al so g ai n ed the . therefo re as the c us to ma ry s a crifi ce s were off ered
,

affecti ons o f the gr a ndees an d o f the Medes in , to the tutela ry gods of the Medes an d Persia ns ,

genera l by hi s c o urteou s beh a v i o ur N a t u re Cyrus ma rched fo rw ard with his ho sts in se a rch
m
.
, , ,

who us ua lly makes a very plea sing di sc o very o f of the confedera te s He fo u nd the m enc a ped .

herself in children exhi b i ted her c ha rms in C y

, in the o pe n co untry o f Assyri a where he at ,

r us in an extrao rdin a ry degree . ta cked a n d r o u te d them a n d stor med their ,

When a bo u t fift ee n o r sixteen ye a rs of age , c amp Evil Merodach the king o f B a bylon w as
.
, ,

5 8 4 Cyrus a ttended his gra ndfa ther in an

, sl a in in the enga ge ment The rest o f t he c o n .

expedition a ga inst Evi l Mero da ch t he so n o f , federa tes amo ng wh o m w as C r tn su s king of

, ,

N eb u cha dnezz ar king o f B aby l o n w ho ma de a

, , Ly dia being gre atly di spirited retre ated home
, ,

preda tory exc u rsio n into the Medi a n territo ries . w ards p u rsu ed by Cyrus
, .

Chi efl y by the v al o u r o f yo u ng Cyrus t he B a by , The next n o t able act o f Cyrus w as his inva ,

Io n i a ns were rep u l sed whi ch r aised his fame still , In this enterprise he received ,

mo re a mong the Medes The next ye a r Cyrus . from G o br y a s an d G adat as t w o ,

returned t o Persi a where he contin u ed till the n o blemen w ho ha d been griev o usly inj ur ed by
de ath o f his gran dfa ther Ast y ages a n d the ac
, ,

, , Belsha z z a r the so n an d su cces sor o f Evil Mer o

,

cessio n o f his u ncle Cy ax a r e s B C 5 6 6 , , . . . d a ch Acting up o n the prin c iple o f revenge

.
,

In the ye a r 5 5 9 Cyrus succeeded t o t he , which is ever sweet t o an unregener a te he a rt ,

thr o ne of Persi a Hi s first ac t afte r his a cces

. they surrendered t o Cyrus the province s an d
si o n w as t o w a ge w a r with Evi l Merod a ch who
, , , c astles intrus ted to the m Belsha zz a r t o ok t he .

two ye a rs befo re had su cceeded his father Ne

, , field in o rder to p u nish G adat as fo r his rebe l
bu cha dn e z z ar at B abyl o n,
. li o n He w as enc o untered an d defe ated by C y
.

E vil Merodach ambit io n s o f adding Medi a t o

,
r u s w ho fo rced him to return with gre a t l o ss t o
,

B abylon This defe a t is d at ed by Dr H ales

. .
,

5 54 The next ye a r he w as slain by c o n

.

sp ir a t o r s an d Cy a x a r es
,
o r D a r ius the Mede , ,

took p o sse ssion o f his kin gdom a pp o inting Na ,

bo n adi us king o r Vicero y as befo re rec o rded , , .

( See the Hi story of the Assyri a ns an d Ch aldeans ,

Medes a n d Persi a ns ; al legin g th at by their , p age

j u ncti on a n d interma rri ages they were grown so , Aft er the de ath o f Cy ax ar es B C 55 1 Cyrus ,
. .
,

gre a t an d p o werful tha t unless they were o p , succeede d t o t he inherita nce o f the e mpire o f
posed w ith their united fo rces the c o nfederates , Media an d B abylo ni a by right a cc o rding to sa ,

wou ld be redu c ed by the m sep a r ately The . cred histo ry a n d confirmed by t he poe t JEschyl u s
, ,

Medes an d Persi a ns c o mbined their forces an d , w ho fought at M a r a thon a ga inst the Pers 1a ns ,

Cyrus w as a pp o inted general a n d w as ac qua inted with Persi a n afl ai s

'
‘
. r fi
The king o f A r menia who w as a va s s al o f , The ac cession o f Cy rus w as foll owed by the
the Mede s lo o king u p o n them as destr oyed by
,
ca pture o f ma ny cities a n d the redu ct i o n o f se ,

ver al pro vinces which so a la rmed Cr tnsu s king , ,

of Lydia tha t he a sse mbl e d his fo rces an d co m

, ,

men ce d ho stilities : the p a rticula rs may be seen

in the Hi story o f t he Ly di ans See p age 7 0 etc .
,
.

These events o cc u rred B C 5 4 8 The n ext . . .

ye a r Cyrus red u ced s o me revolted cities o f M e s

k ing ; bu t Cyru s by a r apid expeditio n int o Ar

,

meni a su rprised the king an d hi s fa mily o bliged

, ,

hi m t o p ay the us ual trib u te a n d t o send his ,

qu o ta of a uxili a ry troo ps afte r which h e r e ,

st o r ed to him his kingdom .

Befo re Cyrus quitted Armeni a he rendered ,

the king so me essenti a l servic e At this time he . ,

w as a t w ar with the Ch a lde ans w ho dwelt i n ,

t he north o f Armen ia an d w ho being a w a rli k e ,

people c ontin ually h a rassed his c o u ntry by

,

t heir inro a ds thereby hi ndering a gre a t p a rt o f

,

hi s l ands fro m being c ultiva ted Cyr u s ma rc hed .

Dr H al e s st at e s howe v e r tha t t he actua l com “

a ga in st an d defe a te d the m an d a fte r m
. , ,

, a king a , me n ce me n t o f hi s ful l so v e rei gnt y w a s B c 5 36 when . .

,

trea ty with th e m to the effe c t tha t they sh o uld h e ca ptu re d B a byl o n a n d de fe a te d N a bo nad iu s w h o h ad
, ,

no mo re invade Ar meni a he ret u rned t o Medi a b e e n a pp o i n te d ki n g o r v i cero y by h is u nc l e Cy a x ar e s

, ,
.

( S e e t h e H ist ory o f t he A ss yrian s e t c p a g e 46 a n d w ho

.
,

The next yea r B C 5 58 du e prep a ra tio ns be

.
, ,
, . .
, h a d re be ll e d a g a in s t hi m as d e scri b ed i n a su cce e di n g
ing made Cy r us a nticipa ted the th rea ten ed in
.

,
 HI ST O R Y OF THE PERS I A N S .

but w as defe at ed a n d driven into B o r sippa the ,

min gl ed tha t dwell in t he desert an d
'

p e o pl e ,

c it adel o f B a byl o n w here Cyns besieged him, a ll t he kings o f Zimri an d a ll the kings of ,

a n d t he t o wn fo r t w o ye a rs B C 538 , . . . Elam a n d all the kings o f the Medes a n d all

, ,

The siege o f B abyl o n w as n o e a sy enterprise . the kings o f the n o rth far an d ne a r o n e with , ,

The w a ll s of it were o f a pr o di gi o u s height ; a a n o th er a nd al l t he kingdo ms o f t he world

°

, ,

n u mero u s a r my defended it fro m within an d it , which a r e u p o n the fa ce o f the e a rth : an d the

w a s sto red with pro vi si o ns sufficient t o s u pp o rt king o f Shesha ch the d r unk a rd city o f B aby
the inh abit a nts fo r s o me ye a rs B u t the se dif l o n ] Shal l drink a fter the m Jer xxv 1 1 —
”
. 26 , . . .

fi cul t ie s did n o t di sc o u ra ge Cyru s fro m p u rsuing The retal i atio n o f Divine venge ance in the
his de sign De sp a iring ho wever o f taking t he
.
, ,
inv a sion o f B abylon by t he Me des a n d Persi ans ,

pl ace by st o rm o r a ss ault he mad e t he in ha bit ,

t he s u rprise o f the city un a w a res t he sl au ghter ,

a nts believe he w o u ld try t o red u c e it by fa mine . o f its inh abita nts an d its fin a l destructi o n , ,

He c a u sed a l ine of circ u mv al la tio n t o be dra wn a r e thus described by the s ame

r o u nd t he city with a l arge an d deep ditch ; an d

,
fo urth ye ar o f Z ed ekia h 59 3 ,

tha t hi s tro o ps might n o t be w o rn o u t by lab o u r ,

he divided his a rmy int o twelve b o dies a n d as D e cl a r e ye a mon g t h e na ti o n s ,

,
An d p u bl ish a n d se t u p a sta n dard ;
signed e a ch o f the m its mo nth fo r gu a rding the P u bl i sh a n d co n ce a l n o t :
,

trenches The besieged saw his mighty lab o u r

,

.
, S a y ; B a byl o n i s t a ke n ,

a n d la u ghed hi m t o sc o rn dee ming themselves ,

B e l i s c o n fo u n de d ,

M e r o da ch is br o k e n i n p i e c e s ;
o u t o f da nger by re ason of their r a mp a rts an d
H e r ido l s a r e c o n fo u n de d
mag a zines .
H e r ima g e s a r e b ro k e n i n p i ec es
,

B u t B abyl o n w as fo unded in i mpious pride Fo r ou t of t he nor th r

t he e c o meth up a nation ag ain st
an d rebelli o n a g ain st G o d an d ma ny a w o e w as
Which sh a ll ma k e her l a n d de so l ate
den o unced a ga inst her in Scriptu re fo r be r cry An d n o n e sh a ll d w e ll th ere i n
,

ing S ins a n d a b o min a tion s by the Hebre w pro , T he y sha ll r e mo v e the y shall de part , ,

h
p ets . B oth man a n d b e a st J er L 2 3 .
-
.
, .

The duratio n o f her e mpire fo r seventy ye ars , R emo v e o u t o f th e mi dst o f B a byl on ,

while she w as destined t o scou rge the corrupt An d go forth o u t o f t h e l a n d o f t he C ha l de a n s ,

na tio ns o f the e a rth a n d her o w n ens u ing deso An d be a s t he he g o at s b e fore t h e fi ock s ‘ .

Fo r 10 I wi ll r a i se
,

la ti o n ar e thu s de scribed by Jere mi ah in the

, ,
, ,

An d c a u se t o c o me u p a g a in st B a byl o n
first ye a r o f N ebu chadnezz a r B C 6 04 : . . . An a sse mbly o f g r e at n a tion s fro m t h e n orth co u n try
And this whole la nd [ Pa lestine ] sh all be An d th e y sh a ll se t th e mse lv e s i n a r ra y ag ain st he r ;
a des o l ati o n an d an a stonishment ; a n d these
F r o m the n ce sh e sha ll be ta k en
,
T he ir arro w s sha ll be a s o f a mig hty ex p e rt man ;
n ati o ns sh a ll serve the kin g o f B abylo n seventy No n e shal l r e tu rn i n v a in —J er L 8 9 .

ye a rs And it sh a ll c o me t o p ass when S eventy

. .
,

B e h o l d I will pu n ish t he k in g o f B a byl o n a n d his la n

.
,

y e ar s ar e a c c o mplis hed th at I will p u nish the

'

As I ha v e p u n i she d t he k i n g o f A ssy ria —J er l 1 8

,
”
, . . . .

king o f B abyl o n a n d tha t n a ti o n s a ith the

G o u p a g a in st t he l an d o f M era th a i m
, ,

Ev e n a g a in st i t a n d ag a i n st t h e in ha b it a n t s o f P e k o d
L o rd fo r their iniqu ity and the l and o f the
, ,
,

C ha lde a ns a n d will make it perp etu al de so la

,

Wa ste a n d u tterly de stro y a fte r th e m sa ith t he Lo rd

‘

, , ,

ti o ns And I will bring u po n th at l and al l my

. An d d o a cc ordin g t o a l l t ha t I ha v e co mman de d the e . .

words w hich I h ave pron o u nced a g ainst it even A so u n d o f b attl e i s in t h e l a n d .

all tha t is written in th is b o ok whi c h Jere mi ah

,
An d o f g r e a t de stru cti o n .

, H o w i s t h e h a mme r o f t he wh o l e e ar th cu t a su n de r a n d
hath pr o phesied a ga inst a ll the n ati o ns F or . bro k e n !
ma ny n ati o ns a n d gre at kings sh al l serve the m H o w i s B a byl o n b e co me a de so l a ti n a mo n g t h e na o

selves o f them a lso : a n d I will recompense th e m ti o n s !

I ha v e l a id a sn are fo r the e a n d tho u a r t a l so ta k e n , ,
a cc ording t o their
d eeds a n d a cc o r ding t o the , 0 B a byl o n a n d t ho u w a st n o t awa re :
,

w o rks o f their o w n h a nds Fo r thus s aith t he . T ho u a r t fo u n d a n d a l so c a u gh t , ,

L o rd G o d o f Isr a el unto me ; T ake the wine B e c a u se thou ha st stri v e n ag a i n st t he Lo rd .

Th e L ord h ath o p e n e d hi s a r mo u r y
o f this fu ry a t m hand a n d c au se all the
,
cu
p y , An d h ath b r o u g ht fo rth t h e we a p o n s o f hi s i n di g n a ti on
n at i o ns to who m I send thee t o drink it And For th is i s t h e wo r k o f t he L o r d G o d o f ho st s
J er L i l —2 5
, , .

t hey sh all drink an d be mo ved a n d be mad be In t he l a n d o f t h e C ha l de a n s

”
-
. .

, , ,

c au se o f the swo rd that I will send amo ng the m . A sword i s u p o n t h e Ch al de a n s sa ith the L o rd , ,

Th en to o k I t he cu p at t he Lord s h and an d ’
An d u p o n t he i n ha b i t a n ts o f B a byl o n ,

An d u p o n h e r p r in ce s a n d u p on h e r wi se me n
,
made al l t he n ati o ns t o drink unto who m t he ,
.

,
A swo r d i s u po n t he l i ars—a n d th e y sha ll do t e
Lord had sent me : to wit Jeru s ale m an d the , , A sword i s u p o n he r mi ghty me n —a n d th e y sha
di sma y e d .

A swo rd 1 8 u p o n the ir h orse s an d u p o n th e ir chario ,

An d u p on a l l t he min gl e d pe o pl e th at ar e in t he midst
of
he r ;
A t y
n d he sh a l e c o me as l b women
A sw o d i s u o n h er
r p tr e a su re s—a n d th e y sh a ll be
r bb
o ed
w te rs—an d the y
.

r g t
A d o u h 1 8 u po n h e r a sh a ll be d ie d r
up :
l an d o f gr a v en ima ge s
Ekro n an d the re mn ant o f Ashdo d Edo m
, , ,
Fo r i t i s t h e
An d h e
t y a r e m a d u p o n t h e i r i d o l s — J er
.

. . l 35
. —38 .

a n d Moa b a n d the c hildren o f A mmo n a n d all m

, , The prophet d e scribe s circumsta nti al ly ,
t he kings o f Tyr u s a n d all the kin gs o f Z i ,

don an d the kin gs o f t he isles w hich a r e

,
In t he e as g o ats fre q u e n tly min gl e in t he
t ,
sh e e p an d
sa me p a stu r e an d o n th e se oc ca sio n s t h e h e g o a ts a lwa y s
be y o nd the se a Deda n an d Te ma a nd Buz
, , , ,
,
ta k e t h e le a d I t i s t o thi s h ab it th at t he pro ph e t a ll u de s
a n d all tha t a r e in t he u tmo st c o rners a n d all
i n thi s v e rse w h i c h i s an e xh o r ta ti on t o I sr a e l t o re mo ve
.

,
,

the kings of Ara bi a a n d all the kin gs o f the ,

.
o u t o f t h e l a n d o f t h e C hald e a n s .
 HIST OR Y OF THE PE RSIAN S .

c o ntin u atio n the p a rticul a rs , of the siege , an d du cin g t he w or ld with her cu p o f ido l atry u nder
the same al l ego ry
,
s u rprise o f t he ido l a tro u s city
B byl
a h
on h a
e e a o t b n g l
d e n cu p i n t h e Lo d s ha n d,
’
r Wo e un o t him h a g i v e h hi s n e i g hb o u dr in
t t t r k
ha ma d e a l l t h e e a r h d u n k e n
T t t r T ha t u e s t hy b o t l e t o hi m, a n d ma k e s h i m
t
,

dru n k e t
t v r k
The n a io n s h a e d u n e n o f h e r i n e ; w p tt t
a 1so ,

The r e o r e t he n a i o n s a r e ma d
f t . T ha t tho u ma ye st l o o k o n th e ir n a k e dn e ss !
B byl
a o n i s su d d e n a e ly f ll n
a n d de s r o e d t y . T ho u a r t fill e d with sh a me fo r gl ory
D ri n k tho u a l so a n d l e t t hy fo r e sk i n b e u nco v e re d
,

The c u p o f t h e L o rd s r igh t ha n d sh all be tu r n e d u n t o

M ak e b right t he arrows ; g ather t he shi e l ds
’

t hc c ,
Th e L o rd ha th ra i se d u p t he sp irit o f t he k in g s o f t he An d sha me fu l sp ewi n g sh a ll be on t hy gl o ry
M e de s :
H ub
.

Fo r h i s d e v ice i s a g a in st B a byl o n t o de stro y i t ;

.

B e ca u se i t i s t h e v e n g e a n ce o f t he L o rd
The v e n g e an ce o f hi s t e mpl e
,
At an e a rlier pe riod the pro ph et Isai a h still ,

mo re a wfully an d su blimely predicts the

.

Se t u p t he stan da rd u p o n t he wal l s o f B a byl o n

M ak e t h e watc h stro n g se t u p t he watchmen
,

tio n s of B abylo n
'

, ,

Pr e p a r e t he a mbu she s :
.

Fo r t he L ord ha th b o th d e v i se d a n d do n e B e ho l d I will stir u p th e M e de s ag ain st the m

T ha t wh ich h e sp a k e ag ai n st t he i nh a b ita n ts o f ,

Which sha ll n o t r e ga rd sil ve r ; I

,

B a byl on .
An d a s fo r g o l d the y sh a ll n o t de l ight in it
0 t ho u th a t dwe ll e st u p o n man y waters ‘ a b u n dant
, .

, T h e ir b ows §a l s o sh all d ash t he y o u n g me n t o p iec e s

tr ea su re s , An d th e y sh a ll ha v e n o p ity o n t h e fr u it o f t he w o mb
Thine e n d i s co me t he
an d measu re of t hy co v eto u s T h eir e y e sha ll n o t sp a r e c hi l dre n
ne ss —J er li 1 1 —1 3
, .

An d B a byl on t h e gl o r y o f k in g do ms
”
. . . .
, ,

Th e b e a u t y o f t h e C h al de e s exce ll e n c y ’

Se t y e u p a s a n da t t h e a n d, rd in l S ha l l be as wh e n G o d o v erthre w S o do m a n d G o mo rr a h
,

Bl ow th e tr u mpe t a mo n
g tt h e n a ion s , I t sha ll n e v e r be in h a b ite d
P r e p a r e t he n a tio n s a g a in st h e r
.

, N e ith e r s ha ll i t be dwe l t i n fro m g en e r a ti on t o g e n era

C a ll to g e the r a g a in st he r t h e k in g doms t io n
Of A r a r a t M in n i a n d A sh che n a z ;
, , Ne it h e r sh a ll t h e Ara b i an p it ch te n t t he re ;
App o in t a ca p ta in [ Cyru s] a g ain st he r ; N e ithe r sh a ll t h e sh e p h e rds ma k e t h e ir fo l d the re
C au se t he ho r se s t o c o me u p a s t h e r o u gh ca te rp ill ars
.

.
B u t wil d b e a sts o f t he d e se r t sh a ll l ie t h e re ;
J er . li 27
. .
An d t he ir h o u se s sh a ll be f u l l o f do l e fu l cre at ure s
Th e mighty me n o f B a byl o n h a v e fo rb orn to fight An d owl s sh a ll d w e ll th e r e ,
T he y ha v e re ma in e d i n the ir h o l ds :
,
An d s a tyr s sh a ll dan ce there .

T he i r migh t hath fail e d ; An d t h e wil d b e a st s o f t he isl an ds sha ll cr y i n the ir

T he y be ca me a s wo me n d e so l a t e h o u se s,
T he y h a v e b u rn e d he r dwell ing pl a ce s ; An d drag o n s i n the ir pl e a san t p al ac es
H e r b a rs a r e b r o k e n An d h e r ti me is n e ar t o co me ,
One p o st sha ll r u n t o mee t a n o ther
.

An d h e r da y s sha ll n o t be p r o l o n g e d Isa X l l l 1 7—22 .

— . . .

An d o n e me sse n g er t o mee t a n o the r ,

To s ho w t he k i n g o f B a byl o n [N a bo n a diu s] The pr o phet Is ai a h de scribes the destroyer of

T hat his c ity i s ta k en a t o n e e n d 1 ,
'
B abylon by n ame a n d th a t two hundred ye a rs ,
An d that t he p a ssag e s [fro m t he ri v e r] a r e sto pp e d , befo re he w as b o rn
An d t h e re e ds [o r th a tch o f t h h o u se s] t he y ha v e
.

e
,

b ur n e d w ith fi r e .
T hu s saith t he L ord t o hi s ano i n te d
An d t he me n o f w a r a r e a ti right e d ,
'

.
To Cyru s wh o se rig ht h an d I ha v e h o l de n
Fo r thu s saith t h e L o rd o f ho st s t h e G od o f I srae l ;
, ,

To su b du e n atio n s b e fore him;

The d a u ghte r o f B a byl o n i s l ik e a thre shi n g fl oo r
,

, An d I w ill l o o se t h e l o i n s o f k in g s
I t is ti me t o t hre sh h e r To o p e n b e fo re h im t h e t w o l e a v e d ga t e s ;
,

Ye t a l ittl e wh il e a n d t h e time o f he r ha rv e st sh all

-

J er l i 30—33
,
An d t he g a te s sh a ll n o t be shut ;
c o me
”
-
. . . .

I will go be fo re the e ,

An d I will dr y u p he r se a an d mak e he r sp rin g s dr y An d make t h e croo k e d pl a ce s straig ht

, .
I w i ll bre a k i n p iec e s t h e g a te s o f bras s
An d B a byl o n sh all be co me he a p s ,
An d cu t i n sun de r t he b ar s o f iro n
,

A dwe ll in g pl a c e fo r drag o n s
An a sto n ish me n t a n d a n hi ssin g
,
An d I will gi v e the e t he tre asu re s o f dark ne ss
, ,
An d h idde n r iche s o f se cre t pl ac e s
,

Witho u t a n i n ha b ita n t J er l i 36 37 .
”
-
. .
, .
T ha t tho u may e st k n ow th a t I t he Lo rd ,
,

In th e ir h ea t I wi ll ma k e th e ir fe ast s,
Which cal l the e by t hy n ame ,

An d I w i ll mak e the m dru n k en , tha t the y ma y Am t h e G o d o f I sr a e l

Fo r J a co b my se rv a n t s sak e
rej o ice .

An d sl ee p a p erp etu a l sl e e p , a n d n o t wa k e ,
,
,

S a ith t he L o r d - J er l i 39 An d I srae l min e e l e ct ,

. . . .
I ha v e e v e n c a ll e d th ee by t hy n ame
H o w i s S h e sh a ch [t h e dru n k a rd cit y ] t ak en ! I h a v e sur n a me d th e e th o u g h tho u hast n ,

An d h o w i s t h e p ra i se o f t he w h o l e e arth su rp ri se d !
H o w i s B a byl o n be co me a n a sto ni sh ment a mo n g t h e All y e a sse mbl e y ou r se lv e s a n d h ear ;
, ,

n a ti o n s — J er l i 4 1 Which a mo n g the m h a t h de cl a r e d the se

Th e L or d h a t h l o v e d h im : h e w il l do
. . .

T hu s sa ith t h e Lo rd o f h o st s ; B a byl o n ,

The b ro a d wa ll s o f B a byl o n sh a ll be u tt e r ly b ro k e n , An d his ar m sha ll be o n t he C ha l dean s .

An d he r hi g h g a te s sh a ll be b u rn e d with fi r e ; I e v en I h a v e sp o k en ; y e a I ha v e c a ll e d h im
, , ,

An d t h e p e o pl e sha ll l a b o u r i n v a i n I ha v e bro u g ht hi m a n d he sha ll ma k e his w ay pro sp e r

—
, ,

An d t h e fo l k i n t h e fi r e a n d th e y sh a ll be we a ry , . ou s Isa x lv i ii 1 4 1 5
.
"
. .
, .

I X en o p h o n r e p r e se n t s Cy ru s a s p ra isin g t he M e de s
The pro phet H ab ak kuk represents the reta li a a n d hi s a rmy fo r t h e i r di sre g ard o f r i c h e s A ddre ssin g
ti o n o f D ivine venge a n c e o n B a bylon fo r se
.

,
the m b e fo re the ir de p a rt u re fo r B a byl o n he sa y s : “ Ye ,

M e de s a n d a ll h e re p r e se n t I we ll k n o w th at y e a eco m
, ,

p a n y me o n t hi s e x p e diti on n o t co v e tin g weal t h

”

Th e r iv e r Eu phrat es and t he n e i h g b o uri n g l a k e s a n d .

,
,

marsh e s with , t he nu me ro u s can a s, l bo t h of co mmu n i Th e b ows o f t h e P e rsi a n s were t hr e e cu b its l on g a n d ,

c a t io n an d t ir r ig a io n ,
gi v e a str iki n g p ro p r i ety t o t he wer e u se d a s c l u b s i n war fare .

p h r a se
“
, man y wa te r s .

ll Cyru s s a y s D r H e n de rso n i s c a ll e d t h e
, .
“
a n o in te d ,

t The p re di cti o n me a n s th a t c o u ri e rs sh o u l d r un fro m o f t he L o r d b e ca u se he had i n h i s p ro v ide n ce a pp o inte d

”
, , ,
di f ere n t p a r t s a n d s o fa ll i n with o n e a n o t h e r a ll o f th e m
, , hi m t o t h e ru l e u n de r w hic h t he J e w s were t o be r e st o re d .

bri n gi n g i n te ll ig e n ce t o t h e ru l e r th a t t h e c ity w as ta k e n The a ll u sio n i s t o t h e a n ci e n t ri te o f a n o intin g w ith o il

a t t he p o i n t fr o m wh e nce the y s ta rte d . tho se w ho were in v e ste d wi th re ga l di gn ity .
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .
‘

By t he s a me pro phet t he Almighty gives t he The l o ss o f chil dre n a n d widowhoo d ,

,
T he y sh a ll c o me u p o n t he e i n the ir p erfectio n
sign a l to the comman ders a n d t o the tr00 p s t o Fo r t h e mu l t itu de o f t hy so rce ri e s
march a g a inst B abyl o n
,

. An d fo r t he gr e a t a b u n dan ce o f thin e e n cha ntme n ts .

Fo r tho u ha st t ru ste d i n t hy wi c k e dn e ss :
Li ft ye u p a b an n e r u p o n t h e high mo u n ta in , T h ou ha st sa id No n e se e th me , .

Ex a l t t he v o ic e u n t o t he m sh a k e t h e ha n d , , Thy wi sdo m a n d t h y k n owl e dg e i t h ath p erv ert e d the e ,

T ha t th e y ma y go i nto t he g ate s o f t h e n o bl e s . An d tho u h a st sa i d in thin e he a rt 1 a m a n d n o n e e l se , ,

I h a v e co mma n d e d my sa n c t ifi e d o n e s , b e side me ‘ .

1 ha v e a l so c a ll e d my mi g hty o n e s fo r mi n e a n g er , Th ere fo re sha ll e v i l come u p o n th e e ;

Ev e n t he m th a t r ej o i c e i n my hi g hn e ss .
T ho u sh a l t n o t k n o w fr om w h e n ce i t riseth
The n o ise o f a mu l t i t u de i n t h e mo u n ta i n s ’
l ik e a s o f , An d misch ie f sha ll fa ll u p o n the e ;
a gre a t p e o pl e ; T ho u sha l t n o t be a bl e t o p u t i t o fi : ‘

A t u mu l tu o u s n o ise o f t h e ki n g do ms o f n ation s g athere d An d de so l atio n sha l l c o me u p o n the e su dde nly which

t hou sh a lt n ot k n ow —Isa x lv ii 6 —1 1
,

tog e th e r : .
”
. . .

Th e Lo rd o f h o sts mu stere th t he ho s t of the b a tt l e .

Th e y c o me fro m a fa r c o u n try ,
H aving th u s pointed o u t t he princip a l predic
F r o m t he e n d o f h e a v e n , ti o ns o f Holy Writ rel ative t o t he destru cti o n
Ev e n t h e L o r d a n d t h e wea po n s o f his in di gnati o n
0

— B abyl o n by Cyr u s we proceed t o n a rr ate th eir

,
—
,

To de stro y t he who l e l a n d
"
Isa x iii 2 5 ,

a c c o mplishment fro m info rmati o n derived fro m

. . . .

In the same ch apter a description of t he the p a ges o f a ncient au tho rs .

When Cyrus saw that the circumv all ati o n

,

dismay c o nstern atio n an d perplexity into which

, , ,

t he inh a bit ants o f B a byl o n sh o u ld be thr o wn o n whic h hi s a rm y h a d l o ng w o rked u pon Was c o m ,

t he c a pture of the city is given u nder a met apho r , pl e t e d he bega n t o reflect u p o n the execu ti o n o f ,

t aken fr o m the physic al e ffects produ ced upon his v a st design whi ch as yet w as known only t o ,

t he hu m a n syste m by fe a r al a rm o r p a in ,
h i m s elf,
Pr o vidence s o o n directed
. hi m in his .

c o u rse He w as informed th at in the city a gre at .

,
H owl y e ; fo r t he day o f t h e L ord i s a t h a n d ; festiv a l ? w a s to be celebra ted ; an d tha t t he
I t sh a ll co me a s a de stru cti o n fro m t he Al mighty B abyl o ni ans were a cc u stomed t o p a ss t he n ight
.

T h ere fore sha ll al l ha n d s he fa i n t

An d e v ery man s h e ar t sh a l l me lt :
’
o f t his festiv a l in d a ncing an d merri ment
,
Ao .

An d the y sha ll be a fr aid c o r din gl y when the citizens o f B abylo n were

P a n gs a n d sorr ows sh a ll ta ke h o l d o f them ;
,

th u s e mployed C y r u s posted a p a rt o f his tro o ps

T h e y sh a ll be i n p a in a s a w o ma n that t r a v ai l eth ,

T he y sha ll be a ma ze d o n e a t a n oth e r ; o n t ha t side w here the ri v er entered the city an d ,

T h e ir fac es sha ll be a s fl ame s — Isa xiii 6 —8 a n o ther p a rt o n th at side where it went o u t c o m

”
. . .
.
,

manding the mt o enter the city by ma rchi ng al o ng

In a succeeding verse the pr o phet describes the cha nnel o f the river as so o n as they fo u nd it
,
,
the p anic with which the tro o ps sho ul d be seized fo rdable H a ving gi ven hi s o rders an d exh o rted , . ,

c o mp a ring the m to a chased r o e or s heep his o fficers to follow him by representing t o the m
,
.
,

that he ma rch ed u nder the guida nce o f the gods

An d it sh a ll be as t he ch a se d ro e r
,
’

— in the evening he c u sed recept a cles he ha d pre

,

An d a s a she e p t hat n o ma n ta k e th u p Isa xiii 1 4 .

a
. . .

p a red o n b o th sides o f t he c ity t o be o pened that ,

The sa me verse in the la tter cl au se exhibits the w a ter o f the river might fl ow into the m
, , .

these tr00ps the gre a test p a rt o f wh o m were The Euphrates by this me ans bec ame fo rdable
, , , ,

mercen ari es a s returning into t he pr o vin c es fro m a n d t he tr o o ps adv a nced u p the cha nnel an d t o o k
, ,

whence they c ame withou t being p u rsued by the t he city In t he midst o f their ri o ting the B aby
, . ,
“
c o nqu ero r . lo ni a ns were surprised a n d c aused to sleep a ,

perpet u a l sleep a n d their city fr o m th a t mo ment

T he y sh a ll e v e ry ma n tu rn t o h is o w n p eo pl e ,

An d fl e e e v e r y o n e i n to his o w n l a n d bega n its downw a rd c areer o f desol a tio n See

.
” .

the a rticle B abylon in the Histo ry o f the As ”

The gra nd c au ses o f the destruction of B aby syri a ns etc This event occurred B c 5 3 6
,

. . .
, . ,
l o n were her pride a n d c ruelty These ar e a ptly By a re ma rk a ble providence an d c o ntra ry t o
.

,
de scribed by the pr o phet .
wh a t might h ave been expected o n the p a rt of
the besieged the g tes le ding t the r i ver had
I as wroth w ith my p e o pl e [t h e J ews ]
w , ,
a a o ,

I ha v e p o ll ute d min e i n h e ritan ce been left open on the night o f the atta ck by
An d gi v e n the m i n t o thi n e ha n d :
,

Cy rus in c o nsequ ence o f which his tr0 0ps fo u nd

T ho u didst sh o w th e m n o me r cy ; the g tes
,

U po n t he a n c ie n t ha st tho u v e r y he a v ily l aid t hy y ok e n o di ffi c ul ty in entering the city Even a .

.

An d tho u sa idst I sh all he a l a dy fo r e v er :

,
o f the p al a ce were inc a u tious ly o pened d u r i ng
S o tha t th ou di dst n o t l a y t h e se thi n g s t o t hy he a rt t he tumult occ a sioned by the inv a si o n If su c h
, .

Ne ith e r d id st r e memb e r t h e l a tte r e n d o f i t

ha d n o t been the c a se s ays Herod o tu s the Per
.
,
T here fo re he ar n o w th i s th o u th a t a r t giv e n t o pl e asure s
, ,
,

T ha t dwe lle st care l e ssly ,

T h at sa y e st in thin e he art ,

I a m an d n o n e e l se b e side me ;
,
a n d destr o yed
I sha ll n o t sit as a wi do w
.

Ne ith e r shall I k n ow t he l o ss o f chil dre n

,
Xen o phon s ays th at Cyrus h avi ng entered the ,

B u t t h e se t w o t hi n g s sh a ll c o me t o th e e i n a m o m e n t i n city p u t a ll t o the sword th a t were f o und in the

,
o n e da y , streets He then commanded the c itizens t o bring .

him all their a rms an d afte rw a rds to shu t the m ,

The mou nta in s t o which t he p ro ph e t re fe r s ar e do u bt selves u p in their hous es The next mo rni ng by . ,

l e ss t he e l e v ate d re gi o n s from w hic t h e wa rrio r s ca me bre ak o f da the ga rris o n whi ch kept the c i tad el
w h o se rv e d in t h e P e rsia n a rmy ; su c as tho se o f M e dia y , ,

being a ppri sed tha t the c it y w as ta ken s u rren

'

A rmeni a K o o r dist a n a s we ll a s t he mo u n ta in s of S a nj ar ,

dered the mselves t o Cyrus Thu s did this prince

, , ,

in t he i mme dia te v ic in ity o f B a byl o n .

.
,

t The r o e , or a s D r H e n de r so n r e nde rs it
"
g a z e ll e ”

B a byl o n w a s p ro u d n o t o n ly o f he r p o l it ic a l wi sdo m
.
, , ,

i s se l e ct e d o n a cc o u nt o f i t s timi dit y an d t he l ig ht n e ss
,

u t a l so o f h e r astro l o g i c a l a n d my th o l o gi c a l sci en c e
,
b
with which i t b o u n ds a cr o ss t he pl ains t o e x pre ss t he .

1 T his w a s t h e dru n k e n fe sti v a l o f t he Sa kea me n t io n e d

,

h a ste w ith wh ich t he a l a rme d fo r e i gn er s wo u l d a tte mp t ,

the ir esca p e from t he c on qu eror . J er l i 4 1 . . .

 HIST O RY OF THE PERS I AN S .

a l mo st w itho u t striking a bl o w an d withou t a n y made a n ill use o f hi s au tho rity t here might be
,
,

resistan c e fi n d himself in the pe a ce able p o sse ssi o n fo u n d witnesses an d cen so rs o f hi s mal a dmin is
,

o f t he stro nge st c ity in t he w o rld T hu s were t r at io n within his o w n go vernment He c a refu lly
.
.

the v a ri o u s pr o phecies c o ncerning t he c apture o f a v o ided the tru sting o f a n y o n e man with a bs o l u te
B a byl o n ful fi lled .
p o wer kn o wing tha t a prin c e w o ul d ha ve re a s o n ,

A ft er his victo ry t he first thing Cyrus di d t o repent o f h a ving ex alte d o ne man if by him
, ,
,
s ays Xen o pho n w as t o tha nk t he gods fo r the t he c o mmu nity ar e o ppre sse d
, .

s u cce ss th ey had given hi m T hen h a ving Thu s Cyru s esta bl ished a w o nderfu l o rder with
.
,

a sse mbled hi s princip al o ffic ers b e p u bl icly a p respect t o his milita ry affa irs his tre a s u ry a n d
, , ,

p l a u de d th eir co u r a ge an d pru den c e a n d the ir civil go vern ment In a l l t he pr o vinces he had

, .

ze al an d a tta c hment t o his pers o n an d di stribu ted pers o ns o f a ppr o ved integrity w ho ga v e him a n
, ,

rewards t o his who le a rmy After this he r epr e a cc o u nt o f every thi ng tha t p a ssed
.
, He mad e it .
‘

sented t o them th a t t he o nly me ans o f preserving hi s prin c ip al c a re t o h o n o u r an d rew a rd al l tho se

their conqu ests w as to persevere in the i r a nc i ent tha t distinguished the mselves by their merit It .

virt ue ; that the pr o per end o f victo ry w as n o t t o w as this w i se c o ncentr ati o n o f his re so u rce s tha t
gi ve themselves u p t o idl eness an d ple a su re th a t en abled him t o c a rry o n his c o nqu e sts , .

after h aving c o nqu ered their ene mi es by fo rce o f It is not with referen c e t o t he destructio n o f
a rms it w o uld be sh a meful to suffer the mselves
, B abyl o n a lo ne th a t Cyr u s is celebrated in the
t o be o vercome by t he all u re ments o f ple as u re ; p a ge s o f H o ly Writ Therein .

tha t in order to ma inta in their a ncient gl o ry it referred t o a s the instr ument of restoring ,

be hoved the m t o keep up amongst t he Persia ns at Jewish p o lity .

B abylo n the s ame di scipline they ha d o bserved

in their own c o u ntry I h a v e ra ise d h im u p i n r igh t e o u sn e
A
.

n d I wi ll d i r e c t a l l h i s wa y s :
Cyr us fin di ng hi msel f master o f all the e a st
,
H e sh a ll b u i l d my c ity a n d he sha ll l e t go m ca p t i v e s
by the c apture o f B abyl o n did n o t imi tate the
‘

y , ,
N o t f r p r ice n o r rewa r d
, o

ex ample o f most o ther conqu ero rs o f who m S a ith t he L o r d o f ho st s —Isa x l v

,
”
, . . .

hist o ry records th at their victo ries were sul k ed

by a volu pt u o u s a n d e ffe min ate c o nd u ct : he Accordingly in the ye a r o f the c aptu re o f ,

thought it incumbent up o n hi m t o mai nta in his B aby lo n a n d first o f his s o le s o vereignty Cyru s , ,

rep u ta ti o n by the s ame metho ds he had a c qui red iss u ed his fa mo us de c ree fo r p u tting a n end t o t he
.

it ; n amely by a l ab o ri o u s an d a ctive life a n d a c aptivity o f the Jews an d fo r reb u ilding t he

, ,
,

const ant app l ic ation to the duties of hi s high te mple o f Jerus ale m The decree re a d s th u s .

station . N ow in t he first ye a r o f Cyru s king o f Persi a ,

H o w skilfu l C yrus w as in the a r t o f g o vern th a t t he word of the L o rd by t he mou th of J er e
ment is rec o rded in the p a ges o f a ncient a u tho rs mi a h might be ful filled the L o rd stirred u p the
,
.
,

Xen o ph o n s ays th at he c o mmitted t he va ri o u s spirit o f Cyr u s king o f Per si a tha t he ma de a

, ,

p a rts an d o ffices o f hi s go vern ment t o di fferent pr o cl amati o n thro u gho u t a ll his kingd o m a n d p u t ,

pers o ns a cc o rding t o their v a ri o u s t alents an d it also in writing s aying Thu s s ai t h Cyrus king
, , ,

qualific a tio ns ; bu t the c are o f fo rming a n d a p o f Persi a The Lord G o d o f he a ven h ath given ,

p o inting general o ffi cer s govern o rs o f pro vin c es me al l t he kingdo ms o f the e a rth a n d he ha th

, ,

minist ers an d amb a ss a do rs he reserved t o hi m ch a rged me t o build hi m an h o use a t Jerusal e m

, , ,

self l o ok ing u p o n th at a s the proper du ty a n d whic h is in J u d ah Who is there amo ng y o u o f

, .

e mplo yment of a king ; a n d u p o n wh i c h de all his people ? his G o d be with him a n d let him ,

pended his gl o ry the s u ccess o f hi s affa i rs and go u p to Jerus ale m whi ch is in J u da h a n d bu ild
, , , ,

the happiness an d tr anqu ill ity o f 11 1 8 e mpi re H i s t he ho u se o f t he Lord G o d o f Isr a el (he is the
.
,

gre at ta lent w as to st udy t he p a rticu l a r ch a ra cter G o d ) w hich is in Jeru s alem And w ho s o ever
, , .

o f me n in o rder t o give the m a u th o rity in p ro

,
re ma ineth in an y pl a ce where he s oj o u rneth let ,

porti o n to their merit t o make their priv a te the me n of his pla ce help him with silver a n d
, ,

a dva nce ment c o nc u r with the p u bli c go o d ; t ha t with go ld a n d with go o ds a n d with b ea sts be side , , ,

every p art sh o ul d ha ve a dependa nce upon a n d the freewill o ffering fo r t he h o us e o f G od tha t is

mu tual ly c o ntribute t o s u pp o rt e ach other a n d in Jerus ale m Ezra i 1 —4
,
”
. .
,

th at the strengt h o f o n e sh o uld n o t exert i tself The resp o nse to this celebra ted de c ree by the
but fo r t he be n efit an d a dva nt ages o f the rest Hebrews w a s i mmedia te by the chief p o rti o n o f
‘

E ach per so n ha d his di strict an d his p a rti c u la r the exiles ,

T hen ro se u p the c hief of t he fa thers .

sphere o f a ct i o n of which he g ave an acco u nt t o o f J u da h an d Benj a min a n d the priests a n d t he

, ,
‘

a n o ther a b o ve hi m an d he a g a in t o a th ird till

,
Levites with al l the m w ho se S pirit G o d had
, , ,

by these different degrees an d regul a r s u b o rd in a r ai sed to go u p t o b u ild t he h o u se o f t he Lo r d ,

ti o n the c o gniz ance o f a ffai rs c ame t o the k i ng w hich is in Jer u sale m And all they tha t were
,
.

hi mself w ho w as as it were the soul t o the b o dy a b o u t the m strengthe n ed their h ands with ves sels
, , ,

o f the sta te which by t his me a ns h e go verned o f silver with go ld with go o ds a n d with be asts
, , , , ,

w ith as mu ch e a se a s a p a rent g o ve rns his h o u se a n d with preci o u s thi ngs beside a ll tha t was ,

h o ld . w illingly o ffered Al so Cyru s t he king bro u ght .

When Cyrus afte rw a rdssent go vern o rs c alled fo rth t he vessels o f t he ho u se o f the L o rd whi c h
, ,

sa t r apaa into the pr o vinces under his su bj ecti o n

,
N eb u cha dnezz a r ha d br o u ght fo rth o u t o f , r
he w o u ld n o t suffer the p a rtic ul a r g o vern o rs o f s al e m a n d had pu t t he m in the h o u se o f his go s ,

plac es n o r the c o mma nding o ffi c ers o f t he tr o o ps even th o se did Cyru s king o f Per sia bring fo rth
,

ma intai ned fo r the secu rity o f t he c o u nt r y t o be by t he hand o f Mithreda th the tre as u rer a n d
, ,

dependent up o n tho se pr o vinci al go verno r s o r t o n u mbered the m u nto Shes hb a zz a r t he prince o f

, ,

be s u bj ect t o an y o n e bu t hi mself ; in o rder th a t J u dah And thi s is t he n u mber o f the m thirty .

if any o f these sa t r apac elate with his sta tio n ch a rgers of go ld a tho usand c ha rgers o f silver
, , , ,
 H IS T OR Y OF TH E PER SIA N S .

n ine an d twenty knives thirty b asins o f g o ld , , to me spot which he had selected fo r retire
so

silver b a sins o f a sec o nd s o rt fo u r h u ndr ed a n d ment w here he s u ddenly dis appe a red an d his
,
,
ten an d o ther ve ssels a tho u s and All t he ves
, .
tra in a mo ng who m were so me o f the mo st r e
,

sel s o f go ld an d o f sil v er were fi v e th o usand an d n o w n e d wa rri o r s of Persi a

perished in a dre adful ,

fo u r h u n dred All these did Sheshb a zz a r bring

.
te mpest This w o u ld see m to c o nfirm t he ao
.

u p with the m o f t he c a ptivity t ha t were br o u ght c o u nt o f Her o dot s fo r o r i ent a l wr i ters freq u ently
u
u p fro m B abyl o n u nt o Jer u s al em u se st o rms t o typ i fy a n
”
Ezra i 5 gre a t o r wide spre ad ing
y
. -
,

Thus were the Jews r edee med witho u t mo ney ,

a cc o rding t o Is a i a h s pr o p hecy Isa lii 3 t he destr u cti o n o f a n a rmy bu t t he end o f Cy

’
. . .
,

In the bo o k o f D a ni el it is rec o rded that this r u s a s rel ated by Xenop hon is mo re consistent
, ,

with hi s cha rac ter in hi s l atter days .

Cyrus w as b u ried at P a s agar dae in Persia , .

Pliny n o tices his t o mb an d Arri am a n d Strabo ,

describe it C u rti us repre sents Alex a nder the

.

Gre a t a s o ffe r ing funeral ho n o u r s t o his sha de ;

a n d he sta tes th a t he Opened the t o mb in h pe
o s
o f finding tre a s u res there in whi c h he w as dis
,

We ma y c o ncl ude tha t it w a s by t he wise c o un ,

a pp oi nte d— a r o tten shield t w o Sc t hi a n b o ws
y , ,
sel o f D a niel that the spirit o f Cyrus w a s stirred a n d a Persi a n sc mit a r bein g al l th at it con
y ,

up t o fu lfil the pr o phecy o f Jere mi a h Jer xxv , . . ta in e d In hi s Life o f Alex ander Plu t arc h r e
.
,

1 1 this being the ye a r o f t h e expir a ti o n o f the

, c o rds that t he fo ll o wing ins c ripti o n w as fou nd
c a ptivity whi ch D a n iel ha d c o mp u ted D an ix 2
a n d t o ful fil the pro phecy respecting t he reb u ild
ing o f the temple Jer xx ix 1 0 t o which Cyr u s
,
a ll u des in his decree See als o Isa xliv 2 8
The ho ly w o rk however di d n o t pro c eed
‘
, . . thereon :
O M AN W H O E V ER TH O U AR T AND WH EN
, ,
. .
,
E VE R TH O U C O M E ST (FOR C OM E I K N OW TH O U ,
. . . .
W ILT ) I AM C Y RUS TH E FO U N DE R o r TH E
, ,

, , P ERSIA N E M P I RE ENVY M E N OT THE N TH E .

,
witho u t o ppositi o n Aft er t he de a th o f their
.
L I TTLE EARTH W H IC H C OVERS M Y REM AI N S
,
”

p a tro n D aniel pro b ably in the third ye a r o f Cy

.

r us th o se a dvers a ries o f the Jews the S ama rita n

, , Cu rtiu s st ates that Alex ander w as mu ch af ,

c o lo nists w ho h ad been pl ante d in t he r oo m o f

,
fect e d a t this inscripti o n which set befo re him , ,

the ten tribes by Es a rha ddo n a n d had o ffered , in so striking a light the u ncert ainty a nd vici s ,

t o j o in in t he ere c ti o n o f the te mple bu t were ,

sit u de o f worl dl y things ; an d tha t he pl a ced t he

refused by the Jewish go ve r n ment o bstructed , cr o wn o f gold which h e w o re u p o n the t o mb in ,

the b ui lding By their interest a t the Persi an

. which t he b o dy l ay w o ndering that a prince so ,

c o urt they obta ined an o rder to st o p the w o rk

, , ren o wned an d po ssessed o f so mu ch tre a su res
, h
,

which w as disc o ntinued d u ring t he ensuing had n o t been bu ried mo re s u mptu o usly tha n if
reigns o f C ambyses Smer dis Ma gu s Xerxes , , ,
he ha d been a priv ate pers o n .

Cyrus ho wever see ms t o have fo rmed a mo re

.

a n d til l t he second ye a r o f the reign of D a ri u s , ,

H y st a spe s Ezra iv 1 — 5 2 4
, . . . c o rrect n o tion o f w o rl dl y hon o ur an d riches tha n
Xen o ph o n cl o ses t he mili t a ry explo its o f Cy t he a mbiti o u s Alex a nder Xen o ph o n s ay s that .
,

r u s with the c o nq u est of Egypt a n d s a ys that , , in his l as t instructions t o his children he desired ,

t he l a st seven ye a rs o f his ful l s o vereignty he th at his b o dy when he di ed might n o t be de

, ,

spent in pe a ce an d tr a nqui lli ty a t ho me revered , p o sited in go ld o r silver n o r in an y o ther sump ,

a n d bel o ved by his subj ects o f all cl asses This . t u o u s mo nu ment but c o mmitted as s o o n as
, ,

testimony is c o nfirmed by the Persi an histo ri a ns . p o ssible t o t he gro u nd He pr o bably had le a r ned
, .

These rela te th a t after a l o ng an d blo o dy w a r

, , fro m t he pr o phet D a niel that o u t o f t he dust ,

Kho sr u s u bd u e d the e mpire o f T u ra n n o w Tu r ,

he w a s t aken an d that unt o du st he mu st r e
,

k ist a n an d made the city of B al k in Cho r a ssan

, , ,

a r o y a l residence t o keep in o rder his new su b

,
F ro m the pecu li a r manner in which Cyrus is
j ects ; tha t he rep aid every family in Per si a t he men t i o ned in Scriptu re n amed a n d a ddressed ,

a mo u nt o f their w a r t a xes o ut o f the sp o ils a ges befo re his birth ; c a lled by Jeh o v ah his
,

a n d pr o m
“
g ai ned by hi s c o nqu ests ; that he ende a v o u red shepherd a n d his
”
a n o inted
, i sed ,
”

t o pr o mo te pe ace a n d h a rmo ny between the Tu hi s high prote cti o n an d a s sistance there has been ,

r an ia n s an d Ir ani a ns ; tha t he regu l ated t he

p ay mu ch le a rned inve stig a tio n concerning the cha
o f his so ldi ery ; refo rmed civil an d religi o u s r ac t er o f thi s gre at king Some thi n k tha t the se .

a b u ses thro u gho u t t he pr o v in c es a n d a t length , ,

terms a pply t o his c hara cter as an a ppointed a gent
after a l o ng a n d gl o ri o u s reign re signed t he ,
in ful filling the will o f the Almighty alto gether ,

cro wn t o his so n L o ha r a sp an d retired t o s o li

, ,
distinct fro m an y c o n sider ations c o nnected wit h
“
t u de s aying th at he had lived l o n g en o u gh fo r
, ,
hi s perso n a l o r religi o us cha ra cter O thers ho w .
,

his o w n glo ry an d it w a s n o w time fo r hi m t o

, ever su pp o se tha t he w a s a reli gio us charac t er
, ,

devote t he re ma inder of hi s da ys t o G o d .
”
whi ch in c o nnexi o n with his a pp o intment to
,

T here is so me do u bt ab o u t t he manner o f the perfo rm t he Divine will a mo ng t he n atio ns gives ,

de ath o f Cyrus Xen o phon decl a res tha t he died

. a pe c u l ia r fo rce a n d pr o priety t o the terms a p -
f

in hi s bed Herodo tu s o n the other ha nd as

.
, ,
pli ed t o him by t he pro phet Dr Hal es after . .
,

serts th at he perished with a gre a t p a rt o f his

, ,
reviewi ng his cha ra cter an d history c o nclu des ,

a rmy in a w a r a gainst t he Scythi ans ; t ha t

, ,
t ha t he l ived the life a n d died th e de ath o f the ,

ha ving in va ded their c o u ntry he inc a uti o u sly ,

righte o us Xen o pho n w ho w as a po lytheist
.
, ,

a dva nced into the deserts where he w as su r ,

represents Cyru s pray ing t o the go ds in the ,

ro unded a tt acke d a t a dis a dv antage an d sla in

, ,
. plu ral n u mbe r ; bu t tha t he prayed to o ne o nl y ,

Fe r du si a n d M ir k ho u d say th a t h e procee d ed ,
t he p a tri a rcha l go d w o rshi pped by his a ncest o rs , ,
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

t he P ischdadian s, may a ppe a r fr o m t he w atch their o w n a n d went o ver t o Cyru s s Opinion an d ,

’

,
w o rd whi ch he ga v e to his s o ldiers befo re the c h o se r a t her t o r u le tho u gh in ha biting a r o u gh ,

b a ttle in which Evil Mero da ch w a s sl a in T hi s c o u nt r y tha n c ul tivating a champ aign t o serve .

, ,

w atc hw o rd w as Jove o u r Savi o u r an d o u r

,
o thers , ,
.

Le ader A l a t e writer see ms t o set the religi o u s

.
”
The sage inscripti o n whi ch a cc o rding t o S aa di'
, ,

cha ra cter o f Cyrus in its tru e li ght H e s ay s : Cyrus c au sed t o be engr aved o n hi s ti a r a de .
,

It is repe atedly rec o rded (Isa xlv ) o f Cyr u s serve s t o be inscribe d u p o n t he c r o wn s o f mo

. .
,
‘
Tho u ha st n o t kn o wn me an d then c o u pled n ar chs in all a ges an d in a ll c o u ntries o f t he ,

with th at c o nvincing evidence whic h the pre c ise w o rld It re ad thu s : What a vai l s a long life .

predicti o ns o ffer we see the u nity o f G o d str o ngly

,
spent in the enj o y ment o f wo rldly gra ndeu r since ,

an d i mpressively a sserted t o gether with so me dis o th ers mo rtal like o u rselve s will o n e da tr am
, y , ,

tinct allu sio n to those very erro rs wh ich were e u ple u nder fo o t o u r pride ! T his c ro wn ha nde d ,

t e rt a in e d by the pe o ple t o wh o m Cyru s bel o nged do w n t o me fr o m my predecesso rs mu st so o n .

,

No w in th at re ma rk able p a ss age Ezra i l 2

, p ass in s u ccession up o n t he he ad s o f ma ny
, .
, ,
”
Cyru s s a ys Jeho v ah the L o rd God o f he aven
,
‘
,
others ! ,

h ath given me all the kingdo ms o f the e a rth ; an d The disrega rd fo r riches which Cyrus sho wed
he h ath ch arged me t o b uild him a h o u se a t J e o n a ll o cc a si o ns is a n o ble fe ature in his cha ,

rus ale m Here he intima tes hi s a cqu aintance

.
’
r ac t er B r e r ew o o d esti mates the v al u e of t he .

with this very pr o phecy fo r where else is he g o ld a nd silver which he re c eived in Asi a at
,

ch arged t o build the L o rd a hou se at Jeru s alem ? sterling all of w hich he distrib u ted ,

a n d he distinctly a cknowledges that the G o d w ho a mo ng his friends I h ave pr o digiou s riche s ”

.
,

so c h a rged him w a s the God o f he a ven ; a n d th a t s a id he t o his c ou rtiers I o w n a n d I a m glad , ,

be it w as w ho as he als o had pro mised had the worl d kn o ws it ; bu t yo u may a ssure y o u r

’

, , ,

given him a ll the kingd o ms o f the e a rth It sel v es they a r e a s mu c h yo u r s a s mine Fo r t o .

’
.

wou l d therefo re see m tha t in a rriving at the

, ,
wh a t end sh o u ld I he ap u p we alth ? Fo r my
,

c o nvi ction th at in his gre a t a n d s u ccessful u n

,
own u se ? an d t o c o nsume it myself ? Th at w o u ld
der t a k in gs he had been bu t perfo rming the d u ty
,
be i mpos sible even if I desired it No ; the , .

t o which he w as by n ame a pp o inted a n d o rd a in chi ef end I a im at is t o ha v e it in my p o wer to ,

ed he w a s en abled a lso t o perceive an d a ckn o w

, rew a rd th o se w ho serve the p u blic faithful ly ,

ledge the truth o f th a t subli me de cla ra tion whi ch an d to s u c cour an d relieve those th at will a o
is addressed t o hi mself qu a int me with their w an ts an d necessities .
”

C r oasus represented to him tha t by c o ntinua l

I am t he Lo r d a n d there i s n o n e e l se
,
,
l a rgesses he wo u ld a t length make hi mself p o o r,

T here is n o G o d b e side me : , ,

I girde d the e tho u gh thou ha st n o t k n own me !

,
where a s he might h ave amassed infinite tre a ’
‘

Isa x l v 5 s u res an d h ave been t he richest prince in the . . .

,

In estima ting the e ffect which this pr o phecy w o rld And t o wh at su m replied Cyrus do ,
.
,
”
,

ga rded as a w ho le w as c alcu l ated t o pro du ce y o u think th o se tre as u res might h ave amo u nted ?
”

up o n a mind which appe a rs t o h ave been emi Cr ce su s n amed a su m ; u po n w hich .

n en t l c a ndi d a n d open t o c o nvicti o n we mu st it to be s igni fied t o the l o rds of his c o ur t th a t he

y
rec o llect th at D aniel w ho pro b ably dire c ted his w as in w ant o f mo ney an d a l arger su m w a s
,

,
,

a ttenti o n to this gr a nd pre d icti o n wo u ld n o t fa il bro u ght than Croesu s menti o ned ,
Lo ok s a id .
,
”

t o enfo rce an d expl a in th o se decl a r a tio ns con Cyrus “

h ere ar e my tre a s u res ; the c hest s I ,

cerning God w hich it c o nta in s keep my riche s in a r e the he a rts an d affec t i o ns

.

Cyrus ma y j u stly be c o n sidered as the wisest Of my su bj ects

”
.

c o nqu eror an d the mo st a cc o mpli shed prince

,
The c a re Of Cyru s o ver his pe o ple w as very
menti o ned in pro fane hist o ry O f his wi sdom re ma rkable A prince s aid he to hi s co u rt ier s ”
.
.
, ,

there a r e many ex amples given ; n o ne o f which o u ght to c o nsider himself as a shepherd an d ,

,

perh aps shine more consp icu o u sly tha n the fo l

,
to h ave t he same vi gil ance c a re an d g o odness , , .

lo wing Hero do tu s s ays tha t when he su cceeded It is his duty t o w a tch th at his pe o ple may live
. ,

to the Medi an crown he w as thus addressed by a in s afety an d qu iet ; t o b u rden himself with
,

th at they may be exempt

,

depu t ati o n o f the Persi ans a nxieties an d c ares ,

Since God has given d o minion t o the Per from them ; t o choo se wh atever is s alut a ry fo r
sians an d the s o vereignty of brave men to y o u the m an d re move wh a t is hu rt fu l an d p r ej u
, , ,

permit us to re mo ve fro m o u r sca nty a n d r u gged dic ial ; t o pla ce his de l ight in seeing the m in
country o f Persi a a n d to occu py a be tter T here cre a se an d mul tiply ; an d v ali a ntly exp o se his
‘

, .

a r e ma ny s u ch in o ur vicinity a n d many fu rther o w n per so n in their defence a n d pro te c ti o n

,
.

m This he d “
i the n t r l ide d h ”
o ff .If we occu py o n e o f these we s l be h al o re a d s s
,
a u a a a n t e , , ,

highly respected by the world ; an d it is bu t j u st image of a go od king It is re as o n able a t .

,

re ason able th a t r u lers should act in thi s ma nner t he s ame time tha t his su bj e c ts sho uld render . ,

h
And w en indeed w ill a fa irer o pport nity er
,
u ,
o f
f hi m all the service he st a nds in need o f ; b u t it
th a n n o w th at we rul e many n atio ns an d al l is stil l mo re re a so n able tha t he sh o u ld l abo u r t o
‘

, , ,

Asi a ? ”
make them h a ppy ; bec au se it is fo r tha t ve r y '

Cyrus h aving he a rd their speec h though he end th at he is their king as mu ch as it is

‘

,
, ,

a ppr o ved n o t o f it desired the m t o do so : bu t ,

t o t he end a n d o ffice o f a shepherd t o ta ke ca re
he wa rned t he m a t the s ame time to prep a re
”
o f hi s fl o ck .
, ,

themsel v es n o lo nger t o rul e bu t t o be ru led ; fo r It may be o bserved th at it is s o mewh at r e

, ,

tha t fertile c o u ntries n atu r ally produ ced efi e mi ma rk able th a t Xen o pho n represents Cyru s a s ’

n a te me n ; tha t it w as n o t usua l fo r th e s ame s o il c o mp ari ng kings an d himse lf in p a rticul a r to , ,

t o be a r b o th a dmira ble fru it an d w a rl ike me n shepherds seeing tha t it is t he very cha ra cter . ,

The Persia ns therefo re a cquies cing qu itted which S cripture give s t o this prin c e
, , ,
.
 HIST O RY OF TH E PERSIA N S .

T h at sa ith o f Cyr u s H e i s my she phe rd ever u nse as o n ably engages renders hi mself ao
An d sh a ll p erform a l l my pl e a sure —Isa x l iv
, ,
”
,
28
c o u ntable fo r a ll the bl o od th a t is shed al l the
. . . .

misery that ens u e s In t he beginning o f his

The c o mp arison o f a king t o a shepherd w as a rs Cy ru s fo u n ded al l his hopes o f s u cce ss on
.
,

w ,

h o wever in o rient a l writings very c o mmo n u st ice o f his c au se

,

the j a n d represented t o his

.
, ,

The figure is indee d frequ ently met with in s o l di ers in o rder t o inspire the with c r ge ,
, ,
m ou a
S c riptu re t o den o te the go o d king an d confidence th a t they were n o t t he a ggr es
.
,

Acc o rding t o Ci c er o a n d o ther ancient writers s o rs that it w a s the enem th t tt cked t e ,

,
; a a a h m; ,

t he te mper ance o f Cyru s w as v ery re ma rk able

a n d th a t they were entitle t o t he protecti o n o f
.

F r o m this c au se they rec o rd tha t he enj oyed a ,

t he g o ds w ho see med the mselves t o h ave pu t
vig o ro u s state o f he al th t o t he c l o se o f a l o ng a rms int o their h ands tha t they ight fight in ,

m
life * By te mper a n c e indeed he w a s en abled defence o f their friends an d all ies w ho were
. , ,
,

t o seize the Opp o rt un ities o f c o nqu e st a n d t o

,

u njustly Oppressed The succeeding victories o f

,

perfect his ch a r a c ter t a s been well o bserved Cyrus had he s ame principle f j u stice
.

o n their
by Socrates t ha t t hat m
.

t o
g be a rs the gre atest
’

, a side Both the king o f Lydia an d t he king o f

re se mbl ance t o t he De i ty who c o ntents hi mself B a yl o n were the a ggress o rs The truth is
‘ .

b
wi th t he fewest an d most si mple ne c — a ries o f
.

ess Cyr u s w as a c o nqu er o r un der t he i mmediate

,

Tempgi an ce keeps t he senses E

-
l ife lgar an d
m him a s an
'

id n e f G d w h de f
.

g u a c o o o a u s e o
iffiembar r assed an d makes the m seiz e the o bj ect instrument in e ffe c ting his merciful p u rp o se
”
,
,
s
they desire with gre ater s ati sfa cti o n It a ppe a rs The results o f his c o nqu ests have been seen in
.

with life in the fac e a n d dec o rum in the per al l a ges o f the world fro m the peri o d at which
,

son ; gives y o u t he c o mman d o f your senses ; they o cc u rr ed And very glori o u s ar e the r e
.
,

secures y o u r he alth ; an d preserves y o u in a sul which h ave been witnessed Thr o u gh him
'
.

ts
pro per c o nditio n fo r your affai rs b o th as regards t he Jews were rele ased from their ca ptivity in
.

tit h e an d eternity .
B abylo n an d thr o u gh them the Gentile w o rld ,

F ly dr un k en n e ss who se v il e in c on tin e n ce ,
has been o ffered del iver ance fro m t he c aptivity
T a k e s bo th awa y t hy re a so n a n d t hy se n se o f sin a n d de ath a n d hell Thi s fact is o n e of
, , .

tho se links in the chain o f D ivine lo ve which

,
T ill w ith C ir caea n cu p t h y min d p o sse ss d s
’
,

L e a v e s t o be man a n d w ho lly t u r n s t o b a st
a nn o t be sufficiently ad mired
e
c In the l angua ge
.
.

T hin k v h il e tho u s w a l l o w e st t he ca p acio u s b owl

,
s ,
.

T ho u l e t t st i n sea s t o wr eck a n d dr o w n t hy sou l

’
o f t he a po stle P aul alone can we give du e utter ,

T hat he ll i s o p e n t o r eme mb r a n ce c all , a nce t o o u r feelings : O the depth o f the riches

,

An d t hin k h o w su bj e ct dr u n k ar ds a r e t o fa ll b o th o f the wisd o m a n d kn o w ledge o f G

.

R AN D OL P H
ho w unse a rch able ar e his judgments an d
.

Another fav o u rable trai t in the ch a r acter o f w ays p a st finding o u t l Ro m xi 33

”
. . .

Cyru s w as his cle mency Hero do tu s it is true

M B Y S E S OR L OH OR AS P
, , ,

represents him as the reverse o f a mercifu l co n C A , .

u
q e o r r By
. his str o ng prej u dices a g a inst Cyrus O n the de a th o f Cyrus the Gre a t B C 5 2 9 hi
,
s , . .
,

tha t hist o ri an ha s depreci a ted the fair fame o f son C amby ses to w ho m o n his dying , , ,

o n e o f t he wisest be st an d gre a test prin c es th a t ,

bequ e athed t he b u lk of his domin i o ns a
,
,

ever sw a yed a sceptre o n e w ho w a s bel o ved the throne o f Persi a .

by his su bj ects h o n o u red with the friendship ,

C a m byses a ppe a rs t o h a ve b ee n t h e reverse of

o f t he pr o phet D a niel blessed with the fa vo u r the cha ra cter o f Cyru s The a cti o ns Of his reign
,
.

a n d protecti o n o f He a ven an d pre o rd a ined to pr o ve th a t he

,
w a s neither - a ctu a ted by re a s on n or
ar of
perfo rm all G o d s ple a s u re NO o n e s ays Xc ’
j u stice in his .
enterprizes In
,
t h e f o urth y e .
‘

h i rei n he inv ded Egypt a d with w h a t w rld

n o ho n
p w as better qu a l i fied t o c o ncili a te u n i s g a n
, ,

a der ma y
,

versa l l o ve t h a n Cyru s w ho spent mo st o f his f u ry he r a v a ged t h a t c o u ntry t h e re ,

,

m
ti e in procuring so me ple a su re a n d go o d t o al l g a ther fro m the Hist o ry o f the E gy p t Ian s S ee
,
.

a n d ill t o none H is merciful di sp o sition w a s p age 5 8

.
.

exhibited in be autifu l c o lo u rs in his c o nd u ct V a ri o u s a n d i m pr o b a ble a cc o u nts a r e gi ven o f

t o wa rds Cr ce sus as rel at ed in the life o f that this inv a si o n by Her o d o t us T h e true o n e ap .

pe a rs t o be that Amasis w ho had submi tted t o

,

, ,

Cyr ref sed u p o n t he de ath o f th at c o nq u er o r

generall y a ckn o wledged u s u , , ,

t hi s c c e ss o r the s ame h o mage an d t r i

fo rce ; lo o ked u p o n the o p ya s u

c o m m o n rules o f jus ti c e a s l aws whi ch o nly bute T h is a c c ount is indeed confir m ed by the . , ,

Persi n hist o ri a ns w h o st a te t h a t L o ho raS p

priv ate pers o n s were o bliged t o o bserve a n d de a
,
, , ,

while he regul t ing h e stern pr o vi nces

ro gat o ry to the maj e sty o f kings ; set no o ther w a s a t e a

f Ir n sent his gener a l G u d a rz o r R a h am

b o u nds t o their designs an d pretens io ns than o a , , , ,

m
,

the i r inc ap acity of ca rrying them t o a n equ al wit h a n a r y t o rec o ver the we stern pr o vinces
, .

f Syri etc G u d a rz c o nq u er ed Syri a a s fa r as

extent with their wishe s ; s a crifice d the lives o f o a ,
.

D m c P le tine incl u di ng t he famo u s

milli o ns to their ambitio n ; ma de their gl o ry a as u s a n d a s ,

c ns st
o i i n spre a ding deso latio n an d destruction ; c ity o f Jer u s a le m c a ll ed by t h e Per si ans
“
the , ,
”
an d t o b o rr o w a n ide a fr o m Senec a reigned a s
,
Ho ly City ,
.

T e re fe p a s s a ge thr ou gh t he desert
be a rs an d l io ns w o u ld have d o ne had they been o s c u a s a ,

n d Egypt C ambyses by t he
,

masters between P a lestine a

r efu e e fro m A
, ,

m
.

dvi e f Ph nes Greek a sis

The ch ar a cter o f Cyru s seems t o h ave been a c o a a , ,

the reverse o f this He mi ght hav e be en a ctu ated m a d e a tre a ty with t h e k ing of r abi a t o fu rnish ,

m m
.

r y wi h w ter w h ic h h did by e a ns o f
by ambiti o n bu t he reverenced t he l aws an d h i s a t a e ,

m
, ,
t h kin o f c a el s O n a rriving at t he P el u sia c
knew that there ar e u nj u st w a r s in w hi ch w ho e s s . ,

o r e a stern bra nc h o f t he N ile C ambyses

,
un d

n an d s u c cess o r o f A asis
,

Lu ca n sa y s he l i v d u pwa r ds o f o n e hu n dr e d y e a rs
e P s a m m e n it u s t h e s o
.
, ,
 HI S TOR Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

(w ho w as de a d befo re t he Persi ans a rrived ) e n , temple o f J u piter A mmon built o n an o as is in , ,

ca mped with his a rmy A b a ttle en su e d an d .

, the midst o f t he desert .

t he Egyp ti a ns we r e r o u ted The Persi ans pu r . In t he me a n t ime C ambyses pu shed ma dly ,

su ed t hem to Me mp his whi ch w as s o o n red u ced , , fo r w a rds ag a inst t he Ethi o pian s Befo re ho w .
,

an d P samme n it us ta ken a fter a reign o f six , ever he ha d perfo rmed a fifth : p a rt o f his ex
,

mo nths He w as s o on after pu t to de a th fo r
.
, p e d it io n the pro vis ions he had with him were
,

fo menting rebellio n by C ambyses B C 5 2 5 , , . . . c o ns umed The a rmy then pro ceeded t o e at .

Aft er t he c o nqu est o f Egypt C ambyses r e ,

t h e be a sts w hich c a rrie
s o lved t o make w ar in three different qu arters a ls o were s o o n c o nsumed .

a ga inst the C a rtha gini ans Ammo n ian s an d , ,

by se s w as u n ab ated an d ,

cre ased He proceede d o n his ma r ch an d his

'

M acro bi an o r l o ng li v ed Ethiopi ans The first

,
-
. .
,

o f the se pr oj ects h e w as c o mpell ed t o ab a nd o n ,

the P henici an s in his service refu sing t o fight

’

a ga in st t he C a rtha gini a ns the ir descenda nts ; ,

bu t being re so lved t o in v ade the o ther t w o n a

ti o ns he sent a mb as sa do rs into Ethi o pi a * w ho
,
‘

, ,

u nder t ha t c ha ra cter were t o a ct as spie s fo r ,

him a n d t o le a rn the st ate a n d stren gt h o f the

,
s atisfy t he hunger o f t he rest .

c o u ntry . T hi s a pp al ling a cti o n seemed t o al a rm even the

The amb a s sa do rs o f C ambyses c a rried pre ma d C ambyses hi mself Al a rmed s ays Hero .
,

sents al o ng with the m whi c h they deli vered t o ,

do t u s a t t h e ide a o f his tr o o ps dev o u ring o n e
,

the king o f Ethi o pi a with this a ddress : C am a n o ther h e a b ando ned hi s de sign u p o n t he Eth i
,
:

by ses s o vereign o f Persi a fro m his a nxi o us de

, ,
Opia n s an d retu rned t o T hebe s
, F r o m T hebe s .

sire o f bec o ming yo u r friend an d a lly ha s sent , he pro c eeded t o Me mphis fro m whence he per ,

u s t o c o mmu nic at e with y o u a n d t o desire y o u r ,

mit t e d the Greeks to emb ark .

a ccept a nce o f these presents fro m t he u se o f ,

The fa te o f the expe di ti o n of the Ammo n ian s
whi c h he himself derives t he gre atest ple asur e w as still mo re disa str o u s
”
. There w a s n o r o a d .

T heir de signs were s u spected an d the Ethiopi a n ,

n o r tr a ct thro u gh the s a ndy w aste tha t the in

prince di smi ssed them wit h this reply :
king o f Persi a has n o t sent y ou with these pre
se nts fr o m an y desire o f obt aining my a lli ance ;
The v a ders ha d t o tr a verse ; no hill n o r tre e whic h
might serve t o guide them o nw a rd in their
c o urse The a rmy more o ver w as pl a ced at the
.
, ,

neither do y o u spe ak the tru th who t o fa cili ta te , ,

mercy o f Egypti an gui des who se minds ,

the unj u st desi gns o f y o u r ma ster ar e c o me t o ‘

, g al led by their c o untry s wro ngs a n d w ho ’

,

ex amine the st ate o f my domini o ns If he were . fra tern al affecti o n for the Ammo n ian s .

infl u en c ed by principles o f integrity he w o u ld , resu lt w as th a t the Persi ans were deserted by

,

be s atisfied with his o w n an d not c o vet the p o s ,

the se gui des §a n d they w andered a b o u t i n inde
,

sessi o ns o f an o ther ; n o r w o u ld he a tt empt t o scribable c o nfu sio n The gre ater p a rt o f the m .

redu ce th o se to servitu de fro m who mhe has r e were ac c o rding to the Ammo n ia n s fin a lly o v er
, ,

c e iv ed n o inju r y Give him therefo re thi s bow

.
, . ,
whelmed by the mo ving s ands that win ds s o me
a n d in m n a me spe ak t o him thu s : The king o f
y times r ai se in the desert T his fe a rful c a tas .

Ethi o pi a sends this c o u nsel t o the king o f Pe r si a ,

t r o phe has been thus described by t he p o e t
When his su bj ects sh a ll be able to bend this ho w
wi th the s ame e a se that I do then with a su pe No w the ir he ads t h e whi zz in g w hir l wi n ds bre a t he
o er
’
,
, ,
An d t he l o ne de se r t p a nts a n d h e a v e s be n ea th ;
r io r it
y o f nu m bers he m a y ventu re t o a tt a ck the
, T i n g e d by t he cr ims n su n v a st c o l u mn s r i se o

M a crobi a n Ethio pia ns In the me an time let

,

.
, Of e d d y i n g sa n d , a n d w ar a mid t h e sk ie s ,

hi m be th a nk ful t o t he gods that the Ethi o pia ns In b ill o w y pl a in s u r r o u n d

r e d a r ca de s t h e ,

h a ve n o t been inspired with t he s ame ambitious An d whir l in g tur rets sta l k a l o ng t h e gro u n d .

”
views o f extending their p o ssessions .

When C ambyses received this mess age he , on t he nor gr e a t Liby an de se rt o n t h e so u th

th , an d t he .

w a s enr a ged an d comma nded hi s a rmy t o begin

I t in cl u de d c o n se q u e n t ly t he de ser t th a t c o n ta in s t he
, ,
,
Wa hs o r Oa sis de p e n de n t o n Egyp t Th e term me a n s
their ma rch immedi ately withou t pro v idi ng s a ys
.
,
, , a n In su l a t e d fe r ti l e s p o t l ik e a n i sl a n d i n t he mid st o f a n
,

Hero do t us fo r their necess ary s u sten ance o r r e

, , e x p a n se o f s an d o r de se r t su r r o u n de d c o mmo n ly by ,

fl ectin g tha t he w as ab o u t to visit t he extre mities h ig h e r l a n ds I t w a s in o n e o f the se (t he Li by a n Oa sis )

.
, ,

o f the ea rth He left t he Grecians behind hi m tha t t he Ammo n i a n s l iv e d an d t he templ e a n d o rac l e o f ,

.
J u p ite r A mmo n w a s pl ac e d T his Oa sis w a s v i site d by a .

in his newly c o nqu ered c o un t ry t o keep it in , tra v e ll e r in 1 7 9 8 w ho h a s de scrib e d bo th i t a n d t h e r u in s

,

s u bj e c tio n du ring his absence . o f t h e a n ci en t te mpl e I t i s n o w ca ll e d t he Oa sis o f

.

O n hi s a rriva l at T hebes C ambyses selected ,

S er w a h .

fr o m hi s a rmy a bo u t men wh o m he o r , I Fro m thi s i t pp e ars th at C a mby se s n e v e r p e n e tr ate d

a

dered t o make an inc u rsion against t he Ammo b e y o n d t he de se rt o f S e l ima that i s sa y s R e n n e ll o n t he , , ,

su pp o si t io n t h at he se t o u t fro m T he be s a n d t h a t S e n aat
u lans 1 an d to plu nder the A mmo nium o r gre a t
~ ,
, ,
w a s t h e e n tra n ce i nt o t h e c o u n try o f t h e M a cr o b i a n Et hi
o p ia n s . The de sert a ll u de d t o w a s th at i n wh ic h B r u ce
I t i s imp o ssibl e t o determin e wh at p a rticul ar na tio n su ffe r e d su c h dre a df u l h a r dsh ip s name ly th at a b o v e , ,

i s me a n t u n de r t hi s a pp e ll a ti o n R e n n e ll thi n k s t he y . S ye n e.

we r e t he Aby ssin ia n s ; a n d B ru c e ima g in e s th at the y we re

t h e G u a b a s a n d G a n g a s w h o in ha b i t t w o sma l l p r o v in ce s S a v ary sa y s tha t t h e ro u te o f th e army mak e s it pl a in
,

o r di stri c t s o f Aby ssi n ia

,

Whoe v e r the y we r e they mu st tha t t he gu ide s w ho de t e ste d t h e P e r si a n s l e d the m

, ,

a stra y a mi dst t h e de se r t s for th e y sho u l d h a v e d e p ar te d

. ,

h a v e b ee n a c o n si de r a bl e n ati o n s in ce the ir mo na r ch
s e n t a me ssa g e o f d e fi an c e t o C a mby se s
,
fro m t he l a k e M a r e o t is t o t he te mpl e o f A mmo n o r fr o m ,

t h e e n v i r o n s o f M e mph i s The Egyptia n s i n te n di ng t he

.

.
,

f The Ammo n ia n s in t h e d a y s p ie d of He ro do tu s o ccu d e str u cti o n o f t he i r e n e mie s l e d t he m fr o m T h e be s t o t he ,

m o s a n d h a vmg
,
t t r y j y f Aby
,

a c o n s ide r a bl e sp a c e i n L iby a b etwe e n U pp e r Egyp t o n O

’

g r e a as i s h e e d a s ou
, r n e r o d ,

b r o u ght the m i n to t h e v a st so l it u de s o f Li by a the y de

,

t he e a s t a n d t he de se r t o f B a rc a o n t h e w e st a n d b e t w e e n ,

l i v e re d the m o v e r t o de a th
, ,

t h e N o ma di c t r ib e s a l o n g t h e c oa st o f t he M e dite rr a n e a n
, ,
.
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

L o n g ran k s i n v a i n t he ir shin in g bl ad e s e xte n d ; fo u nd it w as E c bata na a n o bsc u re to wn in Syri a

To d e mo n g o ds th e ir k n e s u n ha l l o w d be n d ;
’ , ,

Wh e e l in w ide c ir cl e s fo r m i n ho ll o w sq u are ;
e
where t he Egypti a n o r a cle o f B u to s w a rne d him
he sho u ld d ie ; bu t w hi c h he mist o o k fo r Ec ba
,

An d n o w the y fl y a n d n o w t he y fr o nt t h e a i r ;
,

Pi e rc e t h e d e a f t e mp e st wi t h l a me n tin g c r ie s ta n a t he c a p ital o f Medi a an d t he de pO t of his ,

F r o m t h e ir p a r che d l i p s a n d c l o se the i r bl o o d sh o t e y e s
, .
tre a su res Up o n thi s it is rec o rded tha t he
G n o me s ! o e r t he wa st e y o u l e d y o u r my r ia d p o w e rs
.
’ ,

C limb d o n t h e w h ir l s a n d a r m d t h e fl mt y sh ower s
’ ’
,
bitterly l amented his err o r in destr o ying his
br t er Sme r dis ; fo r h e s a id it w a s Smer “
,
h
”
On w a r d r e si st l e ss r o l l s t he in t u r ia t e su r ge o
'

. , ,
Cl o u d s fo ll ow cl o u d s a n d mo u n ta i n s mo u n ta in s u r g e ;
, dis Ma gus who m t he deity fo ret o ld in visi o n
Wa v e o v e r w a v e t he dr iv in g de se r t sw ims sho u ld rise u p a g a inst me
B u r st s o e r t he ir he a d i n h u me s the ir t r u ggl in g l imb s
’
,
That C ambyses felt .
”

c o mp u nct io n fo r his gu ilt when de ath sta red him

s
,

M a n mo u n t s o n ma n ; o n c a me l s c a me l s r u sh
H o s t s ma r c h o e r ho s t s ; a n d n a t io n s n a io n s c r u sh ; t in t he fac e c an be re adily believed ; fo r gui lt
’

Whe e l in g in a ir , t h e w in g e d Isl a n ds fa ll , so o ner o r l a ter brings mi sery a n d his w a s gu ilt

An d o n e g r e a t e a r hy o t e a n co v e r s a l’ l
t ,

o f n o o rdi n a ry n a t u re Re a der t he life o f Cam

.

T he n c e a se d t he s o r m N ig h ho w d h e r E hi o p b r o
t t t w .
,

by se s sh o ws wh a t a mo n ster man may bec o me if

.

To e a r t h , a n d l ist e n e d t o t h e g r a v e s b e l o w ;
G r im H o r r o r sh o o k : a w h i l e t he l i v i n g h i ll
H e a v e d i h c o n v u l si v e hr o e s, a n d a l l w a s s ill
wt
left to hi mself ; if hi s a cti o ns ha v e n o t a restraint
t t
pu t u p o n the m by p o wer fr o m o n high It
.

D AR WI N .

s hou ld te a ch us t o pr a y with the p sa lmist

.

The re ma inder o f t he rei gn o f C amb y se s

,

ti ssu e o f the mo st extra va ga nt cru elties K ee p b a ck t h y se rv a n t a l so from p r e su mp tu ou s sin s ;

L e t th e m n o t h a v e do mi n i o n o v e r me
excesse s o f every kind co mmitted a gai n st , T he n sha ll I be u pr ight ,

Egypti ans the Persi ans an d his o w n fa mily An d I sh a ll be i n n o ce n t fr o m t he gr ea t [o r mu ch] tr an s ~

—
.
, ,

A c c o rdi ng t o Her o do tu s he slew t he magistra tes

”
gr essi o n P sa x i x 1 3 . . . .

o f Me mp his a t his ret u rn fo r su fl e r in g p u bl ic

‘

SM ERD IS M AG U S
rej o icing o n t he o cc a si o n o f finding their new
.

di v inity Apis wou nded their c al f god in the

, As so o n as Smer di s the Ma gi an a scended t he
thigh an d c o mmanded t he priests to be scou rged throne o f Per si a in o rder t o secure hi mself
, .
,
He grew j e a l o u s o f his br o ther Smer dis bec au se thereon he s o u ght t o ga in the affecti o ns o f his , ,

he w as t he o nly Persia n able t o ben d t he Et hio s u bj ects His first act w as t o gr ant the m .

p ian bo w sent him ho me t o Persi a a n d s o o n exe mpti o n fro m t a xes an d from all milita ry
, ,

after , o n a c c o u nt o f a dre am portending tha t service fo r three ye a rs B u t his reign w as brie f . .

Sme r dis w o ul d be adv a n c ed t o t he thr o ne had His gro ss i mp o stu re w a s disc o vered a n d he w a s , ,
him pu t t o de a th He ma rried two o f his o w n sl a in with his brother in a conspiracy for med by
.

si ster s a n d killed the y o u nger for l a menting the

, seven Per si a n n o bles o f the first ra nk an d cou se
de a th o f her br o ther Smer dis He sho t t he so n qu en c e in the s t ate at t he end o f seven months .
, .

o f P r e x aspe s o n e o f his princip a l Offi c ers t hr o u gh

, It is pr o b able th at Smer dis w as r aised t o t he ,

t he he a rt with a n a rr o w by w a y o f pr o ving tha t throne by a c o n spir a cy o f t he priestly c a ste who

, ,
he w as neither dru nk n o r ma d He vi o l a ted the were desir o u s o f re sto ring their o w n s u pre mac y
.
,
to mbs Of the Egypti ans t o ex amine the mu mmies a n d th a t o f their a llies t he Medes The re sul t
, .
, .

He ins u lted t he pigmy sta tu e o f their chief go d Of the a tte mpt w as very c al amit o u s to the m .

Vu lc a n an d b u rne d t ho se o f t he C a biri F in a lly Wh en t he he a d o f the fal se Sme r dis w a s sho wn

,
.
,

when Cr oesus ventu red a s his father s friend to t o t he pe o ple an d t he i mp o stu re expl a ined they
,
’
,
, ,

re mo nstra te on t he en o rmities he w a s c o mmitting were so enra ged that they fell u pon t he magi , , ,

an d t o se t befo re him t he pro b a ble c o nseq u ence s a n d pu t to de ath as ma ny as c o uld be disc o vered , .

he sn a tc hed his bo w t o sho o t him with a n a rr o w The da y o n which t his trans actio n o ccu rre d
"

Croes u s esc ape d by a prec ipita te fl ight an d he t hencefo rw a rd bec ame an annu al festiv al amo ng ,

w a s insta n tly o rdered t o be p u t t o de a th His t he Persi ans by w ho m it w as celebra ted with .

,

o fli c e r s del ayed t he exe cu ti o n ti l l t he next da

y gre a t rej o i c ing s It w a s c al led T he sl a u ghter , .

w hi ch ga v e him a pp a rent sa tis fac ti o n bu t he o f the magi an d n o ne o f th a t sect w o u ld ,

o rdere d them to be pu t t o de a th fo r di so bedience ventu re t o a ppe a r in pu blic u p o n that festival .

Her o d o t u s g ives a r o mantic a cc o un t o f the

It w as ab o u t this time B c 5 2 3 th a t O rastes ad o pti o n o f a mo n arch by the c o nsp irat o rs after
, . .
, ,

o n e o f t he sa t r a p ee o f C a mby ses w ho ha d t he t he t u mu lt ha d su b sided He s a ys t ha t he ga ined

, .

go vern ment o f S a rd is bro u ght a b o u t t he de a th t he cro wn fr o m his c o mpetito rs by t he str atage m

,

o f P o l y c ra tes t r a nt o f S amo s t o w hi ch refer o f his gr o o m pr o cu ring the first neighing o f hi s

y , ,

enc e ha s been ma de in t he hist o ry o f t he ho rse a s rec o rded by a p u blic mo nument : ,

Egypti ans p age 5 7 , . D a riu s so n o f H y st aspes gained the kingdo m , ,

In t he begi nning o f t he eighth ye a r o f the o f the Persi ans by t he merit of his h o rse an d o f
reign o f C ambyses h e left Egypt in o rd er t o his gro o m (Ebar e s
, The ac c o u nt whi c h JES .

ret u rn into Persia O n his w a y thither he dis chyl u s give s o f the tra ns a cti o n is mo re pr o b able
.
, ,

covered tha t Sme r dis Magu s w ho pers o n ated his an d mo re c o n sistent with the a fter cha ra cter o f
,

bro ther who m he had sl a in ha d been pro cl a imed D a ri u s H y stas p e s ,A c c o rding t o thi s ancient .

king at S u s a T his a r o u sed him fr o m his writer t he seven c o nspira tors a greed t o reign in
.
,

letha rgy He ins ta ntly prep a red to le ad his ro ta ti o n The first th a t go vern ed w a s M ar aphis
.
. ,

a rmy t hither in order t o cr ush t he rebe lli o n w ho is n o t fou nd in the li st o f Her o do t u s ; the
, .

B u t his d ays were n u mbered As he h astily next w as Art aphr e n e s who m Herodotu s c a lls .
,

mo un ted his ho r se t o set o u t his sw o rd fell fro m In t a pher n e s ; a n d the n ext D a ri u s T his la st
, .

t he sc a bb a rd a n d w o u n de d hi m mo rt all y in t he
, n o ble man w a s p o s sessed o f s uperi o r a bilities an d
thigh . a spirit o f enterprize he w as al so o f t he Achse
Her o do tus s ay s tha t when t he a ccident o c c u rre d me n ian o r roy al line an d his father H y st asp e s
, , , , ,

he an xi o u sly inqu ired t he n a me o f t he pl a ce a n d w a s g o vern o r o f Persi a t he first pro vin c e ( t he

f , ,
 H I STOR Y OF TH E PERS IAN S .

e mpire Upo n the se a cc o u nts therefo re when wis hing t o le ave behind him s o me mo nument
. .
,

t he o vernment c ame to his turn he c o ntrived t o which s ho u ld exce e d the e ffo rts o f his r ed e ces
g ,
p
reta i n t he po sse ssi o n o f it fo r hi mself an d t o s o rs stru c k o ff a c o in o f the p u rest go ld t he , , ,
tra n smi t it t o his family Tha t he w as the mo st D a ric whi ch reta in e d its n ame d o wn t o the
.
,

fo rmid able c o mpetit o r fo r the cro w n a ppe a rs Ma cedo ni a n dyn asty The impressio n o n this , .

even fro m the p a ges o f Herod o tus ; fo r he relates famo u s c o in w as D a ri u s the king cro wn ed in , , , ,
that hi s merit exci t ed the j e al o u sy o f Cyrus him the a tti t ude o f a n a rcher with a bent bo w , ,

self w ho expressed his s u spicions t o H y st aspes an d kneeling on the right side t o ta ke a im a t

, , ,

t he fa ther t ha t D a ri u s then a y o u th w a s e u
, the ene my
, , .

gag ed in some tre as o n able designs Her o d o tus After the de ath o f Smer dis Ma gus a n d the
.
,
a ls o represents hi m a s p o ssessing gre a te r enter est ablishment o f D a rius o n the thro ne it w as ,

prize tha n t he rest o f t he c o n spir ators by c o m a greed tha t the Persi an n o blemen w ho had con ,

pelli ng the m t o a pr o mpt exec u ti o n o f their pl a n spired a gain st him should besides severa l ma rks , ,

u nder a th re a t o f info r min g a g a inst the m if of di stinctio n h a ve the liberty o f free a ccess t o ,

the k ing s presence at all ti mes except when the ’

,

qu een w as with hi m In t a phe r n es o n e o f these

DARIUS H YSTASP ES O R G U SH TASP ,
.

n o ble men being refus ed a dmitta n c e under these

,
.

D a ri u s H y sta sp e s c o mmenced his reign circ umst a nces a tta cked the o fli cer s of the pal ace , ,

52 1. He a ppe a rs to ha ve been the first w ho u sed infl icting o n th e m severe wo u nds with his scy
the o l d title o f roy a lty D ar aw e sh o r D a rius as mita r D a ri u s enra ged a t this ins u lt c a u sed
, , , .
, ,

a pr o per n a me . him with his children an d kindred t o be a ppr e , ,

s

Befo re D a ri u s o btai ned the kingdo m he had hended an d condemned the m t o de a th co n

m
, , ,

ma rried t he da ii te r o f G o br y as wh o se n a e fo u nding thereby t he inn oc ent with the guilty

vgen se ated o n the t hr o ne i n
, .

is u nknown . Throu gh the i mport u nities o f his wife h o wever , , ,

o rder t o sec u re himself thereon he ma rried t w o her bro ther w a s first s aved fro m destr u cti o n a n d
, ,

o f the da ughters Of Cyrus Atoss a fo r merly the event ual ly the eldest o f her children : the rest
,

wife o f C a mbyses a nd Ar t ist o n a He likewi se perished

,

. .
,

ma rried P ar my s dau ghter o f t he true Smer dis

,
It ha s been seen in the life o f C ambyses th a t , , ,

thereby freeing hims elf fr o m all fe a r o f a c o m the p e r fi dio us O rastes o n e o f t he king s go vern ,
’

petito r for the c r o w n o r s in Asi a Min o r br o u ght a bo u t the de a th o f

.
,

O ne o f the first ac ts of D ar iu s w as to re gul ate P o lycrates tyra nt of S amo s by tre a chery His , , .

the sta t e o f t he provinces an d the fin ances o f the cri me di d n o t go unpu nish ed Da rius discover
, .
,

e mpire Befo re his e r a Cyr u s an d C ambyses ing tha t O ras tes abu sed his p o wer by s po rting
.
, ,

had co ntented the msel v es with receiv i ng fro m with the lives o f those pers o ns who disple ased
the c o nqu ered n ati o ns s u ch free gi fts o nly as him sent an order t o his tr o o ps at S a rdi s to put ,

they o ffered an d with requi ring a c ert a in n u m him t o de at h which o rder w as exec u ted with o ut
, ,

ber o f tro o ps when they were needed D a rius dela y All his e ffects were c o nfisc ated t o the . .

per c eived that it w as i mp o ssible fo r hi m t o pre king an d all the perso ns belonging t o hi s family ,

serve a ll t he n a ti o ns subj ect to him in pe ace an d an d h o u seho ld were re mo ved t o S u s a .

se c u rity witho ut a n est abl ishment o f regul a r

,
In the seco nd ye a r o f the reign o f D a ri u s the ,

fo rc es an d th a t it w as a ls o imp o ssible t o ma in bui lding o f the te mple a t Jer u s al e m w as r e

ta in these fo rces without a reven u e In order s u med chi efly by t he exho rta ti o n s o f t he pr o
.
, ,

therefo re t o e ffect these Obj ects he divided the phets H agg ai a n d Z ech a ri a h Zer u bb a bel the
, , .
,

whole e mpire into twenty districts o r go vern go vern o r a n d J o shua the high priest made ap , , ,

ments ; e a ch o f which w as t o p ay a nn u ally a cer pl i ca ti o n t o t he Persi a n c o urt a n d Obta ined a ,

ta in sumt o the s atra p app o inted fo r that purp o se renewa l o f the o rigin a l decree of Cyru s c o ncern ,

as befo re record ed The n at u ral s u bj ects th at ing its erecti o n With so mu ch al a crit y did they , .

is t he Persi a ns were exe mpt fro m all im now c a rry o n their w o rk th a t the t o p stone w as
, , ,
-

posts . r a is ed in j oy wit hi n fo u r ye a rs a n d a qua rte r

Plu ta rch o bserves th a t D a rius in imposing from its rec o mmence ment th at is in the sixth
, , , ,

these tribu tes sh o w e d gre at wisdo m an d mo de

,
ye a r o f the reign o f Da rius See Ezra v an d vi . . .

r ati o n He sent fo r t he princip al inha bita nts o f 1 — 1 5 ; H ag ii 1 — 1 8

. . . .

every pro vin ce such as were best a cqu ainted

,
When D a ri u s served in Egypt under C am ,

with the condition a n d a bi l ity of their c o u ntry by ses he had received fav o urs a t the h ands o f , ,

a n d were interested in giving him a tru e a n d Sy l o so n brother to P o lycra tes tyra nt of S amo s , , .

i mp a rtial a cc o unt When t hey a rrived he asked Abo u t thi s time B C 5 1 6 Syl o so n rep aired to
.
, , . .
,

the m if s u ch su ms which he pr o posed t o e ach ex the Persi a n c o u rt a t Sus a t o s o li cit his a id in

cee de d wh a t they were able t o p ay his intenti o n
being as he s aid not to oppre ss his su bj ects bu t
, , ,

t o require o f the m s u ch a id as w as pr o p o rti o ned

t o their 1 n c o me s a n d required by the ex i gencies
,

o f t he sta te They replied th a t the pr o p o siti o ns

.
,

were re ason able an d su ch as w o u ld n o t be bur

,

den so me t o the pe o ple bu t D a ri u s reduced the

pro po sed s ums t o o n e half choo sing r a ther to During this S a mi a n expeditio n the B abyl o
-
, ,

keep within bounds tha n to risk a possibility of ni su s w ho had ta ken adva nta ge o f the c o nfu sion
, ,

exceeding them . o f the times during the ma gia n us u rp a ti o n, t o

C o n c erning these i mp o st s it ma y be here men pro vide a ga inst a siege rev o lted In o rder to
, ,
.

t i o ne d h o wever t ha t t he c o in a ge o f mo ney w as
, ,
prevent famine they took the strange an d nu ,

not kn o wn m Pe rsi a till a bo u t this time D a ri u s n atu ral resol u ti o n o f str angl ing all their w o men
.
,
 HI ST O R Y OF THE PER SI ANS .

and c hildren except their mo thers a n d one

, gre at prepa r atio ns fo r t he inv asi o n of Scythi a * , ,

fe ma le t o b ake their bre ad : th u s fu lfilling t he u nder the pretence of ret a li ati o n for their inv a si o n

predicti o n o f t he pr o phet o f the Medes ne a rly o n e hun dred an d twenty ,

ye a r s befo re His re a l mo tive w as the extension .

,
T he re fore hear n o w this thou that ar t g iv e n t o pl e a o f hi s conqu ests an d e mp ire
,
.

su r e s
D a ri u s cro ssed the Ister or L ower D an u be
,

T hat d w e ll e st c are l e ssly ,

, ,

T hat sa y e st in th in e he art o ver a bridge o f b o a ts at the pl a c e where it first

, ,

I am a n d n o n e e l se b e side me ;
, begins t o branch o ff t o fo rm t he different c ha n
I sha ll n o t si t as a wido w nels by which
,
it enters the E u xine a little a bo ve
Ne i t he r sh a ll I k n o w t h e l o ss o f chi l dre n ,

B u t the se t w o t hi n g s sha ll co me t o the e i n a mo men t the fo rtress o f Is mai l in Bess a r abi a The Persi an , .

i n o ne da y ,
a rmy is s ai d by Her o d o tu s a n d Justin to h a ve c o n
The l o ss o f ch i l dre n a n d widowho o d , sisted of seven h u ndred tho us a nd men ; it is pr o
T he y sha ll co me u p o n th e e i n the ir p erfe ctio n a ble th a t t he re al n u mber w as seventy t ho u s a nd
Fo r t he mu l t it u de o f t h y so rc er ie s
‘ b ,
.

An d fo r t h e gre at a bu nda n ce o f thin e en cha n tme n t s When D a ri u s ha d p assed the D a n u be he res o l v ed .

,
Isa x lv ii 8 9 u pon h a ving the bridge br o ken d o wn .
tha t hi s
.
, .

,
a rmy might n o t be we a kened by le a ving t he

D ari u s besieged B abylo n a n d w as derided by det a chment necess a ry fo r its pro tectio n In t his
,
.
,

the inso lence an d bafli e d by the vigil a nce o f the h o wever he w a s overru led by one of his o fficer s
, , ,

ene my fo r a ye a r a n d seven mo nths At the end w ho represented to him that sho u ld the w a r . , ,

of th a t ti me as he w as beginning to desp air of prove u nfo rt u n ate they w o u ld n o t be able t o

, ,

s u c c ess it w as pu t into his h a n ds by a refined esc a pe fro m t he ene my

,
.

strat a gem Of Z Opy rus so n o f M e gaby s u s T his ,

After cro ssing the D an u be it wou ld a ppe ar .
,

n o bleman w ho w as o n e o f t he seven c o u nsello rs that D a ri u s ma rc hed e a stw a rd t o the Tan ais or

, , ,

volu nt a rily mu til a ted himself a n d then dese rted D o n After cro ssing the Tan ais he entered t he,
.
,

t o t he B abyl o ni a ns ga ined their c o nfidence by a ,

territories o f the Sa u r o mat ae extending n o rth ,

pite o u s t a le of t he cruelty o f D a ri u s a n d a fter a e a st t o the ma in bra nch o f t he D o n itself w hich , ,

few prec o ncerted s u ccesses over s o me de v o ted he may be s u pp o sed t o ha ve cro ssed below t he
deta c hments o f the Per si a n a rmy he w a s a p mo u th of the M e dw e ditz a o r Lyc u s o f Herod o tu s , , .

p o inted c o mmander in chief o f t he B abylo ni a n F ro m thence D a riu s entered t he c o untry o f t he

tr o o ps an d intru sted with t he c a re o f the city Ra dia ns w hich having als o tr aversed he fin ally
, , , ,

whic h o n the first fa vo u rable Oppo rtu n ity he entered a gre a t desert t h a t sep a r a ted them fr o m
, ,

delivered t o D a ri u s . the Thy ssa ge t ae w here he h alted a n d erecte d , ,

No s oo ner w as D ari u s in p o ssessio n of B a byl o n eight fo rtre sses o n the b a nks o f the G a ru s pro , ,

th a n he o rdered its one h u ndred bra zen gates t o b a bly the Wo lga .

be p u lled d o wn a n d t he w alls of t ha t pro u d city

,
In the me a n time t he Scythi ans hovered ro und ,

t o be de mo lishe d th a t its inh abita nts might ne v er

,
his a rmy l aying w a ste the country s t opping u p , ,

h av e a n o ther Opp o rt u n ity o f rebelling a g a inst t he well s intercepting c o nv o ys cu tting o ff strag , ,

him Be sides this he i mp aled ab o u t three th o u

.
, gl e r s a n d kee ping the a rmy o n t he alert by in ,

s a nd o f its inhabita nts ; a fter which he o bliged ce ssa nt skirmishes with o u t ru nning t he h a z a rd , ,

the neighb o uring provinces t o furnish fifty th o u o f a gen er a l eng a ge ment The wh o le o f the Per .

s a nd w o men t o s u pply wives fo r the remaining si a n a rmy w as eventu a lly indeed redu ced to so
, , ,

citizens fro m wh o m the r a c e o f B abylo ni a ns deplora ble a conditi o n that they had n othing be
, ,

li ving in the time o f Hero d o tu s were descended fo re their eyes bu t inevitable ruin D a riu s sa w .

T his siege had been predi c ted by the pro phet his d a nger a n d bega n t o think o f a retre a t Ac
.

.
,

Zec ha ria h t w o ye a rs befo re who w a rned the c o r din gl y in t he de ad o f t he night t he Persia ns

, , , ,

Jews t o flee fro m thence le a ving t he si c k behind the m in the c amp r e

. ,

tr aced their steps tow a rd t he D an u be The Scy .

H O! ho ! c o me fo rth t hia n s did n o t dis c o ver th a t they had retre a ted

An d fl e e fro m t he l a n d o f t he n o rth sa ith t he L or d
,

before the next morning when they sent a co n

, ,
Fo r I ha v e sp r e a d y o u a bro a d
side r abl e deta ch ment t o t he D a n u be in o rder t o
As t he fo ur win d s o f t he he a ven sa ith t h e L o r d ,

per u de the I ni ns h h d h c h rge f h

.
,

D l v r t y e lf O Z i o n
e i e h s
s a o a w o a t e a o t e ,

bridge t o bre a k it d o wn an d retu rn ho me

, ,

T hat dw e lle st with t he dau ghte r of B a byl on .

,
.

Fo r th u sai th t he Lo rd o f h o st s
s
The Io ni ans c o nsulted amo ng the mselves whe
Afte r t he gl o ry ha th he se n t me ther t h ey s h o u ld c o mply with the request of t he
U n t o t he n a tio n s w h ich sp o il e d y o u
Fo r h e th a t t o u che th y o u S cythi a ns Milti ade s prince o f the C her so n esu s .
,

T o uche th t he a ppl e o f his ey e —Z ech 1 1 6 —8 o f Thr a ce h aving the pu blic interest at he a rt

. . . .
, ,

w as fo r e mbr a cing this o pp o rtunity o f s ha king

Dr H ales re marks : It is truly rema rk able o ff the Persi a n y o ke an d all the o ther c o m
.
“
, ,

th a t the Persia n kings w ho p u nished the B aby l o ma nders a greed with him except H y st iaeu s , ,

n ia n s p a tr o nized t he Jews
, The first c a pture o f prince o f Milet u s w ho represented t o t he Io ni a n
. ,

B abylo n w as fo ll o wed by the de c ree o f Cy rus fo r c hi efs th a t their p o wer w as l inked t o th a t o f

liber ating the Jews fro m c aptivity ; when the Th e a n cien t s di v id e d S cy t h i a in t t w o l a r ge p o r ti n s o o
Lo rd stirred up the spirit o f Cyrus t o ma ke it Eu r o p e a n a n d A s iatic ; t he fo rmer e xte n din g a l o n g t he
.
“

Ezr a i 1 A
,

. n d t he sec o nd c a pt u re by D a ri u s w a s
.
n o rt h o f t h e D an u b e a n d t he Eu x i n e a n d t he o t h e r be ,

y o n d t he C a sp ia n a n d t h e J a xa r t e s
fo ll owed by the fini shi ng o f t he seco nd temple l atte r w a s a ga in su b div ide d in to t w o p a r t s by t he cha in n o w S ih o n T he , .

in the seventh ye a r o f his reign when t he L o rd o f Ima u s o r t he B e l o o r T a g h a b r a n c h p roj e c t in g n o r t h ,

tu rned the he a rt o f D a ri u s u nto the m t o fro m t h e I n dia n C a u c a su s n o w t h e H i n do o K ho o r we st

,

, , ,

e rn p a rt o f t h e H imal a y a ; w hi c h su b div isio n s we re d e

strengthen their h ands in the w o rk o f t he ho u se
n o mi n a t e d S cy t l i a i n f r a a n d ex tr a I ma u m o r S c y t h i a o n
o f God the G o d o f Isr a el
, Ezr a vi 1 — 2 2 ’

t his side an d b e y o n d Ima u s It w a s t he Euro p e an S cy thi a

, . .
.
,

Aft er t he red u cti o n o f B aby l o n D a ri u s ma de wh ich t he mo n arch o f P e r sia in v a de d

.

, .
 H I STOR Y OF TH E o
PERS IAN S .

D arius since it w as u n der his prot ecti o n th at

, , c o me a cquainted with o u rselves ; t o kn o w wha t
e a ch o f the m w as l o rd 1 11 his own city an d t ha t , we re a ll y a r e n o t o nly in the sight o f me n but
,
,
t he citie s o f I o ni a w o uld n o t fa il t o dep o se the m , a ls o in t he s ight o f God .

a n d re c o ver their libe rty u pon t he do w n fal of the , M e gaby z us c o ntinu e d s o me time in T hra ce ,
Persi a n po wer This w as su fiicie n t ; the ir o w n
. wh o se inh abita nts a c co rdin g t o Hero do tus w o ul d
,

priva te interests were de a rer t o t he m tha n the

,

h ave been invin c ible ha d they p o sse ssed the dis ,

p ublic go o d an d they determined t o w a it fo r

, creti o n o f u niting their fo rc es an d o f choos ing ,

D a rius In o rder however t o deceive the Scy

.
, , o n e c o mmander Being h o wever divi ded they.
~
,

t hia ns a n d prevent the m fr o m u sing an y vio

, were su bdu ed o n e by o n e an d bro u ght under ,

lence they decl a red th a t they w o u l d retire pu r

, the y o ke o f Per si a S o me o f the tribes as th e .
,
su an t t o their requ est an d t he better t o i mpose , P aeoni a ns the Syr o paao n ian s the P a pl ae e t c
, , ,
u pon the m they bega n t o bre a k d o wn t he bri dge
.
,

, , were re mo ved fro m their ha bitati o n s a t t he c o m ,

enc o ur a ging t he Sc ythi an s a t the same time t o , , mand o f D a rius an d tr a nspo rted t o A si a , .

retu rn b ack meet D a rius a n d en ga ge hi s a rmy

, , . D ari u s o n his retu rn t o Sa rdis ha ving le a rned
, ,

The Scythi ans compli ed with t he requ est bu t , th a t he o wed his s afety t o H y st iaeu s w ho had ,

missed D a rius w ho a rrived s afe a t t he bridge , , pers u a ded the Io ni ans n o t t o destro y t he bri dge
rep a ssed t he D an u be an d returned into T hra ce , . o n the Da nube sent fo r hi m an d de sired him t o
, ,

O n his w ay t o w a rds Scythi a D a ri u s had s ou ght , n ame wh a t rew a rd he wished fo r his servi ces .

the s u bj u gation o f T hrace : he n o w le ft Mega H y stiaeu s who w as tyra nt o f Mil etus requ e st ed
, ,

by z us o n e of his chief gener al s wi th p a rt o f his

, , M i r c in a o f Edo n ia a territo ry u p o n the river ,

a r my t o c o mplete the conq u est o f tha t c o u ntry

,
. Strymo n in Thra ce with t he libe r ty o f b u ilding ,

Wit h the rest o f his troops Da rius p assed the ,

a city there Hi s req u est w as gr a nted an d he
.
,

Bosph o ru s an d took u p his qu a rter s at S a rdis

, ,
w a s pr o ceeding with hi s designs w hen u po n the
, ,
where he spent the winter an d the gre a test p a rt represent ati o ns o f M egaby z u s he w as rec a lled , ,

o f the yea r fo ll o wing t o retrieve his l o sses , . u nder the ple a o f seeking hi s c o un sel in s o me

T his dis as trou s expe ditio n may be dated B c . . gre a t matter an d with a pro mise o f a mpl e p os
,

5 13 . sessi o ns in Persi a in lie u of th o se in T hra ce , .

Herod o tus rel a tes an insta nce of w a nton cr u elty H y st iaeu s ple ased with this distincti o n a ec o m
,

p an ie d D a rius t o S u s a le aving A
,

committed by Da ri us o n his dep a rtu re for Scy , r ist a o r as his

g , ,

thi a whi c h well deserved s u c h a dis astr o us iss u e

, . so n t o govern in Miletus
, .

Oeba z u s a Persi an who had thr ee s o ns serving

, , H a ving s u bj ected Thrac e M e gaby z u s sent ,

in the a rmy petiti o ned the mo n ar c h tha t o n e o f

, seven Persi a n n o blemen t o A my n t as king o f ,

them mi ght be left at home The king repli ed .

, M aced o n t o requ ire e a rth an d w ater in the n ame
,

th at sin c e he w as a friend a n d ha d ma de a mo , o f D a ri u s as a token o f his s u b mi ssion t o tha t

,

dest requ est he w o uld le ave him all hi s sons

, . mo n arch Amyn ta s c o mpli ed with their requ est
.
,

Oebaz us w as rej o iced an d h o pe d t hat they w o u ld ,

a n d enterta ined the m h o spita bly ; bu t t he c o n
be discha rged fro m the service ; bu t D a riu s o r d u ct of t he Persians t o w ar ds his wife an d dau gh
'

dered the m t o be sl ain a n d delivered t o t he , ters so enra ged hi s son Alex ander tha t by a , ,

p arent And y e t this s ame prince s o o n a fter set

. str a tagem he c aus ed the m to be sl a in Se a rch
, .

u
p a n inscription t o this e ffe c t : D a rius so n o f w as ma de by M e ga b z us fo r these a mb ass ad o rs
, y ,

H y st asp es the best a n d fairest o f a ll men kin g

, , ,
bu t Alex a nder having bribed B uba r es w ho w as ,

o f the Persi a ns an d o f al l t he continent in his , , sent t o in qu ire after the m with l a rge pre sent s , ,

expediti o n aga inst the Sc an s c ame hither to , their de a th w a s c o nce aled an d the ma tter gl o ssed ,

the springs of the river earu s which a ffo rd the , over .

best an d fairest w a ter o f all rivers .

’
Ab o u t the s ame time B C 5 08 the Sc yt hi an s , . .
, ,

Plu ta rc h pe rtinently re mark s Wha t ma de , t o be revenged o n D a rius fo r inv a di ng t heir

N er o ere c t his tr agic t he a tr e an d we a r t he mask , c o u ntry p assed the D an u be an d l a id w a ste the
, ,

a n d b u skins a s an a ctor bu t the pl a udits o f ,

c o u ntry o f Thra ce u nder the go v ern ment o f ,

a dul a t o rs ? Were n o t kings in gene ra l sty led , Persia as far a s t he He l le sp o nt They retu rn
, .

while they s ang Ap o ll o s ? w hile dru nk B a c , , ed h o me l a den with bo o ty witho u t meeting an y ,

ch u ses ? while wre stl ing at t he games Hercules ? , o pp o siti o n either fro m t he Persi a ns o r the
a n d delighting in these titles led o n by fl a ttery
, ,
T hr a ci a ns .

”
t o t he l o west depra vity Thu s it w as with the . D u ring thi s peri od D a ri u s a ppe a rs to h a ve ,

kings o f Persia Their c o u rtiers S p o iled the m . p a id c o nsidera ble a ttenti o n to maritime affairs .

by t heir ba se a n d gr o ss adul ati o n an d by it they He finished a c a n al o f c o mmunic a tion between

were led t o c ommit t h e mo st fe a rfu l cr imes w i th
,

the Nile a n d t he he a d o f the Re d Se a wh ich ha d ,

o u t c o mp u ncti o n an d with o ut fe a r o f re str a int, , been c o mmenced by Pha r ao h N ech o bu t fail ed -

, ,

so true it is th a t fl a tt ery an d in du lgence ma ke

, aft er a gre at l o ss o f life amo ng the w o rk men .

t he p a ssi o ns e ager a n d u ng o v erna ble F la ttery . Accordi ng t o Rennell thi s c an a l with o thers , ,

is indeed a mo st b ase di sp o siti o n

, ,
It o ft en be . ma de by Pto le my Phil adelphu s Adri an an d the , ,

tr ays a ma n t o his ru in an d it decl a re s t he man ,

.

p a l iph O ma r a fte rw a rds were more fo r o stenta ,

w ho c o v ets it t o ta lly unc o n cerned ab o u t t he ti o n th a n u se T hey so o n a t le ast beca me u n

.
, ,

mi sery o r welfa re o f his bro ther The cyni c . n aviga ble either fro m t he fa ilu re o f t he P e l u sia c
, ,

Di o genes being a sked wha t be as ts were a pt t o

,
o r e astern br a nch o f the N ile w hich s u ppl ied ,

b ite t he w o rst a nswered Of a ll wild be asts the

, , ,
them with w a ter o r fro m t he s t opp a ge o f their
,

detra ctor ; an d o f a ll t a me be a sts t he fi at t e r er o u tlet a t t he he ad o f the Red Se a an d b t he

K
.
, ,

In a w o rd fl atte ry 18 an ensn a ring qu al i ty an d

, , o per ati o n o f the tides .

le a v es a da nger o u s i mpres sio n o n t he min d , Ab o u t t he s ame time D a ri u s ambiti o u s o f , ,

a ga inst whi ch we s ho u ld c a refu lly

g ua rd O ne . extendi ng hi s c o nquests e astw a rds re so lved t o ,

o f t he chi ef o bj ects o f o u r lives sh o u ld be t o be ,

o btai n a pro per kn o wledge o f the co u nt r y Fo r .
 H I ST O R Y OF THE PE RS IAN S .

thi s pu rpo se he empl o yed Sy cl ax an d other able

, This pr oject h aving thu s misc a rried Meg a
,

n a viga t o rs o n a v o y a ge o f disc o v ery do wn t he b a tes threw al l the bl a me u pon Ar ist ago r as an d

. ,

river Indu s t o its mo u th F ro m this p o int they r u ined his credi t with Ar t ap he r n es Ar ist ago r a s
,

.
.

c o asted westwa rds al o ng the Persia n Gulf an d fo res aw t he l o ss of his govern ment a n d his o w n
, , ,

a fter a voy a ge o f t w o ye ars a n d a h alf they ru in an d he re so lved upon a rev o lt as t he o nly , , ,

re a ched the p o rt o n the Red Se a fro m whic h expedi ent whereby he c o u ld s a ve hi mself His .

t he Phen ici ans e mployed in the circ u mn a vig a , design w as sec o nded by t he secret c o u n sel o f
tio n o f Afric a ha d set o u t ab o u t a hu ndred ye a rs H y st iaeu s w ho i magining th at if an y tro ubles
, , ,

befo re F ro m t hence Sy c l a x ret u rned t o S u sa sh o uld a r ise in Io nia he sho u ld be sent to q u ell
.
, ,

where he gave D ariu s a n a cc o u nt o f his dis the m to o k this step in o rder t o be re sto red t o ,

co v e r ies . his n ative c o u ntry Arist 1 go ras therefo re a fter .

, ,

After this s ays Herodo tu s D a riu s s u bdu ed h aving co mmu nic ated his designs t o the prin cip a l
, ,

the India ns a n d bec ame ma ster o f t he o ce an pers o ns o f Io nia bega n t o prep a re fo r the revolt
, , ,

w hich pro b ably me a ns n o more tha n th at he with gre a t a ctivity .

pos ses sed himse l f o f the tra c t a dj ac ent t o the At this date B C 5 02 the pe o ple o f Tyre w ho , . .
, ,
Indus an d its br anches Hi st o r y do es n o t record had be en red u ced to sl avery when their city w a s
.
,

t he p a rtic u l a rs o f thi s expediti o n tak en by N ebu chadnezz a r having gr o aned under

.
,

Accord ing t o t he Greek hi st o n an s the la tter th a t Oppressi o n fo r seventy ye ars were re sto red , , ,
p a rt o f t he reign o f D a ri u s w as tu rb u lent an d a cc o rding to Is ai ah s pro p hecy t o the p o ssession ,
’

e mb a rrassed b o th abro ad an d a t h o me of their a ncient privileges with the liberty Of .

,

In the seventeenth ye a r o f his reign B C 5 04 h a ving a king o f their o w n w hich l iberty t hey , . .
, ,

fro m a s mall sp a rk kin dled by a se ditio n a t Na xos enj o ye d till t he time of Alex a nder t he Gre at
, , .

( whi c h a c c o
,
rd ing t o H awkins is the l a rge st an d The prophecy re ad s th u s ,

mo st circ u l a r o f all t he Cycl ad es in t he JEge an

Sea ) a fl ame a ro se whi c h oc c a si o ned a c o ns ider An d i t sha ll co me t o p a ss a fter t he e n d of se v enty y e ars ,
, ,
T ha t t h e L o rd will v i si t Tyre
able w a r In this sediti o n the pr incip a l in habit
.
An d sh e sha ll t urn t o h e r hir e
,
,

An d sha ll co mmit forn ic ati o n with al l t he k ing do ms o f

,
a nts being overp o wered by t he p o p u l a ce were
, ,

b anishe d t he isl and They fl ed to Miletu s a n d t h e wo rl d ,

i mplo re d t he a ss ist ance o f Ar ista go r a s w ho w a s

.

U p o n t h e fa ce o f t h e e a rth
An d h er me r cha n diz e a n d her hire sh a ll be ho l in e ss t o
.

at t ha t ti me go v ern o r of tha t city as lie u ten a nt t he L o r d : ,

t o H y st iae u s to wh o m he w as b o th nep he w an d
, I t sha ll n o t be tr e a sure d n o r l a id u p ;
so n ia l a w
- - Fo r h e r me rc ha n di z e sh a ll be fo r the m tha t dwe ll b e fore
t he Lo r d
.

Ar ist ago r as promised t o resto re the exiles t o To e a t s u ffi c ie n tly a n d fo r du r a bl e c l o thin g

,

, .

their n ative cou ntry ; but n o t being p o werfu l Isa xxii i 1 7 1 8 . .

, .

en o u gh t o a cc o mpli sh his design a l o ne he went ,

t o S a rdis a n d c o mmu nic ated t he matter t o Art a

, It see ms prob able th at this favou r w a s gr a nted ,

p h e r n es t h e king
,
s br o th er w ho g o verned’
in the m by D a rius in c o nsider ati o n of t he services
, ,

th a t city in o rder t o o bt a in his as sista nce He he expected t o receive fro m t he Tyri ans who .

rep resente d t o Ar taphe rn es that if he were were p o werful at sea in redu cing the Ionians to
, ,
“ ‘

, ,

on c e ma ster o f t hat island all the rest o f th e their an c ient s ubjectio n , .

Cycl a des might be bro u ght u nder s u bj ecti o n ; The next ye a r B c 5 01 Ar ist ago r as rein , . .
,

th a t the isle o f E u boea n o w N egr o p o nt which sta ted the I o ni ans in t heir liberty an d in all their
, , ,

w a s as l a rge as Cypr u s a n d l a y very ne a r t he m fo r mer privileges

, He bega n with Miletu s , .
,

w o u ld be e as ily c o nqu ered ; an d that fro m thence where he divested himself o f his power a n d r e ,

D ari us w o uld have a free p a ss a ge int o Greece signed it into t he ha nds o f the peo ple He t hen . .

He con c luded by s aying th a t 1 00 s hips woul d be tr a velled thro u gh I o ni a where by his example , ,

su fli c ien t fo r t he enterprize a n d infl u ence . he prev a iled up o n all the o t her

Ar t a phe r n e s w a s ple ased with the proj ect an d petty princes o r a s the Greeks then c a lled the m
,

, , , ,

promi sed 2 00 ships, if t he king s c o nsent c o u ld tyra nts t o do the s ame H a ving thu s u nited
’

,
”
.

be gained In this ma tter there w as n o diffic u lty the m all int o o n e c o mmo n le ag u e o f which he
. .
,

C ha rme d with t he mighty ho pes held o ut a n d himself w as t he a ckn o wledged le a der he Openly , ,

rega rdles s o f t he inj u stice o f t he enterp r ize a s revo lted fro m D a ri u s To strengthen himself , .

well a s o f the p e r fi dy o f Ar ist a go r as a n d Arta the more a gai nst t he Persia ns in t he beginning ,

phe r n es t he king appr o ved o f t he pr oj e c t an d of t he fo ll o wing ye a r he went t o L aced ae mo n t o

, , ,

prepa ratio ns were made fo r p u tting it into exe eng age tha t city in his interest He made tempt .

c utl o n . ing o ffers t o C l eo men e s w ho w a s at tha t t M e

D u ring t he next spring B C 5 03 Ar t a phern es king o f L a cedae mo n ; bu t Cl e o men es w as proo f
,

.
, .
,

sent t he n u mber o f ships he ha d pro mi sed t o a gainst t he m a n d de c l ined sending him an y suc ,

Miletu s u nder t he co mmand o f M e gabat e s a c o u rs Ar ist a go r as then pr o ce eded t o Athens

, , .
,

n o ble Persi an o f the Achse men ian family The an d t he Atheni a ns being at this time at vari ance
, .

o rder M egaba t e s rece ived w a s t o o bey Arist a with the Persi a ns fo r ha ving sh o wn fa vo u r t o
, ,

g o ra s T his ga ve hi m gre at o ffence an d led t o Hi ppia s the so n o f Pisistra tu s t y ra nt o f Athens

.
, , , ,

a bre a ch between t he t w o gener als a n d Mega w ho m they had exiled ten ye a rs befo re a va iled
b ates t o be re v enged o f Ar ist a go r a s ga ve t he the mselves o f thi s o pp o rt u nity o f revenge a n d
,

, , ,

Na x ian s secret inte l ligen c e o f t he design fo rmed o rdered a fleet o f twenty shi ps t o be sent t o t he
a ga inst t he m They p rep a red fo r their defence a s sist a nce o f t he I o ni ans
.
, .

a n d t he Persi a ns a fter ha vi n g spent fo u r mo nths

, In t he ye ar B C 5 00 t he Ioni ans h a ving co l . .
, ,

in besieging the c apita l o f t he island an d c o n l e c t ed their fo rce s an d being re info rced with , ,

su med al l their pr o visi o n s were compelled t o th ese twenty vessels an d five mo re fro m Eretri a
, , ,

retire .
0 in t he isl a nd o f Eubce a set s ai l fo r Ephe sus an d , ,
 H I STOR Y OF THE PER SIAN S .

le a ving their ships there they ma rc hed by land , t o t he P a n io n iu m it The resu lt o f their del ibe ,

t o S a rd is The c ity w as so o n ta ken an d a n

.
, r ati o ns w as that the pe o ple o f Milet u s sho uld
,

Io ni a n so ldier h aving se t fire t o o n e ho use t he , vigo ro u sly defend their city th a t t he a llies sh o u ld
fl a mes S pre a d an d c o mmu nic a ted t o the rest : pro vide a n d equ ip e v er y vessel in their p o wer ;
mo st Of the m bein g bui lt with reeds the wh o le ,
a n d t ha t as s oo n as their fleet s h uld be in
o r e a di
city w as red u ced t o a shes The cita del o nly into ness they sho ul d meet at Lada ? an d risk a b a t tle
which Ar ta phern es had fled e sc a ped t he genera l
.
, ,
,

, in fa vo u r o f Miletu s .

c o n fl a gr a t io n . The I o ni an s a s sembled a t L ad a as ha d been ,

A ft er this accident the Persi a ns a n d Lydi ans ,
a pp o inted a n d so vig o r o u s ha d they been in their
,

asse mbling t heir fo r c es t o gether fo r th eir defen c e , prep a ra ti o ns tha t t hey ha d c o lle cted a fleet o f
,

t he I o ni ans retre a ted in o rder t o r e e mb a rk a t ,

-
3 5 3 s a il At the sight Of this fleet t he Persi an s
.
, ,
Ephes u s bu t befo re they ha d re a ch ed th a t city , th o u gh d o u ble t heir n u mber were afrai d t o j o in ,

they were o v erta ken by the enemy an d defe a ted , iss u e till by their e mis sa ries they ha d se c retly
,

with gre a t sl au ghter The Ath eni an s w ho es .

, c o rru p t ed t he gre atest p a rt o f the c o nfedera tes
c a ped i mme di ately set sail an d retu rned h o me an d enga ed th e m t o desert the c o mmo n c
,
, .
g a u se
The defe c ti o n t o o k pl ac e a t t he c o mmence ment
.

a n d n o twithsta nd ing the u rgen t s o licit at io n s o f

Ar ista go r as they w o ul d n o t retu rn t o the c o mb a t
.

o f the eng a e ment

, .
g ; the S ami a ns a n d Le sbi ans
D a ri u s being info r med Of these pro ceedings
,

, with o ther s h o i stin g s a il ret u rned t o t heir r e

, ,

enra ged with t he Atheni a n s fo r the p a rt they sp ec t iv e c o un tries The rema ining fleet o f the .

had t aken res o l v ed fro m t ha t ti me t o make w a r

, c o nfed era tes did n o t c o n sist o f ab o ve 1 00 ships ,
u p o n Gree c e S ho o ting an a rro w into the air
.
,
a n d these were qui ckly o v erp o wered by t h
e Per
he excl aimed “
S uffer me O J o ve to be r e, , , si ans a n d al mo st entirely destro yed Aft er this
,

An d that his
.
,
venged o n these At heni ans .
”
the city o f Miletus w as be sieged an d be c ame a ,

revenge might n o t slumber he c o mma nded o n e , prey t o t he c o nqu er o rs w ho levell ed it with the .

o f his a ttend a nts t o repe a t t o him t hree times gr o u n d .

every da y when he sat do wn t o t able Reme m

he r t he At heni an s
,

A wi ser admo nitio n an d .

”
,

,
of A
. T hi s e v ent o ccu rred six ye a rs after the— o lt
r ist a o r as
g All the o ther c ities it hat had
.
m
mo re c o ndu cive t o the h appiness Of the mon a rch , rev o lted ret ur ned t o their allegi ance s o o n after
w o u ld h a ve been the fo ll o wing sentiment so well
,

, either v o lu nt a rily o r by c o mpul si o n Th o se , .

expressed by o n e o f o ur o w n p o ets th a t o ppo sed the v i ctors were tre ate d in a b a rb a

r o us ma nner The h a nds o mest o f their y o u ths
.

B id
’
o er re v en g e t he charitie s r e va il .
" —C AW T H OR N . were mad e e u n u chs the y o u ng w o men were
sent int o Persi a ; an d t he c itie s an d temples were
In the b u rning o f S a rdis the te mpl e o f Cybele , , red u ced t o a shes Su c h were the e ffects Of the .

the t u tel a r g o dde ss o f th a t country w as t o tal ly , rev o lt o f t he Io ni ans a revo lt into whi ch t he ,

destro yed w hich w as a fterw a rds u sed as a pre

, pe o ple had been drawn by the ambiti o n o f t w o
tence by t he Persi an s fo r burn ing the te mples o f designi ng me n Ar ista go r as a n d H y st imu s
.

the Greeks Their tru e mo tive will fa ll un der

.

.
,
H y st iae us w as soon after t aken by the Persi a ns
,
o b serv a ti o n in a fu tu re p a ge . a n d c a rried t o S a rdis where he w as crucifi ed by
o rder o f A
,

The I o ni ans th o u gh de sert ed by the Atheni ans

, , r t a phe r n es w ho h astened hi s end ,

a n d we akened by their l a te o vert hr o w n ev e r t he , with o u t c o nsulting D a riu s lest his affecti o n fo r ,

less p u rsu ed their p o int with gre at res o lu ti o n . him sho u ld incline him t o mercy The c o nj ee
tu re o f Ar t a p he r n e s w as well gr o un ded When
.

Their fleet s a il ed towa rds the Helle sp o nt an d .

the P r o p o ntis where t hey reduced Byz anti u m

, , t he he a d o f H y st iseu s w a s br o u ght to D a rius he
a n d mo st o f the o ther Greek cities o n th o se
,

expressed his di sple asu re a t the a c t an d c aused ,

c o a sts As they retu rned they obliged t he
.
, it t o be h o n o u rably interred a s t he re mains o f ,
C a ri a ns t o j o in with them in this w ar ; t he pe o ple o n e t o wh o m he o wed gre a t o bli ga ti o ns Hys .

o f Cypr u s likewi se entered into t he c o nfeder a cy , ti ssu s w as the mo st b o ld restless an d enterprising , ,

an d o penly rev o lted fr o m t he Per si a ns The .
geni u s o f his age With him a ll me a ns were .

Persi a n genera ls h o wever ha ving divided their , , g o o d an d l awfu l th at served t o pr o mo t e t he end

fo rces ma rched three different w a ys a g ainst the
, he ha d in v iew a ckn o wledging n o o the r r u le o f
,

rebels an d defe a ted the m in sever al en c o u nter s

, his a cti o ns t ha n his o w n interest a n d ambiti o n t o
in o n e o f which Ar istago r as w a s sla in : t he i sla nd
,
,

whi c h he w a s ever re ady t o s ac rifice the go o d o f

o f Cyprus w as a g ain s u bj ected to the Persi a ns . his c o u ntry an d even his o w n kin dred In the
, .

A c c o rding t o t he expe ctatio ns o f H y st iaeu s he , p age o f hist o ry his n ame sta nds fo rth as a witness
,

w as sent b a ck t o I o ni a in order t o resto re the ,

king s affa irs in th a t pr o vince NO s o o ner ho w I t i s sup p o se d th at t h e P an ig n m

’
.
m he re me mu) “ed ,
0

ever had he a rrived at S ardi s tha n he fo rmed su gg e ste d t o M ilto n t h e i de a o f his P a n demo n iu m
, ,

a plo t a ga inst the govern ment into whi c h he ,

e a n W h“ ? t h e W i n ge d fi e r al d s b c o mman d
drew a gre at n u mber o f Persi ans Fo r fe a r o f M y
Of so v ere i gn p owe r Wi t h a w ful ce re mo n y
.

detect io n he retired t o t he isle o f Chios W here

, An d tru mp et s so u n d thr o u g ho u t t he ho st pr ocl ,
’
,

by a r t 1fi ce he j u st 1fi ed h i mself t o t he I o n i a n s
,

A so l e mn c o u n c il fort hw ith t o be he l d ,

a n d enga ged the m t o prosec u t e the w a r w it h M Pa n d emo n iu m t h e high ca p ital ,

vigo u r .
O f S at a n a n d h i s p e e r s .
”

M ( he P er 8 1a n o r e s find i ng
/

1 em i
s w as t l e c e n t r e 9 f t e i0 n ; a n 0 0 1
? t g
r A c c o rdi n g t o P a u sa n i a s thi s i sl an d w a s div i de d i n t o
’

w o o n e Of w h 1 ch p a r t s w a s ca ll e d A ste ri u s fro m A ste ‘

‘

,
,

fe dera c y re so lved to ma rch t hl ther W l th a l l the 1 r riu s t he so n o f An a c t e s A t t he p r e se n t p er iod

. ,

, t he , .

a ll u v i o n s o f t h e M e a n d e r i t i s j o in e d t o t h e ma i n a n d
o c h
f r es W en t e Ioni a ns r ecei v ed intelli gence
h ,

a n d i s a fu ll mil e withi n t h e ma r g in o f t he se a
, ,

s o t ha t
Of t hl s a r mame n t t h n Ot o nly me n ace d t h e L a t mz cu s S i n u s i s
'

be o me a n i n l a nd l a k e s e ve n o r
' ’

,
c
Miletus bu t th e re st o f Ioni a they sent delega tes e ight mil e s dista n t from t he se a
,
, , .
 H I STOR Y OF TH E PERS IAN S .
’

to the t r u ths that human n atu re u ncontro lled by ,

a cts in t hy p a ssi o n The h air o f Sams o n grew .

a Div ine p o wer is c a p able o f c o mmitting the

,
a ga in bu t his eyes no mo re dra nk in the blessed
,

mo st fe a rful deeds that man is ve ry far dep a rted light o f he a ven T ime may resto re s o me losses .
,

fr o m o rigin a l righte o u sness . bu t o thers a r e never t o be rep aired Do n o t .

,

The fl a me o f revenge which had been l o ng ,

t herefo re in a n instant wh a t an a ge c a nn o t
,

s mo uldering in t he bre ast of D a ri us at lengt h ,

rec o mpense An o l d divine has s aid As a go o d
.
,

b u rst forth In t he twenty eighth ye a r o f his

.
- man w o ul d n o t wish t o be t aken o u t of t he world
reign B c 4 9 4 h aving rec alled all his o ther
, . .
,
in a fit o f a nger into that pla ce which is al l ,

genera ls he a pp o inted M a r do n iu s the so n of

, ,
pe ace an d quietne ss so he sho uld never indulge ,

G o br y as a y o u ng Persi a n n o ble ma n w ho had p assi o n lest he shoul d die in th at sta te ”

, , .

l ately married one o f his d au ghters t o the c o m ,

ma d r ag e
al l al l an g er th en re si gn e d
mand in chief thr o ugh o u t all t he ma ritime p arts Be
Acrue l h ea r t ill
,

su i t s a hu man min d .
”
,

of Asi a with a p a rticula r order t o inv a de Greece

, ,

a n d t o revenge t he b u rning o f S a rdis u p o n the

Bent u p o n the reduction o f Greece D a rius
Atheni ans an d Eretri ans M ar do n iu s p u rs u a nt .
,
h a stened the dep a rture o f his generals D atis an d
,

t o his o rders ma rched thr o u gh T hr a ce into M a

Ar t apher n e s Their instructio n s were t o pl un
,
,

cedo ni a ordering his fleet first t o redu ce Thasu s

.
,
, ,
der the cities o f Eretri a a n d Athens t o burn ,
a n d t hen to c o a st a l o ng t he shore that they ,
do wn t o the gro u nd all their ho u ses an d temples
,

might act in c o ncert with e a ch other O n his .

an d to make all the inh abit a nts sl aves a n d t o
,

a rriv a l in M acedo ni a al l t he c o untry t oo k the

,
,
send them to D a rius ; fo r which pu rp o se they
a l a rm a t s u ch a mighty a rmy an d s u b mitt ed ; ,
were provided with a gre a t nu mber o f chains '

bu t t he fleet in d o u bling the c a pe a t M o unt

a n d fetters The generals ha ving app o inted
,
.

Atho s n o w c alled C a pe S ant o w as dispersed by

, ,
their fleet t o meet at Sa mo s set s a il fro m thence
a sto r m 300 s hips a n d men perished in,
wi t h 6 00 ships an d an a rmy o f men
,

the mighty w a ters His l and ar my me t a t t he , .

Aft er h aving mad e themselves ma sters of the

sa me t ime w ith a misfo rt u ne n o les s fat al Being .

i sl ands in the ZEge an Se a which they did with

enc amped in a pl a ce not sufficiently sec u red the ,
o u t di fficulty they t u rned their course t o w a rds
,

B r y ge s * a pe o ple o f T hr a ce att acked him under

,
, ,
Eretri a a c ity o f Eu bma which t hey to o k after
c o ver o f t he night broke into his c amp a n d , ,
,

a siege o f seven da ys by the tre a chery o f some

, ,

wo u nded M ar do n iu s himself The se misfo rtunes .

o f t he princip a l inh abita nts They redu ced the
,

o bl iged hi m to ret u rn int o Asi a fro m whence he

.

,
city t o ashes pu t al l the in habit an tS in ch ains
,
'

,
w as s o o n a fter rec alled by D a ri u s
a n d sent t he m to Persi a an d then s ailed for
.

,
D a rius perceiving t o o l a te th at the inexpe rience
,
Attic a
o f M a r do n iu s had o cc asioned the defe a t o f his
.

When the P ersi an s had a rrived at Attic a ,

tro o ps pu t t w o o ther gener als in his pl a ce ,
Hippi a s o f who m men ti o n has befo re been made
n a mely D ati s a Mede an d Ar t aphe r n e s son o f
,
, ,
, , ,
condu cted them to Ma rath o n In o rder t o strike
his bro ther A
,
.

r t apher n es who had been go vernor ,

terro r into the citizens o f Athens they sent
o f S a rdis Befo re ho wever he made an y fa rther
.
, ,
heralds fro m th ence to a cqu a int the m with the
,

a tte mpts up o n Greece he dee med it p o litic first ,

fate o f Eretri a ho ping thereby to induce the m ,
t o s o u nd the Greeks to disc o ver how these ,
to s u rrender immedi at el y xf It had t he contr a ry
di fferent st ates sto od affected t o o r were a verse ,
e ffect Desp air inspired them with c o ura ge a n d
from the Persi a n go vern ment With thi s view
.
,
,
n o t being a ble t o g a in a ssista nc e fro m their a llies
.

he sent heral ds to all their cities t o demand e a rth ,

except 1 000 me n fro m Pl at ae a they a rmed their
,

an d w ater in to ken o f su bmission O n the

, .
sl a ves which w a s contrary to their u su al pra ctice
,

a rriva l o f th ese her a lds many o f t he Greek cit ies

.
,

, ,
The Pers ian a rmy comma nded by D a tis c o n
dre ading the p o wer of t he Persi ans c o mplied ,
sisted o f foot an d ho rse ; th a t of
with their de ma nds as did al l the inh abit ants o f ,
the Atheni ans amo u nted in t he wh o le bu t t o
,

JEgi n a a small isl a nd ne a r Athens At Athens

,

an d Sp a rta t he hera lds met with a di fferent

.
men It w a s c o mmanded by ten generals
.
,
,
o f wh o m M ilti a des w a s c hief a n d these ten were
recepti o n O ne Of them w as thr o wn into a well
.
,
to h ave the c o mmand o f t he who le a rmy e ach
,

,
an d the other int o a deep ditc h a n d were bid t o
,
fo r a day in r o ta ti o n ,
There w as a division .

t ake thence e arth an d w ater This they did .

amo ng t he general s whether t hey sh o uld h a z a rd
u nder t he infl u ence o f anger When tha t w as a b a ttle o r simply fo rt ify an d defend the city
.

p a s se d they were a sh amed of the tra nsa ctio n

, .

, ,
Miltiades a rgued t hat the o nly w ay t o r aise the
l o o k ing u p o n it as a vi o l atio n o f the l a w o f c o u rage of their o w n tro o ps an d strike terr o r
n ati o ns an d they acco rdingly sent a mb ass a do rs into the ene my w as t o adv a nce fe a rlessly a n d
,

to t he king o f Persi a at S u sa t o o ffer him wha t ,

a tta ck the m with intrepidity Aristides co n
, ,

.
,
s ati sfa ction he ple ased fo r t he a ff ro nt they had v in c ed by thi s a rgument e mbr a ced the o pini o n , ,
pu t up o n his her al ds B u t D a riu s decla ring .
,
an d brought o ver to it s o me o f the o ther co m
hi mself s atisfied wi th t he e mb a s sy sent the am , ma nders an d event u ally it w as a greed up o n by
bassado r s b a ck t o their respe c tive c o u ntries ,
all tha t it w o uld be wise to enga ge the ene my in
tho ugh tho se o f Sp ar ta volu nt a rily o ffered the m the Open field ; an d under this feeling the c o nduct
selves a s victims t o expi ate the crime of whi ch
,
o f t he b a ttle w as yi elded to Milti ades Thus al l
,

their c o u ntrymen had been gu ilty

.

.
sentiments o f j e al o usy g a ve w ay to the
This in c ident affo r ds a n excellent lesson o n th e p u bl ic go od : this w as n o ble an d it res u lted ,
th at si n ful p a ssi o n a nger which has been j u stly
, ,
in the rede mption o f their c o untry from
c ha r acterized by a n a ncient s age a s a sho rt domination
ma dness
.
”
Re ader bew a re o f d o ing irrevoca ble
.
,

1 Th e dist an c e of M aratho n fro m Athen s is a b ou t

The se B ry ges were pro ba bly t he Ph ryg ia ns . twe n ty fo ur mil e s
-
.
 HI STO R Y OF THE PER SI AN S .

Al tho u gh ho n o u red with t he genera l c o mmand , a ttempts t o e sca pe an d tho se th at were cons u med ,

M ilti a de s w o u ld n o t enga ge in ba ttle ti ll his o w n in their b u rn ing shi ps 1 The Greeks mo reo ver .
'

, ,

da y fo r g o v ernin g a rrived When t hat da y o bta ined p o sse ss io n o f seven o f the ene my s
’
.

c ame he en de a v o u red by t he a dv anta ge o f the

,
vessels .

gro u nd t o ma ke u p fo r his defi c iency in strength H ippias w a s kill ed in the b a ttle Tha t per .

an d number He drew u p his a rmy a t t he fo o t

. fi di o us citizen in o rder t o rec o ver t he unj ust
,

o f a mo u ntain tha t the ene my sho u l d neit her be

, d o mini o n usu rped by his father Pisistra tu s o ver , ,

a ble t o s u rro u nd hi m n o r char ge him in t he re a r , . the Atheni a ns ha d pu t h imsel f at the he ad of

,

On t he t w o si de s o f his a rmy b e c a used l a rge tho se w ho were c o me with a design t o redu c e t o

trees t o be thro wn in order t o c o ver hi s fl an k s , , as h es th a t city t o whi ch he o we d his birt h An .

a n d render t he Pe rsi a n c a v a lry useless . ign o mini o us de ath with l asting infamy enta iled ,

D atis t he commander o f t he Persi ans w as

, , u p o n his n ame w a s t he r e s u lt o f his tre a chery
, .

sensible tha t t he pla ce w as n o t a dv a nt age o us fo r The Persi ans had con sidered vic t o ry so su re ,

him bu t relying u p o n t he n u mber o f his troo ps , th at they had bro u ght ma rble t o Ma r atho n in ,

he deter mined t o sust a in a b a ttle . o rder t o erect a tro p hy The Grecian s t oo k t his .

All things being disp o sed a n d the s a crifi c e , , ma rble an d c aused a st at u e to be made o f it by
,

a cc o rding t o the c us t o m o f t he Greeks perfo rme d , , Phidi as in ho n o u r o f the goddess N e mesis who se
, ,

Milti ades comma nded the sign a l t o be given fo r busines s it w as s u pp o sed w as t o pu nish inj usti c e
, ,

b attle Betwixt t h e t w o a r mies th ere w as a n

. an d o ppressi o n an d w ho had a te mple ne a r
,

interv al o f a bo u t eight furlo ngs ; a n d t he Pers ia ns Ma ra tho n .

seeing the Atheni ans a ppr o a ch by running pre , Pl u ta rch relates th a t immedi ately a fter the ,

p a red t o rece i ve the m a s me n dev o ted t o des t r u c b attle an Atheni a n s o ldier st ai ned with blo od
, , ,

ti o n As s o o n h o wever as the Greeks mingled

.
, , hast ened t o Athens t o acqua int hi s fello w citizens ,
-

with the ene my they disco v er ed tha t they were , w ith the su ccess o f their a rmy at Ma ra tho n .

n o me a n fo es * After a lo ng a nd o bstin a te co n
. When he a rrived at the pu blic p al ace where t he ,

test the b a rb a ri a ns ia the centre c o mposed o f

, , ma gistra tes were a ssembled he w as so spen_t th at , ,

the Persi ans an d the S a e m o bliged t he Greeks t o , having u ttered the se w o rd s Rej oice the victory , ,
”
give w a y a n d pu rs u ed t he flying fo e in t o t he
,
is o ur s ! he fell do wn an d exp ir ed , .

middle o f t h e c o untry At t he s ame ti me how .

, The news o f t hi s v icto ry spre a d a gener al j o y
ever the Atheni a ns a n d Plat ae an s w ho were in
, , thro u gh o u t t he n ati o ns ar o u nd t o which the poe t ,

the tw o wings h aving defe ated the wings o f the

,
Wo rdswo rt h has a fine al lusi o n
enemy c ame u p t o t he relief o f the centre a n d
, ,
W he n fa r a n d w i de swift a s t h e b eams o f mo rn ;
o bt a ined a co mplete vict o ry killing a prodi gio u s
,
,
The t idin g s p a sse d o f se rv itu de r e p e al e d
nu mber a n d pursuing t he rest to the sea where
,

, , An d o f th at j oy w hic h sh oo k t h e I sthmi a n fi e l d ,

they set fire t o the vessels . Th e ro u g h [ Et ol i a n s smi l e d w ith b itter sco rn .

It w as o n thi s o cc asio n th at Cy n ae gir u s br o ther Ti s k n own crie d t he y th at h e w h o wo u l d a do rn

,
’
,

H i s e n v i e d t e mpl e s wi t h t h e I st hmia n cr own

,

o f the celebra ted tra gic p o et fEsc hy l u s w ho had

,

, , M u st e ith e r w i n thr o u gh e ffo rt o f h is o w n ,

l a id h o ld o f o n e o f the ships in order t o get int o The p ri z e o r be c o n t e n t t o se e it w o n

,

it with th o se tha t fl e d had hi s right h and cu t o ff ,

By mo r e de serv in g bro w s Ye t so ye p r o p .
,
,
S o n s o f t h e b r av e w h o fo u gh t a t M a r atho n
a n d w as dr o wned ; o f which we find a simila r
,

Y o u r fe e bl e sp i rits ! G r e e ce he r he a d hath b owe d

ex ample in Lu c a n
,

As if t h e wre ath o f l ib e r ty ther e on

W o u l d fi x it se lf a s smo ot hly as a cl o u d ,

Which a t J o v e s wi ll d e sce n d s o n P e l io n s top

’ ’

H e , the b o l d y o u h, as b b d h e y s a d,
.

d t oa r a nd oa r t tn , ,

Fix d o n a R o ma n shi p h i s d a i n g h a n d r
’

F u ll o n hi s a rm a mig h y bl o de sc e n ds, t w Inste ad of s ailing by the isl ands the Persi ,

An d t he o l imb f o m o ff ’ hi s sho u l de’ r en ds

t rn
Th e igi d n e v e s a r e c r a mp d w i h s t ifi nin g c o l d,
r r
C o n v u l siv e gr a sp , an d s i ll r e a in h e i r ho l d
r r fleet in o rder t o retu rn t o Asi a dou bled the c ape ,
,
t o f Sun iu m with the design o f s u rprising Athens
t t t ,

N o r s u n k hi s v a l o u , by t h e p a in de p es , r r t befo re the Atheni an fo r c es sho uld ar ri ve t o its

B u t n o bl e r a g e i n fl a m d hi s man gl e d b r e a s
r t defence The l atter h o wever had the pre cau ti on
’
. , ,

H i s l e f e mai n i n g h a d t h e c o mb a t ie s,
tr n t r to march thither with nine tribe s t o secu re their
An d fi e ce ly fo t h t o c a ch t he ig h h e fl ie s ; ,
r r t r t cou ntry a n d the se perfo rmed the march with so "
Th e sa me h a d de s i n y t h e l e f de man ds,
r t t ,

An d n ow a a k e d , h e lpl e ss
n u n k h e s a n ds tr t . mu ch expediti o n th at they a rrived there the ,

sa me da y an d t he des ign s o f t he Persia ns were

,

Amongst th o se th a t were sl ai n o n the side o f frustra ted This b a ttle o ccurred B c 4 9 0

.
. . .

e Greeks were C a llima chu s an d Stasil e u s t w o ,

The La ced aemoni ans had pro mi sed a ssist ance
o f their c hi ef c o mmanders They ha d n o t ab o ve t o the Atheni a n s but they were hindered by a ,

ridic u l o u s superstiti o n fr o m t ak ing a p a rt in the

.

2 00 men kill ed on their side in this enga gement ;

,
a cti o n M an k ind in all a ges o f t he w o rld fr o m
where as o n t he side o f t he Per si a ns a bout 6 000 . , ,

o bservi ng t he visible oper ati o ns o f the mo o n

fell be sides th o se w ho were drowned in their
,
up o n the oce a n ha ve su pp o s ed its infl u ence t o,

X e n o ph o n re l ate s that t h e Ath e n ia n s ma de a v o w t o

,

sac ri fi ce t o D ia n a a s man y g o a t s as t h ey sh o u l d k il l e n e
mie s ; a n d b e in g u n a ble t o p roc ur e a s u ffi ci e n t n u mbe r
'

th e y de te r min e d e v e ry y e ar t o sa cr ifi ce 5 00 JElia n re l ate s .

t h e s a me fac t w i t h so me s l ig ht v a ri a ti o n ; a n d w e re a d i n
t he S ch o l ia st o n A ri st o p h a n e s th a t C a ll imac h u s o ne o f t h e , ,

Ath e n i an ge n e ra l s v owed t o s a cri fi ce a s man y oxen a s

,
t h e y sh o u l d sl a y e n e mie s ; a n d u n a bl e t o o b ta in a su ffi c ie n t
n u mb e r h e su b stit ut e d g o a t s i n th e i r r o o m
, H e ro do tu s .

i s si l e n t o n th is matte r fo r w hi ch he i s bl a me d by ,

P l u ta r ch Th e a cco u n t wh ich Xe n o p ho n gi v e s i s h o w
e v e r t h e mo st p ro b a bl e ; fo r C a ll imac h u s be i n g kil l ed i n
.
,

t he b attl e c ou l d n o t h a v e p erfo rme d a vo w

, . t he v al o u r of t he Gr e ek s .
 H IST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

extend n o t o nly t o hu ma n affa irs bu t t o the sta te ,

o f the h u ma n b o dy Tra v ellers h ave o b served .

,

tha t in t he c o untries o f t he e a st it is c u st o ma ry
t o prefer the ti me o f the new mo o n to begin a
j o u rney And t o t his there appe a rs t o be refer
.

ence made in S c r ipt u re Th u s S o l o mo n pu ts into .

t he mo u th o f t he a d u lter o u s wife these w o rds

The g o o dma n is n o t a t h ome , h ave been derive d fr o m s o me su peri o r te a cher t o

H e i s g o n e a l o n g j o u rn e y : t he ma gi to h a ve been in fa ct c o llected fr o m
H e h a th t a k e n a ba g o f mo n e y with h i m
, , , .

t he sa cred writings o r the o r a l instr u ctions o f

,

An d will c o me ho me a t t h e da y a pp o in te d ,

D aniel h imse lf
.

P r ov . v1 1 . 1 9 , 20 . .

Inste a d o f the former mo de of keeping the

O r in o th er wo rds
,
new mo on Refer ,
at
“
t he . s a c red fire in c aves a n d o n mo u nt a ins in t he ,

e n c e is al so made t o this o b serv a nce 1 ,

o pen a ir where it w a s li a ble t o be extinguis hed
, ,

2 4 where S a u l is repre sent e d a s sitting d o wn to

,
D a rius b uilt fire te mples thr o u gho u t his do min
me at o r t o a fe a st w hen t he new mo o n w a s c o me
, ,
. ion s as a t Jeru sa le m His prin c ip a l fire temple
, .
,

It w as u nder t he influ ence o f thi s s u perstitio n c a lled Az u r G u sht as

p w as erected a t B al c h the , ,

tha t t he L ac ed ae mo ni a ns deferred sending their c pit l

a a o f the pro vince o f B a i
ct r afi
‘
After the
pro mi sed a id t o the Atheni ans After t he mo o n .
, de ath o f Z e r du sht in t he fifth ye a r o f his reform ,

h o wever had p assed the full they sent a b o dy o f ,

a ti o n D a ri u s a ss u med the o ffi ce o f a rchima gus
,
,

2 000 me n whic h a rr ived o nly t o Offer the m t heir

,
hi mself bu t died the fo ll o wing ye a r Hence t he
, .

c o ngr a t u la ti o ns o n t he victo ry Happily thi s .

, s u cceeding ki ngs o f Persi a were a lw a ys initi ated
su perstitio n is n o w expl o de d by t he mo re s a tis int o the s a cerdo t al o rder o f the magi befo re their
facto ry dedu cti o ns o f a s o und p h il o s o phy It has . in au gura ti o n as rel ated in the sectio n o n the
,

been re a s o n ably u rged that as the mo st a ccu ra te ,

p o lity of Persi a .

an d s u bt ile b a ro meters a r e n o t a ffe cted by the N ext t o Cyru s s ays Dr Hales D a riu s w as , .
,

v a ri o u s p o sitions o f the mo o n it is very unlikely ,

the gre atest prince o f this dyn a sty If Cyr u s .

th a t the hu ma n b o dy sho uld be withi n the sphere fo un ded D a riu s H y st aspes unqu e sti o n ably e sta
,

o f its infl u ence . bl ishe d the e mpire His p o litic al wisdo m an d .

The le sso n c o nveyed in these dis a sters w as mo der ati o n his system o f l aws an d fina nce an d
, ,

l o st u p o n D a riu s His revenge w a s indeed still .

, ,
his refo rm o f t he n a ti o n a l religi o n were al l ,

mo re excited a gainst the Atheni ans an d he ,

a d mir a ble ; an d his a ttenti o n t o ma rit ime disc o

res o lved t o h e a d another a rmament in pers o n ,

v e r ie s an d c o mmerce distinguish ed him fro m a l l

w hich put all Asia in a fer ment fo r three ye ars . the o ther kings Of Persi a His gre a tness ho w .
,

B u t his desi gns were fru strated In t he ye a r . ever w a s s u l lied by t he indul gence o f th o se evil
,

B C
. . 4 8 7 the Egypti a ns rev o lted which c a u sed
, ,
principles ambiti o n a n d revenge which br o u ght
, ,

hi m t o del a y his expediti o n tha t he might ia ,

ru in n o t only o n his ene mies bu t on his o w n ,

cre a se his prepa rations a ga inst b o th n a ti o ns ; an d s u bj ects N o twith sta n di ng he w as endowed

.
,

t w o ye a rs a fter a s he w a s u p o n the p o int o f,

with man y ex c ellent qu al ities ; an d his wisdo m ,

c a rrying his pl a ns into execu tion he died after , ,

j ustice a n d in ma ny insta nces cle mency a r e
, , ,

ha v ing reigned thi rty six ye a rs - much commended by the a ncients His gre atest
h o n o u r is tha t he w as a ppointed by t he Al
. .

D u ring t he la st six ye a rs o f his reign D a riu s , , ,

a cc o rding t o o rient a l writers w a s eng a ged a ls o ,

mi ghty t o c o mplete the w o rk begun by Cyrus ,

in refo rming the corr u ptions th a t had c rept int o n amely the re stora ti o n o f the Jews to t he Holy
,

the n ation al religion by the progress o f t he ,

L and .

Befo re his de ath D a ri u s app o inted Xerxes his

‘

Sabi a n s u perstitio n an d a do r atio n o f fire a n d o f , , ,

the other ele ments o f n a ture ; an d by the pre eldest so n by At o ss a t he d au ghter o f Cyru s t o , ,

v a lence o f t he n o ti o n o f the tw o principles t he ,

s u c c eed him in preference t o Ar t o ba z an e s hi s
, ,

g o o d an d e v il which ar e referred t o in I sa ia h s
,
’
eldest son by hi s first wife the d au ghter o f G o ,

pro phe c ies re specting Cyr u s w ho a ckn o wledged ,

bry a s ; be c au se t he fo rmer w as b o rn when h1 s
Jeh o va h as the G od Ezra i 1 — 3 Acc o rd
“
,
”
. .
fa ther w as king bu t t he l atter when he w as o nly ,

ing to Mo h ammed Mu sta ph a D a riu s w as a ssi sted ,

in a priv ate st a ti o n It is pro b able th at the .

in his sa lu ta ry wo rk by H y st a spes then master ,

infl u ence Ato ss a had over the mind o f D ari us
o f the ma gi in su c c essi o n t o the pr o p het Dani el decided the choice
‘

.
,
w ho held th at high o ffi c e fr o m B C 5 6 9 t o B C '

. . . .

53 4 ; a n d w ho fr o m his r ank an d residence at ,

X ER X E S
S usa the c apita l from the time o f Belsha zz a r
.

, , ,

( D an vi ii . must h ave been well kno w n t o

.
Xer x es h aving a scended the thro ne e mpl o yed ,

H y stasp es a n d pro b ably to D a rius hi mself

, . t he first ye a r o f his reign in c arrying o n the
The chief a s so ci ate o f H y st a spe s a n d D a ri u s , prep a ra ti o n s begu n by D a rius fo r t he reductio n
s a ys Dr H a les w as the y o u nger Z e r du sht o r
. .
, o f E ypt
g .

seco nd Z o ro a ster w ho is repre sented by t he , In t he s ame ye a r t he S ama rita ns wro te to ,

Ara bi a n an d Pers ia n histo ri ans a s a n ati v e o f the

pro vince o f Ader bij an an d a disciple o f o n e o f ,
B a l ch i s situ ate d o n t h e r i v er D e ha sh t h e B a ct r i us o f
t he Je wish pr o p hets either Elij ah Jere mi ah o r
,
, , , Cu r tiu s P l in y a n d S tr a b o a n d t h e Z a r ia sp is o f P to l e my
O zeir Ezra The re a l pro phet w as D a niel
, , , .

, . . B y diffe r e n t wr ite rs i t i s ca ll e d Z a r iasp a B al k B a l a k h , , ,

The de sign o f the refo rm w a s t o bring b ac k a n d B il a hj I t i s c o n side re d t o be t he o l de st city in t he

.

m
wo r l d a n d i s hen ce de n o min ate d O o o l B e l a d The “
t he religi o n o f Persi a t o it s primitive p u rit y in , ,

mo th e r o f c 1 t ie s Elp hi n st o n e sa y s i t i s n o w re du ce d t o
”

t he da y s Of A
,

br aha m a n d o f t he P ischda dian

.

c o mp a r a t i v e i n sign ifi c a n c e
N
.
.
 H I ST O R Y OF THE PERS IA N S .

him, ( Ah a s u eru s i n a ccus a tion a ga in s t the ia

, wiser n o r le ss ambiti o us by his ill su ccess an d ,

h abita nts o f J ud ah an d Jerus ale m Ez ra iv 6 a nxious to o bta in t he c o mma nd o f the a rmy n o t

bu t n o twith sta ndi ng thi s Opp o sition he c o nfirmed

, . , ,

o nly a ppro v e d o f the dete r min ati o n o f Xerxes

, ,

t o tha t pe o ple al l t he priv ileges gra nted the m by bu t ext o lled him a bo ve all his predecess o rs a n d ,

his fath er especi ally the gra nt o f the S a ma rita n

, ende a v o ured to sh o w the necessity o f avenging
tribu te fo r c a rrying o n the buil di ng of the t em
,
t he disho n o ur d o ne t o t he Persi a n n a me The .

ple an d the sup port of the te mple w o rship a n d

,
rest o f the c o uncil perceiving that this fl attering ,

s a crifices . speech w as wel l received by Xerxes re ma ined ,

In the second ye ar of his reign B c 4 8 4 for s o me time silent fe a rfu l o f o pposing the wil l
, . .
, ,

Xerxes ma rched a ga inst t he Egypti ans an d of the mo n a rch At length Ar t aban us the , .
,

h aving defe ated an d s u bdued the m he ma de the king s uncle w ho w as vener able bo th fo r his age
,
’
,

yo ke o f their s u bj ection mo re grievo us : then a n d prudence deriving c o nfidence fro m hi s rel a ,

giving t he go vern ment o f that province to his t io n ship addressing Xerxes used al l his ende a , ,

br e t her Ach ae menes he retu rned to Sus a , v o u r s to divert him fro m his pre sent res o l u ti o n .
,

The poet fEschyl us in his tra gedy o f the an d a t the s ame ti me repro a ched M ar do n ius with
,

Pers ia ns represents Xerxes as foll o wing his pre

,
w a nt o f sincerity an d sh o wed ho w much he w as ,
’
dec esso r s pla n o f c o nqu est Atoss a t he mo ther t o bl ame fo r desiring ra shl y to eng a ge the Per
.
,

si a ns in a w ar whi ch nothing bu t his o w n ambition

,

o f Xerxes is intr od u ced as a ddressing the ghost

,

o f her hus b a nd D a rius th u s a n d se l f interest could te mpt him to advise -

.

The e ar o f Xerxes w as o pen t o fl att e bu t

Thi s fro m t o o fre q u e n t c o n v erse w ith bad me n de af to wholes o me advice Alth o u gh Arta anus , .

The i mp e tu o u s X e rx e s l e arn e d : th e se c a u ght hi s e ar

del i v ered his senti m ents in a respectful manner
W ith t h y great d e e d s as win n in g fo r t hy so n s ,

a nd with gre at sincerity Xerxes w as indi gn a nt

,

Va st ri ch e s with t hy c on qu e rin g spe ar : whi l st h e , ,

T imo ro u s a n d sl o t hfu l n e v e r sa v e i n sp ort , a t the liberty a n d a ss u red him th a t if he were

, , ,
Lifte d his l an ce n o r a dde d t o t h e we a l th
, not his uncle he should ha ve s uffered fo r his pre
Wo n by hi s n o bl e fa th e rs T hi s re pro a ch ,

s umption T cit u s has well o bserved th at it is

.
,

Oft by ba d me n re pe a t e d u rg e d hi s so u l a .
,

the misfo rtune o f princes sp o iled by fl a ttery to

,

To a tte mp t thi s w a r a n d l e ad his troo p s t o Gree ce

,
.

look u pon every thing as a ustere th at is sincere

Accordingly the redu cti o n o f Egypt w as only a n d ingenuous a n d t o disrega rd al l c o u n sel de
,
,
prep aratory t o his grand exp e diti o n a ga inst livered with a gener o us a nd disinterested freed o m
Greece Plut a rch represents hi m a s bo a sting They do not c o nsider th at even a n h o ne st man
.

that it w as n o t his intention to h ave the figs o f d u rst not tell the m al l he thinks n o r disc o ver the
Attic a which were excellent bou ght for him wh o le truth ; an d th at wh a t they sta nd most in
,

, ,

a n y l o nger a n d th a t he w o uld eat no mo re till

, n eed of is a sincere a n d fai thful fri end A prince .

he w as master o f the c o untry B efo re however o u ght to think himself h appy if in his who le .
, ,

Xerxes eng a ged 1 11 this importa nt en t erprise he reign he finds o n e who ventures t o spe ak h o nestly , ,

a sse mbled his c o u nc il in order to o bt ain t he for he is the most ne cess ary an d ra re instrument
,

a dvice o f the mo st illus trious persons o f his court o f government Cicero justly re marks th at .
,
He l ai d before the m the design he had in view there is nothing so a gree able to n a tu re o r so
.

, ,

an d a cqu a inted the m with his mo tives which c o nvenient to o u r affairs whether in pro sperity ,

were t he desire of imitating hi s predecess o rs ; o r a dversity as true friendship ; an d w ho is so

,

the o bliga ti o n he w as under t o re venge the bum

,

sincere a friend as he w ho imp a rts good advice

ing of S a r di s ; the necessity of recovering their in an hour o f difli cul ty ?
lost h o n o urs ; an d the pro spec t of the a dv a nta ges
tha t might be re ape d from this w ar which w o uld
T a k e so un d a dv ice p ro c ee din g fro m a h e art
i n ce re ly y o u rs a n d free fro m frau dfu l ar t —D a r n n 1~
,

be attended with the c o nqu est o f a ll E ur o pe S r

.
,
. .

He a dded further th a t this w ar had been resolved ,

B u t al as l a dvice is seldo m w elco me an d those
o n by his father D a rius a n d conseq u ently tha t
, ,

who w ant it t he mo st like it the le a st as in the

,
'

he w as only completing his designs he co n

,

ca se o f Xerxes The re as o n may be th a t the

cluded by promi sing l arge rewa rds t o th o se who ackn o wled gment o f o u r we akne ss an d a n o the r s
.
,
’

sh o u ld distinguish the mselves in the expedi tio n

_
be tt er sen se a r e i mplied in the ac t o f tak ing .

It is prob able th at the poet ha d the spee c h o f a dvice Whence the pride o f huma n n ature
Xerxes in hi s mind when he wrote the fo llowin g stifles the v o ice o f conviction a n d ma kes us turn
.

lines which he ma kes M ar do n ius utter o n e nter

,

,
a de a f ear to the ch a rmer ch a rm he never so ,
ing Athens wisely .
0

According t o Herodotus when the e bull t t 1 o n s

Is this t h e c it y wh o se p re su mp ti o n dar d
’ ,

I n v a de t he l o rd o f A si a ? stern ly sa id of his ra ge were o ver Xerxes repented o f hi s

c o nd u ct tow a rds Ar t aban u s an d sent fo r him t o
,

M ar do n iu s ente ri n g W hithe r n o w a r e fl e d
.
,
Th e a u da cio u s tra in wh o se fi r e br an ds S a rdi s fe l t !
a cknowle dge his fa ul t a n d express his intenti on
,

Wh ere e r yo u l u r k Ath enian s i f i n sight

’ ,
,

S o o n sh a ll yo u v iew y o ur cit a de l i n fl ame s ; o f f o reg o ing ,

the w a r upon G reece
,
wh i ch g a ve ,

( ) r i f re t r ea te d t o a dista n t l a n d the no bles gre a t j o y After this the s ame a uthor

, . ,

N o dista nt l a n d o f re fu g e sha ll y o u fi n d rel a tes a r o ma ntic a ccount of a vi si o n w h1 ch

Ag a in st a v e n gin g X e rxe s —G L OVER
,

changed their Opini o n an d made even Ar taban us

”
. .

m m d a l o us promoter
M ar do n ius the same w ho ha d been so n a su e
,
hi s elf beco e a s a ng u ine an z e
c e ssful in the reign o f D a rius gr o wn neither of the w ar ,
.

The gre a tness of the prep ara ti o ns w a s 1 n p r o

The re ad e r mu st reme mbe r t hat th i s i s a t tl a d
i e n po rtion to t he gr a nde u r o f the sche m e N o t h mg ,
. x

n o t a p ro p e r n a me D r H a l e s sa y s th at thi s titl e i s a p
. .
w as o mitted w h ich c o u ld contrib u t e to the s u ccess
pl ie d t o X e r x e s Ezr a iv 6 ; t o A r ta xe rx e s L o n gima n u s the ndert king Xerxes entered int a c on
f a o ,
, .

u
Esthe r i l ; a n d t o Ast y age s t h e fa the r o f Cy ax a r e s o r o f o
.

feder cy with the C rt h gini ns who were at

.
, ,
a a
Da riu s t he M e de D a n i x 1 , . .
a .
a ,
 H I ST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

t ha t time the mo st p o tent pe o ple o f the west a n d ,

a noble Ly d ia n w ho w a s considered the riche st ,

ma de an a gree ment with the m th at while t he ,

o f ma nkind after Xerxes entert ained t he Per si a n ,

Persia ns inv aded Greece they sh o ul d fa ll u p o n ,

a rmy w ith gre at ma gnificence fo r whi c h he w as ,

the Greek c o lo nies in Sicily an d Ita ly tha t ,

ill rew a rded as rel a ted o n p age 3 5 o f thi s his
,

t hereby they might be diverted fro m rendering t o ry .

e ac h o ther a ssist ance The C a rthagini a ns a p . As s o o n a s t he spring o f the ye a r arri ved B C , . .

p o inted H amilc a r gener al w ho n o t o nly rai sed ,

4 8 0 Xerxes left S a rd is a n d directed hi s ma rc h
, ,

wha t fo rces he c o u ld in Afric a bu t with t he ,

to w a rds t he Hellesp o nt Being a rrived a t Aby .

mo ney sent him by Xerxes hired mercen aries in do s he wi shed t o witness a n a v al c o mb a t

, A .

Spain G aul a n d Ital y so th at it is s a id his a rmy

, ,
thro ne w a s erected fo r him u p o n a n e mi nence ,

c o nsisted o f men an d a pro p o rtio n ate ,

an d in tha t situ ati o n seeing all the se a cr o wded ,

n u mber o f ships in o rder t o exec u te t he proj ects ,

with his ves sels a n d t he la nd c o vered with his ,

an d stip u l a ti o ns o f the le a gue See t he Histo ry . t r o o ps he felt a secret j o y diffuse itself thro u gh
,

of t he C a rth agini a ns . his s ou l c o nsidering that he w a s the mo st po wer

,

In the beginning o f the fifth ye a r aft er w a r ,

ful an d the mo st h a ppy of mo rt a ls Reflecting .
,

had been determined o n Xerxes beg a n his ma rch , h o wever s o o n a fter wa rds that o u t o f so many
, ,

fr o m S u s a t he metr o p o l is with his mighty a rmy

, , . thou s a n ds in a hu ndred ye a rs ti me there w o ul d
,
’

The ti me o f his dep a rture, s ays Dr H ale s is .

,
n o t be o n e li ving o n t he e a rth his j o
y w as t u m ,

critic ally determine d by an eclipse o f t he su n , e d into grief a n d he c o u ld n o t fo rbe a r weeping

,

vi sible a t Su s a a b o u t eight in the mo rning April , the uncert ainty an d instabil ity o f hu ma n thi ng s .

19 B c 48 1 Hero do tu s represents this eclip se

As do wn
, . . .

as t o ta l ; fo r the sun dis appe a red in a clo u dl ess

The i mme a sura bl e ra n k s h is sight w a s l o st
’

a n d cle a r sky an d da y bec ame night

,
bu t it
, A mo me n tar y gl o o m o e r ca st h is min d ; ’

a ppe a rs fr o m Dr Brinkley s c o mput ation th a t it Whi l e th i s re fl ect io n fill d h i s e y e with te ars

’ ’
.

w a s s o mewh at less th a n a hal f eclipse This w as T hat so o n a s t ime a h u n dr e d y e ars h a d to l d

, ,

N o t o n e a mo n g tho se mi ll i o n s shou l d su r v i v e !
.

suflici en t to excite o bse r vation an d crea te al a rm , Wh e n ce t o o b scu r e t hy p r ide a r o se tha t c l o u d ?

at S u s a especia lly at the mo ment o f their de
, ,

, Wa s i t th at o n c e hu ma n ity co u l d to u ch
,

p a rtu re an d might e a sily h ave been ma gn ified A ty ra n t s b r east ? Or r at he r did t hy sou l

’
, ,
,

into t o t al by tra ditio n at a time when eclipses R e p i n e O X erxe s a t t he b itter tho u ght , ,

T hat a ll t hy p o w er w a s morta l ? — G r o vn a
,
, , . .

were c o nsidered p o rtento us a n d the c au se known ,

bu t t o few of the le a rned Xerxes w as al a rmed . Xerxes might h ave fo u nd an o ther s ubj ect o f
a t the incident an d consulted the ma gi u p o n , fl e ct io n which wo u ld h ave mo re j u stly merit
,

wh at it mi ght portend The magi affi r med t hat . ed his te ars an d affliction had he t urned his ,

G o d progn o stic a ted to the G reeks t he fail u re o f tho u ght s up o n hi mself He might have co n .

their states sa ying th a t the sun w as t he pro g

, sider e d the repr o a ches he deserved fo r being t he
n o st ica t o r o f the Greeks bu t the mo o n o f t he , instrument o f shortening tha t fatal term t o mil
Persi a ns With this futile an d lying exp o sitio n
.
l i o ns o f pe o ple wh o m he w as go ing t o s a cri fice ,

Xerxes w as s atisfied an d pr o ceeded o n his ma rch ,

.
as victi ms to his cruel ambiti o n .

F rom Su s a Xerxes marched t o S a rdis which , Art aban u s who neglected no opportu nity o f ,

w a s the pl ac e a ppointed fo r the gener al rendezvo u s mak ing himsel f u seful t o the y o u ng prince an d ,

o f instill ing into him sentiments of g o odness

'

o f a ll his la nd fo rces while his n avy ad v a nced , ,

along the co a sts of Asi a M inor t o w a rds the t o o k a dv anta ge o f this mo ment of the w o rkings
Hellespont .
o f n at u re a n d led him into fa rther refle c ti o ns
,

It w as on his w ay thither at Cel aenae Py thius u p o n the miseries with which the l ives o f mo st
*
, , ,

me n a r e a ttended an d w hich render the m so ,

This c ity w a s situa te d i n P hrygi a M aj o r o n t he ro a d , p a inful an d unh appy ; ende avo u ring at t he same ,

from S u sa t o S ardis I t w a s a city o f gr e at n o te i n t he .

ti me to make hi m sensible o f the du ty an d 0i
da y s o f t h e Ly dia n a n d P hrygia n k i n g s a n d du ri n g t h e
ate the s o rro ws o f man
,

time o f t h e Pe rsi a n e mp ire I t i s n o w i n r u in s a n d mo .

,

, g a t io n o f princes to a llevi
de rn g eo gra p h e r s ar e mu ch di v ide d in o p i ni o n re sp ecti n g kind .

i t s a n c ie n t sit e I t i s n ote d in t he march o f t he y o u n g er

.
In the s ame convers ation Xerxes asked Ar ,
Cy ru s a nd a de scri ptio n o f i t s site ha s b e e n gi v e n i n t he
,
tab anus if he w o uld still a dvise him n o t t o make
A n a basis o f X en o p ho n I t w as t he u su a l re siden ce o f t he
w a r u p o n Greece ; an d fo r t he mo ment he hi m
.

P er si a n satra p a n d w as ad o rn e d with a p al a ce p r o b a bly , ,

self a ppe a rs t o have been sta ggered at 11 1 8 m1 ghty

, ,

e r e ct e d by X e rx e s a s we ll a s with o th e r e st a bl i shme n t s
, ,

a n d a p a r k o f su ch ext e n t as n o t on ly t o affo rd ro o m fo r , pr oj ect Ar t aban u s replied that t he l and an d

gre at hu n ts o f wi l d a n ima l s bu t t o p ermi t a n a rmy o f . ,

t he se a still g ave him gre a t u ne a siness : t he l a nd

,
men t o en camp within i t s p r e cin ct s T hro u gh t he .
,

middl e o f thi s p a r k sa y s X en o p h o n ru n s t h e r iv e r M ae bec au se there is n o c o untry s a id he tha t c an , ,

feed a n d ma intain so n u mero u s an a rmy ; an d

, ,
a n de r bu t t h e he a d o f it ri se s in t h e p a l a c e : i t ru n s a l so
,

thro u gh t h e city o f Cel aan aa A simil a r de scri p t ion i s .

the se a be c a use there ar e no p o rts c ap able o f
g iv e n o f this r iv er a l so by Quin t iu s C u rtiu s i n hi s l ife o f
, , ,
,

Al e x an de r t he G re at The c o n fl u en ce o f th e se t w o
bo u t t h e same dista n ce so u th o f Co t yee u m a n d 1 1 6 e a st
.

stre a ms w o u l d n atu r a lly be b e l ow t h e c it y In a fte r a g e s a ,

M a r me r t a G e rma n g e o g r a phe r su pp o se d
.
,

Ce l mna a w a s a b a n do n e d for a n e w c ity b u i l t by A n tio ch u s o f S ar di s . , ,

S o te r so n o f S e l e u cu s whi ch w a s su r ro u n de d by t h e
, , Ophi u m K ar a H issar wh ich is twe nt y t w o ge o gr a phi ca l ,
-

stre a ms o f t h e M a r sy a s O bri ma a n d Org a wh ich e mp ty mil e s n o r th e ast o f S a n du k l y t o a n swer t he site o f t h e

-

a n c ie n t Ce l ae n en ; a n d D r P o c o c k e re g a r de d A
, , ,
,

th e mse lv e s in to t he M aean der T hi s city w a s ca ll e d .

skk l y as i t s
.

Ap a me a K ibo t is site ; bu t b o th th e se Op in io n s a r e e v ide n tly e r ro n e o u s .

Ne ith e r t he M a r si u s n o r t h e M ae a n de r e x i st a t Op hiu m
.

A cc o r di n g t o B e nnel t he modern Sa n duk iy o cc u pi e s

K ara H issar a n d Ask k l y i s t o o fa r do w n t he l a tt e r riv e r
,

t h e site o f t he a n c ie n t Ce l mn ae T his p l a c e i s a ctu ally . . ,

t t
si u a e d o n on e of the so u r c e s o f t h e M ma n der , n ow Me t o a n swe r t o t h e de scri p t io n K in n e ir th in k s th at Ce .

i n de r , wh ich w a s ge n erally a ll o w e d t o ha e i t s v pri n cip a l l ze n ze sto o d se v e n mi l e s so uth o f K a ra H i ssar wh e r e , ,

so u rce at b r a n ch i s fo rme d by so me fi n e
C e l aenae and the the r e is a v ill a g e e mb o some d in woo d said t o be erecte d ,

n o t fa r fro m o n e o f t h e
,

sp ri n g s whi ch fl o w f r o m t he
fo o t o f a ri dg e o f l o ft y hill s , o n t h e s ite o f a n a n c ie n t t o w n ,

a s i s re p or te d o f th at c ity P l in y c a ll s t h e hi ll Sigr ia a n d .
, so u rce s o f t h e M a ra u de r ; so diffi cu l t i s i t t o i den tify t his
i t l ie s sixty En gl ish mi l e s dire ct n orth e ast o f C o l o sse -
, a n cie n t city o f r e n own .
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PER SIANS .

receiving s u ch a multit ude o f vessel s These . he ma rched so u thw a rds with his a rmy in three
obj ecti o n s h o wever we r e o verruled by Xerxe s
, , , d1 v1 s1 0n s a ttended by hi s fleet thr o u gh Thrac e
, ,

a n d a mbiti o n a g ain prev a iling the mo ment a ry , a n d M a ced o ni a several cities o f which en t er ,

irres o lu tio n w as s u cceeded by a fixed determin a t a in e d him h o spita bly Hero d o t u s s a ys that t he .
,

ti o n t o go fo rw ard . T hra ci ans expended 4 00 t a lents o f silver o n a

Xerxes c o mma nded a bridge o f bo ats t o be single b anqu et ; an d tha t a witt citizen t o ld t he
l aid over the Hellesp o nt fo r t he transmiss io n o f , Abderites they sho ul d bless c a ven th at Ker
,

his fo rces fr o m Asi a into E u ro pe ; w hich w a s a xes did n o t req u ire t w o rep asts in the da y o r ,
w o rk o f mo re ostent ati o n th a n u se since Alex ,
they w o u ld be ruined .
”

a nder a n d afterw a rds the O tt o mans p a s sed the

, , Her o d o t u s gives a min u te acc o u nt o f the dif
s ame str aits in after a ges with less p a r ade an d
, , ,
fe r en t amo unt o f the v a ri o us n ati o ns tha t c o n
v a stly gre a ter e ffect The sp a ce that sep a r ates . stitu ted this a rmy Bes ides the genera l s o f every .

the two c o ntinents formerly c al led the Helles , n ati o n w ho c o mmanded the tr o o ps o f their r e
,

p o nt n o w t he D ard anelles is seven stadi a in

, , sp ec t iv e c o u ntry t he l a nd a rmy w a s u n der the ,

bre a dth o r ne a rly o n e English mile A vi o l e nt

, . c o mmand of six Persi a n general s n amely M a r , ,

sto rm a ro se o n a s u dden an d br o ke down the , do niu s Tr in t aehmes M asist es Sme r do n e s Ger

, , , ,

bridge first erected ; an d Xerxes appointed mo re gi s a n d M e gaby z u s

, The Persi ans .
,

experienced a rchitects t o b ui ld two o thers in its c alled the Immo rta l B and were c o mmanded by ,

room o n e fo r t he a rmy an d the o ther fo r the

, , Hyda rnes The cav al ry had als o its p a rtic u la r
.
, ,

be a sts o f bu rden an d the b agga ge M aj o r Ren . c o mmanders B ennel o bserves th a t t he Per

.
,

nel has ingeni o u sly expl ained t he construction si an s may be c o mp a red in respect t o the rest o f ,

o f these two bri dges an d s ho wn the a ngle whi c h , the a rmy o f Xerxes with t he E u ro pe a ns in a ,

they fo rmed wit h e a ch o ther the o n e t o resist , British a rmy in Indi a composed chiefly o f sea ,

the strong c urrent fr o m the Pr o pontis the o ther , p o y s an d n ative tr o o ps .

to withs ta nd t he stro ng winds in the ZEgean Sea ,

Xerxes h a ving r a nged an d n u mbered his a r
e ach pro tecting the o ther . mamen t w as desiro u s o f reviewing t he w ho le
, .

Herodotu s relates a st o ry c o ncern ing the co n Mo u nted in hi s c ar he ex amined e a ch na ti on ,

du ct o f Xerxes o n the occ a si o n o f the fa ilu re o f in tu rn to a ll o f w hom he prop o sed qu efst io n s

‘

, ,

the first bridge the i mport o f whi ch is th a t he

, ,
the replies to which were n o ted d o wn by his
threw t w o p a ir o f cha ins into the sea as if he ,
secret ar ies The processio n of Xerxes in his
.

me a nt to sh a ckle an d confine it a n d th at he ,
c a r thr o u gh the r a nks o f his a rmy is well de ,

order ed 3 00 stro kes t o be given it by w a y o f ,

scribed by G l o ver in his Leonidas ,

cha stise ment N ow w ater among the Persi ans

.
,
Th e mo n ar ch will d a n d su dde n ly h e he a rd ’

w a s held t o be one of t he symb o ls o f D ivine

,

H i s t r a mpl i n g ho r se s H ig h o n silv e r wh e e l s
n at ure}an d this sto ry may therefore be a cc o unted
.

, ,
The i v ory with a z ure sa pphir e s sho n e
car , ,

fabulous ; fo r Xerxes would not h a ve a cted so C eru l e a n b e r yl s a n d t he j a sp e r gre e n

, ,

The e me ra l d t he ru by s gl o w i n g bl u sh
’

directly o pp o site to the tenets o f his religi o n .

,

Th e fl ami n g t Opa z , w 1 t h i t s g o l d e n b e a m,
,

The perfo ration of Mo u nt Ath o s an d the circ u m , The p e arl t h e e mp u rpl e d a me t hy st , a n d a l l

,
’

The v a ri o u s ge ms which I n dia s min e s a ffo rd

’
sta nce o f sen ding a letter t o it thre a tening t o
thr o w it into t he se a may als o j ustly be d o u bted
,
To de ck t h e p o mp o f i n g s In bu rn ish d g o l d k .
’

, .
A sc u lptu r ed e agl e fr o m b e hin d d isp l a y d ’

Xerxes w as not one o f t he wisest of princes bu t , H i s st ate ly n e ck a n d o er t he r o y a l h e a d,

’

he certa inly w a s no idio t ; an d these a ctio ns c o uld Ou t st r e t c h d h i s da zzl in g win g s Eigh t g e n ero us steeds
’
.
,

only h a ve been c o mmitted by a madman They W hich o n t h e fame d Nismn pl a i n we re n u rse d ,

.
I n wi ntry M e dia drew t h e r a d ia n t c ar
do n o t a cc o rd more o ver with the a necdote th at
.
,
, , A t t he sig n a l bo u n d
Xerxes after h aving reviewed his a rmy a t Aby
,

, Th e a tt e n tiv e stee ds : t h e ch ari o t fl ie s ; b e hin d

do s b u rst into te ar s u p o n reflectin g o n their
,
Te n th o u sa n d ho r se in t hu n de r swe e p t he fi e l d ;
sho rt term o f life D own t o t he se a b ea t marg in o n a pl ai n -
,

Of v a st exp a n sio n in b a tta l i a wait

.

Wh en the se cond bridge w as completed a day

,

Th e e as t er n b a n ds To th e se t h e imp e ria l whe e l s

’
, . ,

w as a pp o in ted fo r the commence ment o f their By p r i n ce s fo ll owe d in a hu n dr e d cars ,

p assage over Accordingly as so on a s the first P r oc e e d The q u e e n o f Car ia f a n d he r son

With H yp e ra n t h e s rode The ki n g s a ppro a ch
. , ,
.
’
,

ra ys o f the sun a ppea red sweet odours of v a rious

.

, Swift thro u gh t he wide a rr a n geme n t i s p r o cl a imd ’

.

kinds were spre ad over the bridges an d the w ay H e n o w dr aws n ig h The in n u me r abl e ho st
’
.
,
w as strewed with myrtle At the s ame time R o ll b a c k by n atio n s a n d a dmit th e ir l o rd ,

Wit h al l hi s satr a p s As fr o mcr y sta l do mes

.
,

Xerxes poured out l ib a tions into the se a, an d B u i l t u n dern ea th a n arch o f pe n de n t se a s

.

,
,

t u r ning his fa ce tow a rds the sun the princip a l Wh e n th at stern p o w er wh o se t r iden t ru l e s t he fl oods
, ,

obj ect o f the Persia n w o rship he impl o red t he ,

With e ach ce rul e a n de ity a scen ds ,

a ssm tan c e o f th a t god in his enterprize : this T hro n e d in h i s p e a r ly chario t a ll t he de e p ,

D i v id es it s b o so m t o t h e e me rg in g go d '

do ne he thr ew the vessel he had u sed in making

,

, S o X e r xe s ro de b e tw e e n t h e A si a n wo rl d
his lib ati o ns t o gether with a g o lden c u p an d a On e ither side re c e di n g
”
, .

P ersian scimi ta r int o the se a His a r my w as

, .

seven da ys a n d seven nights in p assing the se After viewing the l and fo rces Xerxes ex , ,

straits It w as an i mmense host bu t th ere were

.
ch anging his chario t fo r a Sido nian vessel t e ,
,
few re al s o l diers a mo ng them . wr it er s o f a l ater date c o n ce i v e th a t su ch state me n ts a r e
,

Xerxes S pent a month at D o ris ons in Thr a ce b e y o n d t he b ou n ds o f b e l ie f a n d r e d u ce t h e n u mbe r s t o ,

a bo u t o n e fi ft h w hi c h wo u l d st i ll l e a v e a m1 gh t y army
,
.
,
ne ar the mo uth o f the H ebr u s in reviewing an d
-
, ,

c o mp a r e d w it h t h e h an dfu l o f so l die r s G re e ce c o u l d o p
m
,

n bering
u hi s a m
r y a n d fleet ‘
F ro m thence . p o se t o su ch a fo r ce The l a t ter s t ate me n t 1 8 mo re c o n
.

si st e n t wi t h p ro b a b il it y a n d wit h t h e n a rrati v e f t he ,
H er o do tu s that t he n u mb er of t he fo ll owers o f
t t
s a e s, r e su l t s o f t he i n v a si o n which t h e a tte n ti v e r e a de r 11 1
,
Xe rxes w a s I so c r ate s e stimate s t he l a n d army o b se r v e
Art em1 s1 a qu een
.

i n ro un d n u mb ers a t
1 J u st in o b se rv es o f th is wo man :
,

,P l u ta r c h a gr e e s wi t h “
,

these sta t e me n ts ; bu t D io do ru s P l in y E l ia n a n d o the r , , ,

o f H al i c a ma ssu s w ho j o i n e d h e r force s w 1 t h tho s e of
,
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

i
v ew e d his fleet in a simila r ma nner p a ssing , d estr o yed an d su n
hip s o f w a r be s ides a n 4 00 s ,

betwixt t he pr o ws of t he ships an d t he sh o re . i mmense nu mber o f t r ansp o rt s a n d pro visi o n

El ated a t t he pr o spect befo re him when he ha d , ve ssel s a t t he pr o mo nt o ry o f Sepia s F ro m this
, .

reviewed his for c es Xerxes asked De ma r atu s , , statio n they therefo re re mo ve d t o Aphet a fur ,

an exiled king o f Sp a rt a w ho had t aken refu ge , ther s o u thw a rd The Greci an fleet o f 3 00 ships
.
, ,

whether he tho u ght t he a sse mbled in t heir neighb o u rh o o d a t Arte misi u m

*
a t t he Persi a n c o u rt , , ,
Grec ians w o ul d ven t ure t o o pp o se his pro gre ss t he n o rth ern pr o mo nto ry o f the isl a nd of Eu bma
,

t h r o u gh t heir cou ntry After being a s su red by . t o o pp o se th eir p a s sa ge s o u thw a rd .

Xerxes th at he wi shed him t o S pe a k h is tho u ghts The Greeks w ere n o t in active whilst the ene
freely a n d sincerely Dema ra tu s repli ed t o t h ,
my w as a ppro aching They sent t o Gel o n t he .
,
e ffect that b o u nd by the ir l a ws t o defend their
, ,
tyran t o f Syr a cu se an d t o t he i sles o f C o rcyra ,

c o untry t hey w o u ld c o nqu er o r die . a n d Crete t o desire s u cc o u r fr o m the m an d to

,
, ,

S pre a d o n Eu r o ta s b an k s ’ fo r m a le a gue a ga inst t he c o mmon ene my .

Gel o n w a s prevented fro m j o ining the m thr o u gh

,

A mid a cir cl i n g o f so ft r isin g hill s ,

The p at ie n t S p a r t a sto o d ; t he so b e r h ard , , his ambiti o u s vi ews the inhabit ant s o f C o rcyra
An d ma n s u b du in g c ity wh i ch n o sha p e
-
,
deceived the m an d the pe o ple o f Crete h aving
Of p a in co u l d co n q u e r n o r o f p l e a su re c harm ,

Ly cu r gu s th e re b u ilt o n t h e so l id ba se ,
,
c o nsulted t he Delphic o r a cle refused t o enter ,

Of e q ua l l ife so we ll a te mp e r e d st a te , ,
into the leagu e .

W h ere mix d e a ch go v ern me n t i n e ac h j u st p o ise

’
, Added t o these disa pp o int ments w a s the de
Ea c h p owe r so ch c k i n g a n d su pp o rt in g e a ch
,

T ha t fi rm fo r a g e s a n d u n mo v e d i t st o o d
e , ,
fa cti o n o f ma ny o ther cities o f Greece o f w ho m ,

Xerx‘es had de ma nded by his hera lds e a rth a n d

,

The fo r t o f Gre e ce witho u t o n e g iddy h ou r , ,

On e sh o ck o f fa ct io n o r o f p a rt y r a g e , w ater F e a r so wro u ght up o n them gener ally

.

th at n o ne bu t t he L a ced aemo nia ns a n d At hen i

,
Fo r dr ai ne d t he sp r in g s o f we a l th C orr u p t i o n t he re
, ,

L a y wi t h e re d a t t h e r o o t T hrice h a ppy l a n d
a n s a n d the pe o ple o f Thes ia an d P l a t ae a r e
. ,

H a d n o t n e gl e ct e d a r t w ith we e dy v i ce , P , ,

C o n fo u n de d su n k : bu t if Ath e n ia n arts ma ined t o c o mb a t the ene my T hese were r e .

L o v e d n o t t he 8 0 11 ye t th en t h e c a lm a b o de , s o lved t o c o nqu er o r die ; a n d the first thing

Of wisdo m v irtu e p hil o so p hi c e a se , , ,
they did in this e mergency w a s t o pu t an e n d
Of ma n ly fr u g al p hr a se
se n s e , a n d w it , i n ,

C o n fi n e d a n d p r e s s a in t o l aco n i c fo r ce ; ’ t o a l l disc o rds an d intestine divisi o ns Ac c o rd .

T he r e t o o by r o o ti n g th e n ce still t r e a ch e r o u s se lf
, , , in gl y pe a ce w a s c o ncl u ded between the A
, t he n i
The p u bl i c a n d t he p ri v at e g r e w t h e same
The ch il dre n o f t h e n u r sl i n g p u bl ic a l l
a n s a n d the pe o ple o f
n in a w ho at this peri o d ,

An d a t it s ta bl e fe d Fo r th at t he y t o il d .
, ,
’
,
were a t w a r This w as a gre a t p o int ga ined ;
.

Fo r th at th e y l iv e d e n ti r e a n d e v n fo r t h at fo r their a ttenti o n th ereby w a s left u ndiverte d

'
’
,

The t e n de r mo t h er u rge d h er so n t o die — Tn o mso x fro m the c o ming da nger a n d they were e n
”
. .
,

a bled t o direct t he w ho le fo rce o f t heir genius

This is a j u st description o f the pe o ple a gainst
t o prevent its re al iz ati o n This w as t he o n e
wh o m Xerxes w as le a ding his h o sts a n d tho u gh .

o bj ect o f their delibera ti o ns ; a n d the result

he l au ghed at t he reply o f De ma ra tu s he s oo n ,

fo u nd t hat t he b attle is not always accorded t o s ho ws ho w wisely they acted .

t he str o ng an d th at
The princip al p o ints o f their deliber ati o ns
,
were the ch o ice o f c o mman ders an d a t w hat
“

T hrice i s h e a r rn d t ha t hath hi s qu arre l j u st plac e they shoul d meet the Persi ans in order t o
’
.

The first info r mati o n o f this fo rmi d able inva d i spu te t heir entr a n c e into Greece The At he .

sio n o f Greece w as given t o the L acedaemo ni ans n ia n s chose The mistocles an d the Sp a rtans ,

by De ma r at u s hi mself wh o se p atr i o tis m pre ,

c o nferred t he s u pre me c o mma nd o f their fo rces
v ailed o ver hi s priv ate w ro ngs By an ingeni o u s .
up o n Le o nid a s o n e o f t heir kings The sit ua
, .

stra ta ge m he c a rved an a c c o unt o f t he king s ’

tion they a d o pted fo r the c o nflict w as the strai ts
o f Thermopyl ae
,

determina tio n o n two t ablets o f wood a n d then .

The a ppell ati o n Thermopylae me an s The

,

c o vered the writing with w ax so th at they a p , ,

On the n o rth is a n
, ”

pe ar e d to be bl a nk t ablets When these were .

Pa ss o f the H o t Springs .

del ivered at Sp a rt a; they puzzled t he pe o ple ex

“
extensive bo g o r fen thro u gh whi ch a n a rro w
, ,

c eed in gl
y till G o r e the wife o f L e onid a s sa p a ved c ausew a y offers the o nly a ppro a c h t o
g , , ,

gac io usl y re mo ved the w ax when t he a la rmi ng

Greece It is b o rdered o n either side by a deep
.

i mpra ctic able mo rass an d it is fu rther

,

tru th w as reve aled The L aced aemoni ans cir .

an d ,

c u l a t ed the intel l igence th r o u gho u t the c o un bou nded by t he sea t o w a rds t he e a st an d t he ,

pre cipice s o f Mo unt (Eta to the west Here is .

situ a ted the T u rkish der ven e o r b a rrier u p o n a

Xerxes proceeded throu gh Ach ai a a n d Thes , ,

saly a n d with o u t meeting a n o pp o sers re a ched

sma ll n a rro w stone bridge marking t he mo st
y ,

imp o rt a nt p o int o f the w ho le p as sa ge

, ,

t he famo u s an d i mpo rt a nt str a its o f T hermo pyl ae It is still .

o cc u pied by sentinels as in a ncient ti mes a n d is

,

t he key of Greece while the Ca r ni a n an d O lym , , ,

therefo r e even a t the prese nt time c o nsidere d a s

,

pic ga mes were celebra ting .

, ,

At this time a furi o u s He l lesp o ntine wind the p yl se o f t he s o u thern pr o vinces The Ther .

mae o r ho t springs ar e at a sho rt dist ance from

, ,

blowing fro m E N E raised s u ch a hu rric a ne as . .

,
, ,

the bri dge a little further o n to the n o rth

, .

X erx e s a pp eare d a mo n g st t he forwarde st c o mman ders in

, Their princip al issu e is fr o m t w o mo n t hs a t the
t h e h o tt e s t e n g a g e me n t s A n d a s on t h e ma n s si de th e re fo o t o f t he limesto ne precipices o f (Et a o n the
’
.

w as an e fi e mi n a t e co w ar d ic e o n t h e wo ma n s w a s o b serv ed
‘
’ ,

a ma scu l in e c o u ra g e H e r o do tu s s pe aks t o t h e sa me e f
”
,
left o f t he c a u sewa y whi c h here p a sses close
t he mo u n tai n
.

fe c t a n d a dd s th a t th er e w a s n o t o n e w h o g a v e s u ch g o o d
, ,
u nder a n d a t thi s p a rt o f it ,

a d v i ce a n d c o u n se l t o X erx e s ; bu t he w a s n o t p ru den t sca rcely a dmit s t w o ho rse men a brea st o f e a ch

en o u g h t o p ro fi t by i t .
o ther The mo st critic al p a rt is at the ho t
D emara tu s w as a fa v o u rite o f Xerx e s b e cau se he
.

su gg e ste d h i s pl e a t o t he cro w n in p r e fere n c e t o hi s e l d e r

,
sprin gs o r a t t he bridge where the Tu rki sh der
,

br o t he r o n t he gr o u n ds be fore re co rde d
‘

, .
vene l s pl a ce d At the fo rme r t he tra veller ha s
.
,
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

t he mo u nta in l e t o hi m o n t he o n e side an d
c os , little ba n d ; bu t at length o ppressed by n u mbers , ,

t he bo g o n t he o th er ; a n d a few bra ve tro o ps t hey a ll fell except o n e man w ho e sc aped t o,

might therefo re intercept the ma rch o f the

,

, , Sp a rta wh ere he w a s tre ate d a s a c o w a r d an d

,

mightie st a rmy ever mu stered .

tr ai t o r t o his c o u ntr y The bra ve Le o nida s w a s .

It w as a t this situ a ti o n th at Xerxes fo u nd o n e o f t he fir st th a t fell o n this me mo r a ble oc

Le o ni das w a iting fo r him with a b and o f o nly , c a i o n O n t he b a rr o w o r t o mb o f thi s dev o te d
s .
,

6 2 00 me n The h au ghty mo n a r c h w a s s u rpri sed

.
b a n d a n a ppr o pri a te ep itaph w as ins c ribed which
,

t o fi n d tha t they were d etermined t o di sp u te his

,
re a ds thu s :
p a ss a ge He ha d fl attere d hi mself t ha t o n his
.
,
Th e L a ce dmmo n i an s O stra n g er t e ll
a ppr o a c h t he Greci a ns w o u ld bet a ke t h e ms elve s
, , ,
, T ha t her e o be y in g th e ir sa cre d l aws w e fe ll
, , .

t o fl ight Perc eiving tha t this w as n o t the ir

.

disp o siti o n he sent o u t a spy t o view t he ene my

, .
Her o do t u s re c o rds tha t Xerxes l o st o n thi s
Thi s spy bro u ght him word tha t he fo u nd t he o c casi o n a b o ve men which pr o b ably is ,

L a cedaemo ni a ns o u t o f their entrenchments a n d ,

a n ex a gger a ti o n It a ppe a rs h o wever th a t he
.
, ,

that they were diverting themselves with mili w as dis ma yed a t the v a l o ur o f t he L a c e daemo n i
a n s ; fo r he interr o ga ted De ma ra t u s if the
t a ry exercise s an d c o mbing their h a ir S u c h y ha d ,

yet ma ny su c h s o ldi ers t o which h e rep l ie d tha t

.
,

w a s the Sp a rt a n ma nner o f prep a ring t he msel v es ,

fo r b a ttle a n d it in dic a ted th a t they were fu lly

,
they n u mbered a b o u t 8 000 equ al in v a lo u r t o
determined t o c o nqu er o r die .
tho se w ho had fa llen Hero do t u s al s o s a ys that .
,

To s uch e ffect Dema r a tu s info rmed Xerxes ; he c a used gre a t n u mbers to be bu ried secretly ,

bu t the mo n a rch w as still in c redul o u s an d ma in lest t he rema inder o f his tr o o ps sh o uld be dis
ma y ed T hu s li ghtly c o uld he sp o rt with hu man
,

t a in e d his p o siti o n fo r fo ur d ays in expecta ti o n ,

.

o f seeing th e m retre a t .
life Surely in a ll ag es o f the w o rld
.
, ,

D u ring this interv al Xerxes u sed his u tmo st , Wa r i s a g ame whi ch were th e ir su bj e cts wi se, ,

ende a v o u rs t o c o rrupt Le o nida s pro mi sing t o

,

,
K i n g s wo u l d n o t pl a y a t N a tio n s wo u l d do w e l l .

To e xt o r t th e ir tru n ch e o n s fr o m t h e p u n y h a n ds
make him master o f all G reece if he w o u ld j o in
’

Of he r o e s w ho se i n firm an d b a by mi n ds
his p a rty Le o nid a s rej ected his pr o p o s a ls with
.
,

Ar e gr ati fi e d with mi sch ie f ; a n d w h o sp oi l

conte mpt ; a n d w hen Xerxes afte r w a rds sum B eca u se men su ffer i t—the ir t o y t he wo rl d
s

mo n e d him to su rr ender u p hi s a rms he r e ,

Co w r nn .

t u rned this l ac o nic reply “

C o me an d ta ke The s ame day o n which t he a cti o n a t Thermo
the m .
”
pylae o cc u rred t he t w o fleets enga ged at Arte ,
On the fifth day Xerxes enr a ged at the per , , misiu m a pr o mo nto ry o f E u boea The fleet o f
, .

t in a c it y of t he Greeks in ret a ining the p a ss , the Greci ans c o nsi sted o f 2 7 1 vessels exclu sive
sent a detac hment o f Medes wi th a c o mmand t o
,
, o f ga lleys a n d s mall b o a t s : th a t o f the ene my
bring them alive to his presence T hese were .
w a s mu ch mo re n u mer o u s n o twithst a nding its
defe ated with gre a t sl au ghter ; an d the Immo rta l
,

recent l o sses by t he storm The Per si ans sent

B a nd which were next se nt a ga inst them sh a red
.

, , 2 00 ships w ith o rders t o s a il rou nd the isl a nd o f

t he s a me fa te Aft er su ccessive e ffo rt s indeed
.
, , Eu bd aa an d enc o mp as s the Greci an fleet th a t
‘

made wi th la rge bodi e s o f their tro o ps t o g a in

, ,

, n o n e o f their shi ps might esc ape The Greeks

the p ass t he Persia ns were o bli ged t o desist fr o m
.

, had intelli gence o f this design an d set s ail in

the a tte mpt
,

t he nigh t in o rder to a tta ck the m by da

y bre ak
.
-

Xerxes w as perplexed ; bu t in the mids t o f his

, .

They missed this squ ad ro n a n d a dv a n c ed t o ,

perp lexity tre a chery p o inted o u t his p a th t o
, Aphetae where the bu lk of t he Persi a n fleet l ay
,
Greece One Epia l t e s a Meli an in the ho pe o f
.
, , a n d a ft er severa l brief enc o u nters they c ame t o ,
,

a gre a t rew a rd disc o vered a se c ret p ass a ge t o a c o nsider able enga e ment w hi ch w as l o ng a n d
,
g ,
the t o p o f the hill an d whic h led t o t he re a r o f , o bstin a tely ma inta ined a n d res u lted in ne a rly
the Greci a n c amp T his p o int is bey o nd the
,
.
equ al su cces s .

ho t springs in t he n o rth a n d it is still u sed by

, , T ho u gh t he Persi a ns su ffered very severely ,
the inha bit a nts o f the cou ntry in their j o u rneys yet the Grecia n s su ffered a l so an d h al f o f their
t o S a l o n a the a ncient A mp hi ss a
,

, Xerxes de .
shi ps were dis abled Su ch bein g the c ase they
spa t ched a det a ch ment thither w hich ma rchi ng
.
,
, , dee med it expedient t o retire t o so me s a fer pl a ce
a ll night p o s sessed the mselves o f th a t a dvan t a
, t o refit ; a n d a cc o rdingly they s ailed t o S alami s
, , ,

ge o us post a t da y bre ak a n isl a nd in t he S a r o ni c B a y ne a rly midw a y

-
.

,
Leonid as saw his d a nger an d c o nvinced th a t , between Athens an d C o rint h Her o do tu s j u stly .

it w as i mpossible t o opp o se s u c c essfully so over observ es tha t tho u gh the eng a gement a t Arte
whelming a fo r c e with so small a n u mber o f
,

, misium did n o t bring ma tters to an a bso lu te de

troops he o bliged his al lies t o retire ; bu t he
, c isio n yet it c o ntribu ted gre atly t o enc o u ra ge
remai n ed himsel f with hi s 3 00 L ac ed aemo ni a ns
,

Greek s w ho were n o w c o nvinced tha t t he

m
,
’ ,
res o lving t o die in their c o u ntry s c aus e ; in o be ene y n o twithsta n di ng t heir gre a t nu mber w as
, ,
“
die n ce t o an o r a cle whic h fo retold t ha eith er
, n o t invincible The st r uggle fo r li be rty is
Glo ver ma kes
.

Sp a rta o r her king mu st fall .

”

Le o nidas exclaim o n he a ring tha t the enemy had A ca u s e

,
N ot ft en f l : p owe r u su rp d ’

c ircumvented him
o u n su c ce ss u
Is we ak n e ss wh en Opp o se d : c o n scio u s o f wro n g ,

I n o w b eh o l d t h e o rac l e fu l fi ll d
’ Ti s p u sil l an imo u s a n d p ro n e t o fl i gh t
’
.

B u t sl a v e s th a t o n ce c o n c e i v e t h e gl owin g th o u g ht
.

T he n a r t thou ne ar tho u gl ori o u s sacre d h o u r ,

Of fre e do m in th a t h o p e i t se lf p o sse ss
,

W hic h s ha ll my co u n try s l i be rt y se cu re ’
,

All tha t t h e c o n te st c a ll s fo r —sp iri t stre n gth

,

T hr ice ha i l th o u so l e mn p e r i o d ! t he e t h e to n gu e , ,

Th e sco rn o f d a n g e r a n d u n ite d h e art s

,
Of v irtu fa me a n d fr e e do m sh a ll proc l a im
—Co w r s
e , ,

The su re st p re sag e o f t he g o o d they se e

, ,
S hall ce l e brate i n a g e s y e t u n bo rn .
”

Prod igie s of v al o ur were performed by this A ft er his inglorious victory o ver the bra ve
 H IS T O R Y OF THE PERS I A N S .

Le o nida s an d hi s devoted c o mp anio ns Xerxes , who se ha nds he had left the go vern ment d u ring
p as sed thr o u gh the c o u ntry o f P ho c i s by t he ,
his a bsen c e .

u per p a rt o f D o ris b u rning a n d pl un dering t he

p , Demo sthene s has preserved a c u ri o u s tra it o f
Ci ties o f the Pho ci ans The inhabita nts o f Pel o . t he Atheni a n spirit o n t his o cc a si o n One Cyr .

po n n e su s intent o nly u p o n s a ving their o w n

,
sil u s a citizen a dvis ed t he pe o ple t o re main in
, ,

c o u ntry res o lved t o ab ando n t he rest a n d to

, , the city a n d rece ive Xerxes The citizens in
, .

bring al l the Greci an fo rc es t o gether within the dignan t l y sto ned hi m t o de a th an d the wo men ,

isthmus t he entra nce o f whic h t hey pu rp o sed

, his wife as tra ito r s t o their c o u ntry
, .

securing by a stro ng w all fro m o n e se a t o the , The a ffa irs o f Xerxes had hithert o been pro s
o ther a sp a ce o f ne a rly five English miles
, The . pero ns notwithst anding his severe lo sses : they
,

Athenia ns were pr o voked at this desertio n an d , were n o w ab o u t t o su ffer a reverse While he .

seeing the mselves re a dy t o fa ll into t he h a n ds o f w as tri u mphing o ver Ath ens t he Gre c i a n fleet , ,

the e n ra ged Xerxes c o ns ulted u p o n t he best ,

being reinfo rced by a gre at many ships fro m se
me ans o f esc a pe S o me time befo re they ha d
.
, veral p a rts of Greece Eu r ybiad e s c o mmander in , ,

c o ns u lted the o r acle o f Delphi t he replies of , chief of all the n av al fo rce s su mmo ned a co uncil , .

w hich Dr Hales o b serves w ere truly re mark

, . , Ma ny c o ntended a n d amo ng the m w a s E u ry ,

a ble . The b u rden o f the m w as th a t their city , biade s th a t it w o ul d be better to retire t o t he

,

sh o u ld be destro yed a n d th at they sho ul d esc a pe

, isth mus o f C o rinth th at they might be ne a rer ,

o nly by ta king refu ge within wo o den w alls . the a rmy which u a r de d t hat p a ss a ge u nder ,

T he misto cles interpreted this t o den o te their t he c o mma nd o f l eo mbr o t u s br o ther o f L e o ,

fleet a n d a cc o rdingly the Atheni an squ a dron

, , , nidas Ot hers at t he he ad o f whom w as The
.
,

t o o k o n b o ard their famili es an d e ffects an d de , mist o cl e s w ho c o mmanded the Atheni a n fleet

, ,

se r t e d their city Plu t a rch s u spects (an d this

. c o ntended that Sal amis where they were w as , ,

may fo rm the key t o these otherwise mysteri o us t he mo st a dv a nta ge o us pl a ce they c o u ld ch o o se

replies o f the Pythi a n ) th at the o ra cle w a s in t o eng age the n u mero u s fleet o f t he ene mies .

do ct r in a t e d by The mist o cles o n thi s o cc a si o n , , Eur ybiade s a n d t he o ther c o mma nders c ame
wishing t o revi v e the dro oping S pirits o f his o ver t o hi s Opinion a n d it w a s un a nimo u sly r e ,

c o untrymen His s a ga city a ls o w o u ld fo resee

.
, , s o lved t o w a it for the Persi a n fl eet in the stra its
th at this w a s the o nly me a ns by which hi s c o un o f S al amis .

t r y men c o ul d esc a pe destr uc tion . Xerxes o n his p a rt als o held a c o uncil o f his
, ,

Xerxes a rriving in the neighbourhood o f

, princip al n aval c o mmanders pl ac ing them ac ,

Athens w a sted the wh o le c o u ntry p u tting al l t o

, , c o rdin g to their r ank ; the king o f Sid o n fi r st * ,

fire an d s w o rd A det a chment w a s sent t o pl u n

. t he king o f Tyre next an d t he rest in o rder , .

der the te mple o f Ap o ll o at Delphi in which , , The general o pini o n w as in favou r o f the e n
there were immense tre asures .
ga gemen t ; bu t q u een Arte misi a a dvised either ,

Hero do tu s rel ates a r o ma ntic tal e concerning t o re ma in in the i r present sta ti o n which w o u ld ,

the esc ape o f this temple fr o m t he vi o lence o f fo rce t he Greci a n fleet c o nfined at S a lamis t o , ,

Xerxes Thu nder b o lts fro m he aven he s ays

.
-
, , sep a rate s o on for wa nt o f pr o visi o ns an d retire ,

fell u p o n the m ; a n d t w o hu ge fra gments fr o m t o their respective h o mes o r else t o s a il t o w a rds ,

the t o p s o f P a rn a ssus r o lled d o w n with a gre a t Pel o ponnes u s in which c ase it w a s not t o be ,

cra sh a mo ng them an d destroyed mu ltitudes , i ma gined tha t the c o nfederates w oul d remai n be
h ind o r ri sk a b attle fo r the s ak e o f the At he
,

while a sho u ting an d clamo u r i ss u ed fro m the ,

te mple o f the go d Depriving this ta le o f the . n ian s when their o w n c o untry w as thre atened
,

prete r n atu ra l ma chin ery it may be th a t the , , where a s fro m the s u peri o r se amanship o f t he
,

priests planned a bold an d u nc o mmo n stra ta gem , Greci a ns the Persi a n fleet would be in gre at
,

whi ch they execu ted wi th equa l pru dence an d d a nger o f a defe a t This wise counsel w as u n .

c o u ra ge thereby deli vering t heir temple fr o m

, heeded .

the sp o iler Thi s will obt ain mo re amPl e n o tice

. The s ame ni ght o n wh ic h the res o lu ti o n fo r
in t he Hist o ry of t he Greci a ns . a n enga ge ment w as taken Xerxes ma de his ,

The fo ll o wing lines descriptive o f the ad a rmy pro ceed t o w a rds the Isthmu s o f C o ri nth .

Al a rmed at thi s mo ve ment the Pel o p o nnesi ans

,

v a nce o f Xerxes to Athens ar e very a ppro ,

,

at S al amis h eld a sec o nd c o u ncil in whi ch they

‘

prl ate ,

o verruled t he Athenia ns JEgin e t e s an d Mega re , ,

H er l iv e gr o v e s n o w Attica displ a y e d ;
o an s an d res o lved t o s a il t o t he s u cc o ur o f t he
,
The fi el d s wh ere C ere s fi r st h er g ifts b e st owe d ; Penins u l a But it w as t o o l ate
Th e r o ck s wh o se marbl e cre v ice s t he b e e s
. .

With swe e tn e ss store d u n p a r al l el d i n a rt ’

,
D isse n sio n s p ast a s pu er il e a n d v a in
R o se stru ctu r e s gro w i n g o n t he stran g e r s e ye ’ , ,

Whe r e e r i t r o a m d de l ighte d On l ik e D e a th
’ ’ N o w t o fo r g e t a n d n o bly striv e w h o b e st ,

F r o m hi s p a l e c ou r se r sc a tte r in g wa ste a ro u n d
.

S h a ll se r v e h i s a n ci e n t co u n try Ari stid e s warn s ,

H i s a n c i e n t fo e T h e mi sto cl e s I hear
, ,

The r e g a l ho mi c id e o f n a ti o n s p a ss d
.
’ ,

U n c h a in in g a l l t he fu ri e s o f r e v e n g e
,
T ho u gi v st t h e b e st o f c o u n se l s w hich t he G re ek s
’
,

On this de v o t e d c o u n tr y —G i o vn n s Ar fl mu ” ’ '
rn .
R ej e ct thro u gh me a n so l icitu de t o fl y
,
.

. .
We a k me n thro u gh o u t th e se n ar ro w se a s t h e fo e
Is sta ti o n e d n o w p re v e n ti n g a ll e sca p e
”
G L o vx n
,
.
-
.

Arriving at Athens Xerxes fo und it de serted

This w a s the e ffe c t o f a rtifice The misto les,
,

by al l its inhabita nts exc ept a small n u mber o f

c
.
,

citizens w ho ha d r etire d int o the cita del there fo reseeing t he r esul t o f a di visi o n Of the Greek ,

fo l CGS sent a trusty fri end by mght to Xerxe s

, ,

t o a w a it de ath T hat de at h w as t o o s o o n fo u nd '

. . , ,

T hey fell fightin g fo r their liberties an d Xerxe s

, ,

redu ced the city t o a shes Exul ting o ver t he Dr . H al e s

y s thi s prec e de n ce w a s du e t o t he k i
sa
o f S ido n b e ca u se S i do n w a s t he e l dest so n o f H a m
.

c ity he des at ch e d a messenger t o S u sa w ith t he

, ,

G e n x 1 5 p r o fan e h i sto ry th e r e by a c c o r d in g w ith sac r e d

tidin gs o f ig
,

is s u ccess to his u ncle Ar t aban u s in

. .

, i n t hi s pl a c e in a r e mar k a bl e ma nn e r
, .
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERSI AN S .

to a ppri se him o f their de sign a n d a dvi se him , w p me n , an d the w o men men To a reflect ive .

mi nd the s i ght wo ul d ha ve been a pitifu l one

.

n o t t o let sl ip this fav o u r able Opport u nity o f , .

a tt a cking t he Greci an s w h en th ey were di vided To w o ma n e l o ngs o nly the o ffices Of l o v e _a n d

b
a mo ng th e mselves a n d inc ap able of resi sta nce , . tender a ffecti o n Thes e ar e he r preroga tives ;
.

Xerxes credited t he repo rt a n d o rdered t he Per , a n d w hen th ey ar e l a id a si de fo r t he s a v a ge di n

si a n fleet t o r a nge the mselves in three di vi si o n s ,

o f w ar t he corru pti o n o f t he h u ma n h e a rt is
,

a n d stretch a cr o ss t he bay so a s t o c u t o ff t he ,
exhi b i ted l n i t s mo st fe ar fu l fo rms Many s u ch .
,
retre a t o f t he Greeks an d in tha t a rray t o , h o wever ar e instan ce d in t he a nn als o f pr o fa ne
,

a dv a nce t o w a rds S al a mis . hi st o ry ; a n d it may be s a fely a sserted that t his ,

Impu ting the ill su cce ss of his fo rmer eng age w as o n e o f the bitter fr u its o f p a g a ni sm In t he .

ments at se a t o his o w n a bsence Xerxes re so lved , scho ol o f Christia nity w o ma n is t aught to w a lk ,

t o witness this fr o m t he t o p o f a n e minence ,

where he c au sed a thr o ne t o be erecte d Ar o u nd .

him were severa l scribes a fter t he manner o f t he ,

Persi a n mo n a r c hs w ho were t o write do wn t he ,

n ames of s uch as sh o u ld sign al ize the mselves in

t he c o nflict This w as n o dou bt a wise a rr a nge
. , ,

ment in asmuch as it tended t o a nimate his h o sts ;

,

rew a rds an d h o n o urs being the o nly motives they

had t o inci t e the m to deeds o f a rms rites o n whic h the processi o n of the mystic
*
.
,

I acchu s w as held by the Greeks .

w ho hr o X erxe s , ent ne d
g t t
H i h o n E ga l e o s a n x i o u s s a e t o i e v w A k in g sat e o n a roc k y brow
A sc e n e w t r v r
h ic h n a u e n e e ye t d i spl a y d,
’

Which l o o k s o e r se a bo rn S al a mi s ;
’
,

N o r fa n cy fe ign e d The the a tre w a s G r e e ce

-

M a n k in d sp e ctators e q u a l t o th a t sta g e
,
An d shi p s by th o u sa n ds l ay b e l o w
An d me n in n ati o n s — a ll we r e hi s !
,

T hemi sto cl e s grea t a ctor —G L OVER

, ,
”

H e co u n t e d t h e m a t bre a k o f da y
. .
,
,
B ut when t h e su n se t , where we r e the y ?
When the Pelo ponnesi ans fo u nd the mselves
enc o mp assed by the Persi an a rma ment they , The mi stocl es, van ta ge of the t aking ad
prep a red t o sh a re the s ame da ngers with their of Xerxes c au sed by hi s defe a t contrived in , ,
a llies B o th sides prep a red fo r b attle The
.
.
order t o h asten his dep a rt u re from Greece t o ,
Gre c i a n fl eet c o n sisted o f 3 8 0 s a il ; th at o f the info rm him that it w as t he intenti o n o f the Greeks
P e r sian s u pw a r ds Of 2 000 T hemistocles a v o ided
,
.
to bre ak down the bridge o ver the Hellesp o nt
the eng a gement t ill a c erta in wi nd bega n t o blow
.

,
Xerxes i mmedi at ely sent the re mainder o f his
as w a s t he c a se e a ch da y a bo u t t he s ame ti me ,
fleet t hith er t o pr o tect it an d to sec u re his ,
kn o wing th a t it would be unfa v o u rable to the retre a t Thi s he c o mmenced u nder c o ver o f the
ene my As s o on as he fo u nd hi mself fa v o ured
.

.
ni ght , le aving M ar do n iu s with an a r my o f ,
by this wind he ga ve t he sign al fo r b attle which
, , men t o s u bdu e Greece
is thu s finely described by JEschy l u s who fo u ght
, .

,
The Grecians w ho expected th a t Xe r xes
in this b attle hi mself
,

w o ul d ha ve r e n ewed the c o mb a t the next day ,

A d v a n c e y e son s o f Gre ec e fr o m t hr a l dom sa v e

, ,
h aving le arned th a t the fleet ha d dep a rted pur ,

Y o u r c o u n try sa v e y o u r wi v e s y o u r c hil dren sa v e

, , ,
s u ed it as fa st a s they c o u ld But it w as t o n o .

Th e t e mpl e s Of y o u r g o d s t h e sac r e d t o mb s , p u rpo se T hey had destr o yed 2 00 o f the enemy s

.
’

W her e r e st y o u r h o n o u re d a n ce st o r s thi s d ay ships besides those which they had c aptu red
Th e c ommo n c a u se o f a ll de man ds y o u r v a l o u r ,

t he re st h a ving s u ffered by t h e winds in t heir

.

Th e enga ge ment desper ate The Per w as .

p a ss a ge retired tow a rds t he c o a st o f Asi a a n d
, ,

sia ns kn o wing tha t they fou ght under t he me n

,
fin a lly entered into the p o rt o f Gu mm a city o f ,
’
a rc h s eye a dv a nced with gre a t res o luti o n ; bu t JEt o l ia w here t hey p a ssed the winter
, They .

retu rned no mo re into Greece

,

t he wind bl o wing directly in their fa ces a n d the ,

.

size a n d n u mber o f t heir shi p s e mb a rr as sing Xerxes ma rched with a p o rtio n o f his a rmy
the m in a place so n a rro w their c o u ra ge s o o n ,
tow a rds the Hell esp o nt As no victu als had .

a b a ted The Greeks n o ted this circ u msta nce

.
,
been pro vided fo r the m they underwent gre at ,

a n d rus hed o nw a rds h a rdships d u ring their whole ma rch whi ch la sted ,

fo rty fi v e d ays After h a ving c o nsumed all t he

- .

A midst t h e ru in s o f t he fl e e t , fruits they c o uld fi nd the s o ldiers were o bliged

As thro u gh a sho a l o f fi sh c a u g ht in t he ne t t o live u p o n herbs a n d even u pon the b a rk a n d
,

S prea din g destr uctio n —}Esc n r w s

,
,
. .

le a ves o f trees This o cc a si o ned a gre a t sick

.

The I o ni ans were the first th at betook the m n ess in the a rmy an d gr e a t n u mbers died so , ,

selves t o flight Queen Arte misi a had a n a rrow th a t he a rrive d at the Hellesp o nt with s ca rcely
a pitta nce of his a rmy
.

e sca pe Her galley w as pursu ed by a n Athenia n

.
.

v e ssel c o mma nded by the br o ther o f t he poet

,
When Xerxes re a ched the Hellesp o nt he ,

fEschyl u s an d would ha ve been c a ptu red had fo und the bridge a lrea dy br o ken d o wn an d de
stro yed by sto rms His flee t ho wever c o nveyed
,

she not turned s u ddenly u p o n o n e o f h e r own .

.
, ,

side a Cal yn dian ve ssel with the c o mman der o f

,
him an d the s ha ttered re ma in s o f his h o st fro m
,

which she w a s on ill te rms atta cked an d sunk , ,

the Chers o nese t o Abydos o n the c o ast Of Asi a , ,

i t w i t h all the crew

, Deceived by thi s str atage m .
,

the Gre c i an c o nceiving th at she ha d n o w de

,
So c a ll e d i t i s sa i d fro m El eu si s so n Of M e rc u ry , , ,
.

T h El mi a n s s u b mitt e d t o t h e d o min io n o f A th e n s o n
se r t ed the b a rba ri a ns e
qu itted the pu rsuit In c o n diti n o f h a v in g t h e e x c l u si v e p r i v i l e ge o f ce l e b r atin g
e u s
.
,
,
o
t he ba ttle she had be ha v ed with s u ch intrepidity
, t h e se my ste ri e s wh ich p ro v e d t o t he m a so u r ce o f g r e t , a

th t Xerxe s ex c l a i med My men a r e become we a l th

,
a “
, .
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERS IA N S .

whenc e he returned to S a rdis w here he re mained ,

No t al l t he
go ld in the world n o r the gre atest , ,

d u ring t he c o ntin u an c e of the w ar * . riche st a n d mo st be au tiful c o u ntry shall ever

, ,

The e a rliest c a re o f t he Greci a ns after the te mpt u s t o en sl a ve Greece Many a n d c o gent .

b attle o f S a lami s w a s t o send the fi r st fr u its o f -

re a s o ns fo rbid u s t o do thi s even if we were so ,

their v icto ry t o Delphi where they enriched the , d isp o sed : the first an d gre atest is t he te mples ,

te mple with t he spo nl s o f t ho se w ho n o t l o ng be a n d st at u es o f t he gods b u rned a n d red u ced t o ,

fo re so u ght t o pill age it T heir next tho u ght w a s . a s hes which we ar e b o u nd t o a venge t o the
,

t o re w a rd th o se w ho had sign ali zed th e mselves u tter mo st r a ther tha n c o mpr o mise with the per
,

a b o ve t he rest a n d by u ni v ers a l c o nsent this

, p e t r a t o r ; in the next pl a c e the Greci a n c o m
hono u r w a s be sto w ed u pon T he misto cles . mo n w eal th all o f t he s a me blo o d an d s ame
,

B u t the l iberty o f t he Greeks w as n o t yet l angu a ge h aving c o mmo n alt a rs an d s a crifices of

,

sec u re Xerxes ha d c o mmence d this u nj u st w ar

. t he g o ds a n d si mil a r c u stoms which it w o uld
, ,

by t he a dvice o f M ar do n iu s ; hence it w as tha t n o t we l l bec o me At hen ians t o betra y Kn o w .

,

w hen t he mo n a rch w a s defe ated a t S a l amis , t herefo re n o w if ye knew it n o t befo re th at

, , ,

M a r do n iu s fo r fe a r he sh o u ld feel the r o y al
,
w hils t o n e o f t he Athenia ns shal l s u rvive we ,

venge a nce deemed it better t o pro p o se the subj u

,
never will c o mpro mise with Xerxes We admire .

t i f Greece by hi s me a ns o r in s o me gre a t y o u r fo reth o u ght with respect t o u s n o w th a t

g a o n o , ,

e ffo r t to meet de ath His c o u nsel t o Xerxes .

,
o u r ho u ses an d h arvests a r e destr o yed in Offering ,

as n a rrated by Hero dot u s is gra phic a lly given t o entert ai n o u r families an d we tha nk
, yo u ,

by Gl o ver in hi s At he n aid a b u nd a ntly ; but we s hal l seek to proc u re su b

sisten ce with o u t burdening y o u In the present .

Be n ot discou r a g d , so e e i
’
o f t he or d ! v r gn w l p o st u re of a ffa irs be it y o u r c are t o bring y o ur,

N o t o a r s, n o t sai s a n d i m e can de c ide

l t b r forces into the field with a s mu ch expeditio n as
Thy e n e r r i se su ime
t p bl
In shi t i n s i e , f g tr f
By w in ds a n d bi o s o e r n e d , ma y c o n e n d
ll w g v
.

t p o ssible ; fo r the b a rb ari an * wil l n o t fail to invade

The so n s o f r a c On t he so id a in
t ffi . l pl o u r territories so so o n as he sh all he a r t he
,

g t l r t y
The e n er o u s s e e d a n d so d ie ; he a l on e acc o u nt o f o u r u tter refu s al to c o mply with his
Thy o r mu s e s a ish, h e e n o sw e
gl y t t bl w r ll r o p o s a ls Bef o re he sh a ll be able t o penetr ate
fi l br t
Of ck e fl oo ds , n o r e a h o f ca su a a e s lg l p .

i nt o Att ic a it becomes us to ma rch int o B oeoti a

'

A lf l
ssi s t h e sk i u c o w a r d , a n d co n t o
t r l , ,

e si s e ss mi h ,
”
B y n at u e s
’
r w t
a n o n , bu t r tl g t a n d divert his a ttention to th a t q u a rter .

The a e ma n s a r m
br v ’ ”
.
As the Greek s fo res aw so it h a ppened As , .

so o n as M a r do n iu s he ard fro m Alex ander the

M ar do n iu s concluded with o ffe r in g hi mself for fixed resol u ti o ns o f the Athenians he led his ,
e enterprise which w a s ac c epted The h au ghty
, .
tr o o ps fr o m Thess aly into Attic a w asting an d ,
o n a r c h ha d n o t yet been ta u ght wisdo m by t he destro ying the whole cou nt r y o ver which he
less o n o f a d v ersity — ha d n o t yet le a rned t he , p a s sed a n d c o llecting tro o ps fr o m every qu a rter
, .

less o n o f mercy fro m a sight o f suffering hu O n his w ay thr o u gh B mo t ia the T heb ans advised ,
ma n i ty .
him t o halt a n d enc a mp in their c o untr y as the ,
O n the a ppr o a c h o f spring B c 4 7 9 M ar , . .
, mo st c o nvenient ; an d by so d o ing he might ,
do n iu s ma de a n atte mpt t o ga in o ver t he Athen red u ce a ll Greec e,by bribing the le a ding men in
i ans an d dr a w the m Off fro m t he c o nfedera cy
, .
the sever a l st ates .

With this view he sent Alex ander the so n o f H a d M a r do n iu s listened to this tre achero u s
Amy nt as king Of Ma c edo n with very a dvan
, ,

, , c o u nsel it is possible Greec e w o ul d have been

,
t a geo u s o ffers These Offer s were t o reb u ild at
.
, , c o nqu ered It w as overru led h o wever by his
.
0 , ,
t he king s ch a rge their city an d every o ther desire t o ta ke Athens a seco nd time a n d his
’
, , ,
e difice de mo lished the ye a r befo re in Attic a ; t o v a nity ; fo r he wi shed t o sho w the king at Sa rdi s ,
su ffe r the m t o live acc o rding t o their o w n l aws by fire sign a ls stati o ned thro u gho u t t he i sl ands
, ,
t o rein st ate the m in a l l their fo r mer p o ssessi o ns tha t he w a s in p o sses si o n of t hat c ity Ma rd o .

a n d t o be st o w o n the m wh a t o ther do minions nius entered Athens w hi c h he fo u nd deserted , ,

they might desire . in the tenth month a fter it had been t aken by
Ste ady t o t he c o mmo n c ause the Athen ia ns , Xerxes an d he de mo l ished whatever had esc a ped
,

rep l ied Tell M ar do n ius T hu s sa y t he Athen

, , the mo n a rch s fu ry ’
.

i an s, Whilst the su n h o lds its c o u rse we will N ot being able to with stand su ch a to rrent
,

never c o mpro mise with Xerxes ; bu t relyin g o n a l o ne t h e Atheni a ns a g ai n retired t o S a l amis

,
.

the aid Of the go ds an d hero es whose temples , M a r do n iu s still entert ained hopes o f bringing
a n d st a t u es he ha s c o nte mptu o usly bu rned we , t he m t o s o me terms o f a cc o mmoda tio n an d sent ,

res o lve to resist him t o t he l a st extre mity And .

a n o ther dep u ty t o renew t he fo rmer prop o sa ls .

a s fo r y o u Alex ander appe a r no mo re amo ng

, , Ly c ida s a member o f the c o un c il o f five hu n
,

t he At heni a n s with s u c h me ssa ges ; n o r u nder , dred e ither a ppr o ving the prop o sal s o r bribed ,
,

c o l o u r o f rendering u s go o d o ffices exhort u s t o , by M a r do n iu s rec o mmended tha t they sh o u ld,

do w ha t is ab o min able Fo r we wish n o t th at . be referred t o t he pe o ple F ired wit h indi gn a .

you sho uld su ffer an y unple a s a nt tre atment o n ti o n t he Atheni a ns ga thered r o u nd him an d
, ,

t he p a rt o f t he Atheni a n s as being a guest as , st o ned him t o de ath a n d t he w o men fo llo win g ,

well a s a friend T hen t u rning to t he Sp art an

.
their ex a mple r u shed to his h o u se an d sto ned, ,

dep uties w ho were fe arfu l lest they sh o u l d come

, his wife an d children By this sec o n d tr age dy .
,

t o a n a cco mmodati o n with Xerxes they said , , M a r do n iu s perceived they were obstin ately de
t e r min ed to c a rry o n the w ar til l either he shoul d
By so me h istoria n s X erx e s i s sa id t o h a v e p asse d o v e r
t he H e ll e sp o n t i n a fi shi n g b o a t H e r o do tu s r ej e c t s thi s
. The te rm b ar b ari an s w as u se d by t he a n cie n ts i n a
st o r y ; a n d t he who l e o f t he n arr a tion o f th i s e v e n t d o e s mu ch mil der sen se t ha n w e u se i t : g e n era lly t imp ort s
‘

a pp e ar t o be i n t ro du c e d t o c a l u mn i ate X erx e s wh en ce i t
,
stra n ger s , o c ca sio n a lly an en e my , in w h i c h u se i t is
i s r ej e c te d in these p a g es . he r e u se d.
 HIST O R Y OF THE PE RS IA N S .

be expelled o r t hey buried in the ruin s o f their ZEschy l u s e ffect h w it h

as p ut a si o w e r ful
, p ,

mi l ar pre di c ti o n 111 the mo u th Of the gh o st o f

‘

c o u ntry .

In t he me a n ti me the Athenian s had s ent de , D a ri us when ev o ked by Atossa an d the ch o rus :

,

u t ies t o Sp a rta t o c o mp l a in o f th eir t a rdiness

p , ,

t heir bre ach o f pro mise a n d de serti o n o f the ,

P l atae a s pl a in s In ’
,

c o mmo n c a us e in n o t Opposin g the enemy in B e n e ath t h e D o r ic sp e ar t he cl o tte d mass ,

,
Of ca r n ag e sha ll a ri se : tha t t h e high mo u n ds
B oeo ti a ; a n d next t o requ ire that they w o u ld P i l e d o e r t he d e a d t o l ate p o ste rity
’
,

send a n a rmy t o their a ssist a nce in o rder t hat

,

,
S h all gi v e th is sil e n t r e c or d t o me n s e y e s ’

t hey might Opp o se him in Attica rec o mmen di ng Tha t p r o u d i r i n g t hou ght s bu t i l l bese em
a sp
,
Wea k mor t a l s Fo r O e ssio n , h er e i t s r in ppr w p gs
t he T h ra ci a n pl a in as the fittest to give him t f t bl v g
P u s o r h t h e ade s Of e n e a n ce , a n d it s r u i f t
,

b attle F reed fr o m i mmedi ate d anger the P e

.
, l rp
Y ie ds a i e h a e s o f e en a n w o e rv t r p t t
”
.

l o po n n esian s see med c a rele ss ab o u t t he matter ;

bu t at length fe a ring tha t the Atheni a ns w ho
, ,

were ex a spera ted at their c ondu ct w o ul d re ali ze , as furni shed with a stri king specimen o f
their thre a t o f qu itting t he c o nfeder a cy making , Gre c i a n S p irit Amo ng hi s a uxili arie s he w as
. ,

pe a ce with t he king a n d bec o ming hi s a ll ies , , j o ined by a body o f a tho u s a nd Ph o ci a n s w ho ,

the y sent o ff h astily a fo r c e o f 5000 tro o ps t o were driven to his r anks fr o m necessity Either .

the i r a ssista nce t o w ard the isthmus , . su specting their fidelity o r t o pr o ve their c o u r age , ,

M ar do n ius discovering thi s an d fe a ring to be

, , M ar do n iu s men a ced the m with destru ctio n by
a tt a c ked by t he c o nfedera tes in Atti c a whi ch , his c av al ry whi c h su rrounded the m o n al l sides
,
.

w as dis a dv a nt age o u s fo r his c a v a lry a n d if de , The Ph o ci a n commander exh o rted his men t o
fe a te d by them t o be intercepted in the n a rr o w
,
“
die like her o es a n d to show th at they were ,
”

p a s ses retired into B oeo ti a When he r eache d Greci ans : u p o n whi ch they fa ced a b o u t every
‘

.
,

t he Theb a n territ o r y which w as conveni ent for , w ay ,a n d cl o s e d th eir ra nks in c o l u mn The .

hi s c av alry in whi ch his chi ef strength consisted

, , Persia n c a v alry retired as M ar do n ius had di ,

he fo rtified a l a rge c amp ne ar the river Asopu s , r e c t e d a n d he sent a her a ld t o info r m the m tha t
,

fo r a pl a ce o f refuge sho u ld he be defe ated . he o nly me ant t o test their cour age an d exhort ,
-

The disp o siti o n whi ch prev a iled a mo ng the ed them t o act with al a crity in t he w ar a t the ,

Persi ans at thi s time an d t he fe a r th a t p o ssessed , s ame time h o lding o u t l arge promises o f rew a rd
the m re specting t he issu e o f the c amp ai gn is , fo r their se r vices .

well illu str ated by a n a necdo te rel ated by Hero R o us ed by the ex ample Of the L a ced aemonia ns ,

do t u s : “
Whilst t he b arb ari ans were e mpl o yed the re st o f t he Pel o p o nnesians prep a red to pr o
on thi s work Att agin u s a T heb an prep a red a
, , , se cu t e t he w ar with vigo u r They r aised their .

magn ificent entert a inment t o which M a r do ni u s ,

qu ota s an d j o ined the L a ced ae mo ni ans an d Athen
,

a n d fifty P ersi ans w ere in v ited At t able they .

, i a ns at t he isthmus F ro m thence they ma rch .

chequ ered a Persi an a n d a Theb an re c lining o n

, ed into B ce o t ia t o Mo unt Cithaero n in t he neigh , ,

every c o u ch * After su pper as they were

.
, bo u r ho o d o f the Persi an a rmy Their a rmy .

drinking freely the Persi a n w h o w as the a ss o , w as under the c o nd u ct o f P au s a ni a s king o f ,

cia te o f Thers a nder a man o f t he first consider a ,

Sp a rta an d o f Aristides c o mma nder in chief o f
, ,

ti o n a t O rch o menos as ked him in Gree k wh at ,

the Atheni ans M ar do n iu s in o rder t o try the .
,

cou ntry ma n he w as ; an d when he a nswered , c o urage o f t he G reeks sent o u t his c av al ry to ,

An Or cho men ian the Persi a n pr o ceeded thu s : ,

’
skirmi sh with the ene my T his led to a fierce .

S ince y o u an d I sh a re t he s ame table an d the ,

engage ment wherein t he Persi ans were r o u ted
, ,

s ame lib atio ns I wish to le ave y o u a me mori a l

, a n d their le ader M asist ius w ho w as next in , ,

of m
y senti m ents t h a t being fo rew a rned y ou
, ,
c o nsider atio n t o M ar do ni u s hi mself sla in ; an ,

may ha ve a n o ppor tun ity o f c o nsulting yo u r o w n event w hi ch c aused gre a t disma y a n d sorr o w in
interest D o y o u see those Persi ans a t su p per the P ersi a n army To den o te th eir grief fo r the
a n d t he a rmy w hic h w e left e n camm
. , .

d o n the l o ss o f M asist iu s they c u t o ff their h air an d the , ,

ba nks o f t he river ? O f all these in a very sho rt , ma nes o f their horses an d all B ce o t ia res o u nded ,

sp a ce o f ti me
y o u will see very few s u rviving !
,
’
with their cries an d l amentati o ns After this .

Saying thi s t he Persi a n shed ma ny te a rs T her

,
. confli ct the Grecian s re moved to Pla taea not far
, ,

s a nder a sto ni shed at the re mark rep l ied D o es

, , , fro m Thebes .

it n o t be c o me yo u t o c o mmu nic a te thi s t o M ar The a rmy o f t he Greeks consisted o f

do n iu s a n d t o tho se next him in di nity ? men the flo wer o f which were t he L acedaemo
’

g My ,

friend retu rned the Per si a n it i s n o t fo r man

, ,
‘
n ian s Tege ates a n d Atheni ans who numbered
, , ,

t o c o u nter a ct the decision s o f P r o vidence N o ne . in t he wh o le men The Persi a n a rmy . ,

Of the m a r e w illing t o he a rken t o fa ithfu l a d it is s a id amo u nted t o ,

me n besides ,

v iser s . A multitude o f Persian s sh a re the s ame Gre c i ans who j o ined them v o luntarily as ,

senti ments with me ; bu t like me they fo ll o w , ,

the Theb ans o r by c o mpul si o n as t he Pho ci a ns
, , ,

o n fr o m necessity N o thing in huma n life is . T hes sali a ns a nd o thers ,

.

mo re deeply t o be re grette d th an th a t t he wise ,

F rom s uperstiti o us motives the two a rmies
*
,

ma n s vo ic e sho ul d be di srega rded

’
Thi s "
.
’
,

s ay s Hero do tu s I he ard fro m T her sa nder t he ,

“ Th e
4
so o th say e r s
,
i n s p e c in g tuh ep on
e n a il s o f h e
t t tr
Or cho me n ian w ho al s o t o ld me th a t he ha d co m
,
v ic ims, a cco r di n g t o H e o do u s, fo e o l d t o b o h pa r i e s
t r t rt t t
, t tt
ha he y sho u l d be v 1 ct o n o u s i f h y a c e d o n ly u p o n t h e t e t
mun ic at e d t he s ame t o ma ny befo re t he ba ttle o f d e fe n si v e ; a n d hr e a en e d h e m i h a n u e o v e r hr o
t t t wt tt r t w
Pl ataea ”
if h e y mad e t h e fi r s a a c
t t tt k .

P o e r g i v e s a p a icu l a r a ccou n o f t he mo de o f di w n a
.

tt rt t
In mo r e re mo te time s t he a n c i e n s sa t t ro u n d a ta bl e tio n by i n sp e c i n g h e e t
n a i l s I f h tr
e y e r e w ho l e a n d . t w
h e i r n a t ur al pla ce , c o l o u , a n d p r o p o r i o n , a ll
t r t
,

as w e do , s we r e ad i n H o me r T hi s
. p a ssa ge shows , s ou n d , h a d

ho we v e r t at t
t h e cu s o m Of r e c l in in g o n a c o u ch a t me al s wa s e llw : i f a n y h i n g w a s o u t o ft o r d e ,
o r an i n g , e vr l r w t
w as p o t e n d e d The p a lp i a io n Of t he e n a il s w a s n u
,

was of a v e r y e a r ly date .
r .
t t tr
 HIST OR Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

re ma ined in their p o sts fo r ten d ays en c amped ,

sac red p u rp o ses w as given t o Pau s ania s a n d t he
, ,

o n e ac h side Of t he river As o pus M ar do n iu s .

,
o t hers were rew a rded e ach acc o rdi ng t o his
w ho w a s o f a n i mp atient te mper grew u ne asy a t ,
merit .

so l o ng a del a y F amine al so w a s men ac ing .

, ,
Di o do r u s Sicu l u s s a ys th at the b attle Of P l a ,

him fo r he ha d o nly a few d ays pro visi o ns fo r t ae a w as fo u ght in t he se c ond ye a r o f the seventy
’
,

his a rmy Acc o rdingly he held a c o u n c il o f

.
,
fif t h O lympi ad when Xan t hrppu s w a s archon o f
,

w a r a n d c o n t r a r y t o t he wise c o u nsel o f Art a Athens B C 4 7 9 a n d o n the third o r fo u rth da y

'

. .
, , , ,

ba z u s w ho advised M ar do n ius t o retire u nder

,
o f the mo nth B o edro mi o n c o rre sponding t o the ,

t he w a ll s o f Thebes where they w o u ld be a ble ,

2 8 t h o r 2 9 t h o f Au g u st ne ar ly a twelve mo nth ,

t o Obt a in fo r a ge a n d pr o vi sio n s a n d event u al ly a fter the b a ttle o f S a l amis

'

.
,

t o prev a il o n so me o f t he c o nfeder a tes by bribes The day o n whic h the Greeks gai ned the
t o desert t he c o mmon c a use a b a ttle w a s decided ,
vict o ry at Pl a taea is me mo r able fo r a n o ther
u p o n the next da
y . ga ined by their fleet o ver th at o f t he Persi ans at ,

The a tta ck w a s t o be made by su r prise ; bu t M y c al e in I o ni a wherein mo st o f t he Persi a ns

, ,

Alex ander o f Mac ed o n c ame se c retly abo u t mid were pu t t o t he sw o rd their ships b u rned an d , ,

night t o their c amp a n d info rmed Aristides o f ,

a n i mmense b o o ty c a pt u red This b attle w a s .

al l tha t ha d p as sed ; a n event to w hi ch Gl o ver fou ght in the evening an d tha t o f P l a tma in t he
Athen aid
,

a ll u des in his mo rning T hey were e ac h decisive in their

.

n a ture By the m t he gre a t designs o f Xerxe s

.

Ari stide s h a ste s

To wh o m t he st r a n ge r z—B u lwark o f t h i s c amp !
were fru strated an d the liberties o f Greece an d
,

o f I o ni a ( c o l o nized fr o m Greece
H e a r cr e d it we igh t h e tidi n g s whic h I he a r :
, , ) restored an d
M a r do n i us p r e ss d by fea r o f thr e a t e n i n g wa n t
,
’
, secu red No r were the benefits resultin g fr o m
.

A t n ight s fo u r th w atch t h e fat a l str e am will p a ss

’
, these c o ntests o f a mo ment a ry n atu re They
I n fl e x ibl y dete rmin e d th o u gh for b id
.

B y e a ch d iv i n er t o a ssa il y o u r h o st
,
freed E u r o pe fo r a ges fro m A si atic inv asi o n ,

du ring the s ubsistence o f t he Persi a n mon archy

,

With a l l his n u mb er s I a g a in st su rp ri se .
, , ,
Am c o me t o wa r n y o u : the e a l o n e I tru st , a n d even till the erecti o n o f the fan atic al em
My n a me r e v e al in g .

pires o f the S ara cens an d T u rks o f who m t he

I w h o thu s h a z a r d b oth my re a l m an d l ife ,

o n e s u bverted t he Co n st an t in O o l it an e mpire
,
Am Al e x an de r M a ce do n ia n frie n d , p ,

Of Athe n s K in dly o n a fu t u re day

.
, ,
an d the other penetra ted thro u gh Afric a into
R e memb er me .
”
Sp a in.

Acting upon this timely info rmation the The Persian inv a si o n s ays Dr H ales fur ,
.
,

Greek general s ordered their o fficers t o prep a re

,
nish es a s al u ta ry a n d a w akening lesson to all
fo r b attle The next day ho wever p a ssed with free st ates t o dispute their liberties t o the l ast ,

a n d never to c o mpr o mise with the ene my

.
,

o u t a n y de c isive enga ge ment a n d night co ming

,
let ,

on n u mbers o f t he Greeks deserted fro m t he

,
the m be ever so n umer o u s an d fo rmid able It .

affo rds al s o a striki n g co mment upon the w o r ds

,

c o nfeder a te a rmy in o rder t o esc ape the ene my s ’ , ,

o f the ps almis t
,

c av alry which had a nn o yed the m gre atly ; a n d

, , his

retiring a bo u t twe nty sta di a t o w a rds Pl a t aea , T he r e i s n o k in g s a v e d by t he mu l titu de o f an ho st

they enc amped ne a r t he temple o f J u n o o pposite , A mighty man i s n o t de l iv ere d by mu ch stre n gth .
”

t o t he city .
P ea . xxxiii 16 .

The mo ve ment o f these deserters br o u ght o n Victory belongs unt o G o d lone ; an d n o ne a

a gener a l eng a ge ment the ensuing day
on c an re ad the a cco u nt o f this str u ggle fo r libert
y
.
,
M ar do n iu s i ma gining tha t t he fo e fled befo re
, with o ut o bserving his overruling p ro vidence 1D
him led o n his a rmy sho u ting as tho u gh they
, , the resul t A little b a nd o f p atri o ts in fl ex ibl y
. ,
were s u re o f their prey As s o o n h o wever a s .
, , determined t o c o nqu er o r die in their c o u ntry s
’

they had p a s sed the Asopu s they enc o u ntered , c au se t o pre serve t heir religi o n their l aws an d ,
t he L a c edaemo nia ns Atheni ans a n d Tege ans t o
, ,

, , , their liberty tri u mphed over the mighti est h o st

t he n u mber o f me n whi ch led t o a gene
,

, th a t w a s ever as se mbled fo r the p u rp o ses o f de

r a l enga ge ment in whi c h t he Persi a ns were , sola ti o n Who ga ve su ccess ? No t J o ve o r
c o mpletely defe ated chiefly by the deter mined
. ,

, Jun o o r Merc ury o r Ceres o r B acchu s o r , ,

v al o u r o f the L a cedaemo ni ans a n d Atheni ans
, ,
.
a n y o f t h e fa bled g o ds Of Gree c e bu t H IM i n
M ar do n iu s himself w as sl ai n an d o f the Per si an
,

, who m a r e t he issu es o f life an d de ath an d w ho ,

”

ho st a c cordin g t o the Greek hi st o ri a ns n o t mo re

, , o verrul es a ll events o n e a rth fo r hi s o w n gl o ry .

t ha n 3 000 e sc a ped except a select b o dy o f , Wh a t tho u gh b o th t he a rmi es o f t he Pers i a ns

men u n der t he c o mma nd o f Ar ta ba z u s
, ,
,

a n d Grec ia ns were p a g ans He ru led o ver the m ;

w ho ma rched w ith a l l expediti o n tow a rds t h e
,

a n d th o u gh they were u n mindfu l of Him the o n e ,

Hellesp o nt whence he tra nsp o rted the re mn a nt

,
w as ex al ted a n d t he o ther hu mbled by hi s al
(fo r ma ny o f the se were sl ain by the Thr a ci ans
,

, mighty hand To o u rselves the p a tri o tism o f

.
,
o r died with fat i gue a n d hun ger o n t he w a
y ) fr om t he Greeks re ads a n imp o rta nt les so n If they
B y z a ntiu m o r C o nsta ntin o ple t o Asi a The l o ss
.

, , .
fo u ght so n o bly an d str u ggled so a rdently fo r
, ,
Of the Gre c i ans a c c o rdi ng t o Plu t a rch amo u nted
, , their rel igi o n l a ws a n d liberty w hi c h were all
o n l y t o 1 3 6 0 me n
, , ,
The sp o il s t a ken fro m t he .
fo u nded o n t he principles o f p a g an ism su rely we
P e r sra n s were i mmen se c o n sisting o f v a st s u ms
O ,

, o u ght t o prize o u r o w n w hi c h ar e e sta bli shed

o f mo ney g o ld a n d silver c u ps vessels t a ble s
,

, , , , u p o n the enli ghtened a n d br o a d fo und a ti ons o f

bra celets a n d all kinds o f fu rnitu re The tenth
, .
C hri sti anity an d t o c o nten d fo r t he ir ma1 n t en
O f these a fter dev o ting a cert ai n porti o n t o
,
,

a n c e a gai nst t he h o st o f infidel fo es Wi th wh i ch

.

we a r e su rr o u nded Ou r we a p o n s it mu st be .
,
fo r tu nate ; if t he l iv e r w a s ba d the y in sp e ct e d n o fa r the r , .

re membered a n d that with thankfulness ar e not

Th u s i t ma y be se e n tha t the i r r e pl ie s de p e n de d so l e ly
, ,
, , ,

u p o n t h e c h o ic e o f t he a n i ma l .
a t t he present da y t ho se o f life destr o ying steel ;,
-
 H I S TOR Y OF THE PER SIA N S .

“
we ne ed o nly u se the sword o f the Spirit whi ch a nnihila ti o n o f t he whole of the r o y al family , .

is the w o rd o f G od Christi a n p atriots wield He fal se ly a ccused the eldest so n the h a pless
.
,
,
this t o t he h o n o u r of G o d an d the s alvati o n o f D a riu s o f killi ng Xerxes t o t he third Arta xerxes
, , , ,

ma nkind ; for the principles o f in fidelity a r e as an d prev a iled o n him thr o u gh fe a r o f de a th him ,

su bversive o f o rder in the s t a te an d as destru o self rashly t o c o nsent t o t he a ss assin a ti on o f , ,

tive o f do mestic h appiness as the hosts Of D arius after which he pla ced , ,

Xerxes in their wild c a reer .

A RTAX ER X E S L ONG IM ANU 8

Or own th e so u l i mmo rtal
0

or i n v ert
Al l order —Y OU N G
,
”
. .

upon the throne in exclu sion o f H y stas pes the ,

,

The defe a t o f the Persi ans at M y cal e in the ,

second son w ho w as go vernor o f the pro vince
,

o f B a ctria in which he ha d s u cceeded M asist e s

neighb o u rhood o f S a rdis dro ve Xerxes fro m ,

inten ding to pu t him a w a y in his tu rn

, ,

tha t city where he had resided since he retired B u t his .

from Greece H e w as driven with di sg race an d c a reer o f wi ckedness w a s brie f Artaxerxes .

a n d c u t o ff A
.

a nticip a te d his tre ason

disma y to Susa his ca pit al H is rou te thither r t aban u s ,

an d his family befo re his pl a ns were ripe fo r

.
,

w as ma rked by plu nder an d deva sta tion thro u gh

Asia He pilla ged a n d des t royed all the Greci an
.
exec u ti o n Thus the mi schief th at he design ed
.

fo r an d whi ch he had bro u ght up o n othe rs r e

te mples in h is w a y nor did he respect even , ,

the ancient an d venera ted te mple Of Belus a t turned up o n his o w n he ad .

B abylon H e ca rried o ff fro m thence a sta tu e

.
After this Arta xerxes w a s c alled up o n t o su s
, q

o f s o l id gold twelve cubits hi gh prob ably the t a in a w ar with hi s brother H y staspes who ,

cla imed t he thro ne The unh allo wed c o nflict

, ,

work of N ebuch adnezz ar as mentioned D an iii , . .

.

l an d sle w the high priest w ho ende avo u red c o ntinued fo r two ye ar s when H y st aspes w as ,

defe a ted an d Artaxerxes se c u red to himsel f the

, ,

t o prevent condu ct which he d e e med s a crilege ,

q u iet p o ssession Of the e mpire To prevent fu r

.

Perha ps the desire o f making himself amends .

for the expenses incu rred in his Greci a n e x pe ther distu rb ances he plac ed go vern o rs in every ,

pro vince o n whose fidel ity he could g épen d ;

'

ditio n might be a prev aili ng motive fo r su ch ,

aft er which he a pplied hi mself to the reform o f

,

procee dings ; fo r it is certa in he fo u nd immense

a b uses in the g o vern ment
tre as u res in the te mples w hi ch had been ama ssed .

A r t axerxes L o n giman u s is celebra ted as the

,

thro u gh the superstiti o n o f princes an d pe o ple

during a long series o f ages o r be en deposi t ed Ah asuer u s o f the book o f Esther an d s o me o ther ,
,

there fo r s afety p a rts o f Scripture In t he third ye a r o f his .

r ei n g A hasu er u s gave a s u mptu o u s enterta in

.

The re mai nder o f the reign o f this son of g

"
violence a s he w as described by t he Grecia n ment and sent for hi s qu een Va shti t o gra ce the
,
,

o ra cles w as cl o u de d by the mo st horrid an d u n

b anquet This mandate w as contra ry t o o rient a l
.

n atural cri mes r aging thro ugh an d r a v a ging his n o tions an d t he qu een refu sed to obey ; bu t the
,

o w n h o u sehold a n d his own family

,

The a tro
,

.
mona rch being infl amed with wine w as enra ged ,

a t her refus al an d cons u lted with his syc o ph ant

cions a n d compli c ated injuries which he c om ,

mitt ed up o n t he family o f M asiste s his bro ther co u ncil wha t steps he sh o uld ta ke to pu nish her
, ,
fo r her disobedience They represented tha t her
a n d o ver which we dr a w a ve il so rous ed the
.

indign ati o n o f tha t prince th at he fled with his disobedience t o her husb a nd w as likely to h ave
,

s o ns an d some a ttendants towa rds B actri a o f the worst e ffects up o n society at l a rge an d ,
,
a dvise d as a prevention tha t she sh o ul d be dis
which he w as govern o r intending to rouse the , ,

w a rlike S ac ae t o revolt Xerxes apprehending

,
c a rded from his presen c e Their a dvice w as .

listened t o ; he de posed her for her c o nt umacy :

.

this intercepted hi m o n t he w ay an d put him , ,

,

hi s son s a n d his a dherents to de ath To cro wn .

upon which it has been s aid ,
,

the h o rri d me a su res o f hl S cr uel t i es 1n a transport

°

Se v e r e t h e p u n i shmen t fo r so sl ig ht a fa u l t
,

o f ra ge he slew his Ow n mo ther Ato ss a the

, I f i t w as i n de e d a fa u l t , .
”
,

d au ghter of Cyrus to wh o se i nflu ence he o wed ,

t he crown These atrocities a t length h o wever

. A ft er a prob ati on o f fou r ye a rs he chose , , ,

drew down venge a nce u p o n his he a d His Esther an o r phan Jewess w ho .

, ,

Ch amberl ai n Mithrid ates introd u ced into his ,

bed chambe r at night Ar taban us the c apta in o f

,
-
,

his gu a rds who a ss assin ated him while he slept

, ,

B c 464
. . . Arta xerxes ,

Oj o yl e ss power that stands by l awl e ss fo rce !

,

C ur se s a r e hi s dire p o r tio n scorn a n d ha te , , ,

I n te r n a l dark n e ss a n d u n q u iet bre ath

An d if o l d j u dgme n t s k ee p the ir sa cr e d co u rse
,

, sist an c e, w hoha ving a fleet o f fo rty

H im fro m t h at h e ig ht sha ll H e a v e n pr e c ip itate t he isl and of Cyp r us c o nsidered i t
By v i o l ent a n d i gno mini ou s de at —Wo n n sw o n r n ,

Opportu nity o f we a kening the Persi a n p o wer

.

It w as wisely said by the psal mist tha t ,

a n d s a iled to E gypt fo r th a t p u rp o se [ The .

p a rticula rs o f t his rev o lt will be fo u nd in the ‘

Ev il sha ll hu nt t he v io l e n t man to o v erthro w h im .

History Of the Egypti a n s ]
In t he seventh ye a r o f his reign B c 4 5 7 , . .
,

Aft er the mu rder o f Xerxes Ar taban u s me di Arta xerxes issu ed a decree e mp o wering Ezr a , ,

t at e d securing the cro wn fo r

,

himself by the the scribe o f the l aw o f t he G o d o f he aven ; t o

,
go to Ju de a t o rest o re a n d enfo rce t he l aw o f
,

X erx es sp are d o n ly t w o templ e s in t he Gre cian w ar ; Mo ses t o appo int magi strat es an d j u dges thr o u gh
,

th o se o f Ap oll o a t D e l o s a n d o f D ia n a a t Eph e su s ,
. o u t the l a nd a n d to punish all tran sgress o rs o f
,
 HI ST O R Y OF TH E PE RS IAN S .

t he law with c o n fisc ation o f goods b a nishment , , as wel l as Amyr t aeu s who fought fo r the Egypti an ,

o r de a th Ezra vii 1
— 26 . . crown In t he ye a r B c 4 50 h o wever the
. . .
, , ,

The Jews however w ere in gre a t d anger o f

, , Atheni ans exerted the mselves t o send a nother
exti r p a tio n by the edicts o f this mo n a rch in the fleet o f 2 00 s a il t o Cyprus u nder t he command , .

fo u rteenth yea r o f his reign B c 4 5 0 H aman , . . .

,
o f Ci mon the so n o f Milti a des whence he sent
, ,

t he A ma lekite an inveter a te foe o f the Jewish sixty s ai l t o t he a s sist a n c e o f Amy r t te us in the

fens Ar t aba z u s t he Persi a n a d mir al being
, ,

n a ti o n a n d a l in e al de sce n dan t o f Aga g the king

, , .
, ,

o f t he A ma lekites in the d a ys o f the pr o p het , then o ff the i sl and of Cyprus with a fleet o f 3 00 ,

S amu el ( 1 Sa m xv ,
w a s a t thi s d a te pri me
. . ships Ci mon atta cked a n d defe ated him a n d t oo k
, ,

min ister o f Persi a H ama n w ho w as a n am .

,
t he t hird p a rt of his ships a n d destr o yed many ,

biti o n s a n d revengeful ma n had an u nd ue as ,

more He p u rs u ed the rest t o Cilic ia an d l a nd
.
,

c en da n c y over t he mind o f the mo n a rch which ,

in
g his men by strat a ge m as if Persi ans he , ,

he fa iled n o t t o use fo r hi s o w n u nhallo wed pu r s u rprised an d defe a ted M e gaby z u s a t Eur y me

po ses On one o cc a sio n he o bta ined a r o y a l
. ,
do n w ho se a rmy c o nsisted o f
, men a n d ,

edict fo r al l pers o ns t o do him homa ge The . retu rned t o Cypru s with a dou ble tri u mph .

serv ile mu ltitu de respec te d this edict ; bu t M o r Arta xerxes a cting u po n the advice o f his,

dec ai the kins ma n o f E sther do u btless from

, , cou ncil n o w s o u ght an a cc o mmo d ati o n with t he
,

so me scruple o f con science refu se d t o bo w the , Atheni ans His pro p o sal s were listened t o an d
.

knee t o t he A malekite H ama n s h au ghty spirit .

’
a cc o rdingly they sent a mb ass a do rs to S u s a ,

c o u ld n o t bro o k s u ch a slight an d he res o lv ed t o , a mo ngst who m w as C al lias ; a n d the Persi a ns

t ake revenge o f t he mo st a mple unj u st and sa n , , o n their side sent Ar t aban e s an d M egaby z u s
o n e man s o ffence he
’

g u in a r
y n a t u re F or this . to Athens The condit io ns o f pe ace were very
.

s o u ght the destru cti o n o f the Jewi sh r ace ; thu s humil iating t o the Persi a n mon a rch They were .

displa ying the a ncient en mity o f the Amal ekite a s foll o ws — 1 Th a t all the Greek cities in Asi a
.

t o wa rds Isr a el as well as hi s own person al r e

, Minor shoul d be free an d g o verned by their o w n ,

venge H a ma n propose d this me a s u re t o t he

. l a ws 2 Tha t no Persia n governor o f the pr o
. .

king alleging th a t the Jews were dangero us t o

, vinces should ma rch a n a rmy within three d ays ’

t he sta te ; a n d Arta xerxes in a mo ment o f we ak , j ourney o f the c o a st 3 Tha t n o Persi a n s hip . .

ness p a ssed a r o y al decree fo r their p u blic pr o

, o f w ar sh o uld s ai l be tween the Cy a ne a n r o cks ,

scription an d ma ss acre th ro u ghou t t he Persi a n a t the northern extre mity o f t he T hr ac ian Bos
do minio ns After mu ch deli ber ati o n o f t he co n
. po r us an d the C helidoni a n Isles ne a r the s o u th
, ,

spir a t o r s in selecting the most l u cky d ays it w as

, , e r n pr o mo nt o ry of Lyci a ; thus excluding t he
determined tha t t he tra gic al event s ho uld ta ke Persi ans from t he entire JEgea n Se a an d th at ,

pla ce o n the thirteenth day o f t he twelfth month p a rt o f the Mediterr a ne a n borde ring upon Asia
Ad a r . Minor 4 Th at the Atheni a ns sho u ld n o t in
. .

In the me antime this dre a dful plo t w as defe a t ed v a de an y p a rt o f the domi nions of the king o f
by the piety an d a ddress of E sther the qu een , Persia .

a n d t u rned u p o n H ama n hi mself w ho w a s de , This pe a ce so ad va nt ageou s t o the Atheni a n

,

stro yed with a ll hi s fa mily

,
T hu s did thi s . states establ ished the independence o f the G r ecia n
c ol o ni es o n the A
,

wicked man fall into the sn a re which he had lai d s i a tic c o a st It w as c o nclu ded .

fo r others a n d his n ame s ta nds in the p a ge of

, B c 4 4 9 in the fifteenth ye a r o f Art a xerxes
. .
, ,

hi sto ry as a w a rni ng t o mankind of every gene thirty ye a rs a ft er the vi ct o ries o f Pla tae a an d
ra ti o n n o t t o en c o u r age those e v il p a ssions inci M y c al e an d fo rty ye a rs after the first Persia n
,

dent t o h u ma n n a tu re fro m t he fa ll— ambiti o n inv a si o n o f Gree c e The l o ss o f life w a s im .

a n d revenge See Esther iii — vi ii T hu s a l so

. .
, , mense d u ring t his peri o d an d t he blo o d th at w as ,

did G o d exhi bit his pr o vidential c a re over h is shed in t he v a ri o us c o nflicts mu st st ain t he

pe o ple fro m whence t he C hristi a n ma y t ake
, memo ry of al l th o se a t wh o se instig ation it w as
c o u r a ge in his p ilgrima ge o n e a rth If Isra el . u ndertak en thro ugh o u t a ll gener a ti o ns .

a c co rdi ng t o the fle sh w as tenderly w a tc hed o ver

by the gre at Fa the r o f ma nkind ho w mu c h mo re

/

, Ye mo n a r ch s wh om t he l u r e o f h o n o u r draws
, ,

s ha ll t he spiritual Isra el sha re in his Divi ne an d W h o write i n bl o o d t he merit s o f y o u r c au se ,

w atc hfu l c a re I
W ho stri k e t he bl o w the n pl e a d y o u r o w n de fe nce , ,

Gl o r y y o u r a im bu t j u stice y o u r p r ete n ce ;
O n this o c c asi o n w as displ ayed the mischiev o us
,

B e ho l d i n JEtn a s e mbl e mati c fire s ’

e ffe c t o f t ha t l aw o f t he Medes a n d Persi ans , The mi sc lu efs y o ur a mb itio u s p r i de i n sp i re s

G
which set fo rth tha t t he king s decree w hen ’
O 0 Q 0

tru mp e t so u n ds y o u r l e gi o n s swa r m a bro ad ;

,

signed by him a n d se aled with his se al c o u ld

, ,
The ,

T hr o u gh t he rip e ha r v e st l i e s th eir de st i n e d r oa d :
n o t be rev o ked Arta xerxes w a s o bliged to.
A t e v ery ste p b n e a th the ir fe e t th e y t r e ad
e
iss u e a counter decree e mp o wering the Jews t o , The l i fe o f mu l tit u de s a n a tio n s b r e a d ! ,
’

a r m the m s elves in se l f defence an d t o s l a y al l - Ea r th se e ms a g a de n in it s l o v e l ie st dr es s r

t ho se who might at ta ck them The resul t o f

,
B e fo r e them a n d b e h in d a wil de r n e ss
,
.

.
F a min e a n d p e stil e n c e h e r fi r st b o r n so n s -

me n amo ng
, ,
this w as the sl aughter o f
, , Atte n d t o fi n i sh w h a t t h e s w o r d b gu n ; e

who m were the ten s o ns o f H ama n See Esther . An d e c h o i n g p ra i se s su c h a s fl e n d s mig h t e a rn

, ,

An d fo lly p ay s r e so un d a t y o u r r etu r n
A c a l m su cce e ds—b u t pl e n ty wit h he r tra i n
.
,

The G reeks w ho s ailed to the rescu e o f Egypt

,
Of h e a rt fe l t o y s su cce e ds n o t so o n ag arn ;
,

under the co mmand o f In aru s a s rel ated in t ha t

,

An d y e ars 0 p in in g in dig e n ce mu st sh o w —
Co w r mt
,

his t ory defe a ted the Persi ans in the first b attle Wha t sco u r g es a r e t h e g o ds tha t ru l e be l o w . .

a n d slew their le a der A

, ,

c haame n es Afterw a rds .

,

the Persia n mon a rch ha ving a sse mbled a n o ver In the twentieth y e ar o f the reign o f Arta
w helming fo rce r e establis hed his au th o rity in ,
- xerxes B c 4 44 he
,
ted t o t he Jews th a t
. .
,

Egy pt an d exp e ll ed t he Greeks fro mth at c o u ntry

, ,
permissi o n whi ch he ha d lo ng refused t o rebuild ,
 HISTOR Y OF TH E PERS IA N S .

t he wa lls o f Jer u s ale m This favo u r w as gra nted it till his de a th To M egaby z us the king o f
. .

a t t he in sta nce o f N e he mi a h wh o m he a ppointed Persi a o wed both his li fe a n d crown when he

,

N e hemi a h a scended the thr o ne whic h makes his c o ndu ct

,

tirshatha o r g o vern o r o f Ju de a
,
.
,

w as e mp o wered t o rep ai r the w al l a n d set u p the a ppe a r in a mo re un fa v o u r a ble light : it ma ,

y
ga te s t o b u ild a p al ace fo r hi mself a n d a fter he tha t the mo n a r ch envie d the ren o wn o f
, , ,

wa rds t o reb u ild the city ; an d in c o nj u nction the v a l o u r a n d wisdo m o f M ega by z us fo r he ,

,
with Ezra t he priest a n d s c ribe t o esta bli sh w as t he best c o u nsell o r an d gre a te st general o f
, ,

t he civil an d ecclesi a stic a l p o l ity o f the n a ti o n the Persi a n e mpire , .

a ll which h e a cc o mpli s h ed— notwiths t a n di ng he In the thirty fo urth ye a r o f the reign o f Art -

me t with gre at Opp o siti o n fro m S anb al la t the a x er x es the Oppressive syste m o f t he At he ,

S a ma rita n an d his a rmy T o bi ah the Ammo nite ni a n p o licy a rmed the c o nfedera tes a ga in st tha t
, ,

t he Ar abi a ns a n d t he As hdodites — in the cou rse

, state in the Pel o po nne si a n w ar which la sted ,

o f hi s admin istra t i o n of twelve ye a rs See twenty seven ye a rs en ding in t he o verthr o w o f .

-
,

N ehe mia h ii — iv vi 1 5 vii 1 — 4 ; an d xi

. . the Athenia n d o minion The a ssist ance o f Art
. . .
.

T his cha nge in the condu ct o f Art a xerxes ax e r x e s w as s o u ght by both p a rties bu t he ,

respecting the Jews s ays Dr H al es may be a c wisely declined to a ssist either The Atheni a ns
,
.
, .

c o u nt ed fo r u pon sound politic al p rinciples an d sent a nother e mb assy but when they rea c hed , ,

n o t merely fro m reg a rd to the s o licita ti o ns o f Ephesu s they received news of the de ath
N ehemia h o r the infl u ence o f his qu een ; a n d Arta xerxes
, .

the hu mili ating condi ti o ns o f the tre a ty with

t he At heni a ns c o rr o b o ra tes thi s Opini o n Thus P u t n o t y o ur tru st i n p ri n ce s ,
N o r i n t he son o f man i n wh o m th ere i s n o h e l p
.

exclu ded fro m the who le line o f se a c o ast H i s b re ath g o eth fo rt h he re t u rn e th t o h i s e a rth ,
, .

Dr Hal es adds an d preclu ded from keeping

,
.
, I n that v er y day his thou ghts p eri sh — P sa c x lvi 3 .

ga rris o ns in an y o f the mariti me tow ns it he

. .

c a me a ma tter b o th o f pr u dence an d necess i ty B y Persi a n writers Arta xerxes w as surn a med ,

to c o ncil i a te the Jews to tt ch the

a a m t o the B ahama n , i “
sign fying kind o r be n e ficen t “
, ,
” ”

P ersi a n interest an d deta ch the m fro m the Acc o r ding t o Thucydides hi s fa v o u ri te maxi m
.

, ,
“
Greci an by further privileges th at the Persi ans w as tha t the gates o f a king sh o u ld never be
, , ,

might h a ve the be nefit o f a frien dl y fo rti fied sh u t He c a rried this n o ble maxi m into pra ctice .

to wn lik e Jerus ale m within three d a ys j o urney with Themistocles who ha d d o ne so mu ch ’

o f the se a a nd a most imm

, ,

,
r t an t p a ss to keep mischief t o Persi a an d fo r who se he ad he had , ,

Open the c o mmun icat io between Persi a an d o ffered a rew ard o f 2 00 ta lents (ne a rly
q ,

Egypt To co nfirm this conj ectu re i t may be o n his ac ce ssion t o t he thr o ne Wh en b ani shed
. , .

re marked th at in al l the ensuing Egyp ti a n w a rs fro m Gre ece an d every p art o f E u r o pe by the
,

the Jews re ma ined faithfu l to t he Persi a ns an d i nvetera te persec u tion of hi s countrymen he , ,

even after t he M aced o nian in v asion ; an d it ma y thr ew hi mself up o n the mercy o f Arta xerxes ,

re as o n ably be s u pposed th a t Arta xerxes had who as we h ave seen in the his tory o f the p o lity
, ,

s o me such a rgument a s thi s to oppose t o the of Persia ma de a princely pr o visio n fo r him , .

j e al o us y an d di sple a s u re this me asure exc i ted i n Themistocles used t o say t o hi s children in refer ,

the neighb o uring pr o vinces h o stile t o the Je ws ence to this tre a tment We sh o uld ha ve been , ,

whose remonstra nces had so much weight wi th undo ne if we had not be en u ndo ne ; an d the
,

him in fo rmer da ys . str o ngest indu cement afterw a rds held o u t by a n y

In the eng age ment in whi ch the Greeks had Persi a n to a Greek w as th a t he shou ld live “
,

been drive n fro m Egypt In ar u s an d a b o dy o f with him as The misto cles di d with Art axerxes
, , , .
”

his a uxil ia ries ha d s u rren dered the mselves t o

.

, The chi ef pra ise du e to Art a xerxes is t he

the Persi a n mo n a rch after o bt a ining a pro mis e regard he had for t he te mple o f Jeh o v ah as dis
, ,

o f p a rd o n fro m M e gaby z us The qu een mother pl a yed in these verses : And I even I Arta
.
-
, ,

a h au ghty an d cru el princess enr aged at the loss xerxes the king do mak e a decree t o al l the
, ,

o f her so n Ach ae menes entre a ted Arta xerxes to tre a s u rers which a r e bey o nd the river th at wha t
, ,

v iol a te the c a pitula ti o n gr a nted to In a r us by s o ever Ezra the priest the scribe o f the l aw o f ,

M egaby z u s an d t o de l iver the prisoners t aken a t the God o f he a ven shall requi re o f y o u it be
, , ,

B y bl us to her re venge He re sisted t h e pr o po sa l d o ne speedily unto an hu ndred tal ents o f silver

.
, ,

fo r five ye a rs bu t w as a t lengt h w e a n ed i nt o a n d t o a n hundred me a s u res o f whe a t an d t o a n

'

, ,

c o mpli ance an d the u nhappy c a ptives peri shed h u ndred b a th s o f wine an d t o a n hundred ba ths
,
.

, ,

by cruel t o rtures Indign ant a t s u ch c o ndu ct of o il a n d s a lt w it hO

. u t prescri bing ho w mu ch , , .

M egaby z us rev o lted (B c 4 4 7 an d bern g sup ,

Wha ts o ever is c o mmanded by t he G o d of he a ven
. .
,

p o rted by the Syr ia ns repe a tedly defe ated t he let it be dil igently d o ne fo r the hou se o f the God
,

r o y al forces He w as at length al lo wed t o di ctate o f he a ven : fo r why sho uld there be wra th
.

his o w n te rms a n d he retu rned to c o urt Shortly a ga inst the re alm o f the ki ng an d his s o ns ?
,
.

a fter h o wever he w a s p er fi dio usl y seiz ed fo r th e

, ,
Also we certify you tha t to u ching a n y o f t he ,

priests an d L evrt e s singers p o rte rs Net hrmms

. .

sli ht o ffence o f sh o o ting a li o n a t a r o y a l hu nt , , , ,

be o r e the kin g had disch arged his a rro w a n d o r ministers o f thi s h o use o f G o d it sh all n o t be , ,

he w as c o nde mned t o perpet ua l exile at Cy r t a l a wful t o i mpose to ll tri bu te o r custom u pon , , ,

T his cru elty the m And t ho u Ez r a a fter the w rsdo m o f t hy

, ,

a c ity sta nding o n the Red Se a . .

, ,

a nd set ma gi str a tes a n d

.

pro vo ked afresh the hostility of the s o ns and G o d th at i n thi n

e h , ,

friends o f M egaby z us whose turbul enc e ag ai n j u dges Wt h may j udge al l the pe o ple that a r e
, ,
.

di st u rbed t he sta te ; bu t after five ye a rs b ani sh

’
bey o nd the n ver all s u c h as kn o w the l a ws o f ,

ment he secretly returned t o S u s a when by the t hy God an d te ach ye t he m tha t kn o w the m

, , ,

intercession o f his wi fe a n d mo ther in la w he n o t And who s o ever will n o t do t he l aw o f thy - -

, .

w a s reinsta ted in the king s fav o u r a n d enj o y ed God an d the l aw o f t he king let j u dgment be
’
, , ,
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

exec u ted Spee dily u p o n hi m w hether it be u nto ,

de at h o r to b a nishment o r t o c o nfisc a tion o f

, ,

go ods o r t o impri so n ment Ezr a vii 2 1 — 2 6

, ,
”
. .

T his decree sho ws tha t Art a xerxes w a s ao

qua in t e d wi th the true religi o n ; a n d D r H ales .

rightly Observes th a t he w as ha ppy in t w o su ch

,

ma ster c o u nsello r s as Ezra a n d N e hemi ah

-
.
”

O n the de ath o f Art axerxes B c 4 2 3 his only t hrone The plo t h o wever w a s discovered an d
, . .
, .

legitima te so n
, , ,
, he w as seiz ed an d delivered u p to Pa rys atis by
o m he w as
,

x n a x n s IL wh pu t t o a cruel an d ign o mini o u s

,

ascended the thr o ne Within fo rty fi ve d ays -

By this it will be perceived th at e u n u chs had

.
,

ho wever Xerxes w as mu rdered by his n a tura l ,

a t this d a te a cquired c o nsidera ble p o wer in the

,

bro ther
c o urt o f Persia : at a l a ter peri o d they go verned
a b so lutely in it to t he gre a t da nger o f the
,

w ho usurped the throne , bu t w as quickly de po s d* prin c es Some ide a may be fo rmed Of their
.

Ochu s, who, on ch a ra cter by the picture whic h D io cl esian after

'

,
he had resigned t he e mpire an d redu ced himself ,
t o a priv a t e sta tion Of life drew of the free dmen ,
w ho had gained a like ascend ancy o ver the
Roma n empero rs F o ur o r five pers o ns s ays
.
,
”

he who ar e cl o sely u nited an d res o lutely deter

, ,

mined t o imp o se o n a prince may do it ver

y ,

e asil y They never sh o w things t o him bu t in

.

su ch a light as they ar e su r e will ple ase They .

con c e a l w hatever would c o ntribu te t o enlighten

So gdianu s had suppl a nted Xerxes , a n d had been hi m an d as they al o ne be set him c o ntin u all y he
,
aft erw a rds drive n fr o m t he thro ne by Ochu s, c a nn o t be info rmed Of an y thing bu t throu gh their
first rebelled a gai nst him, bu t he w as dec o yed ch a nnel an d kn o ws n o thing bu t what they thi nk
,

int o a su rr ender, a n d smo thered in a shes , a de ath fit t o s u ggest t o him Hence it is tha t he besto w s
e mployments o n t h o se whom he o u ght t o exclu de
fr o m the m; an d on the o t her side re moves from
, ,

Offices su ch persons a s ar e most w o rthy Of fil ling

the m In a word the best prince is Often s o ld by
.
,

these men thou gh he be ever so vigil ant an d in

, ,

despite Of his suspici o n Of them .

”

The gre a test mi sfo rt u ne which h appened t o

D
t a r iu s du rin g the w h o le c o urse f his reign w as
o
t he J e vol t o f the Egypti a ns t
m hg p a rticul a rs o f ,

which ar e rel ated in t ha t hi sto ry (p age Aft er ,

thi s the Medes rebe lled bu t were defe ated an d

, , ,

redu c ed to their a ncient allegi ance To p u nis h .

the m fo r their revolt their y o ke which hi the rto , ,

p ell ed t o s u rrender A promise o f p a rdo n w a s

.

held o u t to him but the inst a nt he w as brought

,

befo re the king he w as d o o med to u ndergo the

s ame cruel de a th as SOgdian u s an d Ar 8 1tes The .

de ath o f Pisu thn e s h o wever did n o t pu t an end

, ,

t o all da nger in this qu a rt er Amo r gas 11 1 5 son

.
, ,

with the remai nder Of his a rmy withst oo d TLS ,

sa phe rn e s an d fo r t w o ye a rs la id w a ste the

, The hatred whic h D a rius possessed a gainst the
ma ritime pro vinces Of Asi a Minor till at length Atheni ans led him t o devi a te fro m his father s
, ,
’

he w a s t aken by t he G r e ek s o f Pel o ponnesu s i n polic y re specting t he Grecia n states A

‘

rta xerxes .

Ia su s a city o f Ioni a who delivered him u p t o assisted t he we ak er ag a inst t he stronger and so

, , ,

b al an ced matters between them th at they con ,

t in u ed to h a r a ss e a ch o ther a n d t hereby were ,

had ne a rly pro ved fat a l t o D a ri u s Thr ee pre v ented fro m uniting aga inst the Persi ans On
. .

t he c o ntra ry D a riu s c o mmissi o ned Cyrus t o a ssist ,

the L aced aemo nia ns with l a rge su bsidies a gainst

the Athenia ns which en abled Lys ander their , ,

genera l t o finish the Pel o p o nnesi a n w ar w ith ,

D a ri u s He had st udi ed all his p a ssi o ns in order t he o verthr o w Of the Atheni a ns an d de mo litio n
.
, ,

t o indu lge the m an d g o vern the mo n a rc h by

,
o f their fo rtific a tio ns a bout B c 4 04 , . . .

their me a ns He plunged him continu a lly i n

. S ho rtly aft er the appointment o f Cyrus to
the go vern ment Of the pr o vinces o f Asi a Minor
u t t o de ath tw o Of the nep h ews Of D arius
The t w o b r ie f re i gn s o f X e rx e s a n d So gdia n u s
,

a mo u n ti n g o n ly t o e igh t mo n t h s a r e o mitte d i n P to l e my s
he p ’
,
,
a u se they had n o t fo lded their h a n ds in their
,

c a n o n bu t th e ir l l o n u t i s i c l u d e d i n t h e l ast y e ar o f
n bec
Ar ta x e rx e s a cco r igrl g t o his u sa g e
fl

sleeves as w as customary among t h e Persi ans in

,

,
.
,
 HI ST O R Y OF TH E PERS IA N S .

t he r s rej o icings wh e n he w as a bo u t t o strip hi m

’
presence o f t heir kings D a ri u s w as incensed .
,

a ga in st him b o th fo r the hein o u s deed as well

, , sel f o f h is o w n ro be a n d pu t on th a t o f the ,

as fo r c hal lenging h o no u rs d ue o nly t o himself a ncient Cyrus— t he r o be w o rn by the la tter ere

in t he e mpire a n d desig n ed t o deprive him o f , he c a me t o t he t hr o ne It w as o n the da y Of tha t

his go vernmen t He w as reca ll ed fo r this p u r . bro ther s c o r o n ati o n — in sight o f the co u rt o f
’

pose bu t P arys atis his mo t her w ho tenderly

, , Per si a a n d in t he very temple Of t he g o ds !
,

lo ved him rec o nciled D a ri u s to him an d u sed

, ,
B ut th e design o f Cyru s w as fr u stra ted He .

a l l her infl u ence t o h a ve him decl a red h eir t o had en t rusted t he fa ta l secr et t o o n e o nly t he ,

t he cro wn fo r the s ame re as o n which had ex a lted

, prie st w ho ed u c a ted him a n d by him it w as r e ,

Xerxes to the thro ne ; n amely tha t he w as born ,

ve al ed t o the king who c o nde mned Cyru s t o die ,
’
aft er his father s a ccessi o n Da ri u s resisted . the de ath o f a tra ito r But the interce ssi o n Of .

this requ est bu t bequ ea thed to him t he govern

, his mo ther prev a iled wi th Arta xerxes ; he par
ment Of hi s p rovinces in Asi a Minor c o nfirming , do n e d him an d even di s mi ssed him a ga in t o his
,

his o w n c r o w n t o Ar sac e s his eldes t so n by , , govern ment .

the s ame mother This struggle fo r supre ma cy .

gave rise t o the most fe a rful displa y o f huma n

depra vity betwee n the t w o br o thers as will be ,

see n in the s u cc e edi ng a rticle .

In the s ame ye a r thgl ae edfl fi On ia n s U ,

by the ai d Of Cyrus triump hed over t he Athen every step o f it ; a n d it bro u ght the q u een mo ther
.

-
, ,

i ans D ar ius f NO W died an d w as succeeded ’

Pa rys atis an d the reigning qu een Sta t ir a into

by Ar sace s t o who m Athen aeu s s ays he ga ve
, , , , ,

, s u c h a fiery c o llisio n tha t t he fl ames Of re v enge ,

the best instructi o n in t he a r t o f reigning ; c o uld o nly be qu enc hed by the de a th Of o n e o r

n amely to do j u st ly in all thi ngs t owa rd
, , t he o ther Of the u nl o vely princes ses .

G o d a n d tow a rd man
, . The gener o us fo rgiveness w hi c h Artax erxes
The reign o f D arius is me mo r able in histo ry had extended t o his brother Cyr u s o ught
fqrg ve r
by the reference thereto in s a cred pro phecy He . t o have b o u nd t he l a tter in the bonds o f l o v e an d s

w as the first Of the four kings fo ret o ld to precede fe alty to the fo rmer But t he n a tu re o f Cyru s .

the dissolu ti o n o f the Persia n e mpire : t h e pr o ~ w as n o t th u s a ffec t ed : he had i nj u red an d

phecy o f the seventy wee ks pointing o u t , c o ul d n o t forgive his ambit i o n re mained a s
ti me Of the c o ming of the Messi ah al so 0 ,
mo u nting as befo re it had received a check ; an d
me n ced in the fo u rth ye a r Of hi s reign o r B C ,
. . super added to this a ctive p rin ciple w a s o n e o f ,

420 . See D a n ix a n d xi . equ al fire and bu o ya ncyZ—th at o f res ent ment fo r

O n his a ccessi o n t o the t hrone Ar sace s as
. .

, the disgra ce he ha d s uffered A fierce de sire Of .

sumed the ti t le Of

fro m others Of th at n ame by the epithet M nemon ,

or memo ry he being re ma rk a ble for th a t ih

,
” “

t el l e ct u al power
”
which is o ne o f t he cho i cest ,
j cet he presented t o Lys a nder a galley o f tw o
,

fa c u lties best o wed up on ma n cu bits in length a s a c o ngra tu l a t o ry c o mpli ment

m
.
,

It has been recorded in the life o w us u p o n a n av al vict o ry This gift w as s u bseq u ently .

N o thus th at P a ry s a tis his n ee r) had sought the

, , ,
consecra ted t o Ap o llo in the te mple Of Delphi ;
kingdo m fo r Cyru s;
‘

use e Xerxes he had , ,

an d aft er w a rds we find Lys ander at S a rdis ,

been born after his fa ther s succession to the ’

cha rged with rich presents fro m the a ll ies t o
thr o ne a n d th a t she had been dis appoin t ed in
, Cyr us .

her views The mo n arch i n fluenced either by

.
,
It w as u pon occ asion of this v i si t th a t Cy rus
the dicta tes Of affecti on or a sense o f j us tice , ,
had the celebrat ed convers a tion with Lysa nder ,

disrega rded her i mportunities a n d ga ve the rela te d p age 3 2 .

crown to Ar sa c es be que athing the provi nces

,

,
The see ming virtue whi ch Cyrus d ispl ayed in
to Cyrus . thi s convers atio n w as o nly the instru ment fo r ,

T hi s action o f Pa rys atis an d perhaps her pri ,

fo rw a rdi ng evil de signs This a n d all o ther .
,

v ate c o nd uct kin dled the fla mes Of a mbiti o n in

,
pre t ences of a si mil a r kind he made u se o f t o ,

the brea st Of Cyrus a n d when a mbitio n has a ttra ct the noti ce an d w in the esteem of the
o nce en gr o ssed t he he a rt there is no cri me how , ,
p o werfu l who were u nw a ry o r de gener a te
, ,

ever fo ul in its n atu re w hich man is not re ad y ,

en o u gh to abet his u nn at u ra l rebellio n By a rts Of
, .

t o perpetra te to adv ance himself t o w a rds t he a like descripti o n he w o n t he affecti o ns o f t he

summit of his desire s h o wever un hal l o wed they ,

ba rba ri a ns under his go vern ment an d with the
ma y be Thus it w as with Cyr u s D esp airing
. . aid Of Cle a rchus a n d o t hers he ra ised secretly , ,

Of otherwis e a scending t h e thro ne o f Persi a ,

in severa l pla ces an d u nder v a rio u s pretexts a
, ,

which his t o o fo nd mo ther ha d ta ught him to body Of Grecia n tr oo ps on who m he l aced his ,

c o nsider as h is legiti ma te right he reso lved upon ,

chief reliance No r w as this al l In u en ced by
. .

t he de a th o f his brot her ; a n d reg a rdless Of the ,

his intrigues several pro vinces Of t he g o v e rn
,

ne a r ties which u nited them he d ecided u pon in , ment o f Tissa phe rn e s rev o lted a n d pl aced the m ,

fl ic t in g th a t de ath with his o w n h a nd “ . h a s ” .

s elves u nder his jurisdi ction ; an d this incident
If an y c irc u msta nc es co ul d deepe n the gui lt Of giving rise to a w ar between him an d Tissa phe r
thi s a troci o us proj ect it w as the ti me a t whi ch
.

, , nes w as u sed as a cloa k t o c o v er hi s des igns

,
a n d the pla ce where the d a rk dee d w as intende d u pon the l ife o f his bro ther an d the cro wn o f
, ,

to be perfo rmed It w as o n t he day Of his br o . Persia .Under the pretence o f w a r ring with
Tissaphe r n e s he ,
sse mbled troops fro m
no w a slight purp o se he sent info rmati o n Of t he pr o
a ,

v a rio u s q u a rters a n d mo re speci o u sly to a mu se c ee din gs t o the king a cc o mp a nied with a n inti ,

the c o u rt he fo rwa rded c o mpla ints a gainst Tis

,
mati o n o f what he believed to be the re al designs
saphe r n e s t o the ki ng an d subm i ssively i mplo red
,
o f Cyrus .

hi s pro tection . The intelligence r o used Art axerxes fro m his

Arta xerxes deceived by these appe a rances
, , letha rgy a n d threw the wh o le cou rt into al a r m
, .

rep o sing in i mpr udent a n d indolent sec u rity be , Re collections o f her fo r mer cri mina lity n o w drew
l ie ved that the prep a rati o ns ma de by Cyr u s were a ll eyes upon the mo ther Of these belligerent
d irected a ga inst Tissaph er n es al o ne T ak ing . . br o thers a n d al l e mpl o yed in her servi c e were
,

a dv a nt a ge o f t his supineness Cyr us redo uble d , s u spected o f being in le a gue with Cyr u s The .

his e ffo rts an d by me a ns o f e mi ssaries ende a

, , t w o qu eens the mo ther a n d the wife Of Art a
,

v o ur ed t o prep a re the minds o f the pe o ple fo r xerxe s evinced o n this o cc asio n the mo st de adly
,

t he a ppr o a c hing ch ange The se e missa r ie s in

‘
. ha tred fo r e ach other Where cried t he l a tter .
,
”
,

fl amed di sc o ntent where they discovered it an d , where is n o w the faith which y o u ha ve so Often
s o u ght to cre at e it where it w a s n o t They « . pledged fo r the c o nd uct o f y o ur so n ? This is
l a bo u red industrio usly in their fi en d like av o c a -
o u r rew a rd fo r listening t o t ho se a rdent pr a yers

ti o n ex alting t he fe igned merits o f Cyrus a n d

, , th at preserved fr o m de ath a tra ito r a ga inst the
depreci a ting the q u a liti e s o f Art axerxes who m , king his bro ther ! It is y o ur unh appy fo ndness
t hey represented as a mo th o f pe ace sa ying tha t , that has kindl ed the fl a me Of w ar an d plun ged ,
”
t he st a te req u ired s u ch a r u ler as Cyrus o n e , us int o a n a byss Of evil .

w ho l o ved w a r an d sh o wered fa v o u rs o n th o se
,
Summo ning a numerous fo rce in h ast e Art a ,

w ho served him a va li a nt king fired with the

, , xerxes ma rched in al l the po mp an d pride o f w ar
n o ble ambiti o n o f upho lding a n d exten ding the to meet his bro ther .

gl o ries Of the state . The expediti o n o f Cyrus is amon gst the most
At the s ame ti me Cyrus w as ende avouring to
, rema rk a ble recorded in a ncient history an d
cro wn the wh o le o f his d esigns by Obtaining su c cl assic al geogr a phy It is interesting n o t o nly .
,

c o u rs fro m the L ac edw mo n ia n s who m he had , fr o m the i mp o rta nce o f the prize at stake — the
a ssisted to beco me masters Of G reece In a . diad em o f Asi a bu t a lso fro m the circ u mstance ,

lette r he wrote them he sp o ke of hi mself in , o f its co mbining together a milita ry histo ry an d

ma gnificent terms He t o ld the m he had a . a j o u rn a l Of tr avels .

gre a ter a nd more r o y al he a rt t ha n his bro ther ; The first pa rt o f the march Of Cyrus w as fr o m
t ha t he w as better versed in the philosophy an d Ephesu s to Sa rdi s abo u t fifty eight miles in a ,
-

kno wledge o f the magi by’ w hich w as me a nt the , direct dista nce He then cr o ssed Mo u nt Mes .

science Of religi o n an d govern ment an d tha t he so gi s a n d the river M ae ander s o u th e a st Of Sa r

, ,
-

co u ld ta ke more wine with o u t being intoxic ated dis ; an d then t u rning n o rth e a st c ame in fo u r -
,
—a very merito rio u s quality a mongst the b a rba ~
d ays marches t o C o l o sse t o t he inh abit ants Of
’
,

ri a ns bu t n o t so proper to rec o mmend him to the

, whi ch St Paul a ddressed a n epistle upw a rds Of
.

go o d Opinion o f tho se he ad dressed Nevert he . fo u r centu ries afterwa rds ab o u t eight fi ve miles ,
-

le ss t he L acedaemo ni ans se n t orders to their fleet

,
mo re F rom C o l o sse the a rmy Of y r u s c ame
.

to j o in th at Of Cyr u s i mmedi ately a nd t o obe y , in thre e ma rches t o Cel aan az a bou t sixty miles ,

the c o mmands of T amo s his ad mir al in every , , north e ast F r o m thence in t w o ma rches they
-
.

p a rticu la r ; but with o u t the l e ast mention Of '

c ame to P el t m which B ennel rec o gnises in t he ,

Art axerxes o r inti ma ti o n Of the evil designs

,
P el o t i Of Edrisi situ a te on the r o ad fro m Ta rs u s
,

Of Cyrus . to Abydos a dista nce Of twenty eight miles,

-

At length tro ops t o the amount o f

, north where the Greeks were all o wed to cele
,

men were collect ed an d pla ced u nder the co m, brate the Arc adi a n festiv al c alled L y cwa * In .

mand o f experienced le aders Cle ar chus co m . t w o ma rches more n o rth they c ame to the , ,

ma n ded the Pelopo nnesi an t roops except t he , F orum o f the Kr amian s the a ncient Cotyaeum ,

Ach aea ns w ho were led b Soc ra tes o f Ach aia

, ,
. o f the R o ma n ti mes a n d the mo dern Ku t ahia h ,
.

The Bte o t ian s were under r o xen u s the T heb a n , This city sta nds on t he r o ad le ading fro m Bro u ss a
a n d the Thessal ians were hea ded by Menon . to Cilic i a Syri a an d Cyprus t hr o u gh Iconiu m
, , ,

The b arb aria ns had Persia n generals the chi ef
of w ho m w as Ar iaeu s The fl ee t consisted Of
thirty fi ve s hips under Pytha gor as a n d twenty
-
, so th a t Cyrus w o u ld h ave to p ass fo r u pw a r ds
. Of two h u ndred miles thr o u gh deep a n d exten
, sive v a lleys lying a t t he n o rthern foot o f t he
,

five c o mman ded by T amos the Egyptian a dmi ra l , Pisidia n an d C ilici a n Ta u rus The first city his . .

of t he who le fleet a r my c ame to w a s Ca y st r u s a bo u t eighty fi ve -

.
,

With this fo r mida bl e ho st Cy rus set forw a rd ~

,
'

, miles s o u th e a st fro mthe F o r u mOf the Kr a mian s

-
,

st ill keepin g his unho ly purpo se a pro fo u nd se a n d which a nswers to t h e mo dern S akli c alled
’

cret fro m al l s ave Cle archus t he Greek To this

, . Ke t chl uk by Kinnier F ro m Cay st r u s o r S akli . , , ,

policy he w as instiga ted by the fe ar th a t so bold in t w o ma rches they c ame to Thymbr ium Ren ,

a n ente rpri se migh t dis ma y his s o ldiers n o less , n el s modern K ar atepe an d Kin n ie r s Ak shehr o r
’
,
’
,

th an by t he ne c essity of c o nce ali ng his intentio n

fro m the Persi a n co u rt An Ar ca dian fe sti v al re se mbl in g t he R oman L u p erce
l ia I t w as c e l e bra te d with g ame s i n w h ich t he co n q u e ror
.
'

N eve rtheless the wily st ratagi st w as bafli ed an d ,

w a s g e n e r ally r ewa r de d with a s u it o f bra z en armo u r

.

, ,
A
his Obj ect w as made kn o wn He had given o u t
.

hu man sa cri fi ce w a s an cie n tly Offe red a t t h i s fe st iv a l It

.
.

t ha t he w as le ad ing this fo rc e a ga inst the Pisi w a s fi r st o b se rve d by L y cao n in h o n o ur o f J u p iter s u r , ,

n a me d L y c aeu s e ith e r fro m L y cao n s o w n n a me o r t h e

’

di ans who ha d infe sted his pro vin ce with their , ,

,

incu rsions but Tissa pher nes sa w thro u gh a Ar c a di an mo u n t a in L ycmu s which t he Arca dian s p re
’
,

ten de d w a s t he tru e Olymp u s Whe n ce the y c a l l ed i t t he ,

pretext so sh all o w an d a ssured tha t prep a ra ti o ns
, sac r e d hil l b e c a u se J u p iter w as fe ig n e d t o ha v e rece i v ed
”

c o u ld never be ma de o n so mighty a sca le fo r so

,

hi s e du ca ti o n th ere .
 H I ST O R Y OF THE PERS I AN S .

t he White City a dist ance Of twenty eight miles ,

-
.
T he se tidings were il l -
received at first ; bu t in
‘

In t he s ame d ista nce they c ame t o Tyri aeum ,

c o nsidered by Kinnier t o be the mo de rn Eil o u n

g ,

bu t whi ch B ennel t hink s lies twelve ge o gr aphi

c al miles farther e a st In three marches mo re .
,

o r fi ft y six miles they c ame t o Ic o ni um t he an

-
,

c ient c a pit a l o f the A

,

l a din ian s u lta ns a n d sta nd ,

ing in t he a ncient Lyc ao ni a * menti o ned in the the mo dern Khabo ur ab ou t t w o hu ndred a n d ,

A c ts o f the Apo stles (ch ap xiv 6 1 F r o m this . .

, eighty miles dist a nt which is ab o u t fifteen miles ,

c ity the ma rch c o ntin u ed five d a ys a l mo st du e er diem O n cr o ssing the Ar a xes Cyr us entered
p .
,

e as t throu gh Lyc aoni a an d termin ated a little to , the desert o f Arabi a n o w c a lled the Desert o f ,

the s o u th o f Erekli a nciently Hera cle a a fe w , ,

miles fro m the northern foot o f Mo u nt T a urus .

The dista nce traversed in this five d a ys ma rch ’

w a s eighty fi v e miles At the end o f it Cyrus

-
.
,

made a divisi o n of his a rmy With o n e division .

he marched himself to the v alley of Ty an a ,

seventy miles distan t ; whilst Menon with the ,

o ther thirt een ma rches were thro u gh a ru gged
o ther t o ok the route Of Erek l i
, s o uth e a st a n d ,
-
,
a n d hi lly tr a ct o n both sides Of the river Eu
,

a scended the n o rth west fa ce o f T a ur u s This -

.
phr ate s extending to o n e hun dred miles in
,

p a rt o f T aurus is c alled by the T u rks R a mada n bre adth At the end o f the fifth march they
.

O glu B al akkl ar a n d is so bro a d th a t it requ ires , c a me t o C o r so t e a l a rge uninh abited city sur
, ,

t w enty fiv e h o u rs t o cross it an d there a r e seve

-
,
ro u nded by the river Ma sc a t he mo dern Sa c c o ,

r a l diffi c ul t p a sses in the w a Th a t by which r as where they sta yed th ree da ys a n d mad e the ir
y . , ,

Cyr u s himself entered Cili ci a is den o min a ted provisi o ns F rom Co r sot e they c ame t o Car
.

the No rthern Pass an d is o n the di rect ro a d fro m ,

ma nde which B ennel supp o ses to be the mo dern
,

Ces a re a Ma z a ca in C app adoci a t o T a rsus , ,

. Hit a bo u t twenty eo gr aphical mil es a bo ve the
,

B ennel s ays tha t when Cyrus a rrived at Ty an a l ,

' ~
Pyl ae F ro m the yl ae Cyrus march ed thi rty
.
,

he fo u nd t he p ass occ u pied by Sy en n esis king of ,

miles across the pl a ins o f B abyl o ni a an d then , ,

Cilicia an d th a t therefore he enc amped in the

, a fter reviewing his tro o ps at mid n ight Of the

pl ain befo re it which w as since den o min ated fro m ,

third day he mar ched a bo u t ten miles fa rther o n
,

him The pl a in Of Cyrus

, Acco rding to Xen o .
”
the fo urth day in o rder o f b attle On the sixth .

ph o n t he a rmy o f Cyrus re a ch ed Tar susi in

, da y he a rriv ed a t a pl a ce c a lled C u n a x a fro m ,

fo u r ma rches the pro b able di sta nce o f which is

,
whence w as discerned a thick dust like a white
sixty miles At T a rsus Cyrus h a lted fo r twenty
.
,
clo ud which w as su cceeded first by a d arkn ess
, ,

d ay s after which he ma rched t o the S ar u s o r

, ,
whi ch envelo ped the entire pl ain an d then by ,

modern Seiho o n twenty eight miles in two d ays ,

-
. the resplendent glitter Of t he a r mour l ance s an d , ,

Another d a y s march e astward fo ur t e een mi les’

, , ,
st and ards Of an al most c o untless h o st Thi s w as .

brought hi s a rmy to the Pyra mus o r J e iho o n ; the a rmy Of Artax e r xes his bro th er fo r wh o se , ,

a n d t w o more fo rty two miles to Issu s where,

-
, ,
crown Cyrus had u ndergone so many hardshi ps
the b attle w as a fterwa rds fough t b etw ee n Alex in his expediti o n .

a n der a n d D a ri u s F rom Issus in a nother d a y s .

,
’
The t w o a rmies were soon a rra yed in order Of
ma rch of fifteen miles t hey c a me t o the Syri a n ,
b attle On his right ha nd Cyru s po sted a tho u
.

Strait o r ga tes o f Cilici a a n d Syri a ; a n d in ah

,
s and Paphl ag o ni an h o rse supported by t he Eu ,

o ther Of the s ame dista nce they re ached M r ian h r at e s a n d the light a rmed infa ntry o f t he
y p ,

drus which w as a l arge ma ritime city n o tra ces

, ,
Greeks ; an d next them Cle a rchus Pro xenus , , ,

Of which now re main F r o m thi s place Cyrus . an d the re st o f the general o fli c er s t o Men o n a t ,

made twelve ma rches to Thapsacus now Ul ,

the he ad Of their severa l corps The left w ing .
,

c o mpo sed Of Lydi ans Phrygia ns a n d o ther ,

Asia tic n a ti o n s w a s c o mma nded by Ariaeus

,

Whil e at Thapsacu s C y rus decla red to his , ,

, ,

general s the re a l Obj ect o f the expedition an d , w ho had a thous a nd h o rse Cyrus pl ac e d him .

des ir ed the m to communi c ate it t o the soldiers ,

self in t he centre where t he ch o sen tro o ps o f t he
,

a n d to e nde a vour to gai n their wil li n g service .

Persia ns an d the b a rb a ri a ns were p o sted He .

had r o u nd him six h u ndred h o rsemen a rmed at ,

L y cao nia fo rmed p a rt Of t he satra py o f C a pp a doci a al l points as were their horses with fro ntlets
,
,
a n d w as a st e pp e i mp r e g n a te d with sa l t a n d co n t a in i n g , an d bre astpl a tes .

a sal t l a k e n a me d T a l ta Th e so l e o c cu p ati o n Of i t s in .
The a rmy Of Art a xerx es w as c o mmanded by
h a b itant s a ppe a rs t o h a v e b een tha t o f p asto rs o r she p
r
he ds
Tissaphern e s on the le ft which di visi o n c o ns ist ed ,

Of c av al ry a rmed with whi te cu iras ses an d o f

.

1 T hi s city w as a t Anti T auru s an d it

t he fo ot of t he , ,

light ar med in fantry In t he centre w as the

-
,

g a v e n ame t o t he d istri ct I t w a s t he b ir th pl ac e o f a -
- .

he a vy armed fo o t a gre a t p a rt o f wh o m were

.

c e l e bra t e d i mp o st o r c a ll ed Ap o ll o n i u s w h o li v e d A D 9 0 , . .
,
-
,
a n d wh o se l ife a n d fe i gn e d mir ac l e s ar e re co rde d by P hi
.

Egyptia ns * an d entirely c o vered with wooden

,
l o st r a t u s .

b u cklers The rest o f t he light a rmed i n fa ntr y

.
-
,
I T arsu s n ow Ter so o s o r T a rasso w as t he p ri n cip a l the h rse f rmed the right wing Th
,

c it y Of C il i ci a situ a te d a t t he mou th Of t he r i v e r Cy d n u s
, ,
a n d O f o o ,
e .

foot were dr awn u p with as much depth as fr ont

.
,

In t h e G ree k a n nal s i t i s c e l e b ra te d fo r t he l e ar ni n g a n d ,

r e fi n e me n t Of i t s i n h a b it a nt s In S c ri p tu re i t e xc ite s an .

in t e re st a s t h e b irth p l ac e Of S t P a u l w ho c al l s i t -
no .
,
me a n c ity Act s x x i 3 9 I t w a s made a fr e e co l o n y by t h e
,
”
. . Z e un e pp o se s that t he Egyp tia n s h e r ei ne n t i o n e d
su , ,

Gree k s a n h o n ou r whic h w as co n ce de d t o i t by t he R O
,
we re t he de sce n dants Of tho se w h o ar e sp o k e n of as h a vi n g
mans a l so w hen ce S t P au l a sserts hi s pri v i l e ge a s a fre e
, .
b e e n re ce i v ed i n to t h e fa v o ur a n d c o n fi den ce o f t he e l de r
born R o man A cts xxii 2 5 , . .
 HIST OR Y OF THE PERS I AN S .

and in tha t o rd er c o mp o sed sq u are b att alio n s . t he d a ring e ffo rts an d fin a l ove rthr o w Of a n am
The king ha d p o sted himself in t he ma in b o dy . b iti o n s spirit w ho se a i ms were n arr o wed t o t he
,

w ith the fl o wer o f t he w ho le a r my a n d ha d ,

a tt a i n ment o f mere w o rldly p o wer a n d gr ande u r ,

6 000 h o r se fo r his g u a rd c o mma n d e d by ,

a le sso n fo r thine o w n ! H a ppy he t he h u mble ,

Ar t age r ses T ho u gh he w as in t he c entre he

.
, w a yfa rer w ho du ring his s oj o u rn o n e a rth pre
, , ,

w as bey o nd the left wing Of t he a r my Of Cyr u s , p ares fo r a n inherita nce that fa de s not an d l o o k s ,

so mu c h did the fro nt o f his o w n exceed in ex fo rw a rd t o a c r o wn tha t is etern al .

te nt tha t Of the Opp o sing fo rce A hu ndred a n d . Art a xerxes a fter h aving c au s ed the he a d a n d
,

fifty ch a rio ts a rmed with scythes were pl aced in right h and Of his broth er t o be cu t Off p u rsu ed ,

t he fr o nt o f t he a r my a n d t hey were so fixed a s ,

t he ene my t o their c amp an d th ere p o s ses sed ,

t o mo w d o w n a l l befo re the m . himself Of gre a t p a rt Of t heir b a gga ge a n d p r o

. The a rmy of Art axerxes numero u s a s it w a s , , visi o ns The Greek s ha d defe ate d the king s
.
’

moved o n with o u t nois e o r c o nfusi o n When . left wing c o mma nded by Tissap her n e s ; an d t he
,

k ing s r ight wing under his o w n c o mma nd

’
they had ne a rly re a ched th a t o f Cyru s t he Greeks , , ha d ,

bega n t o sing t he hymn Of ba ttle : an d drawing ro u ted t he enemy s le ft ; an d a s neither knew ’

s till n e a rer t hey s h o u ted after their u s u al w o nt

, , wh at had occu rred elsewhere b o th p a rt ies ima ,

striking t heir d a rt s u p o n their shields to frighten gin e d they had g a ined the vict o ry Tissa phe r .

t he ho r ses an d th en mo ving o nw a rds in a b o dy

, , nes h o wever a cq u a inting the king th at his me n
, ,

t hey spra ng u p o n t he b arb ar i a ns w ho fled at t he ,

had been pu t t o flight by t he Greeks he i mme ,

o nset dia t e l y r alli ed hi s tr o o ps in O rder t o a tt a ck

the m The Greeks unde r the c o mmand o f
.
,

The s a v a ge S pirit o f w ar w a s n o w fully ex , ,

e r t ed a n d Cyr u s ex u ltingly beheld the a dvan t

,
Cle a rchu s e a sily rep ulsed the m a n d p u rs u ed
, ,

a ges which were occ a si o n a lly presented t o his the m to the neighb o u ring hills .

forces : an d th e se were so s u cces sfully impro ved As it w as a lmost night the G reeks n o w l aid ,

by t he Greeks th at he w a s b o ldly t ho u gh pre

, d o wn their arms to refresh t he mselves with rest .

matu rely pr o cl a imed king by al l a ro u nd him . T hey were surprised tha t neither C y r u s n o r a n y
The crown w as n o t t o a do rn his br o ws He . o n e fro m him a ppe a red an d i ma gined tha t either ,

had climbed the unst able l a dder Of a mbiti o n t o he w a s e n gaged in the p u rsu it Of the enemy o r w a s ,

be precipit ated t o destr u cti o n Per c eiving that . mak in g hast e t o p o ssess himself o f s o me imp o rt
Arta xerxes w as wheeling his right t o a tt a ck him T hey determined therefo re t o ret u rn
'

a n t pl a ce .
, ,

in t he fl ank he ma rch ed direc tly a ga in st him

,
t o their c amp where they a rrived a b o u t n ig htfa ll
, ,

with his 6 00 h o rse With his own h a nd he de . a n d fo u nd t he gre a test p art o f their b a gg a ge

stro yed Ar t ager ses w ho c o mma nded t he king s ,

’
ta ken with a l l t heir pro v isi o ns w hich o b l i ged
, ,

gu a rd o f 6 000 h o rse p u tting the entire b o dy to , the m t o p a ss t he night in the c amp witho u t r e
flight Then di scovering his brother his eyes
.
, ,
fres hment .

sp a rkled with fu ry as he cried

“
I see him ! a n d ,
”
The next mo rning t he G reeks he a rd Of t he ,

he spu rred forw a rd his horse e a ger t o co mmit ,

de a th Of Cyru s a n d t he defe at o f that p art o f t he
,

t he two — fo ld cri me of destroying his brother an d a rmy . Up o n this they sent depu tie s to Ar iae us ,

his ki ng Offering him as c o n qu e r o r s t he cr o wn o f Per sia

‘

. .

Ar iaeu s refused the o ffer an d acq ua inted the m

, ,

The b attle now bec ame a sin gle comb at be ,

tween Art a xerxes an d Cyr u s a n d t h e bro thers th a t he intended t o set o u t e a rly n ext mo rning o n
were seen transp o rted with t he de adliest r a ge ,
his retu rn t o I o n ia a d v ising the m t o j o in him in
,

e a c h ende avou ring t o pl u nge his sw o rd into t he the night T hey fo ll o wed his directi o n s a n d
.
, ,

a n d thus rid hi mself Of a riv a l

’
o ther s he a rt u nder the c o nd u ct o f Cle a rc hu s bega n their
—remin di ng the spect a t o rs o f Ete o cles an d P o ly
, ,

ma rch a n d a rrived at his c amp a b o u t midnig ht

, ,

nices o f w ho m t he G reek p o ets say th a t their

, ,
w hen c e they set o u t o n their ret u rn t o Gree c e .

ashe s sep a ra ted o n the b u rning pile as if sensible ,

At this time the Greeks were in the very he a rt
,

Of re sentment an d ho stile t o rec o ncili a tion

, . Of the Persi a n e mpire su rr o u nded by a n umer ,

Fo r a ti me t he a dv ant a ge w a s with Cyr u s w ho

, ,
o u s a n d v ict o ri o u s a rmy a n d they ha d therefo re ,

s u cceeded in ki ll ing t he h o r se Of Art a xerxes ,

no w a
y t o ret u rn into Greece bu t by fo rc ing th eir ,

w hi ch fell with him to the gro und The king . retre a t thr o u gh a v a st tr act Of the ene my s c o u ntry ’
.

rec o vered himself an d mo u nt ed a n o ther when , ,

T heir v a l o u r an d r eso l u t io n ho w eve r s u rmo u nted , ,

Cyru s aga in r u sh ed up o n him inflicted a sec o nd ,

a ll th ese di ffi c u lties a n d d espite o f a p o werfu l
, ,

w o u nd a n d had u plifted his a r m fo r t he inflicti o n

, a rmy whi ch p u rs u ed a n d h a r a s sed the m a ll t he
,

Of a third when Art a xerxes lik e a lio n wou nded

, ,
w ay , they made go o d their retre at tra v elling ,

by the hu nters only t he more furi o u s fro m t he

, o ver t he sp a ce o f 2 3 2 5 miles thr o u gh pr o v in c es ,

s ma rt SPIfmg fo rw a rd impetu o u sly p u shing his

,
'

,
belo nging t o t he ene my an d re a che d in s afety t he ,

h o rse a ga i nst his Opp o nent w ho r u nning he a d , ,

Greek c ities o n t he E u x ine Sea Cle a r chu s ha d .

l o ng an d with o u t rega rd t o his perso n threw

, ,
the c o nd u ct o f t he a rmy at first ; bu t he being
h i msel f into t he midst Of a flight Of da rts a imed sl a in by t he tre ac her
y o f T issa phe r n e s t he mili ,

a t hi m o n a ll si de s a n d a t tha t in st a nt receiving t a ry hi st o ri a n Xen o pho n w as a pp o inted in his

,

a w o u nd fr o m his bro ther s j a velin Cyr u s fell ste a d an d it w a s chiefly o wing t o his v a lo u r an d
’

, ,

de a d : hl S chief lo rds were sla in likewise r eso l v ,

wisd o m th a t his co un try men s u rmo u nted th eir
in
g not t o sur vive him . d an gers .

Beh o ld re a der t he fitting rew a rd Of indo

, , The retre at o f the is equ a lly celebr ated
mit a bl e c o u ra ge energy a n d a bili ty a d mira
, , ,
in hist o ry with t he expe diti o n o f Cyr u s bu t t ha t ,

ble q u al ities w hen dire c te d t o t he a cc o mpl ish mor e pro perly bel o ng s t o t he histo ry o f Greece .

ment Of pro per ends but o nly c asting additi o n a l , The v ic to ry w hi c h Art a xerxe s h ad ga ined
bla c kne ss o n t he cri me w he n e mpl o yed in t he o v er his bro t her Cyr u s w as fo ll o wed by a su c
fu rt hera nce o f u nw o rthy o ne s ! B e ho ld t o o in , , c e ss io n Of a tr o cio u s cri me s in his c o u rt F e a rfu l .

O
 HIST O R Y OF THE -PERSIAN S .

as th e deed o f sh ed ding the bl o o d Of a br o ther is , of Per sia Age sil au s swept a l l befo re him
.
,
the mo n a rch w as a mbi tio u s that t he a cti o n sho u ld where u p o n Tissaphe r n e s sent a messenger t o in
be a ttrib u te d t o h im a l o ne Mi th rid a te s a y o u ng .
, qu i re t o wha t e n d h e w as c o me int o A si a a n d ,

Persi a n n o ble ma n b o a sted tha t he ga ve t he mo r , why he ha d t aken u p a rms Age sil aus repl ie d .
,

t a l w o u n d a n d h e su ffered t h e mo st c ru el a n d t hat he w a s c o me t o a ssi st t h e Greeks inhabiting

ASi a an d t o re sto re the m their a n c ient liberty
,

revo lting de a th fo r hi s b o a st A C a ri a n s o l dier .

, .

a ls o c l a imed t he gl o ry a n d h e w a s delivered t o , Tissa phe r n e s u nprep a re d fo r w a r n o w ha d

, ,
Pa ry sati s w ho se tender merc ie s were a t a l l ti me s
, rec o u rse t o st r a t a ge m He a ssu red Age sil au s .
,

c r uel a n d w ho infli cted o n him t he mo st e x qu i

, tha t Artaxerxes w o u ld grant him hi s d e ma nd s ,

site to r ments fo r ten d ays a n d then p u t him t o a , pro vi de d he c o mmitte d n o a cts Of ho stility till
cr u el de a th M asabat e s by w ho m a t the king s
.
, ,
’
t he retu rn Of his c o u riers Age sil aus beli eved .

o rder the h e a d Of t he fa llen Cyr u s w as dec a pit a ted

, , hi m a n d a tr u c e w as a greed u p o n ; bu t Ti ssa
,

su ffered de a th fo r the deed a ls o by t he c o mma nd , p e r n e s mad e n o o t her u se o f it than t o a ssemble

h
Of q u een P a r y s a tis No r di d she sto p here . . tr o o ps o n all sides a n d t o Obta in aid fro m Ar ,

H aving as befo re stated c o n c eived a n impl ac a

, ,

ble h a tred a ga inst St at ir a she w as p o iso ned by , As s o o n as Tissaphe r n e s ha d re c eived t he a id he

her c o mma nd in a mo st refined ma nner Ar . s o u ght he c o mma nded Age sil a u s t o dep a rt fro m
,

t a x e r x e s being a ffli c ted fo r t he l o ss o f his bel o ved

, Asi a den o u ncing w a r a ga i nst him in c ase o f r e
,

St a t ir a a n d s u specting his mo th er c a u sed a ll her

. , fa saL The L ac e d ae mo ni a ns an d their c o nfe de '

d o mestics t o be pu t t o the r ack w hen Gygis o n e , , r a te s were al armed : bu t Age sila u s h e a rd t he

o f he r a c c o mplice s disc o vered the who le Ar ,
. hera lds o f Tissa phe r n es with c o mp o s u re an d de ,

t a x e r x e s p u t t he info rma nt t o de ath a n d c o nfined , s ired them to t e l l t he wil y s atr a p tha t he w a s

his mo ther t o B a byl o n ; bu t at lengt h ti me ha v , u nder gre a t o blig a ti o ns t o him fo r h a v ing ma de

in g al levi ated hi s griefs he a ll o we d he r t o ret u rn , t he g o d s by hi s perj u ry ene mies t o Per si a a n d

, ,

t o c o u rt w h ere by a n entire s u b mi ssi o n t o his

, , friend s t o Gree c e H aving thu s di smi ssed t he .

will she rega ined his fa v o ur an d b o re mu ch

, , hera lds he ma de a sho w o f inva ding C a ri a ; bu t
,

sw a y at c o u rt till he r de a th . fin di ng t ha t T i ssaphe r n es ha d c a u sed al l his

After t he de ath o f Cyr u s Tissa pher n e s bei n g , tr o o p s t o ma rc h in t o tha t pro vi nce he tu rne d ,

sent b a ck t o his fo rmer g o vern ment a n d invested , t o w a rds Phrygi a the gre a ter p a rt o f w hich he
,

w ith the s ame p o wer as the fa llen prince be ga n , o verra n : a fte r whic h l o aded with t he sp o ils o f ,

t o h a r as s a n d oppre ss t he Greek cit ies within th at pr o vince he mar c hed b ack by the sea c o ast
,
-

t he li mits o f his a u th o rity These cit ies s o u ght . i nt o I o n i a a n d wintered a t Eph e su s

, .

the a id o f t he L aced ae mo n ia ns w ho sent Thimbr o , , The next spring Age sil aus to o k the field giv , ,

B C 3 9 9 with a n a r my a ga inst the m w hich bein g

. .
, , ing o u t tha t he w o ul d ma rch into Lydi a Ti ssa .

strengthened by the fo rc es bro u ght b a ck fro m p h e r n e s believed tha t he wo ul d ma rch directly

Pers ia they t o o k t he field a ga inst Tissaphe r n es . fo r C a ri a a n d ma rc he d hi s tro o ps thither fo r its
,

Age sil au s
,

Thimbr o w a s ho wever rec a lled u p o n s o me c o m

, , protecti o n B u t he w as deceived
. - .

pl aint s a n d sent into b a ni shment an d the next

, , entered Lydi a an d a ppr o a ched Sa rdis Tiss a
, .

ye a r D er cy ll ida s w a s a pp o inted his s u c c es so r .

phe r n e s hastened t o its relief ; bu t his ho rse
D er c y ll ida s w as a bra ve gener al an d a fa mo u s , ha ving a rrived befo re the infa ntry A g e sil a u s at ,

engineer an d hi s mo ve ments were a ttended

, t a cked a n d defe a ted the m with gre a t sl au ghter ,

wit h s o me s u cces s H aving he ard tha t Tissa . a n d enric hed both h imself an d h is a rmy with t he

p h e r n e s a nd P h arr
n abaz u s were a t v a ri a nce h e , S p o ils o f t he c o nqu ered Persi a ns .

ma de a tru ce with t he fo r mer a n d entered the , In t he grea te st pr o sperity we sho u ld be mind

pro vince o f the l a tter a dv a nc ing as far as ZEOli s ,
. fu l o f a c ha nge Hi therto Tissapher n e s ha d
.
,

P ha r n aba z u s w as driven fro m city t o city a n d , re v elled in the s miles o f Arta xerxes The l o ss .

a t lengt h fe a ring t ha t t h e c o nq u er o r w o u ld i nv a de o f thi s b a ttle fo rfeited the mo n a rch s fa v o u r

’

, At .

Ph r ygi a the chief pr o vin c e o f his go vernment

, , t he s ame time C o n o n a rriving a t t he Pers ia n
, ,

he ma de a tru ce w ith h im le a v ing him in p o s , c o u rt ma de the bre ach wider by a c o mpl a int
,

s e ssi o n Of the c ities he ha d c a pt u red . he bro u ght a gainst him o f depriving t he s o ldiers
The c o nqu er o r n o w t u rn ed his a rms a gainst o n b o a rd C o n o n s fleet o f their p ay thereby dis
’
,

Tissa phe r n es in C a r ia where he us ual ly resided ,

. a bli ng him fr o m rendering t he king an y se r vice .

Tissa phe r n es a n d P ha r n aba z u s u nited aga inst The cha rges were a ggra v ated by q u een P sa tis ,

him a n d s u rprised him in a dis a dv a nta ge o u s p o st

,
P ha r n aba z u s a dvised a n a tt a ck u p o n the Greek s
bu t Tissap he r n e s w ho ha d experienced their
. who w a s a ctua ted by a n irrec o n c il able atr ed
, a ga inst all who had a sh a re in t he defe a t a n d
, de a th o f C y rus Arta xerxes res o lved u po n t he
.

v alo u r a t C u n ax a sent her a lds t o D e r c y ll ida s t o, de str u cti o n o f Tissapher n e s ; bu t being afraid t o ,

invite him t o a p a rley a n d a truce ens u ed till the , a tta ck him Ope n ly o n a ccount o f the gre a t a u
,

a nswers o f t heir respective ma sters sh o u ld be t ho r it y he had in Asi a rec o urse w a s had t o ,

kn o wn . tre a c hery fo r t he a cc o mplishment o f hi s des igns .

In the me a n ti me the L acedae mo ni a ns r ec e iv , , He ch a rged Tit hr au st es c a ptain o f the gu a rds , ,

ing a cco u nts fro m Asi a tha t Arta xerxes w a s , with this commissi on He ga ve hi m t w o letters . ,

equipping a po werful fleet u nder a o n _the At he t he o n e directed to Tissaphe r n es e mp o wering him ,

ni a n then an exile in Cyprus a n d su pp o sing , t o p u rs u e t he w ar ag a in st t he Greeks a t his o w n

discretio n the o ther w as ad dressed t o Ar ise u s
, ,

rightly tha t it w as designed a g a in st the m r e

, , , ,

s o lved t o send Age sil au s o n e o f t heir kings int o , , gove rn o r Of L a riss a c o mma n ding hi m t o a ss i st ,

Asia t o make a di ver si o n

, . Tit hr a ust es with his c o uns el an d fo rces i n sei zing
A c c o rdi ngly Agesil aus se t s ail with a c o n sid
, Tissaphe r n e s The will o f the kings o f Persi a w as
.

crable b o d y o f tro o ps a n d a rrived at Ephes u s , la w ; a n d ha d this n o t been the c a se it is t o be fe a red ,

befo re his expediti o n w as h e a rd Of at the c o u rt th a t his wishes w o ul d ha ve been t o o re adily c o m

 HIS TOR Y OF TH E PE RSIA N S .

plied with b ase tho u gh they may h ave been in

, ,

o rd er t o Obt a in his fa v o u r In every c o untry an d .

, with pro v isi o ns .

in a ll a ge s o f the w o rld tho se ha ve been me t wit h , Tit hr a u ste s finding th a t , Age sil au s fo r w as
w ho w o u l d re a d ily i mbru e the ir ha nds in t he blo o d c a rryi n g o n the w a r in Asi a sent Timo c r a t es o f
,
o f t heir fell o w man in o rde r to ga in t he fa v o u r Of R ho des into Gree c e w i th l a rge su ms Of mo ney , ,
t he ir su peri o r u tterly setting a side t he rights o f
, t o c o rr u pt t he le a d ing me n in their c ities t o r e
,
hu ma nity a n d disreg a rding t he l a ws o f He aven kin dle a w ar a g ain st t he L a ced aemo ni a ns G o l d
S u ch an o n e w as Ar iaeus
, .
.
,
Up o n t he receipt Of . w hich is a t a ll time s a p o werfu l incenti v e t o go o d
thi s letter he d e sired Ti ssaphe r n e s t o c o me t o
, o r evil ha d in t hi s c a se t he desire d e ffe c t
, The
him tha t they might c o nfer a b o u t t he o pera tio n s
.

, c ities o f Thebes Argo s C o rinth an d o thers e n , , ,

o f t he ens ui ng c a mp a ign
,
Tissa ph e r n e s went . t e r e d int o a c o nfe der a c y an d w a r r a ged a g a in ,

w ith a gu a r d o f 3 00 men but w hile he w a s

j
a mo ng these u n ha ppy st a tes B C 3 9 5 , . . .

b a t hing a c c o rding t o t he Persi a n c u st o m In t he be ginning o f t he next spring A e sil au s

, ,
g
he w a s seized a n d dis armed a n d pu t int o t he
, ,

, , w h o had a lre ady made t he pr o vin c e s Of Upper

ha nds Of Tit hr a u st e s w ho c a u sed his he a d t o be , Asi a tre mble at his n ame fo rme d t he de si gn o f ,

stru ck Off a n d sent int o Persi a It w as gi ven

,
.
, a tt a cking the king Of Per si a in the he a rt o f hi
s
sa y s Xen o p ho n by t he king t o P a rys ati s a n ac
, , do minions As he w as u p o n t he p o int o f p u ttin g
.

ce pt abl e pre sent t o o n e o f he r re v engefu l te mper . his designs into exe c u ti o n the Sp a rt a n Epic y ,
Well has it been s a id Of revenge that it sits like , dida s a rrived t o let him kn o w t hat Sp a rt a w a s
p o ison u p o n the sto mach : it swells a n d c o nvul ses thre atened with a fu ri o u s w a r a n d th a t t he ,
n at u re an d there is n o go od he a lth t o be expected
, Epho ri rec a lled hi m fo r t he defen c e of his c o un ~

t ill it is c o nqu ered an d expelled . try . Agesil au s o beyed t he su mmo ns thereby

‘

T hi s da rk deed o f Art a xerxes seems t o h ave

,

de monstr ating t he tr uth o f wh at w a s s aid T ha t ,

been co n sidered by a n c ient writers as a r e t r ibu at Spa rt a the l aws r ul ed me n an d not men ,
tiv e a c t o f j u stice ; a n d it is cert ain t hat Tiss a t he l a w s .
”
O n his dep a rtu re he s a id Tha t , ,

phe r n e s l o o ked u p o n pr o bity an d hon o u r a s Of the king s a rchers dro ve him o u t Of ’

e mpty n ames ; th a t he ma de a j e st o f the most ”

Asi a a llu ding t o a spe c ies o f Persi a n c o in the
, ,
s a c red o aths an d be l ieved the w ho le ability a n d D a ric which ha d o n o n e s ide t he fig ure Of a n
,

p o licy o f a st ates man c o nsisted in kn o wing ho w a rc her a n d whic h ha d been di sper sed t o tha t n u m
,

t o deceive o thers by hyp o crisy fr au d p e r fi dy , , , ber in Gree c e t o c o rr upt t he le ad ing me n in the

,
a n d p erj u ry The fa ct is in these d a rk ages o f
.
, other states It w as by these a cts o f deceitfu l
.

t he w o rld there w a s n o b o nd o f u ni o n betwixt

, a n d deceiving p o li c y tha t t he Greeks were led
man an d man All had stra yed into t he p aths Of
.
onw a rd t o r u in The p o et ha s well s a id .

erro r an d n o ne o f t he r u lers o f the e a rth s o u ght

,

a ft e r tha t light fr o m he aven w hich c o u ld a l o ne U n l e ss corru ptio n fi rst dej e ct t he p r ide

An d g u ardi a n v ig o u r o f t he fr e e b o r n sou l
g uide them int o t he p a ths o f tr u th It re ma ined
-

,
.
All cr u de atte mp t s o f vi o l e n c e a r e v a in
fo r re v e a led religi o n in t he g o spel o f the Redee mer Fo r fi r m withi n , a n d w h i le a t h e a r t u n t o u ch’ d ,
mildly be aming o n t he he a rt o f man t o te a ch ,
Ne er y e t by fo r c e w a s fr e e do m o v e r co me
’
.

B u t so o n a s i nd e p e n de n ce Sto o p s t h e h e a d,
t he w o rld tr u e ho n o ur hu manity an d j u stice
To v i c e e n sl a v e d, a n d v ic e c r e a t in g w an t s,
.
, ,

As a rew a rd fo r the exe c uti o n Of t he c o mmand

-

T he n t o so me fo u l c o rr u p t in g ba n (1 w ho se w a ste ,

Of Arta xerxes Tit hr a u st e s w a s a pp o inted t o su e T he se he ight e n e d wa n t s w ith fa t al b o u n t y fe e ds

‘

F r o m ma n t o ma n t he sl ack e n in g r u m r u n s
, ,

c ee d Tissaphe r n es His first a ct w a s to send ,

T ill t he who l e sta te u n n e r v e d in sl a v e r y si n k s
.

pre sent s t o Agesil au s tell ing him th a t t he c a use ,

, ,
Tri o mso n
.

o f t he w a r being re moved n o t hing c o u ld prevent

.

a n a cc o mmo d a ti o n ; a n d t ha t Art a xerxes w o ul d On his ret u rn fro m the Persi an cou rt C o n o n , ,

a ll o w t he Greek cities in Asi a t o enj o y their ving bro u ght mo ney t o pay t he s o ldiers a n d
liberty p a ying him t he c u sto ma ry trib u te whi c h
, , ma riners their a rre a rs an d t o su pply t he fle e t ,

w as a l l t ha t t he L a c e dae mo ni ans r e uir e dw hen they with a rms a n d pr o vi sio ns to o k P ha r n aba z u s o n

q ,

first c o mmenced the w a r Agesilau s replied tha t .

, bo a rd an d s ailed in qu e st o f the ene my The
, .

he c o u ld do n o thing witho u t o rders fro m Sp a rt a . Persi a n fleet c o nsisted Of ne a rly 1 00 ves sels ,

As he w as will ing howe v er t o give Tit hr a ust es , , tha t o f t he L aced aemo ni a n s w a s n o t so n umer
t he s a tisfa ct io n o f freed o m fro m d a nger he r e , o us. They me t with e a ch other ne a r Cnid as ,

mo ved o u t o f his pr o vin c e an d ma rched into , a ma riti me city o f Asi a Min o r C o n o n w ho .

,

P hry g ia Tithr a u st es defraying the cha rge s o f

, ha d in s o me me a s u re occ a si o ned the c a pt u re o f
his ma rc h O n his w a y t hither Agesil au s received
.
, Athens by l o sing the sea fi ght a t JEgo spo t amo s
,
-
,

a letter fro m the ma gistr ates o f S a rt a giving him The G o a t s River determined t o make an ’ ”
or
p , ,

t he c o mma n d o f t he fleet a s well as o f t h e l a nd e ffo rt t o rega in his l o st h o n o urs O n the o t he r

‘

.
,

fo r c es ; by whi c h new c o mmis si o n he bec ame h and Pisa nder w a s de siro u s o f j u stifying by his
,

s o le c o mma nder o f all the tr o o ps in Asi a Thi s . c o ndu ct a n d v a lo u r the cho i c e which Agesil au s ,

drew him do wn to t he se a c o a st where he p ut -

,
his br o ther in l aw ha d ma de in a pp o inting
- -
,
t he fl eet in order a n d a p po inted Pis a nder a dmi , him a dmiral The str u ggle w as a severe o n e ;
.

r a l o rdering him fo rthw ith t o st and o u t t o se a bu t C o n o n h aving b o a rde d Pi sander s o w n ve ssel

’
, .
,

Ha v ing settled the ma ritime affairs Age sil au s , slew him when t he rest o f t he fleet s o u ght refu ge
,

rene w ed his design Of inv ading Phrygia He . in flight C o n o n pu rsu e d the m a n d t o o k fifty o f
.
,

S p o iled t he co u ntry an d fro m thence ma rched by , their s hi ps which de str o yed t he p o wer Of the
,

t he invit a ti o n of Spit hr idat e s a n o ble Persi a n , ,

L a c e dse mo n ia n s by se a .

int o Pa phl ago nia He c o n c lu ded a le ague with . After this vic to ry C o n o n an d P har n aba z u s ,

C o ty s king Of tha t c o u ntry an d retu rning int o

.
, sailed r o u nd t he i sl ands a n d c o a sts o f A si a ,

Ph ry gi a t o o k t he stro ng c ity Of D asc yl ium an d

, , a n d re du c e d mo st o f t he citie s whi c h in t ho se ,
wint ered in "t he p al ac e o f P ha r n a ba z u s o bl ig ing , p a rts were subj ect t o the L a cedmmo n ia n s The
, .
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PERSIAN S .

co nsequ en c e Of the v ic t o ry w as t he re v o lt o f whi ch a gree d t o t his tre a ty a ga in st t he r e fr a c,

,
a lmo st a l l t he al l i es o f Sp a rt a sever al o f w ho m t o ry by w hi ch cla u se t he tre a ty w as enfo rc e d
,

d ecl a red fo r t he At hema n s a n d t he rest res u med

,

u p o n a ll , .

their a nc ient liberty S u c h w a s the fru it Of the j e al o u sy an d divisi o n s

.

The L a c edw mo n ia n s sa w w ith c o n c ern t his w hich a rme d t he Gre c ia n citie s a ga in st e a ch o ther
gre a t re v o l u ti o n a n d finding the msel v e s u n able By this tre aty t he a rticle s Of t he fo rmer At heni a n
.

t o ma int a in a w a r with me n o f eq u a l br a v ery pe a ce Of B C 4 4 9 were re scinde d an d t he p a r a

with the msel v es they d e spa tche d An t al cida s o n e mo u nt infl u en c e Of Persi a in Greece est a bl is he d
. .
,

, , .

o f their citizens t o Tir iba z u s g o v ern o r o f Sa r

, By it a l l t he v a ri o u s st ate s were ren dered inde
, ,

dis entre a ting him t o c o nclu de a pe ac e with

, pen dent o f e a c h o ther an d th o se powerfu l c o n fe de ,

Artaxerxes u p o n t he be st te r ms he c o u ld The r a c ie s whic h ha d so l o ng h ar assed an d end angered .

o th er c ities Of Gree c e in a ll i a nce with t h e A t he t he Persi a n e mpire de mo li she d ; w hile t he l ast ,

n ian s sent a t the sa me ti me t heir de u ties with c l au se o f enfo rc ing t he pe ac e with ship s a n d
p ,

C o n o n at their he ad The terms w hi ch Anta l mo ney pro ved a fres h so u rce o f disc o rd a n d
.
,
”

cid a s pr o p o se d were that t he king s ho u l d p o ssess en abled Sp a rt a t o tyra nnize afresh o ver t he states
,

all the Greek cities in Asi a ; bu t t ha t t he isl a nd s that refu sed Obedience t o her au tho rity a n d in ,

a n d o ther citie s in Greece sh o ul d enj o y t h eir v o lved her in a r u in o u s w a r with t he The

liberty an d be governed by their o w n l a ws b an s u nder Ep amin o n da s T hu s when Sp a rt a
, .
.

The At hen ia n depu ties were u n a nimo u s in r e sho o k t he a st o nishe d Arta xerxes o n his th ro ne
,

j ec t in g the se pr o p o s als Setting a side t he inter fro m her divisi o n with t he o ther sta te s in t he
.
,
ests Of the Greeks in Asi a they saw the mselves l a ngu a ge o f the p o et she ga ve u p , , ,
exp o sed by thi s tre aty t he Atheni ans t o t he l o ss
Of t he isles o f Le mn o s Imbr o s a n d Scyr o s ; t he fa ir sp r e a d o e r AS i a s su n n y sho r e
, ,
-
’
,

T heb a n s t o t h e cities o f B oeo ti a ; a n d t he Argives Th e ir k i n d r e d c itie s t o p e pe t u a l c ha in s r .

W h a t c o u l d so b a s e so i n fa mo u s a t h o u g ht
t o C o rinth with t he l o ss Of Arg o s in pr o spect ,

In S p a r t a n h e a r t s i n p ir e ? J e a l o u s t h e y sa w
, .

s
The dep u ties therefo re withdrew witho u t c o n R e sp ir in g Ath e n s r e a r a g a i n h e r w a ll s
,

clu ding a nything . An d t he p a l e fu r y fi r e d t h e m o n ce a g a in ,

Tir iba z u s ho wever w as res o lved to c a rry int o To c r u sh t hi s r i v a l c ity t o t he d u st .

Fo r n o w n o mo r e t h e n o bl e s ma l so u l
, ,

e ffect so desirable a tre a ty The first thi ng he Of L ib e r ty my fa mil ie s c o mb in e d ;

.
o

res o lved u p o n w as the r u in Of C o n o n w ho w as , B u t by h o rt v ie w s a n d s e lfi sh p a ssio n s b ro k e

, s , ,

the grea t b a rrier in t he w a y o f its a c c o mplish

,

D i re a s wh e n fr ie n ds a r e r a n k l e d i n t o fo s e ,

T he y mi x e d s e v e r e a n d w a g e d e t e r na l w a r
ment In this he w as a ide d by t he L ace daemo ,
N o r fe l t the y furio u s t he ir e x h a u ste d fo r ce ;
.

n ian s Revenge fo r thi s br ave ma n s su c c e ss

.
No r wi t h fal se gl o r y disco rd ma d n e ss bl in d
’ , ,

in the rest o ra ti o n o f Athens dict ated t o t hem a

, , ,

S a w h o w t h e bl a ck e n i n g st o r m fr o m T hra c i a c a me .

line o f p o licy which reflects the gre atest disgra ce L o n g ye a r s r o ll e d o n by ma n y a b attl e s t a in d ,

’

The bl u sh a n d b o a st Of fa me w h e r e c o u ra e a r t
u p o n t he Sp a rta n ch a r a c ter Of t his peri o d An An d mil ita r y gl o ry sh o n e su pre me .
g
, ,

t a l c idas w as cha rged by the m t o a cc u se C o n o n Of B u t l e t d e te sti n g a g e s fr o m t h e sce n e

p u rloini ng t he k ing s mo ney fo r t he r e e sta blish ’
Of G r e e ce se lf ma n gl e d tu rn t he sic ke n in g e y e
- -
, .

ment o f the Atheni a n state in whi ch a ccu sati o n ,

T H OM SON .

there w as n o t the shado w o f tr u th B u t Tirib a .

z u s gr a sped a t it a n d i mpris o ned C o n o n by

, Arta xerxes being n o w delivered fro m all fe a r ,

whi ch a ct he w as a ssured t ha t there w o ul d be n o his l o ng dre aded o pp o nent Greece t u rned his , ,

further O pposition o n his p a rt This d o ne Tiri w ho le p o wer a g a inst Ev a o r a s king o f Cypr u s

.
g , , ,

b a z u s next secretly a ide d the L aced aemo ni a ns w ho had refused t o a gree t o t he pe a ce a n d he ,

with l arge s u ms Of mo ney fo r the p u rp o se Of red u ced the wh o le isl a nd B C 3 8 5 ,

. . .

fitting o u t a fl ee t tha t they might be able t o o ppose

”

, During t he next ye ar Art axerxes enga ged in ,

the o ther sta tes Of Greece Aft er t hi s he went a n o ther w ar a ga inst t he C a r du sian s w ho pr o b ably
.
, ,

t o the co u rt Of Persi a to g ive A rt a xerxes a n a o

‘
had revolted fro m him
,
T his pe o ple inh abited .

c o unt Of the n e go cia t io n Arta xerxes w as ple as ed the mo u nta ins be tween the E u xine a n d C a spi a n
.

with the terms an d u rged their a dopti o n At the Se a s in t he n o rth o f Medi a an d being inu red
, .
, ,

s ame time Tir iba z u s l a id before t he kin g t he fro m t heir infancy t o a l a bori o u s life were a o
, ,

a c c us a tions which the L acedaemoni a ns had c o u nted a w ar like pe o ple Art axerxes ma rch ed .

bro u ght a gainst C o n o n ; a n d s o me au th o rs a o a ga inst the m with a n a rmy Of fo o t , ,

c o r ding t o C o rn elius N ep o s h ave affirmed tha t a n d ho rse : bu t the c o u ntry by re as o n

, , ,

he w as execu ted a t S u s a by the o r der o f Ar o f its b a rrenness not a ffo rding pr o visi o ns s u ffi ,

t a x er x e s N o twithst a nding the silen c e o f Xen o

.

ph o n o n this su bj ect the st ate ment may be c o r ,

re ct ; fo r it has e v er been the p o licy Of despotic u p o n t heir be asts o f bu rden T heir pr o visi o n s .

rul ers t o put to de a th a ll th o se w ho were a ble t o bec a me so sc a rc e th a t a n a ss s he a d w as s o ld fo r ,

’

Opp os e their wi shes a n d de signs sixty dra chmas a b o u t thirty fi v e p o u nds sterling
.
,
-
,

Upo n t he retu rn Of Tir iba z us B C 38 7 he The king s pro visi o ns bega n t o fa il an d only a , . .
,
’
,

summo ned t he deputies o f t he Gre c i a n sta tes t o few h o rses re mai ned In this criti c al j u nctu re .
,

be present a t the re a ding o f the tre aty which Tir iba z us c o ntrived a strat a ge m whi c h s a ved t he ,

re ad thu s 1 Th at al l the Greci a n cities in

. a rmy fr o m destru cti o n The C a r dusian s had .

A si a Minor with t he imp o rta nt isles o f Cypr u s tw o kings who were enc amped a p a rt fro m e a ch
, ,

an d Cl a z o me n ae s ho u ld be s u bj ect t o Persi a : a n d
, o t her Tir iba z us fo u nd tha t there w as a di v isi o n , .

2 T hat all t h e cities o f Greece b o th s mal l a n d

. between t he m a n d tha t j e a lo u sy pr e v e n tetf t he ir
, ,

gre a t sho ul d be free a n d go verned by their a c ting in c o ncert Acting u p o n t hi s he a dvi sed
, ,
.
,

o w n l a ws Artax erxes engaged t o a ssist by t he king t o enter int o a tre a ty with the m w hich
.
”
,

se a a n d l a nd with sh ips an d mo ney , t he state s being a d o pted b o th prince s were br o u ght sep a , ,
 H I ST OR Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

r a te l
y t o s u b mit t oArt axerxes an d thu s s a ved ,
ch c e k t he a mbi t i o n o f Ochu s w ho had shown ,

his a r my fr o m i mpending r u in . a t o wer ing d isp o siti o n he decl a red D a ri u s the , ,

At this time Tir iba z u s st o o d accu sed by a ,

elde st h is su c ce ss o r a n d all o wed him t o we ar
, ,

j e a l o u s rival O ro ntes Of fo rming designs a gai n st

, ,
t he r o y a l t ia r a B ut Tir iba z u s wh o m Ar
. .

Artaxerxe s a n d o f s e c retly c o rre sp o ndi ng with

,
t ax e r x es had pr o v o ked by su c c e ssively pr o mising
t he L a c ed ae mo ni a n s On t he king s retu rn t o .
’
hi m t w o o f hi s d a u ghters in ma rri a ge a n d a fter ,

S usa t he servi c e w hich Tir iba z u s ha d rendered

,
w a rd s disa pp o intin g him by marrying the m
him in clined him t o h a v e his c a u se ex a mined
, ,
himself drew D a ri u s an d fift y o f his br o thers
,

a n d to gr ant him a fa ir he ar ing Three c o mmis . into a c o nspir ac y a ga inst t he li fe Of their father .

sio n e r s o f di sting u i shed pr o b ity were a pp o inted The da y w a s fixed fo r the exe cu ti o n Of their de
fo r t he p u rp o se a n d t he re su lt w as tha t he w a s
, ,
signs w hen an e u n u ch w ho w a s privy t o the
, ,
'

t o red t o t he king s fa vo u r a n d O ro nte s ba n ’

,
plo t di sc o vered it t o the k in g an d t he c o nspir a
, ,

ishe d the c o urt in disgra ce . t o rs were seized as they were entering the p a l ace ,

a n d pu t t o de a th
A c o nte st now a r o se between Ar ia spe s a n d
.

F r o m thi r st Of r u l e what dir e di sa ste r s fl o w ! ,

H o w fl a me s t ha t g u i l t wh ich p r id e h a s t a u g ht t o gl ow !
Ochu s t he legitimate s o ns an d Ar same s a fa
, , ,

Wish g a in s o n w ish de sir e su r mo u n ts de sir e , ,

v o u r it e n a t u r a l so n o f the king ab o u t the su c ,

H o p e fa n s t h e bl a z e a n d e n vy fe e d s t h e fi r e ,
.
ces si o n C e bu s h o wever c o ntrived the de ath
.
,
F r o m c r ime t o c r ime a sp ir e s t he fu r io u s so u l
,

N o r l aws n o r o a t h s n o r fe a r s i t s r a g e c o n t r o l
,
Of b o th his br o th er s an d by the se atr o ci o u s ,

a c ts secured fo r himself t he p o sses si o n o f t he

.
, , ,

T ill H e a v e n a t l e n gth a w a k e s su p r e me ly j u st , ,

thr o ne He s o o n asc ended it fo r the se do mestic

, ,

An d l e v e l s a l l i t s ha u g hty sch e me s in du st
”
. .
,
S M OL L ET .
tr a gedies bro ke t he o l d king s he a rt in the ni nety ’
,

fo u rth y e ar o f his age an d the fo rty sixth o f his ,

-

Art axerxes had lo ng medit ated the inv a si o n o f r ei n .

Egypt ; bu t t he fo reg o ing events h ad prevented r t ax er x es w as a mild a n d generou s prince ,

him fr o m c a rrying this design int o Oper a ti o n . a n d g o verned with gre a t wi sd o m cle mency a n d , ,

At len gth in t he fir st y e a r Of t he reign Of N ect a

, j u sti c e w h en c e he w a s h o n o u re d an d his a u tho r ,

n e bis B C 3 7 4 a p o werfu l a r my o f Persi a ns w a s

, . .
, ity respected t hr o u gh o u t his e mpire The fo l .

sent thither u nder t he c o mma nd o f P har n aba z u s

, , l o wing a necd o tes sa y s Dr H ales as rec o rded by ,
.
,

w hi c h w a s au gmented by Greci a n mercen a ries Plu t a rch see m t o ma rk his ch a r a cter a n d t o

, ,

u nder Iphicr a t e s The w a r w as t o begin with t he

. c o nfirm the tre a s o n Of C y r u s hi s bro ther before , ,

siege o f P e l u siu m bu t Ne c t a n ebis h a v ing ha d , his Open rebelli o n .

s u ffi cient time t o pro vide fo r t he defence o f tha t At fir st says Plu t a rch Art axerxes M n e
,
”
,

pl ac e the appr o a c h t o it w a s fo u nd t o be impr act i

, mo n see med entirely t o imit ate the mildness o f
c able either by se a o r l and The fleet therefo re
, .
, , the fir st Artaxerxes w ho se n ame he b o re by , ,

inste a d Of making a des c ent there sa iled t o t he , beh a ving affabl y t o a l l w ho a ddressed hi m an d ,

M e n de sian mo u th o f t he N ile which n o t being so , by distribu ting ho n o u rs a n d rew a rds to pers o ns

well fo rtified a s t he P el u sia n w here t he ene my , o f merit with a l av ish h and He t o o k c a re that .

w a s expe c ted they c a rried t h e fo rtres s th at

, p u nishments sho u ld never be e mbittered with
g u a rde d it an d p u t al l the Egypti a ns that were
, in su lt If he received presents he a ppe a red a s
. ,

fo u nd in it t o the sw o rd After t hi s a cti o n Ip hi .

, we l l ple a sed as tho se w ho Offered the m o r r ather ,

c r a tes a d v i se d t he e mb a rk a ti o n o f t he tr o o p s an d , as tho se w ho received fa v o u rs fr o m him ; a n d in

the atta ck Of Me mphis ; bu t t he main b o dy o f the c o nferring fa vo u rs he a lw ays kept a c o u nten ance ,

a rmy n o t being yet a rrived P harn aba z u s w o uld , o f benignity an d ple a s u re T here w a s n o t a n y .

n o t u ndert a ke a n
y a ffa ir Of m o ment T h is p ro . thing h o wever trifling br o u ght t o him by w a y
, , ,

b ab l y saved Egypt fo r t he del a y ga ve t he Egy p ,

o f present which he did n o t receive k indly
,
.

t ian s time to rec o ver th eir c o u ra ge an d t o pre , Even when o n e Omi su s bro u ght him a p o me
p a re fo r t he c o nfli c t The expediti o n w as vir . gr a n ate Of u nc o mmo n size he sa id By the , ,

t u al l y a t a n e nd ; a n d the o nl y e ffect tha t it light o f M ithra thi s man if he were ma de , ,

pro du ce d w a s a mu tu a l en mity between t he t w o

,
go ve rn o r o f a sma ll city w o u ld mak e it a gre a t ,

gener al s : fo r P ha r n aba z u s t o ex cu se hi mself l a id , , one .

’
W hen he w as o nce up o n a j o u rney an d ,

t he w ho le bla me Of the fa il u re u p o n Iphicr a t e s ,

pe o ple presented him w ith a v a riety o f things by
with mo re re as o n o n P har n aba z u s t he w a y a l ab o u ring ma n ha ving n o thing el se
.

a n d he , .
,
, ,

P ha r n aba z u s h o wever w a s the str o nge st a t

, , t o pre sent t o him r a n t o t he river an d br o u ght , ,

c o u rt o f w hich Iphicr a t e s w as well a ssu red an d

, , , him some w a ter in his h ands Artaxerxe s .
,

kn o wing t he Pers ian cha racter h e priv ately hired ,

ple a sed with t he a c t sho wed his hu mo u r by ,

a ship a n d ret u rne d t o At hen s

, . sen ding t he man a go ld c u p an d 1 000 d a ri c s .

Twelve y e a r s after Arta xerxes re su med his ,

W hen Eu cl ida s t he L ac ed aemo ni an s aid many , ,

des igns Of su bj ecting Egypt t o his r u le Ta chu s .

,
ins o lent t hings t o him he c o ntented himse l f wit h ,

w ho ha d s u cceede d Nec t an e bis drew t o get her ,

o rdering t he c apt a in o f his g u a rd t o give him
his fo rces t o repel t he inv a der ; but having this reply Yo u may say w ha t y o u ple a se t o t he
,

mar che d o u t o f Egypt into Ph enici a in o rder t o ,

king ; bu t t he king w o u ld have y o u t o kn o w th a t
’
a tt a c k the Per si a ns t here t he Egypti a n s rev o lted ,
he c an n o t o nly sa y bu t do These anecd o tes , .

in his ab sence a n d pl a ced his c o u sin N ect anebus

,
den o te t he mercifu l prince : nevertheless there
o n t he throne ( See t he Hi st o ry o f t he Egypti ans )
. . were mo ment s a s we ha v e seen when the king , ,

The cl o se o f t he rei gn Of Art a xerxe s w a s p a id little re spect t o t he rights Of h u manity ,

e mbittered by d o me stic bro il s The mo n a r ch .

w hen bent o n revenge Y et Arta xerxes may be .

ha d three legiti ma te so ns D a ri u s Ar iasp e s , , ,

s a id t o ha v e been o n e o f t he be st o f the mo n a rchs
a n d C o hns a n d 1 1 5 tha t were sp u ri o u s To . o f t h e a n c ient e mpire o f Per si a ; an d it is str ange
,

prevent c o ntentio ns ab o ut t he c ro wn a n d t o ,
t hat his reign is o mitted by Persi a n hist o ri a n s .
 H I S TO R Y OF THE PE RS I AN S .

j o ined t he Egy ti a ns w ho still ma inta ined an d

DAR I US oc n u s o n DAR AB L p ,

the i r i ndependence
,
At fir st C e bu s sent his
The de ath Of Ar iaspes a n d Ar same s had al ien
.
,

genera l s a ga inst t hem ; bu t these h avin g fa iled

a ted t he minds Of t he n o bles an d pe o ple fro m t o red u ce th e m C o hns hi mself t o o k t he co mma nd ,

Ochus : a n d fe a ring thi s p u blic o diu m he con o f t he exped iti o n He besieged Sid o n w hi ch ,
.
,

c e aled t he de a th Of his fa ther fo r ten mo nths w as betra yed t o him by Ment o r the R ho di a n , , ,

an d c o ndu cted the a dministr a ti o n o f affai rs in a n d Tennes the king o f th a t pl a ce The Si , .

his n ame until be dee med his o w n a u tho rity do n ian s set fire t o t he c ity an d destro yed me n
, , ,

su fii c ien t l y est ablis hed By o n e Of his de c rees w o men an d chil dren with a ll the ir tre asu re s
.
, , , .

he c a used hi mse l f t o be pr o cl ai med king thr o u gh Ochu s s o ld t he ashe s which c o nta ined gre a t ,

o u t the wh o le o f the e mpire as t ho ugh by his qu a ntities Of melted go ld a n d sil v er fo r a high

, ,
’
fa ther s o rder At length however he Openly price a n d rew a rded Te n nes the tra ito r with
.
, , , , ,

a scended t he thr on e ta king t he n ame o f Ar de a th The fa te Of Sid o n terrified the re st Of

,
.

t a x e r x es He is kn o wn in history chiefly by his t he Phenic ia ns int o su bmissi o n amo n g w ho m

. .

pr o per n ame Ochu s , . the Jews ma y be inclu ded w ho seem to h a v e ,

‘

N o sooner w a s t he de a th Of Arta xerxes made j oined t he commo n c au se .

known than all Asi a Min o r Syri a Phenicia

, After t his C ohns inv aded Egypt B c 3 5 0 in
, , , , , . .
,

a n d ma ny o ther pr o vinces revolted By thi s t he ninth ye a r Of his reign whi ch he red u ced
, .
,

gener al in su rrecti o n h a lf the revenues o f the chi efly by t he a ssista nce o f Mento r the R ho di a n
, , ,

cr o wn were diverted in to different cha nnel s a n d a n d his Greek mercen a ri es Se e the Hist o r y o f , .

t he re mainder w o uld n o t h ave been su fli c ie n t t o t he E gypti a ns .

c a rry on the w ar aga inst so many mal c o ntents All the rev o lted princes being red u ced an d -
, ,

ha d they a cted in c o ncert B u t t his fo rmid a ble pe a ce est a blished thr o u gho u t t he e mpire Ochu s
.
,

rev o lt which men a ced the destru ctio n Of t he ga v e hi mself u p t o e a se an d l u xu ry le a ving t he

, ,

Persia n e mpire c ame t o n o u ght t hr o u gh the a dmini str ati o n o f p ublic affa irs to his ministers
, , .

tre a chery a n d c o rr u pti o n o f t he le ading p a rtis a ns The chief o f these were B a go as the Eg yptia n , ,

e spe c i al ly o f O ro ntes an d Rhe o mit r e s chi efs o f e u n u c h w ho w as a gre at fa v o u rite an d Ment o r , , , ,

Asi a Min o r w ho delivered up their fo rces into t h e R ho di a n ; the fo rmer o f who m go verned the
,

the mo n a rc h s h a n ds D atames a l o ne go vern o r pro v inces o f Upper Asi a an d the la tter th o se o f

’
.
, ,

of C a pp a do ci a g ave hi m mu ch tro u ble an d Lower A sia

, , .

a cc o rding t o C o rne l ius N ep o s he w a s a s sassin a ted Ab o u t B c 3 4 4 al a rmed by the gre atness o f

, . .
,

by Mithrid a tes o n e Of his in timates w ho had P hi lip king o f Ma cedo n Ochu s sent s o me Of his
, , , ,

been su b o rned to the a ct by Ochu s tr u stie st ministers o n a n e mb as sy t o Philip u nder

.
,

Ochu s w as t he mo st c r u el a n d wicked mon a rch pretence o f o ffe ring him his friendship a n d a lli
o f this r a ce o f t he prin ces o f Persi a TO pre a nce bu t in re ality t o discover his strength .
, ,

vent fut ure dist urb a n c es at h o me a n d a bro a d he re so u rces an d designs The y o u ng Alex a n der , , .
,

c u t Off in o n e da y a ll the r o y a l family w itho u t then a bo u t twelve ye a rs Old entert a ined t he a m , ,

a n y rega rd t o cons a nguinity a ge o r sex O ch a ba ssado r s in the absen c e o f his fat her a n d ga ined
, , .
, ,

hi s o w n sister an d mo t her ih l a w (fo r he had their affecti o ns by hi s p o litenes s a n d g o od sense

- -
, .

ma rried her d au ghter ) w as buried a live an d he Even a t t hi s e a rly a ge he exhibited signs o f

, ,

c au sed his a rchers t o sl a y with their a rr o ws o n e appr o a ching gre a tnes s The a mb a ss ado rs were .

o f hi s un c le s a n d 1 00 o f hi s children an d gra nd
, s u rprised at his q u e sti o ns which rela ted t o their ,

children This u ncle a ppe a rs to ha ve been the mo n a r c h a n d t he ir kingdo m a n d t he ge o gr a phy

.
,

fa ther o f S is iga mbis w ho w as mo ther o f D a rius , o f their c o u ntry T hey co u nted t he fa med .

Co d o ma n n u s fo r Q C u rtius rel a te s th a t Ochu s shrewdness o f Phili p as n o thing c o mp a red with

.
,

c au sed eighty o f her bro thers t o be mass a cred in t he viva city a n d enterprizing genius Of his so n ,
“
o n e da y .All t he n o bility w ho were su spe c ted an d said t o e ach o ther T his bo y indeed wi ll , , ,

Of dis affec t i o n thro u gh o ut the e mpire sha red t he be a gre a t king ; o urs is a ric h o n e a n Obse r v ,

s ame fate a s the relatives o f Ochus The s o rro ws a tion w hich re ma rk ably a c c o rds with the Sc rip .

o f ma nkind see m t o ha ve be en hi s sport t u re cha r a c ters o f bo th king s o f t he g o a t a n d .

,

B ut the cr u elties th a t O c hus pr a c tised ha d the the r a m D a n viii 5 — 7 xi 2 3 , . . .

, .

reverse e ffect o f th at which he intended If a It ha s been re c o rded in t he hi st o ry o f the .

mo n a r c h de sire s t he fidelity Of his s u bj e ct s he Egypti a ns in wh at a c r u el ma nner Oc h u s a cte d ,

mu st ga in it by a spirit o f l o ve ; severity an d tow a rds th at pe o ple ; tr a mpling a like u p o n t heir ,

still mo re cru elty o nly estr a nge their a ffecti o ns religi o n l aws a n d l ibertie s a n d filli ng t he w ho le
, , , ,

fro m the thro ne In t he fifth ye a r o f his reign c o u ntry with disma y In revenge fo r his c o u n
.
, .

Ar t aba z u s gove rn o r Of o n e Of t he we ste rn pr o try s wro ngs B ago as w ho had l o ng w aited fo r

,
’
, ,

vinces rev o lted a n d by the a ssi sta nce o f Ch ares an Opp o rtu nity t o rid his c o u nt’ o f its Oppre sso r
a t lengt h in B c 3 38 p o iso n e d g
, , , ,

an d a n Atheni a n fo rce defe a ted o f t he , c hu s a n d pl a c e d , . .

, ,

king s tr o o p s Ochus t hre atened t o make w a r Arse s hi s y o un ge st so n u p o n t he t hro ne al l o w

’
.
, , ,

o n t he At heni a ns an d th ey rec a lled C ha res ,

ing him the n ame o f k ing while he hi msel f r e .
,

Afterw a rds h o wever Ar t a ba z u s pro cu re d as ta in e d a ll t he a u th o rity

, ,
.

sist a n ce fr o m the T heba ns an d d efe a ted the ,

a rmie s o f O c hu s in t w o enga ge ments ; b u t the ARSE S .

king ha ving bribed t he T heb a ns Ar t a baz us w as
a ga in left sin gle ha nded an d af te r three ye a rs
Arses did n o t l o ng enj o y his shad o w o f po wer ;
,
’
- fo r in his t hird ye a r B ago a s fin di ng t hat \his
, ,

re si st a n c e h e w as fo rce d t o flee an d ta ke refu ge tre a so n s were lik ely t o be p u ni shed by t he y o un g

,

with P hi lip o f Ma c e do n mo n a rc h anti c ip a t e d his intentio n an d pu t him

.
, ,

T his rebel l io n w as n o soo ner qu elle d tha n the a n d his w ho le fa mily t o de a th in t he third y e a r , ,

Sido n ian s P heni c i a n s an d Cyp ri a ns re v o lted o f his re ign B c 3 3 5

, , , ,
. . .
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

DARIU S C OD OM AN N U S, OR DARAB I I .

Th is prin c e w as a c oll a tera l br a nch o f thi s

an d by his str en gt h thro u gh his riche s he sha ll
a ga inst the re a l m o f Greci a
”

(1 a sty H is gr a ndfa ther w a s brother t o D a ri u s

.
stir u p a ll D an , .

xi 2
o t hu s o n e o f wh o se s o n s o nly Ost an e s esc a ped
. .

D a rius did n o t c o nfine hi mself t o such u nder

, , ,

t he ruthle ss mas sacre o f the fa mily by Oc hu s

h a nd me a s u re s : he r aised a p o werful a rmy
.

Ost an e s ma rried Sis igambis his o w n sister by , ,

,

w ho m he ha d C o do ma n n u s c o llected a la rge fleet a n d e n ga ged able O fficers ,

t o c o mma nd b o t h a mo ng whom may be men

.

D u ring the reign o f Oc hu s t his prince li ved in ,

t io n ed Me mn o n the Rh o di a n
,

Obsc u rity an d s u pp o rted himsel f a s an a s ta nda .

D a ri u s Co do man n u s; therefo re in the begin

, ,

o r c o u rier by c a rrying the r o y a l desp a tch es At ,

ning o f his reign inv o lved hi mself in a w ar w ith

.
,

length however he sign al ized himself in killing ,

,

a C a du sian c hampi o n w ho ha d defied the Persi a n

,
this mighty mo n a rch Of wh o m the voice o f pr o ,

a r my t o single comb a t in the s a me ma nner a s

,
phe cy ha d s aid And a mighty king sh all st and
,

G o li a th defied the a rmies Of Isr a el Fo r this .

u
p tha t s hal l rule with gre a t d o mini o n a n d do
, ,

explo it D a rius Co do ma n n u s w as rewa rded by a cc o rding t o his will D a n xi 3 ; whi ch r e , . .

c e iv e d a re ma rk able a ccomplishment in the event

Ochu s with t he imp o r ta nt go vern ment Of Arme
n ia fro m whence he w as adv anced t o t he thr o ne ,
we a r e ab o u t t o n a rra te an d o thers tha t will be ,

u p o n the murder o f Arses a n d his fam

,

i ly by fo u nd in t he histo ry o f the Maced o ni an s .

B a go a s .
It w a s e a rly in the S pring o f the ye a r B C . .

3 34 th a t Alexa nder set o u t o n his expedi ti o n

On t he a ccessi o n Of D a ri u s Co do mann u s to , .

t he thro ne he ha d n o c o mpetit o rs fo r the roy a l His a rmy consisted Of

'
foo t an d 5 000 ,
,

family an d the princip al n o bili had been de h o rs e With these he a rrived in twenty d a ys a t
.

stro yed by C eb u s an d B e go e s he l atter how Sestos on the Hellesp o nt o ver which he had
, ,

the m c o nveyed to Asi a by a fleet Of 1 6 0 galleys

. ,

ever c aused him s o me fe a r fo r his l ife F inding ,

besides transp o rts NOa rmy Opp o sed his l a ndi ng

.
,

tha t C o do ma nn u s w as n o t t o be entirely go verned . .

Before he set o u t Alex a nder a sse mbled his

,

B a go a s res o lved t o re mo ve him as he ha d d o ne ,

a rmy at Di o s in M a ced o ni a where he exhibited

his predecess o r by p o i so n The a tte mpt w as dis , ,

ga mes an d s a crifices in al l the p o mp of Greci a n

.
,

c o v ered a n d B a go as w as c o mpelled t o drink

,

t he fa tal p o tion himself The e mpire w a s now s u perstiti o n It w a s o n this occ asio n th a t he
.

had a re ma rk able dre am o r vi si o n in which a s

.
,

therefo re ful ly est abli sh ed an d Co do man n u s w as , , ,

he rel ated himself while he w as considering ho w

, ,
”
fa r richer th a n the l ast three kings Of
”
,

t o s u bd u e Asi a a person in the dr ess o f t he

Persi a bec au se he w a s p o s sessed Of the v a st ,
,

a dditi o na l tre a sures pr o c u red by the pl u nders o f

Jewish high priest a ppe a red t o him an d e n ,

co u r a ge d him n o t t o del a y bu t t o p a ss over with

Oc hu s after the redu cti o n of Egypt an d t he ,
,

o ther re v o lted pr o vinces His pers o n a l bra very c o nfidence ; for th a t he himse l f would he a d hi s
a rmy an d give him the Persi a n e mpire
.

ined h im univers al respect an d a dmi r a ti o n

.
,
g a
thr o u gho u t the e mpire .
This cir c umstance which is rel ated by J o ,

D a ri u s a scended t he thro ne sh o rtly befo re the sephus has been qu esti o ned bec au se it is not
, ,

a ss a ssin a ti o n o f Phil ip o f Ma ced o n w hic h ev e nt

n o ticed by any he athen histo ri a ns but their
,

t o o k pla ce ne a r t h e end Of the s ame ye a r ; an d silence is not su fii c ien t t o inv alid ate his p o sitive
testimo ny As these questi o ners belong t o the
,

as Alex a nder c o mpl ained by Persi a n in stig ati o n

.

n u mber o f those w ho d o ubt the verity Of the

, ,

a n d bribery o f t he a ss a ssins This w a s a lleged .

supern at u r al det ai l s Of the s a cred hi story itself

as o n e Of his p u bli c griev a nces ; an d B a go as w ho ,

it is imp o s sible n o t to see th at the p ri nciple Of

,

then go verned the Persi an e mpire w o uld n o t

th eir Obj ection here is the s ame There a r e five
,

have scrupled t o re mo ve a foe by s u ch a mode

.

c o gent re a s o ns h o wever which demand o ur belief

,

especi a lly a s Philip had been elected c aptai n , ,

o f this st atement 1 Bec ause Alex a nder ha d been

genera l Of t he Greci a n sta tes fo r the pu rp o se Of ,
. .

a cle a r an d c o nspic u o u s object Of pro p hecy an d

in vading Per si a C o do man n u s himself set the ,

th a t a n Operati o n up o n his mind by dre am or vi

.

price o f ta lents up o n t he he ad o f Alex ,

a nder with which Alex ander a ls o Openly r e sion w as as likely as the c ases o f N ebu cha dn e z z ar
,

a n d Belsh az z a r an d simi l ar t o the m 2 Bec a us e it

,

p r o a c he d h i m by letter The a ss a ssin e m ployed ,

. .

seems t o be as nece ss ar y th a t the Almighty sho uld

.

w a s Alex a nder so n o f JEr Opu s c o mma nder o f ,

t he T he ssal i a n c a v al ry ; but the plo t w as dis

,
h ave been made kn o wn t o him a s t he besto wer o f
c o vered by Pa rmeni o e mpires , as t o the o ther gre at c o nquero rs all o f ,

wh o m had been bro u ght t o a v o w it 3 Bec au se

.

In his letter Alex ander c o mpl ained o f the . .

a n Oper a ti o n up o n the mind o f Alex ander s ho w

,

u nderh a nd aggress io ns o f D a ri u s a n d c ha rged ,

in g him in wh a t p o siti o n he sto o d w a s a n ec e s

,

him with sen ding impro per letters throu gh a ll

”
,

sa ry sequ el t o the Oper a tions up o n the minds o f

p a rts o f Greece t o ex c ite them t o make w ar o n
hi m a n d w ith sendi ng money t o t he L a c e dmmo th o se fo rmer c o nqu ero rs 4 Bec a u se t he im . .

pressi o n described a s being ma de by this dre am

,

n ian s a n d o thers t o c o rru pt his friends an d bre a k

,
u p o n Alex ander an d t he c o n du c t w hic h res u lted
t he pe a ce This a c c o rds in a re mark able manner ,

fro m it is in uniso n with hi s c ha ra cter an d c o n

.

with Script u re which repre sents D a rius a s t he ,

,

fi rst a ggre sso r in t he w ar t ha t ensu ed And now .

du ct a s described by o ther histo ri an s 5 B e . .

will I sho w thee t he tru th Behold there shall .

c au se the Jews enj o yed t he privil eges which a r e
,

st a nd u p yet three kings in Per si a [ D a ri u s N 0 d escribed a s t he re su lt o f thi s tr a ns a cti o n a n d ,

,

thu s Arta xerxes Mn e mo n an d D a riu s C ohns whic h it w o uld n o t o therwise be e a sy t o acc o u nt

, ,
fo r o r t o refer t o an y o ther o rigin
,
.

The sh o rt re i gn o f A r se s w h ich w as me re ly n o mi n a l , , The spirit in w hich Alex an der inv aded A si a

i s o mitt e d b o t h by J u stin a n d S c r i ptu r e In c h r o n o l o gy
i t i s so me t ime s a d de d t o tha t o f Och u s a s in th a t o f D r
.
,
ma y be le a rned fro m t he fo ll o wing circ u mst ances .

Befo re he left h o me be dispo sed Of al mo st a ll

.
,
Ha l e s An a lysi s
’
.
,
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PERS IA N S .

t he revenu es Of t he cr o wn amo ng his friends , with a n a rmy Of fo o t a n d h o rse , ,

a n d h e t o o k w ith hi m o nl y seventy t al ents o r a ,

t o o pp o se his p assa ge c o ntra ry t o t he a dvice Of
mo nth s p a y fo r hi s a rmy When P e r dic c a s
’
. t ha t experien c e d genera l Me mn o n t he R hodian , ,

aske d him w ha t he re served fo r h i mself h e , w ho se Opini o n w a s that they s ho u ld n o t ha z a rd ,

rep l ied Ho pe T his it w as that fu rni shed him

,
.
”
a b a ttle bu t l a
y w aste the pl a in s a n d even t he
, ,

w ith energy t o ad v ise a n d ex e c u te ; this it w as c itie s th ereby t o sta rve t he inv a d er s a n d o bli ge
, ,

tha t se t b o th his he a d a n d he a rt t o w o rk a n d , Alex a nder t o retu rn int o Eu ro pe ; a s well as t o

a ni mated him t o do hi s utmo st this it w as tha t make a p o werfu l diversi o n by c a rrying w ar int o ,

o ver c ame all di ffic u lties a n d a ided him in t he ,

Ma ced o nia an d Greece T his pla n w a s rej ected .

a c c o mpl ishment o f de sign s tha t see med a l mo st with s c o rn a s unw o rth y o f the ma gn a nimi ty
,

bey o n d his re a ch To ho pe is t he w a y t o ha ve .
,
o f t he Persi a n s Ar sit e s go vern o r o f Phrygi a
.
, ,

a n d t he iss u e is o ften o wing t o bel ief a n d expect mo re o ver pr o tested tha t he w o ul d never su ffer
,

a ti o n Tra n scend ant a b o ve a ll o ther ho pes

.
,
t he Greeks t o l ay w a ste the c o untry o ver whic h
ho wever is t he C hristi a n s ho pe o f whi ch the he presided
’
.
, ,

p o et has s ai d ,
The Per si a n c av a lry wh ich w as very numer ,

o us lined t h e b a nk s o f the Gr a nic u s ; a n d t he

,
H o p e ! l e t t he w t
r e ch o n c e c o n sc io u s o f t h e j o y ,
fo o t c o n sisting c hiefly Of Greek merc en a ries
Wh o m n o w d e sp a i r i n g a g o n i e s d e s o y , tr , ,

S p e a k , fo r h e c a n a n d n o n e s o e ll a s h e , w w as p o sted beh ind t h e c a v a l ry o n a n e as y a scent .

Pa rmeni o c o mma nder o f th e M a cedo ni a n in

.

Wh a t e a su r e s c e n r e h a de l i g h s i n h e
t r t . w t t t e ,
H a d h e t h e g e ms t h e S p ic e s , a n d t h e l a n d , fa n t r y Ob ser v ing t he disp o siti o n o f t he ene my s
’

T h a b o a st s t h e e a su r e’ a l l a t h i s c o mma n d,
,
t tr a rmy a dvised Alex a nder t o en c a mp o n t he Oppo
The fr a g r a n g r o v e , t h e i n e s ima bl e mi n e ,
t t ,

sit e b a nks o f t he river t ha t hi s tr o o ps might ha ve

W e r e l i g h w h e n e ig he d a g a in s o n e smi l e o f hin e
t w t t . ,

C OWP ER . re st a n d n o t t o a tte mpt t he p a ss a ge till t he next

,

mo rning t he river be ing deep t he b ank s craggy

, ,
As s o o n as Alex a nder l anded in A si a he went , a n d steep his tr o o p s fa tig u e d with th eir ma rc h
, ,
t o Tr o y * a n d sa c rifi c ed t o P all a s t he p a tr o ne ss
, , whils t tho se o f t he ene my ha d re sted fo r severa l
Of the Greek s an d Offered lib ati o n s a t t he t o mb , day s Alex a nder replied tha t it w o ul d be aTl i S ‘

o f t he her o Achil le s w ho m he pr o p o s ed fo r his

.

, gra ce t o him a n d his a rmy sho u ld they after

mo del
,
.
cro s sing t he Helle spo nt suffer their pro gress t o
F ro m Tro y Alex ander ma rched t o L amp
,

be st opped by a riv u let

sa c u sd whi c h he ha d deter mined t o destr o y in
.

The t w o a rmies c o ntin u ed s o me ti me l oo k ing

‘

o rd er t o p u ni sh the rebell io n o f its in ha b ita nts

a t e a ch o ther o n the Opp o site b a nk s o f t he river
.

An a xi menes a famo u s hi st o ri a n w ho had been

,

, , as if dre a ding t he event The Persi an s w a i t ed

v ery inti ma te with Philip his fa ther a n d his
.

, till the Ma cedo ni ans entered t he river in o rder ,

( Alex a nder s) o w n tu to r w as a n a tive o f this

’

, to ch a rge the m t o a dv a nt age u p o n their l a ndi ng

An a xi mene s c ame t o meet him a n d Alex
,
c ity , a n d the l a tter see med t o be ma king ch o i c e o f a
.

a n d er s u spec ting tha t h e w o u ld ple a d fo r his city

, pl a ce pro per fo r cr o ssing a n d Observing t he dis
t o be sp a red in o rder th a t he might be befo re
,

, po sitio ns o f their ene mies Alex a nder a t length

h a nd with hi m de c la red th at he w o u ld n o t gr a nt
.
, ,

, ha ving o rdered his ho rse t o be br o u ght c o m

a n y req u e st h e migh t ma ke
,
“
The fa vo u r I . .
man de d his n o bles t o fo llo w him He hi mself
sa id An a xi menes
.

“ ”
ha v e t o desire o f y o u is , , , c o mma n d ed t he right wing a n d P a rmeni o t he
tha t y o u w o u ld de stro y L amp sa c u s by which ” ,

, left The king first c a u se d a strong deta ch ment

.

witty eva si o n the city w as s aved .

t o ma rch int o t he river himse l f fo ll o wing it with
Alex ander p a s sed o nw a rd fro m La mps a c u s
,

, the re st o f his fo rc es Pa rmeni o a dv a n c ed a fter

an d c a me t o t he river Gr a nic u s I in the lesser
.

, w a rds with the left wing ; the trumpets thr o u gh

Phrygi a O n the b ank s o f th is river h e fo u n d
.
o u t t he w ho le ho st s o u nding a n d t he w ho le a rmy
the g o vern o rs o f the western pr o vinces a s se mbled
,

, r a i sing crie s o f j o y .

The Per si a n s seeing t he det ac hment a dva n c e

R esp ec ti n g t he site o f a n c ie n t Tro y mo der n ge o gr a ,

p he r s a n d c l a ssic a l a n ti q u a r i es h a v e be e n gre a tly a t a

,
into the river bega n t o let v their a rro w s a n d
, ,

l o ss Th e pl a in o f T r o y h a s b e e n r e p e a te dly v i si t e d by
. ma rch t o a pl a ce where t he de c livity w a s n o t so
c l a ssic a l tra v e ll e r s i n o r d e r t o v e ri fy H o me r s d e scri p ti o n gre at in o rder t o prevent t he M a cedo nians fro m
’

o f t h e t o mb o f Il u s t he gr e en fig tre e s t h e h o t a n d c o l d
,

s prin g s a n d t h e so u r ce s o f t h e S c a man de r S i mo is a n d
, ,
l a nding As they drew ne a r t he b ank a fierce
.
,
,

Th y mbr iu s ; bu t n o n e o f the m h a v e a gr e e d i n fi x i n g t h e
, ,
eng a ge me nt en su ed ; t he Ma cedo ni a ns ende a
l o c a lit ie s o f t h e I l ia d In t he d a y s o f S tra b o ; h o w e v e r v o u r in t o l a nd a n d the Persi a ns pushing t he m
.
, g ,
a n ci e n t T r o y w as c o n si de r e d t o h a v e sto o d wi t h i n t hre e
a g a in i nt o t he river As Me mn o n c o mmanded
mil e s o f N e w I l iu m wh ic h a s S tra b o in fo rms u s w a s
.

o n ly a small v il l a g e dist i n g ui sh e d by a t e mpl e d e d ic a te d ,

, , ,
in thi s pl a ce t he first r anks o f t he M ac ed o ni an s
,

t o M i n e rv a .
perished ; a n d t he rest after h a ving with gre at ,

t L a mp sac u s i s a bo u t t h irt y mil e s i n d i r e c t d ist a n c e d iffic ul ty g ai n ed t he sh o re were driven a new into ,

fro m I l iu m a n d w a s o n ce r e n wn e d fo r it s s a fe a n d c a pa
,
o t he river Alex a nder ho wever w ho ha d fo ll o wed
.
, ,
c i o n s h a r b o u r a t t h e e n tra n c e o f t h e P r o p o nt i s o r S e a o f

M a r mo r a o pp o sit e C a ll i p o l i s a n d i t s n o b l e t e mpl e d e di
,
the m cl o sely reinfo rce d the m with his be st ,
,

c a t e d t o Cyb e l e t h e P h r yg ia n g o d d e s s I t w a s a l s o fa mo u s
,
tro o p s a n d p u tting himself a t their he a d r o u ted
, ,

t he Per si a n s u p o n whi c h t he w ho le a rmy fo l

, .

fo r i t s e x c e ll e n t wi n e o n w hi c h a c co u n t i t w a s g i v e n t o , ,
T he mist o cl e s t he Ath e n ia n e x il e by A r ta x e r x e s Lo n g i
, , l o wed a fter an d a tt ac ked the ene m o n al l sides
ma n u s By so me t r a v e ll e r s i t s r u i n s h a v e be e n i de n tifi e d
.

w ith th o se l a te ly di sco v e r e d a t a n d a ro u n d a v i ll a g e c a ll e d .
A si c kening s c ene ens u ed The e r sia n hor se .

w as first defe ated with gre a t sl a u ghter a n d t he

‘
l c ha r da c k . ,

I The G r a n icu s l a y thir t y -

five mil e s fro m L a mp sa c u s infa ntry sha red the sa me fa te The Gre c i a n l n .

d
i t d i st a n c e It i s a n a r ro w d e e p a n d r a p i d st r ea m fa n t r y retired in g o o d o rder t o a n e ighbo in g
hill w hence they sent dep utie s t o Al ex ag
in rec .
, , ,
o r i g i n a ti n g i n t h e n o r th e r n s l o p e o f t h e r a n g e o f Id a a n d
r u n n i n g a n o r t h e a s t c o u r s e o f fo r ty g e o g r a p h i c l m l e s t o
,
,
n er
d e ma nding le a ve t o retre a t u n mo le sted ; bu t
-
a i
t he po n t i s It s w e s t e r n ba n k s a r e sa i d t o b e h ig h
Pro
Alex ander fo ll o wing the dictate s o f wrath ra ther
.
,
s te e p a n d r u gg e d
, It s mo de r n n a me i s t h e Oo s t r o l a
. .
 HIST O R Y OF THE PER SI AN S .

t ha n tho se o f re a son ru shed in to t he midst o f , H aving po ssessed h imself o f Miletus Alex a nder ,

t hi s b o dy o f so ldiers an d destroyed the w ho le , ma r c he d into C a ri a in o rder t o be siege H ali ca r

'
, ,

exc ept 2 000 w ho were ta ken pri so ners

, n assu s the c a pita l
H o f t h a t pr o vince w hic h defied
.
, ,

In thi s enga ge ment the Persi ans l o st ,

his p o wer T hi s city w a s o f mo st difficu lt a c .

fo o t a n d 2 5 00 h o rse
, On t he side o f t he . c e ss n a t u re an d a r t c o mbined in its defence .

Mac edo ni a ns twenty fi ve o f t he r o y al h o rse

,
-
Memn o n mo re o ver ha d thro wn hi mself into it , ,

perished at the first a tta ck Alex ander ordered with a con sider able b o dy o f tro o ps an d sec o nded
.
,

Lysipp u s to make their statu es in bra ss which by n o ther genera l o f gre a t pr o we ss Ephi a ltes b e , ,
, ,

were set u p in Di o s a c ity o f Mac e do n fr o m ,

res o lved to with sta nd t he Ma cedo ni a n power t o ,

whence they were ma ny ye a rs after c a rried t he utmo st Wh a tever c o u ld be expected fr o m the .

t o Rome by Q Metellu s A c c o rding t o Arri am

. mo st intrepid brave r y an d t he mo st c o ns u mmate
.
, ,

a bo u t sixty o f the o ther h o r se were killed a n d kn o wledge in the ar t o f w a r w a s pr a cti sed o n , ,

ne a rly thirty fo o t w ho the next day were l a i d ,

this o cc a sio n by t he a dverse p a rties The Ma ce .

with their a r ms an d equ ip a ge in o n e c o mmo n do n ian s with i mmense l ab o ur fill ed u p the ditches , , ,

gra ve Their fathers a n d children had a n

. an d br o u ght their engines ne a r t he w al l s bu t their

exe mptio n gr anted the m fro m eve r y kind o f w o rks were s o o n de mo li shed an d their engine s ,

tribu te a n d service . b u rned Repe a ted a tte mpts of this n ature were .

The victo ry o f t he Gra nicu s pu t Alex a nder in made an d an y o ther gener a l but Alex ander wo ul d ,

p o sses si o n of Sar disfi t he c apit a l o f Asi a Min o r h a ve fo rego ne the enterprise bu t he enc o u ra ge d ,

whi c h w as the b u lwa rk o f t he Persi a n e mpire o n his tr o o ps t o persevere an d at length they su c ,

the side next the se a The citizens su rrendered . c ee de d » Me mn o n ab a nd o ned the city a n d go ing .
, ,

o n his a ppr o ach u pon w hi c h Alex a nder g a ve

, o n b o a rd t he Persi a n fleet o f w hi c h he w a s a d ,

the m their li berty a n d permitted the m to enj o y ,

mira l he c o nveyed the inh abit ants w ith al l their ,

t heir o w n l aws . e ffects t o t he i sl and o f Co s n o t far dist ant Alex

F o u r d ays aft er Al ex an der a rrived at Ephes u s 1
.
,

,
a nder finding the c ity witho u t ri c hes an d in , ,

c a rrying with him th o se w ho ha d been b a nished h abita nts r a sed it to t he gro u nd the citad el only ,

fr o m thence fo r being his a d herents a n d re sto red ex c epted , .

it s p o p ul a r fo rm o f g o vern ment Here he o ffered To concili ate the Asi atic colonies fro m Greece
.
,

s ac rific es t o Di an a a n d a ssign ed t o t he te mple , Alex a nder n o w de c lared the m free an d exempt ,

o f th a t goddess a ll the tribu te s th a t were p a i d t o fr o m trib u te This ha d t he wished fo r e ffect ; .

-

t he Per si ans He w a s ambiti o u s o f h a ving the

. a l l the Greek citie s o f Asi a de c l a red in his fa v o u r ,

n a me o f the celebra ted te mple o f Di a n a w hi c h which very mu c h fa cil it a ted his pro gre ss , .

w a s then reb u ilding ch a nged fo r his o w n a n d he , The l a st a cti o n o f this milit ary c amp aign ac , ,

o ffered t o defra y t he w ho le c o st o f the w o rk o n c o r ding t o D io do r u s Sicu l u s w a s with the M ar ,

s u ch c o nditi o n s ; bu t the Ephesia ns ev a ded t he mar ian sfil an in c o nsider a ble pe o ple inhabiting
req u e st by telling him th a t it w as in c o nsistent
, the we stern b o rder o f Lyci a T heir city w as .

fo r o n e go d t o erect te mples t o a nother ! pl ac ed o n a r o ck an d w as a c c o u nted i mpregn able , .

The fo r ce o f fl att ery c o u l d n o fu r th er go T hese r u de mo u nt aineers fell o n the re ar o f the

Ma c edo ni a n a rmy destr o yed many me n an d cap
.

, ,

Befo re Alex a nder left E phesu s t h e depu ties o f t u r e d a gre a t p a rt o f their b a gg a ge T his eu ,
.

the cities o f Tralles an d Ma gnesi a w a ited up o n r a ged Alex a nder w ho i mmedi ately invested their ,

him with t he keys o f tho se pl a ce s stro ngho ld an d att a cked it by sto rm fo r t w o su c

F ro m Ephe su s Al e x an de r ma rched t o Miletu s § c e ssive d ays The o ld men a mo ng the besiege d
.
,

, . ,
,

whi ch c ity deceived by t he ho pes o f a p o werfu l seeing n o pr o spe c t o f a l o nger defen c e w o uld
, ,

su pp o rt fr o m the Per si a n fleet t h en lying o ff the h ave a dvi sed s u rrender ; bu t the y o u ng men
c o a st c l o sed their g ates a g a in st him
, Me mn o n sc o rned s uch a dvi c e T heir elders then a dvi se d . .

had shu t himself u p in this fo rtre ss with ma ny the m t o pu t all the ir su pera nn u ated men to gether
, ,

o f his s o ldiers a n d w a s d eter mined t o make a

, with the ir women an d c hildren t o de ath an d then , , ,

vigo r o u s defence After severa l d ay s fr u itle ss if p o s sible t o fo rce their w ay thro u gh t he Ma c e ’

e ffo rt s ho wever Alex a nder c o mpelled t he be

.
, ,

, , do n ian s T his a dv ice w as ac ted u p o n Every . .

sieged t o c a pitu l ate He tre a ted t he Mile si a ns o n e g o ing ho me made a gre at fe a st a n d after
.
, ,

w ith gre at hu ma nity a llo wing the m t o live a o , e a ting an d drinking w ith his wife a n d c hildren ,

c o rdi ng t o their o w n l aws Me mn o n w as a ll o wed shut t he d o o r o f his h o u se an d set it o n fire !

.

.
,

t o ma r c h o u t with his Greeks u n mo le sted bu t While t h e fires w ere r a ging t o t h e n u mber o f

; ,

t he Persi a ns were put t o the sw o rd o r s o ld fo r six hu ndred t hey fo rce d the ir w a y thro u gh the ,
,
sl aves . Ma cedo ni a n gu a rds an d es c aped to the mou n ,

t a ins .

T hi s a cco u n t i s tak en fro m t he G r e e k s t he o n ly o n e Alex nder now t his r m int o winter

a p u a y
,
w e h a v e o f t h e b a t tl e f t h e G r a n i c u s I t
se e ms i n c r e d ibl e
o

t ha t i n t he c o mb a t w ith t he G r e k me r ce n a r ie s w h o we r e q u a rters bu t befo re he did this in order t o

.
,
e ,
me n o f e q u a l c o r a ge w i t h t h e mse lv e s t he y sh o u l d a l l
,
u
,
h a v e b e e n k i ll e d o n t h e sp o t a ft e r a b ra v e d e fe n c e w it h ,
I] T his city l ay fort y mil e s sou t h e a st o f M il e tu s in di ,
-

o u t a p r o p o r t i o n a te c a r n a g e o n t h p a r t o f t he M a ce d o n i r e c t d i st a n ce
e I t is n o w a he a p o f r u i n s I t w a s o n c . e
F a l se l o v e o f the ir c o u n tr y s gl o r y d o u b t l ss c a u se d fa mo u s fo r t he sta te ly ma u so l e u m o r t mb e r e c t e d i n
.

ans ’
o
.

, e , ,
,
t h e G r e e k hi s t o r i a n s t o de p a r t fr o m t h e t r t h i
u n n a r r a ti n g h o n o u r o f M a u so l u s k i n g o f C a r i a o f w h c h t h is c it y w a i s
t hi s e v e n t
, ,

t h e c a p it a l by A r t e mi sia h i s w i do w e d q u e e n H e r o d o tu s
.
.
, , ,

f S ar di s l a y a b o u t 1 38 mil e s in dire ct dista n ce 8 E o f t h e fa t he r o f h i st o r ia n s w a s b o r n h e r e ; so a l s o w a s D io

n y siu s t he G r e e k h st o r i a n o f R o me a n d t h e p o e t s H e r a
,

the G r a n i c u s
, . .

.
, i ,

c l i t us a n d C a ll i ma c h u s
I pE h e su s l a y so u th we t o f S ardis a b o u t six t y thr e e
.

n s sti ll e x i st s i n M a r mo
-
s
e a pp e ll a t i o n m
-

R o ma n mil e s i n d r e c t d ta n c e i is
ii T h ,
M a r a r i a , ,

r ice t h e n me o f a b a y o n t h e s o u t h e a st Si de o f t h e G u l l
.
-
a
M il e t s l a y t w e n t y e ig h t mil e s so u th e a st o f Ep h e su s
,

u
-
o f M a cr i o n t h e we st si de o f L y C a ; a n d t h
-
p r e se n t in i e
d r e c t d i st a n c e o n t h e L a l mi n G u l f w hi c h i s su pp o se d
,

h a b ita n ts a r e de c r i b e d a s b e in g o f t h e sa me p r e da tory
in i . a
by so me t o be t he L a k e o f U ta B a she e
, s

h a b it s a s th e i r a n c e st o r s
.
.
 HIST O R Y OF THE PE RSIA N S .

on c il i ate his s o ldiers he dis mis sed s u c h as

c , the fo o t o f t he p ass o f w hich the Tel messian s ,

had ma rried t ha t ye a r a n d sent the m t o th eir , had p o sse ssed the mselves a t t he cl o se o f night , ,

ho me s with o rder s t o ret u rn ag a in next spring

,
hOpin g tha t the fe a r o f a n a tt a c k w o ul d i nd uce .

T his w as a wise mili ta ry regul ation an d seems the m t o withdra w To his gre a t j o y they did
, .

t o ha ve been derived from t he l aw prescribed withdra w a n d shu t the mselves u p in their c ity ,
,
by Mo ses De u t xxiv 5 Pro b a bly Aris totle the
, . . . so tha t he p a ssed th ro u gh with o u t a n ,
y o bst r u c
t u t o r o f Alexa nder le a rned it fr o m the Jews o f , tion He p a ssed their city by as o n e o f inferi o r , .

who m he ma kes h o n o ur able mentio n : t he phi c o nsequ ence his gre a t o bj e c t being n o w t o ga in ,

l o so phe r indeed S pe a ks o f a Jew wh o m he me t

, , p o sses si o n o f t he interio r o f A si a Mi n o r F ro m
, .

in Asi a as c o mmu nic ating mo re info rmati o n t o

,
t he defil e of Telmess u s Alex a n der cr o ssed the ,

him in t he Greek l an guage th an he recei v ed in hi gh u pland of Mi ly as w hi ch B o c ha r t d ed u ce s ,

retu rn . fr o m the P henici a n w o rd mul ia “ a n ele v a ted ,

Abo u t the s ame tinie Alex ander ad o pted the ,

mo und to Ce l aen md whi ch s u rrendered a fter a ,
” '

b o ld expe dient o f dismi ssing hi s fleet w hich w as tr u ce o f s ixty da ys gr anted by hi m with a p r o

, ,

t o o s ma ll t o C ope with the Persi a n fleet collected mise t o that e ffect, if n o s u cc o urs sho u ld a rrive
,

fr o m Phenici a an d Egypt a n d yet t o o l a rge fo r in the interim

, .

his tre a s u ry t o ma int a in In d o ing this he de . F r o m Cel ae n m Alex a nder ma rched o ver the
cl a r e d to his lie u ten a nts tha t by conqu ering the , l o ft y ch a in now c alled t he M o o r a d D agh t o G o r ,

la nd he would render himself master o f t he se a

, dj um i the a ncient an d celebrated residence o f , ,

since e v ery har bo u r th at surrendered to him mu st king Midas situ a ted o n the river San ga r iu s , .

diminish the n aval res o urces o f the ene my H a ving ta ken the city he w as desiro u s o f seeing
, ,

tend t o dis able th e m fr o m invading Greece in his the famo u s ch a ri o t t o which t he G o rdi an kn o t
a bsen c e ; an d al so c o ntrib u te t o h o ld Open h is w as tied This knot which fa stened t he y o ke .
,

c o mmu n ic ati o n with his o w n domini o ns an d in t o the be am w as tie d with so mu c h ar t a n d t he

, , ,

t r o d u c e fre sh s u pplies fr o m t hence when he strings were adj u sted in so intric a te a manner
, ,
sho uld find it expedient to a dvance into the tha t it could not be di scovered w h ere t he y_c o m
he a rt o f As ia . men c ed o r where they ended An or ac le ha d , .

N ext spring B C 3 33 Alex ander rec o mmenced

,
. .
, fo ret o ld th a t t he man w ho c o u ld u ntie it sho u ld ,

t he redu ction o f the ma riti me pr o vinces His possess the e mpire o f Asi a ; an d C u rtiu s rel a te s
.
,

pro gre ss a t first me t with some interru ptio n that Alex a nder being fully persu a de d tha t thi s .

N e a r Ph aselis a small sea port o n the west side pr o mise rel a ted t o himself he a ft er ma ny fruitles s
-
,

o f t he gul f o f A
, , ,

tt aliah an d o n the e astern s h o re , tri als excl a imed It is n o ma tter whi ch w ay it be , ,

o f t he Lyci a n Pen in sul a is a defile a l o ng the sea

”
, untied an d thereu p o n cu t it with his sw o rd , .

sh o re which is a lw a ys dry in the s u mmer but

, Aristobulus however who w as an eye witne ss , , ,
-

wh en t h e sea rises is imp a ss able As the winter o f the tra ns actio n

. as s u res us th a t Alex an der , ,

w as n o t yet p a st his forces were obliged t o ma rch

, wreste d a wo o den pin o u t o f the be a m o f the
a wh o le day in the w a ter bu t th ey s u rmo u nte d ch a ri o t which being driven in a cro ss t he be am
, ,

t h e difficul ty a n d p a ssed o nw a r d
,
S o me hi st o held it u p an d so t o o k the y o ke fro m it In this
.
,
.

ri a n s rel a te th at the se a by the Divine comma n d , version of the st o ry Pl ut a rch c oin c ides , .

o pened a w a y t o him contra ry t o t he u s u a l c o urse , In the me a n time D a ri u s w as prep a ring t o ,

o f n a t u re ; but this is eviden t ly a p a r o d y su g ma ke a vigorou s defence Me mn o n t he Rhodi a n

, .

ge sted by fl a ttery o n t he a st o u nding mira cle o f

, a dvised him t o reta li a te by c a rrying t he w a r in t o ,

t he p ass age o f the Isra elites thr o ugh t he Red M acedo nia sta ting tha t t he L ac edai mo n ian s an d ,

several o ther Greek n ati o ns w ho were a dverse t o ,

While Alex a nder w a s in the neighb o u rh o od o f t he Ma cedo n i ans w o u ld be re a dy t o j o in him , ,

Phaselis h e dis c o v ered the c o nsp ira cy t o w hich an d tha t A

, l ex ander would be c o mpelled t o r e
a ll u si o n has befo re been made ; [ se e p age tu rn to defend his o w n co u n t r y D a riu s a pproved .

The tra i tor w as discovered an d s u ffered de ath o f the pl an a n d a ppointed Me mn o n admira l o f

, ,

fo r his p er fi dy . the fleet an d c apta in general o f all the fo rces de ,

F r o m Pha selis ,Alex ander ma r c hed to Perga signed fo r th at expedition Me mn o n w as at the , .

in Pa mphyli a o n the river Oestrus ; a n d fr o m islan d o f C o s when he received this c o mmi ssi o n
, ,

thence t o Asp en dus o n t he river Eury medo n an d thi s pl ace w as the rendezv o us fo r t he fleet
, , .

e a st o f Pe rg a ; whi ch th o ugh a well fo rt ified Me mn o n so o n c o mmenced Oper ati o ns He made

, .

pl ac e su rrendered witho u t sus ta ining a siege himself master o f t he isl a nd o f Chi o s an d all
,
.

F r o m hen c e Alex ander ma rched n o rth west t o Lesbo s t he city o f Mitylene excepted F r o m -
,
.

t he p as s o f Te l messus a str o ng defil e in t he r a nge , thence he w a s prep a ring t o p a s s o ver int o Eubce a ,

o f T a u rus an d whic h ha d the in h a bita nts o f th a t

, , but he d ied befo re Mitylene which city he w as ,

pl ace kn o wn ho w t o a v a il the ms elves o f the a d c o mpelled to be siege .

v a n t a eo us positi o n o f their city

* whic h com T h de th o f Me m n o n w as a severe l o ss t o t he
g e ,a
man de d the p a s s o n o n e side as a high mo u nt ai n Persia n mon a rch No o n e w as a ble t o s u pply
, .

did o n t he o ther th ey mi ght h ave defended it his pl a ce a n d t he o nly ente r pri se w hich co ul d
, ,

a ga in st a ll Alex a nder s a ttempts to penetr ate ha ve s aved his e mpire w as therefore ab a ndo ned
’
.

thro u gh it into Ph rygi a an d c o mpelled him t o ,

a tte mpt a p a s sa ge in s o me o ther qua rter Alex b t v t y — g eo gr a p h ical m l

.

l fi i
m C l ve es
a n d er k new thi s
1 e aen a a y a o u s e e n
a n d therefo re he enc a p ed a t
n o r t h we st o f t h e de fil e o f l e l me s su s
‘
. - .

I G o r di u m l a y a l ittl e e a st o f C e l aen ae I t is i fii c u l t t o .

T h is city mu st n o t be c on fo u n de d with t he T e l me ssu s fix i t s site bu t a l l a g re e tha t it sto o d o n t he Sa g a r in s ,

.

o n t he so u t h — e a st a n g l e o f t h e G u l f o f M a c r i w hi c h w a s I t w a s f o u n d e d by G o r d i u s b u t i t did n o t l o n g re t a i n it s ,

r ; t o r i n t h e t ime o f S tr a bo i t h a d be c o me a mere
,

o n c e a l a r g e a n d fl o u r i shi n g c i t y a s t he sar co p h a g i an d ho n , ,
ou s .

o t h e r r e ma in s fo u n d th e r e c e r t i fy .
v ill a g e.
.
 H IS T O R Y OF TH E PERS I AN S .

The le res o u rce o f D ariu s n o w l ay in the ar

so p a ss by whic h t he y o u n ger Cyrus had entered th a t
mi e s o f t he e a st an d these he res o lved t o co m ,
c o u ntry He c ame t o T a rs u s which fro m S o ra
.
,
‘
, ,

mand in pers o n The rendezvo u s o f his army . w a s a ma rc h o f 4 3 0 mile s d irect .

w as B abylo n w h ere u pon mast e r in g they were

, , ,
Thr o u gh t his c ity t he Cydnu s run s a river r e ,

fo u nd t o be a bou t or ma rk able fo r its cle a r a n d limpid strea ms bu t ,

men fo r su ch ar e the different a cc ou nts o f a n ve r y c o ld with a gentle winding current Alex

, .

a nder h aving i mpr u dently b a thed in thi s river in

One the king s cou n sell o rs Char idemu s a

of
’
, , the he a t o f t he day a n d w hen c o vered with s w e a t ,

Greek refugee had Opp o sed the mo n a rch s he a d

’
a n d du st a seri o u s illne ss w as the c o n seq u ence
,
, ,

ing hi s o w n tro o ps ; s aying tha t he o u ght n o t t o ,

w hich thre atened his life He w a s rec o vered .

risk his life ; a n d he pledged himself t ha t with , fro m his sickness by t he skill o f his p hysi c i a n ,

t he c o mma nd o f men o f w ho m a t hird ,

P hilip an Ac a rn a n ia n a n d his o w n ma gn a
, ,

p a rt sho u ld be Greek mercen arie s he w o u ld n imit

, y in drinking t he p o ti o n prescribed a fter ,

c o mpel t he conqu eror to ab ando n his enter he had re c eived a letter inti ma ting th a t he w a s ,

prise D a riu s w as di sp o sed t o a ccede ; bu t

.
bribed by D a rius t o p o iso n him w hile P hilip w a s ,

his mini ster s genera lly rej ected t his cou rse , ,
re ading it witho u t an y e mo ti o n He kne w t he a t .

thr o u gh env y a n d insinu ated that Cha ridemu s ,

t achme n t a n d fidel ity which his physi c i a n b a re t o
me a nt t o betra y their c ause t o the M acedo ni ans . hi m an d d o u bt w a s re mo ved It w as well s aid by
, .

F ired a t this in sult he c a lled them cow a rds in ,

Arist o tle that friend ship is co mp o sed o f a single
,

t he king s presence fo r w hich h e w as o rdered s o u l inhabiting a p a ir o f b o dies Whe re tr u e

’
.
,

t o i n st a nt exec u ti o n As he went to hi s de a th . , frien dship exists p ain an d j oy a r e mu tu al ; an d ,

he ex c l a i med t ha t the k ing w o u ld shortly repent

,
he t ha t t o u c hes the he a rt o f o n e friend t o u ches ,

o f his inj u stice a n d be p u nis hed with t he l o ss o f

,
the he art o f t he o ther .

his e mpire ; which w as verified by t h e event an d , In the me a n ti me D a rius ha d c o mmenced his ,

req u ired n o gift o f pr o phecy t o s u pp o se now , mar ch a t t he he ad o f his n u mer o us a rmy a n d ,

t ha t t h e Per sians were left to themselves . had a dv a nced a s fa r a s the pl ains o f Mes o p o
Before D a riu s dep a rted t o meet Alex a nder a o , ta mi a Here the Greek mercen a ries a dvised him
.

co rding t o a ncient hist o ri an s he had a n o min o u s , t o w a it fo r t he e n e my ; bu t i mag ining tha t Alex

dre a m a n d er s t a rdine ss t o meet him w a s t he e ffect o f
’
He thou ght he sa w t he Ma ce do ni an
.

ph al anx o n fire ; t ha t Alex a nder w ai ted o n him , terro r a n d fe a ring th a t he w o u ld flee fro m him
,

a s a serv a nt a n d in his fo r mer c o u ri er dre ss ;

,
t o a v o id a n a ct io n he h a stened t o w a rd Cilici a , ,

a n d tha t he th en went int o the te mp l e o f Bel u s , where t he c ava lry a n d the number o f his tro o ps ,

a n d d isa ppe a red Plu ta rc h s ays t hat by this .

, fro m the mo unta i no u s n atu re o f the country ,

dre a m He a ven see med t o signify tha t h o n o u r a n d

, w o u ld be o f little service t o him .

pr o sperity w o u ld attend t he M a ced o ni a n s ; a n d The o rder D a riu s o bserved in his ma rch w as

that Alex a nder w o u ld bec o me ma ster o f Asi a , as fo ll o ws Befo re the a r my were c a rried silver
.

like D a ri u s w ho fro m a si mple c o u rier bec a me

, , , alt a rs o n whic h b ur ned t he fire c a lled by the m
,
’
,

king ; bu t tha t he w o u ld s o o n die a n d le a ve his , sa cred a n d e t e r n al ; a n d these were fo ll o wed by

gl o ry behind him T his resu lt a ccords with . t he ma gi singing hy mn s a n d 3 6 5 y o uths in

, ,

pro p hecy in a re ma rk able ma nner (se e D an ,

.
sc a rlet ro bes After t hese c ame a c o nsecr ate d
.

v ii i 5 — 8 xi 3 4
.
, a n d it is pr o b a ble
. a s Dr
, , . c a r t dr awn by w hite h o rs es a n d fo ll o wed by ,

H ales s u gge sts tha t it might ha v e bee n dis , o n e o f a n extr ao rd in a ry size which they c a lled ,

cl o sed by t he ma gi w ho u nderst o o d the se pr o ,

“
The h o rse o f t he su n The equ err ie s were .
”

p h ec ie s t h o u gh,
t h ey d a red n o t unf o ld the m t o dre ssed in w hite e a ch h a ving a go lden r o d in ,

t he king . his h a nd N ext a ppe a red te n su mpt u o u s c ha

.

We retu rn t o Alex ander Big with t he ho pe r io ts enriched w ith c urio u s s cu lptu re s in g o ld

o f c o nq u est h e p assed fro m G o r diu m e a st t o A
.
,

,
n a n d silver ; a n d then t he v a ngu a rd o f the h o rs e ,

C yr a * a c ity o f th at p a rt o f Phrygi a a fterw a rds

, , c o mp o sed o f twel v e d iff erent n ati o ns in dif ,

c a lle d G a l at ia fr o m t he G a u ls w ho seized u p o n fe r e n t a r mo u r
/
, , T his b o dy w as su c ceeded by
.

it F ro m An c y r a Alex a nder pro ceeded n o rth t o

.
,
th o se o f t he Persia ns c alled The Immo rt al s , ,

P a phla go ni a cro ssing t h e lo fty ridge o f Oly m

, amo u nting t o w ho s u rp assed t he rest o f
p u s w hich sep a r ate s G a l a ti a fro m Bit hyni a a n d
, the b a rb a ri a ns in the sumptu o u sness o f their
P a phla go ni a t he termin u s o f whic h ma rc h w a s
,
T a r su s w a s a b o u t tw e lv e mil e s n o r th o f t h e mou th
pr o bably the city o f So ra eighty three miles in
,

a n d t hi r ty mil e s so u th o f t he s uth e r n b r o w o f t h e p a s
-
, o s

dire c t distance fro m An cy ra F ro m then c e he .

thr o u gh w hi ch Al e x a n de r h a d p a sse d In t he day s 0 1 t h e .

e mp e ro r A u g u st u this c it y riv a ll e d Athe n s A n tio c h a n d

ma rc hed so u th e a st by t he H a l y s a n d M o u nt Tau
- s, , ,

Al e x a n d r ia in w e a lt h g r a n d eu r l i t e r a t u r e a n d sc i e n c e
r u s t o Cilic ia cr o s sing in his w a y t he s ame
.
, , , ,

, , , I t w a s c a l l e d J u l i o p o l is i n h o n o u r o f J u l i u s C e a r w h o
,
s ,

sp en t se v e r a l d a y s h e r e i n h i s p u r s u it o f P h a r n a c e s H er e .

An cyra l a y fi ft y fi v e g eo g r a p hi ca l mi l e s so u h e a s o f
-
t -
t i t w a s t h a t A n t o n y fi r s t me t w i t h t h e fa sc i n a t in g Cl e o
p a t r a H e r e i t “ a s a l so th at t h e g r e a t a p o st l e o f t h e
,

t h e a ssu me d si e o f G o r di u m i n R e n n e l s ma p , n e a t h e
t r
’ .
, ,

so u r c e o f a r i ve , hi c h fl o w s so u h e a s t t o t h e H a l y s
rw I t -
t G e n t il e s w a s b o r n P o l i ti c a l ch a n g e s h a v e r d u ce d i t t o
.
e

c o mp a r a t i v e i n si g n i fi ca n c e K i n n ie r w h o sp e n t a we e k
.

fo me d o n e o f t he h r e e c a p i a l s o f G a l a t i a , t h e o t h e t w o
r t t r . ,

be in g Ta v i u i n a n d P e s s i n u s It i s ce l e b r a t e d i n p o fa n e r a t T a r su s c o u l d n o t d i sc o v e r a s i n gl e i n sc ri p t io n h o r a n y
,

mo n u me n t o f b e au t y o r ma g n i fi ce n ce It c o n t a i n s t w o
.

h is o r y a s b e in g a k e n by t he c o n su l C h e i o s M a n l i u s
t t .

V u l so ; a s b e in g r a i se d t o t h e r a n k Of t h e me r o p o l i a n t t p u bl ic b a th s a n u mb e r o f mo s q u e s se ver a l h a n ds o me
, ,

ci y o f t ha
t p r o v in c e by Au g u s u s ; a n d a s e n e a in in g
t t t rt c a r a v a i i se r a i a n d a c h u r ch o f g r e a t a n t iq u i t y sa i d t o h a v e
, ,

t he a p o s a e J ul i a n , o n h is w a y t o t h e P e r s ia n w a r
t t In b e e n e r e cte d by t he a p o stl e Pa u l D u r in g t he wi n t e r .
,

the re a r e i n h a b i t a n t s ; bu t ma n y o f t h e fa mi l ie s
.

sa cr e d h i s o r y , A n cy r a i s n o e d fo r h a v i n g r e c e i v e d t h e
t t
i mp r e ss o f t h e fee o f t h e g r e a a p o s l e o f t h e G e n t il e s I
t t t t r e mo v e d u r i n g t he h o t se a s o n s t o t h e mo u n t a ms u
t C t ays t h a t th i s car w a s d e di a t e d o
.

w a s her e S P au l p e a c he d t o t he G a l a i a n s In t he
t r t f Q u in u s u r i u s s
c,
t
fo u r t h ce n u r y , A n cy r a w as ma d e a n e p isc o pa l se e An J u p i t e r ; bu t a s t h is go d w a s u n k n o w n t o t h e P e r si a n s i t
.
.

t ,

i s p r b a bl h e ca ll s M i t hr a t h e fi r st a n d g r e a t e st o f t hei r
.

c y r a i s t h e mo d e r n A n go a , h i c h i s a c i t y o f co n s id e r a bl e r w o e ,

t
n o e in t h e e a s t .
g o d s by t h a t n a me
,
.
 H IS T O R Y OF THE P ER S IA N S .

dress ; fo r they a l l w o re c o l l a rs of g o ld a n d At le n gth Alex a n der himse l f set fo rw a rd in ,

were clo th ed in robes of g o ld tiss u e h aving l a rge qu est o f D a ri u s , He first c a me t o A dan a * .

,

sleeves ga rn is hed with preci o u s st o nes

,
Abo u t twenty eight miles du e e a st o f T a rsu s o n the .
-
,

thi r ty p a c es fr o m th e m c ame the king s rel ati o ns right o r west b a nk o f the S a ru s F ro m this city ’

, .

* t o the n u mber o f
o r c o u sins , a pp a re l led Alexa nder ma r ch ed to Mal l o s thi rty fi v e miles ,
-

l ike w o men an d mo re re ma rk able fo r t he p o mp in dire c t di sta nce a l mo st du e s o u th o f Ada n a

, , ,

o f their dre ss th a n the glitter o f their a rms an d the s o u thern mo st pr oj e c ti o n o f t he c o as t be .

After these c a me D a rius hi mself a ttended by tween T a rs u s an d t he he a d o f t he Is sie Gul f , .

his gu a rds a n d se a ted o n a ch a ri o t as o n a thr o ne

, F ro m hence he p u rs u ed his mar ch n o rth e a st to
, .
-

The ch a ri o t w as enriched o n b o th sides with C asta bal a t he mo dern K ast an l ae a city amo ngst
, , , ,

i ma ges o f the g o ds in go ld a n d silver ; a n d fro m hills fr o nting the he a d o r innermo st re c ess o f t he ,

t he mi ddle o f the y o ke whi c h w as c o vered with , gulf In his w ay thither he cro ssed t he J eiho o n .
,

j ewels r o se t w o sta tu es a c u bit in height ; the a l a rge stre am a bo u t 1 6 0 y a rds in bre adth
, , .
, .

o n e repre senting Wa r the o th er Pe a ce h a ving a , F ro m C ast abal a ab o u t thr ee miles di sta nt co m

, , ,

men ces a de fi le o f five miles long thr o ugh t he ,

hil ls to a n a rro w belt o f level sho re stretchi ng , ,

ne a rly two miles e a st a n d west a nd a bo u t t hree ,

qua rters o f a mile bro a d fro m the fo o t o f the hill s

t o the se a The mo u th o f this defile is c all ed .

”
K a ra C a pi The Bla ck G a te Alo ng this belt , .

a g o lden girdle whence his scimit a r hung t he

, the r oad runs t o Issu s where the contest fo r t he , ,

sc a bb ard o f w hich w as c o vered with ge ms O n e mpire o f t he e ast t o o k pl ace . .

e a ch side o f D a r iu s w alked 2 00 o f his ne a rest P a rmeni o had t aken the little city o f Issus an d ,

rela ti o ns fo ll o wed by
, h o rse men wh o se a fter p o ssessing hi ms elf o f t he p a ss o f Syri a had , ,

l a nces were pl ated with silver an d tipped with left a bo dy o f fo rces t o sec u re it Al ex ander left
, .

go ld After these ma rched fo o t t he re a r the sick in Issu sq an d ma rched hi s w ho l e a r my

‘ '

.
,

o f t he a rmy a n d l a tly 4 00 horses bel o nging to p a ss a n d en c a mped n e a? t he city o f

s
, , , ,

wh ere the badness o f the we ather

Abo u t 1 00 p aces fro m the r o y al divisi o n o f the
a r my c a me Sisy ga mbis t he mother o f D a ri u s , In t he me a n ti me D a rius contra r y t o the a d , , ,

se a ted o n a c h ari o t a n d his c o ns o rt o n a n o ther

, vice o f the Greeks w as a dva nc ing to w a rds the , ,

with fe male a ttend a nts o f b o th q u een s riding o n stra its o f Cili ci a They advi sed him t o w a it fo r .

h o rseb a ck Af terwa rds c ame fi fteen cha riots in the ene my in the pl a ins o f Assy r ia ; i bu t his
.
,

whi c h were the king s chi ldren an d tho se w ho c o u rtiers bi a ssed his min d a g ain st their a d v ice
’

, ,

ha d t he c a re o f their ed u c a tion N ext t o these a n d had pers u aded him tha t Alex a nder s l o ng
.
’

were the r o y al concu bines t o the n u mber o f 3 6 0 del a y w as the e ffect o f te r r o r inspired by the
, , ,

a ll a ttired like so ma ny q u eens These were fo l a ppr o a c h o f t he Persi a n a rmy

. The a dverse .

l o wed by 6 00 mu les a n d 3 00 c amels which h o sts mi ssed ea ch o t her in t he night an d D ari u s

, , ,

c a rried t he king s tre a sure an d were g u a rded by entered Cilici a by t he p a ss o f A man ns whi ch
’

, ,

a b o dy o f b o wmen Aft er these c ame the wives lies bey o nd tha t o f Syria through w hi c h Alex
.
,

o f t he cr o wn o fficers a n d the l o rds o f t he c o urt ;

, an der ha d entered th a t c o u ntry D a ri u s had not .

th en the su tlers a n d serv a nts Of the a rmy And a dv a nce d fa r into Cil ici a when he w as info rmed . ,

fin ally in t he re a r were a b o dy o f light a rmed th at Alex a nder fl ed befo re hi m an d w as retiring

, , ,

tr o o ps with their c o mmanders

,
in gre at di so rder into Syria He therefo re tu rne d
. .

S uch w as t he a rmy o f D a ri u s Surr o unded sh o rt towa rds I ss u s where he b a rba r o usly pu t t o ,

with t his mighty p o mp he fa ncied he w a s gre a t de a th a l l t he s ick tha t A

.

,
l ex a nder had left therein , ,

a n d w as c o nfident o f s u c cess In h is a rr o ga nce a few s o ldiers ex c epted wh o m a fter ma ki n g

. , ,

he wr o te a letter t o A
.

l ex ander styling himself the m vie w every p a rt o f his c a mp he dis mi ssed

, , .

king witho u t gi ving tha t title t o Alex a n der Hi s

,
Wo rd w as so o n br o u ght t o Alex a nder th a t . ,

a rr o g a nce w as returned with interest which ma D a rius w as behind him in t he stra i t s o f C ili c ia
y ,
.

illu stra te the dis po sitions o f t he belligerent mo His keen eye sa w tha t h e w a s ta ken as in a net ,

n a r c hs . an d he immedi a tely prep a red fo r the c o nfli ct .

Alex a nder u p o n le a rning th a t D a rius w as a d

,

v an c in g t o w a rds the E u phr a tes in o rder t o enter

A dan a i s a l arg e c ity su p e ri or t o T a rsu s a n d t he po
,

Ci lici a deta c hed Pa r meni o with p a rt o f the a r my pu l a t ion ch ie fl y c omp o se d Of T urk s a n d T u r k ma n s is

, ,

, . ,

t o seize the p ass o f Syri a th at he might sec u re a ,

ne arly e q u a l in n u mb e r I t i s b e a u t ifully situ a te d o n a .

r si n g g r o u n d su rr o u n d e d by gro v e s o f fr u it tr e e s a n d
free p assa e fo r his a rmy As fo r himself he
g i ,

v in e y a rd s T he r e i s a bridge o v er t he J e ih o o n ( S a ru s )
.
,

ma r ched west from T a rsus t o Anchi alo s a city sa id t o h a v e b e e n e re ct e d by J u tin ia n ; p ar t o f t h e a n , ,

.

, s

whic h is s aid t o h a ve been built by S a rda n a p a l u s c ie n t wa ll sti ll re ma in s an d a n o bl e ga te w a y i n t h e mar .

,

F ro m hence he c a e t o S o li w here he o fl e r e d
m k e t pl a c e m o c k s t h e m e a n a r ch it e ct u r e o f t h e Tu r k s
'
- .

sa c rifi c es t o ZEsc u l a p iu s the god o f p h sie

t T he re i s a g r e a t d i v e r it y o f o p i n i o n c o n c e r n i n g t h e e x
,
s
y in,
a c t si t e o f t h e c it y o r I s su s a n d co n se q u e n tly o f t h e p re c i se
,
,
g ra titu de fo r t he re c o very o f his he a lth Alex sp o t wh e r e t h e b a t t l e w a s fo u g h t D An v il l e c o n ce i v e s
’
. .

a nder h e a ded t he cere mo ny hi mself with lighted th a t t h e r u i n s o f Ay as se re pre se n t t he a n c ie n t l ssu s ;

K n n ie r pl ac e s i t a t P i a s ; whil t R e n n el a n d A rro w smi th
ta pers fo ll o wed by t he w ho le a rmy ; a n d he t here i s

fi x i t o n t h e sit e o f Oscl r c a ll e d K a r a bo l a t by t h e T u r k s
,

so l e mnized ga mes ; a fter which he re t urned to

e ,
.

Of t h e th r e e t he l a t te r ee ms t h e mo st l ik e ly a s i t i s ,
s ,

s u pp o rt e d by t he a u t h or it y o f X e n o p h o n t h e J e r u sal e m
\ ,

iti n e r a r y a n d fi ve d iffer e n t re p o rt s o f mo de r n tr a v e ll e r s .
.

1 A r r i a n c a ll s t h e m t h e pl a i n s o f A s sy ri a b u t t h y we re ,
e

I t w a s thu s th at th i s b o dy w a s cal l e d a n d p r o b a bly i n r e a l ity t he pl a in s o f S y r ia By G r e e k a n d L a t i n wr i t .

so me o f t h e m mig h t be t h e k i n g s r e l at i o n s
,

; bu t i t mu st h owe v e r t h e te r m A ssyri a o fte n c o mp r e he n de d a ll

’
ers , ,
n t be so u n de r st o o d o f a l l
o . t h e tra ct fr o m t h e M e d it e rr a n e a n t o t h e r i ve r I n du s .
 HI ST O R Y OF TH E PERSIAN S .

Ha v ing ere d a sac rifi c e t o the go d s he a d

o ff , The next day , Alex a nder, fter vi siting t he a
v a n c e d t o meet him a n d drew u p his a r my o n a , w o u nded c a u se d t he d e a d t o be bu ried in gre a t
,

S p o t o f gro u nd ne a r t he c ity o f Is su s w hi c h w as , p o mp in t he pre sen c e o f t he w h o le a r my w hich

,
,
divided by the river Pin ar us an d b o u nde d by t he , w as d ra wn u p in b a ttle a rr a y He tre ated t he .

mo u nt a in s o n o n e sid e a n d by t he se a o n the , perso ns o f di stin c t io n in t he sa me ma nner a n d

pe rmitted t he mo ther o f D a ri u s t o b u ry a s ma ny
,
t her * Here D a ri u s n o t being a ble t o extend
o .
,

his fr o nt be y o nd tha t o f t he M a c ed o ni a n s c o u ld ,
a s she ple a sed a c c o rding t o the cere mo nies used

Only d ra w u p his a rmy in so ma ny li ne s o n e be

'

, in Persi a .

hind t he o ther The M ac ed o ni an s so o n p u t t h e

. The c o nqu er o r tre ated his r o y a l c a ptives with
first line t o flight a n d tha t rec o iling u po n t he , gre a t tenderness a n d hu manity Pl u t a rc h s ays .
,
sec o nd an d t he sec o nd o n t he third , a n d so o n
, that they were in Alex a nder s c amp n o t a s in ’

,
thr o u gho u t t he who le ho st an inde scrib able co n , tha t o f an ene my bu t as in a n ho ly te mple de ,
,
fu sio n fo llo wed The i ss u e o f t he b a ttle w as . signed fo r the a sylu m o f virt u e ; the y al l liv ing
spee dily determined D a r iu s w ho fo u ght in t he so retire d t ha t they were n o t seen by a n
,
y one
.
,

first line e sca ped in t he t u mu lt with mu ch di th

,

, n o ne da r ing t o a ppro a ch their p avilio n but su c h

c u lty a n d fl ed o n ho rseb a c k t hr o u gh t he p a ss by a s were a pp o inte d t o a ttend t heml F ro ma letter ”
,

w hi c h he c a me .
w hic h Alex ander wro te t o Pa rmeni o we find ,
T here a r e t w o p asses o f the n ame o f A manns , t ha t t he c o n s o rt Of D a ri u s an d her t w o da u gh ,

t he Upper a n d t he L o w er It a ppe a rs t o h a ve .
ters be ing prince sses p o sses sing gre a t be au ty be
,

been by the fo r mer t ha t D a ri u s a d v a nc ed an d r e

,

res o lved never t o see the m after his first vi sit

tre a ted The c amp o f D a ri u s o n his flight l ay
,

.
, , , whi c h w as the day a fter the b a ttle Alex a nder .

a s will be seen a t So c ho s t he mo dern D ube sa k

, , , had t he o n e gre a t o bj ect o f the Per si a n e mpire in
in t he gre a t pl a in o n the r iver A sw ad F ro m . view a n d he a v o ided t he deb a sing influ ence o f
,

this t o t he fo o t o f the Upper p a ss o f Aman u s is , ple a s u re le st he s ho u ld l o se t he prize It w o u ld

, .

twenty ge o gra phi c a l miles dire c t n o rth F r o m . be well fo r t he Christ ia n w a rri o r t o a c t thus fro m
t his t o t he s u pp o se d sce n e o f t he a cti o n o n t he n o bler mo ti v es With t he kingd o m o f he a v en in
.

P in ar u s is a di st a nce o f ten ge o gra phic a l miles

, view he sho u ld re so l u tely a void every ple a s u re
,

d irect The Upper p as s o f A ma nn s le ads fro m

. o f e a rth tha t w o u ld deprive him o f his cro wn .

Killis t o Ay asse C o nnected with t he hist o ry o f . H is p ath is s u rro u n ded by r o ses th a t h a ve tho rn s ,
thi s enga ge ment th erefo re there a r e fo u r p a sses , , w hi c h w o u ld pierce his in mo st s o u l ; by ple as u res
1 T ha t fr o m Cili c i a t o T a rs u s ; 2 The ma ri
. . th a t w o u ld r o b him o f etern a l h appi ness .

ti me p as s by w hich Cyru s c a me etc ; 3 The

, , . . w o rld cries
L o wer p ass o f Amanns w hic h D a riu s a v o ided ; ,

and ,
4 The Upper p a ss o f A
. man u s by w hich ,
I a m th in e e n d ; F e l icity my n a me ;
he a dv a n c ed a n d retre a ted Th e b e st o f wi sh e s pl e a su r e s r ich e s fa me, , , ,
.

Ar e h u mbl e v a ssa l s whi c h my th r o n e atte n d

Alex ander w a s prevented fro m i mmedi ately An d ma k e y o u morta l s ha ppy whe n I sen d
, ,

fo ll o wing D a ri u s by the pr o we ss o f t he Greek , In my l e ft h a n d d e l i c i o u s fr u it s I h o l d ,

mercen aries This p o werfu l b o dy cha rged t he To fe e d t h e m w h o with mirth a n d e a se grow Ol d

Afr a i d t o l o se t hé fl e e t in g da y s a n d n ights
.
‘

Ma ced o ni a n ph al a nx killed Pt o lemy t he so n o f ,

T he y se iz e o n t ime a n d sp e n d i t in de l ights ,
,

Sele u c u s with 1 20 o fficers o f distin c ti o n besides

, , My r ig ht ha n d w ith tr iu mpha n t crow n s i s store d ,

a gre a t ma ny priv a te me n ; a n d tho u gh a tta cked ,

W hi ch al l t h e k i n g s o f fo rmer ti me s a do r e d :
in fl a nk by Alex ander in pers o n ma int a ined T he se g ifts a r e thi n e : t he n e n ter wher e n o strife ,

N o g r i e f n o p a i n sha ll i n terr u p t t hy l i fe
, ”

their gr o u n d till t hey were redu ced fro m

.
,

B EAU M ON T .

to They retired t hen in go o d o rder o ver

t he mo u nt a in s t o w a rds Trip o li in Syri a where
, , ,
Bew a re o f these sn ares o f the w o rld ; fo r S c ript u re
finding t he tra nspo rt s that ha d c o nveyed them decl a res the frien dshi p o f the w o rld is en mi ty
,

fro m Lesbo s lying o n the s ho re they fitted o u t a ,

with G o d J a mes iv 4 . .

n u mber an d sa iled t o Cypr u s The pri ncip a l tre a su res o f D a r i u s had been de
As so o n a s Alex an der had repu lsed the G reek
, .

p o sited a t D a ma s cu s Alex an der sho rtly a fter .

,

,mercen a ries he hastened a fter D a ri u s He pu r

, .
t he b a ttle det a c hed P a r meni o thith er W i th t he
,

s u e d in v ai n ; a n d gr o wing we a ry he ret u rned t o ,

T hess ali a n ho r se t o t ake p o sse ssi o n o f the m
,
.

t he c a mp a t midnight a n d refres hed hi mse l f in ,

They were betra yed int o P a r me n io s h ands by ’

the b a ths prepa re d fo r D a ri u s wh o se tent w a s ,

the g o vern o r w ho in retu rn fo r hi s tre achery
, , ,

t aken with his mo ther wife a n d children a n d a

,
w a s killed by one o f his o w n men a n d hi s h e a d ,
, ,

c arried t o D a ri u s The tre a s u re s were i mmen se

, .

v a st b o o ty an d reser ved fo r t he c o nq u ero r d u ring

, ,
. ,

t he pl u n der o f t he ene m s c a mp
’
su fli c ie n t s ays Plu ta rch t o lo a d c amel s
y
.
, ,

A cc o rd ing t o Ar ri an t he Persi a ns l o st
.

,
T hirty tho u s and pris o ners were al s o t a ken a t t he
me n i n thi s b attle ; an c ient a u tho r s h o w ever s ame ti me amo ng wh o m were ma ny o f gre at
,

distinctio n : there w as sc a rcely a n o ble fami ly i n

, ,

di ffer very mu ch o n t his su bj ect ; a n d it is ditfi

c u lt t o determine w hich is c o rre c t The l o ss o f .
Persi a w ho did n o t p a rt ake in thi s c a lami ty .

life w a s do u btless gre at a n d tha t o n b o th sides ,

In D a ri u s we be ho ld t he mu t ability o f e a r t hl y
grande u r Wh il st Alex a n der w a s se i z mg hi s
, O ‘

t ho ugh Qu intu s C u rtiu s rela te s that n o t mo re .

tha n 4 5 0 o f t he Ma c edo ni a ns were slain ri c hes he w ho bu t a few h o u rs befo re w as at

, , ,

the he a d Of so mighty a n a rmy a n d w ho c ame

.

,
Art ia n sa y s tha t Al e x a n de r a s so on a s h e he ar d o f ,
int o the field with al l t he pride o f a c onqu ero r
t he a ppro a ch o f D a r iu s r e t u r n e d fr o m My r ian dr u s a n d
,
,

w as fleeing fo r his l ife He rode swi ftly the

,
se i z e d u p o n t h e st r a it s h e w a s o bl i g e d t o
p a ss t h e e v e n i n g
.

w ho le night acc o mp a nied o nly by a few a ttend

,

b e fore t he b att l e T h e se st r a its a r e a n arr o w b o rde r Of

.
,
lo w l a n ds a t t h e fo o t o f hi g h ste e p c l iffs a n d c a ll e d t he ,
a nts In two o r three d a y s he a rr i ved at So
S yr ia n g a te s a t t h e ri v er K e r su s t h e mo de rn M a h er sy . ,
,

e igh t mil e s so u th o f Al e x a n d ri a T h e y a n sw e r t o t h e
,

.
,
c ho s where he a ssemble d t he re mains o f hi s
,

se co n d ma r it ime p a ss o f t h e t e x t .
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERS IAN S .

Persi a ns a n d merc en a ries F ro m hen c e he c ha dn e z z a r a c c o rding t o t he v o ice o f pr o p he c

.

y , ,
ha stened t o Tha psa c u s in o r d er t o h ave t he , had Iai d a n c ient Tyre in t he d u st a n d tha t t h e
E u p hr ates between him a n d Alexa nder
O ,

Tyri ans c o ntin u e d witho u t a k ing fo r seven t y .

In t he me a n ti me Alex a nder a dva nced int o e a r s t o w hi ch peri o d t he d u r a ti o n o f th eir su b

,
y ,

S yri a mo st o f the c ities o f w hich s u rrendered at j e ct i o n w a s limited by pro phe c y Isa xxiii
,
, . .

hi s a ppr o a ch Being a rrived a t Ma r atho n he 1 5 — 1 7 tha t is t o the termin a ti o n o f t he B a by

.
, ,

re c eived a letter fr o m D a r i u s w ho w a s n o w a t l o n i a n mo n a rchy when t he Tyri an s with s o me

0

, ,

B abyl o n c o mpl a ining o f his ag gressi o ns o d er

,
o ther re mo te n a ti o ns were re st o re d t o c o mp a r a
‘

, , ,

ing t o r a n so m his wife mo ther a n d c hildren a n d tive indepen dence by t he Per si ans
, , , .

t o tre a t a b o u t pe ace The letter w as writt en B ut T r e after she ha d rec o vered her l o sses
y
.
, ,

n o twi thst a ndi ng t he fa ll o f Da ri u s in the us u a l a nd rep a i red her ru ins fo rgo t her fo rmer stat e, ,
h a u ghty style o f t he king s o f t he e a st Alex .

a nder a nswered him in t he s a me S pirit c o n cl u d ,

ing with t his sentence : When y o u write next

t o me re me mber th a t y o u write to the king o f
,

Asi a Tre a t me n o mo re a s y o u r eq ual bu t as

.
,

l o rd o f all y o u p o s sess If y o u disp ute my titl e .

,

prep a re to do so in a nother general eng a ge ment ;

bu t a tte mpt n o t t o flee fo r wherever y o u go I a m , ,

determined to pursu e you Thus w as he li ke a Its d o o m w a s also fo retold by the pr o p hets I sa i ah

.
”

ra ven o u s bird seeking its prey an d Zech a ri ah .

.

Alex ander ma rched fr o m Ma rath o n into Phe

nici a wh ere the citizens o f Bybl o s Opened their
, Pa ss thro u gh t hy l an d a s a ri v er 0 dau ghter o f T arshish ,
e r e i s n o mo r e st r e n g th
g ates t o him ; a their ex ample w a s fo ll o wed by
n d T h .

H e str e tc h e d o u t h is h a n d o v e r t h e se a
o thers as he a dv a nced int o t he c o untry The ,
H e sh o o k t h e k in g do ms : .

Sid o ni a ns w ho ha d as st a ted in the life o f Ochu s

, , Th e L ord h a th gi v e n a c omma n dme n t a g a in st t he me r ,

been cr u elly tre a ted by tha t prince reta ining a n c ha n t c i t y ,

,
To d e st r o y t h e str on g h o l ds th e r e o f
abh o rrence o f the Persi a ns re c e ived Alex a n der
An d h e sa id T h o u sh a lt n mo r e rej o ice
.

with gre a t j o y This pe o ple were a mo ng t he first , o

,
.
O th o u o p pr e sse d v ir g in d a u g h t er o f Z i don
in t he c o untry w ho s u bmitted t o him a n d t hey
,

A r ise p a ss o v e r t o C hi t t im [M a ce do n ia ; ],

I a x x iii 1 0—1 2
, ,

did so in o pp o siti o n t o their king w ho decl a red T h e re a l so sh a l t t h o u h a v e n o r e s t — .

”
s . .
,

in fa v o u r o f D a rius Alex ander deposed him .

An d H amath a l so shal l b o r de r th e r e by ; ,

a n d permitted H e phaest io n t o e l ect w ho ms o ever Tyru s a n d Z id o n t ho u gh i t be v e r y wise , , .

o f the Sid o ni a ns he sh o uld j u dge w o rthy o f so An d Tyr o s di d b u il d h e r se lf a str n g h o l d o ,

ex a lte d a st ation Abdal o n y mu s descended r e A n d h e a p e d u p si lv e r a s t he d u t s ,

.

A r d fi ne g o l d a s t he mir e o f t h e s t r e e ts
,
i
mo tely fro m t he r o y al line w as tak en fro m a l o w
.

,B e ho l d t h e L o r d will c a st h e r o u t
sta ti o n in li fe to we a r the dia de m in c o mpli a nce An d he wi ll smi t e he r p o w er i n t he ea ;
, ,

, s

with this permissi o n Alex a nder c o mman ded t he An d sh e sh all be de v o u r e d wi t h fi re .

A sh k e l o n sha ll se e i t a n d fe ar
.

newly elected prince to be sent fo r a n d after

-
G az a a l so sh a ll se e i t a n d be v e ry so rr owful
,
,

sur v eying him attentively spoke to this e ffect

,

An d Ek r o n for he r exp e c t atio n sha ll be a sha me d ;

,

Thy a ir a n d mien do n o t c o ntradi ct wha t is r e An d t h e k i n g sha ll p e r i sh fr o m G a z a

A
,

n d A shk e l o n sh a ll n o t be i n h a b ite d Z ech ix 2 — 5 -

l ated o f thy extra c ti o n ; bu t I sho u ld be gl ad to . . . .

kn o w with w hat fra me o f mind tho u didst be a r

thy p o verty ? ”
Wo uld t o the g o ds he replied The pr o phet p o werful ly de scr ibes ”

t he Tyri a ns a ft er t heir rede mpt io n fr o m

,

t ha t I may he ar this cro wn wit h equa l fo rtit u de of ,

o bsc u ri ty w hi ch is the c a use o f t heir sec o nd

T he se h a nds h ave pr o c u red me a l l I des ired ; ,

a n d whilst I p o ssessed n o thing I w a nted noth ing

”
, .

S o cr ates has well observed that he is t he richest

Afte r t he e n d o f se v e n ty y e ar s sh all Tyre sin g a s an harl o t
,
.

T a k e a n ha rp go a b o u t t he c i t y
ment is the riches of n at ure The in spired pre
, ,

T ho u h a r lo t t hat ha st b e e n fo r g o tten ;
M ak e swe e t me l o dy sin g ma n y so n g s
.

cept is far mo re e mph a tic : H aving fo o d a n d , ,

T h a t t h o u ma y e st be r e memb e r e d
rai ment let u s be therewith content 1 Tim vi 8 ,
”

An d i t sha ll co me t o p a ss a f t e r t he e n d o f se v enty years . . .

.

While Alex a nder w a s in Phenici a s o me o f the T ha t t h e L ord wi ll Vi sit Ty re , ,

,

Persia n gener a ls w ho had esca ped the sl au ghter An d sh e sh al l tu rn t o he r h ir e ,

a t Iss u s dr a w ing together t he re mains o f t he A n d sh a ll co mmit fo r n i c a ti o n wit h al l

t h e wo r l d
,

sc attered a rmy a tte mpted with the ai d o f the

, U p o n t he face o f t he e a r th
, Isa xxi ii 1 5—1 7 .
”
-
. . .

C a pp ado ci a ns an d P a p hla goni ans t o recover ,

Lydi a ; bu t they were defe ated in sever al en Thus after her sea son o f o bscu rity seventy
gage me n t s by Antigonus wh o m Alex ander had
, ,

,e a rs the prophet fo res a w that Tyre w o u ld ,

a ppointed govern o r o f th a t province At t he a gai n en de avo u r t o a ppe a r with the a ir o f a .

sa me ti me the Macedo n i a n fleet s ail ing fro m h a rlot ; tha t she wo ul d pro mote her c o mmerce
,

Greece c ame u p with an d destro yed the fleet by fr aud an d deceit ; th a t she w o ul d vi sit every
co mma nded by Ar ist o men es whom D a rius had p a rt o f the world to c o llect t he mo st ra re a n d
,

sent to rec o ver the cities o n the Hellesp o nt

delic ate produ cti o ns o f every c o u ntry t o in spire .

,
All Syri a a n d Phenici a were n o w s u bd u ed by t he v a ri o u s n a tions o f the u n iverse with a l o ve
Al exa n der insula r Tyre excepted t o whi ch be an d a dmirati o n fo r su er fl uit ies an d splend o u r ;
,
p
,

next la id siege .
a n d tha t she w o uld u se every e ffo rt t o r ene w her
It has bee n seen in former p a ges * th a t N ebu a ncien t tre aties a n d t o rec o ver the confidence o f
,
,

h er f o r mer c o rresp o ndents with her tra d e an d

f
Se e t h e H i sto ry o f t he A ssy ri an s a n d t he p re sent ,
,

hi sto ry p a g e 59
, .
credit And s u ch ha d been the poli c y o f t he .
 HIST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

Tyri an s Un der the Persi ans t he pe o ple o f Tyre

. , an oa th o f fidel ity t o D a ri u s they w o uld never ,

reco vered mu ch o f their fo rmer we al th an d im a c kn o wledge a n y o ther s o vereign a s l o n g a s h e

p o rt a n c e As into o n e c o mmo n sto re ho u se they
. l i v ed
. Alex a n der n o w tu rned a side fro m G az a ,

c o llected t he amber o f Pr u ssi a t he tin o f B r i ,

wit h venge a nce in his he a rt t o p unish t he m fo r ,

t ain t he linen o f Egypt t he S pice s o f Ara bi a

, , , s u ch r a re c o nd u c t w hi ch o u ght t o h ave been his ,

t he s l a ves o f C a u c a su s a n d t h e ho rse s o f Scy ,

a dmir a ti o n .

thia The king o f T y re w as pre sent at t he

. In this exigen c y J add u a t he high prie st w ho , ,

c o u n c il o f w a r w hi ch Xerxes t he Per si a n mo ,
go verned u n der t he Persi a n s rely ing o n t he pr o ,

n a r ch hel d c o n c erning t he Greek s a n d his se a t

, ,
t e c t io n o f t he Al mighty ga ve o r der s tha t p u blic ,

w as sec o nd o nly fr o m t he king w hich sho w s ,

pr ayer s sho u l d be ma de t o i mpl o re his assist ance ,

t o wh a t imp o rta nce Tyre ha d a g a in ri sen in t h e a n d o fi e r e d sa cr ifi c es No n a ti o ns o r indivi dual s

'

sc a le o f n a t io ns B u t he r sec o nd o verthr o w w as
. ha ve ever tr u ly s o u ght t he pr o te c ti o n o f He a v en
a t ha nd Alex a nder t o o k Tyre a fter a siege o f
. ,
in v a in The night after we ar e to ld J a dd u a
.
, ,

seven mo nths b u rne d it sle w 8 000 of the , ,

w a s c o mma nded in a vi si o n t o c a u se fl o wers t o
Tyr ian s cru c ified 2 000 mo re an d s o l d
, ,
be sc attered u p an d do wn t he c ity t o set Open al l ,

c a pti v es in o rder t o strike terr o r int o t he neigh

,
t he g ate s a n d t o go clo t hed 1 n his p o n t ifi c al r o bes
, ,

bo u r in g sta te s by t he se v er ity H is enl a rged . wi t h al l t he prie sts dres sed a l so in the ir ve st

v iews o f c o mmer c i a l p o lic y ho wever ind u c ed ,
~
,
ments t o meet Alex a nder ; an d n o t t o fe a r an y
,

him t o r e pe o ple Tyre fro m t he adj a cent c o un

- e v il fro m t he king in a smu ch a s he w o u ld pr o te c t ,

tr ie s thu s un de signe dly fu lfilling pro phecy A

,
. the m Acc o rdingly thi s au gu st pro ces sio n t he
.
, ,

brighter e r a w a s in the dist a n c e fo r Tyre . very day after mai che d o u t o f t he ci ty t o an ,

da y w a s c o mi ng when she sh o u ld n o l o nger be e minen c e c a lled S apha w hich c ommanded a ,

a sc a nda l an d a st u mbling bl o ck t o the n ations view o f the c ity an d te mple an d there w a ited the ,

a ro u n d w hen her inhabi t a nts sh o uld e mbra ce

,
-
a rriv al o f Alex a nder .

C hri sti anity ( See P sa xlv 1 2 ; lxxii 1 0 ; Isa

. . . . . The c o nqu er o r c ame As h e appr o a ched .
,

xxiii . And thu s it w a s Ma ny o f t he . stru ck w ith a wfu l respect he a dv a nced al o ne t o ,

pe o ple o f Tyre in t he end e mbrac ed t he Jewish meet the h igh priest s al uted him first an d , ,

religi o n an d t hat c ity w as o n e o f t he first tha t

,
a dored t he sa cre d n ame o f Je ho v a h written o n
re c eived t he faith o f C hri st He ha d while o n .
, t he fr o nt of his mitre t o t he gre a t s u rpri s e a n d ,

e a rth himself visited t he co a sts o f T y re an d

, dis a pp o intment o f the Phenic i ans an d C hal de an s ,

Sido n an d mira c u lo u sly he a led the w o ma n o f

,
w ho expe c ted his o rders t o destr o y t h e Jewis h
C a n aan s d a u ghter ’
P au l fo u nd there s o me
. priests an d pl u nder the city Alex a nder rec o g .

fa ithfu l di sciples in his j o u rney to Jer u s alem ; n iz e d in J a dd u a the pers o n wh o m he ha d seen

an d in t he persec u ti o n u nder D io c l esia n there ,

in the v isi o n a t Di o s He expl ained this t o his .

were ma ny sincere believers at Tyre w ho ,

fo ll o wer s a dding th a t having u ndert aken the
, ,

c o u nted n o t their o w n lives de a r u nt o the m . expediti o n by a Di v ine mi ssi o n he sh o u ld c o nqu er ,

B u t Tyre still seems t o h a ve been dev o ted t o D a ri u s o verthro w t he Persi an e mpire a n d su c

, ,

d estru ct io n ; a n d s u ccessive persec u t io ns h a v e c e e d i n a l l his designs After this expl an a ti o n .

,

ca u sed it liter a l ly t o become a s t he pro phet ,

he e mbr a ced the high pries t an d his brethren ;
Ezekiel pro phesied it sh o ul d bec o me , then w al king in the midst of the m he a rrive d a t ,

Jer u s ale m where he o ffered sa crifices t o G o d

“
A pl a ce fo r t he sp re a din g of n e s t in t he midst o f the
,

— in t he te mple a cc o rding to t he high prie st s

’

se a Ez ek xxv i 5
.
”
. . .
,

directi o ns .

D u ring the siege o f Tyre D a ri u s wro te a gain , While a t Jer u s alem t he h igh priest sho we d ,
t o Alex a n d er o ffering t o cede to him al l the
, Alex ander the p a s sa ges in t he pro phecy o f D a niel
pro v in c es we st o f the E u phr ates t o give him his , rela ting t o himself an d wh ic h n o w de ma nd o u r ,
d a u ghter in ma rri a ge a s a fr iend a n d a lly a n d , , a ttent i o n The pr o p hec ie s whic h rel ate t o t he
.

t alents fo r t he ra nsom o f his fa mil y In . Ma cedo Greci a n e mp ire ar e exceedingly re ma rk

-

o rder t o gain his c o nsent t o these terms D a ri u s a ble a n d t he re a der in tra cing them in t he
, ,

p inted o ut t o him t he in c o nst ancy Of fo rtu ne

o /
, dre a ms a n d vi si o ns c ann o t fa il t o o b serve tha t , ,

a n d describe d in p o mp o us terms t he n u mberless they be c o me pr o gressi v ely mo re definite t ill a t ,

tr o o p s whi ch were still at his c o mmand When .

‘

l a st t he king o f Greci a Alex a nder l S di stin ctly ,

”
,
the se pro p o sal s were c o mmu nic a ted t o his privy menti o ned We s hall n o t i ce the m in t he order
c o u ncil P a rmeni o said
.

, I w o u ld a ccept the m , the y were reve aled .

were I Alex a nder The fi r s t d7 ea m B C 5 6 9 —

” ”
And I t o o replied he
.
, , This w a s o f a
were I P a rmeni o
. .
,
“
B u t Alex a nder ret u rne d
.
c o mp o u nd 1ma ge o f g o ld sil v er bra ss an d ir o n , , , ,

the foll o wing a nswer T hat he w a nted n o den o ting fo u r succes si ve kingdo ms D a n .

mo ney from D ariu s n o r w o ul d a ccept p a rt o f t he

,

, 31 45 No w 1 n a ncient c o i ns an d med al s it is
.

c o u ntry S i nce he w a s l o rd o f t he w ho le that if

, u su a l t o se e cities a n d n a ti o ns represented by
he cho se he c o u ld ma rry the dau ghter o f D a ri u s , hu ma n figures ma le o r fe male A v a st ima ge o f
, .

even with o u t his c o nsent ; an d t hat he requ ired
D ar i u s t o c o me t o him if he wis hed t o ma ke
”
Alex ander his friend .
Doesp airing o f pe a ce with s u c h a hau ghty fo e
D ari u s c o nt i n u ed hi s prep a ra ti o n s fo r w a r w hile
a huma n figu re w a s t herefo re a fit e mble m o f
, so vereign p o wer a n d d o mini o n while the mate ,
ri al s o f w hich it w as c o mp o sed signific a ntly
, typified the c ha ra cter o f t he v a ri o u s empire s t he ,
, su c ce ssi o n o f w hi c h w as fo re sho wn by t h e v i si o n ,

Alexa nder pr o ceeded o n his syste matic pla n o f a n d w hich ha s been so well expl a ined by t he
c o nq u e st .
pro phet himself an d with t he i l lu str ati o n derived
,
The pe o ple o f Jer u s alem ha d refu sed him fro mhis o w n fu t u re vi si o n s t ha t little o r n o c av il ,
su pplies d u ring t he siege o f T re a n d reje c ted
y , has t a ken plac e o n e ssenti al p o ints except in tha t ,
hi s fri endshi p decl a ring th a t as they had t aken , p o rtio n yet u nfu lfilled The he ad o f fine g o ld .
”
,
 H ISTOR Y OF TH E PERS IA N S .

as we h ave seen in t he a rticle N ebu ch a dnezz a r , his strength after the s u cce ssi o n o f t he Persi a n
,

represented t he B abylo ni a n e mpire The o th er . p o wer u nder Cyrus it ha d t w o ho rn s with w h i c h ,

p a rts do wn w a rd repre sented t he gre at e mpires “

it w as p u shing o r bu tting we stw a rd a n d n o rth , ,
”
whic h sh o u ld s u cce ssively a rise u p o n its r uins . w ard a n d s o u thw a rd o r su bd u ing Lydi a B aby l o
, , ,

The bre a st a n d a rms o f silver den o ted the n ia a n d Egypt with t he ir dependencie s an d d o ing
, ,

Medo Per si a n kingdo m And it is re ma rk able

-
. a c c o rd ing t o his w ill a n d bec o ming gre a t D an , , .

tha t their a rms an d shields were frequ ently o rn a v iii 3 4 The r am w a s th e a rmo r i a l ensig n o f
.
, .

men t e d o r c a sed with silver whence Alex a nder , the Persi an e mp ire a n d r a ms he a ds with u neq ua l ,
’
,

in stitu ted tha t re ma rk able b o dy o f veter a n in h o rns o n e higher th a n t he o ther a r e still to be

, ,

fan t r y c alled Argyr aspide s fr o m their silver

“
, seen o n t he r u ined pill a rs o f Persep o lis The .

shields after t he c o nqu est o f the Persi a ns , l o w er h o rn den o ted t he Me di a n po wer ; t he

a do pting t h e ma nners o f t he c o nq u ered n a ti o ns c a me u p l a st ”
. higher whic h , t he Persi a n , .

This e mpire l a sted fro m B c 5 3 6 t o the b attle . . W hile t he pr o phet w a s med ita ting o n the r a m ,

o f Arbel a B c 3 3 1 ,
The belly an d thighs o f
. . . a he g o a t fr o m the west with a n o table horn ,
”
bra ss ( see D a n ii 3 2 ) den o ted the Ma cedo . . between his eyes ( Alex a n der t he Gre a t ) w ho , ,

Greci a n kingdo ms o f Alex a nder an d his su c ~

t o u c hed n o t the gro u n d (fo r swiftnes s ) tra ver sed , ,

c e sso rs .And the Greeks us u a lly w o re br a zen t he wh o le e a rth (o r t he Pers ia n e mpire ) a n d r a n

, ,

a rmo u r w h ence the Egypti a n o r a cle described

, a t t he r a m ( D a ri u s Co do ma nn u s) in t he fu ry o f

the m o n o n e o cc a si o n a s bra zen men rising o u t his p o wer a n d w as mo ved w it h c h o ler a ga in st

“

o f the se a Thi s e mpire l asted 1 6 3 ye a rs t o

.
”
him an d s mo te t he r a m a n d bra ke his t w o horns
, , ,

the c o nqu est o f t he first kingdo m Ma c edo ni a , ,

—a n d c a st him d o wn t o the gro u n d a n d sta mpe d ,

B c 1 68 a n d 3 00 ye a rs t o t he c o nqu est o f t he
. .
,
u p o n hi m : a n d t here w as n o n e th a t co u ld de
la st Egypt B c 30 ; w hen the legs o f iro n
, ,
“
. .
,
”
liver t he r a m o u t o f his h a nd Therefo re t he .

“
a n d the feet p a rt of ir o n an d p a rt o f cl a y
, , he g o a t w a xed very gre a t : a n d w he n he w as
whi ch refers to t he R o man power tr ampled over , stro ng the gre a t ho rn w as bro ken ; an d fo r it
,

the m by c o nqu e st . c a me u p fo u r n o table ones [ the fo u r kingd o ms o f

The fi r s t visio n B c 5 58 — Thi s visi o n c o rre ,
. . . M aced o Greece Thr ace Syri a an d Egypt ] t o
-
, , ,

Spo n ds to the dre a m p o rtr a ying t he s a me things wa rd t he fo u r win ds o f h e av e n ver 4 — 8 The ”

. .
, ,

u nder living e mble ms The fo u r kingdo ms in

c

. interpreta ti o n o f this v isi o n is gi v en by the a n

it ar e represented by fo u r fero cio us wild be asts gel w ho showed it t o t he pr o p het The r a m .

rising out of the se a agitated by the fo u r winds ,

w hich t ho u s a west h a v ing t w o ho rns ar e t he
striving fo r the mastery The first be a st re se m . kings [ o r kingd o ms] o f Medi a a n d Per si a And .

bled a li o n with e agle s wings t o den o te t he ’

, the r o u gh go a t is t he king [ o r kingd o m] o f
fi er cen e ss a n d ra pidity o f N eb u ch adnezz a r t he , Greci a : a n d t he gre a t h o rn tha t is between his
fo u nder o f t he B abylo ni a n e mpire which a cc o rds , eyes is t he first king [ Al e x a n den ] No w t ha t
with the description o f th at mo n a rch by the pr o being bro ken where a s fo u r sto o d u p fo r it fo u r
, ,

p h e t s Jere m i a h a n d Ezekiel See Jer iv 7 ; xlviii . . . . k ingd o ms sh all st a nd u p o u t o f t he n a t io n but n o t ,

4 0 ; a n d Ezek xv ii 3 At the ti me o f thi s vision

. . . , in his p o wer ver 2 0— 2 2 Ancient a u tho rs state
,
”
. .

its wings were pl u cked a n d it w as lifted u p fro m , t ha t t he figu re o f a g o at w as represented o n t he

the e a rt h a n d made stand upon the feet as a
,
r o y a l st a nd ard o f t he M a cedo ni a n kings a n d t ha t
ma n an d it a ls o had a man s he a rt a n d n o t
“
t he o rigin o f thi s de v ice c o mmenced with C a ra
’
,

t he b o ldness o f t he li o n ; th at is its c a reer w a s , n u s t he first o f th o se kin gs

,
The re a s o n is th u s .

checked a n d its st ability we a kened by the vic

, as signed C a r an u s they say w a s a n a tive o f
.
, ,

to ries o f Cyrus D an vii 4 The se c o nd be a st r e

, . . . Argo s an d a re mo te des c end a nt o f the renowned
,

se mbled a be ar r a ised o n o n e side w ith three ribs

, ,
Herc u les Car an u s left his n a tive city a ec o m
. ,

in its teeth a ptly expressing the Med o Persi a n n ied by a c o nsider able b o dy o f Greek s in
-
a
, p ,

e mpire ; D a ri u s the Mede being o f a sluggish se a rch o f a fo reign settle ment C o ns u lting t he .

disposit io n u ntil stimul ated to c o nqu est by C y

, o r a cle w h ere he sh o u ld est ablish his c o l o ny ,

r us his n ephew w ho red u ced Ly di a B abylo ni a

, , , , he w a s a nswered th a t he sh o u ld be g u ided in his
a n d Egypt u nder his d o mini o n three kin gd o ms , me as ures by the dire cti o n o f t he go a ts He .

a nswering t o the three ribs ver 5 The third , . . p u rs u ed his c o u r se int o the c o u ntry since kn o wn
bea st rese mbled a le 0 p ard in its n a ture an d mo by the n a me o f M a cedo ni a a n d p a rtic u l arly t he ,

ti o ns with two p air o f wings t o express ra p idity

, , small princip al ity o f JEma t hia then governed by ,

w hich a ptly denoted the fo u nder o f the M aced o a prince c a lled Mid a s a n d dre w ne a r t o its c a p i ,

ni a n e mpire This be ast had a ls o fo u r he ads

. , t al Ede ss a
,
The sky being s u ddenly o v erc ast
. ,

which shad o wed forth the fo u r kingd o ms o f t he a n d a gre a t storm c o ming o n C ara n us o b serv ed ,

Greeks — Macedo n Thra ce Syri a a n d Egypt , , , a herd o f g o a ts r u nning fo r shelter t o t he c i ty .

into which his e mpire w as divided after t he de a th Rec o llecting the resp o n se o f t he o ra cle he c o m ,

o f Alex a nder ver 6 The fo u rth be ast w hich

, . .
, ma n ded his men t o fo ll o w the m clo sely a n d e n ,

represented the Roma n power w as the mo st ter , tering the city by s u rprise he p o ssessed hi mself ,

rible o f all exceedingly str o ng with gre at iron

, , o f it a n d a fterw a rds o f the king do m
,
In gra ti .

t eeth with w hic h it dev o u red an d brak e in pieces

,
t u de t o his c o ndu cto rs t he go a ts he ch anged t he , ,

t he o thers a n d tr ampled u p o n the resid u e etc n ame o f the pl a ce t o ZEge a o r “

, , . t he city o f ,

ver 7 8
.
, . g o ats c alled hi s pe o ple JEgeat e s a n d ma de u se
, ,

The second vis io n B c 5 5 6 At the date o f .

-
o f a go a t in his st a nd a rd in o rder t o perpet u a te ,

As t he r am there
. .
,

thi s visio n t he B a bylo ni an e mpire w as fa l len r a

, t he me mory o f t his event . ,

pidl y into dec a y ; hence it describes mo re pa r fo re w a s t he sy mb o l o f t he Med o Per si a n e m

,
-

t ic u l a r l t h e s u c c e ssi o n o f t he se c o nd t hird a n d
y , , pire so th a t o f a g o a t w as symbolic a l o f Alex
,

fo u rth e mpires On the b anks o f t he river Ul ai. , a nder t he Gre a t In this v i sion the R o ma n
. ,

D a niel sa w a r a m s t a nding o r e st a bli shed in ower which w as t o tri u mph o ver t he se e mpire s
, p , ,
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

is repres ented u nder the figu re o f a king o f an d he n p a ssed o n t o o bta in thi s c o n su mma
soo

fierce c o u nten a nce which will cl aim more am tio n o f his w ishes Befo re he left Jer u s ale m he
”
.
, ,

ple no tic e here after as se mbled t he Jews an d b a de the m ask a n

.
, y fa v o u r
The f o ur th vis ion B c 53 4 — In the revel ati o n o f
, . . . they ple ased T hey requ e ste d t o be all o wed t o
.

t his vi si o n after D a niel had been re c o vered fro m

,
l iv e a c c o rd ing t o t he l a w o f their fa thers a s well ,

a tra nce into whic h he ha d fallen by t he t o u ch ,

as t he Jew s resident in B abyl o ni a a n d Medi a ;

o f t he ha nd o f the a ngel the pl a in Scriptu re of ,

a n d t o be exe mpt every seventh ye a r fro m t heir

t ru th is unfo lded T hat which rel ates t o t he Per

”
. us u a l trib u te expl ain ing th at they were fo rbidden
, ,

si ans an d Alex ander re a ds th u s : And n o w will by their l a ws t o sow in t hat ye a r an d conseq u ently ,

I sh o w thee the truth Beho ld there s ha ll st a nd .

,
c o u ld re a p n o h a rvest Alex a nder gr a nted the se
.

hi m om req u ests an d pro mi sed all w ho were willing to

u p y e t three kings in Per si a [ a fter fr , ,

w ho m the v isio n c o mmen c ed D a rius N o thu s ,

serve u nder his st and ard th at they sh o ul d fo ll o w ,

n amely Art a xerxes Mne mo n Ochu s an d D a ri u s

, , , their o w n mo de o f w o rship an d o bey their o w n ,

Co do man n u s a n d t he fo u rth [ D a ri u s Co d o man c u sto ms which ac t o f p o l icy g ained a n a u gment

,

n u s] shal l be far ric her tha n they a ll : a n d by a ti o n t o his fo rces fr o m th a t pe o ple

Al ex ander had n o s o o ner left Jerus alem tha n
.

his strength thro u gh his r iches he s hall stir up

al l a ga inst the re a l m o f Greci a [ w h ich a s we , , he w as w a ited up o n by a dep u t atio n of S amari
h av e seen he did do ] An d a mighty king [ Alex
,
. t a n s w ho s o licited him t o visit their te mple w hich
, ,

a nder] sh all st and u p th a t sh all r u le with gre a t , he declined st a ting th at he w as c o mpelled t o

,

d o min io n an d do a cc o rding t o his will And when

,
. h a sten o nw a rd t o t he c o nqu est o f Egypt They .

he sh all st and up [ in his strength ] his kingdo m

, , then r eq u ested exe mpt io n fr o m p ay ing the se
sha ll be bro ken an d sh all be divided t o w a rd the
,
venth ye a r tribu te which had been gra nted t he ,

fo u r winds o f he aven ; an d n o t t o his p o sterity , Jews but receiving a n a mbig u o us a nswer t o

n o r a cc o rding t o his d o minion whi c h he rule d : the qu e stion whether they were Jews Alex ander ,

fo r his kingdo m sha ll be plucked u p even fo r , s u spended the ma tter till his retu rn a nd con ,
t in u e d his ma rch t o wa rds G a z a
[ n amely for his fo ur gene
”
o thers beside th o se , , .

ral s ] D an xi 2 —4
, . . . On his a rriva l a t G a z a Alex ander fo u nd it de ,

F ro m these pr o phecies the re ader will perceive ,

fended by a stro ng ga rrison u nder the c o mma nd
th a t the Almighty presides over all events w hich o f Betis o n e o f t he e u n u chs o f D a ri u s
, w ho being
h appen in t he w o rld a n d rules with abs o lu te a ma n o f gre a t experience in milit a ry a ffa irs a n d
, ,

sw a y over man cities a n d e mpires ; while he

, ,
fa ithful t o his s o vereign re so lved t o hold o u t ,

co nce als t he o per ati o ns o f his wisd o m a n d ,

a g a inst Alex ander t o t he l a st extre mity As this .

the wo nders o f his pro vidence bene ath t he veil ,

w as the o nly inlet o r p a ss int o Egypt it w a s n e ,

o f n at u r a l ca u ses an d ordin a r y events In al l . c essar y fo r hi m t o t ake it a n d therefo re he w as ,

th at pro fane history exh ibits t o u s w hether sieges , ,

o bliged to besiege it B u t a lth o ugh every ar t o f
.

o r the c apt u re o f cities b a ttles w o n o r l o st e m , ,

w a r w as res o rted t o a n d gre a t bra very w as dis ,

pire s established o r o verthro wn G o d is n o t de ,

pl a yed by his w a rri o rs t w o mo nths elapsed be ,

scribed a s h aving a n y c o ncern in these things ,

fo re its redu ctio n Ex a sperated a t this impedi
s

a n d s o me w o u ld s u pp o se th at ma n is a b and o ned ment in his ma rc h a n d his receiving t w o w o u nds

, ,

t o w o rk a cc o rding to his o w n will a n d ple as u re . o n t aking it he destr o yed ten t ho usa nd me n a n d

, ,

B ut t o prevent o u r falli ng into s u c h a te mpt ati o n ,

s o ld all the rest with their wives an d children
, .

so rep u gn a nt to religi o n a nd re a s o n itself the ,

He tre a te d the govern o r who w a s t aken pris o ner , ,

Mo st High s o meti mes c o ndescends t o disc o ver t o in the l a st a ss a ult with u nwo nted b a rb a rity , .

o u r w o n d ering eyes the secret S p r ings o f his r o

p When bro u ght befo re him c o vered with h o n o u r ,

v iden ce by c au sing his pr o phets t o fo retell a ges

, ,
a ble wo u nds inste a d o f u sing him kindly a s his
, .

befo re the event wh a t s hall befall the di fferent

,
v al o u r an d fidelity merited he o rdered a ho le t o ,

n atio ns o f the e arth He reve als here t o the
“
man gre atly belo ved the o rder the s u cc essi o n
. be ma de thr o u gh his heels when a c o rd being pu t ,
, , ,
thro u gh the m a n d tied t o a cha ri o t he c aused
, ,

a n d the different c a r a c teri stics o f t he fo u r gre a t him t o be dra gged r o u nd t he city till he expired
h .

e mpi res t o which he ha s determined t o s u bject These were la menta ble a cti o ns an d den o te th a t ,

the different n ati o ns o f t he u niverse ; n amely ,

the sentiments an d condu ct of Alex ander be g an ,

tha t o f t he B abylo ni ans o f the Persi a ns an d ,

to ch ange with his pr o sperity .

Medes of the Greeks an d o f the R o mans

, , . Ancient hi st o ri ans rela te th at t he conduct o f ,

T hese an d o ther pro phecies in whi c h G o d ex Alex ander to wa rds Betis sprung from a desire
m
, ,

pl a i ns h i self so cle a rly sho uld be c onsidered as o f i mita ting t he fer o city o f A c hilles in dr agging ,
,

v ery pre c i o us an d serve as so many keys to o pen

, t he de a d b o dy o f Hect o r th rice r o und the w a lls o f
t o o u r u nderstanding the secret meth o ds by which Tro y This is o n e o f the mischiefs of a warlike
.

he govern s t he w o rl d These bright ra ys o f l ight . edu ca tio n it disp o ses the mind to delight in the
sho ul d en able a ra tio n al an d religio u s man t o see recita l o f deeds o f c arn age an d n o poe m is mo re ,

an d a ckn o wledge the Divi ne h a nd in the v a ried c alcu l ated t o pro duce such fiendish fee lings th an
events o f pro fane histo ry Strain s sh o ul d fo ll o w . the Ili ad o f Homer Alex ander exce l led even .

the review o f this his pro to type Achilles in cr uelty Achilles w a s .

pro mpted by the pa ssion o f revenge fo r the de ath

k n owl e dgmen t a ddr e sse d
o f ac
o f his mu ch l o ved P a tr o cl u s wh o m He c to r ha d
To a n A u th o rit y e n thr o n e d ab o v e ,

The re a ch o f sig ht —Wo n n sw o n r n .

" sl a in an d o ver w ho m he mo u rned in t he tenderest
,

The c o ndu c t o f Alex ander t o wa rds

.

a ccents .
'

The efi ect
which the n a rrati o n o f these pr o his fal len fo e Bet is w a s n o t a ttended with ex
phe cies ha d u p o n the mi nd o f Alex ander may be t e n u at in g circ u mst an c es He had n o o ther mo .

re adi ly c o nceived He lo o ked u pon t he c o nqu est

. tive t o s atia te his inhu ma n ra ge but t he brave de
of the Persi a n e mpire as al re ady in his ha nds , fence w hich Beti s made o f the city e ntrusted t o
 HIS TOR Y OF THE PER SIAN S .

his ch arge by his l awful sovereign u nless we , the c o u ntry thr o u h which he w a s t o p ass B ut .

ex c ept the v a in desire o f i mit ating A chil les . it w as t o o la te ith his u s u a l r a pi d ity Al ex
.
,

There is yet a n o ther light in whi ch this a c ti o n a nder ha d re a c hed a n d p ass e d t ha t r a p id river in ,

mus t be v iewed It mu st be reme mbered tha t it a b o u t twenty three ho u r s tra velling a cc o rding to
’
-
.
,

w a s n o t t he a ct o f a h a lf civili zed s a v a ge (fo r

-
, H a dgy K halifa ab o ve M o u sul an d twenty fo u r, ,
-

t he he ro es o f H o mer were n o better it w a s miles belo w the ri dge o f Z aeo At t hi s se a so n .

,

c o mmitted by a civil ized prince o n e w ho w a s ,

the Tigris w as at its l o west ebb .

bro u ght u p at t he feet o f Aristo tle t he gre a test , Alex ander enc amped t w o d ays o n the b a nks o f
phil o s o pher of hi s da y a n d w ho w as hi mself r e ,
the Tigris On t he evening o f the se c o nd d ay
.
,

n o w n e d fo r his le a rning a n d ph il o s o p hy And . Sept 2 0 there w as a re ma rk able luna r e c lip se

.
, ,

yet n o a ctio n o f th o se b a rb a ro us s o vereigns , whic h gave Alex a nder an d his a rmy gre a t u n
the Persi a n kings c o u ld exceed thi s in refined ,
e a siness The s o ldiers excla imed tha t He aven
.

cru elty Al a s ! civiliz ati o n witho u t C hristianity

. displ ayed the ma rks o f its a nger ; an d that they
is bu t a n o ther term fo r barb a ris m It is o nl y by . were dra gged aga inst the will o f the go ds to the
, ,

the h allo wed d o ctr ines o f t he go spel tha t man extremities of the e a rth ; t ha t rivers o pp o sed
c a n l ea rn h u ma nity Alre ady C hristia nity h as .
, their p ass age tha t t he sta r s refused t o len d their
mitiga ted t he feel ings o f ambiti o n an d revenge ,
u sua l light a n d th a t they c o u ld see nothing bu t
,

when ce So many w o es h a ve a ri sen to t he h u ma n

‘

deserts a n d s o litu des befo re the m They were u p .

r a ce This is a n o ble a chi eve ment Here after

. .
, o n the p o int of a n insu rrecti o n w hen Alex a nder ,

ma nkin d will be t aught by its ha ll o wed d o ctrines s u mmo ned the o ffi c ers o f his a rmy into his tent an d ,

t o l o o k u p o n a hero i n hi s tr u e light as a de , c o mma nded the Egyptia n s o o thsayers t o de c la re

stroyer o f his species ; here aft er u nder its benign , wh at they th o u ght o f this pheno men o n T hese .

infl uence they will weep o v er t he recita l o f deeds

,
me n were well a cqu a inted with the n a t u re a n d
o f bl o od a n d mo u rn over t he sl a u ghter of their
,
c au ses o f eclipse s but witho u t expl a ining these ,

species ; here after they sh all u nivers a lly p as s “

they c o ntented the mselves with sta ting t ha t the ,

by securely as men a vers e fro m w a r serv ing , sun r u led in Greece and the mo o n in _Pe r sia ; ,

under t he b a nner o f t he Prince o f Pe a ce . whence as o ften as t he mo o n su ffered an e c lip se

, ,

As s o o n as Alex a nder had ended t he siege o f s o me c al a mity w as p o rtended to the c o u ntry .

G a z a B C 3 32 he left a ga rriso n there a n d

,
. .
, , T his a nswer s atisfied the superstiti o us mul titu de ,

t urned the w ho le power of his a r ms tow a rds an d their hope s an d c o u rage revi ved .

Egypt o f which c o u ntry he p o ssessed hi mself

,
T aking adva nt age o f the a rd o u r o f his a rmy ,

wit ho ut a single c o nflict a s rel at ed in the His t o ry , Alex a nder rec o mmenced his ma rc h aft er mid
of t he Egypti ans t o which the re a der is referred ,
n ight On his right h and l ay t he Tigris a nd on
.
,

fo r the det ails . his left the mo untains c al led C o r dy aei * At day .

H aving settled the affa irs of Egypt Alexander
set o ut from thence in t he S pring o f t he ye a r
B C 3 3 1 to m
. . a rc h int o t he e as t a ga inst D a ri u s
,
He fir st h alt ed at Tyre where he a pp o inted t he
, bre a k he received inte lligence tha t the a rmy o f
, D a ri u s w as ne a r ; bu t it pro ved o nly t o be the
. . det a chment sent t o prevent his p a ss age a cro ss t he
, Tigris These retired before hi m an d rej o ined
.
,

general rendezv o us o f al l his forces F ro m . the a rmy o f D ariu s .

then ce he ma rc hed to t he E u phr ates which he , Abou t this time Alex ander intercepted s o me ,

cro ssed a cc o rding t o B ennel a t R a cc a o r N ice

, , , letters written by Da rius to the Greeks s o l iciting ,

h r i u m a n d conti nu e d his ma rch tow a rds the them with gre a t pro mises either to kill o r be
p o , , ,
a

T igr is . tr ay him .

D u ring the a bsence of Alex a nder in Egypt , Wo rd w as brou ght t o hi m a bout the s a me time
s o me S amarita ns perh aps enr aged that they ha d ,
th at St at ir a the wife of D a ri u s w as de ad He
, , .

not o bt ained the s a me privileges as the Jews set , c aused t he funeral o bsequi es of t he dece ased
fire to the house o f An dr o mac hus wh o m he had , princess t o be perfor med with the u t mo st mag
a p po inted their governor a n d he perish ed in t h e , n ifi c e n ce a n d co mfo rted the o ther r o y al pri soners
,

fl ames The o ther S ama rit ans delivered up the

. with gre a t tenderness D arius w a s info rmed o f .

culprits t o Alex a nder o n his return ; bu t the c o n this an d being a ssu red o f the respect p aid t o her
,

q u e r o r w as so enr aged th a t n o t s a tisfied with , , by the c o nqu er o r in her lifetime he is s a id t o ,

their punishment he removed the S ama rita ns , have pr a yed t o the gods th at if the ti me ord ained ,

fr o m t heir city a n d transferred t hither a Ma ce , fo r the tra nsferring o f the Persi a n e mp ire in t o
do n ian c o l o n T his event precluded t he rec o n o t her h a n ds w a s a rrived n o ne might sit o n the
y ,
.

sider a ti o n of th eir previ o u s cla im res pecting the , thro ne o f Cyrus bu t Alex ander Overc o me by .

s abba tic ye a r ; an d th u s excl u ded from S ama ri a , t he tenderne ss a n d hu ma nity which Alex a nder
the S amarita ns thenceforth made Shechem their ‘
had sh o w n his wife mo ther a n d ch ildren D a ri u s , , ,

metr o p o lis . disp atched ten o f his rel ati o ns a s a mbassadors ,

In the mean ti me Da ri u s finding th at there , , o ff ering himnew c o nditi o ns of pe ace more adva n ,

w er e n o ho pes o f an a cco mmo dati o n u nles s he t a geo us th a n t he fo rmer ; o ffering him inde d
e , ,

resigned the wh o le e mpire a pplied himself t o , all th a t he had conqu ered an d returni ng hi m ,

make prep ara t io ns fo r a n o ther enga gement Fo r . t ha nks fo r his k indne ss t o his r o y al c ap t ives .

t his p u rp o se he a sse mbled a very c o nsider a ble

, Alex ander return ed the fo ll o wing h aughty a n
army in B abyl o n wit h which he t o o k t he field an d , , swer : Tell y our s o v ereign that tha nks be , ,

marc hed tow a rds N ineveh Advi c e be ing br o u ght . tween pers o ns w ho ma ke w ar a gainst e ach o ther ,

hi m th a t the ene my w as adv a ncing he det a ched ,

Sa t r o pa t e s co mma nder o f the c a v alry a t the

, ,
T hi s pr o v e s that Al e xa n de r pa sse d t h e Tigr i s a b o v e
head o f 1 000 c ho sen horse an d M a z ee us g o ver M o n su l Fro m t he de fil e o f Z ac o t o tha t pl a c e t h e c o u n
.

t r y i s fo r t h e mo st p a rt a pl a i n h a v i n g t he T igr i s o n t h e
, ,

nor o f th at pro vince with 6 000 to prevent an d a n d t h e ra n g e o f t h e Z a gr o s a t a d ista n ce o n

,

tl l e l ep
, , r i gh t
Alexander from c r o ssing t he Ti gris a nd to w a ste
,

, t .
 H IST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

ar e super flu o us an d th a t in c ase I h ave beh a ved f ully c o nfident o f o bta ining the e mpire o f t he e ast
w ith cle mency tow a rds his fa mily it w as fo r my o n t he mo rr o w a n d tha t he s ho uld reign with o u t
, ,

o w n sa k e an d n o t fo r his
, t o gratify my o w n in a ri v a l .

c lin a tion a n d n o t t o ple ase him

, To insul t t he Th e mo rr o w c a me an d b o th S ides prep ared
.
,

u nha ppy is a thing t o me u nkn o wn I do n o t fo r b a ttle B o th a rmi es were dr aw n u p in the

. .

a tta ck ei t h er priso ner s o r w o men a n d t u rn my s ame o rder t he infa ntry in the centre an d the
, , .
,

o nly a ga inst s u c h as a r e a r me d fo r t he fight c av a lry o n t he wings The fro nt o f the Persi a n . .

If riu s were sin c ere in hi s demand fo r pe a ce a rmy w a s c o vered with t w o hundred ch a rio ts , ,

I then w oul d deba te o n w hat w as t o be do ne ; a rmed with scyt h es a n d twenty fiv e elep ha nts ,
-
.

bu t since he st ill c o ntin u e s by letters a n d by Be sides his gu ards which were the flo wer Of
, ,

mo ney t o spirit u p my s o l diers t o betra y me an d

,
hi s ar my D a rius had p o sted t he Gre c i an infa ntry , ,

my frie nds t o mu rder me I therefo re a m deter ,ne a r his pe rs o n believing this b o dy al o ne c ap a ,

mi ned t o p u rs u e him wit h t he u tmo st vigo u r a n d bl e o f Opp o sing the M a cedo ni an ph ala nx As .

th a t n o t as an ene my bu t an a ss assin It indeed , hi s ar my Spre a d o ver a l a rger sp ac e o f gr o u nd

.

becomes hi m to o ffer t o y ield u p t o me wh at I th a n tha t o f t he ene my he inten ded t o s u rro u nd , ,

a lre ady posse ss ! Wo uld he be sa tisfied with a n d to ch a rge the m a t the same ti me b o th in ,

r an king seco nd t o me wi th o u t pretending t o be , fro nt an d fla nk Alex ander a nticip ate d this an d .

,

my equ al I might p o ssibly then hea r him Tell

,
ga ve directi o ns acc o rdingly He had po sted in
'

. .
,

him tha t th e wo rld will n o t pe rmit two s u ns n o r t he fr o nt o f his first line the gre ate st p a rt o f his ,

t w o sovereigns Let him therefo re either c ho o se

. bo wmen slinger s an d j a vel in me n in i o r der tha t , , ,

to su rrender t o da y o r meet me t o mo rr o w ; an d
-
, they might c o untera ct the e ffect o f the ch ari o ts
-
,

n o t t o fl a tter hi mself with the h o pes o f bett er su c by d ischa rging their miss iles at t he ho rses t o ,

ce ss tha n he has had h itherto frighten the m Th o se who le d the wings were
.
”
.

By thi s t he re a der will perceive th at Al e x ander o rder e d t o extend the m as w idely as p ossible ,

had bec o me intoxic at ed with his success Oh bu t in su ch a ma nner as n o t t o we a ken t he ma in .

,

ho w ha rd it is to be a r pr o sperity with a prope r b o dy 2 Pa r meni o c o mma nded the left wing a n d .

,

frame of mind Tr u ly has it be en s ai d th at w hen Alex ander the r ight The t w o a rmi es s oo n
,
.

the cha nnels of plenty r u n high an d every appc j o ined is su e The cha ri o ts fail ed in the e ffect
, .

t ite is plied with a b u nd ance an d va riety so th at intended a n d the Persi an c av alry in the left , ,

sa tisfacti o n is bu t a mea n word to express its wing were rep u l sed u p o n which D a ri u s set his ,

enj o y ment then th e inbred co rruption o f the

,
wh o le ar my in mo ti o n in o rder t o o verwhel m ,

h uman he art shows itse l f pa mpe red an d insolent

'

the Ma cedo ni ans Up o n seein g t ln s Alex a n der , .

,

t o o un ruly fo r discipline a n d t oo big fo r c o r r ec ,

e mpl o yed a strata ge m t o enc o u r age h is soldiers .

When the strife w a s at t he he ight an d fu ry per ,

The amba ss adors of D a ri u s ret u rned a n d in v aded every bre a st Ar ista n der t he s o o ths ayer
, , , ,

fo rmed him that he mu st n o w prep a re fo r ba ttl e clo thed in his white r o bes a n d ho lding a branch
.
.
,

Accor dingly; he pitched his c amp ne a r a v ill age o f l au rel in hi s h and a dva nced a mong t he ,

c alled G au gamel a * an d the river B umell us t he tr o o ps crying tha t he saw a n e a gle (a s u re

, , ,

mo dern H az ir Su in a plai n a t a c o ns iderable o me n o f victory ) ho vering o ver t he he a d o f

,

dist ance fro m Arbel a w here he had befo re level ,

Alex ander t o which pretended bird he p o inted ,

led the gr o u nd th at his c av a lry a n d ch a ri o ts with hi s finger The s o ldiers relying u po n his
,
.

might mo ve a n d a ct with mo re e a se At the w o rd an d ima gining tha t they a ls o sa w the. ,

same time he had prep a re d c a l t r o ps j to a nn o y e agle renewed the att a ck with gre ater re sol u ' '

the enemy s ho rse ti o n th an ever The b attle w as o bstin ate a n d

’
. .

Alex ander he a ring th at D a riu s w as so ne a r bl o o dy ; bu t the Ma cedo ni an s prev a iled Alex ,

.

c o ntin u ed fo ur d ays in his c amp to rest the a r my and er h aving w o unded t he eq u erry of D a ri u s .

Du ring this ti me he w as enga ge d in surroundin g with a j a ve l in t he Persi an s as well as the

, , ,

it with deep trenches an d p alis ades bein g deter M a cedoni ans i mag ined tha t t he king w as
m
, ,

killed u pon which t he former were se ized with

i
i ned to lea v e h s b a gga ge t here an d s u ch of ; ,

hi s tro o ps as were un a ble t o j o in in t he c o nflict t he gre atest c o n stern a ti o n The rel ati o ns of .
.

On the fifth mo rnin g he set o ut a bo u t t he sec o nd D a ri u s w ho were a t his left h and fled aw a y
, , ,

w atc h de signing t o enga ge the ene my at bre a k with t he gu a rds but thos e who were at his right
,

of da y Arriving at some mo u ntains fro m whence s u rr o u n ded him in order t o resc u e him fro m
.
,

he c o uld descry the ene my s a rmy he ha lted ; de ath Histo rian s rela te th a t he drew his seimi
’
,
.
,

a n d h a vi n g a sse mbled hi s o fficers he d eb a ted

.

t a r a n d reflected whether h e o u ght not t o l a y

, ,

w het he r he sho u ld att ac k the m i mmed i ately o r

‘

violent h ands up o n hi mself r a ther th a n flee in a n , ,

enc amp i n th at pl a ce The la tter o pini o n being ign o min i o u s ma nner ; but the l o ve o f life pr e
o

ad opted he enca mped ther e in the s ame o rder in

, v a iled an d he fled t o Arbela where he a rri ved , ,

whi ch the a rmy had ma rched an d after h aving the s ame n ight , ,
.

co nsul ted with his soot hs ayer a s w a s his usu al After D a r iu s ha d pa ssed t he Lycus so me of
, ,

wont o n the eve o f a ba tt le he retired to repose hi s a tte nda nts advised him t o bre ak d o wn the
, ,
bri dge in o rder t o sto p the pu rsuit Of t he ene my ; ,

Th e ca mp o f Da ri u s w as a b o u t t e n mil e s t o t he bu t he reflect ing ho w many o f his o w n men ,

n o rth o f t h e Ly cu s o r Z a b A cco r di n g t o N ie b u hr an d were hastening t o p a ss o v er genero usly replied
.

Re n n e l t he a n cie n t G a u g a me l a i s t o be re c o g n iz e d i n t h e
, ,

mod e m v illa g e o f K ama l i a The gro u n d a ro u n d h ere tha t he had ra ther le a ve an Open roa d to a pu r
,

s u ing ene my tha n c l o se it t o a fleeing friend

.

o ffe rs l ittl e o r n o i mp e dime n t t o t he e v o l ut io n s a n d mo v e , .

men ts of t h e l a rg e st a rmie s .
When he re ached Arbela he info rmed t ho se who ,
t The se we r e i n str u me n ts c omp o se d o f spik e s se v eral had esc aped with him tha t he design ed to le a ve ,
o f wh ich we re a nci en t ly l a i d in t h e fi e l d t hr ou g h w h i ch
,

t h e c a v a l ry w a s t o mar ch i n o r de r t ha t t he y mi g ht p i e r ce a ll fo r t he pre sent t o Alex a nder an d flee into ,

Medi a fro m whence an d from the re st o f the

,
t he fee t o f t he h orses .
, ,
 HI ST O R Y OF THE PER SIAN S .

nort he rn pro vin c es he c o u ld dra w t o gether new , d u ring w hi ch time t he pe o ple a b andoned the m
fo rc e s t o try o n c e mo re his fo rtu ne in b a ttle
,
.
sel v es t o ple as u res o f t he gr o ssest n at ure Alex
Hi sto ri ans differ as t o the n u mber o f t he Per
,
a nder ma rc h ed t o w a rds S us a i
p a s s n
g t hr o u gh ,
u

s ia n s sl a in o n this fat a l da y C u rti u s s a y s . t he fertile pr o v in c e o f Sit a ce n e He a rrived a t

Ar r ia n As he a ppr o ached the
.

,
an d D io do r u s, The S u sa i n twenty da ys
Abu l it e s go vern o r o f t he pl ac e sent his
. '

first these a u thorities sta tes that t he Ma ce

of c ity ,

do n ia n s l o st o nly 300 me n while A

, ,
r r ia n d o e s , so n t o meet h im with a pr o mise t o s u rrender ,

n o t a ll o w a third o f th a t n u mber ; bu t t his c a n the c ity int o his h ands with a ll t he tre a s u res o f ,

not be true : if t he b attle w a s so o bstin ate a n d , D a ri u s The y o u ng n o ble ma n c o n du cted Alex

.

the Persia n a rmy so n u mero u s as they make it , a nder t o t he river C ho as es

p where Abu l it e s ,

or me n ) t hey c o ul d , hi mself met him a n d perfo rmed his pro mise ,

not h ave b o u ght t he e mp ire thu s che a ply T here

.

. The tre a s u res Of S u sa were a dded t o the c o ffers .

is d o ubtless o n the o n e s ide ex a gger ati o n a n d

, ,
.
, o f Alex a nder S u rely he w as a might y r o bber !
.
,

o n t he o ther exten u a ti o n with referenc e t o the He fo u nd in t his pl ac e t he br a zen sta tu es o f

'

n u mbers st a te d The b attle w as fo u ght o n the . H ar mo diu s a n d Ar ist o git o n w hich Xerxes had ,

first o f O ct o ber B C 3 3 1 , . . . br o u ght o u t o f Gree c e a n d Alex a nder n o w r e ,

Alex a nder a fter Offering ma gnificent s a crifices

, sto red the m t o Athens .

t o the g o d s fo r t he vict o ry a n d rew a rd ing th o se

, , Le a v ing a str o ng g a rris o n in the city o f Susa
w ho had sign alized t he mselves in t he b attle pu r
,

, Alex a nder a fter having a pp o inted Archelau s

,

s ue d D a ri u s a s far a s Arbel a ; bu t befo re his a r go vern o r o f t he city M e z a r u s go vern o r o f t hc , ,

riv a l there t he fa llen mo n a rch ha d fled o v er the

,
c ita del an d A
, bu li t e s g o v ern o r o f the p r o ,

mo u nt a ins Of Ar meni a a ttended by some o f his

.

, vince o f S u si an a ma rc he d into Persis Ha ving , .

rel ati v es a n d a smal l b o dy of gua rds c alled

, cr o sse d the river Pa si Tigris (the modern J e ra hi)
M elop hor i bec ause e a ch o f t he m w o re a g o lden
, he entered t he c ou ntry o f the Ux ii This p r o .

a pple o n t he t o p o f his spe a r In Ar menia he .

, vin c e extends fr o m S u si a n a to the frontiers o f
w a s j o ined by 2 000 Greek mercen a ries w ho Persis a n d it w as g o verned by M a det es w ho
, ,

had esc a ped t he sl a u ghter . w a s n o t a fo ll o wer o f fo rtu ne F a i t hfu l t o his .

Alex ander took t he city o f Arbela where he , s o vereign he res o lved t o h o ld o u t t o the l ast
,

seized o n i mmense s u ms o f mo ney with a ll the , extre mity ; fo r which p u rpo se he retired int o a
rich furnitu re a n d eq u ip a ge o f D ar iu s an d then ,
,
stro ngho ld in t he midst of cr aggy mo u nta in s
, ,

ret u rned t o his c amp . a n d s u rr o u nded by steep precipices H aving .

The c o nqu ero r rested but a few d ays S o me . been ch ased fr o m thence he retired into the ,

cities yet re ma ined u nt aken a n d s o me pr o , cita del whence the besieged sent thirty deputies
,

v in c es u ns u bd u ed a n d he w a s u ne a sy till t hey, t o Alex a nder t o su e fo r q ua rter , Alex a nder .

were in his p o s se ssi o n He first pro ceeded t o . w o u ld n o t at first li sten to t he petiti o n ; but r e
B ab y l o n M a z ae u s w as g o v ern o r o f th a t city
. c eiv in g letters fr o m Sisigambis wh o m he had ,

an d pr o vince a n d he ha d a fter the l ate b attle

, , , left a t S u s a a n d t o wh o m M ade t e s w as rel a ted
, ,

retired thither with the re ma ins o f t he b o dy he

, he n o t o nly p a rd o ned him bu t re stored him t o ,

c o mma nded He w as al mo st p o werless ; u p o n

. his fo r mer dignity set al l the pri so ners free left , ,

t he city u nt o u c hed an d the citizens in the full

’
Alexa nder s a rriv al therefo re he delivered the , , ,

city hi mself an d his ch ildren into t he conqu er

, , , enj o y ment o f their a ncient libe rty a n d privileges .

or s
’
ha nds His ex ample w as fo ll o wed by
. H aving s u bd u ed t he U x ii Alex ander ordered ,

B agapha n e s g o vern o r o f the fo rtres s w here in a l l

, , P a rmeni o t o ma rch with p a rt Of his a r my
.the tre a sures of D a ri u s were dep o sited ; a n d t hr o u gh t he pl ain while he hi mself at the he a d , ,

Alexander entered the city a t t he he a d o f his o f his light a rmed tr o o ps cr o ssed t he mo u nta ins , ,

w h o le a rmy a s tho u gh he ha d been ma rching whi ch extend as far as Persi a O n t he fi ft h da y .

he a rrived a t the p a ss o f S u s a Ar io bar z an e s

, ,

a ga inst the enemy a n d received t he riches o f , .

,

B abyl o n . with 4 000 fo o t a n d 7 00 h o rse ha d p o ssessed

, ,

D u ring his sta y in B abyl o n Alex ander held , hi mself o f this p a ss a n d he had so po ste d his ,

ma ny c o nference s with the ma gi a n d a cting , little ba nd tha t they were o u t o f the rea ch o f
,

upon their a dvi ce he g ave directi o ns fo r ,

a rr o ws . As s oo n a s Alex ander a dv anced in
rebuilding the t e mples wh ich Xerxes had de o rder to a tta ck th e m they rolled fr o m the t o
p Of ,

mo l ishe d ; a n d amo ng others th at o f Bel u s , , . the mo u nt a ins sto nes Of a pro digi o u s size which , ,

He freq u ently c o n v er se d al so with t he Ch a l , ,

r ebo u n di n g fr o m r o ck . t o r o ck s mo te d o wn ,

de ans w ho were famo u s fo r their kn o w ledge in

,
wh o le ra nks _ The c o nquer o r w as a stound ed
. .
,

a str o n o my a n d w ho pre sented him with a str o

,
a n d ga v e o rders fo r a retre a t He withdr ew “

nO mical o bserv a tions t aken by t heir p r e de c es ,

a b o u t thirty fu rlongs where he l a y enc a mped ,

s o rs d u ring t he sp a ce of 1 9 03 ye a rs wh ich were , s o me time a fraid t o proceed an d a s ha med t o r e

, ,

sent by Cal l ist hen e s who a c c o mp anied Alex , t u rn His pride w as abo u t to be h u mbled a n d
.
,

a nder to Aristo tle

,
Befo re he dep a rted he g a v e
. , his c a reer o f victory checked when a Greek de ,

the go vernment o f the pr o v ince t o M az aeus an d , se r t er co ming t o his c a mp o ffered t o cond u ct ,

the c o mmand o f t he fo rces he left there t o Ap o l him thr o u gh by p a ths to t he t o p Of t he mo u n-

l od o r u s of A mphip o lis . t ains whence he might c o mpel t he P ersi ans t o

,
.

Ab o u t this time Alex a nder rec ei v ed recru its ,

retre a t Acc o rdingly Alex ander a t the he a d o f
.
, ,

t o t he n u mber o f 2 000 ho rse a n d fo o t , ,

so me c ho sen troo p s ha v ing fo l lowed his gui de ,

unde r the c o mmand o f Amy n t a s T he se he ih . by night o ver r o cks a n d precipi c es a rrived a

\
,

c o rp o rat ed into his vetera n a rmy hi mself being little befo re day bre ak a t t he t o p o f a mo u n t a in
-
,

presen t a t t he reviews a s Often as they were »

which c o mmanded a l l the hills where the ene my
exerci se d . w as p o sted A ch a rge w as ma de a n d they fled ;
.
,

a n d Cr a t er a s w ho ha d been le ft in the c amp be

,

Aft er a st a y o f a bou t thirty da ys i n B a byl o n , ,

 H IST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .

low dvancing w ith t he tro o ps p o sses sed him

a , cru shed u nder the r u ins o f a n e mpire alre ady
self o f t he p a ss Ar io ba r z an e s with p a rt o f t he
,

.
, shaken t o its fo u nd a tion ; wh ile a t t he same
c a v alry bre aking thro u gh t he Mac edo ni a ns ( by
, , ti me B a c tr ian a w a s o pen t o the m an d o ffered ,

whi c h a c t many were sl a u ghtered o n b o th sides ) , t he m i mmen se ri che s T hese intrig u es were .

ma de his e sc a pe o v er t he mo u ntains de signing ,

c a rried o n with gre a t secrecy ; bu t nevertheles s , ,

t o thr o w hi mself int o Persep o l is ; bu t he w a s they c a me t o the e a r s o f D a ri u s a n d he w o u ld n o t ,

c ha sed b a ck a ga in by the en e my bel o w a n d he , , bel ieve t he m In v a in did P atr o n w ho c o m

.
,

wit h mo st o f his va li a nt b a nd perished o n the ,

ma n de d the Greek s entre a t him t o pitc h his ,

mo u nt a ins . tent amo ng the m an d t o tru st t he gu a rd o f his ,

Alex a nder n o w p u rs u ed his ma r ch int o Persis , pers o n wit h me n o n wh o se fidelity he mig ht de

o r Per si a When he w a s a t so me di stan c e fro m
. pend He replied th a t it w o u ld be a le ss a ffl ic
.
,

Persepo lis t he metro p o li s o f t ha t pr o vince he

, , ti o n t o him t o be deceived by tha n t o c o nde mn ,

received letters fro m Tir ida t e s g o vern o r o f t ha t , the Per si a ns ; tha t he w o u ld suffer the w o rst o f
c ity u rging his speedy a rriv al lest the in ha bit
, , evils a mid st tho se o f his o w n n ati o n ra ther th a n ,

a nts o f t he c ity sho u ld seize the tre a s u res o f seek fo r sec u rity a mo ng str a ngers ho w fa ithfu l ,

D a ri u s t o whi c h act they were in c lined Alex . a n d a ffecti o n a te s o ever he might believe the m ;
,

a nder u pon this ne w s left his infa nt r y be hind

, , , a n d th a t he c o u ld n o t die t o o s o o n if the Per ,

ma rched the w ho le night at the he a d o f his c a si a n s o ldiers c o nsidered him u nwo rthy o f life .

v alry a n d p a ssing t he Ara xes by a bridge he

,
D a ri u s w a s so o n u ndeceived ; the traito rs seiz e d
ha d previ o usly ordered to be mad e c a me t o Per ,
him b o u nd him in ch a ins o f g o ld by w ay o f
, ,

se p o l is .
hon o ur a n d p u tting him in a cov er ed ch a ri o t
, ,

D io do r u s tells u s, th at Alex ander, h aving a s t hey ma rched t o w a rds B ac tr ian a .

semble d his tro o p s, made a speech, wherein he In t he me a n ti me Alex a nder a dv anced r apidly ,

c ha rged this city with h a ving c a u sed in n u mer to w a rds Medi a He re a ched tha t pro vince in .

a ble mi sc hie fs t o Greece , wit h i mpl ac a ble h a tred twelve d a ys mo ving ne a rly fo rty miles e a ch day
, .

t o w a rds her, an d with gro wing rich by her In th ree d a ys mo re he re a ched Ecb at an a where , ,

sp o ils To a venge t hese inj u ries , he ga ve it u p

. he w as info rmed t hat D a ri u s had retired fro m
t o t he m, t o do with the inh a bit a nts a n d t heir thence five d a ys befo re with intent t o p a ss into ,

e sta tes wh a tever th ey tho ught pr o per The li . the re mo te st pr o vinces o f his e mpire He then .

censed so ldiery r u shed into t he pl a ce , a n d pu t t o c o mmanded Pa rmenio t o l ay u p a l l the tre a s u res

t he sw o rd , with o ut mercy , all they c o u ld find . o f Persi a (wh ich a cc o rd ing t o Str ab o a n d J u s ,

The cru elties they c o mmitted were revolting t o t in a mo u nted t o ab o u t

,
sterling ex ,

h uma n n atu re : t hey show to wh a t a dre a dfu l el u sive o f t he rich gifts Alex a nder ha d mu ni
extent the de mo nia c a l spirit of revenge will fi ce n t l y given a t v ari o u s peri o ds t o his fo llowers )
c a rry a man when left t o himself o r when li , in the c a stle o f Ecb at an a under a stro ng gu a rd , ,

cens e d by a su peri o r . which he left there Alex a nder with the rest .
,

After thi s cr u el a ct le aving Cr at e r u s an d P ar , o f his a r my p u rs u ed D a riu s a n d a rrived t he

, ,

meni o in t he pl a ce Alex ander pr o cee ded with a ,

eleventh day a t R h e ges wh ich is a b o ut a d ay s ,
’

s mall b o dy t o red uce t he ne ighb o u ring cities a n d j o u rney fro m the C a spi a n Str a its He w as in .

str o ngho lds which sub mitted a t the a ppr o a c h o f

,
fo rmed th at D a riu s had p a ssed th o se straits so me
h is tro o ps He ret u rned t o Persep o lis a n d t here
. , ti me befo re which info rmati o n le aving him
,

t o o k u p his w inter qu a rters It w as d u ring this . a g a in witho u t hopes o f o vert ak ing his prey he ,

sta y tha t be destro yed the p al a ce as rel ated in , h a lted fo r five d ay s during which time he settled ,

the acc o u nt o f Persep o lis ; an ac t w o rthy o f a the affa irs o f Me di a .

G o th . The se a son w as spent in fe a sting a n d F ro m Rhage s Alex ander marched int o P a r ,

re v elling rega rdless o f t he h a v o c he had ma de

, thi a a n d en c amped t he fir st da y a t a s mall dis
,

a mo ng his species a n d o f t he de v a sta ti o n o f t he ,

t ance fro m t he C a spi an Stra its He p assed tho se .

c o u ntries o ver which his ambiti o u s feet ha d p a ssed . str aits the n ext da y a n d he ha d sc a rcely entered ,

The S pring fou nd Alex ander aga in o n hi s Pa rthi a when he w as informed o f the c o nspira cy
ma rch in qu est of D a riu s T ha t unh appy prince
,

. a ga inst D a rius .

had still an a r my Of fo o t among wh o m , Thi s w a s a fresh mo tive fo r Alex a nder t o

were 4 000 Greeks who c o ntin u ed fa ithful t o his h a sten hi s mar ch At lengt h he o vert o o k t he m ;.

c a u se Be sides these he had 4 000 slingers a n d

.
, , a n d t he b a rb a ri ans o n his a rriv a l were seized , ,

u pw a rds o f 3 000 c a v alr y mo st o f the m B a ctri a ns , , with c o nstern ati o n The n ame a n d rep ut ati o n o f .

c o mma nded by B essu s go vernor o f the pr o vince ,

Alex ander a mo tive all p o werfu l in w ar filled
, ,

o f B a c t r i an a All t hese decl a red tha t they

. t he m with such terro r tha t they u niver sally he ,

were re a dy t o fo ll o w him whit her so ever he t o o k t he mselves t o fl ight n o twithst andin g their ,

should go a n d w o ul d s hed t he l a st dr o p Of blo o d

, number exceeded tha t o f t he p u rsu er B essu s .

in his defence B u t there were tra it o rs in t he

. a n d his a cc o mpli c es req u ested D a ri u s t o mo u nt
c a mp .Naba r z an es o n e o f the gre a test l o r ds o f , his h o r se a n d flee fr o m the ene my ; bu t be r e
,

Persi a a n d gener al o f the ho rse c o nspired with

, , plied that t he gods were re a dy t o avenge the
B e ssu s t o seize u p o n t he pers o n o f the king an d , evils he h ad s u ffered an d inv o king Alex a nder ,

put him in c ha ins Their design w a s if Alex .

, t o do him j u sti c e he refu sed t o fo ll o w t he m At
,
.

a nder s ho u ld p u rsu e t hem t o se c u re themselves , these w o r d s fu ll o f r a ge they disch a rged their

, ,

by giving u p D a ri u s a li v e into his h a nds ; a n d , d a rts a t t he u nh a ppy mo n a rch a n d left him ,

in t he event Of their e sc ape fro m t he c o nq u ero r , w o u nde d t o the merc y o f t he Ma cedo nia ns This .

t o mu rder D a ri u s u s u rp his cr o wn a n d begin a , , d o ne they sep a r a te d B e ssu s fleeing tow a rds

, ,

new w ar The traitors s o o n w o n o ver t he tro o ps

. Hyrc a n ia an d Nabar z an e s int o B a ctri a hoping
, ,

by representing t o the m th a t they were go ing t o thereby t o el u de the p u rsu it o f t he enemy or ,

c e r t ain de st r u c t io n ; th a t they w o u l d s o o n be
a o bl ige him t o divide his fo rces Their ho sts . .
 HI STOR Y OF TH E
‘

PER SIAN S .

d ispersed the mselves u p an d d ow n as fe a r o r , fir st C y ru s nder thirteen kings fro m B C 5 3 6

,
u
, . .

hope directed t heir steps a n d man y tho u s a nds ,

to B C 33 1 . da ting fro m the ti me o f the annexa
.

were sl a in . tio n o f the B a by lo nia n e mpire t o th a t of t he

In t he me a n time the h o rses t ha t drew the , Medes a n d Persia n s B ut the di ss o lu ti o n o f the .

c art in w hich t he o nce mighty D a ri u s w a s se ated , e mpire w a s n o t o wing t o t he ma la d ministra ti o n

h a lted fo r the drivers had been ki l led by B essu s
, , o f D a ri u s C o do man n u s ; it sprung fr o m ca u ses

ne a r a vill a ge a b o u t h alf a mile fro m t he h igh o ver w hich he had li ttle o r n o c o ntr o l The .

w ay P o l y st r a t u s a M ac edo ni a n being pre ssed seeds o f its r u in had been so w n in its very or i i n
.
, ,
g
wit h thirst in the p u rsu it o f the ene my w a s s o o n ,
a n d pri mitive instit u ti o n It had be en fo rmed .

after c o nd u cted by t he in habit a nts t o refre sh by t he u nion o f two n a ti o ns o f different man ,

hi mself a t a n a dj acent fo u nt ain As he w as fi ll . ners a n d in c lin a t io ns The Persia ns were a .

so ber l a b o ri o u s mod est peo ple

, the Medes were
,

dev o ted t o p o mp l u xury so ftne ss an d vo lu pta , , ,

o u sn ess The exa mple o f fru ga l it y a n d simpl i c i ty

.

w hic h the t rul y gre at C y rus had set them an d ,

t heir being o bliged t o be a lwa ys under a r ms t o

ga in so ma ny vict o ries a n d s u ppo rt t he mse l v e s ,

in the midst o f SO ma ny enemi es pre v en te d ,

ha d taken he t u rned t o t he Ma ced o ni a n a n d

, , , th o se vices fro m spre a ding fo r s o me time ; bu t
with a fa int v o ice s a id tha t in t he dep l o rable , , w hen t heir a rms had preva iled an d a ll were ,

st ate to wh ich he w a s redu c ed it w a s n o s mall , s u bd u ed befo re them t he fo ndness w hich t he ,

c o ns o l a ti o n to h im tha t his la st w o rds w o uld not Medes had fo r ple a s u re a n d ma gnificence soo n
be l o st He therefo re cha rged hi m t o tell Alex lessened the te mpera nce o f the Persi ans an d be
'

.
, , ,

a nder th a t he died in his debt with o u t h a v ing , c a me t he prev a iling t aste o f the t w o n a tio n s .

had the p o wer o f ret u rning his o bliga ti o ns ; t ha t The c o nq u est o f B abyl o n ad ded t o the deelen
he th a nked him fo r t he k indness he ha d sho wn sio n T hat mo ther o f h a rlot s int o xi ca te d her
.

t o his mo t he r w ife a n d chil dren ; tha t he be v icto rs with her p o is o ned cup an d ie n cha n t ed
'
‘

, , ,

so u ght the gods t o give v ict o ry t o his a rms a n d , the m wi th her pl ea s u res She fu rnished them .

make him ma ster o f t h e u niverse ; a n d th a t he with mini sters a n d in str u ments a d a pted t o p r o
tho u ght he need n o t entre a t him t o reven ge t he mo te l u x u ry a n d t o fo ment a n d cher is h v o l u p
,

tr a ito ro u s de ath he suffered a s this w a s the co m , t u o u sn e ss with ar t an d delic a c y ; an d t he we a lth

mon c au se o f kings Then t a king P o l y st r a t us . o f the richest pr o v inces in t he w o rld be ing at
“
by t he h a nd he a dded : G ive Alex a nder y o u r
, t he dispos al o f their s o vereigns t he y were e n a ,

h an d as I give y o u mine a n d c a r r y him in my

, , bled t o sa tia te their desires Cyrus himself co n .

n ame the o nly pledge I a m a ble t o give in this

, , tribu ted t o t his withou t fo reseeing the co u se ,

c o nditi o n o f my gra titude an d affecti o n H aving

, .
”
qu en ce s After his vict o ries he i nspired his
.
,

uttered these w o rds D ar ius expired in the ar ms , s u bj ects with an admira ti o n for p o mp a n d Sho w .

of P o l y st r a t u s . w hich hitherto they had been tau ght t o de

, ,

Alex ander it is s aid c o ming u p a few min u tes

, , S pise a s airy t r ifl e s He s u gge ste d that magni .

a fter a n d beh o lding t he de a d body o f th e fallen

, fi c e n ce a n d ri c hes s ho u ld c ro wn gl o ri o u s expl o its ,

mo n a rc h burst into te a rs a n d bew ailed the cr u el

, , a n d be t he end a n d fruit o f the m ; there by e u
l o t o f a prince w ho he o b served w as w o rth o f t ho r iz in g the m to ind u lge the mselve s i n t heir
,
y , ,

a better end V ain te a rs an d mo ck bew a ili ngs n a t u ra lly corrupt inclin a ti on s He spr e a d the
‘

. .
x
,

were the se He h ad p u rsu ed him thro u gh l ife

.
,
e v il fa rt her by co mpelling the v a r io u s o fficers o f
the o nly se a s o n we h a ve fo r sho wing re a l kind the e mpire t o a ppea r with splendo u r befo re t he
ne ss t o o u r fello w ma n an d n o w he weeps a n d -
,
mu ltit ude the better t o represent his o w n grea t
,

be w a ils o ver his lifeless an d u n r e ga r dl e ss c o r se . ness The c o nsequ ence o f this w as th at the s e
.
,

T hey might h ave been h o wever te a rs o f j o y ; , ,

Offici al s mist oo k their o rn aments a n d tra ppin gs
fo r n o w he had g ained t he height o f his a mbitio n ,
fo r the essentia ls o f their e mpl o y ments w hi le ,

now he o w ned t he e mp ire o f the ea st with o u t a t he we a lthy p r o p o sed t he m a s p a tterns fo r i mi ta

tio n an d were s o o n fo llo wed by the d iffer ent
,

gra des o f s o ciety .

a c o rr u pt n at u re he fritters his life a w a y in, T hese a cts u n dermined the a ncient virtue s of
”
seeking rest a n d finding n o ne , . th e Persi a ns Sc a rc ely w as Cyrus de a d w hen
.
,

After h aving wept o ver t he b o dy (whether ,

there ar o se u p as it were a n o ther na tion and ,

fo r j o y o r s o rro w w ho can sa y P) A l ex a nder , mo n a rchs o f a different geniu s a n d c ha ra c te r .

p u lled o ff his mili ta ry clo ak a n d threw it o ver ,

In ste a d o f t he severe educ a ti o n a nciently be st o w
the l o athed obj e ct ; then c au sing it t o be e m ed o n the Persi a n y o uth t heir y o ung me n were ,

b a l med a n d the co ffin t o be a dorn e d with re ga l

,
bro u ght u p in sp lendo u r an d e ffe min a cy whence
ma gnificence he sent it t o Si sigambis t ha t it
, ,
t hey le a rned t o de spise t he ha ppy si mplicity o f
might be interred with the a ncient Persi a n mo the i r fo refa thers a nd the n a ti o n be c ame c o rr u pt
,

ed . In o n e genera ti o n u nder t his en erv a ting ,

Su ch w as the end of D a ri u s C o do man n us He . tu ition t he Persi a n ch a rac ter be came h a ughty

, ,

v a in e fi emin a t e inhuma n an d per fidio u s ; a n d

'

died in the fiftieth ye a r o f his a ge an d sixth o f , . , ,

his re ign He w as a mild a n d p a cific prin c e

.
,
they o f a ll pe o ple u n d er t he su n were t he mo st
, ,

his re ign h a v ing been unsullied with inj u st ice , a b a nd o ned t o splend o u r lu x u ry fe a sting an d , , ,

cru elty o r a n y o f tho se vi c es t o w hich some o f

,
dru nkenness ; so t ha t it ma y be a fiir me if t hat the
his pre decess o rs h ad been gre a tly a dd icted . e mpire o f t he Persia ns w a s al mo st fro m its ve ry
In D a ri u s Co do man n u s t h e Persi an e mpire b irt h what o ther e mpires bec a me thro u gh lengt h
ended af te r ha ving exi sted fro m the reign Of the
, o f a ges R o me s unk u n d er her co rr u ptions bu t
.
,
 H I STOR Y OF THE PERS IA N S .

her de ca y w a s imperce ptible : the Persi a n To t he l a sc iv io u s p ip e a n d wa nto n so n g ,

p ire exhibited its o w n r u in a lmo st from it s ih T h a t ch arm do w n fe ar the y fr o l ic i t al o n g , ,

Wi th ma d rap i dit y a n d u n co n ce rn
fan c y T his c ha ra cter o f the Per si a ns in dif
.
D own t o t he gu lf fr om which is n o r e tu rn
,

fe r e n t age s has bee n a ptly c o mpressed by the

, .

T he y tr u st i n n a v ie s a n d th e i r n a v ie s fa il ,

p o et Tho ms o n : G o d s cu r se can ca st awa y t e n th o u sa n d sa il

’
.

T he y tru st i n a rmie s a n d the ir co u ra g e die s , ,

In wi sd o m we a l th i n fo r tu n e a n d i n l ie s
P e r si a so b er i n extreme , ,
,

B u t a ll th e y tr u st i n with e rs a s i t mu st
, ,

B e y o n d t h e p itch o f ma n a n d th e n ce re v erse d , ,

I n t o l u x u r io u s wa ste ”
,
Wh en H e co mma n d s i n wh om t he y pl a c e n o tru st , .

Ve n g e a n c e a t l a st p o u r s do w n u p o n th e i r c oast
.

A l o n g de sp ise d bu t n o w v icto ri o u s h o st ;
,

One gre a t e o f t he ru in o f the Pers ia n

c au s Tyra n n y sen ds t he cl a im tha t mu st a b r idg e
e mpire w as t he c a rele ssne ss di spl ayed in milita ry The n o bl e s w e e p o f al l t h e ir p r i v il e g e ;
,

di scipline an d t he su b stit uti o n o f a c o nfu sed G i v e s l i b ert y t he l a st t he mo r t a l sho ck ,

,
S l i p s t he sl a v e s c o ll a r o n a n d sn a p s t he l o ck
'
”

mu ltitu de o f me n w ho were i mpre ssed fo r the

, .

, C o wman
ser v ice fr o m th eir re spe ctive c o u ntries
.

It w a s .

o nly in t he ir mer c en a rie s t he Greeks th at they , ,

L o ng time were the Persi ans ensl aved They .

r o a n ed u nder t he M ac ed o Greci a n d n a sty fo r

had a n y re a l strength an d their v a l o u r w a s fr e
-
, y
1 02 ye a rs a n d when th at w a s o vert u rned by t he
.

q u ently c o u nter a cted by t he u nwi eldi ness o f t he ,

Persi a n h o sts an d t heir l a ck o f a kn o wle dge o f Pa rt hi a ns they w o re the Pa rthi a n yoke fo r 4 5 4

,

mo re * At the end o f th at time AD 2 2 5 t he

,

milita ry t ac tics The y o u nger Cyru s knew the .

.
, . .
,

v alu e o f the a rms o f Greece hence as s o o n a s Pa rth ian s being gre atly we akened by their r uin
o us wa r s with t he R o mans A
,

r t a x er e s a ga ll ant
’
t he de s ign a ga inst his br o ther s thr o ne w a s , ,

decide d be W i th grea t c a re extended his con

,
P ersi an enc o u r aged hi s c o untry m
, en t o seize t he
n e x io n s a mo ng the m The only s o ldiers a l so in o pp o rtunity o f s haking o ff the y o ke w hich they ,
.
, ,

t he a r my o f D a ri u s w ho perfo r med their d u ty

’
did in a b a ttle o f th ree d ays c o ntinu a nce w hen
the enemy were defe ate d a n d Ar t aba n u s king
, , ,

a n d c o ntin u ed fa ithfu l to him t o the l a st were , , ,

o f the P a rthi a ns at tha t time t aken an d slain

t he Greeks . , .

The mo nstro us c o rr u pti o ns o f the c o urt or ,

The Persians therefo re again a ppe ared o n t he
, ,

r ather o f the h are m s ays Heeren w a s a n o ther n o , ,

the a tre o f h uman a c t i o n an d they pl a yed their ,

le ss po werfu l c au se o f the de c a y o f t he Persia n p a rt d u ring 4 1 1 ye ars their mona r chs being ,

”
e mpire Every thing w a s here s ubject t o the
.
known as the S assa nian kings .

influ ence o f t he eun u chs o r o f t he reigning ,

q u een o r still wo rse o f the qu een mo ther It

, , ,
-
.

is nece ssa ry t o h ave stu died in t he c o u rt hist o ry ,

o f Ctesi a s t he c har a c t er a n d vi o lent a ccus a ti o ns

myt is o r Amist r is o r stil l mo re a Pa ry
,

o f an A ,
C HAPTER V
sati s t o fo rm an adeq u ate ide a o f the n ature o f
.

s u ch a ha rem go vernment The gratific ati o n of .

TH E K I N G D OM OF P ERS I A
t he p a ssi o ns t he t hirst fo r revenge a n d the im
.

, ,

p u l se o f hatred no less th a n v o l u pt u o u sness an d

, B
SA SANIAN K IN GS
pride were the springs which mo ved ever y thing
.

in this c o rru pted circle : p a ssi o ns which acq u ire AR TAXEB ES, OR ARD SH IR BEN B AB EK, o n
a fo rce in pr o p o rti o n t o the n a rr o wness o f th e B AB EG AN .

circle in whi c h they a r e exercised The mo .

n ar ch ener v a ted wit h ple a s u re inste ad o f g o vern

H I S T O RI AN S differ widely in their a cc o unt o f the
,

ing is go verned by his c o u rt iers Despo tic a cts

,
fa mily o f Art ax er es The Byz antine a u tho r i .

ties represent him as ri sing t o t he thro ne fro m

.
,

a l o ne fo r t he mo st p a rt den o ted in the l a st

a me a n an d sp u ri o u s o rig in
, , ,

st a ge s o f the Persi a n e mpire tha t he possessed

wh ile the o rient al ,
,

a n y p o wer in the sta te In a w o rd al l w a s writers say tha t he w as the gra ndson o f Sa ssa n
, ,
.
,

c o rru pt an d where c o rrupti o n prev ail bro ther o f a Persia n qu een du ring t he Pa rthi a n ,

lows in the train ; fo r

,
d o mini o n ; a n d by his mo ther s side the gr a nd ’
,

so n o f B a bek w ho w as go v ern o r o f Per si a P r o

,

No t on ly v ice prep are sdisp o se s an d p e r . T his l atter ac c o u nt is c o n sidered by Dr .

The min d that sl u mb er s swe e tly i n he r sn ar es H ales as t he mo st credible ; an d hence he s ays ,

Ar tax er e s assu med the title of B abe gan an d the

, ,
To st o o p t o tyra n n y s u su r p e d c omma n d ’

An d b e n d he r p o l ishe d n e ck b en e ath his h a n d dyn a sty tha t o f S as sa ni a n

,

( A d ire e ffe c t by o n e o f n atu r e s l aws

’ .

U n ch a n ge a bly c o n n e cte d with it s cau se ; ) O n the de at h o f his gra ndfa ther B a bek Ar , ,
B u t P r o v ide n ce hi mse lf will in te r v e n e t a x er e s a pplied to be a pp o inted his suc ce ss o r in
t he g o vern ment bu t w as refus ed by A
To thr ow h i s d ar k displ e a su re o e r t h e sc e n e ’ ,

r de v a n
.

All a r e his i n str u me n t s e a ch fo r m o f w a r , ,

w ho w a s j e al o u s o f his merit an d distu rbed by

, ,

W ha t b u rn s a t ho me o r t h l e at e n s fr o m afar ,

a dre am p o rtending t he l o ss o f his life a n d

,
Na ture i n arms he r e l e men t s a t stri fe , , ,
The sto rms th at o v e r se t t h e j o y s o f l ife
, cr o wn Upon this di sapp o int ment Ar t ax e r e s
Ar e bu t his ro d s t o sc o u r ge a g u ilty l an d
, .
,

An d w a ste it a t t h e b iddin g o f hi s h a n d
,
fled to Per sepo l is an d fo rmed a str o ng p a rty ,

a mo ng t he Persi a n n o bility in co nj u nctio n with

.

H e gi v e s t h e wo r d a n d mu tin y so o n r o a r s , ,

In a l l he r g a te s a n d sha k e s h e r d ist an t sh ore s

, w ho m be e ffecte d t he overthrow o f t he Pa rthi an
Th e stan da r d s o f a l l n a tio n s a re u n fu r l e d ; e mp i re O n a sc end ing t he thro ne AD 2 2 5 he
Sh e h a s o n e fo e a n d tha t o n e t o e t h e wo r l d
. .
, .
,
,
a s su med t he p o mp o u s title o f S ha h in Sha h
.

An d if H e do o m that p e o pl e with a fr own ,

An d mark t hem wit h a se a l o f w r ath p r e sse d down

, ”
,
Kin g o f kings .

Ob du ra cy t a k e s pl a ce ; ca ll o u s a n d t o u gh ,

The re p r o b at e d r a ce gro w s j u d gme n t p r o o f ‘

4
Th e p a r ticul ars , du i n g his p e io d,
r t ill be fou nd r w
Ea r th sha k e s b e n e a th th e m a n d h e a v e n r o a r s a b o v e ; , rt
n ar a e d i n t h e hi s t o r ie s o f t he M a c e d o n i an s , S e l e u ci dae ,
B u t n othi ng sca r e s the m fr o m t h e co u r se t he y l o v e an d P a r thi a n s .
 HI ST O R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

Ar t a x er es w as s o o ner se ated o n the t hro ne

no , 1 . When a king applies himse l f t o render j us
th a n he c o nceived a design o f re st o ring t he Per ti c e t he pe o ple a r e e a ger t o render him obedi
,

si a n e mpire t o its pri stine gre a tness Acc o rd . en c e .

in gl y he ga v e n o tice t o t he R o ma n g o vern o rs o f
,
2 O f all princes the w o rst is he who m the
.
,

t he pro v inces bo rdering o n his d o mini o ns th a t g o o d fe a r a n d fro m w ho m t he bad ho pe ‘

, , .

he ha d a n u nq u esti o n able title a s the s uc ces so r , 3 All the br a n c he s o f a c o mmu nity ar e in

.

o f C y r u s t o a ll the Lesser As ia w hich he c o m

, , sep a ra bly c o nnected with e a ch o ther a n d with ,

ma n de d the m t o relinq u ish as well as t he pr o ,

t he tr u nk ; hence kings a n d su bj ects h a ve reci
vin c es o n the frontiers o f the a ncient Pa rt hi a n p r o ca l c a res a n d du ties
; w hic h if neglected o n ,

kingd o m which were a lre ady u nder hi s swa y

, . either side pr o d u ce ru in a n d c o nfu si o n to bo th
, .

The e mpero r Alex ander Severu s who a t th at , 4 He felt so mu ch the danger o f his high sta
.

ti me r u led o ver the R o ma n e mpire sent letters , ti o n fro m self decepti o n tha t he a pp o in t ed o n e
,
-

to A
,

r t ax e r es i mp o rting tha t he w o u ld sh o w his

,
o f his c o u rtiers t o ex a mine him every mo rning
,
wi sd o m if he kept within b o unds a n d not o u t , a s his c o nfess o r an d to req u ire an a cc o u nt o f a ll
,

o f h o pes o f c o nq u est rekindle w ar w hi c h might , th a t he had s aid o r d o ne the preceding da y .

be u ns u c cessfu l ; tha t he o u ght to c o n sider he 5 The r o y a l a u th o rity c ann o t be s u pp o rt ed

.

w as to c o pe with a n ati o n u sed t o w ar a n ati o n , witho ut tro o p s n o r tro o ps witho ut t a xe s n o r , ,

wh o se e mper o rs Au g u stus Tr aj an a n d Severus

, , , , t a xes with o u t culture o f t he l a nds n o r this c ul ,

ha d ofte n v anqu ished the P a rt hi ans . tu re without j u stice well a dministered a n d a

Ar t a x er es rega rdless o f these letters raised a
,

, , p o lice well reg ul a ted .

gre a t a rmy a n d a tta cked the fo rtified p o sts o f

, 6 By the as sista nce o f a c o u ncil of seven
.

t he R o mans o n the river E u phr a tes His con . s ages be ab o lished t he s u p erstiti o n an d ido l atry
,

q u ests o ver the m were so r a pid th at Alex a nder , tha t had been i ntro d u ced un der the Ma cedo
w as co mpelled t o r a ise an a r my a n d t o ma rch , Greci a n an d Pa rt hian dyn a sties a n d re v iv ed t he ,

t o wa rds Mesop o tami a in o rder t o check his refo r med religi o n o f D a ri u s H y sta sp es : hence
c a reer . he pro cl ai med thro u gho u t the e mpire tha t he
When Ar t a x e r e s he a rd o f the appro a ch of the
,

ha d ta ken a wa y t he sw o rd o f Aristo tle t he “

R o man e mpero r he w a s e mplo yed in the siege

, philo s o pher whi ch had dev o u red t he nh t io n fo r
,

o f Nisibis o r Anti o chi a w hich he immedi ately

, ,
5 00 ye a r s me a ning the civil a n d rel igi o u s in
ra ised t ha t he might prep a re fo r the contest At
,
. n o v a ti o ns o f Alex a nder the p u pil o f Aristo tle , ,

the s a me time he sent 4 00 deputies go rgeo u sly which had prev a iled du ring th at period
Ar t a x er es w as s u cceeded in his kingdom by
, .

a rr ayed a n d c o mmissi o ned when t hey sh o u ld be

, ,

intr o d uce d t o the e mper o r s presence t o S pe a k ’

,

th u s : The gre a t king Ar t ax e r es c o mmands the SH AB OU R, on ss r o n ,

R o mans a n d th eir prince t o depa rt o u t of a ll
, ,

Syri a an d Asi a M in o r an d t o resto re t o the Per , his so n a prince whose n a tu re w a s fierce a n d

,

s ia ns al l the c o u ntries o n this side the JEgean untra ct able ; a n d w ho w as c o ve t ous of gl o ry ,

a n d P o ntic se a s a s o f right descending t o t he m
, h a u ghty ins o lent an d c r uel
, , .

fro m their a ncestors T hese depu ties performed .

”
Sha bo u r w as n o s o o ner se ated o n the thro ne ,

their co mmissi o n ; bu t Alex ander t o s ho w his , th a n he medit ated a w ar with t he R o mans He .

conte mpt o f it stripped the m o f their equipage

, , w as a betted in his designs by the tr a itor Gyri
a n d sent the m int o Phrygi a where he a ssi gned , a des the so n o f a c o mma nder o f the s a me n a me
,

the m fa rms t o c u ltiv ate fo r their s u bsistence . in the R o ma n a rmy In c o nj u nc ti o n wi t h .

Ar t a x er e s n o w rep a ired t o Mes o p o ta mi a wi th , Odo ma st es a Pers ia n general Cy r ia de s w a s t ed

, ,

a l a rge a r my t o meet the R o ma n e mper o r

, An . the adj a cent pr o vinces a n d ha ving a t length ,

enga ge ment en sued in whi c h the R o ma ns were prev a iled u p o n t he king hi mself t o t ake t he
vi c t o rious B ut tho u gh Ar t ax er es w a s defe a ted
,

.
, field he with a n umber o f de serters w ho fo r
, , , ,

he w a s n o t s ubd u ed He re c ruited his a rmy a n d .

, t h e s ake o f pl u nder fo ll o wed him a tt a cked the , ,

the R o ma n e mper o r h aving divided his fo rces cities o f Anti o ch a n d Ces a re a Philippi o f wh ich ,

i nt o three b odies he a tta cked the m sep a ra tely

, , cities they p o s sessed the mselves Up o n the c o n .

a n d th o u gh rep ul sed by o n e b o dy in Medi a be , q u est o f these citie s Cy r i ade s t o o k the title o f ,

de stro yed a nother which had inv ad ed his terri , Ce sa r an d a fter w ard s o f e mper o r
, .

t o ries a ft er w hich the R o man e mpero r returned

,
Prov o ked by these pr o ceedings Go r di an then , ,

to Ro me He entered t he city in triu mph a n d

. , e mpero r o f R o me res o lved t o c a rry his a rms ,

a ss u med the title o f P a r thic us a n d P er sians . into the e ast fo r the d o u ble p u rp o se o f c ha sti sing
Ar tax er es n o w e mpl o yed hi mself in rec o vering
,

Cy r iades a n d che cking the Persi a n p o wer

, .

wh a t he had l o st a n d in rest o ring t he h o n o u r o f

, With this vie w he ma rched into Syri a a t the ,

the Persi a n n ame He ruled wit h much repu ta . he a d o f a n umero us a r my a n d he c ha sed Sha ,

ti o n til l his de a th which o ccurred AD 2 4 0 ,

. . . b o u r into his o w n dominio n s whither the em ,

Dr Ha les o bserve s tha t this r e fo u n der o f the

.
o
perot fo ll o wed him t aking Ch a rra o r Ha ra n , , ,

Persi an mo n a rchy w a s o n e o f the bes t a n d in Me so p o tamia He w a s prep a ring t o p u sh his .

gre a test o f their kings an d tha t it w as his wish c o nq u est stil l fu rthe r when he w a s mu rdered by ,

t o retrieve the a ncient glo ry o f the k ingdo m by the tre a ch ery o f Philip w ho m he ha d made ,

a ste ady a d herence t o t he maxi ms o f t he P isch c apt a in o f his gua rds o n the de a th o f his fa ther
.
,

dadian s a n d Ka ian ian s in p o litics an d religio n . in - l a w .

He c o mp o sed a b o ok fo r t he use o f the entire P hilip , ha v ingp o sse ssed himself of t he so v e

b o dy o f his su bj e cts entitled R u les fo r living , ,
reig n a u tho rity , ma de pe a ce with Sapog an d ,

well fro m whic h etc the fo ll o wing wise p o li a b a nd o ned Me so p o t ami a a n d Ar men ia t o him
”
, ,
.
,

tic al ma xims a r e derived as p ara phrased fro m ,

ag a in The sen ate ho wever disa ppro ving o f his
.
, ,

H e r be lo t . c o nduct rega rdles s o f t he tre a ty he recovered

, ,
 H I STOR Y OF TH E PER S IA N S .

p a rt of these pro vinces an d then le a ving troo ps , , a ttentive t o t he welfa re o f his s u bj ects an d the ,

t o se cur e the fr o ntiers he ma rched b ack int o i mpro ve ment o f his kingdo m in the constru ction
‘

‘
,

Ital ) o f p u bli c works su c h as cities a queducts etc , , , .

A ; so o n a s t he R o ma n fo rces were withdr awn , M ir k ho n d say s tha t his a dministration of j u stice

S ap o r a n d Cy r ia de s renewed their inc u rsi o ns ; w as so rigid t ha t so me o f his r a p a ci o u s c o urtiers
,

an d the l a tter gr o wing str o nger an d str o nger , were a l a rmed an d set fire t o his t en t d u ring a
,
‘

bega n t o be tre a ted as an e mpero r The a ffa irs . st o rmy night tha t it might be thou ght to h ave
,

o f R o me were in s u ch a si n k ing c o nditi o n t ha t ,

be en o cc a si o ned by lightning .

many of it s pr o vinces to o k s helter o u t o f n eces In the reign o f S a p o r t he fa mo u s Ma ni * o r

'

, ,

sit y u nder his pr o tecti o n

, At length h o w ever
Valeri an t ho ugh adv anced t o t he e mpire at a
,
.
, , M anes the fo u nder o f the M an ichman heresy
, ,
fl o u ris hed an d he is s a i d t o have favoured him
, ,

gre at a ge to o k me a s u res t o red u ce the n u mero u s

,
a n d t o ha ve b u ilt for him o n the b o rders o f t he ,

pro vin c es t o o bed ience He c a rried his a rms . pro vince o f S u si an a a pla ce o f retre a t c alled ,

v i c t o ri o u sly westw a rd an d n o rthw a rd a n d there ,

D asc ar ah This w as o nly h o wever while he
.
, ,

w a s every pr o spect o f u niting the m a ll a ga in a cted t he p a rt o f a philos o pher : when Ma ni

u nder t he R o ma n swa y B u t w hile he w as t hus . a tte mpted t o rec o ncile his p h il o s o phy with
enga ged S ap o r with a fo rmid able a rmy inv a ded
, , , Chri sti anity or t o mix the go spel with s o me o f
,

the R o ma n territo ries burned a n d pillag ed the , his n atio n a l supe rstitio ns a n d t hereby t o frame
-
,

c o u ntry a n d at len gt h adva nced as fa r as Edessa

, , a new system o f religi o n whi ch he h o ped to ,

t o w hi c h he l a id siege Valeri a n h a stened to its . pr o p agate a mo ng b o th in fidel s an d Christi ans ,

relief an d ne c ess ary steps were t aken fo r co m

,
S ap o r w ho w a s a verse t o an y inn o v ati o ns in the
,

pelling t he Persi ans t o retre a t A mu tiny o f . n ati o n al religion persecu ted him an d o bliged , ,

t he so ldiers o f Cy r ia de s w ho pu t him t o de ath , , him t o flee fo r his l ife .

added t o t he p o wer o f V a leri a n fo r wh o m they , The errors of the Ma nich ae ans were s o me o f
de cl a red S ap o r h o wever res o lved t o ventu re a
.
, , the mo st pernici o us th a t h ave ever been pr o mu l
b attle an d a n a cti o n to o k pl a ce befo re Edess a
, , ga ted Mani pretended t o be an a p o stle o f Jes u s
.

i n whic h Va leri an w as made pris o ner AD 2 68 , . . . Christ an d a pro phet illu min ated by the H o ly
,

Acc o rd ing t o t he Byz antine hi stori a ns S a po r , Spirit to refo rm al l religi o ns an d t o reve a l

, ,

u se d his fo rt u ne with a n ins o lence the pe o ple c o u ld truths w hich the S a v iou r had not thou ght pro per
n o t en du re In stig ated by desp air they first
.
, , t o reve a l t o his disciples To c arry o u t this .

u n der the c o mma nd o f C a l l ist u s a n d a fterw a rds , i mp o stu re he cho se twelve a postles who m he
, ,

u nder th a t o f O den at us prince o f P a l myrene , , sent fo rth t o pre ach his do ctrines His doctrines .
,

pro tected the mselve s for s o me ti me fro m his in s ays N e u mann his sy mb o lic a l l angua ge a n d in
, ,

su l t s ,
a n d fin ally c o mpelled him t o retire into p a rticul a r t he di v isi o n o f his fo llo wers into l ay
,

his o w n d o mini o ns . men a uditor es an d priests elec ti a n d the di ffer

, , , ,

In his ma rc h S a p o r is s a id t o h ave ma de u se, ent d uties prescribed t o e a ch o f the m see m t o ,

o f t he b o dies o f his pris o ners t o fill u p the h o ll o w be verbally c o pied fro m B u ddhis m His b o ast .

r o ads a nd t o fa c ilitate the p ass a ges o f his car

,
w a s t ha t he had o bt a ined a perfect kn o wledge o f
,

r ia ge s o ver river s O n his ret u rn he w as s o licited .

,
a ll t hings a n d th a t he ha d b ani sh ed mysteries
,

by t he kings o f t he Ca dusian s Armeni ans B ac , , fro m religi o n He pro fesse d t o te a ch every

.

t r ia n s a n d o ther n a ti o ns t o set the aged V a le

, ,
thin g by de mon strati o n a n d t he kn o wle dge o f ,

ri an free ; but this o nly in c re a sed his c r u elty G o d by the light o f re a s o n

, B u t never yet has .

to wa rds him He u sed him with the mo st

. t he w o rld by wi sd o m kn o wn G o d 1 Co r i 2 1 , . . .

shamefu l in dignity mo u nting o n ho rseb ac k fro m ,

When re a s o n s ays an excellent writer ha s tired
, ,

his ne c k a s a fo o t sto o l a n d t o cro wn a ll after , ,

an d bewildered herself in se a rching a fter G o d ,

se v eral ye ars impris o nment he c au sed him t o be t he res ul t mu st be n o n est z n ven tus that is He is
’
’
, , ,

fl a ye d al ive n o t t o be fo u nd by me F a ith may lo o k u p o n him

‘

. . ,

After his retu rn the affa irs o f S ap o r were ,

a n d th a t w ith c o mfo rt bu t fo r u n a ssisted re a s o n ,

str a itened F lu shed with v ic t o ry Oden at u s

.
, , t o ga z e too much up o n him is the w ay to lo se her
c l o thed with the c ha ra cter o f pre sident o v er t he sig ht .

R o ma n pr o vinces in t he e a st n o t o nly checked

t he pr o gre ss o f t he Persi a n a r ms but c a u se d tha t
,
H on mo u z ,
on Hon mr sn s s .

pe o ple terro r in the ir o w n c o u ntry Twi c e did . This prince w as the so n o f S apor wh o m he ,

t his ge n e r al a dvan ce as far as the city o f Ct e si

'

s u cceeded o n the thro ne During his rei gn . ,

pho n ; a n d w hen he died t he celebrated Zen o bi a , , whic h c o nt in u ed o nly fo r a b o u t the brief sp ac e o f

his wife c o ntinu ed su ccessfu lly t o o pp o se t he
, o n e ye a r n o thing o f po l itic a l interest o c c u rred .

By Per sia n histo ri a ns he w a s c alled Al H ar r i

,

Persi ans ti l l she w as c o nq uered an d ma de pri

, ,

s o mer by t he e mpero r Au reli an w ho a ppe a red ,

t he l ibera l ; an d t hey sa y th a t he w as bel o ved
t o vind i ca te t he ho n o u r o f t he R o mans o n thi s by his su bj e c ts An insta nce o f his liberality is .

side o f t he e mpire A ureli a n a ls o t o o k ample . o n re c o rd The g o vern o r o f O rmu s o n t he Per

.
,

venge ance o n S ap o r fo r his ill tre a tment o f Va ,

- si a n G u lf h a v ing p u rc ha sed fo r him s o me dia
,

l er ia n .He c a rr ied aw ay many pri so ners a n d mo nds fo r pieces o f go ld info rmed hi m , ,

mu ch S p o il fr o m the Per si ans w ith w hic h he ,

gr aced his tri umphs at Ro me N o twith standing ,

A r chb i sh o p U sh er h a s shown th at M an i in P ersian '
,

M a n e s i n G re e k a n d M e n a ch e m i n H e b r e w me a n pr e
.

S a por c o ntin u ed t o enl a rge his do min io n s at t he c i se l y t h e sa me n a me ly a co mfo r ter

,

H is fo ll owe r s
,

expen se o f his b a rb aro u s neighbours till his

.
, ,

a dd u ce t h i s a s a p r o o f t h a t h e w a s t he P a r a c l e t e o r Co m
,

de ath w hich o c c u rre d AD 2 7 1

, . . . fo r te r p ro mise d by t he S a v i o u r a p r e t e n sio n t o wh ich hé ,

Altho u gh S ap o r w as cru el an d vi ndictive t o l a id c l a im T hi s e xpl a in s t h e rea so n w hy t he M an iche e s

.

w a rds his ene mies a cc o rdi ng t o Per si an histo rians rej e ct e d t he Ac ts o f t h e Ap o st l e s t he a cco u n t of t he de
sc e n t o f t h e H o ly G h o st o n t h e d a y o f P e n t eco st c o m
,

he w as liberal a nd mun ific en t t o his friends, an d p l e t e l y de stro y e d su c h p r e te n si o n s .

,
 H I ST OR Y OF THE PE RSIA N S .

tha t if he d i d n o t c ho o se t o keep the m he might , indu ced him to seek pea ce Th is w as grant ed .
,

d i spo se o f t h em a t do u ble the c o st ; o r in o ther , a n d internal disc ord s pr even t ed the Ro m ans from
wo r ds might g ain cent per cent pro fit H o r
,
. . . c a rrying into effect the ir a fter intent io n s o f xc
mi sdas repli ed To me a hu ndre d o r a thousa nd
, inv ading Persi a ; so t ha t Va r a n es may be said
per cent is n o thing B ut if I med dle in mer
, . t o ha ve reigned in pe ac e The d u ration of his .

c han diz e w ho will u nderta ke t he fu ncti o ns o f t he

, r eign a cc o r di ng t o b o th G reek
, a n d Persi a n

k ing ? a nd w ha t will bec ome o f the merch a nts ? writers w as s eventeen y e a rs He di ed AD 2 9 2 ;

”
, . , . .

The fo ll o wing s aying is attr ib u te d t o H o rmis

d as : Prin ces ar e like fire wh ich b u rn s tho se , VAR AN ES II I .
, OR BAH AR AM III .

that a ppr o a ch t o o ne a r ; bu t gre atly serves tho se

th a t keep a t a pro per dist ance A wiser saying ” his son a scended t he thr o ne T his prin c e
, .

reigned o nly fo u r mo n t hs ; a n d ac c
.

th an thi s is a ttrib u ted t o his s u ccesso r : H u ma ,

mity c ann o t be defined bec au se it comprehends or ient al an d Greek histor i an s did ,

To hi m su cceeded
,

all the virt u es

”
Well w o ul d it ha ve been fo r the
.
t hy o f n o tice .

world had al l its princes tho u ght thu s a n d a cted

in t he spirit o f the maxim N atu re has fo rmed N ARSE S o n N AR SL,
,

This p r ince acting in t he s pirit o f Ar t ax er es

.

ma n mo re th a n an y o ther living cre atu re fo r t he

, ,
, .
,

exercise o f the virt u es of sy mp a thy ; an d he l a ys s o u ght the red u cti o n o f al l t he Persi an pro v in c e s ,

vi o lent h a nds u p o n his o w n feelin gs w ho a cts hel d either by the b a rb a r o u s na tion s o r c o n ,

q u ered by the R o mans The sta te o f t he R o ma n

,

with c ruel ty towa rds his specie s The ac t is ac .

.

c o mp anied with its o w n p u nishmen t empire se e med t o fa v o u r his designs ; fo r w a r w a s

.

ra ging in every p a rt N a rses with a la rge a rmy .

, ,

M an i s de a r t o ma n ; t h e p o o re st p o or inv aded Mes o pot ami a an d in a sho rt ti me rec o

L o n g for so me mo me n t s i n a we a r y l ife
,
,

W h e n the y c a n k n o w a n d fe e l th a t th e y h a v e be en vered m o st o f t he pl aces w hic h ha d bel o nged t o

,

T he mse lv e s t he fa t he rs a n d t he d e a l er s o u t ,
his ancesto rs At this ti me Dio cleti an an d G a .

Of so me sma ll bl e ssin g s ; h azve b e e n k i n d t o su ch l e r iu s reigned c o nj o intly at R o me u nder t he de

As ne e de d k in dn e ss fo r th i s sin gl e ca u se
,
,

, n o min a ti o n o f t he t w o Ces a rs The l a tter t o o k

T hat w e ha v e a ll of u s o ne he ar t
.
”

t h field g in st N a rses a n d in t w o b a ttles ne a r

.

Wo n n sw o n r n e a a ,

Anti o ch defe ated him G al e r iu s p a sse d the ri v er

.

H o rmisd as w as succeeded in his kin gdo m by Tigris a n d a dv anced into t he very he a rt o f t he ,

king s do minio ns ; bu t a b ating his c a re a n d cir ’

V ARAN ES I OR B AH AR AM L
,
.
, c u mSpe ct io n N a rses fell s u ddenly u p o n the R0
, ,

of wh om very little m o re is kn o wn th a n th a t m an a r m y a n d they were t

,
o t a lly defe a t ed G a ,
.

reigned three ye rs Per i n hist ri ns l e r iu s hi mself e sc a ped with di ffic u lty t o tell t he
b e a s a o a sa y ,

m
.

d tidings t R e He w t fir st received col dly

h
t a t he re igned with gre a t a ppl a use ; a n th a t his a o a s a .

de a th which w as cau sed by tre hery a c as he w a s by Di o cleti a n but by his i m

,
p o rt u nities he w a s , , ,

endea v o uring to a lla y a tumult w as a gre a t grief entrusted with a n o ther a r my a gai n st t he Per
,

a n d l o ss to his s u bj ects .
si a ns He t o o k a terrible revenge Adding . .

During t he r eig n of Var an es the R o mans un pr udence to fo rt itu de like N a rses b e w atched his , ,

der the c o mmand o f S aturnin a s kept the Persi ans o p port u nity a n d sto le u p o n the Persi a n ar my
, ,

m
,

within their limi ts He w as succeeded on the .

u n a w ar es whereby he g a ined a c o plete vict o ry , .

hr ne by hi N a rses hi mself w a s w o u nded an d fo rce d t o flee

t o s s o n , ,

with a sma ll re mn a nt o f his a rmy into t he

,

V AR AN ES IL OR B AHARAH I] , mo u ntains His tre as u res a n d p a pers as a ls o . . ,

hi s si ster q u een c o nc u bine s a n d c hil dren w it h

This prince at the c o mmence ment o f hi s reign , , , ,

m
, ,
a ny n o bles fell int o the h a nds o f G a l er iu s It
a cted with such h aughtiness an d cru elty th a t t he
.
,
,
a s in v a in t ha t N a rses ende a v o u red t o retrieve
people ga ve h im the surn e ofa m K h a lef tha t is w
m o rt u nes : n o fresh a r my c o u l d be c o l
, ,

u nj u st Hen ce they c o nte mpl ate d his de

” his isf
e c t e d ; a n d the vict o ri o us R o mans being sho rtly
.

t hr o n emen t ; bu t the magi u ndert o o k his refo rm l

a ft er j o ined by Di o clet ia n he c o n sented t o s ur
a ti o n ; a n d they did this with such w a rmth a n d ,
,

render the five pr o vinces west o f t he Tigr is ; o n

s uch evident l o y alty th at B ab a ra m listened t o
c h conditi o n pe a ce w a s gra nted him an d his
,

t he ir sa ge a dmo niti o ns a n d bec ame an e x c ell en

'
whi , ,
,
q u een rest o red The other priso ners were r e .

t a in ed t o gr a ce a triump h a t R o me T hese a o .

Th e w ay o f a fo o l i s right in h is o w n e y e s c u mul a ted misfo rtunes br o ke the hea

B u t he that he a rk e n e th u n t o co u n se l i s w ise
'

3 00 after he ha d reigne d seven .

succeeded by his so n
The most remark able a c t o f the reign o f Va
r nes s ays Sir J Mal c o lm w as the exec u ti o n o f
a , .
M IS DATES o n 11 0 11 151 0 0 2 , .

t he celebr ated M ani a b o u t AD 2 7 7 w ho returned

, . Acc o rding t o o rienta l histo ria ns thi s prince
.
, ,

d u ring his reign into Persi a At first Var a n e s w as e minent fo r his j u stice W hen he saw tha t
. .

sho wed a dispo siti o n to e mbr ac e his fa ith th o u gh rich o ppress ed the p o o r he esta bl ish ed a ,
,

mo st a uth o rs c o ntend t ha t this w as a mere pre cou rt o f j ust ice fo r t he redre ss o f the la tter ; an d
text to lul l Mani an d hi s fo llo wers int o a fa ta l he frequ ently preside d himself t o keep t he j u dges ,

sec u rity The res u lt woul d see m t o c o nfirm t hi s in a w e Mis dates likewi se devised ma ny new
. .

o p ini o n ; fo r M a ni a n d a lmost all his di sciples l aws and regu l atio ns fo r the enc o u ra gement o f
were sla in by hi s o rder . trade ; whe n ce he w as c areful o f t he un ar it ime
Va r an es c o n t e mpl a ted w ar with the R o mans ; c oas ts a n d the p o rts o f Persi a He is s a id t o h a v e .

bu t his res o lu tion w as shaken by the a c tivity a n d e xt en ded his d o mini o ns c o n siderably , bu t the
prowess o f the R o man e mperor Probus which par tic u la rs a r e n o t rel a ted His reign w as brief , ,
. ,
 H I S TORY OF THE PERSIAN S .

c o nt in u in g on ly se v en ye a rs When he w as .
pl imen t t ha t princ e , a n d t o rene w the pe ace which
dying t he infa nt o f wh o m t he q u ee n w as preg
, ,
ha d recently su b si ste d between the two e mpires .

n a nt w as ele cted his s u ccess o r ; the ma gi h aving

,
T his w a s t he av o we d o bj ect of the e mb assy ; but
pro gn o stic ated th a t it w o uld be a so n He w as . t hey had secret o rders t o inq uire into t he strength
ca lled Sc habo u r D o ulak ta f “ th a t is o n e u p o n
f‘
,
o f the R o ma ns , an d t o p u r c ha se a r ms , o f wh ic h
,

who se sho u lder the g o vern ment devo l v ed be he stood in need Const antine w as info rmed of .

fo re his birth an e astern fo rm o f expressi o n ,

t he designs o f S ap o r ; bu t he received his mini s
w hi ch re c a lls t o me mo ry a reference t o t he M e s ters gr aci o u sly , gr anted their req u ests , a n d, at
si a h (see Isa ix
, signify ing his roy al p o wer
. .
,
t heir retu rn , cha rged th e m with a letter fo r
as King o f kings .
S ap o r .

The p u rpo rt o f t his letter w as, t o intercede fo r

S APOR III .
, OR SC H AB OU R D OUL AK TAF. the Christ ia ns In it t he e mper o r ga ve a brief
.

D u ring min o rity o f Sap o r t he Persi a ns

t he ,
a cc o u nt o f his faith ; then o f his s u c c ess a n d gr a n
were exp o sed t o ma ny di sa sters a n d e spe c ial ly , de u r which he a ttr ibu ted wh o lly t o t he D ivine
,

t o the ra v ages o f the Ar abs w h o le a ving their , , blessing He afterwa rds e x p ati at ed on the o dio u s
.

a rid pl a ins o n the so uthern sh o res o f t he G ulf ,

fo lly o f id o l at r y bu t wi t ho u t a llud ing t o t he cir
,

entered Persi a in v a st n u mbers spre a d des o l a ti o n c u mst a n ce o f S a p o r s being an i do l a ter

’
,
He next .

w herever they c ame a n d c a rried o ff t he si ster of ,

p a thetica lly re presented the miseries whi ch ha d
the late king H o r mo u z an d the au nt o f Scha , c o ns ta ntly a tt ended unj u st an d c r u el prin c es in ,

b o u r int o c apti v ity When S ap o r c ame o f a ge

, .
,
st a n c in g V aleri a n w ho m he a ss e rted t o h a ve been,

he resolved t o revenge these inj u ries He pu t . h a ppy in a ll his u ndertakings u ntil he be c ame a ,

their king t o de ath a n d tre ated the inh abit a nts ,

perse c u to r of the C hristi a ns F in a ll y he r e co m .
,

o f Y e men o r Ar a bi a with gre at cruelty

,
O ri , . men d ed the C hristi a ns t o the fa v o u r o f Sapor an d ,

ent al histo rians say th at he w a s c hiefly indu ced , bes o u ght him fo r his s ake t o l oo k u pon t he m as
, ,

t o a ct thu s by the a dvice o f his a str o l o gers who , g o od a n d lo y a l s ubj ects T his letter a ppe a rs t o .

as serted th a t s o me o n e o f their n ati o n w o u ld in ,

h a ve ha d a go o d effect fo r S ap o r aft erw a rds ,

fu ture s u bvert the Persia n empire Malek ben

, . tre a ted the C hristi ans with less severity .

N asser an a ncesto r of Mo hammed their a mb a s

, ,
B ut S ap o r still a dhered t o the pl a n o f r aising
s ado r re mo nstra ted with S ap o r an d s u gge sted
, ,
hi mself a n d his su c c ess o rs t o the e mpire o f t he
th a t either the pred icti o n mig ht be fal se o r th at , ,
e as t Aft er he had ma de sufficient prep a rati o ns
.
,

if true his c ru elties w o u ld o nly pro v o ke the

, he acqu ainted C o nsta ntine with his intenti o ns ,

Arabs t o ret ali ate This c au sed him t o reflect .

,
tra ns mitting t o him a letter wherein he cl a i med ,

a n d he afterwa rds tre a ted t he Arabs so k indly

,
a ll t he d o mini o ns a nciently bel o nging t o t he

t a t they c all ed him D o u la hn aj ; o n t he win gs

h “
,
”
Persi an e mpe ro rs ; an d a ffir med t ha t the river
o r their pr o tecto r ; fr o m the e a gles c a rr ing their
y Strymo n w a s the legal b o u nd ary o f his e mpire .

young o n the wings This w as a l o vely c ha ra c . His lett er re a d thu s : I h ave r e a sse mbled my -

n u mero u s a rmy I a m res o lved t o a venge my

,

ter a n d o ne which re minds us o f the reference

, . -

t o Jeho v a h in the Hebrew Script ur es Ex o d , . su bj ects w ho h ave b een pl un dered ma de c ap

, ,

xix 4 ; D e n t xxx ii 1 1 1 2 a n d to the S avi o ur

. . .
, ,
t ive s a n d sl a in
, It is fo r t his tha t I have b a red
.

in the G o spels M att xxiii 3 7 , . . . my ar m a n d girded my l o ins If y ou consent

, .

S ap o r w a s a ze a l o us s u pp o rter o f the h o n o u r t o p a y the price o f the bl o o d whic h ha s been shed ,

o f t he Per sia n di a de m a n d p u rs u ed ste a dily th a t to deliver up the booty which has been plu ndered ,

po li cy w hich Ar t ax er es had ad o pte d n a mely

,

a n d t o res t ore t he c ity o f N isibi s w hic h is in ,

, ,

t hat o f u niting all t he territ o ries o f t he ancient Ira k ( Ar abi ) an d belongs t o o u r e mpire th o ugh
, , ,

Persi a n kings u nder hi s sw a y In pur s u ing this .

n o w in y o u r p o ssessi o n I will she a th the sw o rd ,

pl an h o wever his me a su re s were different fro m

, , o f w ar ; bu t sh o u ld y o u refuse the se terms the ,

tho se o f his predecess o rs Inste a d o f w a ging w ar . h o o fs of my h o rse w hi c h ar e h a rd a s steel s hall , ,

h imself be en c o u r ag ed the ba rb ari a ns dwelling e fl ac c t he n a me o f the R o ma ns fro m the e a rth

—
'

.
,

o n t he fro ntiers o f t e Ro ma n pr o vinces t o r a a n d my gl o ri o us sci mit a r th a t destr o ys l ike fire

,

h , ,

v age a n d ha rass them T hi s he did o penly .

,
sh a ll extermin a te t he pe o ple o f y o ur e mpire .

w hen the R o ma ns were in c o nfu sio n an d covertly , ,

C o nstantine returned S ap o r a letter replete
when they were free fro m intern al al a rm A fter .
with d ignity an d reso lu ti o n an d t ho u gh he w as
t hl s he extended his d o minions e a stw a rd an d
, n o w a dv a nced in ye a rs he prep a red fo r w a r B ut ,
.

n o rthw a rd incre ased his reven u es by e n co u r a g

, j u st as he w as o n t he point of c o mmencing his
,

i n g tr a de a n d c o mmerce di sc iplined his tr o o ps

, ,
ma rch fo r the e a stern provinces he w as re moved ,

fro m this w o rld of strife

‘

a n d e fl ec t e d a pro fo u nd vener a ti o n fo r the civil .

an d religi o u s instit u tio ns o f his c o u ntry Up o n the de ath o f C o nstantine S a p o r ta king ,

. ,

the inst igatio n o f t he ma gi Sa por perse ,

adv a nt a ge o f t he dissensi o ns t ha t en su ed in t he
o u ted b o th t he J ews an d C hristi ans
; t h e fo r m er R o ma n e mpire entered their pr o vinces a nd r e , ,

a s evil minded s ubj ects a n d a v o wed ene mies o f

-
a nnexed t o his d o mini o ns t he p a rts whi c h his
,

the i r rel igio n ; an d the latter a s being a tta c hed ,

a nce st o r s ha d l o st M a ny ye a r s were o c c u pied.

n sta n t in e t he Gre at a fter his pro fe ssi o n o f in this stru ggle an d w it h v a rio u s successe s an d
, ,

C hrist ia nity The po wer o f C o nstantine w as t o o

. reverses o f fo r t u ne In pitche d b a ttles as at .
,

gre a t fo r S a p o r t o a tt a ck him o penly ; he there Sing a ra a n d in t he defen c e o f fo rtre sses as at

, ,

fo re sent an e mb assy t o C o nsta ntin o ple t o c o m Nisibin t he R o ma ns u s u ally had t he ad v a nta ge

, .
,
,

bu t in r a pid ma rches e q u e str ian skir mishes a n d ,

S o me a u th ors i n terp re t thi s wo r d Lord o f t he , s u rprise s the Persi ans tri u mphed .

a n d sa y t h a t t h e n a me w a s d e riv e d fro m hi s
,
sh ou l d e r s ”

man n e r o f cha sti sin g t h e Ara b t r i be s which w a s t o p ie r c e

, ,
All t his happened d u r ing t he reign o f C o ns ta ns ;
w ho ha d s u cc eeded C o n sta ntine in the e mpire o f
,

o di sl o c t e th e m
t he sho u l ders o f hi s c a p t iv e s a nd t he n t
, a

by a stri n g p as se d thr o u gh th e m . the R o ma ns a n d in t he ea rly p a rt o f t he re ign o f

,
J u li an his su c cesso r At length the l ast menti o ned
,
.
,
-

e mpero r c o ntra ry to t he s age a dvi ce o f H o rmis

,

das a Persia n gener al o n the side o f t he R o ma ns

, ,

adv a nced t o o far int o t he c o u ntry a n d being ,

a lre a dy h a lf c o nq u ered by thirst a n d fa mine hi s ,

a rmy w a s de str o yed by S a p o r a n d hi mself sl a in , .

A pe a ce w a s n o w c o ncl uded with t he R o man s o n

a dv a nt age o u s ter ms J o v i a n t he su cce ss o r o f .
,

J u li an ceded the five pro vinces in di sp u te for

,
q u ently d a nger o u s an d he w as e v entu a lly k illed ,

ever t o t he Persi a n s t o gether with t he str o ng by a n a rro w w hen ende avouring t o q u ell a ,

t umu lt in his a r my
,

fo rtress o f N isibis in Me so po tami a which had , ,

.

so l o ng been t he b u lw a rk o f t he e astern b o u nd a ry
The t hro ne o f Persi a w as next filled by
o f t he R o ma n e mpire This pe ace w a s concl u ded 1
ISD EG ER I ES O R J EZ D EG ARD A L ATEH I
’ ‘
.
, , .

AD 3 6 3
. . .

S ap o r n o w turned his a ttention t o th a t p a rt o f The ch a ra cter o f Isde ge r t es is differently given

his e mpire which w as bounded by T a rta ry an d by the Byz a ntine an d Persi a n histo ria ns By t he .

Indi a He w as thu s o cc u pied fo r s o me time ;

.
l atter he is represented a s a mo ns ter o f cr u elty ,

bu t Jovi an t he Ro man e mpero r dying a n d the

' wh o se de ath w a s h ailed a s a ble ssing by his sub
j e ct s while the fo r mer represent him as a mo n a rc h
, , ,

affairs o f th a t pe o ple being a g a in e mb a rras sed ,

deservedly renowned fo r his ma ny virtu es B o th

,

rega rdless o f t he pe a ce s u b si sting between the .

a ccounts s ays Dr H ales a r e o verch arged a n d

t w o e mpires he a g a in inv a de d the R o ma n terri
.
, ,

we ma y a scribe e a ch t o his p a rti ality fo r the

,

t o ries The p a rt ic ul a rs o f this inv a si o n h a ve

C hristi a ns who m he first o f a ll the Pers ia n
.

n o t been h a nded d o wn t o us All we kn o w is , ,

mo n a r chs fav o ured an d protected

.

th at he slew Ar saces w ho reigned in Ar meni a , .

Pro c o pi u s an d C e dr e n u s rel a te t h at the e m

, ,

an d red u ced a l a rge territ o ry u nder his o bedience ,

th at o n the a rriva l o f Ar in t hius he w as c o n per o r Arc adi u s le ft Isdeger t e s gua rdi a n o f his
a n d pro tect o r o f t he R o ma n
,
so n Theod o sius
*

stra ined t o ab and o n a gre at p a rt o f his c o nqu ests ;

e mpire a tr u st that he fait hfu lly disch a rged
‘

th a t upon this he tra nsferred t he i mperia l s ea t t o , .

Ctesiphon the o ld c a pital o f the Pa rthi a n e m

.
The Greek writers als o rel ate tha t d u ring his ,

pire th at he might i mpro ve s u ch o pp o rtu nities reign fo r twenty o n e ye a rs he live d in t he

,
-
,

u t most h a rmo ny with The o d o si u s

,

a s might o ffer ; a n d th a t after this a ct he did not

T his fully .

g a in an y gre a t victo ry vindic ates t he c har a cter o f this prince fr o m the

c al u mnies o f t he Persi a n priestho o d w ho pr ac
.

The restless an d ambitio us S ap o r ended his ,

t ise d severa l pi o u s fra u ds u p o n him fo r wh ich he

day s in the beginning o f the reign o f the R o ma n ,

o rdered the ma gi t o be deci ma ted ; a ll o wed the

e mperor Gra ti a n a b o u t AD 3 7 5 or 3 7 7 after , . .
, ,

h av ing reigned seventy o r seventy t w o ye a rs , -

Christi ans t o build churches thr o ugho ut his
th rs di ffer o n this p o int ) with gre a t
do mini o ns ; an d repe a led the pen al l aws en a cted
( fo r a u o
a ga inst t he m by his predecess o rs It w a s do ubt
v a riety o f fo rt une ; a v ariety t hat might h ave .

ta u ght him the fo l ly of purs uing the h o n o u rs less t his indu lgence a n d to lera tio n t ha t extended
an d posses si o ns o f this c hanging w o rld He .
the fa me o f Isde ger t e s amo ng str angers an d ,

see ms by no me ans to h a ve l a cked wisdo m c au sed it to be h a n ded d o wn with execra tio n by

the prie stho od o f his o w n c o untry The the m
.

S o me o f his o bserv a ti o ns have been preserve d .

w hich exhibit a kn o wledge o f the huma n mind

,

.
selves h o wever ha ve preserved so me of is sa y
, ,

Wo rds he used t o say may be mo re vivifying

” ings bre a thing a spirit tha t c o ntra di cts t he cha
,

r a c t e r they h a ve gi v en o f him
, ,

th a n the sh o wers o f spring a n d sha rper tha n the He o ften r e .

ma rked say they T ha t t he wi sest o f mo n a rchs

,

s w o rd o f de structi o n The point o f a l ance may .

, ,

w a s he w ho never p u nis hed when in a r a ge a n d

be dr awn fro m the bod y ; bu t a cr u el ord ,

w ho fo ll o wed the first i mp u ls e o f his mind t o

c a n never be extr a cted fro m the he a rt it h as
w o u nded .
” rew ard t he deserving He u sed als o t o o h .

S ap o r w as su cceeded in his kingdo m by serve Th at whene v er a king c e a sed t o do go od

a cti o ns he necess a rily c o mmitted ba d ; an d t ha t
,

ARTAX ER X ES , OR ARD SCH IR , t he th o u ght of eternity c o u ld n o t fo r a mo ment

c o ncerning wh o se o ri gin an d life n o thing is r e be absent fr o m the mind witho u t its v erging ,

c o rde d s a ve th at he ma int a ined pe ac e with the t o w a rds sin S u ch sentiments as these a r e

.
”

R o ma ns an d g o verned his d o mi ni o ns fo u r ye ars worthy e v en o f a C hri sti a n philo so pher .

At the de a th o f Isde ge r t es AD 4 1 8 the magi

.
,

To him succeeded ,
. .
, ,

thro u gh hatred t o him se t u p Kesr a a n o ble man , ,

SAP O R III .
, o n SC H AB OU R B EN SC H AB OU R , in o pp o s itio n t o his so n B ab a r am G o u r o r J u r *
, ,

w ho w a s then a br o ad ed u c a ting by a n Ar a b
w ho g o verned the kingd o m o f Persi a five fo r ,

p r i n ce By t h e a s sistan c e o f t he Ara bs h o wever

ye a rs in gre a t tra nqu ill ity He w a s c o nte mpo ra ry . , ,
.

B aba r am r a ised an a rmy t o re c o v er his cr o wn

with T he o d o si u s t he Gre a t wh o se fr iendship he ,

enj o yed d u ring his reign Persi a n writers sa y .

,
which he did a lmo st with o ut a stru ggle .

K ARA M G OUR O R J U R
tha t he w as killed by t he fa ll o f his tent ; the V AR ANE S V O R B A .
, ,
.

i * a n d the
c o rd a ge w as br o ken by a whirlw nd
-
,
The fir st act of B aba ra m w as t o rew a rd N o ma n
p o le struck the mo n arch while he slept S a p o r ,

w ho ha d ed u c a ted him ; his sec o nd t o p a rdo n

.

1 11 w as s u cceeded by his br o ther

,
.

t ho se w ho had ende a vo u red t o de pr iy e him o f

T h e se v io l e n t gu st s a r e i n P e r sia M a l co l m co mmo n .
t he cr o wn Such gr a t it u de a n d c le mency dis
.

sa y s , t h a h e h a s se e n a w h o l e l in e o f e n s l e v e ll e d by
t t t
t h e i r fo r ce , a n d so me o f h e m c a r i e d t o a d i s a n c é f o m
t r t r Thi s su rn ame w a s de r i v e d fro m h is fo n dn e ss fo r
t he sp o he e h e y
tw r t e r e p i ch e d w t .
h u n tin g t h e j u r o r wi l d a ss ,
.
 H I STOR Y OF TH E PERS I AN S .

posed the he a rts o f al l his s ubj ects to w a rd s this N umbers fled du ring this persecutio n fo r pr o , ,

prince an d his mu n ifi c en c e virt u e a n d v a lo u r . , , t e ct io n to T he o do si u s w ho espo used their c au se , .

a r e t he the me o f every hist o ri a n H is genero sity . 2 The o d o si u s in the d a ys o f Isdege r t e s ha d

.
, ,

w a s n o t l imi te d t o his c o u rt o r c a pit al bu t ex , lent a cert a in n umber o f miners t o th a t prince to ,

te nded o ver al l his d o mini o ns So u nb o u nded . w o rk a new so me negle c ted g o ld an d silver mines
w a s his liber a lity tha t his minister dre a ding t he
, ,
in Persia T hese miners he n o w requ ired an d
.
,

e ffects o f its excess presented a me mo r ial t o him , , B a b a ram refu sed t o send the m b ack .

pointing o ut ho w e ssenti a l t he posse ssio n o f tre a It w as fr o m these t w o c au ses t ha t the w a r be

s u re w a s t o s u pport the thro ne B aba ra m wro te . tween th e R o ma ns an d Persi an s at this d ate , ,

u nder this represent a ti o n If I ma y n o t e mpl o y ,

a r o se F ired with indign a ti o n The o d o si u s to o k
.
,

benefits a n d rew a r ds t o ga in t he he a rts o f free u p a r ms a n d B ab a ra m fo ll o wed t he ex a mple

, .

me n w ho render me their o bed ience let t he ,

The c o ntest w as a ttended with no s u c cess o f a n y
fra mers o f this me mo ri a l info rm me w hat me an s gre a t c o nsequ ence t o either Altern a te victo r
y
.

I a m t o u se fo r att aching su ch perso ns t o my a n d defe a t made u

p t he w ho le sum o f it ; a n d i t
go vern ment .
”
ended in a truce fo r 1 00 ye a rs in whic h it w as ,

Under B aba ram it is s a id min strels a n d , ,

a greed tha t an end s ho u ld be
pu t t o the s everities
mu sici a ns were first intro du ced into Persi a fro m ,
exerci sed u p o n the C hristi a ns .

Indi a Sir J Ma lc o lm says tha t this circ um

. . A n o ble Christi an a c t io n ho w ev er c o ntr ib uted , , ,

stance w ith o thers o f a si mil a r n at u re produ ced

, ,
mo re tha n the pe ace between t he t w o e mpires to ,

a n i mpressi o n a mo ng fo reign p o wers th a t the king t he r e est ablis hment o f Christi anity in Persi a
-

Whe n t he pro vince o f Az a z en e w a s ra v aged by

.

a n d his s u bj ects were i mmer sed in l u x u ry ; a n d

th a t t he l o ve of t he d a nce a n d song had su per t he R o ma n s in t he beginning o f t he w a r 7 000 , .

seded th a t ma rti a l sp irit which ha d so l a tely Persi a n prisoners were brou ght t o the city o f
Amid a in extre me misery Acase s bish o p o f
,

rendered Persi a t he terro r o f s u rr o u nding n atio ns . .

,

The king o f T u ran o r T u rkistan a cting u nder , ,

th a t pl a ce h aving a sse mbled his clergy r e pr e
, ,

this i mpressio n inv a ded Persi a He cro ssed t he

, . sented t o them in p a thetic terms t he misery o f
Oxus a t the he ad o f a l a rge a r my an d la id w a ste ,
t hese u n ha ppy cre at u res He then repre sented .

t he w ho le o f Kh o r a ss a n This in v a si o n spre a d . th at a s t he Al mighty preferred merc y t o s a c ri

a dis ma y which w as re a tly incre sed by the fi ce he w o u ld be better ple a sed with the relief o f
g a ,

di sa ppe a rance o f B ab a ra m w ho it w as c o n c l uded ,

t hese his cre a t u re s tha n by being ser v ed with ,

had fled fro m a sen se o f in ability t o meet the go ld a n d silver ve ssels in their ch u rc he s The .

impen ding st o r m The resu lt o f this w a s t he .

,
suggesti o n w a s a d o pted : al l the c o nsecra ted
,

u ni v ers a l terr o r o f the Persi ans and th e u ngu a rded ,

pla te o f go ld an d silver vessels were s o ld fo r the
c o nfidence o f the T a rta rs The gre a t king con .
”
ma inten a nce o f their enemies a n d they were ,

c e ive d the w ar w a s o ver a n d tha t he ha d o nly t o

,
sent ho me at the c o n c lu sio n of the w ar w ith mo
receive the s ub missi o n o f the Persi an chiefs w ho ney t o defra y their expenses o n the r o ad B a
d aily cro wded to his standar d t o i m
.
,

pl o re his fav o u r h a r am w as so stru ck with this ac t that he invited ,

a n d pr o tecti o n B ab a ram ho wever w as n o t lo st :

.
, ,
the bisho p to his c a pit al where he recei v ed him ,

fetc hing a c o mp a ss ro und by the co a st of the with the u t mo st reverence an d gra nted t he ,

C aspi a n Sea he g a ined t he importa nt p a ss o f C hristi ans ma ny fa vo u rs a t his req u est T hu s .

,

Khu ar a sme i n the re a r of the Turks ; an d w h ile

,
b he aping c o al s o f fire
y u p o n t he he a d o f this

h i gh minded prince sa ys Dr H ales did the se

'

t he in v a ding h o st w as b u ried in wine a n d sleep ,

-
, .
,

he fell u pon the m with seven tho u sa nd o f the C hristi an miners melt his he ar t t o mu tu a l c o m
bra v est wa rrio rs o f Persi a an d put the m t o fl ight
’

, . p a s si o n an d kindne ss verifying St P a u l s pre , .

The sl a u ghter w as gre a t : the c hief o f t he ene my cep t R o m x ii 2 0 2 1 This is the true geni u s
, . .
, .

fell u n der the sw o rd o f B ab aram w ho pu rsued ,

o f t he ever blessed go spel o f C hrist .

the fugitives acr o ss the O xus .

After this B aba r am enj o yed pe a ce a s long as
,

The use B ahar am made o f this victory w a s to ,

he li v ed ; a n d h aving re igned twenty three ye a rs -
,

establ ish pe ace with al l his neighbou rs a fter ,

he died beloved a n d hon o ured by his s ubj ects
, ,

which he retu rned t o his c apital .

AD 4 4 1
. . .

The Persi ans rel ate a r o ma ntic tale a bo ut the B ab a ram w as o n e o f the best mo n archs that
a dventu res of B ab a ra m in India ; a n d they a ssert e v er r uled Persi a D u ring his wh o le re ign t he .
,

th at a fter his return he w as very s u cces sful in

, ,
h appiness of his s u bj e c ts w a s his s o le o bj ect his ,

s o me inc u r sio n s into t he Arabi a n a n d R o man persec u t io n o f t he C hristi ans ex c epted Ill .

territ o rie s c a rrying his a rms into the la tter al

, ,
timed ze a l o n the p ar t o f Abde s led him into the
mo st t o the gates o f C o nsta ntino ple In this l a t .
cri me an d o verwhelmed the C hrist ians with sor
,

ter a s serti o n however their fl a ttery ha s misled

, ,
r ow A good ma n s z e al sh o uld be ever o n t he
.
’

the m a s the re ader will perceive fro m the fo l

,
w ing ; bu t it sho u ld be united with di scern ment
l o wing a cc o unt o f the w ar as derived from Greek ,
an d prudence o r it will be blind a n d extr a v a ga nt , ,

histo rians . a n d inj u re t he c a u se it i ntends to a dv a nce To .

The c a u se o f t he w ar between B aba ram an d be gen ui ne ze a l mu st be free fro m a persec u ting

,

The o do siu s w as two fo ld spirit .

1 A
.

. bda s the Persi a n prel a te with an u n w ar

, ,
B a ba r am w as succeeded by his son
r an t a bl e ze a l ha d b u rned a fire te mple t o the
,
V AR AN ES vr
T
o n J EZ D EG ER D B E N BA H AR A
gro u nd B ab a r a m w ho had a gre a t respect fo r
.
,
M .
, .

him gently repro ved him a n d c o mma n ded him

, , Va r an e s W is represented as a wise a n d bra v e .

t o reb u ild it T his he refused t o do a n d at the

. prin c e w ho to o k t he best me a ns o f ensu ring the
,

instigati o n o f the magi the king pu t him t o , pro sperity o f his e mpire by reta in i ng the fa vour ,

de a th de mo lished t he churches an d c o nfi sc ated

, ,
ite mini sters an d o fficers o f his father while he ,

the esta te s o f the n o bles w ho w o u ld n o t rec ant . himse l f c a refu lly a ttended to bus iness Var an es .
,
 H I STOR Y OF TH E P ERS IA NS .

w as p a rtic u larly strict in t he a d min i strati o n o f the Per sia n fo rce s a n d he therefo re retre ated as ,

equal an d imp a rtia l ju stice He restored the a n .

t hey a dv a nced ; but he w a s soon en a bl ed by t he ,

c ient regu la ti o ns th a t ha d fallen into disuse a n d , dev o ti o n o f o n e o f his c hief o fficers not o nl t o ,

fr a med n e w l aws by the advi c e o f his c o u n c il . pr e serve his c o u ntry bu t t o destr o y his oe s , .

He likewis e kept u p d isciplin e in his a rmy with T his offi c er aft er c o mmuni c ating t he pl a n he
,

o u t severity an d never p u nis h ed bu t with relu c t

, had fo rmed entrea t ed h is princ e t o o rder the
,

h
a n c e w ence
,
h e w as c all ed S ip ha dos t
“
a l o ver . mu til ati o n o f hi s b o dy an d then t o cast him in ,
”
o f his s o ldiers . the r o u te o f t he Persi a n s o ldiers T his w as .

Ac cordi ng t o the Per si an hist o ria ns Vara n es , done ; an d he w as ta ken u p an d c a rried t o P e ,

bro ke t he pe a ce a n d w aged w ar wi th t he R0 ,
.
r o ses w ho asked him w ho had redu c ed him t o
,

mans ; but thi s is n o t pro b able fo r t he Greek , this sad c o nditi o n T hat cru el tyra nt Kho osh
.
,

a nn al s ma ke n o fu rther menti o n o f him tha n th a t N a a z w as t he a nswer ; a n d bei ng interro ga t ed

,

he w as c o nte mpor ary with T heod o sius II a n d hi s . fo r w ha t the deed w as d o ne he repl ied Bec a u se , ,

s u c c e ss o r Ma rti a n u s . I to o k t he li be rty of a n o l d an d faithful se rv ant ,

By s o me Persi an writers the ch a ra cter o f Va to repre sent the c o nsequ ences o f his bad go vern
r a nes is represented as unch as te av a rici o us an d ment an d t o tell him ho w u nequ a l he w as t o
cru el : they style him Ait am w hich ha s refer
, , ,

, meet t he tr o o ps o f Per sia c o ndu cted by su ch a ,

ence t o vio l ati o n pill age an d ma ss ac re T his , , . hero as Peros e s B u t I w ill be reven ged he .
,
”

ma y h a ve a risen fr o m their disple a s u re at his a dded as he writhed with pa in ;

,
I will le a d y o u
c o u nten a ncing Christi a nity which by the p re ach , , by a sh o rt rout e w here y o u sh all i n a fe w da ys
, , ,

ing o f M an et ha bish o p o f Di a rbe kr in Mes o p o

, , intercept the tyra nt s retre a t defe at his a rmy ’
, ,

t a mia an d his co adj ut o r s mad e gre at pro gress in

, , a n d rid the w o rld o f a mo nster Pero ses be .
”

hi s d o mi ni o ns du ring his reign . l ie v e d the t ale an d the Persi a n a r my ma rch e d

,

Va ran e s di e d AJ ) 4 5 9 an d he w as succe eded .

, a ccording t o his directi o ns It w a s n o t t il l they .

in his kingdo m by his so n had been severa l d ays with o ut w ater an d famine ,

w as ra ging a mo ng t heir ra nks a n d“ they saw

mo n z
,
PER OSE S , on r .
the mselves su rr o u nded by enemies fro m wh o m
Va ran es had t w o s o ns , Fir o u z an d H or mo uz . they had no hopes o f esc a pe th at they dis c o vered ,

His wis h w a s, th at H o r mo u z , t he y o unger, should they ha d been led t o r u in a nd tha t t he c o nqu e st ,

su cceed him; an d fo r t his p u rp o se he sent a w ay o ver them ha d been e ffected by o n e w ho ha d ,

Pero ses to be go vernor o f Nimr o u z ,* inclu ding c o u rted de a th to o bta in t he title o f The pre
”
Sigist an a n d M a kr an Accordingly , upon his . server of his country .

fa ther s de ath, H o r mo u z a ssumed the throne , an d

’
The grea test p a rt o f t he Persi an army peri shed
w as s u pp o rted by the n o bility ; bu t Fir o u z e m in this desert an d Peros es w as only per mitted to
,

ga ged t he H a ia thel it e s, o r White Hun s; an Indo retu rn with t he s u r vivo rs thro u gh th e cle mency
Scyt hi an tribe w ho bordered o n his pr o vinces
, , o f Kho o sh N ua z t o w h o m he sent t o s o licit pe ace
-
, ,

t o a ss ist him in the rec o very o f his right pr o , a n d with wh o m he entered into a so lemn cove
misin g their king Khoo sh Nu az the pro vince ,
-
, n a nt never to in vade his territo ries a gain .

of Nimr o u z as a re co mpense With these aux

, . B u t Pero se s w as tormented by the t ho u ght o f
il iar ies an d s o me o f the Persi a ns w ho esp o used
o

,
the degrada ti o n he had suffered The genero si ty .

his c au se Per o ses inv a ded Pers ia defe ated his

, , o f his ene my w as als o h a tefu l a s it ma de hi s ,

bro ther H o rmo uz a n d pu t him t o de a th , . o w n c o ndu ct a ppe a r more b a se a n d inexcus able .

In the be gin n ing o f t he reign o f Peros es there , Hence n o so o ner w as he extric at ed fro m his di f
,

w as a dre adfu l dr o u ght o f six ye a rs c o ntin u a nce

’

,
fic u ltie s th an ih vi o la tion o f his o ath he c o l
, , ,

w hi ch w as interpreted in tha t s u perstiti o us a ge , , l ec ted an a rmy delivered over his kingdo m t o a

,

a s a punish ment fro m He a ven fo r the crime o f regen t (w ho t he Greeks sa y w as his bro ther )
, , , ,

a cting con tr a ry to t he will o f the virtuo us Va a n d o nce more cr o ssed t h e O xus re so lved t o ,

r a nes A cc o rding to the Tu br ee this dro ught

. ,

w as so exces sive th a t not even the a ppea ra nce ,

Pero ses perished The H aiat hel it e s ha ving .

o f mo isture w as left in the beds o f the O xus an d ti mely n o rice o f his intenti o n prepa red t o me e t ,

J ax ar t e s . hi m . C o nce ali ng t heir fo rces behind s o me

In the seventh ye a r plenty w as rest ored ; an d , mo unta in s they issu ed forth s u ddenly o n all
,

the first ac t o f Pero ses after this n a ti o n al , sides of the Persi an a r my a n d t otally r o u ted ital ,
~

scou rge w as to inv a de the country o f the H ai a

,
Al mo st all the so ldiers o f which it w as c o mp o sed
t hel it es his be nefa ct ors
,
The gre a t o bject o f his .

l ife indeed appe a rs t o h ave been to destroy the

, ,

power o f t he genero u s mo n a rch t o who m he

o wed his thr one H e pretended t o disc o ver fr o m
.
,

t he eviden ce o f some T a rta r e x iles that th eir ,

king w a s a tyr a nt ; a n d with the pretext of r e

li eving hi s subjects from his y o k e he inv ad ed , a bh o rr ed .

T a rt a ry Kho o sh Nu az w as t o o we a k to Opp o se
.
- The faithless Per o ses w as su c cee ded by 11 1 8 so n

Nimr o u z i s p art of th e mod e rn S e i stan The P e r S o me o f t he o rienta l write r s say th a t t he army w a s

t a k en by a stratagem T h e y d ug say th ey a l arge dyk e
. ,

si an s. sa y s M al co l m ha ve a trad itio n tha t this co u n try w as .

, ,

fo rme r ly c o v e r d wi th a l a k e which w a s dra in e d by so me

,

e i n t h e middl e o f a pl a i n a n d a ft e r h a v in g co v e r e d i t o v e r ,

the y e n tra ppe d t he P ersi a n army i nt o it B u t\thi s mu st

, ,

g e n ii in ha lf a da y wh e n ce t h e n a me o f Nimr o uz o r h a lf
, ,
.

d a y ; bu t as Ni mr o u z me a n s a l s o mi d da y i t is p r o b a bly be l o o k e d u po n a s ro ma n c e ; fo r t o h a v e du g a pi t o f su f
.

fi cie n t di me n sio n s fo r su ch a p u rp o se t he y mu st ha v e
,

u se d me t a p ho ri ca lly i n t he P e rsia n as i n F r e n ch G e r , , ,

man a n d se v era l o ther l a n gu a ge s t o de si gn ate t h e so u th ;

, . r e a r e d u p a mo u n t a i n with t h e ea rth whi ch wo u l d h a v e ,

an d t hi s r o vi n c e li e s dire ct ly so u th o f B u lkh t h e a n cie nt ,

to l d t he ta le a n d ha v e ma de t he P e rsia n s l o o k we ll t o
,

c a p it a l 0 P e r sia . the ir fee t .

 HIST O R Y OF THE PERS IAN S .

mander they were almost entirel y destr o yed

, .

VALEN S , on B AL ASC H B EN r mo n z , The o nly exe cu ti o n they did w as t he destructi o n ,

w ho pro ved t o be an ex c ellent prince tender of a det a ch ment o f H a ia t hel it e s wh o mt hey fo u nd ,

c o mp a s sio n a te a n d j u st a n d desir o u s o f lessen

, ,
a l o ne o n the b a nks o f a r iver the stre ams o f ,
, ,

ing the mi sery o f his co u ntry which a t t he wh ich were dyed with their bl o od .

,
C o bad had sc arcely g ained his secon d victory
,

de a th o f Pero se s w as rendered trib u t a ry t o

o ver the R o ma ns w hen he w a s info rmed th a t the
,

Kho o sh Nu a z He p a id t he trib ute fo r tw o ye a rs

-
.
,
,

an d w a ged w ar with the H a ia t heli t e s t w o mo re

Hu n s had bro ken into t he n o rthern pro vinces
o f his e mpire ; u p o n which he w a s c o mpelled
,

when w o rn o ut with c a res he died He w as

, ,
.

t o ret u rn int o Persi a whence he expelled t he

s u cceeded by his br o th er ,

inv a ders .

C AVAD ES, on C OB AD After t he dep a rtu re o f Go had the R o mans in , ,

several b o die s s u rro u nded Amid a in o rder to

ma rti al an d e n t e r pr i z mg disp o si
, ,
w ho w as o f a
prevent the ga rris o n fro m receiving pr o visi o ns .

ti o n ; re ady t o u nderta ke a n y thing fo r t he ex

They a ls o devised me ans t o betr a y C l o nes t he
tensi o n o f his kingdo m a n d j e al o u s t o the l a st
, Persi a n c o mma nder int o a n ambu sc a de in which ,
,

,
degree o f hi s a u t ho rity a n d t he gl o ry o f the, he perished with 2 00 o f his fo rces The ga rris o n
Per si a n n ame
, .

.
w as event ua lly c o mpelled to c apitu l a te ; an d s o me
In t he tenth ye a r o f t he reign o f Co bad Ma z , ti me after a truce fo r seven ye ars w as c o nclu ded
dak an i mp o st o r a ppe a red in the desert w ho
,

, , , between the R o mans an d Persi ans an d ho st a ges ,

set u p fo r a pr o phet a n d preten d ed t o intro duc e
,

, on b o th sides were gi v en fo r its du e o bserv ance .

a p u rer rel igi o n tha n had hi therto been reve al ed

A l as ting peace w a s aft erw a rds nego ti ated in t he
t o ma nkin d * C o ba d s a ncti o ned the i mp o st o r
.
da ys o f J u stin but t his fail ed ; an d in the day s
a n d his en o rmities w hich stru ck a t the r o ot of
,
, o f J u stini a n a new w ar br o ke o u t between t he
,
c ha stity a n d pr o perty T his pro du ced an in sur .
t w o e mpires in which the Per si a n ar m
, u nder
re ctio n in w hich t he Persi a n n o bles dethroned
,
Per o ses w a s defeated by Belis a ri u s in es o p o
C o ba d a n d impris o ned him a pp o inting Gi am
,
, , t ami a ; an d M e r mo r e s w ho c o mmanded t he Per
a sp a pers o n o f gre a t wisd o m a n d integrity king
,
, ,
sia n fo rces in Armenia w as twice defe ated by
in his ste a d So me ti me a fter h o wever Co bad
.
, , D o r it he u s Two c astles with the dependencie s
,

c o ntrived t o esc ape fr o m pris o n t o t he king o f

.
, ,
,
fell a ls o u nder t he p o wer o f the Ro mans B u t
t he H ai a t hel it es with wh o m it w o uld a ppe a r he
.

,
Co bad still kept t he field He r a ised new a rmies
ha d ma de pe a c e in t he d a ys o f his pro sperity
.
,
, which defe a ted Be l is a ri u s an d invested the city
w ho a s si sted him with a n a rmy t o rec o ver his
,

o f M a r t r o p o l is a pl a ce o f t he l a st i mp o rt ance t o
y
kingdo m w hich he a c c o mplished : he dep o sed
,
t he R o ma n e mpire
,

The city w as s a ved by ih

Gia masp an d p u t o u t his e y es
.

,
trigue an d a tru ce w a s s o o n afterw ards concl u ded
As s o o n a s Go had w a s re stored t o the thro ne
.

, between t he t w o e mpires
he e mba rke d in a w a r with the R o mans t o rep a y
.

, D u ring the la st y e ar s o f his life G ohad a ls o

t he king o f t he H a ia t hel it e s l a rge s u ms o f mo ney
,

c a rried o n a w a r with the H aiathel it es with

whic h he had borro wed a n d fo r t he ch a rges , v a rie d s u cce ss He die d AD 5 3 2 a fter a l o ng
,

o f t he ex e diti o n t o rest o re him He ma r c hed

. . .
, ,
p .
a n d diversified reign o f fo rty nine ye a rs incl u d -

r apidl y in to Armeni a r ai sed exces sive co n t r ibu ,

ing t he period in which he w as imprisoned fo r
,

ti o ns fro m t he in habit a nts a n d t hen l a id s iege to ,

whic h Dr H ales allo ws eight ye a rs
,

A mid a t he prin c ipa l fo rtre ss in tho se qu a rters

.
. .

, .
C o bad left sever al s o ns ; bu t he alway s a p
As t he pr o vin c e ha d fo r ma ny ye a rs enj o yed pr o pe a rs t o h a ve sh o wn a decided preference fo r
fo u nd pe a ce the city w as u nprep a red fo r the a t
,
C ho sr o es o r No u schir van w ho see ms in every
, ,
t a ck ; t he citizens ho wever refu sed t o open their , , respect t o ha ve been w o rthy o f his father s fav o ur ’

a red t o ma ke a n o bstin a te d efen c e

.

a t e s an d rep
gl e t o o k 1 t after eighty days an d the citizens
p At his de a th Co bad bequ e athed his kingdo m t o
, .

, Cho sr o es a n d t he testa ment w a s c o mmitted t o

were o nly saved fr o m de stru cti o n by a well ti med -
,

the prin cip a l mo bud o r high priest by wh o m it

tho u gh fl a tterin g c o mpliment fro m o n e o f their , w as re a d to the a s se mbled n o bles o f the e mpire
, ,

n u mber C o ba d having a sked him w hy they

.

These de cl a red their cheerfu l s u bmissi o n t o t he

.

tre ated him a s a n ene my ? Be c a u se s a id t he ,

”
will o f the dece a sed mo n a rch ; but Cho sr o es r e
C i t i zen i t w as t he wi l l o f God t o deliver A mid a
,

n o t t o y o u r p o wer bu t t o y o u r v l
fu sed the pro ffered di ade m o n the gro u nd o f his ,
a ou r Ple a sed ”

W i th hi s reply G o ha d sp a red their lives an d

, .
in ability t o refo rm the gre at abu ses o f the go v ern
t ,
ment All t he princip al o flices he excla i med ”

so me t i me a fterw a r ds he re sto red th e ir pri v ileges

,
. . ,

, a r e fil led by w o rthless an d despic able me n ;

a n d directe d the w alls a n d p u bli c b u ildings t o be
a n d w ho in s u c h da s wo u ld make a v a in a t '

rep a ired He left therein G l o n e s a Persi a n n o te mpt t o go vern t his kingdo m a c c o rding t o pr in
, ,
.
,

ble man with a ga rri so n o f 1 000 men a n d treate d

,
, c ip l es o f wisd o m an d j u sti c e ? If I do my d u ty I
it rather a s a benefa c t o r th an a c o nqu ero r .
mu st make gre at ch anges the res u lt o f which
,

The tid ings o f the se pro cee dings a t length ,

may be bl o o dshed ; my sentiment s t o w a rd man

re ached R o me a n d an a r my w a s immedi ately ,
o f y o u w o ul d perh a ps a lter ; an d fa milies w hi o
mar c hed to the fro ntiers u nder t he c o mmand o f ,

I n o w rega rd w o u ld be ru ined I ha ve n o desire

Ar io bin du s Gree k writers sa y tha t there never
,
.
,

t o be enga ged in s u ch scenes o f strife a n d ruin ;

.
,

were better fo rces sent a gai nst t he Persia n s th a n they a r e neither s u ited t o my inclin at io n n o r my
these o r men o f gre a ter rep u tati o n In t w o bat
, .
cha ra cter an d I mu st a v o id the m The a ssem .
”

tles however thro u gh the neglect o f the c o m

, ,
,

bly a s sented t o t he j ustice o f these o bs erv a tio ns ;

a n d c o nv inced fo r t he mo ment th a t a refo rm
, ,
M a z da k atte mpt e d t o re v iv e t he sy ste mo f M an i wit h w a s requ isite th ey t o o k a n o a th t o s u pport him
so me a ddi t i o n s o f h is o w n v e r y fa r fro m t
,

e n d i n g t o p u ri t y
,

of h ea rt .
,
in his me a s u res t o o bey his directions implicitly
,
 H I STOR Y o r T ri s: PE RSIAN S .

an d devo te the i r pers o ns a n d pro perty t o his

to l a t io n s were intr o d u ced fo r the man age ment o f
serv ic e a n d tha t o f t heir c o untry ; u pon w hi c h he t hese g o vern ments, a n d every check e sta blis hed
a scended the t hr o ne .
th at c o u ld prevent ab u se o f p o w er in the o ffi cers
a pp o inted fo r their a dmini str a ti o n
O R N OU SCH IR V AN
.

C H OS R OES, .
In a ll these r e g u la ti o n s Cho sr o e s w as ably as
Wh en C ho sr o es as c ended t he t hr o ne he as ,
si sted b
y his pri me v izier c a lled B u z u r ge M ihi r , ,
se mbled his c o u rt an d addressed t he m a s fo llo ws t he well bel o ved w ho w a s r aised fro m t h e
”

m
, ,

The a u tho rity w hich I derive fro m my o fli c e l o west sta ti o n t o t he first rank in t he kingdo ;
a n d t he minister s virtu e s a n d t a lents h a ve shed
’
is e st ablished o ver y o u r perso n s n o t o ver y o u r ,

he a rts : G o d a l o ne c a n penetra te int o the se c ret a l u stre even o n t ho se o f the gre a t mo n a rc h w h

‘

o ,

th o u ghts o f men I desire th at y o u sho u ld n u . by his penetr atio n c a lled t he m into a ct io n The , .

de r st an d fro m this th a t my vigil a nce a n d c o n ,

wisdo m o f B uz u r ge is gre a tly c elebr a te d by Per
tr o l c a n extend o nly o ver y o u r a cti o ns n o t o ver ,
si a n writers o f w ho m they rela te t he fo llo wing
,

y o u r c o nsciences : my j u dgments shall a l w a ys be a necdotes whic h pr o v e it , O ne day in c o u n c il .

, ,

fo u nded o n t he prin c iples o f j u stice n o t o n t he ,

when o t hers ha d sp o ken a t gre a t length Cho sr oe s ,

dict a tes of w ill o r c a price : an d w hen by s u ch a asked w hy he re ma ined silent ? Bec a u se sa id ”

, ,

pro ceeding I sh all h ave re me died the evils w hi c h

,
he a st a tes ma n o u ght to gi v e a dvice as a phy
, ,

ha v e crept int o the st ate t he e mpire w ill be sic ian medicines o nly when t here is o cc a si o n ”
, , .

p o werful a nd I shall meri t t he a ppl a u se o f pos

,
At a n o ther ti me a t o n e o f t he a sse mblies o f t he
,

sa ges t he king pro p o sed as a s u bj ect o f d eb a te

”
t e r it y . ,
,

Acting up o n this spirit o f t o lerati o n it is s a id ,

Wh a t is mi sery in t he extre me ? A Greek ”

th a t in the c o mmence ment o f his reign he t e m

, ,
phil o so p her lo o k ing o nly t o t he pre sent life a h
,
,

p o r iz e d wit h the fo ll o wers o f M a zd a k At length .

,
sw e r e d Po verty in o l d a ge ; in the s ame spi
,

h o wever he c a u sed th a t licenti o u s a n d false pro

,
rit a n India n replied
, Gre a t p a in with dej e o , ,

phet t o be apprehended a n d sentenced t o de a th ; ,

ti o n o f mind bu t B u z u r ge lo o king bey o n d t he ,

decla ring his deter mined res o lu t io n t o extirp a te gra v e (fo r it is said t hat he w a s priva tel y a C hris
,

the fo l l o wers o f this pestilent heresy t he fun ,

ti a n ) a n swered
, A l ate repent anc e a t t he cl o se
,

da men t al principle of which w a s the a nnih il ation ,

o f life t o w hic h a u nivers a l a ssent w a s
given .

o f pr o perty a n d its resul t a n a rchy

, , . And tr u ly B uz ur ge w a s right Bitter indeed is .

tha t ma n s c u p w ho a t t he cl o se of his e a rt hly

’
There a r e severa l re a s o ns given fo r this act o f , ,

severity The mo st prob able bec a u se mo st co n

.
,
c a reer l o o ks b a c k u p o n a li fe o f sin an d shame
, ,

son ant with t he ch a r a cter o f t he mo n a rch is tha t , ,

a n d fo rw a rd t o a j u st a n d a n a v enging G o d .

o n e o f hi s s u bj ects c o mpl a ined t o him o f his wife H o pe that s o l a ce o f li fe he c an ha rdly d a re ven

, ,

h aving been t aken fro m hi m by a disciple of t u re t o enterta in ; he d o u bts if his repent ance be -

Ma zda k The king desired the fa lse pro p het to

. sin c ere ; he c a nn o t a do pt the pro mises o f mer c y as
c o mma nd his fo ll o wer t o resto re t he w o ma n ; bu t his o w n ; a n d t he d a rkness o f desp a ir thickens
the ma nd ate o f the e a rthly mo n arch w a s tre a ted a r o u nd him We will n o t a ttemp t to limit t he
.

with sc o rn a n d contempt when its e ffe c t w as ,

H o ly O ne o f Isra el o r disc o u r a ge a true peni ,

c o ntra ry to wha t w as dee med a s a cred precept .

tent ; but s u rely it is highly i mpro per an d may ,

Cho sr o es enra ged at this o pp o siti o n t o his a u

,
be fata l to neglect t he S avio u r in t he ti me o f
,

t ho r it y ordered t he exec uti o n o f M a zd ak which

,
‘

,
he alth a nd tr u st t o a la te repenta nce
, And yet .

w as fo ll o wed by the destru cti o n o f ma ny o f his how many th o u s ands a r e t here w ho bu ild o n
fo llo wers a n d t he pro scripti o n o f his delusive a n d
,
tha t the ir hopes fo r eternity I
a b o min able tenets .

C ho sr o es w a s indefatig abl e in his ende a v o u r to All p romise is p o o r dil a to ry ma n ,

An d th a t thro u gh e v e ry s t a g e : whe n y o u n g in de e d
pro mo te the pro sperity o f his d o mini o ns O ne .
In ful l c o n te n t w e so me time s n o bly re st
, ,
, ,

of his first acts w a s t o disgra ce the p u blic o fficers , U n a n xi o u s fo r o u r se lv e s a n d o n ly wish , ,

w ho had been o bnoxi o u s t o t he pe o ple in the l a st As d ut e o u s so n s o u r fa t h ers we r e more wi se ;

,

reign All bridges w hi ch had fallen into dec ay A t thir ty ma n su sp e cts h imse lf a fo o l ;
,

Kn ows i t a t fo rt y a n d r e forms his pl a n ;

.

he o rdered to be rep aired a n d he directed ma ny

,

, A t fifty c hid e s his i n fa mo u s de l a y

, ,

new edifices t o be b u ilt He a lso fo u nded scho o ls . P u she s his pr u d e n t p u rp o se t o re so lv e ;

an d c o lleges ; a n d g a ve s u ch enc o u r a ge ment to In a l l t h e ma g n a n i mity o f t h o u g ht
R eso l ve s a n d r e r e so lv e s— the n dies t h e sa me
,

le a rned me n th at philos o phers res o rted t o his

-
.
,
, Y OU N G
cou rt fro m Greece Fo r the gener a l instructi o n
.

o f his people he circ u l a ted the a d mira ble

, R u les Cho sr o es e arly enga ged in a w ar with the
fo r living we l l written by A r dshir a n d required
,
”
, R o mans a n d thro u gho u t the wh o le c o u r se o f his
,

every family in Persia t o p o ssess a co py Fo r his . l o ng reign he ma inta ined this w ar a t interv als
, , ,

o w n instructi o n he pr o c u red a w o rk o f the fa

, with the E mper o rs J u stini a n J u stin an d Ti , ,

mo us Pilp a y fr o m Indi a entitled H oma zo u n N a ber iu s ; n o twithst a nding the fo rmer had pu r
’

, ,

meh The R o ya l Ma nual o r fa bles on the a r t

, ,
”
ch a sed a di sgrac efu l pe a ce in the beginning o f ,

o f g o verning whi ch by his directi o n w a s tr a ns

, , ,
his rei gn F o u r times he inv aded t he Roma n
.

la ted into Persic . territori es successfu lly He c a ptu red Sa r a a nd .

Cho sr o e s div ided his kingdo m into fo ur gre a t Anti o ch reduced all Syri a c o nqu ered C o lc his
, ,

go vern ments The first of these govern ments

. a n d I be ri a a n d establish ed his p o wer o n t he
,

c o mprised K ho ra ss an Seista n a n d Kerma n ; t he b a nks o f the Ph a sis a n d o n t he s ho res o f the

, , ,

sec o n d the l an ds dependent u p o n t he cities o f

, E u xine D u ring the se invasi o n s be l evied gre a t
.
,

Isp ah a n a n d K o o m t he pr o vinces o f G bel au c o ntributio ns in t he R o ma n territo ries di sma ntled

Ader bigan a n d Armenia ; the third F ars a n d
, , ,

their citie s a nd pl u ndered t he ri ch o fferings in

Ahw ay ; a n d the fo u rt h Irak whi ch extended to
, , ,

, ,
t he ch u rc hes After he had c a ptured Antio ch
. ,

the fro ntier o f the R o ma n e mpire Wise regu . a n d transpl a nted the inha bita nts into Persi a J a s ,
 H IST O R Y OF THE PERS IA N S .

tini an exp o stu l a ted by his a mba ss ad o rs u p o n this th at went a br o a d o f my de ath has witho u t w a it , ,

bre ach o f the first pe a ce The wily Persia n . in g fo r its c o nfirma ti o n t aken u p a rms : he has ,

re c eived t he amb ass a do rs w ith civility an d wit h ,

rele ased many pris o ners ; he ha s expended tre a
te a rs in his eye s deprec a ted t he miserie s o f thi s su re w hich I me a nt t o e mpl o y a gain st the ene mies

w a r into w hi ch he w as rel u ct a ntly driven he

, ,
o f my kingd o m ; a n d he has t a ken the field

s ai d by t he Persi an n o bility t o re si st t he a ggr e s

, ,
~
witho u t refle ctio n o n t he c o nsequ en c es which
si o n s o f J u stini an w ho stirred u p ene mies ,
ma y res u lt fro m s u ch a n u mber o f Chri sti ans
a ga inst him o n every side a n d t ampered with his ,
a cq u iring p o wer If ho wever No u schiz ad will
.
, ,

C hri sti a n s u bj e c ts t o sh ake their fidelity At . ret u rn t o his a llegi a n c e sen d b ack t he pri so ners ,

t he s ame ti me he inti ma ted tha t he might be ih

,
he ha s rele ased t o their pl a ces o f c o nfine men t ,

du ced by a su m o f money in h a nd a n d an a nn u a l
, , pu t to de a th so me p a rt icu l a r o fficers an d n o bles
su bsidy t o retu rn ho me a n d make a l a sting pe a ce
,
. w ho h a ve esp o u sed his c au se a n d a ll o w the rest ,

A pe a ce w as c o ncl u de d very adv a nt age o u s to o f his fo ll o wers t o disperse a n d go w here they

hi mse l f a n d ign o minio u s t o the R o ma n s ; bu t

,
cho o se I will c o nsent to p a rd o n him ; bu t sho u l d
,

Cho sr o e s did n o t h o ld it sacred With a fo nd . he c o ntin u e in rebelli o n a n d n o t s u b mit when he ,

desire o f a cc u mul ating we alth he went o n ta king , receives t his a ss u rance o f merc y Ram B u r z een ,
-

c ity after city a n d ra i sing c o ntribu ti o ns wherever

,
is directed no t t o lo se a n insta nt in a tta cking him .

he c a me C o veto u sne ss w as his be sett ing sin ;

. A ma n o f illu stri o u s de sc ent who se disp o sitio n ,

an d t o fi ll his c o ffers he l o ng kept the R o mans inclines him t o evil sh o u ld be tre ated a cc o rding
,

t o his c o nd u ct n o t his birth , It is a go o d a cti o n .

it by his own a rms o nly tha t Cho sr o e s t o sl a y a wicked ma n in a r ms a gainst t he king

'
No r w as ,

terrified the R o mans He en c o u ra ged the S a ra . w ho is the s o verei gn o f the e arth Let no fe ar .

c ens a n d G o t hs t o inv a de the R o ma n t e rrit o rie s ; prevent y o u r c u tting t he thre a d o f his d ays ; it
a n d w hen J u stini a n re mo nstr ated C ho sr o e s r e ,
will be by hi mself n o t by y o u th a t his blo o d is
, ,

plied th at his bro ther t he R o ma n e mperor had , , s he d He flies with a rdo u r t o t he rel igion o f
.

n o right to c o mpl a in since it c o uld be pr o ved by , ,

Christ an d tu rns a w a y his he a d from o u r cro wn
, .

his o w n letters t ha t he ha d pr a ctised t he s ame

,
B u t sh o u ld No u sch iz a d be made pris o ner in a o
a rts with t he S a ra cens a n d Huns t o indu ce the m , ti o n hu rt n o t a h a ir o f his he a d ; sh u t him u p in
,

t o inv a de Persi a . the s ame pl a ce where he w as befo re confined ,

After al l his su ccesses the e mpire o f Cho sr o e s ,

a l o n g w it h t he sl a ve s w ho a ttended him Let .

extended fro m Syri a a n d the Mediterr ane a n Se a ,

him be fu rnished with all he w a nts an d all o w ,

t o t he river Ind u s ea stw a rds ; a n d fr o m t he ,

n o n e o f o u r milit a ry o ffi c ers to u se expressi o ns

Si hon an d J ax a rte s t o the frontiers o f Egypt
s o u thw a rds He erected his c apital Ma dain *
.
, , t hat c a n in a ny degree ins u lt o r wou nd t he feel
, ,
ings o f a so n who m we still h o ld de a r If an y .

o n the Tigris a bo u t a d a y s j o u rney fr o m B agd ad s ho u ld ab u se No u schi z ad let him lo se his life fo r

’
, .
,

He ad o rned this city with a st ately p al a ce c alled alth o ugh th a t prince h as dis hon o u red his birt h
Tha i: K hosr o u “
t he d o me o f Kho sr u
, fr o m its ,
”
still it is fro m u s that he derives hi s existence ,

ma gnificent c up o la in t he v a ul t o f which he de a n d o u r a ffecti o n c o ntinues his sec u rity

”
‘

.
,

p o site d his tre as u res T his b u ilding w a s so d u r a . The ma nd ate o f Cho sr o e s w a s o beyed Ram .

ble in c o nstructio n that t he c aliph Al man z o r w a s

, B u r z ee n bro u ght the prince t o a cti o n in w hich ,

fo rced t o de sist from an attempt to p ul l it d o wn ,

No u schiz ad w a s sl ain Befo re he died he r e . ,

o n a cco u nt o f the gre atness o f the expense a n d qu ested tha t his body might be sent t o his mo
l ab o u r Most o f the p al a ce re ma ined unde
. t her th a t he might have t he b u ri a l o f a Chri s
,

mo l ished up o n which a Persi an p o et wro te the

, ti an Thu s w as t he h o u se o f Cho sr o e s divided
.

“
fo llo w ing di stich a ga inst itself : the fa ther w as divided a ga inst
”
t he so n bec a u se he had relinqu ished t he w o r
,
w ll e n t work ;
.

Se e h e r e t h e r e a r d o f an e x ce
All con su min g ime
-
t st ill sp ar e s t h e p al ace o f Ch o sr u
sh ip o f his fo refa thers thereby verifying t he ,

w o rds o f o ur S aviou r Lu ke xii 53 It were t o

.

. .
,

The o nly insu rrection whi c h distu rbed the be wished h o wever th at No u schiz ad had s u ffered
, ,

reign o f Cho sr o e s w a s tha t o f his so n N o u s ,

t hese persec u tio ns with C hristi an resign a ti o n .

chiz ad The mo ther o f this prince w as a C hris

.
Hist o ri ans h a ve dwelt o n the magnificence o f
ti an an d he w a s bro ught u p by her in her fa ith
, ,
the courts w hi c h s o u ght the friendship o f Chos
c o ntr ary t o the wish o f Cho sr o e s The pr o fe s .
ro es Amo ng these the e mpero rs o f Chi na an d
.
,

sio n which this y o u th made o f his belief in t he Indi a ar e the most distinguished T heir pre .

d o ctrines o f C hrist w as a ho ld o n e an d he poured ,

sents t o him ar e described a s ma gnific ent as ,

contempt o n t he rites o f the magi T his e n .

ex c eeding in curi o sity an d ri c hness an y th a t were
raged C ho sr o es w ho t o punish wh at he dee med
, ,
befo re seen T his may however be o ri enta l
.
, ,

heresy pl aced him in c o nfine ment N o u schiz ad

, .
,
hyperbole ; fo r M ir kho n d a n d o ther Persi a n hi s
h o wever deceived by a r u mo u r o f t he de ath o f
,
t o r ian s dwell with deligh t o n the s ubj ect bec a u se ,

his fa ther e ffected his esc ape rele ased o ther pr i

, ,
the ac t tended to ex alt the ch a ra cter of Cho s
so uers c o lle cted a n u mber o f fo ll o wers o f wh o m
,
ro es .

The intern al regul ations o f the k ingdo m o f

,

many were Christians an d atte mpted t o establish ,

himself in F a rs an d Ahwa z Cho sr o es sent an .

Cho sr o e s s a y s M a lco l m were excellent
,
He ,
.

a r my t o quell this rev o lt and g ave a letter o f ,

instr u ction t o Ram B ur z e en the general t o this
esta blished an d fixed a mo derate land tax o y er
- a ll his d o mini o ns He als o i mp o sed a c apita ti o n
Al l perso ns un der
.
, ,

effect : My so n N o uschiz ad he a ring a rumo u r t a x o n Jews a n d C hristi ans .

twenty an d ab o ve fifty were exe mpted fro m ser

,

By some write rs M a dain is su pp o se d t o ha v e b e e n

,
vi c e The reg ul atio n s fo r pre serving the di sc r
t h e sa me w i t h C te si p h o n I f thi s be c orr e ct t he c i ty
.

plin e o f hi s a rmy were even mo re st r ingent

.
,
w as e re cte d du r in g t he P a rthi a n d o mi n a tio n a n d C ho s
r o e s wo u l d t he re fo r e on l y imp ro v e i t o r a d d the re t o tha n tho se o f the civil overnment But al l the
,

g
.
, .
 HIST O R Y OF TH E PERSI AN S .

V igil a nce a n d j u st ic e o f Cho sr o e s c o ul d n o t pre tentedtill he had gained t he p o ssessi o n th o u gh ~

,

vent c o rru ptio n a n d tyra nny a mo ng the officers o f i t s pri ce w as blo o d this a c tio n is well c a l c u lated ,

t he g o vern ment The kn o wledge o f this c ame t o t o ra i se the c ha rac ter o f C ho sr oe s in the re a der s
.
’

t he mo n a rc h s e a rs a n d he a ppointed a s ecret
’
, e sti ma ti o n He may in dee d be c o n sidered as .
, ,

c o mmi ssi o n o f t hirteen pers o ns in w ho m h e o n e o f t he gre ate st o f A si at ic mo n a rchs H ad , .

pl a ced i mplicit c o nfidence t o inq u ire int o an d he been a C hristi a n ho w ha d h e ble ssed man
, ,

bring him a tr u e rep o rt o n the condu ct o f the in kind ! An d ho w many n o min al Christi a ns a r e
‘
fe r io r o fli c e r s o f t he sta te The result o f this s ha med by his c o nd u ct !.

c o mmi ssi o n w as the di sc o very o f gre at ab u ses

, T his gre a t king a s we h ave seen w as gener , , ,

a n d t he exec u ti o n o f twenty fo u r petty govern o r s a lly s u c ces sfu l i h his w a r s (o f w hic h he w a s t o o

-
, ,

c o nvicted o f inj u stice a n d tyra nny fo nd ) by his a rts o r his a rms T o wa rds t he .
, .

The manner in which thi s intel l igence w as

conveyed t o t he mon a rch a ptly illu strates t he ,

desp o tic principles o f a ncient o rienta l sta tes ,

where a ble a n d go o d ministers c o u ld o n ly hint

a t a b u ses thr o u gh t he medi u m o f incident Per .

d u ring the l a tter ye ars o f

s an i mmense n umber o f ,

fields of T a rta ry into t he t o re me mber t he kindne ss o f fo rme r e mper o rs ,

pr o vinces o f Persi a t he inh abit a nts o f whi ch p articu la rly the sen ding him p hy sicia ns a n d r e
,

were gre atly a la rmed a t the h o rrid shrieks a n d presenting t he u n c erta inty o f al l w o rldly gre at
scre ams of their new visito rs Intelligence o f ness a n d t he s mall glo ry that w o u ld re su lt t o .
,

this w as sent t o c o u rt a n d Cho sr o es p a rtaking him fro m c o nqu ests made o ver a he adless n a tio n
,

in the s u perstiti o n o f the a ge de ma nded o f t he a n d a helpless w o ma n , C ho sr o es o n re a ding .

,

chief mo ha d o r high priest wh a t it p o rtended these letters i mmedia tely w ithdre w his tro o p s
,
-
,
.
,

The o fficer ga ve a reply w hi c h while it s ho ws fro m t he R o man e mpire a n d c o nsented t e a tru ce , ,

his own u prightness den o tes tha t C ho sr o es w a s fo r three ye a rs Ar meni a excl u ded T hi s tr uce
‘

, , .

a tr u e orienta l desp o t to wh o se e a r truth co ul d ,

w as fa v o u r able t o the R o ma ns a n d their a ffa irs ,
“
only be sp o ken indirectly By wh at I ha ve were qu i c kl y r e est ablished by t he diligence a n d
.
-

le a rned fr o mt he histo ry o f fo r mer ti mes s a id t he su ccess o f T iberi u s t he s uccess o r o f J u stin w ho ,

”
, ,

mo bu d it is when inj u stice prev ails tha t be a sts w as a n a ctive an d vigila nt prince a n d a w a rrio r
“
, , ,

o f prey S pre ad o ver a k ingdo m Cho sr o es t o o k o f gre a t experien ce

”
Chosr o e s w ho ha d n o ide a
. .
,

the h int an d a pp o inted t he c o mmissi o n described o f these cha nges prep a red e a rly t he next spring
,
.
,

Th at C ho sr o e s w a s a l o ver o f j ustice in t he t o enter Ar meni a res o lving t o penetr ate C a p ,

stric t est sense o f the w o rd c a nn o t be do ubted pa do cia a n d t o make hi mself master o f Ces a re a
,
.
, ,

A Persi a n ma n u scrip t rel a tes t he fo l lo wing cu a n d o ther cities in th a t q u a rter Tiberi u s fo re .

,

ri o n s a cc o u nt whi ch he u sed t o give o f the sense seeing t he c o nsequences o f this inva sion sent
, , ,

of ju stice first springing u p in his mind I o n e amb a ss ado rs to dissua de Cho sr o es fro m this ex .

da y when a y o u th saw a man o n fo ot throw a

, , p edit io n an d to enga ge him t o ma ke a s o lid a n d ,

sto ne a t a do g a n d bre a k the animal s leg ; a mo

,
l a sting pe ace bu t at the s ame time he sent the se ’

ment afterw ards a h o rse p assed an d with a k ic k a mb ass ado rs he directe d J u stini a n t o asse mble all , ,

broke the man s leg ; a nd this a ni mal had o nly the fo rces in the e a stern pro vinces in o rder if
’
, ,

gallo ped a sh o rt dista nce when its fo o t slipped in necess ary t o repel fo rce by fo rce Cho sr o e s re
, , .

a hole a n d its leg w as bro ken

, I ga zed wit h c eived the amba ss a do rs h au ghtily c o mmanding
.
,

w o nder an d a w e a n d ha ve since fe ared t o commit the m t o fo ll o w him t o Ces a re a w here he sho uld
, ,

injustice T ho u gh this a necdo te ma y p arta ke be a t leisure to he a r the m No t l o ng a fter he

.
”
.
,

of orienta l ex aggera ti o n yet it sh o ws tha t in a ll me t with t he R o ma n a rmy which c o ntr ar y t o

, , ,

ages o f the w o rld a sense o f retrib u ti v e j usti c,

his expectations w a s extre mely n u merou s a n d , ,

pervad ed the minds o f me n e a ger t o enga ge his fo rces It is tho u ght by

. .

o me hist o ri a ns tha t he w o u ld h a ve retired t o

T here i s a time an d j u stice mark s t h e date s
a c o nvenient c a mp inste ad o f end u ring a c o nflict
, ,

Fo r l o n g forbe a ri n g c l e mency t o wa it ; , ,

T ha t ho u r e l a p se d t he incu ra bl e r e v o lt , had not C urtius a Sc ythi an w ho c o mma nded the , ,

Is p uni sh e d a n d down co me s t h e thu n derb o l t
, right wing o f t he R o man a rmy c ha rged the left .

C o wman ,

o f the Pers ia ns where Cho sr o es w as in p ers o n

.

, .

An int eresting a necdo te is rel ated illustra tive The co mb a t w as severe bu t a t length the Per ,

o f C ho sr o e s l o ve o f j ustice
’
A R o ma n a mb as si a ns were defe a ted a n d t he ro yal tre as u re a n d
.
, ,

s ad o r sent to Ctesiph o n with rich presents whe n t he s a cred fire befo re which t he k ing w o rshipped
, , , ,

a dmiring the noble pro spect fr o m t he wind o ws taken in his sight The next night u nder t he .
,

o f the r o y a l p ala ce re ma rked an u neven sp o t o f , co ver o f da rkness Cho sr o e s reta li a ted u po n o n e ,

grou nd a n d a sked the re ason why it w as n o t deta chment o f t he R o ma n a r my ro u ting the m

, ,

rendered u nifo rm “
It is the pr o perty o f an with gre a t sl aughter after whi c h he ma rched to
.
,

a ged wo ma n
“
,
”
s a id a Persi a n n o ble who ha s the Euphrates in order t o winter in his o w n do ; , ,

o bj ecti o ns to se ll it th o u gh o ft en req u e st ed t o do
,
minions J u stini a n the Ro man general how .
, ,

so by o u r king ; a n d he is mo re willing t o h ave ever penetrating his design follo wed him so , ,

his pr o s p ect sp o iled t ha n t o c o mmit vi o lence

”
,
c l o sely th a t he w a s fo rced to p ass t he river o n .
,

That irregul a r sp o t repl ied the R o ma n an elepha nt with gre at ri sk o f being dgo w n e d
,
”
, , ,

co n secrat ed a s it is by justice a ppe ars mo re a de ath which w a s the l o t o f many o f hi s fo l ,

be a u tiful tha n a ll the s u rr o u nding scenery Co n l o wers The R o ma ns p u rs u ed the m a cr o ss the .

”
.

t r ast e d w ith the c o nd uc t of Ah ab w ho c o veted river an d fo r the first time wintered in the Per , ,

t he field of Na bo t h a n d w ho c o ul d n o t rest c o n ,
sian pro vinces .
 HISTO R Y OF THE PERSIA N S .

The Greek writers tha t Cho sr o es died say , Wh a t i s l o n g l ife o r wha t a gl o r iou s reign
, ,

al mo st i mmed iately a fter thi s l o ss o f a br o ken

I f o u r su cce sso r s fo ll o w in o u r tr ai n ?
M y fa the r s l e ft thi s cro w n a n d I t h e tru st ,
he a rt It is certain th a t the e ffects o f it bro ught
.
M u st soo n r e sig n an d min gl e with t h e du st
, .

him t o the gr a ve ; bu t it w o uld a ppe a r tha t he

lingered o n til l the fo llo wing spring a n d tha t S uc h w a s t he mighty Cho sr o e s ! His n ame
befo re he died he made pe a ce with t he R o mans
,
ra nks high in t he p a ges o f histo ry and perhaps ,
, ,

a n d en a cte d a decree th a t n o ne o f his s u c ce sso rs

he a ppro a ched ne a rer t o t he c ha racter o f a g o od
sho u ld ri sk their pers o n s in a genera l eng a ge
a n d j u st pr i nce th a n a n
y h u m a n being pl a ced 1 n

ment ; thereby c o nveying a t a cit cens ure o n his s u ch a situ ati o n an d in s u c h a n a ge His o w n
, .

o w n r ashness The dis a sters wh ich Oppressed

.
c o u ntry ha d c au se to regret his l o ss o thers ,

h o wever d o u btle ss rej o ice d 1 n his de ath Cop y

'

h im mo st were t he l o s s o f t he sac red fire t he , .

g s o me o f his prede c es so rs he t o iled a rdently

, , ,

mut in o u s be ha vi o u r o f his s o ldiers a n d t he dis in ,

t o r a ise a mo n u ment al pile t ha t might record the

,

c o ntent o f his su bj e c t s in general w ho l ike o ther

c o mmu nit ie s were ever re ady t o mu rmu r w hen
, ,
mis chiefs he ha d d o ne B u t th is w as in p a rt .

adversity c a st its d a rk sh a d o w s o ver their r u lers

owing t o t he desp o tic n a t u re o f the Persia n
go vern ment The mo n a rchs o f Persia w ha tever
.

C ho sr o es died AD 5 8 0 after he had reigned

.
,
,
ma y h a ve been their disp o sitio ns were c o mpelled
. .

fo rty eight ye ar s His l a st in str u c ti o ns t o his

-
.
,

so n a n d s u cc e ss o r were a d mir a ble fo r p a tri a rc hal

by their c o nstit u ti o n t o repress rebelli o n reta li ate ,

a tt a ck a n d t o a tta in p o wer o ver fo reign n ati o ns

wisd o m a n d piety rese mbling tho se o f Cyrus t o ,
,

his o ffspring They re a d th u s in o rder t o preserve their o w n in pe a ce which ,

led the m t o c o mmi t many a cti o ns at v a ria nce

.

I No u schir van s o vereign o f Per si a an d

,

Indi a addre ss these my l a st w o rds to H o r mo u z

,
with huma nity a n d j usti ce S u ch w a s their state .

p o licy No r theirs a lo ne The fo u r gr e at mo n

, ,

my so n t hat they may serve him a s a l amp . .

a rc hies o f a ntiq u ity st o o d mo stly up o n a fo un da

,

in t he day o f d a rkness a p ath in his j o u rney ,

thr o u gh t he wilderness a p o le st a r in his n a ti o n o f inj u stice T hey grew u p by u nre a so n able

.

v i a tio n thro u g h the te mpestu o us o ce a n of this

qu a rrels an d ex c e ssi v e revenge by ra va ge a n d ,
g
w o rld .
bl o o ds hed by dep o p ul ating c o u nt r ies an d by
,
.
,

Let him re member in the midst of his gre at la y ing cities a n d vil l ages i nto ruin o u s he aps .

T u lly j u stly o bserved that if t he R o ma ns w o uld

,

ness th a t kings rule n o t fo r the mselves bu t for ,

h ave been ex a ctly j u st r edeunda mer a t a d c asa s

, ,

t heir pe o ple ; respecting who m they ar e like the , ,

he a vens to the e a rth H o w c an the e a rth be they must have given t he conqu ered n ations their
c o u ntry a gain ; they mu st h a ve resigned their
.

fru itful u nless it be w atered u nless it be fo stered

e mpire a n d we alth shru nk int o pe as a ntry an d
, ,

by t he he avens ? My so n let y o ur s u bj ects a l l , ,

ret ired t o their o l d c o ttages The s ame ma y be

,

feel yo u r be n e ficen ce : t he ne arest t o y o u first .

s a id o f so me mo dern st ates Their p o wer has been

,

a n d so o n by degrees t o the re motest If I du rst .

. ,
,
al so re a red u p o n the ruin o f ot her n a ti o ns
I w o uld prop o se t o y o u my o w n ex a mple ; but I .

c ho o se ra ther t o re min d y o u o f tha t glo rio us L a n ds i n te rse cte d by a n ar ro w fi rth

l u min ary w hic h ha s be en an ex a mple t o me Abho r e a ch o the r M o u nta in s in t erp o se d
.

M a k e e n e mie s o f n a t 1 o n s w ho ha d e l se
.

B eho ld the su n : it vi sits al l p a rts of the w o rld ; L ik e k i n dr e d dr o p s b e e n mi n gl e d i n t o o n e

a nd if s o meti mes visible a t o ther ti mes with
.

, T hu s ma n de v o te s h i s b r othe r a n d d e stro y s ; ,

drawn fro m view it is bec a u se the universe is ,

An d wo r se t h an a ll a n d mo st t o be de pl o r e d
,

s uccessively gilded a n d cheris hed by its splendid As hu man n a tu re s b r o a de st fo u l e st bl ot

’
, ,

C ha in s him a n d t a sk s hi m a n d e x a cts h i s swe a t

be ams Enter n o t into an y pro vince bu t with a
.
,

W ith str ip e s th a t me r c y w it h a bl e e d in g h ear t

,
,

pr o spect o f doing g o o d t o t he inh abit ants ; q u it W e e p s whe n sh e se e s i n fl icte d o n a be a st

, .

it n o t but with t he intentio n o f d o ing go o d els e T he n w h at i s ma n ? An d wh a t ma n se e in g thi s ,

w here B ad men mu st needs be p u nished : t o An d ha v in g hu ma n fe e l in g s do e s n o t bl u sh ,

.

An d h an g hi s he a d t o t h in k h imse lf a ma n ?
the m the sun o f maj esty is necess arily e cl ipsed ; ,

C o wman 0

but t he go o d deserve en c o u r a ge ment an d requi re

t o be cheered w ith its be ams
,
Al as ! th a t it sh o u ld be the ma xim o f the
w o rld th a t he th at is stro ng en o u gh may do
.

/
My son o ft e n pr e sen t thyself befo re He aven
,
, ,

t o i mpl o re its a id ; bu t a ppr o ach n o t w it h an wh at he ple a ses ; O ne str o nger t ha n they will
i mp ure mind D o thy d o gs enter the te mple ? bring the m t o j u dg ment .

Cho sr o es w a s succeeded in his kingdo m by his

.

S ho u ld ev il lusts be admitted into the te mple o f

t hy s o u l ? If tho u c a refu lly observe this ru le ,
son ,

thy prayers sh all be he a rd thy ene mie s shall be ,

H OR M ISDA S OR H OR M OU Z B EN N OU SCH IRV AN.
confo u n de d thy friends sh all be fa ithfu l T ho u
, .

s halt be a del ight t o t hy su bj e cts a n d sha lt h ave ,

H o rmisd a s II a scended t he thr o ne o f Persi a
.

c au se t o delight in the m D o j u sti c e ab a se t he .

,
under very au spi c i o u s circu mst ances His e m .

pr o u d c o mfo rt the distressed l o ve y o ur c hildren

, , ,
pire w a s n o t o nly extensive but he had fo r his ,

pro tect le a rning be advised by y o u r a ncient ,

‘

c o u nsell o r t he celebrated B u z u r ge M ihir t he ,

co u nsell o rs s u ffer n o t t he y o u ng t o meddle in

,
wisest man in Persi a an d the fir st mini ster o f ,

state affairs an d let y o u r pe o ple s g o o d be y o u r

,
’
Cho sr o es B u z u r ge ha d been the precept o r o f
.

so le a n d s u pre me o bj e c t F a rewell I le ave y o u a .

,
H o rmi sda s a n d had fa ithful ly perfo rmed th a t
,

mig hty e mp i re ; y o u will keep it if y o u fo llo w a rd u o u s tru st The n atu ra l disp o siti o ns o f the
.

my c o u n sels bu t it will be i mp o s sible fo r y o u to r o y a l p u pil were i n do lence l uxury pride a nd , , ,

do so if y o u fol l o w strange c o u nsel

, .
”
cr u elty a n d these sad fe a t ures 1 n his ch ar acter ,

T ha t Cho sr o e s t oo k C y r u s t he Gre a t fo r his t ho u gh n o t c o rre c ted were so far restrained ,

ex ample may be gathered fro m t he fa ct tha t be

, ,
w hile B u z ur ge frequ ented t he c o urt tha t i n the ,

c au se d a simil ar i nscriptio n t o be engrave d o n be ginning o f his reign Ho rmi sd a s pro mised to sur
,

hi s t ia ra . p a ss even Cho sr o es himsel f He tre ated B uz u r ge .

 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERSIAN S .

with so mu c h deference tha t he w o u ld n o t we a r a c o mplete vict o ry o ver their n umero us but nu

,

t he ti ar a in h is presence ; a n d when s o me o f his d isciplined h o sts The k hak a n w as sl a in ; an d .

c o u rtiers tho u ght this extr a o rdin a ry a n d a sserted his so n w ho r e a sse mble d hi s defe a te d a r my , ,
-
,

t ha t it w as mo re th a n du e even t o a fa ther he w a s al so killed in a se c o nd a ctio n The sp o ils , .

a nswered Yo u say right my friends I o w e o f t he T a rta rs whi ch were i mmense were sent t o
, , , , ,

mo re t o him t ha n t o my fa ther : t he li fe an d king M ad ai n t o H o rmi sda s .

do m I received fro m No u schir va n will expire in B a b a r am w as n o w sent aga inst the R o mans
, .

a fe w ye a rs ; bu t the fa me I s hal l a cq u ire by O rders were given him t o p ass the river Ara xes ,

fo ll o wing the instr ucti o ns o f B uz u r ge will su r a n d t o r a v a ge t he Ro ma n territ o rie s o n th a t side , .

vive t o t he latest a ges .

”
To Opp o se him t he R o ma n e mpero r sent Ro ,

Here w as a fine pro spect o f a h appy reig n ; bu t man u s with a p o werfu l a r my w ho entirely de ,

it so o n v anishe d When t he venera ble B uz u r ge fe a ted t he Per si a n c o nqu er o r an d thereby g ave

.
,

retired fr o m t he c o u rt H o rmisda s fell a prey a fat a l bl o w t o the Pers ia n affa ir s

, .

t o the a du l ati o n a n d sy co p ha n c y o f y o u nger When H o rmis das re c eived a dvice o f thi s di sa ster ,

an d false c o u n sell o rs His cha ra cter bec a me he sent B ahar a m a w o man s g arment in co n
.
’
,

c hanged Rele a sed fro m t he w ho lesome restra int te mpt a n d thre a tened t o decimat e his tro o ps The
.
, .

which t he ex ample o f his fa ther an d the less o ns r o u gh s o ldier pu t o n t he dress he had received , ,

o f his t u t o r had i mp o sed he pl u nged int o every a n d pre sented hi mself t o his s o ldiers Beho ld ”
, .
,

excess a n d inv o lved hi mself a n d his e mpire in s a id he

,
“
t he rewa rd with which the mo n a rc h I ,

the gre atest c a l amities H is mo st faithful j udges serve ha s deigned t o cro wn my ser v ice s
. A .
”

a n d c o u nsell o rs were either re mo ved o r p u t t o revo lt w as the c o nsequ ence The s o ldiers ha iled , .

de a th a n d mu ltit u des o f his best s u bj ects fell a B ahar am as their s o vereign an d de manded t o be
, ,

prey t o his vi o lence fo r i mpu ted di saffecti o n o r led a gainst t he re c kle ss mo n a rch w ho had da red ,

tre a s o n It is even sa id th a t he put t o de a th the fr o m the midst o f his l u xu ri o u s c o u rt t o c a st

.
,

wi se B u z ur ge hi mself ! such an in su l t o n the defender o f their c o u ntry .

The e a rly c o nseq u ences o f this c ha n ge o f rule B abar a m w as t o o indi gn ant t o repre ss the v io ,

were fo reign w a rs an d intern a l rebelli o ns He lence o f his tro o ps bu t veiling his a mbiti o n hc .
, ,

first q u a rrelled with t he e mperor Tiberiu s When fo rb ade t he o verthr o w o f t he h o u se o f S a s sa n ; .

th at mon arch sent amb a ss ado rs t o rene w the l a st a n d c o mma nded th at mo ney sho u ld be stru ck in
pe ace made with Cho sr o es he tre ated them di s the n a me o f C ho sr u P a rviz the so n of H o rmis
, ,

da in full y a n d requ ired a su m o f mo ney as a

,
da s T his me as u re c au sed dissensi o ns in t he .

tribu te befo re he gr anted it which invo lved him ro y al fa mily C ho sr u fled t o es c ape the d anger
, ,
.
,

in a w a r with the Roma ns t o which he sa w hi mself exp o sed ; a n d the king

.
,

In the first c a mp aign n o decisi v e eng age ment after his so n s flight i mpris o ned t w o o f his ma
’

, ,

t o o k pla ce The R o mans u nder the c o mma nd o f tern a l u ncles B u n da w e e a n d B o tham which act
.
, , ,

P hil ippicu s c a ptured many Persi a n towns pl u n

,
precipita ted his ru in The friends o f these n o ,
.

dere d several provinces an d t o ok many pris o ners bles n o t o nly libera ted the m fro m pris o n bu t
, , ,

w hile t he Persi a n a rmy withdrew int o the mo un were sufficiently p o werful t o c o nfine H o r misda s ,

t ains fo r fe ar The next ye a r h o wever P hil ippicus who se eyes t hey pu t o u t t o d isqu alify him fro m
.
, , ,

defe a ted the Persi a ns u nder t he c o mma nd o f C a r ,

reigning in fut u re Determined t o do a s t hey .

da r igan u s w ith gre a t sl a u ghter a n d t he R o ma ns

,
ple ased they a l so put t o de a th hi s y o u nger so n
, , ,

a t the cl o se o f the c a mp a ign a g ain ma de inc u r H o rmisdas wh o m he rec o mmended as fitter t o

, ,

si o n s into Persi a b u rned the v ill ages a n d pl un

,
reign o ver the m th a n Cho sr u w ho w a s a prince , ,

dered the pe o ple The next spring t he tide o f pro ne t o vice o f every kind a n d rega rdle ss o f
.
, ,

s u ccess w a s t u rned The Persi ans g ained s o me t he p ubli c go od S u ch w a s t he end o f the reign
. .

a dv a nt a ges u p o n which P hili ppic u s w a s re mo v ed

, o f the wicked prin c e H o r mi sd a s II He g a v e ,
.

a n d C o mme n t io l u s sent t o c o mma nd in his pl a ce heed t o fl attery a n d w as r u ined . , .

B ut matters w o re n o better a spect a n d P hilip As so o n a s Cho sr u le a rned the fate o f his fa

,

pic u s w a s a gain sent into t he field an d his w a nt ther he ret u rned a n d a scended t he thro ne o f , , ,

o f s u ccess a ga in re st o red C o mme n t io l u s He P er sia A D 5 8 8

'

. . .
. ,

n o w eng a ge d the Persi a ns bu t he fled at t he

C H OSR OES II
,
OR C H OSR U PAR V IZ
o n set ; a n d Her a cl iu s t a king the c o mma nd entirely
.

defe ated t he Persi a ns wit h t he l o ss o f Aphr aat es ,

When Cho sr u o r as we sh al l n o w c all him , , ,

a n d N aba de s t w o o f their best gener a ls

,
a fter t he Greek writers Cho sr o e s ascended the . , ,

In the me an time ab o u t AD 5 8 5 the h o rdes o f t hrone he re c eived t he h o mage o f the princip a l

, . .
, ,

the gre a t kh ak a n o f T a rt a ry cro ssed t he O x u s pers o ns present amid l o u d a cclamations a n d ar , ,

an d d e ma nded a free p a s sa ge t hr o u gh Pers ia o n dent pr ayers fo r his felicity Then s u pp o sing ,

.

the pretext o f mak ing w a r with t he e mpero r o f hi mself firml y se ated o n t he thro ne he ga ve ,

C o nsta ntin o ple The a l a rmed Ho r misda s at first su mpt u o u s entertain ments a n d distribu ted t he
. ,

c o nsented bu t their c o nd u ct s o o n s a ti sfied him r o y a l tre a su res a mo ngst those he tho u ght mo st
tha t he had a d mit ted int o his kingd o m t he most c a p a ble o f rendering him a ssista nce ; l a rge sses
da ngero u s o f al l ene mies B a ba ram o n e o f t he were a l so besto w ed u p o n the pe o ple an d t he pris o n
.
, ,

chiefs in the Pers ian a rmy w as selected t o h e a d d r pened — h h

o o s o
,
e x cep t t o is o w n
f a t er j t hat
= -

the tro o ps a ga in st the fero ci o u s inv aders B aha t he fame o f his lenity a n d liberality might secure .

r a m selecte d t welve tho u sa nd o f t he br a ve st o f the he a rts o f his s ubj ects .

the fo rces an d marched a ga inst the m a n d w as

, S ome a n c ien t wr ite r s sa y t ha t he cau se d , fath e r
In the stro ng mo u ntain o u s c o u ntry * t o be p u t t o de ath so o n a fter w ar ds M ir k ho n ho w
.

suc c es sful .
, .

where h e Opp o sed the T a rta rs his vetera ns g ained e v er re l a te s tha t a ft r his r e sto ra t io n t o t he th r o n e h e , , e ,

p u t t o de a th h i s t w o u n cl e s t o w h o m he o w e d h i s l i fe
.
.

S o me a u tho r s sa v it w a s in K h o ra ssa n tha t B ah ar a m a n d thr o n e o n t h e spe cio u s bu t c r u e l p r e te x t tha t th e y h a d ,

e n g ag e d t h e T a r t a r s ; o t h e r s sa d ar e d t o l ay v i o l e n t ha n ds u p o n t h e p e rso n o f h i s fat he r
y M az a n d e r a n ,
.
 HI S T O R Y OF THE PE RSIAN S .

But ere w as o n e he art pro o f aga inst his

th d efe a ted de ath So o n after An a t ho n u s
an d put t o .
,

genero sity B aba ram had affected gre a t regard

. w as a ls o sl ain The next ye a r A D 5 9 3 Cho s
.
, . .
,

fo r t he ho u se o f S a ssa n bu t he n o w t hrew o ff t he ,
r o es ma rched into Pers ia with intent t o decide
mask an d ex hibited t o the w o rld tha t he ha d a
,
t he w ar Ma ny o f t he forces of B a ba r am
.

gre a ter rega rd fo r his o w n h o n o u r s Cho s r o es . q u itted his service an d went o ver t o C ho sr o es ;
sent him ma gnificent presents a n d pr o mised him , a n d Sele u cia an d mo st o f t he gre a t cities ne a r
,

t he se c o nd se a t in his king do m if he c a me a n d ,
the river E u phra tes s u b mitted t o him In the , .

a ckn o wledged him fo r his s o vereign B ab ar am . me a n time se v er a l skirmishes ha d taken pla ce all
, ,

rejected his o vertu res w ith s c o r n an d o rdered , a d v a nt a ge o us t o C ho sr o es At lengt h he defe ated .

,

h i m t o l ay d o wn his cro wn a n d c o me a n d p a y , t he ma in army o f B a ba r a m wit h gre a t sl a u ghter ,

his re spects t o him o n w hich c o nditi o n he sh o u ld ,

by whic h a ct he w as en abled t o re ascend the
be made go vern o r o f a pr o vin c e Cho sr o e s a ga in . thro ne B a b a ra m fl e d t o T a rta ry w here t ho ugh
.
, ,

entre a ted him t o be his friend but de af t o al l , , he had fo r merly p u t t he ir fo r c e s t o sh ame he ,

re mo nstra n c e s B a b a ra m prep a red fo r w a r a n d

, , w a s kindly tre a ted by t he kh a k a n under w ho m ,

C ho sr o e s w as c o mpelled t o meet him in the field , h e a tt ained t he highest di stinc tio ns ; bu t his d a y s
t o c o ntest with hi m t he cr o wn o f Persi a . were s ho rtened by p o is o n which w as given him , ,

The o pp o sing a r mies me t ne a r Nis ibis C ho s , a cc o rding t o Per sia n a u tho r s by t he qu een o f ,

ro es keep ing within t he city while B aba ram e n , the kh a kan w ho d re a ded his fu tu re designs
, .

c a mped befo re i r A nego ti ati o n w a s c o mmen c ed

. , O n g a ining thi s victory Cho sr o es gave a r e ,

bu t it pr o ved ine ffe c tu a l At t he sa me ti me .

, mark abl e insta nce o f s u perstiti o u s credu lity in ,

Cho sr o e s s u specting s o me o f his n o bles p u t

, , a letter t o Greg o ry bish o p o f Anti o c h a s pre , ,

the m t o de ath T his w a s fa tal t o his c au se Dis

. . served by The Ophy l act It re a ds thu s : .

a ffe c ti o n spre ad thro u gh his r a nks an d when , I Cho sr o e s so n o f Ho r misda s king o f kings
, , , .

B ab a ra m a tt acked the s u bu rbs many o f the m , etc h avi ng he ard tha t t he fa mo u s martyr Ser
.
,

j o ined his st anda rd an d Cho sr o e s w a s c o mpelled , gi u s gra nted t o every o n e w ho s o ught his a id
t o t a ke refuge in flight . their petitions did o n the seventh da y o f Ja n u a ry
, , ,

B ab a ra m n o w entered t he city o f Ctesiph o n in the first ye a r o f my reign invo ke him t o gra nt ,

wit h t he full p u rpo se o f a scend ing t he thro ne o f me victo ry a gainst Z ade spr a s pro mising that if ,

Persi a With t his design he threw B un daw e e

. t ha t rebel w a s e ither killed o r ta ken by my tro o p s ,

in t o pris o n an d tre ated a ll such a s had s ho wn

, t hat I w o uld give t o his ch u rch a go lden cro ss
an a f
f e c ti o n t o the r o y a l fa mily with gre a t se enriched with j ewels : a n d a ccordingly o n the
y ,

v er it y ; w hile t o wa rds t he rest o f t he Persi ans ninth day o f F ebr u a ry the he a d o f Z ade spr a s ,

he a ffe t c e d t he gre a test hu ma nity a n d c o n de sc en w as br o u ght t o me by a p a rty o f h o rse which I ,

s io n B ut t he pe o ple in genera l c o u ld n o t be
. desp a tched a ga in st him .

depended u p o n The ho u se o f S ass an w as still

. To give therefo re t he most pu blic testi mo ny
, ,

reg arded w it h general fa v o u r a n d w hen he as , o f my gr atit u de an d th a nkfu lness to the s a int fo r

s u med the regal o rn a ments a n d fu rnitu re as a , gr a nting my petiti o n I send t o his c hu rch that ,

prel imin a ry step t o t a king t he title t he Persi a n , c ro s s a n d a l so a noth er fo rmerly given by the
, ,

n o b ility d i sd a ining t o be c o me t he su bj ects o f o n e

, e mpero r J u st in ian an d t aken a w a y by my gr and ,

b o rn t he ir equ al c o ncerte d me a s u res fo r e man

, father C ho sr o e s t he so n o f C a va des which I , ,

c ipa t in g the mselves a n d their c o u ntry an d r e fo u nd dep o sited a mo ng my tre a su res ”

, .

st o r ing t he a n cient lu stre o f t he Persia n empire . C ho sr o es ma rried a Chri sti an c a lled by the ,

They commen c ed t he refo rmati o n by rele a sing R o ma n writers Irene * an d by t he Persia n Schir in , ,

B un da w ee fro m pris o n a n d a ckn o wle dging him ,

“
,
“
s o ft o r a gree able ; fo r w ho se sake he fo r
” ”

fo r their c hie f By t he advice o f t his prince they

.
, a l o ng ti me tre a ted the C hr ist ians kindly It .

a tt a c ke d B ab ara m in t he p al a c e in t he de a d o f the w a s t ho u ght by ma ny th a t h e w a s

“
a l mo st a
n ight whic h they did w ith gre a t c o u r age B a
, . C hri sti a n hi mself ; bu t in a few ye a rs a fter he ,

h ar am however a n d his a ttend ants v a nqu ished

, , ga v e u nequ i v o c a l pro o f o f his a tta chment t o t he
t he a ss a ila nts so tha t ma ny o f t he m were sl a in
, . religion o f his ancest o rs an d o f tha t a versi o n ,

B u n da w e e a n d a few o thers o nly esc a ped a n d , w hich the u nregener ate he a rt o f man be a rs t o
the se ma rched towards Medi a a n d ende av o u red , the fa ith o f C hrist He c o nce ived a n i mpl ac able .

t o r a ise fo rce s fo r Cho sr o e s . ha tred a ga inst the Christi ans a n d persec u ted ,

B ab ara m had n o w a fair pr o spect o f b u ilding t he m even u nt o de ath In this line o f c o nd u ct .

u p his glor y o n the ruins o f t he ho u se o f S a ss a n . he ma y h a ve been a ctuated by t he c o un sels o f

He pl a c ed the c ro wn upo n his he ad a n d re so lved , the ma gi ; fo r they b o re a n i mpl ac able h atred to
t o we a r it B u t Cho sr o es a gain a ppe a red in t he
.
t he rel igi o n o f the cr o ss feeling like De metrius , ,

field a gainst him He ha d fled t o the e mpero r .

o f o l d tha t their g a ins were likely t o be a ffected
Ma u rice o f R o me with who m he had ma de a
,

, by its extensi o n Many bitter persec uti o ns h a ve .

tre a ty a n d w ho ordered t he go vern o rs o f his fr o n

, a risen fro m thi s u n ha ll o we d s o u rce an d yet n o t , ,

tier pr o v in c es t o fu rni sh him with wh atever withstanding Christ ianity has fl o u r ishe d — a pro of
might be necess ary fo r his re st o r ati o n T hese
,

.
tha t G o d is it s Au tho r .

su p plie s had the wished fo r e ffe ct The Persi a n s -

.
, F r o m t he mo ment Cho sr o es felt hi mself est ab
seeing C ho sr o es in a c o nditio n to defend the m , l ished o n t he thro ne he ch a nged the to ne o f his ,
u niver sa lly a ckn o wledged him a n d o pened their c o nd uc t b o th t o w a rds the R o man s a n d t he Per
,

gate s t o his fo rc es .
si a n s his s u bj e c ts F o rgetfu l o f t he debt o f
B ab a ra m prep a red t o meet him determined
.
,

, gratitu de he o wed the fo rmer he ins u lted their

a t a ll h a z a rds t o maint a in t he dignity he ha d
,

u su rped Z adespr a s o n e o f his c o mma nders

.
,

h a v i ng a tte mp t e d t o enter the dISt r ’Ct Of o n e Of

,
By t he Byz a n tin e writers I r e ne i s said t o h a v e b e en .

t he da u h g te r o f M a u ri ce t h e e mp ero r o f R o me ; t he
t he lords Who had de d a r ed fo r Cho sr o e s w a s
,

, Ro ma n t
a c c o u n s sa y th a t she w a s a p ubl ic dan c er .
 H IS T O R Y OF THE PE RSIAN S .

a mb assado rs a n d thr e atene d t o make w ar up o n

,
w as do o med t o be c o nfo unded by the p o wer he
the m ; a n d u nmindfu l o f his d u ties tow ards the de s l se d
p R o u sed fr o m his leth a rgy by this i n
.

la tter he r uled the m with a rod o f ir o n tre ating

, , sul t 1 n g a n d i mpi o u s reply , Her a c l ius c o ncl u ded

the m w ith gre at rigo u r . a pe a ce w i t h t he o ther b a rb ari a n s o n their o w n

It w a s n o t l o ng befo re Cho sr o e s c a rried his ter ms , resolved t o ma ke a l a st a n d desperate ef
a r my int o t he R o ma n e mpire In A D 6 02 t he . . .
, fo rt , an d t o pu t al l t o t he ha z a rd o f a b attle He .

e mpero r Ma u rice w as murdered by Phoc a s a nd ,

w as s u cce ssfu l He o u t genera lled the Per si ans
.
-
,

C ho sr o es u nder pretext o f a venging his mu rder

, , a n d defe a ted their a r my with
gre a t sl a u ghter .

a n d p u ni shing the a ss a s sin ma rc hed a p o werfu l ,

The c o nq u er o r ma de fresh o v ert u res fo r pe ace ;
a rmy int o the R o ma n fro ntiers in his sixteenth bu t they were rej ected Ag a in an d a g ain e n .
,

ye a r A D 6 03 In v a in did t he a ssa ssin by his

, . . .
, a bled by the pl u nder o f the C hri stia n c hu rc he s ,

a mb a ss a d o r ende a v o u r t o a ppe a se himwith l a rge

,

pre sents a n d la rger pr o mises ; be rega rded nei

t her a n d ma rched fo r w a rd In the first ye a r o f
, .

t he w a r he succeeded in l a ying the c o u ntry u nder

, he proceeded so r a pidly in his c o nqu ests that t he ,

c o ntrib u ti o n In the next he reduced several

.
, h au ghty tyra nt w a s fo rced t o flee fro m city t o
fo rtresses a n d re c o vered o thers tha t he had gi ven
, city with his wives an d c o nc ubines in o rder t o ,

t o t he e mper o r M a urice in gr a titu de fo r his a id . e sc ape de a t h The R o mans ma rched in one di

.

In t he eighteenth ye a r o f his reign he pl u ndered , recti o n as far a s t he C a spi a n ; in a n o ther t o Is

a l l Mes o pot a mi a an d Syri a a n d c a rried o ff im ,
p ah an destr o ying in t heir pr o gre ss al l his splen
,

mense riches In t he succeeding ye a r he r a . , did p a l a ces plundering his ho a rded tre a s ure
,
s *
,

v aged Pa lestine an d P henicia with fire a n d an d di spersing t he sl a ves o f his ple a s u re Y et .

s w o rd And in his twentieth ye a r his gener als

.
, even in t he wretched state t o w hich his fo rtune
w a sted Armeni a C a pp a do ci a G a l a ti a P a phl a, , , a n d c ha ra cter h ad red u ced him he rej ected a n .

go n ia a s far as Cha lc e d o n bu rn ing c ities an d

, , , o ff er o f pe ace ma de by th e huma nity o f his c o n
de stro ying t he inh a bita nts with o u t respect t o a ge q u e r o r B u.t his c a reer w a s s o o n a t a rr e n d T h e .

o r sex . s ubj ects o f Cho sr o e s ha d lo st al l Ye gar d fo r a

In A D 6 09 C ho sr o e s t oo k Ap ame a an d
. .
,
mo n a rch wh o m they dee med the s o le c au se o f
Edess a a n d bl o cked u p Anti o ch This indu ced
, . the des o l ati o n o f his cou ntry an d they fo rmed a ,

the R o mans to h a z ard a b a ttle bu t they were u t ,

c o nspira cy a ga inst him Th a t his cu p o f misery .

t e r l y defe a ted so th a t sc a rcely a ma n w as left t o

,
might be fu ll he w as seized by his eldest son ,

mo u rn the de a th o f his c o mp a ni o ns The de a th . Siro cs wh o m he wished t o h a v e ex c luded fro m

,

o f Phoc as a n d the a ccession o f Hera cli u s did

, , the thro ne This unn a tu r al prince tre ated him
.

no t
p ut a stop t o hi s c a reer The ye a r fo ll o wing .
, with the gre a test severity He first c ast him .

he to o k Ces a re a an d c a rried a w ay ma ny th o u ,
into a d u nge o n an d s o o n a fterwa rds pu t him t o
,

s a nds o f people into c a ptivity He c o nqu ered . dea th ; j u stify ing t he p a rricide by t he a ssertio n
Jude a a lso t o o k J erus ale m which he plu ndered
, , ,
tha t he w as c o mpelled t o t he deed by the
c a rried awa y the pretended cr o ss o n w hich the cl a mo u rs an d i mp o rt unities o f t he n o bles and
s u perstitio u s fo ndly believed th at the Redee mer pe o ple .

s u ffered a n d sold , Christi a ns fo r sl aves The fall o f Cho sr o es affo rds a me mo ra ble ih
t o the Jews in his do mini o ns w ho put the m ,
st ance o f t he in sta bility o f hu ma n grea tness At .

a l l t o de a th thereby displaying their a ncient

,
t he ti me he sent t he i mpio u s answer t o t he de
en mity t o the c au se o f t he go spel They still . ma nds o f Hera cli u s fo r pe a ce he w as living in ,

despised their Messi ah a s t he man o f G a lilee

“
, ,
splendo u r an d l ux u ry su c h as Persi a n mo n a rchs ,

whence they pe rsec u ted his fo ll o wers th o ugh ,

never exceeded The v a st t errit o ries his a rmies .

brethren a cc o rding to the flesh T hu s Jews . had su bd u ed were exh au sted tha t his p al ac e s an d ,

a n d p ag ans c o mbined t o r o ot o u t true re l igi o n the go rge o us state o f his c o u rt migh t exceed a l l
fro m t he e a rth ; but the mo re they raged the ,
t ha t history ever rec o rded o f kingly gr ande u r .

more it grew an d pr o sper ed w atered with the He had a p al ace for every se a so n ; he had
‘

dew o f God s blessing ’

.
inv a lu able thr o nes p a rtic u l a rly th at c alled ,

These conqu ests infl a med the ambiti o n o f T ak h dis fo rmed t o repre sent the twelve signs o f
-
,

Cho sr oe s In his twenty seventh ye a r A D

.
-
, . . t he z o dia c an d t he h o u rs o f the da y ;
6 1 4 he inv a ded Egypt took Alex a ndri a red uc ed
, , ,
l adies w ho in the hyperbo lic l ang u a ge o f the
, ,

b o th t he L o wer a n d Upper Egypt t o the fro ntiers ,

e a st were equ a l t o t he mo o n in be a u ty a t
, ,

o f Lydi a a n d Abyssini a a n d added thi s kingd o m ,

tended his c o u rt ; an d mirth a n d mu sic were
t o his d o minions ; a c o nqu est which none o f hi s he a rd thro u gho u t his bal l s B u t l ike B el sha z
z ar he lifte d u p his he a rt a n d defied t he A
.
,

pred eces so rs ha d been a ble t o e ffect The ye a r . ,

l
fo ll o w ing he o nce more t u rned his fo rces ag a inst
,
mighty an d senten c e a ga inst him tha t mo ment
,

t he Co n st a n t in Op o l it an e mpire a n d he red u ced ,

went fo rth The fo e s w ho m he had l o ng de
.

t he city o f Ch alcedon t o w hich he had l o ng l a id sp ise d a n d l o ng tr a mpled u p o n driven t o desp a ir

, ,

by his o ppressive vi o lence flew t o ar ms a n d went

,

S i ege . , ,

Al a r med a t his pr o gress the e mper o r Her o n in their c o nq u ests till al mo st the wh o le o f ,

e mp ire w as bene ath t heir feet a n d he him

,

a cl iu s sent t o i mpl o re pe a ce u p o n a n c o nditi o ns

y . ,

B ut Cho sr o e s el a ted with his su c cess a n d me

, ,
l a id in t he d u st The ha ughty sp o iler of .

dit a t in g n o thing less tha n the destr u cti o n o f t he w o rld fe l l as a n o ak cu t d o wn in its glo ry .

R o ma n n ame a rr o g antly replied tha t he wo u ld

, ,

never gr a nt him o r his su bj ects pe a c e till they ,

On e th e se tr e a su r e s w a s call e d B a da w er d or The
of
an d e mbr a ced t h e
, ,
a bj u re d th eir cru cified God
, gi ft o f t h e w in ds b e c a u se i t h a d b e e n ca st u p on his
,
”

Persia n religi o n . te rrito r y wh en o n i t s w ay t o t he R o ma n e mp e ror hi s

, ,

He never pro spe red mo re The pr o u d b o aste r .

b e n e fac tor .
 H I ST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

Th e fo r k e d we a p o nk ie s ca n se n d
of th e s C o nstantin o ple an d Cho sr u P a rviz in Persi a, ,

I ll u min at io n i n to de e p da r k h o l ds , , ann o u nce d himself a s a pr o phet Fo r s o me time he . ,

W hich t h e mil d su n b e am ha t h n o t p owe r t o p ierce .

w as u n heeded except by a few inti mate friends
Ye t h r o n e s t h a t h a v e de fi e d r e mo r se a n d ca st
.
,

Pity awa y so o n sh a ll y e sha k e wi th fe a r

,
At length h o we v er t he imp o st o r beg an t o pre ac h
, ,

p u blic ly in Mec c a a n d d aily adde d t o t he n u m

, .

Wo n n sw o n r rr '
.
,

ber o f his di sciples The K o rei sh so o n to o k t he .

a l a r m a n d M o ha mmed with his fr iend s were

C ho sr o es w a s s u cceeded in his kingd o m ,
,

o bliged t o t ake refu ge in fl ight He retired t o

6 2 7 by th a t so n w ho w as t he instr u ment o f hi s .

Ta y e f a pp arently y ielding t o the sto r m bu t

,

de ath ,
, ,

w aiting in re al ity fo r a n o pp o rt u nity o f exerting

S IR OES, OR SH IR OUIEH . himsel f with a d v ant age The t ime he cho se w a s .

t he s a cred mo nth in w hi c h t he c a r av a n s o f pil

,

The fi rst ac t o f Sir o e s w as t o c oncl u de a per , gri ms c ame t o Mecc a a n d which w as l ike t he , ,

p e t u a l pe a c e wit h Her a cli u s a n d t o se t a t liberty . peri o d c alled t he tru ce o f G o d in t he mid dle

a l l the R o ma n c a ptive s a n d a mo ng the rest , , a ges a se a s o n o f u nivers a l pe ace
,
M o ha mme d .

Z acha ri a s p atri a rc h o f Jeru s ale m He a lso it

,
.
, retu rned to Mecc a a t this s e a s o n an d ann o unced ,

is sa i d sent b a ck t he w o o d w hich t he su pe r st i
, his missi o n t o the str a nger s w ho c a me thither ,

t io u s su pp o se d t o h ave fo rmed p a rt o f t he cr o ss o n o n pilgri ma ge A mo ng these strangers were

.

which t he S avi o u r w a s cru cified a n d which ha d , pilgrim Jews fro m Ya tr eb o r Medin a w ho l o nged
fo r the c o m
, ,
been c a rried by Cho sr o e s in tri u mp h fro m J e r u ing o f the Messi ah a n d a tr ibe o f id o la ,

s ale m int o Pers ia .

tro u s Arabs fr o m t he sa me city w ho held the se ,

Sir o es did n o t l o ng s u rvive the p a rricide o f Jews in s u bj e c t ion When the M edin e se Ar ab .

wh ich he ha d been g uilty He died after he ha d , pilgr i ms he a rd t he a cco u nt o f the new prophet a t
reigne d seven mo nt hs a cco r ding t o t he o rient al , , M e cc a they a sked , Can this be t he Mes si a h o f,

o r a l ittle mo re t ha n a ye a r a c c o rding t o the , wh o m t he Jews ar e c o nst a ntly spe aking ? Let u s

R o man histori ans Ro z ut u l Su fi a sta te s tha t his find him o u t a nd ga in him o ver t o o u r intere sts
'
- - ”
.
, .

l ife w a s termin ated by mel anc ho ly a ri sing fro m Mo ha mmed sa w the a dva nt age he sh o u ld gain by
his cri me ; bu t Ro ma n hi st o ri ans say th a t he w as their a lliance a n d replied tha t he w a s t he pers o n
,

mu rdered by o n e o f his genera ls He w a s su c .

whom t he Jews expe c ted bu t tha t his mis si o n ,

ce eded by his so n w a s un ivers al ; fo r a l l w ho believed in G o d a n d his

pr o ph et sh o uld sha re its a dv a nta ges F r o m th at .

ARD ESIR, O R ARD ESC H IR B EN SCH IR OUIEH , mo ment they j o ined his c au se an d it flo u rished , .

Aft er h aving given his disciples permissi o n t o

a chil d o f seven ye a rs o f age A D 6 2 8 Ar desir ,
. . .
stand up in their o w n defence when his po wer ,

reigned o nly seven mo nt hs He w as dep o sed .

w a s still further strengthened he issued hi s c o m ,

a n d mu rdered by t he c o mma nder o f the fo rces , man d t o pr o p a gate t he new religi o n by fo rce o f
Sar bar a z as o r Scheher iah w ho us u rped t he a r ms
”
, , When y e enc o u nter the unbelievers
.
,

thro ne ; whi ch h o wever he held bu t a fe w d a y s

, , , s aid he “
strike o ff their he ads u ntil ye h a ve
,
bei ng sl a in by t he a dh erent s o f the r o y al family .
made a gre at sl a u ghter a mo ng the m ; an d bind
After t he de a th o f Sar ba r az as a c c o rd ing t o , the m in b o nds ; a n d either give the m a free di s
Persi a n writers a q u een o f t he n a me o f F o o ra n
, missi o n a fterw a rds o r ex act a r ans o m u ntil t he ,
do k ht t he dau ghter o f Cho sr u P a rviz re igne d w a r s hall h ave la id d o wn its a rms This c o m ”
, , .

o n e ye a r a n d fo u r mo nt hs then her c o u sin Sh a h , mand w a s c o ns o n ant to t he feelings o f his fo l

She n e n de h w ho o nly reigned o n e mo nth ; then
, l o wers T hey first w aged w ar w ith t he Mec
a n o ther q u een o f t he n a me o f A
.

r z e m do kht -
, c ans an d t he Jewish tribes ne a r Med in a Su c cess .

sister t o the fo rmer then Kesra rep o rted t o , cr o wned their e ffo rts recruits cro wded fr o m all ,
h ave belo nged t o t he r o y al family w ho w a s , qua rters t o j oin his b a nners an d at length the
q u ic kly mu rdered ; then Fer o k hz ad t he so n o f
,

, a r mies o f the Muss ul ma ns were spre ad o v er

C ho sr u P arviz who se d a ys were termin ated by, Arabi a an d were t o be seen o n t he sho res o f the
,
p o iso n ; an d fin a lly J e z de ger d u nder wh o se r u le , Red Sea a n d the Persia n G u lf an d even in Syria
t he Per si an mo n a rc hy s u nk t o rise n o mo re
.
, ,
.
El ated with the su ccess o f hi s predato ry in cur smn s ,
No thi ng o f interest is rec o rded du ring t he pe it is sa id that Mo ha mmed sent a letter t o Cho sr u
r io d in whic h t he a bo ve kings a n d q u een s reigned .
Pa rviz inviting him t o e mbra ce his do ctrines
, ,
T heir ra pid elev atio n an d destru cti o n den o tes a which w as rej e c ted with c o nte mpt * S u ch w a s .

st ate o f gre a t an a rchy an d sho ws th at t he man a ge , the st a te o f Moh ammeda nism w hen it s fo u nder
ment o f p ublic affairs w as a t this per di e d a n d Abu Bekr su c c eeded t o t he khaliphat e
-

o u te st a mo ng t he n o ble s w ho veiled
, ,

, AD 6 3 2 t he s ame ye a r th at J ez de ge r d as c en ded
a mbiti o n u n d er t he ga rb o f l o y alty an d a tt a ch
. .
,

the thro ne o f Persi a The k ha l iph n o t kn o wing

ment t o t he ho use o f S a s sa n
.

.
ho w t o find e mployment fo r the v ast mu ltitu de
o f ent hu si a sts th a t a r o se in every p a rt o f Ar abi a ,

H O R M ISDA S O R , J EZ D EG ERD B EN res o lved t o displ a y t he st anda rd o f the fai th o f Is

S CH EH ERIAH la m i n the fields o f S y ri a He first sent deta ch .

ments t o the b o rders o f Syria an d B abylonia

.

J e z de ger d w a s rai sed t o t he thro ne o f Persi a ,

AD 6 3 2 He w as a gra nds o n o f Cho sr o es T hi s l ette r c o mme n ce d thu s M oha mmed son o f
Abd All ah t he a p o stl e o f G o d t o Cho sr u P ar v i z mo n arch
. . ,

o n e o f his s o n s a n d it is sa id the o nly sur vivm , , ,

,
g , , o f P e r si a gr e e t i n g Wh e n i t h a d b e en r e a d th u s far
”

bran ch o f the r o y a l family , .

t h e mo n a r c h s e iz e d i t ; a n d t o r e i t i n p i e c e s b e ca u se M o
,
.

h a mme d h a d pl a c e d hi s n a me fi rst
,

The reign o f J e z de ge r d w a s brief a n d dis a s Wh e n M o hamme d .

h e a r d o f thi s h e e x cl a ime d T h u s may G o d t e ar his k in g

tro us M o hammed w ho w a s bo rn a t Me c c a
.
'
, ,
,

d o m a n e x p r essi o n w hi c h a ft e r e v e n ts j u st ifi e d a s a p re
AD 5 6 9 ha d d u ring the reign o f Heracli u s in
. .
, ,
,

di ctio n i n t h e sig ht o f h i s e n th u sia sti c fo ll ower s .

 HIST O R Y OF TH E PERSIA N S .

T hese enc o u ntered n o o bst a cle s a n d retu rne d la den , This spee ch wherein a r e di spl a yed the ma rks
,

wit h pl u nder u p o n w hic h t he k hal iph invited a ll

,
o f pride a n d we akne ss w as he a rd by t h e env o y ,

t he Ar a bs t o j o in in t he enterprise he pr oj ected , u n mo ved a n d h e replied thu s :

, Whatever tho u
a n d g re a t n u mbers re sp o nded t o the inv it a t io n . h as t sa id c o ncerning t he fo rmer c o ndit io n o f t he
F ro m t he c o w a r di c e an d tre achery o f the B y z an Ar ab s is tr u e T heir fo o d w a s green liz a rds ;
, .

t ine pro vin c i a l go vern o rs t he inva ders e n c o u n , they b u rie d their infa nt da u ghters a live ; n ay ,
t e r e d n o e ffective o pp o siti o n ; a n d in less t ha n two s o me o f the m fe a sted o n de ad c a rc a ses a n d dr ank ,

y e a rs the gre a ter p a rt o f Syri a w as s u b du ed

, . bl o o d ; w hile o thers slew their rel ati o n s an d ,

While the S a ra cens a s t he Arabs were fro m t hi s , t ho u ght the msel v es gr e at a n d v a li a nt w hen by ,
ti me gener ally c a lled were thu s p u rsuing their s u ch an a c t they be c a me p o ssessed o f mo re pr o
c a reer o f victo ry Abu Bekr died a n d w as su c
,

,
-
, perty ; they were c l o thed with ha ir ga rments ;
c ee de d i n the k hal i ha t e by O ma r w ho t hirsted kne w n o t g o o d fro m evil ; a n d made n o di stin o
p ,

t o ma s sa c re a l l w ho w o u ld n o t believe in t he pr o ti o n between that whi ch is l awfu l a n d that w hic h

phet No s o o ner w a s O ma r pl a ced a t t he he a d
. is u nl a wfu l S uch w as o u r state B ut G o d in
. .
,

o f a ffa irs th an t he a r mies o f t he M o ha mme da ns

,
his mercy ha s s ent u s by a h o ly pr o phet M o
, , ,

see med t o have a cq u ired tenfo ld vigo u r The . hamme d a s a cred v o lu me t he k o ran whi c h
, , ,

gre a ter p a rt o f Syri a a n d Me so p o ta mia ha d been tea ches u s the tr u e fa ith By it we ar e c o m .

s ubd u ed d uring t he life o f Abu Bekr ; t he co n -

man de d t o w a r a ga inst in fidel s an d t o excha nge ,

q u est o f these c o u ntries w as n o w c o mpleted a nd , o u r p o o r a n d mi ser a ble c o ndi ti o n fo r we a lt h

a rmies were s ent int o Persi a P a lestine P he , , a n d p o wer We n o w s o le mnly desire y o u t o r e
.

nicia a n d Egypt The Persi an s were so wea k

, . c e ive o u r religi o n If y o u c o n sent n o t an Ara b
.
,

ened by the ince ss a nt w a rs o f Cho sr o es a n d t he , shal l enter Persi a with o u t y o u r permi ssio n ; a n d
s ubseq u ent civil c o mmo tio ns tha t they c o u l d n o t ,
o ur le aders wil l o nly de ma nd t he esta bl ished

ho pe t o repel their p o werfu l a s sa il a nts Hence .

, ta xes * whi c h a ll believers a r e b o u nd t o pay If
, .

o n the ir a ppe a r a nce J e z de ge r d sent a n envo y t o, y o u d o n o t a ccept o u r religi o n y o u a r e required ,

S aa d t he le a der w ho m O ma r ha d a pp o inte d t o
, t o pa y the tribu te ! fixed fo r infi del s : sh o ul d o u
y
the chief c o mma nd o f his fo rces in Persi a ; a n d rej ect b o th the se pro p o siti o ns y o u must prepa re ,

S aa d i n c o mplia nce with t heir requ est sent a

, , fo r w ar .
”

dep u ta ti o n t o Mad a in c o ns ist ing o f three o l d ,

J ez de ge r d w as t o o pro u d t o s ubmit t o s u ch de
Ara b chiefs When these were se ated in the
. grading co nditi o n s ; an d a b attle ens u ed ne a r t he
presence o f J e z de ger d th a t mo n a rch a ddressed , city o f C a dessia w hi ch w as fo u g ht with gre a t ,

hi mself t o t he prin c ip al pers o n amo ng the m , fury fo r three da ys an d whi ch at length ende d ,

wh o se n a me w as S ha ikh Ma gh a rah in the fo l , in the t o tal defe at o f t he Persi a ns a n d t he gre a t ,

lo wing w o rds : We h a ve alw ays held y o u in est p art o f the Persi a n do mini o ns fell int o the
t he l o west esti ma ti o n Ar abs hithert o h a v e .
, , h ands o f the c o nqu ero rs AD 6 3 6 , . . .

been only kn o wn in Persi a in t w o ch ara cters as , On t he l o ss o f this gre a t a n d decisive b attle ,

merch a nts a n d a s begga rs Y o u r fo o d is green . J e z dege r d fled t o Hulwa n wit h a ll t he pro perty ,

liz ards y o u r d rink s a lt water ; yo u r c o vering , , he c o u ld c o llect S a ad after t aking p o s sessi o n

.
,

g a rments ma de o f c o a rse h a ir B u t o f l ate y o u .

, o f M ad a in p u rs u ed him an d sent his nephew
, ,

ha ve c o me in b a nds t o Persi a ; y o u ha ve e a ten Ha she m t o a tt ack a b o dy o f tro o ps w hic h ha d

o f g o o d fo od o u h a ve d r u nk o f sweet w a ter an d a rrived fr o m Shirw a n an d A de r bij an T his fo rc e
y , , .

h a ve enj o yed t he luxury o f s o ft ra i ment Yo u . t o o k shelter in t he fo rt o f J el w al l a h wh ere they ,

h a ve reported t hese enj o y ments to y o u r brethren , were c a ptu red ; u p o n which J e z de ge r d left his
a n d they a r e fl o cking to p a rt a ke o f the m B ut .
, a rmy a n d fled t o Rhe
,
H a shem adv anced to .

n o t s ati sfied with a l l t he go o d things y o u h a ve H u lw a n which he redu ced ; a n d s o on a fter the

, , ,

thus o bt a ined y o u desire to imp o se a n e w reli

,
city o f Ahwa z sh ared t h e same fa te S aa d .

gi o n o n us who ar e u nwilling t o re c eive it Yo u

,
. ma rched fro m thence by O ma r s order t o ,
’
,

a ppe a r t o me like the fox in o u r fable w ho went . A mber a n d fr o m thence t o Ko o fah a pla c e
, ,

into a ga rden where he fo u nd an ab u nda nce o f

,
which s o o n after a cqu ired celebrity F r o m Koo .

gr a pes The genero us ga rdener w o u ld n o t dis

. fah S a a d w a s re c al led by O ma r o n a cc o u nt o f a
, ,

t u rb him The pro duce o f his abundant vine

. c o mpl a int made a ga inst him by tho se u nder his
y a rd w o ul d he tho u ght be little di minished by a
, ,
r u le ; a n d Oma r Yuse e r w a s a pp o inted his su c
hu ngry fo x enj o ying hi mself ; but t he a n i cess o r .

mal not c o ntent wit h his g o od fo rtu ne went a n d

, , J e z de ge r d enc o u ra ged by the re mo v al of a
,

info rmed al l his tribe o f the excellence o f t he le a der he so mu ch dre a ded a sse mbled a n a rmy ,

gra pes a n d t he g o o d n at u re o f the ga rdener

,
-
. fro m Kho ra ss an Rhe an d H a mada n a n d pl a cing
, , ,

The g a rden w as filled with fo xes ; an d its in dul it u nder the c o mmand of Fir o u z in t he bravest o f ,

gent o wner w a s fo rc ed t o bar the gates a n d k ill , t he Per si a n gener als res o lved t o c o ntest o nce ,

a ll the intruders to s a ve hi mse l f fro m ruin ,

H ow .
more fo r t he e mpire .

ever as I a m s atisfied y o u h ave been c o mpelled

,
As s o o n as O ma r he a rd o f these prep a rat i ons ,

t o the c o nduct w hich y o u h a ve p u rsued fro m a h he o rdered reinfor ce ments to be sent t o hi s a rmy
s o lu te w a nt I will n o t only p a rd o n y o u bu t l o a d
, , in Persi a fro m every q ua rter o f his d o mini o ns ;
,

y o u r ca mel s wit h whe a t a n d d ates th at when , , a n d c o mmitting the c hief co mmand t o N o ma n ,

y o u return t o y o ur n ative l a nd
y o u m a y fe a st ,
he di rected him t o ex ert hi s utmo st e ffo rts to de
o u r c o u ntry men B u t be a ss u red if y o u a r e
y .
, ,

mse n sibl e to my genero sity a n d re main in Persi a , ,

Th e re l ig io u s ch a r it y fo r t he p o o r \w a s tw o
z u k at , or
y o u sha ll not e sc a pe my j u st venge a nce
” ,

a n d a h a lf p e r ce n t u p o n p r o p e rt y : t h e k h u ms o r fif th
.
- - ,
. ,

w as a t a x t o s u pp o r t t h e fa mil y o f t he p r o p h e t .

The P ersia n s u su al ly call e d t h e A

r ab s by , w a y o f co n Th e t a x p aid by in f de l s w as t hirty fi ve p er ce n t o n
i
-
.

t mpt
e , n a k e d l i zar d e a t e rs .
”
p ro p e rt y .
 HISTOR Y OF THE PERS I A N S .

str o y fo r e v er t he w o rship o f fire The Ar abi a n . ye a rs ; ten o f which he w as a fu gitive recko n ,

fo rc e asse mbled at Ko o fah a n d thence ma rch ed , ing fro m t he ba ttle o f Nahao un d AD 6 4 2 He , . . .

t o the pl ains o f Na ha o u n d a b o ut fo rty miles t o ,

w a s t he l a st so ve r e ign o f t h e h o us e o f S a ss a n ,

t he s o u t h o f H a mad a n o n w hich t he Persi a ns , a fa mily w hich g o verned Persi a during 4 1 1

ha d est ablished a c amp s u rr o u nded by a deep , ye a rs ; a n d t he me mory o f whi ch is still cheris h
entrenchment D u ring two mo nths these gre a t
. ed by a n ati o n wh o se ancient gl o ry is ass o ci a ted
a r mies c o ntin u ed in s ight o f e a ch other an d , with the n ames o f Arta xerxes S ap o r an d , ,

many skirmi shes o ccu rred At t he end o f that . Cho sr o es .

ti me N o man drew u p his a rmy in o rder o f b attle

, , T hu s cl o ses the a ncient h isto ry o f Persi a So .

a n d th u s a ddres s ed the so l diers : My friends , r apid a declensi o n fr o m AD 6 1 4 when t he P e r , . .

,

prep a re y o u r selves t o c o nq u er o r t o drink o f the ,

si a n e mpire w as at it s height a n d l arger th an it ,

sweet sherbet* o f ma rtyrdo m I sha ll n o w c all . ha d been since the d ays o f Alex ander the Gre at ,

t he Tuk bee r th ree ti mes : a t the first you will , is unexampled in hist o ry B u t t he r o d had blo s .

gird y o ur loins ; a t t he sec o nd mo u nt yo u r , so me d pride ha d b u dded an d v iolence had risen

, ,

stee ds ; an d at t he third p o int y o u r l ances an d , .

, up into a r o d o f wi ckedness ; a n d hence its doo m
r u sh t o victo ry o r t o p a ra dise As t o me s a id .
,
”
went fo rth fro m He a ven th a t it sho u ld be de ,

N o man w it h a l o u d v o ic e
,
I shall be a ma rtyr ! , str o yed The extr ao rdin a ry S ar acen* power w as
.

When I a m sl a in o bey t he o rders o f H u z eefah , the instrument by which its o verthro w w as e f

ebn Aly O man
- -
.
”
fe ct e d ; bu t the seeds o f destru cti o n were fo u nd
The Tu kbeer ( All ah Akb a r o r G o d is -
, , in its own b o s o m Th at i mpio u s mon arch .
. ,

gre a t ) w as so unded ; an d when it had ce a sed

”
, Cho sr ii P a rviz by his r a p a city a n d cru elty
, ,

t he M o hammed ans c ha rged with a fu ry t ha t w a s a lien a ted t he a ffecti o ns o f his gener als fr o m his
i rresistible N o ma n w a s sl ain a s he predicted ;
.
, fa mily w hile his rage fo r w ar had drained the
,

bu t t he Persi a ns s u st a ined a t o t a l o verthr o w . c o u n t r y o f its ablest defenders an d left it w a sted ,

The e mpire o f Persi a w as fo r ever l o st ; a n d tha t a n d distr a cted ; th u s it be c ame an e a sy prey t o t he

o

mighty n ati o n fell u nder the dominion of the needy a n d ferocio u s S ara cens They c ame u p o n .

Ar abi a n k hal iphs . the Persi a ns a s an o verflowing fl o o d a nd swept ,

J e z dege r d pr o tr a cted fo r several ye ars a \

their p o wer fro m o ff the e a rth Ani mated by an .

wretched an d prec a ri o u s exi sten c e He first . enthusi a sm which made the m despise the mo st
fled t o Se gist an then to Kho ra ss an an d l astly
, , fe a rfu l o dds as the ministers o f venge ance they
, ,

t o Mer o u o n the river O x u s o r Gih o n

, The , . s o ught b attle a s a fe ast a n d co u nted danger a ,

go vern o r o f thi s city invited the kh aka n o f the sp o rt They ha d ever in their mo n t hs the mag
.

Ta r t ar sf t o take p o s sessi o n o f the pers o n of the n ifi cen t o rient a lis m traditio n ally a scribed t o ,

fu gitive mo n arch The invit ation w a s a ccepted ; . M o h ammed In t he sh a des o f the scimit a rs is
,

his tro o ps entered Mero u (the g ates o f whi c h ,

p a r adise pr efigu r e d a n d under the influ ence o f
were o pened t o the m by the tre a chero u s govern these feelings their p o wer w a s irresistible S u ch
,
.

o r ) a n d ma de the mselves ma sters o f it a fter a

, ,
is the ever ch a nging n at u re of all mund ane af
-

br a ve resi sta nce fro m the inh a bit ants Jezde . fa irs In this a ge power an d empire ar e in the
.
,

gerd esc a ped fro m t he town d u ring the c o ntest ,

h ands o f o n e people ; in the next a n a tion n u ,

a n d re a c hed a mill eight miles fro m Mero u a n d ,

he a rd o f befo re comes fo rth a n d r u dely plu cks ,

entre a ted t he miller t o c o nce a l him The man . it fro m their h ands By whose directi o n do these .

pr o mised his pro tection ; bu t yieldi ng t o the ,

thin gs occ ur ?
te mpta ti o n o f making his fo rtu ne by the p o s ses
sio n o f the rich a rms a n d ro bes o f the u nfo rtu n ate H a ppy t he ma n w h o se e s a G o d e mpl o y d
’

prin c e he tre a chero u sly murdered him The In a l l t h e g o o d a n d il l th a t ch e q u e r l i fe ;

,
R e so lv i n g a l l e v ents wi th the ir e ffe cts
.

go vern o r o f Mero u a n d t ho se w ho had a ided him , , An d ma n i fo l d r e su l ts in to t h e will

,

in a few da ys bega n t o suffer fro m t he tyra nny

,

An d a r b itra tio n wi se o f t he S u p reme .

o f the khak a n an d t o repent o f their tre a chery

, , .
C o w man .

They enc o u ra ged the citizens to rise upon t he

T a rta rs ; an d they not o n ly reco v ered t he city ,
der let it be y o u r pr ayer th at you may
a , ,

but fo rced t he kh a k a n t o fly with gr e a t l o ss to enj o y this h appiness th at you may see the D i vi ne ,

h and in p ast pr e se n t an d coming events !

, , ,

The fate o f J e z deger d w as n o w disc o vered ,

a n d the r a p ac i o us an d tre a c her o u s miller fell a C oncern in g t he e tymo l o gy o f t he word S aracen th e re ,

h a v e b een v a r i o u s Op i n io n s ; bu t i t s tru e deri v a tion i s

victim t o t he p o pu l a r ra ge ; an d the c o rpse o f the S ha r k ay n wh i ch me a n s i n Ara b ic t h e e a ste rn p e o pl e
”

mo n a rch w as emb almed a n d sent t o Ist ak hr to

.
, , ,

T his w as fi r st c orr u pte d into S a r a ce n o z by t he G re e k ’

, , , ,

be interred in t he sepulchre o f his a ncest o rs a n d t h e n c e i n t o S a r a ce n i by t h e L atin wri ters Th e , ,

.

6 52 .
n a me se e ms t o h a v e b e e n a ppl i e d by Pl i n y t o t h e B e
d o u in A r a b s w ho i n h a b ite d t h e c o u n tri e s be twe e n t h e
J ez de ger d possess ed the ro y al title nineteen Eu phra te s a n d t he T i gr i s a n d se p ar at e d t he R oman p o s ,

s e ssio n s i n A si a fro m t h e d o mi n i o n s o f t h e P ar th ian

In w a rm c o u n tr i es where win e i s forb idde n she rb e t
,

o r l e mo n a d e i s t he b e v e ra g e in whi c h t h e y de l i g ht
k ings In c o u r se o f t i me i t b e ca me t h e g e n e r a l n a me o f
,
.

al l t he A r a b tr i b e s w h o e mbra ce d t h e fa ith o f I sl a m an d
,

f Kh o nd imi r sa ys it w a s t he k in g o f t h e H ia t il a o f
.
.
,

sp re a d th e ir c o n q u e st s wide ly thro u g h A sia an d Afr i ca

Wh i t e H u n s who m he i n v ite d ; bu t Fe r do si sa y s it a n d p art o f Europ e
,
” ,
,

w as a chie f o r T u ran w ho r u l e d a t S a mar ca n d

.

, .
 A BRI EF SKETCH

OF TH E

M OD E R N H I S T OR Y OF P E R S IA .

TH E h an d of
the gre at Ruler of the u niverse fro m t he C aspi a n a n d the sea of Aral , to
may be a s c le a rly tra ced i n the modern as in , Indus an d t he Per si a n G u lf .

the a ncient hist o ry o f Persi a Fo r mo re tha n . This mighty p o wer h o we v er s oo n v a nished , , .

t w o centuries a fter the Moh a mmed a n c o nq u est , Gengis K ha n t he red o u btable ru ler o f the
-
,

the country w as a mere pro vince in the e mpi r e Mo guls bey o nd th e J ax a rtes inv aded Persi a , ,

o f the c al ip h s With the dec a y h owever o f

.
, ,
A D 1 2 1 8 with a mighty ho st a n d ch a sed
. .
, ,

the power o f the c a liphs the spirit o f in de pen d , Mo h ammed the s u c c ess o r o f T ak a sh fro m his
, ,

ence re vived so th at ab o u t AD 8 6 8 Y akub Ibu

, . .
, do mini o ns The so n o f T ak as h stru ggled man
.

L a is threw o ff his a llegi ance t o the c aliph , fu lly fo r the kingd o m ; bu t he dying AD 1 2 3 0 , . .
,

fou nded the So fi ar ia n dyn asty an d fixed at Shi t he Kho r a smian po wer w a s diss o lved a n d Persia
‘

, ,

r as the c a pit al of a do min ion including n ea rly all l a id pro stra te a t t he feet o f the Mo gu ls .

Persi a . Gengis Kh a n a n d his su ccess o rs ruled in Pe rsia

-

His bro ther an d s uccessor A mer w a s su bdued , , d u ring a b o ut ninety ye a rs wh en Persi a became ,

A D 9 00 by the T a rt a r family o f the S ama

. .
, divided a n d distra cted by n u mbe rless petty dy
nides w ho rul ed Khora ssa n an d Tran s Ox ian a
,
-
,
n a sties perpetu ally a t w a r with e a ch other Th is .

“
till A D 9 9 9 while Western Persia a ga in a o
. .
,
w as t he sign a l fo r a nother inv a der .

kn o wle dged allegi a nce to the ca liph till AD . . The celebr ated T a merl a ne alre ady ma ster o f ,

9 3 6 when the utter disru pti o n o f the Abba s ide

,
Tra ns Ox ia n a and T a rt a ry inv aded Kho ra ss an
-
, ,

power threw it int o the ha nds o f the three sons in 1 38 1 a n d in twelv e ye a rs su bdued Persia to his
Ama d ed do ul ah Ruk u cd do ul ab
,

o f B o u y ah ,
- -
,
- -
sw a y In a fe w ye a rs a ft er his de a th h o wever
.
, ,

a n d M o az z —
,

ed doula b w ho sh a red t he kin gd o m

-
, Persia rela psed into a sta te o f divisio n an d a n a r
a mong the m These with their s u ccesso r s rul ed
.
, ,
chy w o rse tha n even th at whi ch had preceded his
,

Persi a with mo r e o r less su ccess till AD 1 02 8

, , . .
,
irrupti o n His so n indeed r uled over Khora ss an
.
, , ,

when M ah mood w ho thirty ye a rs before had , , ,

Tra ns Ox ian a an d T a rta ry ; bu t his descenda nts
-
,

fo u nded the dyn a sty o f the Ghaz n eo ides in were expelled by the Uzbeks a t the end o f the ,

C a bul a n d Kh o ra ss an subdued their la st su cces ,

cent u ry whi le t he western pro vinces were c o n
,

sors in E astern Persi a . test ed by t w o ra ces o f Turk o ma ns distinguished ,

The whole c o un t ry w as o n the point o f falling by their emble ms o f the Bl a ck an d Whi te Sheep ,

into the hands o f this c o nqu ero r when the Sel , the l atter o f w hich fin a lly prev a iled AD 1 4 6 9 , . .
,

j uk ia n Turks origin a lly r eceived a s va ss a ls by

,
u nder their le ader Ha ssa n the T al l ruler o f
, ,

t he G haz n eo ide princes sn a tched the prize fr o m ,

their hands Po u ring do wn from Central Asia

.
,
The White Sheep dyn a sty w as o f brief dura
they defe a ted M a sso o d the so n an d su ccessor o f ,
ti o n H a ssa n the T a ll enc o untering the su perior
.
,

Ma hmo od AD 1 04 0 ne a r N isha pur an d pl aced

, . .
, ,
p o wer o f the Otto ma n sulta n M o h ammed ,

their o w n s u lta n T o grul B eg in possessi o n of , ,

susta ined a sign al defe a t in An ato l ia 1 4 7 3 , ,

Persi a t o w hi ch AD 1 055 he added B a gd ad

, , . .
,
w hi ch gre a tly we akened hi s p o wer an d his r e ,

an d Ir ak with the gu ard ia nship of the caliph ate

, ,
l a t iv e s and descenda nts were fin al ly s u ppla nted
dep o sing the las t o f the h o us e o f B o uy ah . an d crushed in 1 502 by Ismael Shah t he
, , ,

This Perso T u rkis h mo n a rchy rose t o gre a t

'
-
fo u nder o f the Seft So o fi e e o r Sefi a v ean dy , ,

splendo u r ; but civil w a rs commencing between n a sty .

th e s o ns o f M a lek Sha h a bo u t AD 1 1 2 0 a n d , . .
,
Thi s rac e o f sovereigns by their rule an d ,

c o ntinuing their dev asta ti o ns to the next gene ch a ra cte r imp ar ted to t he Persi a n mo na rchy
,

ra ti o n th eir po wer w a s grad ua lly we akened so

, , a gre a ter degree o f sta bili ty a n d a mo re set ,

tha t AD 1 1 9 4 Persi a fel l u nder t he yoke o f the

, . .
, t l e d form o f govern ment th a n it had enj o yed ,
Kho r a smia n s ul ta n T ak a sh who slew their l ast , ,
fo r s o me centuries They sat o n the thro ne o f
.

s u ccess o r T o grul III an d extended his sw ay

, .
,
Pe rsia durin g tw o hundred an d twenty ye a rs at ,

t he end which ti me A D 1 7 2 2 t he Afghans o f
of
Oahu] an d Cau dahar rev o lted an d u n der their
, ,
c hi ef Meer M a bi n o o d
,
r o u ted t he Per si a ns a t
-
G o o l n abad an d invested the Persi a n c a pit al
,
Ispahan which a fter endu ring t he ho rr o rs o f
, ,
fa mi ne fo r seven months w as o bliged to c apit u
la te Hu ssein the l a st o f t he family o f Isma el
.
,
Soo fl e e re signed his cr o wn to t he c o nq u ero r an d
'
, ,
Persia fell under t he yoke o f th e Afgha ns
B u t the ten u re o f t he Afgh ans al so w as b r ief in
Persia The cr o wn prince Ta hma sp with his
. ,
gre a t genera l N ad ir Ko o li aft er a struggle o f
,
eight ye a rs extermin ated the inva ders a n d r e
, ,
ga ined the thro ne o f Persia The re a l p o we r
ho w ever re ma ined 1 11 t he h ands o f N a dir w ho
, ,
dethro ned Tahma sp A D 1 7 3 2 an d pl aced his
infant so n Abb a s III there o n 1n who se n ame he
,
go verned as regent fo r fo u r ye ar s when the
y o u ng mo n a rch dy i ng N a dir decl a red the Sefl a
ve a n dyn asty at a n end a n d himself a ssu med the
cro wn u nder the title of N adi r Shah
T his gre at man r aised Persi a by his conqu ests
to a high sta te o f pro sperity bu t his ba rb a rities
an d av a rice led t o his destructi o n by the ha nds of
hi s o w n s u bj ects AD 1 7 4 7 Persi a w as n o w with
,
o u t a ruler a n d a n a rchy a n d confusi o n pre v a iled
, pires of Engl and an d R u ssi a a n d its manifest
every w here The Uzbek states threw o ff t he
y o ke an d Af han ist an bec ame an independent
.
,
an d p o werfu l in gdo m w hile the crown w a s co n
tested by sever a l c o mpetit o rs an d the kingdo m
distra cted by civil w a rs
The s u ccessful c o mpetitor w a s Ke er em Kha n
o f t he Z a nd fa mily w ho p o sse ss e d h imse l f of
su preme p o wer A D 1 7 5 9 wh ich he held u nder ,
t he title o f Wa keel o r Ad ministrat o r till hi s
de a th A D 1 7 7 9 At the de a th o f Kee r e m Kh an
, . . .
fresh disorders preva iled in Persi a
D u ring the perio d be tween 1 7 7 9 an d 1 7 8 9 six
c hiefs a s c ende d o r c la imed the s o vereign au t ho
rity ; while Rus si a in her insa ti able thirst for do
H I ST O R Y OF THE PERSIAN S .
, . .
, mini o n en c r o a ched o n the n o rthern pro vinces
, ,
, a n d a dde d Ge o rgi a t o its widely extend ed e m
, pire At the end o f this time t he c a ndid ates
.
,
fo r ro y alty were redu ced to t w o Lu tf Ali Kha n
Zend a n d Aga Mo hammed Kh a n K aj a r the
, ,
, ,
,
l a tter o f whom pre v a iled A D 1 7 9 5 a n d fo u nded , . .
,
t he K aj a r o r reigning dyn a sty
, T his r u ler w a s .
a ss a ssin a ted by his o w n a ttend ants whom he ha d
,
. prov o ked by his severities an d he w a s s u ccee ded ,
by his nephew t he l ate S ha h F u tta h Ali w ho
, ,
, reigned fro m A D 1 7 9 7 t o AD 1 8 3 4 . . . . .
-
, At the de ath o f this prince w ho ceded mo st o f ,
the C aspi a n pr o vinces with Eriw an an d the c o u n ,
.
,
try t o t he Ar a xes t o t he Rus sia ns after two di sa s
, ,
tro u s w a rs a str u ggle commenced fo r the cr o wn
,
,
. .
,
a mo ng his descend a nts bu t it w a s speedily ter
.
, ,
min at ed by t he infl u ence o f Engl and an d R ussi a
, ,
,
in fa vou r o f the present Sh ah Mo ha mmed gr and ,
so n o f F u tt ah Ali by his so n Abb a s Mirz a w ho
’
, , ,
,
died befo re his fa ther a n d while yet the crown ,
. w a s in his view .
, ,
Who next will a scend the thro n e of Persi a ,
or how long the re igning dy n a sty sh all sit
there o n the pro gress o f ti me c an a lo ne unfo ld
, .
. . Its situati o n between t he t w o gre at Asi atic em
,
intern al we akness wo u ld le a d to a conclu sion
th a t it will never rega in its fo rmer r ank in
, the sc a le o f n a tio ns O f this h o wever t he
.
, ,
, re ader may be assu red that whether the Per , ,
. si a n rulers still ho ld r ule o n the e a rth o r their ,
-
,
p o wer is a bs o rbed in either o f these gre a t e m
pire s all will be u nder the contro l o f
gre at Disposer o f huma n event s—God By his
, ,
. .
, .
, ,
manda te
-
, All re gi o n s re v o l u tio n s fortu n e s fate s
, , , ,
. Of high o f l o w o f min d a n d ma tt er r o ll
, , , ,
T hro u gh t he shb r t cha n n e l s o f exp iri ng time .
Or sho r e l e ss o ce a n o f e tern it y
,
,
I n a b so l u te su bj e ction
.
, Y OU N G .
 THE FO LL O WI N G

D YNAS TIES OF TH E P ERS IANS

ARE TA KE N F R O M D R HALE S. .

PERSIA N D YN AST Y , He re fo ll ow t he M a ce do Gre cian -

an d Parthian dynas
ti e s , which he l d ru l e o v er P ersia till t he
5 29 YE AR S .

Ka iu mar a t h, or K e io mar r a s Si ame k

(5 6 0) III . PERSIA N D YN ASTY
K a iu ma r a t h a g a in "

Hi h g, o r H o u sch e n c k ll e d
ga
g
ca
da d, o r C h e do l a o me r r‘ 4 “ YE AR S
so
S AS M I
N M N K N G S.
T e hmura s ..
'

Gi hd
.

G i a msc hid, or e msc i

D a h a k , Z ah a , o r Z o a k k
Ap h r idun , P hr idu n , o r P Ar t a xer e s o r Ar dschir
.

6 . lie r idu n , b en B ab el: 14

7 . M a n u giar , c a ll e d P h ir o u z S a p o r o r Sch abou r
, 31
H o r mi sd as, o r H or mo u z
Ap he I B SIab'

, OI '
Afr asia b o o o o t o c o c o o o o o o o o o o o o A V a r ar an e s, o r B a ha ra m
1 0 Z o a b, Z a b, o r
. Zoub Vara r a ne s o r B ah ar am n 17
l l Ge r sh a b, o r G er shasp
. r
N a se s o r Na r si (7 ) 8
M i sda es, or H o mo n a
t r 7
En d o f t he dy n a st y . Sapor o r Sc ha bo u r
A r a xe r es, o r Ar dsch ir
t x 4
A l on g in te rr e gn u m su c ce e ds, a n d t he T u ranian As , S a po 1 1 L , o r S cha bo u r be n Sc h abo ur 5
r
s yria n , an d M e di a n d o min a io n s ; t a fte r which su cce e ds V a r a r a n e s i v , o r K e ma n S ch a h
. r ll 0 0 0 0 0

th Isd e ge r t e s, o r J e sde ge r d a l At him 21

V a r a r a n e s v , o r B a b ar a m G o u t 23
IL K AIANAN D YN AST Y
.

. Va r a r a n e s v i , o r J e z de ge r d be n B a
.

18
ha a m ( l 7 )
r
P E R SI AN K I N G S, 2 2 8 YEAR S .
P e r o z , o r Fir o u z 20
V a l en s, o r B al a sch be n Fir o uz 4
i . Cyru s , or Ka i Cho sru , i n P e rsi a
M e di a
B a byl on
2 . C ambys e s o r L ohor a sp, , 7y 5 m . . 18 . Cho sr o e s . o r N o u sc hi r v a n
S me r d is M a gu s 7 m . 19 . H o mi sda s
r or H o r mou z be n
3 . D a r iu s , so n o f H yst a sp e s, or G u sh t a sp
2 0 Ch o sr o e s o r K h o sr u P e rvi z
Ar dshir
.

5 . Artaxe rx e s L o n giman u s , or D ir S i r o c s, o r Shir o ui e h

az de st , or A
r de si r , o r A
r deschir ben S c h ir o u i e h

(2 m ) m
0 0 0 0 0 0

l n
.

7 . Artaxerxe s M n e mo n .. Sa r bar is , o r Sch eh e ri a h (1 y i . .

8 Ochu s o r D a ra b I . H o mi sda s, o r J ez d e ger d be n S c he

r
D a ri u s o r Co do mann u s
.
, .

9 .
, , or D arabii . he i a h r
C on qu ere d by Al ex a n der , or 228 Sar ac en 0 6 36

D r H a l e s i de n t ifi e s H u sha n g wi th C he dorl a ome r from t he

.
,

i n g t o P e rsi an ro man c e s by so me fr a gme n ts o f ro c k s h u r l e d a

,

of A dh e r bigi a n C he d orl a o me r he sa y s mig ht ha v e

.
, ,

H e might , bu t h i s i s me e ] t r C h e do
i h ha o f t he P e sia n s : El
wt t t r r rea so n fo r t he ide n tifica ti on
o f hi s S c ip ur e
t r t i n g i h hi s h e k wt t ro of P ersia n romance a n d this is v ery u n sa tisfac tory .
 Ii £0
’

p ublicat ions o f t he flt
i t g tuus ch art .

Uni fo rm with t he presen t Part , in Medium 8vo ill u st rat ed wit h M aps , each Pa rt complete
,

Pric e 23 .

YP T
‘
r

i s SA C R ED s cn i r r u n n s .

Y NOT OES I
!
.

OF CA L I FO R N I A L IB R AR Y
U N I VER S I T Y

PLES .

By the Rev C B ART H l at e P a s tor o f M o ttlin gen in Wir t e mber g

Transl at ed by the R ev B F WA
. .
, , .

L K ER AM , Cur at e o f Purl eigh Es se x

. . .
, . .
"

, .

Wit h four coloured Maps 1 8 mo 4 E boar ds §

. .

TH E B RI TONS AND SAXONS '

A H IS TORY or ENGL A N D F R O M TH E E A R L IE ST TI M ES TO TH E
,

N O RM A N I NV A SI O N Ar .

1 8 mo
.

. ls . 6 d bo a rds 2 s h alf bound 2 s 6 d ro an o r silk ; 4 s? c alf

. .
-
. .
, .

TH E M ID D L E AGES OF ENGL AND ;

EN G L I S H H I S TOR Y,
F R O M T HE NO RMA N C O NQU E ST T O T HE DE AT H OF R ICHA RD III .

1 8 mo 2 s 6 d bo a rds ; 3 8 6 d h a lf bo und ro a n or s ilk ; 5 s

. . . . .
-
, . 6d . c alf .

ENGL A E SI XTEENTH CENTURY ;

A H I ST O RY OF TH E R EI G NS O F TH E H O U S E OF T UD O R ‘
.

1 8 mo 3 8 bo a rds ; 4 8 h al f b ou
. . nd o r ro an o r silk ; 6 s c al f
.
-
, , . .